tntlieCftpofBdtigork 


LIBRARY 


LEMPRIERE'S 

I 


UNIVERSAL  BIOGRAPHY 


CONTAINING 


A  CRITICAL  AND  HISTORICAL  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  LIVES, 
CHARACTERS,  AND  LABOURS 


OF 


EMINENT   PERSONS, 


IN    ALL    AGES    AND    COUNTRIES. 


TOGETHER   "WITH 

SELECTIONS    OF    FOREIGN    BIOGRAPHY   FROM    WATKINs's  DlCTIONARr, 
RECENTLY    PUBLISHED,    AND    ABOUT    EIGHT    HUN- 
DRED   ORIGINAL    ARTICLES 

OP 

AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY. 


BY  ELEAZAR  LORD. 


IN    TWO  VOLS. 

YOL.  II. 


NEW-YORK  : 

R.  LOCKWOOD,  154  BROADWAY. 

J.  &  J.  Harper,  Printers. 

1825. 


Southern  District  of  JVew-Vor/c,  ss. 

BE  IT  REMEMBERED,  That  on  the  sixteenth  day  of  October,  in  the  forty-ninth  year  of 
the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America,  R.  LOCKWOOD,  of  the  said  district, 
hath  deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of  a  book,  the  right  whereof  he  claims  as  proprietor,  in 
the  words  following,  to  wit — 

"Lempricre's  Universal  Biography;  containing  a  critical  and  historical  account  of  the  lives, 
characters,  and  labours  of  eminent  persons,  in  all  ages  and  coimtries.  Together  with 
selections  of  foreign  Biography  from  Watkins's  Dictionary,  recently  published,  and  about 
eight  hundred  original  articles  of  American  IJiography.     By  Eleazar  Lord." 

In  conformity  to  the  Act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  entitled  "An  Act  for  the 
encouragement  of  Learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts,  and  Books,  to  the 
authors  and  proprietors  oi  such  copies,  duiing  the  times  therein  mentioned."  And  also  to 
an  Act,  entitled  "  An  Act,  supplementary  to  an  Act,  entitled  An  x\ct  for  the  encoiu-agement 
of  Learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts,  and  Books,  to  the  authors  and 
proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentioned,  and  extending  the  benefits 
thereof  to  the  arts  of  designins:,  enffraving,  and  etching  historical  and  other  prints." 

JAJNIES  DILL, 
Clerk  of  the  Sovthem  District  of  Nexo-Ym^k. 


THE 


■    ( ■ 


coi 


UNIVERSAL 


BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 


HAB 


H. 


AANSBERGEN,  John  Van,  a  painter 
of  Utrecht,  who  died  1705,  aged  63.  The 
figures  which  he  introduced  into  his  land- 
scapes were  much  admired.  He  was  pupil 
to  Cornelius  Poelemberg. 

Haas,  William,  a  printer  and  type-foun- 
der, born  at  Basil,  and  eminent  for  his  in- 
genious inventions.  He  was  in  the  first 
part  of  life  engaged  in  the  military  affairs  of 
his  country,  and  he  established  a  school  in 
which  a  new  system  of  artillery  was  prac- 
tised and  recommended  with  great  success. 
He  afterwards  devoted  his  time  to  printing, 
and  was  the  first  who  engraved  a  French 
type  in  the  style  of  Baskerville.  He  in- 
vented a  new  printing-press,  and  introduced 
a  new  method  of  printing  geographical 
charts  with  moveable  characters.  He  died 
at  St.  Urban  monastery  in  Lucerne,  June, 
1800,  aged  59.  Many  of  his  papers  are 
preserved  in  the  economical  society  of 
Basil. 

Habakkuk,  the  eighth  of  the  minor  pro- 
phets, supposed  to  be  of  the  tribe  of  Simeon. 
He  prophesied  in  the  reign  of  Jehoiakim, 
and  chose  to  remain  among  the  ruins  of  his 
desolated  country,  rather  than  follow  his 
people  into  captivity.  His  style  is  highly 
poetical,  beautiful,  and  sublime. 

Habert,  Francis,  a  native  of  Berry,  one 
of  the  most  ancient  poets  of  France.  He 
wrote  some  fables,  besides  Les  Trois  Nou- 
velles  Deesses,  &c.  and  died  about  1569. 

Habert  de  Cerisi,  Germain,  an  eccle- 
siastic of  Bayeux,  who  wrote  some  poems. 
He  defended  the  Cid  of  Corneille  against 
the  censures  of  Richelieu  and  of  the  aca- 
demy, and  died  at  Paris  1655. 

Habert,  Henry  Lewis,  a  member  of 
the  French  academy,  the  friend  of  Gasscn- 
di,  and  the  publisher  of  his  works,  with  an 
elegant  Latin  preface.  He  wrote  some 
epigrams  and  other  poetical  pieces,  and 
<lied  1679. 

Habicot,   Nicolas,  a  surgeon,  born  at 


HAC 

Bonay,  in  Gatinois.  He  was  eminent  in 
his  profession,  and  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
plague.     He  died  1624. 

Habington,  William,  an  English  writer, 
born  at  Hendlip,  Worcestershire,  1605. 
As  a  catholic,  he  was  educated  at  St. 
Omer's  and  Paris,  but  he  refused  to  em- 
brace the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  and  return- 
ed to  England.  He  died  30th  Nov.  1654. 
He  wrote  the  Queen  of  Arragon, — Obser- 
vations on  the  History  of  Edward  IV. — and 
some  poems. 

Hachette,  Jane,  a  heroine  of  Beauvais 
in  Picardy,  who  successfully  headed  a  body 
of  women  in  an  assault  against  the  Bour- 
guignons  who  besieged  her  native  place, 
1472.  In  commemoration  of  her  intrepid 
conduct,  an  annual  procession  takes  place 
at  Beauvais  on  the  lOth  July,  in  which  the 
women  march  at  the  head  of  the  men. 

Hackaert,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  Amsterdam,  1635.  The  mountainous 
scenery  in  his  landscapes  is  much  admired. 

Hacket,  William,  a  fanatic  in  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth.  After  being  a  gentleman's 
servant,  he  married  a  rich  widow,  and  when 
reduced  to  indigence  by  debauchery  and 
extravagance,  he  became  a  highwayman, 
and  then  all  at  once  aspired  to  the  name  of 
prophet.  He  was  joined  in  his  imposture 
by  Coppinger  and  Arthington,  men  of  some 
learning,  and  after  imposing  upon  the  cre- 
dulity of  the  people  of  York  and  Lincoln, 
he  came  to  London,  as  inspired  by  the 
Holy  Ghost.  He  proclaimed  that  Jesus 
was  come  to  judge  the  world,  and  his  asso- 
ciates announced  him  by  the  words  of  "  be- 
hold the  king  of  the  earth."  The  cabals 
which  he  raised  called  for  the  interference 
of  government.  He  was  tried  and  execu- 
ted, 28th  July,  1592.  His  blasphemies  on 
the  scattbld  were  most  horrid,  and  evinced 
not  only  a  mad  enthusiast,  but  a  most  dia- 
bolical heart.     Of  his  associates  Coppinger 

3 


•4  X 


-•£ 


HAD 


HAl 


died  in  prison,  and  Arthington  upon  his 
recantation  was  pardoned. 

IIacket,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born 
in  London,  1st  Sept.  15'J2.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school  and  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  became  fel- 
low and  tutor.  His  great  merit  recom- 
mended him  to  bishop  Andrews,  and  to 
Williams,  bishop  of  Lincoln,  to  whom  he 
became  chaplain,  and  afterwards  to  James 
L  He  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  1628,  and 
was  promoted  to  a  prebend  in  Lincoln,  and 
the  rcctorv  of  Cheam  in  Surrey,  and  St. 
Andrews,  Holborn.  The  troubles  of  ihe 
times  not  only  prevented  his  farther  advance- 
ment, but  subjected  him  to  persecution, 
though  he  concealed  himself  in  retirement 
at  Cheam.  At  the  restoration  he  refused 
the  bishopric  of  Gloucester,  btjt  soon  after 
accepted  that  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry. 
^Vith  great  munificence  he  began  the  re- 
pairs of  his  cathedral,  which  had  been 
nearly  demolished  by  the  civil  wars,  and 
after  eight  years  labour,  and  the  expense  of 
20,000/.  nearly  all  his  own,  he  completed 
the  building  in  a  splendid  and  most  elegant 
manner.  He  was  equally  liberal  in  his  be- 
nefactions to  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
and  other  foundations.  He  died  at  Lich- 
field, Oct.  21,  1670,  and  was  buried  in  his 
cathedral.  He  was  twice  married,  and 
had  children  by  both  his  wives.  His  son, 
Sir  Andrew,  master  in  chancery,  erected 
a  monument  over  him.  He  wrote  "  Loy- 
ola," a  comedy,  twice  acted  before  James 
I.  besides  sermons,  and  a  life  of  his  great 
patron  bishop  W'illiams,  &e.  He  was  high- 
ly respected  for  learning,  for  piety,  and 
every  exemplary  virtue. 

Hackspan,  Theodore,  a  Lutheran  minis- 
ter, first  professor  at  Altorf,  well  skilled  in 
oriental  literature.  His  books  on  theolo- 
gical subjects  were  much  esteemed  in  Ger- 
many.    He  died  1659. 

Haddick,  N.  count  of,  an  Austrian  ge- 
neral during  the  seven  years  war.  He  also 
distinguished  himself  against  the  Turks  in 
1789,  and  died  the  next  year,  aged  SO. 

Haddock,  Sir  Richard,  a  valiant  admiral 
who  distinguished  himself  on  various  occa- 
sions under  Charles  H.  and  his  successors, 
and  died,  very  old,  1714. 

Haddon,  Walter,  an  eminent  English 
scholar,  bom  in  Buckinghamshire,  1516, 
and  educated  at  Eton  school  and  King's 
college,  Cambridge.  He  took  his  doctor's 
degree  in  civil  law,  of  which  he  became 
professor.  In  Edward's  reign  he  was  a 
zealous  promoter  of  the  reformation,  and 
for  his  services  he  was  made  master  of  Tri- 
nity-hall, Cambridge,  in  the  room  of  Gar- 
diner, and  afterwards,  though  not  qualified, 
made  president  of  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford, but  in  Mary's  reign  he  resigned  his 
honours  to  avoid  the  disgrace  of  expulsion, 
and  lived  in  conrealmrnt.  The  accession 
A 


of  Elizabeth  restored  him  to  public  notice  ; 
he  was  made  master  of  the  court  of  re- 
quests, judge  of  the  prerogative  court,  and 
one  of  the  commissioners  who  visited 
Cambridge.  In  1566  he  was  employed  at 
Bruges  to  settle  the  commercial  inter- 
course between  England  and  the  Nether- 
lands. He  died  January,  1571-2,  and  was 
buried  in  Christ  church,  London.  The 
chief  writings  of  this  pious,  learned,  and 
polite  character  were  "  Lueubrationes," 
containing  Latin  orations,  letters,  &.c. — a 
defence  of  queen  Elizabeth  against  Osorio, 
&c. — poems.  He  assisted  also  Sir  John 
Cheke  in  the  compilation  of  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal law,  called  Reformatio  Legum  Eccle- 
siastic. 4to. 

Hadrian.     Vid.  Adrian. 

Haen,  Antony  de,  privy  counsellor  and 
physician  to  the  empress  Maria  Theresa, 
was  author  of  "ratio  medendi,"  17  vols. 
8vo.  and  a  treatise  on  magic.  He  died 
177G. 

Haerlem,  Theodore  Van,  a  Dutch 
painter,  born  at  Haerlem.  His  Christ  and 
his  Apostles  in  the  church  of  Utrecht  are 
much  admired.     He  died  1470,  aged  60. 

Hagedorx,  a  German  poet  of  the  ISth 
century.  His  works,  which  are  chiefly  in 
imitation  of  Fontaine,  display  genius,  viva- 
city, and  great  delicacy. 

Hagen,  John  Van,  a  landscape  painter, 
born  in  Cleves.  His  pieces  were  much  ad- 
mired. He  died  at  the  end  of  the  17th 
century. 

Haggai,  the  tenth  of  the  minor  pro- 
phets, lived  in  the  reign  of  Darius  Hystas- 
pes.  He  was  of  the  sacerdotal  race,  and 
according  to  Epiphanius  was  buried  among 
the  priests  of  Jerusalem. 

Haguenier,  John,  a  French  poet,  born 
in  Burgundy.  He  died  1738.  His  pieces 
are  on  light  subjects,  but  possess  great  wit 
and  elegance. 

Haguenot,  Henry,  author  of  a  treatise 
de  morbis  externis  capitis,  12mo. — otia 
physiologica — memoirs  addressed  to  the 
academy  of  sciences,  &c. — was  a  physician 
of  Montpellier,  who  died  1776. 

Hahn,  Simon  Frederick,  author  of  the 
"  history  of  the  empire,"  and  of  "  collectio 
monumentorum  veter.  et  recent."  2  vols. 
8vo. — was  a  very  extraordinary  character. 
At  the  age  of  10  he  knev/  several  lan- 
guages, and  at  24  he  was  professor  of  his- 
tory at  Helmstadt.  He  was  historiogTa- 
pher  to  the  elector  of  Hanover,  and  died 
1729,  aged  37. 

Haillan,  Bernard  de  Girard,  lord  of,  a 
French  historian,  born  at  Bourdeaux  about 
1535.  He  first  appeared  before  the  public 
as  a  poet,  in  his  piece  called  "  the  union  of 
the  princes,"  and  afterwards  as  the  trans- 
lator of  Eutropius,  of  Tully's  offices,  and 
iT^mylius  Probus.  In  1 574  he  was  named 
historiographer  of  France,  in  consequence 


IIAI 


HAL 


of  his  valuable  book  on  the  stale  ami  suc- 
cess of  the  aflhirs  of  France.  In' 1576  ap- 
peared his  hijitory  from  Fharaniond  to  the 
death  of  Charles  Nil.  the  fust  history  of 
France  written  in  French.  He  did  not 
contirnie  this  popular  work  beyond  that 
time,  though  he  promised  it  to  Henry  IV. 
as  he  considered  himself  too  near  tl;c  pe- 
riods of  which  he  was  to  treat,  afraid  that 
the  sober  trutlis  of  history  miglit  give 
oficnce.  A  eontinualion  was  added  by  tiie 
booksellers  as  far  as  1627.  He  died  at 
Paris,  Nov.  23,  IGIO.  He  was  originally 
a  calvinist,  but  it  is  said  lie  changed  his 
religious  opinions  to  please  the  court, 
where  he  was  flattered  and  admired. 
Though  accurate  and  impartial  as  a  histo- 
rian, he  seems  fond  of  displaying  his  title 
to  the  approbation  of  his  country,  by  the 
style  of  his  dedications  and  of  his  prefaces. 
He  was  at  one  time  secretary  to  the  em- 
bassy in  England  in  1556  and  1557. 

Haines,  Joseph,  better  known  by  the 
name  of  count  Haines,  was  a  comedian  of 
wit  and  great  facetiousness.  He  was  ob- 
scurely born,  but  the  liberal  subscription  of 
a  few  friends  enabled  him  to  enter  at 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  where  his  talents 
and  manners  gained  him  the  friendship  of 
Sir  Joseph  Williamson,  afterwards  secre- 
tary of  state,  and  minister  at  Ryswick  con- 
gress. He  attended  his  friend  as  Latin 
secretary,  but  he  betrayed  his  state  secrets 
with  which  he  was  confidentially  intrusted, 
and  thus  incapable  of  this  office,  he  was 
recommended  to  Cambridge,  which  all  at 
once  he  quitted  to  join  a  company  of  strol- 
ling players  at  Stirbridge  fair.  He  gradu- 
ally rose  to  some  consequence,  and  was 
engaged  at  Drury-Iane,  where  his  educa- 
tion, his  wit,  and  his  agreeable  conversa- 
tion made  him  the  friend  and  the  associate 
of  the  great  and  the  opulent.  He  went 
afterwards  as  companion  to  the  English 
ambassador  to  France,  and  on  his  return 
again  appeared  on  the  stage.  He  died^of 
a  fever,  after  a  few  days'  illness,  in  Hart- 
street,  Long-acre,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Paul's  churchyard,  Covent-garden. 

Hakem,  the  third  of  the  Fatimite  ca- 
liphs, was  a  violent  persecutor  of  the 
Christians  and  Jews.  He  pretended  to  be 
the  visible  image  of  God.  He  was  assas- 
sinated by  the  intrigues  of  his  sister,  1021. 

Hakewell,  George,  an  able  divine,  born 
1579,  at  Exeter,  son  of  a  merchant.  He 
entered  at  St.  Alban's  hall,  and  was  elected 
fellow  of  Exeter  college,  Oxford.  He  was 
in  1616  made  archdeacon  of  Surrey,  and 
as  chaplain  to  Charles  prince  of  Wales,  he 
might  have  risen  to  higher  honours  in  the 
church,  had  he  not  w  ritten  to  oppose  the 
union  of  his  master  with  the  infanta  of 
Spain.  The  king  resented  the  remarks  of 
the  chaplain,  and  he  Avas  for  some  time 
imprisoned,  and  dismissed  from  about  the 


prince's  person.  He  was  aflerwaj'ds 
chosen  rector  ol  Exeter  college,  but  the 
rage  of  civil  war  drove  him  to  Lis  rectory 
of  Heanton  near  Barnstaple,  where  he 
died,  1649.  Of  his  works  the  best  known 
is  his  "  apology  or  declaration  of  the 
power  and  providence  of  God  in  the  go- 
vernment of  the  world,  proving  that  it  doth 
not  decay,"  ilcc.  in  four  books,  1627,  with 
two  additional  books  in  an  edition,  folio, 
1635. 

Hakewell,  John,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  mayor  of  Exeter,  1632.  Ano- 
ther brother,  William,  was  of  Exeter  col- 
lege, and  afterwards  of  Lincoln's  inn,  and 
as  he  espoused  warmly  the  party  of  the 
puritans,  he  published  among  other  things, 
"  the  liberty  of  the  subject  against  the 
power  of  impositions,"  &.c.  4to. 

Hakluyt,  Richard,  a  native  of  Eyton, 
Herefordshire,  educated  at  Westminster 
school  and  Christ-church,  Oxford.  He 
took  orders,  and  obtained  the  living  of 
Wetheringset  in  Suflblk,  and  a  prebend  in 
Bristol  cathedral,  and  afterwards  at  West- 
minster. He  died  23d  Nov.  1616,  aged 
61.  He  was  not  only  an  able  divine  but  a 
learned  cosmographer  ;  and  his  collection 
of  voyages  in  3  vols,  folio,  is  deservedly- 
admired  as  a  valuable  performance,  in 
honour  of  his  services  to  geography,  a 
promontory  on  the  coast  of  Greenland  was 
called  by  his  name,  by  captain  Hudson,  in 
1608.  His  son  was  a  student  of  Trinity- 
college,  Cambridge. 

Halde,  John  Laptist  du,  a  learned  Je- 
suit, born  at  Paris,  1674.  He  is  the  author 
of  a  valuable  work,  "grande  description 
de  la  Chine  et  de  la  Tartaric,"  4  vols,  folio  ; 
compiled  from  the  curious  and  interesting 
observations  of  the  missionaries  of  his 
fraternity.  He  collected  also  after  father 
Gobien,  "  lettres  edifiantes,"  in  18  vols, 
besides  Latin  poems  and  orations.  He  died 
1743. 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew,  a  learned  lawyer, 
born  at  Aldersly  in  Gloucestershire,  1st 
Nov.  1600.  He  was  educated  at  Woot- 
ton-under-Edge,  under  the  puritanical 
vicar  of  the  parish,  and  in  16"i6  entered  at 
Magdalen-hall,  Oxford,  and  three  years 
after  began  to  study  the  law  at  Lincoln's 
inn.  Panting  after  distinction  he  now  bid 
adieu  to  the  follies  and  levities  of  youth, 
and  of  idle  company,  and  devoting  daily 
16  hours  to  study,  he  enriched  the  resour- 
ces of  his  mind  with  all  the  treasures  of 
law,  of  philosophy,  of  science,  and  of 
divinity.  When  called  to  the  bar,  the 
integrity  of  his  conduct  recommended  him 
to  the  public  notice,  not  less  than  his  supe- 
rior abilities  ;  and  in  those  times  of  civil 
discord,  he  became  the  friend  of  royalists 
and  of  repulilicans  by  not  mixing  with 
faction.  His  extensive  knowledge  of  the 
law  was  called  into  action  in  the  defence 


UAL 


HAL 


of  Straftbrd,  of  Laud,  and  even  of  Charles 
himself ;  but  though  the  advocate  of  royal- 
tv,  be  refused  not  to  take  the  covenant, 
and  to  appear  as  one  of  the  commissioners 
who  treated  with  the  king's  officers  about 
the  reduction  of  Oxford.  Though  the 
death  of  Charles  shocked  his  feelings,  he, 
however,  yielded  to  the  strong  invitations 
of  Cromwell,  who  knew  his  merits,  and 
he  accepted  under  him  the  olfice  of  one  of 
the  judges  of  the  Common-bench,  Scru- 
ples, however,  soon  arose,  and  after  going 
two  or  three  circuits,  he  refused  to  act  as 
judge  on  the  crown  side  ;  and  when  on  the 
death  of  the  protector,  higher  powers 
were  oli'ered  him  under  his  son  Richard,  he 
boldly  rejected  the  new  dignity,  and  refused 
to  wear  mourning.  At  the  restoration  he 
was  marked  out  for  the  highest  distinc- 
tion as  chief  baron  of  the  exchequer  ;  and 
Clarendon  in  investing  him  with  his  office, 
declared  that  he  knew  no  one  more  honest 
or  more  fit  to  preside  in  that  court.  For 
eleven  years  he  endeared  himself  to  the 
nation  as  an  impartial  judge,  generous, 
diligent,  and  humane  ;  and  in  1671,  he 
was  promoted  to  the  office  of  chief  justice 
of  England,  where  he  displayed  the  same 
integrity,  the  same  zeal,  and  the  same  un- 
biassed patient  attention.  Four  years 
after,  a  sudden  inllammation  in  the  midriff 
produced  an  asthma  and  a  rapid  dropsy, 
which  proved  fatal  25th  Dec.  1676.  He 
was  twice  married,  and  by  his  first  first 
■wife  had  ten  children.  He  left  his  valuable 
MSS.  to  Lincoln's  inn  society.  This  great 
man,  eminent  not  less  for  his  learning, 
piety,  and  private  virtues,  than  for  his  up- 
rightness as  a  judge,  wrote  several  valuable 
works  on  subjects  of  law,  philosophy,  and 
divinity  ;  the  best  known  of  which  are,  the 
primitive  originization  of  mankind  con- 
sidered and  explained  according  to  the 
light  of  nature,  &.c.  folio — the  history  of 
the  pleas  of  the  crown,  folio — the  original 
institution,  power,  and  jurisdiction  of  par- 
liaments— contemplations  moral  and  di- 
vine, 3  vols.  8vo. — judgment  of  the  nature 
of  true  religion,  its  corruption,  &c. — diffi- 
ciles  nugPD,  iie. — essay  on  the  gravitation, 
^c.  Of'  fluid  bodies,  &c. 

Hales,  John,  called  the  ever-memora- 
ble, was  born  at  Baih,  1584,  and  educated 
at  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford.  In 
1605  he  was  chosen  fellow  of  Merton  ;  in 
1612,  made  Greek  professor  of  the  univer- 
sity, and  the  next  year  admitted  fellow  of 
Eton  college.  In  1618,  he  went  as  chap- 
lain with  Sir  Dudley  Carlcton,  the  English 
ambassador  to  the  Hague,  and  was  present 
at  the  synod  of  Dort,  of  the  proceedings 
of  which  he  wrote  to  his  patron  an  impar- 
tial account,  published  in  his  golden  re- 
mains. In  1638,  he  was  by  the  fnendship 
of  Laud,  made  canon  of  Windsor,  but  the 
disorders  of  the  times  did  not  permit  him 
r, 


to  enjoy  long  these  honours,  and  when  he 
refused  to  take  the  engagement,  he  was 
stripped  of  his  Eton  fellowship,  and  of  his 
other  pi'eferments,  and  reduced  to  the 
greatest  distress,  which  he  bore  with  Chris- 
tian fortitude.  He  died  19th  May,  1656, 
and  was  buried  in  Eton  college  church- 
yard. This  worthy  man,  so  much  admired 
for  his  wit,  his  learning,  and  his  polite- 
ness, wrote  several  works  which  appeared 
after  his  death  in  3  vols.  l2mo.  or  8vo. 

Hales,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Kent,  edu- 
cated at  Benet's  college,  Cambridge,  where 
he  became  fellow,  1703.  He  early  devoted 
the  great  powers  of  his  mind  to  botany, 
and  experimental  philosophy,  and  was  the 
ingenious  inventor  of  a  machine  which 
displayed  the  various  motions  of  the  hea- 
vens similar  to  a  modern  orrery.  His 
learning  and  virtues  recommended  him  to 
the  great  and  the  powerful  ;  he  enjoyed  the 
esteem  of  Frederic  prince  of  Wales,  and 
was  almoner  to  the  princess,  but  satisfied 
with  the  rectory  of  Teddington  near  Hamp- 
ton Court,  he  disregarded  the  higher  pre- 
ferments which  the  partiality  and  influence 
of  friends  might  have  procured.  He  died 
aftera  few  days'  illness,  4th  Jan,  1761,  aged 
84,  universally  respected.  He  published 
in  1741,  his  invention  of  ventilators;  and 
wrote  besides  four  volumes  of  statistical 
essays,  &c.  and  contributed  some  valuable 
papers  to  the  philosophical  transactions. 

Hali-Beigh,  a  native  of  Poland.  His 
original  name  was  Bobowski.  He  was, 
when  very  young,  sold  by  the  Tartars  to 
the  Turks,  and  educated  in  their  religion. 
He  was  acquainted  with  17  languages,  and 
became  dragoman  or  interpreter  to  the 
grand  signior.  He  translated  the  English 
catechism  into  the  Turkish  language,  and 
also  the  Bible.  His  chief  work  is  a  trea- 
tise on  the  liturgy  of  the  Turks,  their  pil- 
grimages to  Mecca,  &c,  published  in  Latin 
"by  Thomas  Smith,  Oxford,  1691.  He  had 
formed  the  design  of  returning  to  the  Chris- 
tian faith,  when  he  died  1675. 

Halket,  Lady  Anna,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, 1622,  and  married  1656  Sir  James 
Halket,  by  whom  she  had  four  children. 
Her  father  Robert  Murray  was  preceptor 
to  Charles  I,  before  he  ascended  the  throne. 
She  died  1699,  and  from  her  MSS.  was  se- 
lected a  volume  of  meditations,  printed  at 
Edinburgh,  1701. 

Hall,  Joseph,  an  eminent  divine,  born 
July  1st,  1574,  at  Bristow  park,  Leicester- 
shire. He  entered  at  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow,  and 
he  distinguished  himself  in  the  university 
by  his  wit  and  learning.  His  "Virgide- 
miarum"  or  satires,  in  six  books,  appeared 
in  1597,  and  were  again  edited  at  Oxford, 
1753.  The  friendship  of  Sir  Robert  Drury 
gave  him  the  li\ing  of  Hawstead,  Suffolk, 
where  he  married,  but  in  consequence  of 


HAL 


HAL 


some  disi)ule  with  his  patron  he  resigned 
it,  and    was  soon  after  presented  by  lord 
Denny  to  the  donative  of  Waltham   Holy 
Cross,    Essex.     Though   he   remained   in 
possession  of  this  preferment  22  years,  his 
income  was  increased  by  a  prebend  in  Wol- 
verhampton   collegiate    cliurch  ;     and    in 
1616  by  the  deanery  of  Worcester.     His 
learning  had  recommended  him  to  prince 
Henry,  to  whom  he  was  some  time  tutor, 
and  to  the  king  ;  and  his  abilities  appeared 
so  respectable,  that  he  was  one  of  the  di- 
vines   sent  1618  to    the  synod  at   Dort, 
from  which,  however,  he  soon  returned  in 
consequence    of    ill   health,    though    not 
without  the  respect  and  gratitude  of  that 
dignified   assembly.     In  1624,  he  refused 
the   see    of   Gloucester,  but  three   years 
after  he  accepted  that  of  Exeter,  and  in 
Nov.  1641,  he  was  translated  to  Norwich. 
The  following  December,  however,  he  was 
sent  to  the  Tower  by  the  parliament,  with 
the   rest  of    the  bishops    who    protested 
against  the  exclusion  of  the  spiritual  peers 
from  the  upper  house  ;  and  though  released 
six  months  after  by  giving  5,000/.  bail,  he 
was  still  exposed  to  the  persecution  which 
in    those    turbulent    times    attended    the 
clei^y.     Stripped  of  his  dignities,  and  with 
all  his   revenues    sequestered,    he  retired 
with  difficulty  to  the  obscurity  of  a  little 
farm    which  he  rented  at  Heigham  near 
Norwich,  where  the  last  nine  years  of  his 
life  were  spent.     He  died  8th  Sept.  1656, 
aged  82 :  and  as  he  said  in  his  will  that 
**  God's  house  was  not  a  fit  repository  for 
dead  bodies,"    he   ordered  himself  to  be 
buried   in  the  churchyard   of   his  parish. 
To  wit,  learning,  and  judgment,   this  pre- 
late joined  the  virtues  of  private  life.     He 
was  pious,  unaffected,  and  moderate  in  his 
religious  opinions  ;    and   while   he  wrote 
against    popery,    he   was   equally  severe 
against  those  who  separate  from  the  church 
from  motives  of  party  or  innovation.     Be- 
sides his  satires,  he  wrote — Meditations, — 
Miscellaneous  Letters, — Mundus  idem  et 
alter,  a  satirical  piece,  &c.     His  works, 
says  Bayle,    abound    with   fine  thoughts, 
excellent  morality,    and   a  great    deal  of 
piety  ;  so  that  he  is  not  improperly  called 
the  English  Seneca.     They  were  in  5  vols, 
folio.     His  meditations  on  the  histories  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testament,  have  been 
modernized  by  Mr.  Glasse   of   Hanwell, 
4  vols.  12mo. 

Hall,  John,  an  English  lawyer,  and 
poet,  born  at  Durham,  Aug.  1627,  and 
educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 
which  he  left  to  study  the  law  at  Gray's 
inn.  He  was  called  to  the  bar,  but  his 
celebrity  as  a  political  writer  recommended 
him  to  the  parliament,  and  he  was  sent  to 
Cromwell  to  Scotland,  but  he  fell  a  sacri- 
fice to   his    licentious  intemperance,   and 


died  at  Durham, 


1st  Aug.  1656. 


During 


his  short  life  he  gave  strong  proofs  of  hi-i 
genius  and  abilities  by  the  publication  of 
"  Horse  vaciva;,  or  essays,"— a  translation 
of  Longinus, — some  poems,  &.c. 

Hall,  Henry,  an  English  divine,  bom 
in  London,  1716.  He  wa.^  educated  at 
Eton  and  King's  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  fellow  1738.  In  1748 
he  was  appointed  librarian  at  Lambeth  by 
Potter,  and  he  was  continued  in  his  office 
by  the  next  primate,  Herring,  who  re- 
warded his  merit  by  the  rectory  of  Harble- 
down,  the  vicarage  of  Heme,  and  the  sine- 
cure of  Orpington.  In  1756  he  exchanged 
Heme  for  East  Peckham,  and  at  the  death 
of  his  patron  in  1757,  he  resigned  the  place 
of  librarian,  and  being  appointed  treasurer 
of  Wells  cathedral,  he  retired  to  Harblc- 
down,  where  he  died  a  Bachelor,  2d  Nov. 
1763,  after  a  short  illness.  This  respecta- 
ble man,  beloved  as  a  pastor  for  his  benevo- 
lence, meekness,  and  exemplary  conduct, 
published  some  occasional  sermons,  &c. 

Hall,  John,  a  surgeon  of  Maidstone, 
Kent,  who  flourished  in  the  reign  of  Eliza- 
beth. He  published  a  compendium  of 
anatomy,  and  other  surgical  works,  besides 
hymns  with  musical  notes,  1565. 

Hall,  Jacob,  a  rope-dancer  in  the  age 
of  Charles  II.  so  graceful  in  bis  person,  and 
so  pleasing  in  his  address,  that  he  capti- 
vated several  of  the  ladies  of  that  licentious 
period,  and  especially  the  dutchess  of  Cleve- 
land, who  granted  him  a  pension. 

Hall,  Richard,  an  English  popish  priest, 
who  left  England  under  Elizabeth  to  avoid 
the  penal  laws  against  his  religion.  He 
became  divinity  professor  at  Douay,  and 
canon  of  St.  Omer's,  and  wrote  several 
theological  books,  especially  the  history  of 
the  troubles  of  his  times,  and  died  1604. 

Hall,  Lyman,  whose  name  is  affixed  to 
the  declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  born  in  Connecticut,  in  1731,  and  re- 
,ceived  a  classical  education.  Having  stu- 
died medicine  he  removed  to  Georgia  in 
1752,  and  established  himself  as  a  physi- 
cian at  Sudbury.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
revolutionary  struggle  he  entered  with 
warmth  into  the  defence  of  the  colonial 
rights,  and  was  a  member  of  the  republican 
conventions  of  Georgia  in  1774  and  1775, 
and  in  the  latter  year  was  appointed  by  the 
parish  of  St.  John's  a  representative  in 
the  general  congress,  and  was  elected  again 
in  July  of  that  year  by  the  whole  province, 
on  its  accession  to  the  confederation.  He 
was  an  active  and  useful  member  of  that 
body,  and  advocated  the  declaration  of  in- 
dependence. In  1 780  he  again  held  a  seat  in 
congress,  and  the  following  year  was  cho- 
sen governor  of  Georgia.  He  died  about 
the  60th  year  of  his  age.  He  possessed  u 
strong  and  discriminating  mind,  a  sound 
judgment,  a  happy  talent  for  conciliating 
esteem  and  confidence,  and  did  much  by  bis 


UAL 


liAL 


mild  uud  persuasive  manners  to  unite  tLe 
••itizens  of  Georgia  in  the  defence  of  their 
liberties.  tCj^  L. 

Halle,    Peter,   a   French   civilian  and 
poet,  born  at  Bayeux,  in  Normandy,  8th 
Sept.  1611.     He  was  educated  at  Bayeux 
and  Caen,  and  by  his  merit  was  raised  to 
the  office  of  rhetorical  professor  in  the  lat- 
ter university.     His  eloquence  in  the  de- 
livery of    an    oration    so   pleased    Seguer, 
the  chancellor,  that  he  presented  him  with 
a  doctor's  cap  1640,  and  carried  him  with 
him  to  Paris.     Here  his  abilities  were  dis- 
played   to   such   advantage    that    he    was 
offered  the  headship  of  five  colleges,  and 
was  at  last  appointed  poet  to  the  king,  and 
in   1646    reader  of  the   Greek  and  Latin 
tongues  in  the  roial  college.     In  1655  he 
began  as  professor  of  canon  law  to  raise 
the  character  of  that  much  neglected  sci- 
ence, and  by  his  "  canonical  institutions," 
published  1685,  and  other  treatises  on  law, 
acquired   a  high  reputation   for  learning, 
application,  and  judgment.     He  published 
also  1655,  a  collection  of  Latin  poems,  and 
died  Dec.  27,  1689. 

Halle,  Antony,  a  good  Latin  poet,  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence  at  Caen.  He  publish- 
ed a  Latin  grammar — some  treatises — 
poetry,  &c.  and  died  at  Paris,  1675,  aged  83. 

Halle,  Claude-Guy,  director  of  the 
Paris  academy  of  painting,  was  distinguish- 
ed  as  a  painter,  and  by  his  genius  adorned 
several  of  the  churches  of  the  French  capi- 
tal, especially  Notre  Dame.  Ho  died  high- 
ly respected  1736,  aged  85.  His  son  Noel 
ivas  member  of  the  academy  of  painting, 
and  obtained  the  order  of  St.  Michael  for 
his  services  in  reforming  and  improving  the 
academy  of  painting  at  Rome.  He  died 
1718,  aged  70. 

Haller,  Albert,  an  eminent  Swiss  phy- 
sician, professor  of  medicine,  chymistry, 
&c.  at  Gottingen.  Scarce  inferior  to  Boer- 
faaave,  his  abilities  adorned  the  university 
and  raised  it  to  celebrity.  Besides  medical 
tracts,  such  as  disputationes  anatomicae,  8 
vols.  4to. — disputationes  de  morbis,  7  vols. 
4to. — elementa  physiologiae,  8  vols.  4to. 
&c.  he  wrote  moral  essays,  religious  pieces, 
and  a  few  odes  much  admired  in  Germany 
for  poetry,  elegance,  and  sublimity.  In 
1760  he  retired  to  his  native  city  Berne, 
where,  after  enjoying  the  respect  of  his 
country  as  a  senator  and  magistrate,  he 
died  12th  December,  1777,  aged  75.  His 
son,  who  died  1785,  was  equally  eminent 
as  a  man  of  merit,  and  wrote  biographic 
literaire  de  la  Suisse. 

Halley,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  English 
philosopher,  born  29th  Oct.  1556,  in  St. 
Leonard's  parish,  Shoreditch.  He  was 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  school  under  Gale, 
and  in  1673  became  a  commoner  of  Queen's 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  early  devoted 
himself  to  those  astronomical  and  geomc- 


iricai    studies    which    have    reudered  his 
name  immortal.     His  first  attempt  was  to 
correct  the  errors  of  Tycho  Brahe,  and  to 
ascertain  the  place  of  the  fixed  stars  ;  but 
finding  that  those  of  the  northern  hemis- 
phere   already   engaged    the    attention  of 
Flamstead    and  Hevelius,  he  set  out  un- 
der the  protection  of  Charles  II.  and  of  the 
East  India  Company  to  St.  Helena,  where 
he  formed  a  catalogue  of  those  bodies  which 
never  appear  above  the  horizon  of  Green- 
wich or  Dantzick.    After  2  years'  residence 
there,  he  returned  in  1678  to  England,  and 
his  planisphere  was  so  well  received  by  the 
learned,   that  he  was  honoured  with  the 
degree  of  M.A.  at  Oxford  by  royal  manda- 
mus, and  was  admitted  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.     In   1697  he  visited  Hevelius  at 
Dantzick,  at  the  request  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, to  adjust  the  dispute  between  that 
great  philosopher  and  Hooke,  in  England, 
concerning  the  preference  of  plain  or  glass 
lights   in    astroscopical    instruments.     On 
his  return  he  went  upon  a  tour  in  company 
with   his   school-fellow  the    learned    Nel- 
son, and  in  his  way  to  Paris  he  first  ob- 
served that    remarkable   comet   which  at 
that  time  soon  ^engaged  the  attention  of 
the  philosophers  of  Europe.     After  finish- 
ing  his   observations    on    this   wandering 
body  in   the  Paris  observatory,   with  the 
kind  assistance  of  the  great   Cassini,  he 
passed   to   Lyons,  and    thence    to    Italy, 
where,  upon  his  return  to  England  in  1681, 
he  left  his  friend  Nelson.     He  now  settled 
at  Islington,  after  his  marriage  with  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Tooke,   the  auditor  of  the 
exchequer,  and  devoted  himself  ardently  to 
his  favourite  pursuits.     In  1683  appeared 
his  theory  of  the  variation  of  the  magneti- 
cal  compass,  and  by  his  aquaintance  with 
the   great   Newton,    whom   he   visited   at 
Cambridge  to  consult  him  on  philosophical 
subjects,  he  had  the  opportunity  of  recom- 
mending, by  an  elegant  copy  of  verses,  the 
principia    of   the   illustrious    astronomer, 
which   were   then   first  presented    to   the 
world.     In    1698    he   obtained  from  king 
William   the    appointment  of  a  vessel  to 
enable  him  to  improve  and  to  mature  his 
philosophical  observations  on  the  variations 
of  the  needle,  and  after  proceeding  as  far 
as  the  line,  he  returned  home  with  the  in- 
tention of  pursuing  his  discoveries  in  another 
voyage.     The  next  year  with  bold  zeal  in 
the  cause  of  science,  he  crossed  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean,  and  penetrated  towards  the  south 
pole  till  the  ice  stopped  his  progress,  and 
returning  to  England  in  1700,  he  published 
the  following  year  his  general  chart,  show- 
ing the  variations  of  the  compass  in  those 
seas  frequented  by  European  navigators. 
In  a  third  voyage  he  examined  the  course 
of  the  tides  in  the  various  parts  of  the  Eng- 
lish  channel,    and  accurately  ascertained 
the  longitude  and  latitude  of  each  headlandv 


HAL 


HAM 


-which  he  published  in  an  elegant  chart  in 
17U2.     At  the  request  of  the  emperor  of 
Germany  he  was  sent  by  queen  Anne  to 
examine  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  where  two 
convenient  harbours  were   to   be   formed 
under  his   auspices   for   the   reception   of 
the   coinmerce    of   the    Mediterranean.— 
Though    the    dc'sign    failed    througli    the 
jealousy   of  the    Dutch,    Hallcy  was  ho- 
nourably  treated    by    the    enip.  ror,    who 
presented   him    with    a  golden  ring  from 
his  own  finger,  as  a  mark  of  respect.     On 
his  return  to  England  in  1703,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Savilian  professor  of  geometry  at 
Oxford,  and  honoured  with  the  degree  of 
LL.D.     In  1713  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary to  the  Royal  Society,  which  he  resign- 
ed in  1719,  when  he  succeeded  Flamstead 
in  the  Greenwich  observatory,   and  in  re- 
ward of  his  services  he  received,  by  the  in- 
tei'cession  of  queen  Caroline,  the  allow- 
ance of  half  pay  as  a  captain  of  the  navy. 
This  great  and  good  man,  who  had  done  so 
much  for  science  and  philosophy,  was  in 
1737  attacked  by  a  paralytic  stroke,  which 
gradua'Iy     weakened      his      constitution, 
though    it   did   not  totally  extinguish  the 
powers  of  his  mind.     He  expired  easily 
and  without  a  groan,  as  he  sat  in  his  chair, 
14th  Jan.  1741-2,   in   his  S6th  year.     Be- 
sides the  works  already  mentioned,  astro- 
nomical tables,  and  several  valuable  papers 
in  the  philosophical  transactions,  Dr.  Hal- 
ley,  at  the  request  of  his  friend  Aldrich, 
edited  and  translated  the  works  of  Apol- 
lonius. 

Hallifax,  George  Saville,  marquis  of. 
Vid.  Saville. 

Hallifax,  Samuel,  an  English  bishop, 
eldest  son  of  an  apothecary  at  Chesterfield. 
He  was  educated  at  Jesus  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  afterwards  removed  to  Trinity 
hall,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
1764.  As  professor  of  civil  law  in  the  uni- 
versity, he  gained  great  reputation  by  his 
**  analysis  of  the  civil  law."  In  1776  he 
was  created  D.D.  by  mandate,  and  became 
afterwards  chaplain  to  the  king,  rector  of 
Worsop,  Notts,  master  of  the  faculties  in 
Doctors'  Commons,  and  master  of  his  col- 
lege, which  he  resigned  in  1781,  when 
made  bishop  of  Gloucester.  In  1787  he 
was  translated  to  St.  Asaph,  and  diel  1790, 
aged  60.  He  was  a  man  of  great  erudition, 
commanding  eloquence,  and  of  amiable 
manners.  His  sermons  at  Warburton's 
lectures  were  much  admired,  and  also  his 
judicious  analysis  of  Butler's  ^Analogy.  He 
was  for  some  years  Arabic  professor  at 
Cambridge. 

Hals,  Francis,  a  portrait  painter  of 
Mechlin,  much  admired,  and  considered 
inferior  only  to  Vandyck.  He  died  1666, 
aged  82. 

Hals,  Dirk,  brother  to  the  above,  was 
HJlso  a  painter,  whose  irenius  led  him  to  the 

Vol-.  IT.  'i 


humorous    representations  of  festive    and 
low  scenes.     He  died  1656,  aged  67. 

Hamberger,    (i(!orge    Albert,    an  emi- 
nent mathematician  of  Franconia,   author 
of  some  valuable  works  on  optics,  hydrau 
lies,  and  other  philosophical  subjects.     He 
died  at  Jena,  1720. 

Hamberger,     George     Christopher,    a 
learned  German,  of  the  university  of  Got 
tingen.     Besides  other  voluminous  works 
he  published  Orpheus,  with  the  assistance 
of  Gesner.     He  died  1773,  aged  47. 

Hamel,  John  Baptist  du,  a  French  di- 
vine, born  1614,  at  Vire,  in  Normandy,  and 
educated  at  Caen    and   Paris.     At  18  he 
published    a   tract    on   trigonometry  with 
Theodosius's  three  books  on  spherics,  and 
the  next  year  he  was  admitted  into  the 
congi-j^ation  of  the  oratory,  where  he  con- 
tinued 10  years,  till  he  became  curate  of 
Nueilli  on  the    Marne.     In  1666  he  was 
appointed  secretary  to  the  newly  established 
academy  of  sciences,  and   he   afterwards 
accompanied     Colbert     de     Croissy,    the 
French  ambassador,  at  Aix  la  Chapelle  and 
in  England,  where  he  gained  the  friendship 
of  Boyle,  Ray,   and  Willis.     He  returned 
to  France  through  Holland,   and  in  1678 
published  his  "  philosophia  vetus  et  nova," 
a  valuable  work,  reprinted  in  6  vols.  1681. 
In  1698  appeared  his  "Regiae  scientiaruni 
academiae  historia,"  4to.  in  four  books,  to 
which  two   were   afterwards  added.     He 
also  published,  1706,  Biblia  sacra  vulgatae 
editionis  cum  selectis   notis,  &c.   besides 
other    theological    works.     He    died    6th 
Aug.  1706,  of  old  age.     To  the  character 
of  a  scholar  he  united  that  of  a  pious  and 
worthy   man,    esteemed   not   only  by  the 
great  and  powerful,  but  by  the  poor,  espe- 
cially at   Neuilli,  where  his  annual  visit, 
after  he  had  quitted  the  cure,  was  regarded 
as  a  day  of  festivity. 

Hamel,  du  Monceau,  Henry  Lewis  du, 
a  native  of  Paris,  inspector  of  the  marine, 
'  and  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  me- 
chanics, agriculture,  and  commerce.  He 
wrote  treatises  on  trees,  naval  architec- 
ture, agriculture  and  other  subjects,  and 
died  1732,  aged  82. 

Hamilcar  Barcas,  the  father  of  Han- 
nibal, was  distinguished  as  a  general  in 
Spain,  where  he  founded  Barcelona.  He 
fell  in  battle  B.C.  237. 

Hamilton,  Patrick,  a  Scott^h  divine,  re- 
lated to  James  V.  by  whom  he  was  made 
abbot  of  Feme.  His  further  advancement 
in  the  church  was  prevented  by  his  adhe- 
rence to  the  tenets  of  Luther,  which  so 
offended  the  catholic  clergy,  that  at  the 
suggestion  of  cardinal  Beatoun,  archbishop 
of  St.  Andrews,  he  was  tried  as  a  heretic, 
and  condemned  to  the  flames.  He  en- 
dured the  cruel  sentence  with  the  most 
astonishing  fortitude,  1527,  aged  only  23. 
His  oonfe!=!=ion  of  faith  was  published  bv 

9 


11AM 


HAM 


Jolin  Frith.     He  was  not  only  pious,  Liut 
learned  and  polite. 

Hamilton,  Antony,  count,  a  native  of 
Ireland,  of  Scotch  extraction.  He  follow- 
ed the  fate  of  the  second  Charley,  and  re- 
turned at  the  restoration,  but  was  banished 
at  the  revolution.  His  genius,  vivacity, 
and  wit  rendered  him  the  companion  of  the 
2,"reat,  and  the  ornament  of  every  society, 
flis  work-s  consisted  of  poems, — fairy  tales, 
— and  "  Memoirs  of  the  Count  de  Grani- 
uiont,"  which  develope  the  licentious  cha- 
racters of  the  court  of  Ciiarles  II.  He 
died  at  St.  Germain's  1720,  aged  74. 

Hamilton,  James,  first  duke  of,  son  of 
•lames,  marquis  of  Hamilton,  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  and  succeeded  to  his  father's 
titles,  1G25.  With  a  mind  ardent  after  ad- 
ventures he  went  in  1631  with  an  army  to 
ihe  assistance  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  of 
Sweden,  and  returned  the  following  year. 
Distinguished  at  the  English  court  by  the 
favour  and  good  opinion  of  the  monarch, 
he  was  named  a  commissioner  to  settle  the 
fiisputes  which  the  presbyterians  excited  in 
Scotland  on  the  subject  of  episcopacy,  and 
for  his  services  he  was  created  duke  of 
Hamilton  and  earl  of  Cambridge.  Af- 
ter seeing  the  ruin  of  his  master's  armies 
in  England,  he  still  maintained  his  cause  in 
the  north,  but  the  superior  power  of  Crom 
well  prevailed  against  him,  and  he  was  un- 
Ibrtunately  defeated  at  Preston.  Though 
promised  that  his  life  would  be  spared,  the 
perfidious  conqueror  still  treated  liim  as  an 
enemy,  and  caused  him  to  be  tried  and  to 
be  beheaded,  1649,  in  his  43d  year. 

Hamilton,  William,  duke  of,  born  in 
1616,  was  secretary  of  state  for  Scotland, 
aud  exerted  himself  zealously  in  the  royal 
cause.  He  died  1652  of  the  wounds  which 
he  had  received  at  the  battle  of  W^orcester, 
aged  36. 

Hamilton,  George,  earl  of  Orkney,  was 
lifth  son  of  lord  Selkirk.  He  distinguish- 
ed himself  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  and 
on  other  occasions,  for  which  he  was  rais- 
ed to  the  peerage  by  William  HI.  His 
valour  was  equally  displayed  under  Marl- 
borough at  Blenheim  and  Malplaquet.  He 
died  1737. 

Hamilton,  William,  a  poet,  born  at 
Bangor,  who  died  1754,  aged  50.  His 
works  were  printed  at  Edinburgh,  12mo. 
1760. 

Hamilton,  Sir  W^illiam,  a  Scotchman  of 
J  lie  noble  family  of  that  name,  after  re- 
ceiving a  liberal  education  improved  his 
narrow  circumstances  by  his  marriage  with 
."v  lady  of  fortune  1755.  He  was  sent  as 
ambassador  to  the  Neapolitan  court  in 
1764,  and  continued  in  that  capacity  till 
ihe  year  1800,  during  which  time  he  de- 
voted himself  ardently  to  the  cultivation 
of  science,  and  to  the  improvement  of  the 
fine  arts.  With  the  eye  of  a  philosopher, 
and  the  taste  of  a  man  of  aenius,  he  visit- 
in 


ed  and  examined  the  wonders  of  Etna  ana 
Vesuvius,  and  not  only  collected  from 
their  volcanic  eruptions  the  most  valuable 
curiosities,  but  composed  an  interesting  and 
admirid  performance.  He  also  publisbed 
Campi  Phlegraei,  2  vols,  folio,  a  curious  and 
splendid  work,  and  encouraged  and  contri- 
buted to  the  compilation  of  the  Antiquites 
Etrusques,  Grecques,  et  Romaines,  edited 
from  his  cabinet  by  D'Hanearville.  The 
philosophical  transactions  were  also  en- 
riched by  his  learned  commentaries,  and 
the  British  Museum  can  boast  of  his  valu- 
able presents  of  antiquities  and  other  cu- 
rious donations.  This  active  antiquarian, 
whose  researches  were  so  much  applauded 
by  all  men  of  science,  was  honoured  with 
the  ribbon  of  the  order  of  the  Bath,  while 
at  Naples,  and  he  received  from  the  Sici- 
lian king  and  his  court  every  mark  of  at- 
tention and  respect.  Some  years  after  the 
death  of  his  first  wife  he  married  Miss 
Hart,  who  survived  him.  He  died  in  Lon- 
don, May,  1803. 

Hamilton,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, was  appointed  by  William  Penn  de- 
puty governor  of  Pennsylvania  in  1701» 
He  had  previously  been  for  several  years 
governor  of  New- Jersey,  of  which  colony 
he  was  one  of  the  proprietors,  and  where 
he  was  succeeded  by  Andrew  Bowne.  He 
died  December,  1 702.  liCP  L. 

Hamilton,  John,  was  appointed  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  New-Jersey  in  1713, 
and  succeeded  Mr.  Anderson  as  command- 
er-in-chief of  the  province  as  senior 
member  in  March,  1736.  He  continued 
at  the  head  of  the  administration  until 
1 738,  and  died  in  1746.  ICJ^  L. 

Hamilton,  James,  governor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  a  native  of  Philadelphia,  and 
succeeded  governor  Thomas  in  1748.  He 
resigned  in  October,  1754,  and  was  again 
appointed  in  1759,  and  continued  in  the 
office  till  1763,  when  John  Penn  arrived  as 
governor.  In  1771  the  administration 
again  devolved  on  him  a  short  time.  He 
held  several  other  offices  of  distinction  in 
the  province,  and  enjoyed  the  esteem  and 
confidence  of  the  people.  He  died  in  New- 
York,  while  that  city  was  occupied  by  the 
British,  August  14th,  1783,  aged  73. 

rt3=»L. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  first  secretary  of 
the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  a  ge- 
neral in  the  American  army,  was  a  native 
of  the  Island  of  St.  Croix,  and  born  in 
1 757.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  accom- 
panied his  mother,  who  was  an  American, 
to  New- York,  and  entered  King's  college, 
where  he  remained  about  three  years,  and 
gave  at  that  early  period  proofs  of  his  ex- 
traordinary talents,  by  the  publication  of 
several  papers  vindicating  the  rights  of  the 
colonies,  which  exhibited  such  strength  and 
sagacity,  that  they  were  ascribed  to  the 
pen  of  Mr.  Jay,     He  entered  the  Ameri- 


lUV 


IJAM 


<;aQ  army  at  the  age  of  eis^htcen,  as  an 
officer  of  artillery,  and  soonattrHtted  the 
notice  of  Washini;ton,  who  in  1777  selected 
him  as  an  aid  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant, 
colonel.  In  the  campaign  of  1781  he 
commanded  a  battulion,  and  at  the  taking 
of  York  led  the  American  detachment 
which  stormed  and  took  tiu'  Britisli  works. 
After  the  capture  of  Cornwallis,  he  retired 
from  the  service,  and  engaged  in  the  study 
of  the  law.  He  entered  on  the  profession 
in  New- York,  and  soon  rose  to  distinction 
in  it.  In  1787  he  was  appointed  a  member 
from  New-York  of  the  federal  congress 
which  formed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  in  1789,  when  the  government 
was  organized,  was  placed  by  Washington 
at  the  head  of  the  treasury ;  where  he 
rendered  the  most  important  services  to 
his  country  by  the  measures  he  devised  to 
procure  a  revenue  and  impart  credit  and 
prosperity  to  the  nation.  He  had  charge 
of  the  troops  employed  in  1794  to  suppress 
the  insurrt;ction  in  Pennsylvania.  Soon 
afterwards  he  retired  from  office  that  he 
might  procure  a  more  ample  provision  for 
his  family  by  his  profession.  In  1798 
when  the  provisional  army  was  raised,  at 
the  instance  of  Washington,  he  was  ap- 
pointed the  second  in  command.  On  the 
disbanding  of  the  army  he  returned  to 
New- York,  where  he  continued  employed 
in  his  profession  till  the  11th  of  June,  1804, 
when  he  fell  in  a  duel  with  colonel  Burr, 
vice  president  of  the  United  States,  and 
en  the  following  day  expired,  universally 
lamented,  second  to  none  of  his  survivors 
in  energy  of  understanding,  extent  of  legal 
and  political  knowledge,  lofty  eloquence, 
integrity,  and  promise  of  usefulness  to  his 
country.  He  was  the  author  of  the  letters 
of  Phocion,  written  after  the  peace,  in  fa- 
vour of  the  loyalist,  and  also  of  nearly  all 
the  numbers  of  the  Federalist,  a  series  of 
essays  designed  to  explain  and  advocate 
the  principles  of  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States.  flZT^  L. 

Hamilton,  Paul,  secretary  of  the  United 
States  navy  department,  was  a  South 
Carolinian,  and  at  the  period  of  the  Revo- 
lution rendered  important  services  to  the 
country  by  his  zeal  and  firmness  in  the 
popular  cause.  He  was  appointed  in  1799 
comptroller  of  South  Carolina,  a  station 
for  which  his  methodical  mind,  quick  dis- 
cernment, and  accurate  knowledge  of  ac- 
counts eminently  fitted  him.  He  held  the 
office  five  years,  and  rendered  himself 
highly  useful  by  the  improvements  he  in- 
troduced into  the  system  of  finance.  In 
1804  he  succeeded  Mr.  Richardson  as  go- 
vernor of  the  state,  and  was  succeeded  in 
1806  by  Mr.  Pinckney.  In  1809  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  the  navy,  and  held 
the  office  till  January,  1812,  when  he  re- 
signed.    He  maintained  in  the  public  sta- 


tions which  he  occupied,  a  character  of  uii- 
inipcachcd  int».grity,  and  was  generous 
and  amiable  in  jirivate  life,  lie  died  ht 
Ueaufort,  June  .iO,  1H16.  rCj"^  L. 

Hamilton,  Hugh,  a  learned  prelate,  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1729.  lie  rcreived  bi;^ 
education  in  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  where, 
in  1751,  he  obtained  a  fellowship.  In  17jP 
appeared  his  treatise  "  De  Sectionibus 
Conicis  ;"  and  the  next  year  he  was  elect- 
ed Erasmus  Smith's  professor  of  natural 
philosophy.  In  1764  he  accepted  a  college 
living,  and  thereby  vacated  his  fellowship. 
After  this  he  obtained  the  rectory  of  St. 
Anne's,  Dublin  ;  but  relinquished  it  on  be- 
ing promoted  to  the  deanery  of  Armagh. 
In  1796  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Clon- 
fert ;  from  whence,  in  1799,  he  was  trans- 
lated to  Ossory,  where  he  died  Dec.  1, 
1805.  His  works  and  life  were  publish- 
ed in  1809,  in  2  vols.  8vo.— IF.  B. 

Hamilton,  William,  a  historical  paint- 
er, was  born  in  1750.  He  went  to  Italy 
when  very  young,  and  was  there  placetJ 
under  the  instruction  of  Zucchi,  the  painter 
of  arabesque  ornaments  at  Rome.  On 
his  return  to  England  he  became  a  pupil  at 
the  Royal  Academy,  and  afterwards  ac- 
quired considerable  employment.  In  1789 
he  was  admitted  a  royal  academician. 
He  died  Dec.  2,  1801.— fF.  B. 

Hamlet,  prince  of  Denmark,  is  immor- 
talized in  English  literature  by  the  pen  of 
Shakspeare,  who  drew  his  materials  from 
the  relation  of  Saxo  Grammaticus  the  Da- 
nish historian. 

Hammond,  Henry,  an  English  divine 
born  at  Chertsy,  Surrey,  18th  Aug.  1605. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fel- 
low 1625.  In  1633  he  was  presented  to 
the  living  of  Penhurst,  Kent,  by  Robert 
earl  of  Leicester,  who  accidentally  heard 
him  in  the  pulpit,  and  thus  nobly  rewarded 
his  eloquence  and  piety.  He  continued  in 
this  peaceful  retirement,  the  zealous  minis- 
ter of  his  parish,  till  1643,  when  his  zea! 
in  the  royal  cause  rendered  him  obnoxious 
to  the  parliament,  and  lOOZ.  were  set  upon 
his  head.  He  fled  in  disguise  to  Oxford, 
and  in  1644,  at  the  request  of  his  friend 
Dr.  Potter  of  Queen's  college,  he  publish- 
ed his  '*  practical  catechism,"  which  gave 
offisnce  to  those  who  in  the  business  of  sal- 
vation regarded  faith  alone  w  ithout  works. 
He  however  defended  himself  against  the 
attacks  not  only  of  Cheynell,  but  of  52 
ministers  in  the  province  of  London,  and 
he  continued  to  serve  the  cause  of  religion 
by  other  valuable  tracts.  At  the  treaty  of 
Uxbridge  he  was  appointed  on  the  part  of 
Chai-les  I.  and  he  displayed  to  great  ad- 
vantage his  learning  and  eloquence  in  a 
dispute  with  Richard  Vines,  a  presbyteriau 
minister  delegated  by  the  parliament  to 
meet  him.     To  the  archdeaconry  of  Chi= 

11 


HAM 


llA^ 


eliester  to  uliicb  Puppa  had  presented 
bim  ill  1644,  the  king  in  1645  added  a 
canonry  of  Christ  church,  and  soon  after 
he  was  chosen  public  orator  to  the  univer- 
sity. He  afterwards  attended  the  king  as 
chaplain  during  his  confinement  at  Wo- 
burii,  Cavcrsham,  Hampton  Court,  and  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  till  he  was  dismissed  in  1647 
by  the  parliament,  and  permitted  to  return 
to  Oxford.  He  was  in  164b  stripped  of  his 
honours,  and  with  Dr.  Sheldon,  confined  a 
prisoner  in  Oxford  by  the  parliamentary  de- 
legates, and  ten  weeks  after  conveyed  to  the 
house  of  Sir  Philip  Warwick  at  Clapham, 
Bedfordshire.  W  hen  liberated  in  1649,  he 
retired  to  the  seat  of  Sir  John  Packwood 
"Wcstwood,  Worcestershire,  where  the 
second  Charles  saw  and  commended  his 
loyalty,  and  his  firm  adherence  to  the  re- 
ligion of  his  country.  In  1653  he  publish- 
ed his  "  paraphrase  and  annotations  on 
the  New  Testament,"  which  he  had  begun 
during  his  confinement  at  Oxford,  a  work 
of  great  merit,  and  general  utility.  He 
began  afterwards  a  "  paraphrase  and  com- 
mentary on  all  the  books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment," but  his  infirmities  prevented  his 
completing  more  than  the  Psalms,  and  the 
3d  part  of  Proverbs.  He  fell  a  martyr  to 
the  stone,  accompanied  by  those  other 
dreadful  maladies  the  gout,  the  colic,  and 
cramp,  25th  April,  1660,  at  a  time  when 
the  king,  restored  to  the  throne  of  his  an- 
cestors, was  meditating  to  reward  his  meri- 
torious services  by  raitiing  him  to  the 
bishopric  of  Worcester.  His  works  are 
collected  into  4  vols,  folio. 

Hammond,  Anthony,  an  English  poet, 
whose  family  had  long  been  settled  at 
Somersham-place,  Huntingdonshire.  He 
was  born  1663,  and  was  educated  at  St. 
John's,  Cambridge.  He  became  commis- 
sioner to  the  navy,  and  was  so  eloquent  in 
parliament  that  Bolingbroke  called  him  the 
silver-tongued  Hammond.  Distinguished 
as  a  wit,  and  as  a  man  of  fashion,  he  was 
equally  known  as  a  poet  and  an  author.  He 
wrote  the  life  of  his  friend  Moyle,  besides 
poems.     He  died  about  1730. 

Hammond,  James,  second  son  of  the 
above,  is  distinguished  as  a  poet.  He  was 
born  in  1710,  and  educated  at  Westminster 
school,  but  he  did  not  it  seems  enter  at  the 
university.  He  was  early  made  equerry 
to  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  thus  moving  in 
the  sphere  of  fashion  he  became  the  friend 
of  Lyttk  ton,  Cohham,  and  Chesterfield. 
His  income  was  increased  in  1733  to  400/. 
a  year  by  the  liberality  of  a  dying  relation, 
and  in  1741  he  was  elected  member  for 
Truro,  yet  in  the  midst  of  pleasures  and 
business  he  did  not  forget  the  calls  of  the 
muse,  but  often  withdrew  from  festive 
scenes  to  the  tranquillity  of  retirement  and 
the  meditations  of  literary  life.  His  "  love 
elegies"  are  elegant  and  valuable  sped- 
J2 


mens  of  his  poetical  po%vcrs,  and  also  bi» 
prologues,  &c.  He  died  at  Stowe,  the  seat 
of  his  friend  Cobham,  June,  1742.  His 
cruel  mistress  survived  himf'till  1779^ 
and  died  unmarried,  bed-chamber  woman 
to  the  queen.  Ttie  elegies  appeared  after 
his  death,  recommended,  says  Dr.  Maty, 
by  the  elegant  pen  of  lord  Chesterfield. 

Hamon,  John,  a  French  physician  of 
Cherbourg.  Hj  wrote  on  religious  sub- 
jects and  in  a  style  much  admired,  and  de- 
serving the  high  commendation  of  Boileau. 
He  died  1687,  aged  69. 

Hampden,  John,  the  illustrious  patriot, 
was  born  of  a  very  ancient  family  in  Buck- 
inghamshire, and  educated  at  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford.  From  the  university  he 
went  to'  the  inns  of  court  in  London,  and 
was  afterwards  chosen  in  parliament.  In 
1636  he  had  the  boldness  alone  and  un- 
supported to  resist  the  royal  authority  in 
levying  ship  money,  and  though  he  lost 
his  cause  he  gained  more  admirers  by  the 
firmness  and  modesty  of  his  conduct  than 
the  king  obtained  advantage  by  the  suc- 
cessful issue  of  the  trial.  Thus  proclaimed 
by  the  public  voice  a  patriot,  Hampden  was 
now  regarded  as  the  leader  of  the  popular 
party  in  the  House  of  Common?  against 
the  king,  and  when  the  civil  war  broke  out, 
he  took  up  arms  to  defend  what  he  con- 
sidered as  the  rights  of  the  people.  In  the 
field  he  showed  himself  courageous,  intre- 
pid, and  active,  but  his  career  of  glory  was 
cut  short  by  a  fatal  wound  which  he  re- 
ceived in  Chalgrove  field,  Oxfordshire, 
when  fighting  against  prince  Rupert  18th 
June,  1643.  The  bone  of  his  shoulder  was 
shattered  by  two  bullets,  and  after  suffering 
great  pain  from  the  wound,  he  expired  six 
days  after,  to  the  universal  regret  of  his 
party.  This  very  extraordinary  character, 
who,  in  every  contest  in  the  parliament  and 
in  the  field,  evinced  such  steadiness  and 
perseverance  in  what  he  regarded  as  the 
cause  of  his  country,  is  described  by  Cla- 
rendon as  a  great  rather  than  a  good  man, 
and  the  noble  historian  applies  to  him  what 
was  applied  to  Cinna,  that  he  had  a  head  to 
contrive,  a  tongue  to  persuade,  and  a  hand 
to  execute  any  mischief. 

Hamsa,  a  Mahometan  doctor,  known 
for  his  extravagant  attempts  to  eradicate 
the  tenets  of  Mahomet,  and  to  establish  a 
new  religion  of  his  own.  His  book  in  op- 
position to  the  Alcoran  was  translated  into 
French,  and  is  called  "  evidences  of  the 
mysteries  of  the  unity."  It  is  written  with 
great  purity  and  elegance.  He  flourished 
about  1020. 

Hancock,  Thomas,  merchant  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  and  a  benefactor  of  Har- 
vard college,  was  born  in  Lexington  in 
1703,  and  died  in  Boston  in  1764.  He  be- 
queathed 1000/.  to  Harvard  college  for  es- 
tablisliing  a  professorship   of  Hebrew  and 


IIAN 


HA^ 


other  oriental  languages,  1000/.  to  the  so- 
ciety for  propagating  the  gospel  among  the 
Indians  of  North  America,  and  600/.  to 
the  town  ol"  Boston  lor  the  purpose  of 
erecting  an  insane  hospital.  He  was 
greatly  respected  for  uprightness  and  hu- 
manity ,  and  was  liighly  useful  in  many 
offices  to  which  his  fellow-citizens  advanced 
him,  and  as  a  member  of  his  majesty's 
council.  sCJ^  L- 

Hancock,  John,  LL.D.  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  a  nephew  of  the  preceding, 
from  whom  he  inherited  great  wealth,  was 
a  native  of  Braintree,  and  born  in  1737. 
He  \vas  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1754,  and  became  a  merchant.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  assembly  in 
1766,  and  soon  distinguished  himself  by  a 
talent  for  business,  and  a  zealous  opposi- 
tion to  the  oppressive  acts  of  the  British. 
In  1774  he  was  president  of  the  provincial 
congress,  and  the  year  after  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  general  congress  which  met  at 
Philadelphia.  He  was  chosen  president 
of  that  body,  and  in  that  capacity  signed 
the  declaration  of  independence  in  1776. 
His  health  declining  in  1777  he  left  that 
appouitment,  and  in  1780  was  i;lected  the 
first  governor  of  Massachusetts  under  the 
new  constitution  ;  and  held  that  office 
during  the  four  succeeding  years,  and 
again  from  17S7  till  1793,  when  he  died  in 
the  fifty-sixth  year  of  his  age.  Governor 
Hancock  possessed  talents  that  alwaj^s 
adorned  the  several  exalted  stations  to 
which  he  was  elevated.  He  was  one  of 
the  first  and  most  conspicuous  actors  in 
the  great  drama  of  the  Revolution,  and 
gained  by  his  zealous  devotion  to  his 
country  a  rank  among  the  most  distinguish- 
ed of  her  benefactors.  The  charges  against 
his  talents  and  patriotism  which  were 
thrown  out  in  the  heat  of  party  conten- 
tions, and  which  have  gained  a  place  in 
some  of  the  histories  of  those  times,  im- 
partiality never  ad  nitted,  and  had  they  been 
true,  gratitude  for  the  eminent  services 
he  rendered  would  not  be  forward  to  perpe- 
tuate them.  In  private  life  he  was  charac- 
terized by  affability,  urbanity,  and  distin- 
guished liberality  to  the  poor.     \CJ^  L. 

Handel,  George  Frederic,  a  celebrated 
musician  born  at  Halle,  Upper  Saxony, 
24th  Feb.  1684.  His  father  who  was  a 
surgeon  intended  him  for  the  profession  of 
the  law,  and  that  he  might  check  his 
strong  inclinations  for  music  he  prevented 
his  access  to  all  musical  instruments.  The 
son,  however,  in  spite  of  his  father's  prohi- 
bitions, obtained  a  small  claviehord,  with 
which  he  amused  himself  every  evening,  at 
the  top  of  the  house,  after  the  family  had 
retired  to  rest.  His  accidental  visit  with 
his  father  to  the  court  of  the  duke  of  Saxe 
Weisenfels,  where  his  brother-in-law  was 
valet  of  the  household,  enabled  him  at  last 


to  follow  the  bent  of  hi»  genius.  He  playeii 
the  church  organ  after  the  morning  service, 
with  such  effect  that  the  duke,  who  nap- 
pened  to  be  present,  sensible  of  his  pro- 
mising powers,  expostulated  with  his 
father,  and  obtained  from  him  the  permis- 
sion of  his  being  inslrut.led  in  music. 
Under  the  care  ol  Zackaw,  at  Halle,  joung 
Handel  began  to  display  that  musical  genius 
which  marked  him  lor  immortality.  At 
the  age  of  nine  he  composed  the  church 
service  for  voices  and  instruments,  and 
after  equalling  hi  inaster  at  Halle  be  pass- 
ed to  Berlin,  where  the  king  ol  Prussia 
witnessed  and  rewarded  his  astonisning 
powers.  From  Berlin  he  went  to  Ham- 
burgh, where  he  was  greatly  noticed,  but 
the  honours  which  he  received,  excited 
the  envy  of  other  musicians,  and  one  of 
them,  as  he  was  returning  from  the  orches- 
tra, made  a  violent  push  at  hiin  with  a 
sword.  The  wound  would  have  proved 
fatal  had  not  Apollo,  says  hio  historian, 
interposed,  and  by  means  of  a  mu.«ic  book 
which  he  accidentally  carried  in  his  bosom, 
Handel  was  not  mortally  stabbed  to  the 
heart.  It  was  at  Hainl)urgb,  wher.',  at  the 
age  of  14,  he  produced  Almeria,  his  first 
opera,  with  such  ffect  that  it  was  repeated 
thirty  successive  nights  ;  and  ;ifter  staying 
here  about  fie  years  he  visited  Florr-nce. 
Here  his  Rodrigo  was  produced  with  uni- 
versal applause  ;  but  not  attached  to  any 
particular  place,  and  too  independent  in 
spirit  to  be  gained  by  the  most  liberal  pro- 
mises of  patronage,  he  next  went  to  Vienna, 
where  his  Agrippina,  finished  in  three 
weeks,  was  performed  for  27  successive 
nights.  Afterwards  he  again  visited  Italy, 
and  then  returned  to  his  native  country, 
and  from  thence  he  passed  through  Hano- 
ver to  England  in  1710.  His  fame  procured 
him  here  friends  and  admirers,  he  was  dat- 
tered  by  the  queen  and  nobility,  and  his 
Rinaldo,  which  he  produced  here,  showed 
how- well  he  was  entitled  to  the  public 
favour.  After  visiting  the  elector  of  Ha- 
nover he  again  returned  to  England,  and 
that  he  might  be  induced  to  devote  his  ser- 
vices to  the  musical  entertainment  of  the 
nation,  not  only  a  pension  of  200/.  a  year 
was  settled  on  him,  but  he  was  appointed 
composer  to  the  Ilayniarket  theatre.  On 
the  accession  of  George  I.  his  pension  was 
doubled  by  the  mona.-ch,  who  forgot  the 
offence  which  Handel  had  offered  him  by 
not  settling  at  Hanover  ;  but  after  presiding- 
nine  years  at  the  musical  academy  of  the 
Haymarket,  supported  by  the  nobility,  he 
found  that  his  quarrels  with  the  Italian 
singers  who  per'^ormed  under  him,  render- 
ed him  unpopular,  and  by  degrees  his 
audience  sunk  away  from  him.  Though 
he  attempted  to  recover  his  popularity  by 
visiting  Italy,  and  introducing  new  singers, 
he  found  still  that  his  opponents  were  too 

l.S 


HAN 


HAN 


powcrful ;  but  after  some  time  malice  and 
jealousy  ceased,  and  his  merits  were  again 
permitted  to  shine  in  full  splendour.     In 
1742,  on  his  return  from  Dublin  to  Lonuon, 
he  wai>  invited  to  Covent  garden,  and  here 
his  oratorios  were  continued  with  increasing 
popularity    till  within   eight   days    of   his 
death.     He  expired  the  14th   April,  1759, 
and    was   buried    in   Westminster   abbey, 
•where  a  handsome  monument,   at  his  ex- 
pense,  was  erected    to  his  memory.     His 
works,  which  are  truly  valuable,  have  been 
well  edited  by  Dr.  Arnold. 

Hangest,  Jerome  de,  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  who  distinguished  himself  by  his 
writings  against  Luther.  He  died  at  Mans 
1538. 

Hanifah,  a  Saint  among  the  Mussul- 
mans, regarded  as  the  head  of  the  most  an- 
cient of  all  their  sects.  The  other  sects 
are  those  of  Schiasi,  of  Malik,  and  of  Ham- 
bel.     He  died  at  Babylon. 

Ha.vkins,  Martin,  was  born  at  Breslaw 
1633,  where  he  became  professor  of  history, 
politics,  and  eloquence.  His  works  evince 
the  scholar  and  the  critic.  The  best  known 
of  these  is  his  book,  "  De  Romanarum  Re- 
rum  Scriptoribus,"  to  which  was  added  de 
Byzantin.  Rcrum  Scriptor.  Graecis.  He 
died  1709. 

Hanmer,  Meredith,  D.  D.  a  native  of 
Flintshire,  who  became  treasurer  of  Trinity 
church,  Dublin,  and  died  there  of  the 
plague  1604.  He  translated  into  English 
the  ecclesiastical  histories  of  Socrates,  Eu- 
sebius,  and  Evagrius. 

Hanmer,  Sir  Thomas,  a  statesman  born 
1676,  and  educated  ut  Westminster  school, 
and  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He  was  for 
thirty  years  member  of  parliament  as  repre- 
sentative of  either  Suffolk,  Flintshire,  or 
Thetford,  and  in  I7l3,  he  was  chosen 
speaker,  an  office  which  he  adorned  by  dig- 
nity of  deportment,  commandin?  elo- 
quence, and  great  impartiality.  He  retired 
from  public  life  and  devoted  himself  to  lite- 
rary pursuits.  He  published  an  edition  of 
Shaksptiure,  in  an  .'''jgart  and  magnificent 
style,  which  he  presented  to  the  university 
of  Oxford  in  six  vols.  4to.  He  died  at  his 
seat,  Sutfolk,  5th  April,  1746. 

Hanmer,  Jonathan,  a  nonconformist  di- 
vine, born  at  Barnstaple,  and  educated  at 
Emanuel  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  his  degree  of  M.  A.  He  was  ordained 
Iiy  bishop  Field,  and  was  made  rector  of 
Bishop's  Tawton,  and  lecturer  of  Barnsta- 
ple, from  which  he  was  ejected  1662.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  view  of  ecclesiastical  an- 
tiquity,— of  a  discourse  on  confirmation, — 
and  other  works.     He  died  1687. 

Hannecken,  Mennon,  a  historian  and 
divine,  born  at  Blaxan,  Oldenbourg.  He 
was  professor  of  morals,  theology,  &c.  at 
Marpurg,  and  died  at  Lubeck  1671,  aged 
7<y.  He  wrote  a  H'^brew  grammar, — an 
U 


exposition  of  St  Paul's  epistle  to  the  £phe« 
sians,  &c. 

Hannecken,  Philip  Lewis,  eldest  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  professor  of  eloquence 
and  Hebrew  at  Giessen,  and  died  at  Wit- 
tember^,  1706.  His  works  were  chiefly  on 
theological  controversy. 

Hanneman,  John,  a  painter  at  the 
Hague,  known  for  historical  pieces,  and 
portraits,  and  as  an  excellent  copyist  of 
Vandyck.  He  was  patronised  by  Mary 
princess  of  Orange,  daughter  of  Charles  I. 
and  died  1680,  aged  69. 

Hannibal,  a  celebrated  Carthaginian. 
At  the  age  of  nine  he  swore  to  his  father 
eternal  enmity  to  Rome,  and  through  life 
he  evinced  how  much  he  adhered  to  the  so- 
lemnity of  an  oath.  After  taking  Saguntum, 
and  thus  beginning  the  second  Punic  war, 
he  crossed  the  Alps,  and  defeated  the  Ro- 
mans at  the  great  battles  of  Trebia,  the 
Thrasymene  lake,  and  Cannae,  with  such 
terrible  carnage,  that  during  sixteen  years, 
no  general  had  the  boldness  to  face  him  in 
the  field.  •  By  invading  Africa,  the  Romans 
forced  the  victorious  Hannibal  to  come  to 
the  defence  of  his  country,  and  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Zama  he  was  defeated  by  Scipio. 
He  afterwards  led  a  wandering  life  at  the 
courts  of  Antiochus  and  Prusias  in  Asia, 
and  at  last  destroyed  himself  by  poison 
when  he  was  going  to  be  betrayed  into  the 
hands  of  the  Romans,  B.  C.  182. 

Hannibalianus,  Flavins  Claudius,  ne- 
phew of  Constantine,  was  murdered  by 
Constantius,  A.  D,  338. 

Hanno,  a  Carthaginian  general,  who 
made  some  curious  discoveries  in  Africa, 
of  which  he  wrote  an  account  still  extant. 

Hannsachs,  a  German  poet  born  at  Nu- 
remberg. His  works  are  swelled  to  fire 
folio  vols,  but  possess  little  to  recommend 
them  either  in  elegance  or  genius.  He 
died  1576. 

Hanriot,  Francis,  a  native  of  Nanterre, 
who  during  the  revolution  obtained  the 
confidence  of  Marat  and  Robespierre,  by 
the  atrocity  of  his  character,  and  the  active 
part  which  he  performed  in  the  murder  of 
the  priests  at  the  Carmes  in  September, 
1792.  By  surrounding  the  convention 
with  armed  men,  he  obtained  the  decree  of 
accusation  against  the  Girondists,  but 
though  thus  triumphant,  the  fall  of  Robes- 
pierre was  but  the  forerunner  of  his  own. 
He  was  guillotined  28th  July,  1794,  aged 
33,  execrated  for  his  cruelty,  rapine,  and 
insolence. 

Hanson,  John,  president  of  the  Ameri- 
can congress,  was  a  delegate  from  Mary- 
land, and  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
members  of  that  body  for  many  years.  He 
was  elected  president  in  November,  1781, 
and  discharged  the  duties  of  the  station 
with  great  ability  and  dignity  till  1783, 
when  he  was  succeeded   by  Mr.    Mifflin, 


IIAK 

and  died  on  the  13th  of  November  of  that 
year  in  Prince  George  county.     iL^p"  L. 

Manwat,  Jonas,  a  benevolent  character, 
born  at  Portsmouth   1712.     lie  wua  early 
engaged  with  a  merchant   at  Lisbon,   and 
afterwards  was  connected  with  a  house  at 
Petersburg,  in    th<'   business   of  which  he 
travelled  into   Persia.       On  his  return  to 
Loudon,  in  the  retirement  of  private  life 
he  employed  his  large  and  honourably  ac- 
quired opulence  to  the   purposes   of  bene- 
volence and  humanity,  and  to  his  liberality 
and  public  spirit,    among     other  institu- 
tions, the  Marine  Society,  and  the  Mag- 
dalen   Charity  owe    their    origin.       His 
services     in    the     cause    of  philanthropy 
were  such  that  several  British  merchants 
applied  to  lord  Bute  to  distinguish  him  by 
some  marks  of  publ'c  esteem,  and  he  was 
accordingly   m.ade    commissioner    of   the 
navy,  and  wh'^n  after  20  years  he  resigned 
the  office  he  was  honourably  permitted  to 
retain  the  salary.     His  exertions  to  relieve 
the  distresses    of  the    chimney-sweepers, 
deserve  also  the  highest  praise,  and  to  his 
humane  intentions    the    establishment   of 
Sunday  schools  is  in  some  degree  to  be  at- 
tributed.    At  his  death,   which  happened 
1786,     a    public   subscription    of    several 
thousands  was  contributed  to  erect  a  mo- 
nument  to    the   memory  of  a   man,  who 
above  all  others  had  shone  as  a  pattern  of 
benevolence,  virtue,  and  philanthropy.  His 
publications  are  said  to  have  amounted  to 
nearly  70,  the  best  known  of  which  are  an 
account    of   his  travels   through    Russia, 
Persia,  Germany,   and  Hodand,  &c.  pub- 
lished 1753,  2  vols.  4to.  and  Domestic  Hap- 
piness promoted.     He   is  said  to  be  the 
first  who  used  an  umbrella  in  the  streets 
of  London. 

Harcourt,  Harriet  Eusebia,  a  lady 
born  at  Richmond,  Yorkshire.  She  tra- 
velled with  her  father  over  Europe,  and  at 
his  death  at  Constantinople  in  1733,  she 
returned  to  England,  and  as  she  inherited 
a  large  property  she  began  to  establish  a 
female  monastery  on  her  Yorkshire  estate, 
and  another  in  the  Western  Isles  of  Scot- 
land. These  institutions  which  were  com- 
posed chiefly  of  foreign  females,  restrained 
by  neither  vows  nor  austere  forms,  were 
dissolved  at  the  death  of  their  patroness, 
which  happened  1745,  in  her  39th  year. 

Hardenburgh,  Jacobus  R.,  D.D.  first 
president  of  Queen's  College  in  New- 
Jersey,  was  a  native  of  America,  and 
without  the  aid  of  a  collegiate  education 
became  eminent  and  useful,  by  the  superi- 
ority of  his  mental  powers,  and  diligence 
in  cultivating  them.  He  was  settled  over 
the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  at  New  Bruns- 
wick, New-Jersey,  and  on  the  establish- 
ment of  the  college  there  in  1770,  was 
elected  its  first  president,  and  continued  in 
Hie  office  till  his  death  in  1790,  in  his  53d 


lUil 

year.      He  was  highly  respected  for  Ula 
learning  and  piety.  gj^f  L. 

Haudek,  John  Jame.«,  a  native  of  Basil, 
who  studied  mcdicmc  ai  Rome,  and  in 
France.  On  his  return  to  Basil  he  became 
professor  of  rhetoric  and  afterwards  of 
medicine  and  anatomy,  and  was  three 
times  rector  of  the  university.  He  was 
highly  esteemed  for  his  learning  and  abili- 
ties, and  besides  the  honours  bestowed  by 
several  princes,  he  was  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  a  Count  by  the  emperor  LeopoId.He  wrote 
prodromus  physiologicus,  &.c. — apiarum — 
examen  anatomicum  cochlea;  terr'  sitrisjiic. 
and  died  1711,  aged  55.— His  brother 
James-was  professor  of  oriental  langi  ages 
at  Leyden,  and  a  learned  divine.  Before 
lie  took  possession  of  his  professional  chair 
he  travelled  through  Europe,  and  died  at 
Constantinople. 

Hardest,  Geoffrey,  an  Augustine 
monk,  confessor  to  Henry  IL  and  professor 
at  Oxford.  He  died  in  London  i360, 
author  of  son--  lectures  on  the  Old  and 
New  Testament, — history  of  his  order,— 
tract  on  evangelical  poverty,  &.c. 

Hardime,  Peter,  a  painter  of  Antwerp, 
who  died  174S,  aged  70.  His  four  designs 
representing  the  four  seasons  with  appro- 
priate fruiis  are  much  pdmired  in  the  mo- 
nastery of  the  Bernardines  at  Antwerp. 
His  brother  Simon  excelled  as  a  flower 
painter,  and  died  at  London,  1737. 

Harding,  John,  author  of  an  English 
chronicle,  died  1461. 

Harding,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
born  .'t  Comb-Martin,  Devonshire,  1512. 
He  was  educated  at  Winchester  and  New 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  became  fellow 
1 536.  He  was  made  Hebrew  professor  of 
the  university  by  Henry  VIIL  and  when 
chaplain  to  the  duke  of  Suffolk,  he  was 
concerned  in  the  education  of  his  daughter 
the  lady  Jane  Grey.  From  a  protestant 
under  Edward,  he  became  a  strong  catholic 
underMary,  and  at  the  accession  of  Eliza- 
beth, he  lost  his  preferment  and  retired  to 
Louvain,  where  he  became,  says  Wood,  the 
target  of  popery.  He  entered  the  lists  of 
controversy  with  bishop  Jewel,  against 
whom,  during  13  years,  he  wrote  seven 
pieces  in  support  of  the  catholic  faith.  He 
died  about  1570. 

Hardinge,  Nicolas,  an  eminent  English 
scholar,  born  at  Canhury  near  Kingston, 
Surrey,  and  educated  at  Eton  and  King's 
college,  Cambridge.  He  was  clerk  to  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  afterwards  mem- 
ber for  Eye,  and  secretary  to  the  treasury. 
He  died  9th  April,  1758,  leaving  by  his 
wife,  lord  Camden's  sister,  the  present 
eminent  counsel,  G.  Hardinge,  &c.  Hig 
Latin  poems  were  much  admired,  and  two 
of  them  are  preserved  in  the  the  Musas 
Anglicanae.  He  wrote  besides  "  Denhill 
Iliad,"  a  poem,  and  other  things.  To  an 
extensive  knowledge  of  history,  law,  and 

15 


HAR 


HAR 


the  English  constitution,  he  united  a  cor- 
rect taste  formed  by  an  intimate  acquaint- 
ance with  classical  literature.  His  valu- 
luable  library  was  sold  by  auction  1759. 

Hardinge,  George,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, was  born  in  1744.  He  received  his 
education  at  Eton,  and  went  from  thence  to 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  had 
Dr.,  afterwards  bishop,  Watson  for  his  tu- 
tor. In  1769,  he  was  created  M.  A.  by 
mandate,  and  the  same  year  was  called  to 
the  bar  by  the  society  of  the  Middle  Tem- 
ple. By  the  influence  of  his  i.iaternal  uncle, 
lord  Camden,  he  obtained  a  sUk  gown,  and 
in  1782  %vas  appointed  solicitor-general  to 
the  queen.  He  also  became  counsel  for 
the  East  India  Con.jvany,  and  bad  a  seat 
in  parliament.  In  1787,  be  was  made  se- 
nior justice  of  the  counties  of  Brecon,  Gla- 
morgan, and  hadnor,  and  two  years  after- 
•wariis,  attorney-genera!  to  her  late  majes- 
ty, who  honoured  him  wHh  her  confidence 
and  conversation.  He  died  at  Presteigne, 
on  the  circuit,  April  26,  1816.  Mr.  Jus- 
tice Hardinge  was  a  man  of  learning,  a 
good  lawyer,  and  of  infinite  pleasantry. 
Besides  several  speeches  in  parliament,  and 
at  the  bar,  which  have  been  printed,  he 
TATOte — 1.  "A  Series  of  Letters  to  Burke 
on  the  impeachment  of  Hastings, '  8vo.  2. 
The  Essence  of  Ma'one  ,  or  the  beauties  of 
that  fascinating  writer,  8vo..  an  ironical  at- 
tack on  Malone's  life  of  Dryden.  3.  Ano- 
ther Essence  of  Malone,  Svo.  4.  "  The 
Filial  Tribute"  on  the  death  of  hi'*  Mother, 
12mo.     5.  Three  Sermons  by  a  Layman. 

6.  An  Essay  on  the  Character  of  Jonathan. 

7.  The  Russian  Chiefs,  an  ode.  His  mis- 
cellaneous works  and  correspondence  have 
been  published  by  Mr.  Nichols,  with  the 
life  of  the  author. — H  .  B. 

Hardion,  James,  member  of  the  acade- 
my of  inscriptions,  was  born  at  Tours.  He 
died  at  Pari^,  1766,  aged  80.  He  publish- 
ed "  Universal  History,"  18  vols. — a  trea- 
tise on  French  poetry  and  rhetoric,  3  vols, 
and  other  works. 

Hardouin,  John,  a  French  Jesuit,  born 
at  Quimper,  in  Brittany,  1647.  He  distin- 
guished himself  for  his  criticism  and  exten- 
sive erudition,  as  well  as  by  the  singularity 
of  his  opinions.  He  published,  in  1684, 
"  nummi  antiqui  populorum  et  urbium  illus- 
trati,"  and  afterwards  was  engaged  in  the 
edition  of  the  classics,  for  the  use  of  the 
Dauphin,  especially  Pliny,  5  vols.  4to.  He 
next  attempted  religious  subjects,  and  in 
1693,  came  out,  in  2  vols.  4to.  his  "  Cliro- 
nologia;  prolusio,  &c."  in  which  he  main- 
tains that  the  many  authors  which  the  mo- 
derns regard  as  ancient,  are  only  impo- 
sitions upon  the  credulity  of  the  world  by 
the  artifice  of  the  monks  of  the  13th  centu- 
ry. Homer,  therefore,  and  a  long  list  of 
literary  heroes  are  hurled  down  from  theii^ 
height  of  antiquity,  and  Cicero  alone,  with 
16 


Pliny's  natural  history,  and  Virgil's  Geov- 
gics,  and  Horace's  satires  and  epistles,  are 
permitted  to  retain  the  reverence  paid  to 
them  through  successive  ages.  His  learn- 
ing was  thus  lost  in  wild  reveries,  and  while 
he  wished  to  p 'ove  that  the  JEnezs  of  Vir-  ' 
gil  is  no  other  than  Jesus  Christ,  and  the 
Lalage  of  Horace  the  Christian  religion,  he 
imposed  upon  his  own  understanding,  and 
gave  way  to  the  greatest  absurdities,  which 
public  authority  at  last  was  called  upon  to 
repress.  His  opinions  were  ably  opposed 
by  La  Croze,  by  Le  Clerc,  and  others ,  but 
though  he  pretended  to  mnke  a  recantation 
of  his  errors,  he  yet  continued  to  maintain 
them.  With  the  approbation  of  some  of 
the  French  clergy,  by  whom  he  was  assign- 
ed a  pension,  he  prepared  a  new  edition  of 
the  councils,  in  12  vols,  folio,  which,  how- 
ever, was  prohibited  by  the  parliament. 
This  extraordinary  character  died  at  Paris, 
3d  Sept.  1729,  aged  83,  and  after  his  death 
appeared  some  of  his  posthumous  works. 
De  Boze  wrote  his  epitaph,  and  after  men- 
tioning his  learning,  he  concludes  by  de- 
scribing him  as  a  man,  "  qui  Scepticum 
pie  egit,  credulitate  puer,  audacia  juvenis, 
deliriis  senex." 

Hardttin,  Alexander  Xavier,  a  native  of 
Arras,  secretary  to  the  academy  of  his 
country.  He  was  also  an  advocate  and  a 
poet,  but  he  is  better  known  as  a  gramma- 
rian. He  died  178S,  aged  70.  He  wrote 
dissertations  on  yowels  and  consonants, 
and  other  works. 

Hardwicke,  Philip  York  earl  of,  an  emi- 
nent English  lawyer,  born  at  Dover,  1st 
December,  1690,  and  educated  under  Mr. 
Samuel  Morland  of  Bethnal  Green.  He 
studied  law  in  the  Middle  Temple,  and 
was  called  to  the  bar  in  1714,  and  in  1718 
was  chosen  member  for  Lewes.  His  great 
abilities,  and  the  friendship  of  Parker  the 
chancellor,  raised  him,  in  1720,  to  the  office 
of  solicitor-general,  and  in  four  years  after 
he  was  appointed  attorney-general.  In 
the  trials  of  Layer,  of  Kelley,  and  others, 
he  di.>*played  great  eloquence,  extensive 
knowledge  of  law,  and  honourable  candour 
and  lenity.  Upright  in  his  conduct,  and 
biassed  by  no  influence  of  favour  or  of 
party,  he  acted  up  to  the  impartial  dictates 
of  his  conscience,  and  in  some  cases  even 
voted  against  those  friends  to  whose  favour 
or  kindness  he  owed  his  elevation.  In  1733, 
he  was  made  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
bench,  with  a  double  salary  of  4000/.  and 
soon  after  a  baron  of  the  realm,  and  on  the 
death  of  lord  Talbot,  he  was  appointed 
lord  chancellor,  February  1736-7.  In  1754 
he  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  an  earl,  and 
two  years  after  he  resigned  the  high  office 
which  for  twenty  years  he  had  supported 
with  honour,  with  impartiality,  and  with 
general  approbation.  During  these  times 
of  public  dancrerand  official  embarrassment 


IIAK 


llAK 


only  three  of  his  decrees  were  questioned, 
and  on  examination  ihey  were  attirmed  by 
the  lords.  To  his  great  knowledge  of  law, 
he  joined  a  high  respect  for  the  constitu- 
tion of  his  country,  and  while  he  was  eager 
to  despatch  the  often  protracted  business  of 
chancery,  he  applied  his  conmiamling  ta- 
lents to  the  reli<;f  and  the  comforts  of  the 
subject,  in  the  planning  and  im|)ruving  the 
bills  introduced  to  the  legislature.  This 
excellent  character,  pious  as  a  Christian, 
eloquent  as  an  orator,  dignilied  as  a  judge, 
well  informed  as  a  politician,  as  much  be- 
loved in  private  as  he  was  honourably  re- 
spected in  public  life,  died  6th  March,  1764, 
at  his  house  in  Grosvenor-square.  He  was 
buried  at  Wimpole,  Cambridgeshire,  near 
his  wife,  daughter  of  Charles  Cocks,  bro- 
ther of  lord  Somers.  His  son  and  succes- 
sor in  the  title  distinguished  himself  while 
at  Cambridge  as  the  author  ot  Athenian 
letters,  in  which  he  was  assisted  by  his  bro- 
ther Charles.  He  also  published  sir  Dud- 
ley Carleton's  correspondence  while  ambas- 
sador from  the  first  James  to  the  States 
Greneral,  and  some  other  state  papers.  He 
died  1760,  aged  70. 

Hardt,  Alexander,  a  French  dramatic 
writer,  whose  plays  it  is  said  amounted  to 
six  hundred,  of  which,  however,  only  41, 
in  six  volumes,  8vo.  were  printed.  With 
great  facility  of  composition  he  often  wrote 
2000  lines  in  24  hours,  and  completed  his 
play  in  three  days.  He  was  the  first  French 
dramatist  paid  for  his  pieces.  He  died  at 
Paris  1630. 

Hardy,  Sir  Charles,  was  appointed  go- 
vernor of  New- York  in  1755,  and  conti- 
nued two  years  in  office.  He  was  descended 
from  a  distingui.shed  naval  commander 
under  Queen  Anne  ;  was  an  admiral  in  the 
British  navy,  and  was  appointed  comman- 
der-in-chief of  the  grand  western  squadron 
in  1779,  in  which  year  he  died  at  Spit- 
bead.  ICJ^  L. 

Hardt,  Josiah,  governor  of  New-Jersey, 
was  appointed  in  1761,  and  succeeded  by 
Franklin  the  following  year.  He  was  pre- 
viously an  eminent  merchant  of  London, 
and  brother  of  Sir  Charles.         ICJ^  L. 

Hare,  Francis,  an  English  prelate  bred 
at  Eton  and  King's  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  was  fellow.  He  became  tutor  to 
lord  Blandford,  son  of  the  illustrious  Marl- 
borough, and  by  his  friendship  rose  to  the 
office  of  chaplain  general  to  the  army,  and 
afterwards  of  dean  of  Worcester,  and 
bishop  of  Chichester,  with  the  deanery  of 
St.  Paul's  till  his  death,  1740.  He  has  been 
accused  by  some  of  skepticism,  but  falsely, 
though  he  treats  in  a  manner  more  ludi- 
crous than  dignified  the  study  of  Scrip- 
ture, in  his  "  difficulties  and  discourage- 
ments, &c."  He  opposed  Hoadly  in  the 
Bangorian  controversy,  and  published  other 
works,  besides  Terence  with  notes  in  4to. — 
Vol.  11.  3 


the  psulma  in  the  Hebrew  in  the  original 
metre,  a  work  censured  by  some  learned 
men,  and  especially  by  Lowth  in  his  lec- 
tures. 

Hariot,  Thomas,  an  English  mathema- 
tician, born  at  Oxford  15GU.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  Mary  hall  then;,  when-  he  took 
the  degree  of  B.A.  He  went  over  to  Ame- 
rica with  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  whom  he  in- 
structed in  mathematics,  and  at  his  return 
he  gave  to  the  public  an  account  of  Virgi- 
nia, reprinted  in  Hackluyt's  voyages.  He 
was  afterwards  patronised  by  Henry,  earl 
of  Northumberland,  who  liberally  allowed 
him  an  annual  pension  of  120/.  and  who, 
when  confined  in  the  tower,  forgot  the  hor- 
rors of  imprisonment  and  persecution,  in 
his  interesting  conversation.  He  lived  for 
some  time  at  Sion  college,  and  died  at  Lon- 
don, July  21st,  1621,  of  a  cancer  on  his  lip. 
His  "  ephemeris  chryrometrica"  is  preserv- 
ed in  Sion  college  in  MS.  and  from  his 
"  artis  analyticue  praxis,"  published  after 
his  death,  it  is  said  Des  Cartes  drew  many 
of  his  improvements  in  algebra.  Wood  has 
impeached  his  character  as  to  his  religious 
principles  ;  but  while  he  describes  him  as 
a  deist,  others  regard  his  attachment  to  the 
doctrines  of  the  church,  and  his  veneration 
for  the  holy  Scriptures  as  incontrovertible. 

Hariri,  an  Arabian  author,  born  at  Bar- 
sa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Babylon.  He  wrote 
Almakamah,  or  50  assemblies,  that  is,  con- 
ferences, &c.  published  by  Golius  in  Arabic 
and  Latin,  Leyden,  1666,  six  of  which  were 
translated  into  English  by  Chappelow,  Ara- 
bic professor  at  Cambridge  1767.  He  died 
1122. 

Harlat,  Aehille  de,  a  learned  president 
of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  after  De  Thou. 
During  the  commotions  of  the  league  he 
maintained  with  firmness  and  dignity  his 
attachment  to  the  king,  and  without  yield- 
ing to  the  intrigues  of  the  factious  and  the 
disloyal,  he  supported  with  increasing  re- 
putation the  upright  conduct  of  the  magis- 
trate. He  died  universally  respected,  at 
Paris,  23d  Oct.  1616,  aged  80. 

Harlat  de  Sancy,  Nicholas  de,  counsel- 
lor of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  after- 
wards ambassador  of  France  in  England  ; 
was  very  zealous  in  the  service  of  Henry 
III.  On  the  accession  of  Henry  IV.  he 
changed  his  religion  to  please  his  master, 
to  whom  he  endeared  himself  by  his  atten- 
tion and  his  obsequiousness.  He  died  13th 
Oct.  1629,  aged  84. 

Harlat,  Francis  de,  archbishop  of 
Rouen,  and  afterwards  of  Paris,  was  the 
favourite  of  Anne  of  Austria,  and  after- 
wards of  Lewis  XIV.  though  little  entitled 
by  his  private  maimers,  say  some  histo- 
rians, to  the  notice  of  the  great.  He  died 
6th  August,  1695,  aged  70.  His  life  has 
been  written  by  Le  Gcndre. 

Harlat,  Achifb  de,  first  president  of  the 

1< 


HAR 


ilAK 


parliament  of  Paris,  was  an  upright  magis- 
trate, and  a  respectable  subject.  In  his  con- 
versation he  was  particularly  jocose,  and 
often  forgot  the  dignity  of  his  rank  or  situa- 
tion to  indulge  his  inclination  for  a  witty 
or  severe  allusion.  He  died  23d  July,  1712, 
aged  73. 

Harlet,  Robert,  carl  of  Oxford,  was 
eldest  son  of  sir  Edward  Harley,  and  was 
born  in   Bow-street,    Covent-garden,    5th 
Dec.  1661.     He  was  educated  at  the  pri- 
vate but  respectable  school  of  Mr.  Birch  at 
Shilton  near  Burford,  Oxon,  and  there  he 
laid  the  foundation  of  that  extensive  know- 
ledge, and  that  general  information  which 
raised  him  to  the  highest  honours.     At  the 
revolution  he  levied  a  troop  of  horse  in  fa- 
vour of  William,  and  soon  after  was  chosen 
member  for  Tregony,  in  Cornwall,  and  then 
for  Radnor,  which  he  represented   till  he 
obtained  a  seat  in  the  upper  house.  In  Feb. 
1701-2  he  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house 
of  commons,   and  continued  in  that  high 
office  that  and  two  successive  parliaments. 
In  1704  he  became  one  of  the  privy  coun- 
sellors, and  the  same  year  was  made  secre- 
tary of  state.     In  1706  he  was  one  of  the 
commissioners   to   settle    the  union  with 
Scotland,  and  in  1710,  he  was  raised  to  the 
office  of  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
treasury,  and  of  chancellor  of  the  exche- 
quer.    In  March,  that  year,  his  life  was 
attempted  by  the  marquis  oi^  Guiscard,   a 
French  papist,  who,  when  examined  before 
the  privy  council,  stabbed  him  with  a  pen- 
knife, for  which  offence  he  was  sent  to 
Newgate,  where  he  died  soon  after.     The 
danger  thus  incurred  increased  the  popu- 
larity  of  the   secretary,  who,   after  some 
weeks'  confinement,  was,  on  his  appear- 
ance  in  the  house,  handsomely  congratu- 
lated  by  the  speaker.     In  1711,  he  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  by  the  queen,  and  the 
same  year  appointed  lord  high  treasurer  of 
Great  Britain,  an  office  which  he  resigned 
1714,  four  days  before  the  queen's  death. 
In  1715  he  was  impeached  by  the  commons 
of  high   crimes  and  misdemeanours,  and 
after  two  years'  confinement  he  was  tried 
and  acquiUed  by  his  peers,  July  1st,  1717. 
lie  died  ?lst  May,  1724,  aged  63.  Though 
abused  and  vilified  by  his  rival  in  power, 
Bolingbroke,  not  only  in  the  senate  but  in 
a  letter  to  sir  William  Windham,  he  pos- 
sessed great  talents,  and  was  not  devoid  of 
those  amiable  virtues  which  attend  and  sup- 
port the  good   man,  and  which  have  been 
deservedly     illustrated    by    the    immortal 
pen  of  his  contemporary.  Pope.     As  a  pa- 
tron of  learning  the  public  respect  his  cha- 
racter,   and  the  valuable  collection   which 
he  made  of  MSS.  and  of  rare  and  curious 
books,   after  being  augmented  by  his  son, 
now  adorns  the  shelves  of  the  British  mu- 
seum. 

Harlow,  George  Henry,  a  painter,  was 
18 


born  in  the  parish  of  St.  James,  Westmj»' 
ster,  in  1787.  He  was  a  posthumous 
child,  but  his  mother  took  great  care  of  his 
education,  and  allowed  him  to  follow  the 
bent  of  his  inclination  for  the  arts  which 
he  studied,  first  under  Drummond,  and 
next  under  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  after 
which  he  went  to  Italy.  Previous,  how- 
ever, to  bis  going  abroad  he  painted  some 
historical  pictures  of  great  merit,  particu- 
larly one  of  Henry  VIII.,  queen  Catherine, 
and  cardinal  Wolsey.  During  his  resi- 
dence at  Rome,  in  1818,  he  made  a  copj' 
of  Raphael's  Transfiguration,  and  executed 
a  composition  of  his  own  which  was  ex- 
hibited by  Canova,  and  afterwards  at  the 
academy  of  St.  Luke's.  This  promising 
artist  died  soon  after  his  return  to  England, 
Jan.  28th,  1819.— W^.  B. 

Harmer,  Thomas,  a  dissenting  minister 
of  Waterfield  in  Suffolk,  born  at  Norwich. 
He  is  author  of  "  observations  on  passages 
of  Scripture,"  4  vols.  8vo.  a  valuable  work 
often  edited.  He  wrote  also  notes  on  So- 
lomon's song,  and  other  works,  showing 
in  the  most  respectable  light  his  extensive 
learning  and  his  perfect  acquaintance 
with  oriental  literature.  He  died  1788, 
aged  73. 

Harmodius,  Vid.  Aristogiton. 

Haro,  Don  Louis  de,  nephew  and  heir 
of  Olivarez,  the  famous  Spanish  minister, 
was  equally  celebrated  as  the  favourite  of 
Philip  IV.  He  was  not  only  prime  minis- 
ter, but  a  negotiator,  and  had  a  long  con- 
ference with  Mazarin  to  settle  the  peace 
with  the  Low  Countries  and  with  France, 
in  1659.  He  was  as  respectable  in  private 
life,  as  he  was  distinguished  in  the  cabinet. 
He  died  l7th  Nov.  1661,  aged  63. 

Harold  I.  king  of  England,  was  son  of 
Canute.  The  interference  of  Alnot,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury,  who  considered  him 
as  illegitimate,  and  who  would  consecrate 
none  but  the  son  of  queen  Emma,  proved 
the  source  of  civil  discord.  Harold,  how- 
ever, possessed  power  and  influence,  and, 
by  seizing  the  throne,  he  became  master  of 
his  half-brother  Alfred,  whom  he  confined 
in  a  monastery,  after  putting  out  his  eyes. 
He  died  the  5th  year  of  his  reign,  in  1039, 
and  without  issue. 

Harold  II.  son  of  earl  Godwin,  took 
possession  of  the  English  crown  on  the 
death  of  Edward  the  Confessor.  His  claims 
to  the  sovereignty  were  opposed  by  his 
brother,  but  after  defeating  him  in  the 
north  with  great  slaughter,  he  found  that 
another  competitor,  William  of  Normandy, 
had  invaded  the  kingdom.  He  marched 
bravely  to  repel  this  formidable  invasion, 
and  fell,  nobly  fighting  at  the  head  of  his 
troops,  14th  Oct.  1066,  the  first  year  of 
his  reign.  Though  Harold  must  be  consi- 
dered in  some  degree  as  a  usurper,  yet  his 
bravery,  his  wisdom,  and  Iiis  virtues,  exhi- 


HAB 


1  lAU 


>it  bira  to  tlie  view  of  history  in  tke  most 
amiable  Hglit.  Had  he  defeated  the  Nor- 
mans in  the  field  of  Hastings,  he  mip;ht 
have  adorned  his  reign  by  the  arts  of  peace, 
and,  endeared  to  his  people  by  the  intrepi- 
dity with  which  he  exposed  his  life  in  the 
defence  of  his  native  country,  he  might 
have  given  birth  to  a  new  era  of  national 
pro.sperity,  political  justice,  and  honoura- 
ble industry,  and  prevented  that  tyranny, 
and  that  devastation,  which  ever  attends  the 
steps  of  a  foreign,  arrogant,  and  suspicious 
usurper. 

Harpalus,  a  Grecian  astronomer,  inven- 
tor of  the  cycle,  afterwards  improved  by 
Meton,  B.  C.  480. 

Harpalus,  an  officer  intrusted  by  Alex- 
ander with  the  treasures  of  Babylon.  The 
trust  was  too  tempting  for  the  avidity  of 
Harpalus,  who  plundered  the  treasury  and 
fled  away. 

Harpe,  John  Francis  de  la,  a  French 
writer  of  great  eminence.  He  was  of 
Swiss  parentage,  and  was  born  at  Paris 
20th  Nov.  173'J,  and  educated  in  the  col- 
lege of  Harcourt.  He  began  early  the 
profession  of  writer,  and  his  earl  of  War- 
wick, a  tragedy,  in  1764,  procured  him 
great  applause  and  some  money.  He  pub- 
lished various  other  dramatic  pieces,  be- 
sides poems  rewarded  with  prizes  from 
difierent  learned  bodies,  elegies  of  Fene- 
lon,  Catinat,  Charles  V.  &c.  highly  and  de- 
servedly admired.  His  chief  work  is  a 
complete  course  of  literature,  12  vols.  8vo. 
As  a  critic,  his  powers  were  advantageously 
displayed  in  his  lectures  at  the  Lyceum, 
and  his  abilities,  his  taste,  and  genius  as  a 
poet,  a  philosopher,  and  as  a  man,  are  suf- 
ficiently displayed  in  his  writings.  During 
the  revolution  he,  like  other  literary  cha- 
racters, supported  the  principles  of  repub- 
licanism ;  but  when  he  saw  terror  prevail, 
and  religion  degraded,  his  sentiments  were 
seriously  changed.  Though  condemned  to 
be  deported,  he  escaped  from  his  persecu- 
tors, and  died  at  Paris,  1803.  His  other 
works  are  very  numerous. 

Harpocratiov,  Valerius,  a  rhetorician 
of  Alexandria,  A.  D.  180,  author  of  a  lexi- 
con on  the  10  orators  of  Greece,  published 
by  Aldus  1603,  and  by  Gronovius  1696. 

Harpsfield,  Nicholas,  an  English 
divine,  archdeacon  of  Canterbury.  His 
attachment  to  the  popish  religion  under 
Elizabeth,  exposed  him  to  persecution  ;  he 
was  imprisoned  for  some  years,  and  died 
1572.  He  wrote  a  history  of  Wickliflit's 
heresy — an  ecclesiastical  history  of  Eng- 
land, &c. 

Harringt.ov,  sir  John,  an  English  poet, 
born  at  Helston,  near  Bath.  As  his  father 
was  imprisoned  for  holding  conference 
with  Elizabeth,  in  Mary's  reign,  the  prin- 
cess stood  godmother  to  his  son  in  proof  of 
her   patronage,  and  bis    learning  and  ac- 


quirements proved  him  nut  unworthy  of 
royal  favour.  He  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  Cambridge,  where  he  took  hie  degrees 
in  arts,  and  before  he  was  30  he  published 
a  translation  of  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso. 
He  was  knighted  on  the  field  by  the  earl  of 
Ebsex,  and  under  James  he  was  created  a 
knight  of  the  Bath.  He  drew  upon  him- 
self the  attack  of  the  clergy  by  writing,  for 
the  use  of  prince  Henry,  a  tract  againht 
married  bishops.  His  works  were  publish- 
ed by  the  Rev.  11.  Harrington,  under  the 
title  of  '*  Nuga;  antiqua;,"  and  contain  a 
miscellaneous  collection  of  curious  piece^ 
in  verse  and  prose.  He  had  Conned  the 
plan  for  a  history  of  his  own  times,  which 
he  did  not  execute.  He  died  1612,  aged 
51. 

Harrington,  John  lord,  eldest  son  of 
lord  and  lady  Harrington,  to  whose  care 
James  I.  intrusted  the  education  of  his 
daughter  Elizabeth,  afterwards  the  wife  of 
Frederic  king  of  Bohemia,  was  early  dis- 
tinguished by  his  talents  and  his  genius, 
and  by  his  intimacy  and  correspondence 
with  Henry  prince  of  Wales.  When  at 
Rome  he,  as  well  as  his  tutor,  Tovcy,  was 
strongly  solicited  by  the  Jesuits  to  aban- 
don his  religion,  but  when  entreaties  were 
unavailing,  it  is  said  that  the  holy  fathers 
artfully  administered  poison  to  them,  in 
consequence  of  which  the  tutor  soon  after 
died,  though  the  pupil's  stronger  constitu- 
tion struggled  longer  against  the  delete- 
rious effects.  This  promising  youth,  how- 
ever, died  some  time  after  his  return  to 
England,  1613,  aged  22.  His  Latin  letters 
to  the  prince  are  extant. 

Harrington,  James,  an  eminent  politi- 
cal writer,  born  January,  1611,  at  Upton, 
Northamptonshire.  He  was  educated  at 
Trinity  college,  Oxford,  where  he  had 
Chillingworth  for  his  tutor,  and  after  three 
years'  residence,  on  his  father's  death, 
1622,  he  set  out  upon  his  travels.  In 
Holland  he  served  for  some  time  in  lord 
Craven's  regiment,  and  afterwards  travelled 
through  Flanders,  Germany,  France,  and 
Italy.  His  time,  meanwhile,  was  usefully 
employed  in  making  deep  and  important 
observations  on  the  mannersand  the  govern- 
ment of  the  nations  which  he  visited,  and 
while  he  refused  to  pay  homage  to  the  pope 
of  Rome  by  kissing  his  toe,  he  cultivated 
the  friendship  of  men  of  letters,  and,  in 
considering  their  various  advantages  in  the 
cultivation  of  science,  he  regarded  Venice 
by  her  situation  and  constitution  superior 
to  the  rest  of  the  world.  After  his  return 
to  England,  Harrington  sided  with  the 
parliament,  but  he  never  could  obtain  a 
seat  in  the  house.  His  independent  spirit, 
however,  was  admired  and  respected,  and 
when  the  commissioners  removed  the  cap- 
tive king  from  Newcastle  nearer  London^ 
he  was  selected  to  attend  upon  his  pei'son. 

19 


HAR 


HAB 


The  unfortunate  monarch  was  pleased  with    buried  in  St.  Margaret's  church,  near  the 


his  conversation  ;  he  parted  with  him  at 
Hurst  castle,  with  bitter  concern,  by  the 
rude  interference  of  the  republicans,  and 
when  led  to  the  scaffold  he  again  distin- 
guished his  favourite,  and  rewarded  him  on 
that  awful  occasion  with  a  token  of  his  es- 
teem. The  death  of  Charles  deeply  affect- 
ed Harrington,  but  while  his  friends  attri- 
buted his  retirement  to  melancholy  or  dis- 
content, he  silenced  their  repi  oaches  by 
producing  his  celebrated  work,  "  Oceana," 
which  at  first  was  regarded  as  a  severe  sa- 
tire on  Cromwell's  usurpation,  but  was  af- 
terwards permitted  to  appear  dedicated  to 


remains  of  Raleigh.  There  were  not  want- 
ing some  who  attributed  his  disorder  to 
political  causes,  and  who  considered  his 
delirium  as  occasioned  by  the  malice  of  his 
enemies,  who  dreaded  the  satire  of  his  pen. 
His  works  were  collected  by  Toland,  1700, 
in  1  vol.  folio,  but  Dr.  Birch's  edition  of 
1737  is  more  full  and  correct.  Besides  his 
Oceana,  which,  as  mentioned  already,  con- 
tained the  visionary  plan  of  a  pure  and  in- 
dependent republic,  he  attempted  poetry, 
but  with  no  creditable  success. 

Harrington,    Henry,  a  descendant  of 
sir  John  Harrington,  was  born  at  Kelston, 


the  protector,  by  the  interference  of  lady     the  family  seat,  in  Somersetshire,  Sept.  29, 


Claypole,  his  favourite  daughter.   The  work 
was  read,  but  not  approved,  by  Cromwell, 
who  disdained  to  resign  the  power  acquired 
by  his  sword   to  the   visionary  dreams  of 
new  politicians.     Harrington  in  the  mean 
time  found  his  labours  attacked  by  various 
pamphlets,  which  he  boldly  answered,  and 
to  prove  the  practicability  of  his  republican 
plan   he   establisbed    a  society  at  Miles's 
coffee-house,  Palace-yard,  where  the  public 
regulations  he  proposed  were  fully  debated 
before     crowded     audiences.       Principles 
which  favoured  the  establishment  of  a  re- 
publican government  upon  a   broad   basis 
could  not  be  agreeable  to  the  royalists,  and 
therefore,   at  the   restoration,  Harrington 
was  regarded  as  a  secret  enemy,  and  though 
living  in  retirement  he  was,  in  December, 
1661,  seized  by  order  of  the  king,  and  com- 
mitted to  the  tower,  as  guilty  of  treasona- 
ble practices.     These  accusations,  though 


1729.  He  had  a  private  education,  after 
which  he  went  to  Queen's  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  degrees  in  arts,  and  en- 
tered upon  the  study  of  physic.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  his  doctor's  degree  in  that  facul- 
ty in  1762,  and  about  the  same  time  set- 
tled at  Wells  ,  from  whence  he  removed 
to  Bath,  where  he  continued  to  practise 
with  reputation,  till  his  death,  Jan.  15, 
1816.  Dr.  Harrington  was  an  excellent 
classical  scholar,  a  good  poet,  and  de- 
votedly attached  to  music.  He  composed 
several  admirable  catches,  and  other  pieces 
of  a  higher  description  in  his  favourite 
science.  His  other  publications  are — 1. 
An  Ode  to  Harmony.  2.  An  Ode  to  Dis- 
cord. 3.  The  Witch  of  Wokey  ;  a  ballad 
in  the  old  English  style.  4.  The  Geome- 
trical Analogy  of  the  Doctrine  of  the  Tri- 
nity. He  was  the  father  of  the  corpora- 
tion  of  Bath,  in  which   city  he  founded  a 


supported  by  the  authority  of  chancellor     musical  club,  called  the  Harmonic  Society. 


Hyde,  may  be  considered  as  founded  on 
imaginary  grounds,  while  the  criminality 
of  Harrington  may  be  viewed  in  his  severe 
reflections  against  the  royal  family.  With 
unfeeling  bitterness  he  not  only  decried  the 
character  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  and 
treated   her  son  James  as  a  worthless  im- 


■li  .  B. 

Harris,  Walter,  an  English  physician, 
in  the  reign  of  W^illiam  HI.  He  wrote 
some  well-esteemed  books  on  the  diseases 
of  children. 

Harris,  Robert,  a  native  of  Broad  Cam- 
den, Gloucestershire,  educated  at  Oxford. 


postor,  but  he  loaded  the  memory  of  Charles     During  the  rebellion  he  opposed  the  king, 
with  every  foul   epithet;  and,  forgetful   of         ' 
his  former  attachment,  he  described  him  as 
a  tyrant  at  last  cut   oil"  by  God's  avenging 
band.     After  some  time  he  was  removed 
from  the  tower  to  St.  Nicolas's  island,  op- 
posite Plymouth,  and   afterwards  to   Ply- 
mouth, where,  by  the  advice  of  his  physi- 
cian, Dunstan,   he   mixed  improperly  too 
much   guaiacum  with  his  coffee,   for  the 
cure  of  the  scurvy,  and  brought  on  a  gra- 
dual delirium.     As  his  relations  had  given 
bail  for  his   appearance  he  was  liberated 
from  confinement,  and  as  he  had  some  in- 
tervals of  reason,  he  was  permitted  to  retire 
to  Scotland,  where  he  married  the  daughter 
of  sir  Marmaduke  Dorrell,  of  Bucks,  a  lady 
to  whom  he  had  formerly  paid  his  address- 
es, and  with  whom    he  spent  the  remain- 
der of  his  life.     He  died  of  the  palsy,  at 
Westminster,   11th  Sept.   1677,   and  was 
«?0 


and  was  made  by  the  parliament  rector  of 
Petersfield,  and  president  of  Trinity  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  died  1658,  aged  80.  He 
wrote  sermons— remedium  contra  avaritiam 
— tractatus  de  novi  testat.  foedere — episto- 
lae  apologeticae,  &c. 

Harris,  William,  a  dissenting  minister, 
who  resided  at  Honiton,  where  he  died  4th 
Feb.  1770.  He  was  an  able  scholar,  and 
was  honoured,  in  1765,  by  the  Glasgow 
university,  with  the  degree  of  D.D.  He 
wrote,  though  not  very  accurately,  an  ac- 
count of  the  lives  of  James  I.  Charles  I. 
Oliver  Cromwell,  and  Hugh  Peters,  in  5 
vols.  8vo.  He  prepared  also  materials  for 
an  account  of  James  H.  which  he  did  not 
complete. 

Harris,  John,  secretary  to  the  royal 
society,  translated  Pardie's  elements  of 
geometry,  and  died  1730.     He  was  an  able 


HAK 


HAR 


mathematician,  and  a  good  divine,  and  first 
projected  the  plan  of  a  Cyclopaedia,  or  dic- 
tionary of  sciences,  which  appeared  in  2 
vols,  folio,  1710,  the  title  of  Lexicon 
Technicum,  to  which  a  supplement  was 
added  in  1736.  The  works  of  Chambers, 
and  the  improvements  of  Dr.  Rees  and 
others  have  superseded  this  now  obsolete 
performance. 

Harris,  William,  author  of  sermons  on 
the  principal  representations  of  the  Mes- 
siah in  the  Old  Testament, — of  funeral  dis- 
courses and  other  religious  tracts,  was  for 
40  years  mini.ster  of  a  dissenting  congre- 
gation at  Crutchedfriars,  and  died  1740, 
aged  65. 

Harris,  James,  Esq.  an  eminent  scho- 
lar, son  of  a  sister  of  Shaftesburj-,  the 
author  of  the  characteristics.  He  was 
born  in  the  Close,  Sarum,  1709,  and  after 
an  education  at  the  grammar-school  there, 
he  entered  at  VVadham  college,  Oxford, 
but  took  no  degree.  He  was  member  for 
Christ-church  in  several  parliaments,  and 
in  1763  was  made  one  of  the  lords  of  the 
admiralty,  and  soon  after  removed  to  the 
treasury,  and  in  1774,  he  was  appointed 
secretary,  and  comptroller  to  the  queen, 
which  office  he  retained  during  life.  He 
died  after  a  long  illness  21st  Dec.  1780. 
His  works  are  three  treatises  concerning 
art,  music,  painting,  and  poetry  ;  and  Hap- 
piness, 8vo.  1745, — Hermes,  or  a  philoso- 
phical inquiry  concerning  universal  gram- 
mar, 1751,  8vo.  an  able  composition,  com- 
mended by  many,  and  particularly  by 
Lowth,  philosophical  arrangements,  and 
philosophical  inquiries,  2  vols.  8vo.  publish- 
ed after  his  death.  His  works  have  been 
edited  by  his  son  lord  Malmesbury,  with  an 
elegantly  written  account  of  his  life. 

Harris,   James,   earl  of    Malmesbury, 
was  the  son  of  the  author  of  "  Hermes," 
and  born   at  Salisbury,    April   9th,  1746. 
He  was  educated   at  Merton  college,   Ox- 
ford, where  he  was  created  doctor  of  civil 
law   in   1793.     He   began    his    diplomatic 
career  at  the  court  of  Spain,   and  in  1772, 
went  as  envoy  to  Berlin.     In  1776  he  was 
appointed  minister  at   Petersburg,  and  in 
1779  received  the   order  of  the   Bath.     In 
1784  he  was  sworn  a  member  of  the  privy 
council,  and  the  same   year  went  as  am- 
bassador extraordinary  and  minister  pleni- 
potentiary to  the  Hague.     In  1788,  he  was 
created  baron  Malmesbury,  and  in  1795  he 
conclu'led  the    marriage  of  the  prince   of 
VVaies  and    the    princess  of    Brunswick, 
whom  he   accompanied  to  England.     The 
year  following  he   was  appointed  to  nego- 
tiate with   the  ministers  of  the  French  re- 
public  at   Lisle,  but    without  effect.     He 
was  raised  to  the  earldom  in  1800,  and  in 
1807,  was  made  lord  lieutenant  of  Hamp- 
shire,  and  governor  of  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
He  died   Nov.  21st,  1820.     His  lordship 


published — 1.  Introduction  to  the  History 
of  the  Dutch  Republic,  8vo.  2.  The  works 
of  James  Harris,  Esq.,  with  Memoirs  of  his 
Life,  2  vols.  4to.— ^f•.  B. 

Harrison,  William,  an  ingenious  youth, 
fellow  of  New  college,  Oxford.  He  was 
tutor  to  one  of  the  duke  of  Queensbury's 
sons,  and  was  recommended  by  his  wit, 
genius,  and  learning,  to  dean  Swift,  who 
procured  for  him  from  St.  John,  the  res- 
pectable office  of  secretary  to  the  English 
ambassador  at  the  Hague,  lord  Raliy,  and 
afterwards  lord  Stafford.  Under  the  ex- 
pectation of  higher  appointments,  he  was 
unfortunately  carried  off' by  a  short  illness, 
in  London,  i4th  Feb.  1712-13.  He  wrote 
some  elegant  poetical  pieces,  many  of 
which  are  preserved  in  Nichols's  and 
Dodsley's  collections.  Not  only  Swift, 
but  Young,  Tickell,  and  others,  have 
spoken  with  great  respect  and  affection  of 
the  amiable  character  which  he  supported. 
Harrison,  William,  an  English  writer, 
author  of  the  pilgrim,  or  the  happy  convert, 
a  pastoral  tragedy,  1709. 

Harrison,  John,  an  eminent  and  well- 
known  mechanic,  born  at  Foulby  near  Pon- 
tefract,  1693.     His  father  was  a  carpenter, 
and  he  was  brought  up  to  his  business,  but 
he   was  doomed  to  extend   his  reputation 
beyond  the  limits  of  an  obscure  village.  He 
had  early  a  strong  propensity  to  wheel  ma- 
chinery, and  as  his  father  was  occasionally 
employed  in  repairing  clocks,  he  improved 
in   his  knowledge  of  the  power  of  move- 
ments.    In   1700,   his  father  removed    to 
Barrow,  Lincolnshire,  and  there  he  obtain- 
ed from  a  neighbouring  clergyman  a  MS. 
copy  of  Saunderson's    lectures,    which   he 
transcribed,    and  from    which   he   drew  a 
hitherto  unknown  fund  of  knowledge.     He 
made  sojne  ingenious  experiments,  and  in 
1726,    produced    two    clocks,     chiefly  of 
wood,    with     the     compound    pendulum, 
which  were  so  accurately  constructed  that 
they  varied  scarce  a  second  in  one  month. 
He  visited  London  1735,  and  by  the  kind- 
ness of  Dr.  Halley  was  recommended  to 
that    ingenious    artist,    G.   Graham,    who 
admired  and  encouraged  his  great  talents, 
and  advised  him  to  complete  his  machines 
to  present  to   tha  board  of  longitude.     In 
1735,  his   first  machine  was  approved  by 
the  board,   and  he  was  sent  to   Lisbon  to 
try  its  accuracy  and   its  properties.     Thus 
patronised    he    produced     another     more 
simple  machine  in  1739,  and  again  a  third, 
in  1749,  but  while  he  considered  his  labours 
as  arrived  to  the  highest  degree  of  perfec- 
tion, he  discovered  that  greater  accuracy- 
might  still  be  obtained,  and  a  fourth  time  his 
machine,  six  inches  in  diameter,  and  in  the 
shape  of  a  watch,  was  constructed.     The 
correctness  of  this  machine  was  ascertained 
by  the  author's  son  in  a  voyage  to  Jamaica, 
and  in  another  to  Barbadoes,  and  as  his 

?1 


BAE 


HAS 


discovery  came  within  the  meaning  of  the 
act  of  the  12th  of  Anne,  he  claimed,  and 
obtained,  though  with  some  trouble,  the 
liberal  reward  of  20,000/.  from  parliament. 
These  four  curious  machines  were  depo- 
sited in  the  observatory  at  Greenwich, 
where  it  is  said  they  are  now  buried  in 
oblivion.  A  time-piece  on  tne  same  prin- 
ciples, was  constructed  by  Mr.  Kendal,  for 
Cook's  voyage,  and  was  found  extremely 
accurate.  The  last  timepiece  made  by 
this  ingeiiious  :irtist  erred  only  four  seconds 
and  a  half  in  ten  weeks.  After  a  life  thus 
devoted  to  the  service  of  the  public,  ihis 
worthy  character  died  1776,  of  the  gout,  at 
his  house.  Red-lion  square,  aged  80. 
Though  ingenious  as  a  mechanic,  he  was 
very  incorrect  as  a  writer,  and  never  could 
express  himself  in  a  clear  and  simple 
style.  He  was  al>o  an  excellent  muj-ician, 
and  he  is  said  to  have  constructed  a  curious 
monochord. 

Harrison,  John,  colonel  in  the  parlia- 
ment army,  was  son  of  a  butcher,  and  one 
of  the  judges  of  the  unfortunate  Charles. 
He  was  employed  to  lull  into  security  the 
unsuspecting  Fairfax,  and  was  with  him  on 
his  knees  in  the  hypocritical  semblance  of 
prayer,  till  the  execution  was  over.  He 
was  tried  and  executed  for  his  perfidy  after 
the  restoration. 

Harrison,  Robert  Hanson,  sustained 
the  oflBces  of  chief  justice  of  the  general 
court  of  Maryland,  and  govtrnor  ot  the 
state.  In  1789,  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States,  but  declined  accepting  the 
office,  which  was  afterwards  conferred  on 
Mr.  Iredel.  He  was  a  man  of  distinguish- 
ed merit,  and  possessed  the  unbounded 
confidence  of  his  f;;llow-citizens.  He  ex- 
erted himself  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
revolutionary  war,  with  g«'eat  ardour,  and 
in  his  station  as  judge  and  governor  dis- 
played very  superior  talents.  He  died  at 
his  residence  on  the  Potomark,  in  Charles 
count},  April  2d,  1790,  aged  45.    ICF"  L. 

Hart,  John,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
declaration  of  American  Independence, 
was  born  in  the  township  of  Hopewell, 
HuntCidon  county,  New-Jersey,  in  the 
year  1708.  He  had  no  more  than  a  good 
English  education,  and  was  a  respectable 
farmer  who  lived  and  died  in  the  same 
township  in  which  he  was  born.  He  was 
for  a  number  of  years  prior  to  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  a  member  of  the  colonial 
legislature  of  New-Jersey,  and  was  greatly 
respected  for  his  good  sense,  patriotism, 
integrity,  and  moral  excellence.  These 
characteristics  led  his  fellow-citizens  to 
make  choice  of  him  as  a  delegate  to  the 
national  congress,  where  he  had  the  honour 
to'be  one  of  the  illustrious  band  who  de- 
clared the  country  independent.  He  re- 
tained his  seat  in  congress  until  his  death. 


whieli  oecurred  in  1779.  His  strong  mind 
and  pure  character  gave  him  much  in- 
fluence, and  rendered  him  a  very  usefol 
and  important  actor  in  the  interesting 
scenes  of  that  day.  Idp'  L. 

Harte,  Walter,  a  native  of  Marlborough^ 
Wilts,  known  as  a  poet  and  historian.  His 
poetical  pieces  called  Amaranth,  were  pub- 
lished in  Svo.  besides  a  history  of  Gusta> 
vus  Adolpnus,  2  vola.  4to.  and  essays  on 
husbandry,  8vo.     He  died  1773. 

Hartley,  David,  an  English  physician, 
son  of  a  clergyman,  born  about  1704,  and 
educated  at  Jesus  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  was  a  fellow.  He  practised  phy- 
sic at  Newark,  afterwards  at  St.  Edmunds- 
bury,  and  then  in  London,  and  lastly  at 
Bath,  where  he  died,  30th  Sept.  1757. 
His  chief  work  is  observations  on  man, 
his  frame,  his  duty,  and  his  expectations, 
2  parts,  1749,  2  vols.  Svo.  besides  some 
letters  in  the  philosophical  transactions. . 
He  also  wrote  about  Mrs.  Stevens's  quack 
medicines  as  a  solvent  for  the  stone,  which 
procured  her  from  parliament  5000/.  The 
doctor  died  of  the  stone  at  last,  though  it 
is  said  he  had  taken  to  remove  it  above 
2U0lbs.  weight  of  soap. 

Hartman,  John  Adolphus,  a  native  of 
Munster,  who  from  a  Jesuit  became  a  Cal- 
vinist,  and  was  appointed  professor  of  phi- 
losophy- and  poetry  at  Castel,  and  after- 
wards historical  professor  at  Marpurg, 
where  he  died,  1744,  aged  64.  He  wrote 
Historia  Haessiaca,  3  vols. — vita  pontific. 
Roman.  &c. — Harangues,  &c. 

Hartsoeker,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Gon- 
da,  son  of  the  minister  of  the  place.  He 
laboriously  devoted  himself  to  mathematics 
and  natural  philosophy,  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Heidelberg,  and 
mathematician  to  the  elector  palatine.  He 
wrote,  besides  some  small  pieces,  a  course 
of  natural  philosophy  in  4to.  and  died 
1725,  aged  69. 

Hartungus,  John,  a  native  of  Millin- 
berg,  professor  of  Greek  at  Heidelberg, 
where  he  was  educated.  He  for  some 
time  bore  arms  against  the  Turks,  and  died 
1579.  He  wrote  some  notes  on  the  three 
first  books  of  the  Odyssey,  besides  a  Latin 
translation  of  Apollonius. 

Harvard,  John,  minister  and  founder 
of  Harvard  college,  came  to  Massachusetts 
in  1636-7,  and  after  preaching  a  short  time 
at  Charlestown,  died  in  1638.  He  left  a 
beque<;t  of  near  800  pounds  to  the  school 
at  Cambridge,  which  the  next  year  was 
constituted  a  college,  and  called  by  his 
name  in  commemoration  of  his  liberality. 

iCF-L. 

Harvey,  William,  an  English  physician, 
celebrated  as  the  first  discoverer  of  the 
circulation  of  the  blood.  He  was  born  at 
Folkstone,  2d  April,  1578,  and  educated  at 
Canterbury  school  and  Cains  college.  Cam- 


UAK 


UAb? 


bridge.      At  the   age  of   19  he   travelled 
through   France  and   Germany,  to  tadua, 
where   he   studied   medicine   under   some 
eminent   masters,   and  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  M.D.  in  1602.     On  his  return  to 
England  he  was  incorporated  to  his  doctor's 
degree  at   Cambridge,    and    then  came  to 
settle   in   London,  where  he  married.     In 
1604,  he    was   admitted  candidate   of  the 
college    of   physicians,   three    years   after 
fellow,  and  in   1615,  lecturer  of  anatomy 
and  surgery.     In  1616,  he  laid  open  his  dis- 
covery of  the  circulation  of  the   blood,  in 
his  lectures,  the  MS.  of  which  is  preserved 
in  Sir  Hans  Sloane's  papers.     It  was  pub- 
lished in  1628,  and  dedicated  to  Charles  I. 
after  the  ingenious  author  had   in  his  lec- 
tures for  nine   years  coniirmed  and  illus- 
trated it,   by  reasons   and  arguments  the 
most   convincing  and   satisfactory.      This 
curious  and  important  discovery  produced 
an  astonishing  revolution  in  the  practice  of 
physic,  and  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  that  so 
many  laid  claims  to  the  honours  and  cele- 
brity   which    belonged    to    Harvey    alone. 
Not  only  father  Paul  vindicated  the  merit 
of    the   discovery,    but    Hippocrates    was 
asserted  by  his  editor  Vanderhindcn,  to  be 
the  original  author  of  this  newiy  revived 
opinion.     In  1632,  Harvey  was  made  phy- 
sician to  the  king,  and  he  shared  his  dan- 
gers at  the  battle  of  Edge-hill,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  his  loyalty,   he  was  incorpo- 
rated M.D.  at  Oxford,  and  in  1645,  made 
Tvarden  of  Merton  college,  which  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  resigned,  on  the  surrender 
of  the  city  to  the  parliament.     In  1651,  he 
published  his    "  exercitationes  de   genera- 
tione  animalium,  &.e."  which  might  have 
been  rendered  more  valuable  by  some  im- 
portant additions  and  anatomical  observa- 
tions,  had  not  the  papers   of  the  author 
been  profanely  plundered  and  destroyed  in 
London  by  the  republicans  during  the  civil 
wars.     In  1654  he  was  chosen  president  of 
the  college  of  physicians,  but  his   infirmi- 
ties were  so  great  that  he   recommended 
Dr.  Prujeau  for  his  successor.     As  he  had 
no  family  he  honourably  made  the  college 
his  heirs,   and  after  he  had   built  theui   a 
combination   room,   a  library,   and  a  mu- 
seum, he  presented  them  with  the  deeds  of 
his  estates,  and  founded  the  commemora- 
tion  which  annually  on   the  iSth   Oct.  re- 
cords the  liberality  of  its  benefactors,  and 
the   meritorious   services   of  its   founder. 
This  great  man  died  3d  June,  1657,  and 
Tvas  buried  at   Hempsted,  Herts.     Under 
his  picture  in  the  college,  on  a  brass  plate, 
is   a  long  but  nervous  inscription    which 
commemorates     his     services     and     his 
virtues.     His  works   were   edited  by  Dr. 
Lawrence,  with  a  life  prefixed,  in  2  vols. 
4to.  1766. 

Harvey,  Gideon,  an  English  physician, 
horn  in  Surrey.     After  stadyinsc  the  lan- 


guages in  the   Low  Countries  he  was  ma* 
mitted   of  Exeter  college,    Oxford,    1655, 
and  then  he  applied  to  physic  at   Leyden 
under   some    eminent   masters.     He    was 
physician    to    Charles  11.  in  his  exile,  and 
also  to  the  English  armj  in  Flan  ers.     ^le 
afterwards     travelled    through    Germany, 
Italy,  and  Switzerland,  and  on  his  return 
to  England  was  made  physician  in  ordinary 
to  the    king,  and  also  to  the  Tower.     He 
died   1700,  but  he  derived  little  idu»e,  and 
less  profit  from  his  publications.     He  was 
perpetually  at  war  with  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians,  whom  he  attempted  to  ridicule  in 
a  piece,  1683. 

Harvey,  Sir  John,  governor  of  V^irginia, 
was  sent  out  to  that  colony  as  a  eommis^ 
sioner  in  1623.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
provisional  government  in  1625,  and  as- 
sumed the  administration  in  1629.  He  was 
one  of  the  most  rapacious,  tyrannical,  and 
unpopular  of  the  royal  governors,  and 
was  suspended  by  the  assembly  in  1635, 
and  impeached,  but  restor  d  by  the  king 
the  next  year,  and  continued  in  the  office 
till  163J.  ICT'  L. 

Harwood,  Edward,  a  dissenting  minis- 
ter, born  in  Lancashire.  He  died  1794, 
aged  65.  He  wrote  various  works,  but 
he  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  a  *'  view 
of  the  various  editions  of  the  Greek  and 
Roman  classics,"  which  has  passed  through 
several  editions,  and  has  appeared  in 
almost  every  European  language.  After 
presiding  over  a  congregation  at  Bristol  he 
came  to  London,  where  he  lived  by 
correcting  the  press,  by  teaching  the  clas- 
sics, and  by  his  various  publications.  It  is 
said  that  he  refu^ed  very  liberal  patronage 
to  join  the  church  of  England. 

Hase,  Theodore,  professor  of  Hebrew  at 
Bremen,  his  native  town,  died  1731.  He 
was  a  tnan  of  extensive  learning,  and 
published  some  valuable  "  dissertations,''' 
&c. 

Hase,  James,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  also  a  man  of  classical  knowledge, 
and  author  of  some  elegant  tracts.  He 
died  1723. 

Hasselquist,  Frederic,  a  learned  bota- 
nist, born  1722,  at  Tournalla  in  East 
Gotha.  The  early  death  of  his  father  left 
him  in  indigent  circumstances,  but  he 
maintained  himself  at  the  university  of 
Upsal  bv  intruding  some  of  his  fellow- 
pupils,  and  he  displayed  so  much  diligence 
in  the  study  of  physic  that  he  received  a 
royal  stipend.  He  published  an  '*  essay 
on  the  virtue  of  plants,"  and  was  encou- 
raged by  his  friend  and  master  Linnaeus  te 
undertake  a  voyage  to  Palestine  to  examine 
its  natural  history.  He  was  conveyed  by 
the  Levant  company  to  Smyrna,  and  for 
two  years  was  engaged  in  making  a  most 
valuable  collection  of  curiosities.  When 
on  his  return  in  17.52  he  was  overpowerpfi 

93 


H^S 


MAt 


by  the  heat  of  the  climate  and  by  fatigue, 
and  died  near  Smyrna.  His  curiosities 
were  seized  by  his  creditors,  but  the 
queen  of  Sweden  discharged  his  debts, 
and  Linnaeus  arranged  the  publication  of 
his  papers. 

Hasted,  Edward,  a  topographer  and  an- 
tiquary, was  born  at  Hawley,  the  seat  of 
his  family,  in  Kent,  in  1732.  He  devoted 
the  greatest  part  of  his  life  to  the  labour  of 
compiling  a  History  of  his  Native  Country, 
which  was  published  in  4  vols,  folio  1799. 
Having  reduced  himself  to  narrow  circum- 
stances, he  was  presented  by  lord  Radnor 
to  the  mastership  of  the  hospital  at  Cor- 
sham,  in  Wiltshire,  where  he  died  in  1812. 
—  W.B. 

Hastings,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Theo- 
philus  earl  of  Huntingdon,  was  celebrated 
for  her  personal  accomplishments,  but  more 
for  her  private  and  public  acts  of  charity 
which  were  never  exceeded  by  any  female 
in  the  kingdom.  The  distresses  of  the 
poor  and  unfortunate  in  every  place  and 
situation  were  her  peculiar  care,  and  a 
splendid  fortune  was  appropriated  solely  to 
their  relief  far  and  near.  This  virtuous 
and  amiable  character  is  well  depictured  un- 
der the  name  of  Aspasia  by  Congreve  in  the 
49th  number  of  the  Tatler.  She  died  1740, 
most  universally  and  deservedly  lamented. 
Hastings,  Warren,  was  born  in  1733, 
at  or  near  Daylesford,  in  Worcestershire, 
the  manor  of  which  had  been  in  his  family 
for  many  generations,  though  at  the  time 
of  his  birth  it  had  gone  into  other  hands. 
His  father  was  a  clergyman  in  low  circum- 
stances. However,  the  son  obtained  a 
good  education  at  Westminster  school, 
from  whence  he  was  sent  to  India,  as  a 
writer  in  the  company's  service  in  1750. 
On  his  arrival  in  the  east,  he  applied  with 
diligence  to  the  duties  of  his  station,  and 
at  his  leisure  studied  the  oriental  lan- 
guages. After  fourteen  years  residence  in 
Bengal  he  returned  to  England,  but  in 
1769,  he  went  out  as  second  in  council  at 
Madras, where  he  remained  about  two  years, 
and  then  removed  to  the  presidency  of 
Calcutta.  This  was  a  critical  period,  and 
the  state  of  Hindostan  soon  became  peri- 
lous from-the  increasing  power  of  Hyder 
AH,  the  sovereign  of  Mysore,  and  the 
intrigues  of  the  French,  who  were  taking 
advantage  of  the  rupture  between  Great 
Britain  and  her  colonies.  In  this  exigency 
the  governor  general  had  to  depend  solely 
upon  his  own  exertions  ;  and  he  succeeded 
beyond  all  expectation,  in  saving  British 
India  from  a  combination  of  enemies. 
Notwithstanding  this,  party  spirit  at  home 
turned  the  merit  of  Mr.  Hastings  into  a 
crime,  and  charges  were  brought  against 
him  in  parliament.  He  returned  in  1786, 
and  an  impeachment  followed,  which,  in 
r^ll  its  stages,  lasted  nine  rears,  and  ended 
24 


in  his  acquittal.  After  this  he  led  a  retired 
life  on  the  wreck  of  his  fortune,  and  an 
annuity  from  the  company.  He  lived, 
however,  to  sec  his  plans  for  the  security 
of  India  publicly  applauded  ;  but  he  re- 
ceived no  other  compensation  for  the  in- 
jury he  had  >ustained,  than  that  of  being 
sworn  a  member  of  the  privy-council.  He 
died  Aug.  •22d,  1818.  Mr.  Hastings  was  a 
man  of  mild  and  unassuming  manners,  au 
elegant  scholar,  and  a  good  poet.  He 
wrote — 1.  A  Narrative  of  tht  Insurrection 
at  Benares,  4to.  2.  Memoirs  relative  to 
the  State  of  India,  8vo.  3.  A  Treatise  on 
the  Means  of  guarding  Houses  against 
Fire,  8vo.     4.  Fugitive  Poetry.— W^.  B. 

Hatsell,  John,  clerk  of  the  house  of 
commons,  was  educated  at  Queen's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  after  which  he  became  a 
member  and  senior  bencher  of  the  Middle- 
temple.  He  entered  early  as  an  assistant- 
clerk  of  the  house  of  commons  under  Mr. 
Dyson,  and  in  1768,  became  chief  clerk. 
He  retired  from  that  situation  with  the 
thanks  of  the  house,  in  1797,  and  died  at 
Marden  Park,  in  Surrey,  Oct.  loth,  1820. 
His  remains  were  buried  in  the  Temple- 
church.  Mr.  Hatsell  published  the  prece- 
dents of  the  house  of  commons. —  W.  B. 

Hatton,  Sir  Christopher,  chancellor  un- 
der Elizabeth,  was  a  man  of  learning  and 
great  integrity,  but  it  is  remarkable  that 
though  placed  in  so  high  a  situation  he  had 
not  been  bred  to  the  law.  His  decisions, 
however,  were  never  impeached,  as  he  was 
guided  by  justice  and  impartiality.  It  was 
by  his  advice  that  the  unfortunate  Mary 
submitted  to  her  fatal  trial.  He  was  born 
at  Holdenby  in  Northamptonshire,  from  an 
ancient  Cheshire  family,  and  died  1591. 

Havercamp,  Sigebert,  an  eminent  cri- 
tic, professor  of  history,  eloquence,  and 
Greek  at  Leyden.  His  editions  of  Jose- 
phus,  Sallust,  Eutropius,  Tertullian,  &c. 
are  considered  by  learned  men  as  very 
valuable.  He  died  at  Leyden  1742, 
aged  58. 

Havers,  Clopton,  an  English  physician, 
who  published  in  1691,  a  curious  treatise 
on  the  bones.  He  died  in  the  beginning  of 
the  iSth  century. 

Haustead,  Peter,  a  comic  writer,  author 
of  "  the  rival  friends,"  act'd  before  Charles 
I.  and  his  court  at  Cambridge.  He  was  in 
orders,  and  published  some  sermons  in 
London,  1646. 

Haute-feuille,  John,  an  ingenious  me- 
chanic, son  of  a  baker,  was  born  at  Orleans 
1647.  He  was  the  inventor  of  the  steel 
springs  in  jiendulum  watches,  afterwards 
improved  by  Huygens.  He  was  an  eccle- 
siastic and  held  some  preferment.  He 
also  wrote  some  curious  pamphlets  on 
clocks,  &c.  and  died  1724. 

Hauteroche,  Noel  le  Breton  de,  a 
French  dramatic  poet,  and  actor,  who  died 


IIAW 


HAW 


at  Paris  1707,  aged  90.     His  pieces  arc  nu- 
merous and  possess  some  merit. 

Hautetkrre,  Anthony  Dadine  de,  pro- 
fessor of  law  at  Toulouse,  was  a  native  of 
Cabors,  and  died  1682,  aged  80.  lie  wrote 
Gesta  regum  ct  ducum  Aquitaniae,  two 
vols.  4to. — a  treatise  on  monastic  life,  &c. 
— and  various  other  works  which  display- 
great  erudition  and  a  deep  knowledge  of 
jurisprudence. 

Hawes,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Suffolk, 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  made  groom  of  the 
privy  chamber  to  Henry  VH.  He  was  well 
skilled  in  French  and  Italian  poetry,  and 
wrote  the  temple  of  glass,  copied  from 
Chaucer's  house  of  fame, — the  pastime  of 
pleasure,  completed  1506,  and  eleven  years 
after  printed  in  4to.  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde 
with  wooden  plates. 

Hawes,  William,  a  physician,  was  born 
at  Islington,  Nov.  28th,  1786.  He  was 
brought  up  to  the  profession  of  an  apothe- 
cary, which  business  he  carried  on  in  the 
Strand  till  1730,  when,  having  taken  his 
degree,  he  commenced  practice  as  a  physi- 
cian. Long  before  this  he  had  acquired 
deserved  popularity,  by  his  zealous  exer- 
tions in  establishing  the  Royal  Humane 
Society  ;  to  which  institution  he  may  be 
said  to  have  devoted  his  whole  life.  He 
died  at  Islington,  Dec.  5th,  1808.  Dr. 
Hawes  published — 1.  "An  Account  of 
Dr.  Goldsmith's  last  Illness,"  Bvo.,  which 
he  attributed  to  an  improper  use  of  James's 
powder.  2.  An  Address  on  Premature 
Death  and  Premature  Interment.  3.  An 
Examination  of  the  Rev.  John  Wesley's 
Primitive  Physic.  4.  An  Address  to  the 
Legislature  on  the  Humane  Society.  5. 
An  Address  to  the  Kmg  and  Parliament, 
with  Observations  on  the  general  Bills 
of  Mortality.  6.  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Humane  Society. — W.  B. 

Haweis,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
was  born  at  Truro,  in  Cornwall,  about 
1736.  He  served  his  time  to  an  apothecary, 
but  afterwai'ds  went  to  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  laws. 
On  entering  into  orders  he  became  assist- 
ant to  Mr.  Madan  at  the  Lock  chapel,  on 
whose  recommendation  he  accepted  the 
presentation  to  the  rectory  of  All-Saints, 
Aldwinkle,  in  Northamptonshire,  upon  an 
implied  promise  of  resignation  ;  but  when 
the  time  expired,  he  refused  to  give  up  the 
living,  which  occasioned  much  censure  on 
the  Calvinistic  methodists.  At  last  the 
countess  of  Huntingdon  compromised  the 
affair,  and  her  chaplain  held  the  living  to 
his  death.  That  lady  also  intrusted  him 
with  the  management  of  her  chapels  and 
the  seminary  which  she  had  founded  for 
the  education  of  young  students  in  divinity. 
When  the  missionary  society  was  formed 
he  also  took  the  lead  in  its  direction,  and 
obtained  a  doctor's  degree  from  Scotland. 

Vol,.  II.  4 


He  died  in  1S20.  Ilin  principal  worls  an- 
— 1.  A  volume  of  Sermons.  2.  A  Com- 
mfMifary  on  tlic  liihlo,  2  vols,  folio.  3. 
History  of  the  Chunli,  3  vol.i.  8vo.  4. 
Life  of  the  Rev.  William  Roinuine,  8vo.  5. 
State  of  Evangelical  Religion  throughout 
the  World,  8vo.—  fr.  ii. 

Hawke,  Edward  lord,  son  of  a  barrister, 
entered  early  in  the  naval  service  to  whiph 
he  was  to  add  .so  much  glory.  In  1734  he 
was  made  captain  of  the  Wolf,  and  he  soon 
distinguished  himself  under  the  English  ad- 
mirals Matthews,  Lestock,  and  llowley, 
oft'  Toulon,  and  took  a  Spanish  ship  of  su- 
perior force,  the  Pader  of  60  guns.  In 
1747,  he  was  made  rear  admiral  of  the 
white,  and  that  year  he  defeated  a  French 
fleet,  and  took  two  ships  of  74  guns,  one  of 
70,  two  of  64,  and  one  of  50,  for  which  he 
was  honoured  with  the  ribbon  of  the  Bath. 
In  1748,  he  was  made  vice-admiral  of  the 
blue,  and  two  years  after  of  the  white,  and 
in  1757,  he  assisted  on  the  expedition 
against  Rochefort.  In  1759,  he  was  sent 
off*  Brest,  from  which  the  French  fleet  es- 
caped, but  he  pursued  them  and  attacked 
them  off'Belleisle,  and  totally  defeated  them, 
for  which  he  received  a  pension  of  2000/. 
from  the  king.  In  1765  he  was  appointed 
vice  admiral  of  Great-Britain,  and  first 
lord  of  the  admiralty,  and  in  1776  raised  to 
the  peerage.  This  heroic  commander,  who 
ranks  so  high  in  the  annals  of  hw  country, 
died  at  his  house  at  Shepperton,  Middle- 
sex, Oct.  14th,  1781. 

Hawkesworth,  John,  an  eminent 
English  writer.  lie  was  born  1715  at 
Bromley,  in  Kent,  and  bound  to  the  busi- 
ness of  a  watchmaker,  which  he  early 
abandoned  for  public  life,  and  literary  pur- 
suits. His  wife  it  is  said  kept  a  boarding 
school  at  Bromley,  and  by  the  means  of  a 
lady  of  some  influence  and  consequence  in 
Indian  affairs,  he  became  known  to  the 
commercial  world,  and  was  elected  a  di- 
rector of  the  East  India  Company.  His 
"  Adventurer,"  was  so  popular  a  perform- 
ance, that  archbishop  Herring  conferred 
upon  him,  though  a  dissenter,  the  Lambeth 
degree  of  LL.D,  He  was  appointed  to 
digest  the  narrative  of  the  South  Sea  expe- 
ditions, a  labour  for  which,  say  some  cri- 
tics, he  was  not  adequate,  as  his  talents 
tended  more  to  influence  the  passions  ia 
animated  descriptions,  than  interest  the 
heart  in  the  cold  detail  of  a  journal. 
Though  he  received  the  high  sum  of 
6000/.  for  his  trouble,  it  is  asserted  that  he 
died  of  chagrin  for  the  unfavourable  re- 
ception of  his  narrative,  though  some  say 
he  died  of  high  living.  He  died  16th  Nov. 
1773,  aged  58,  and  in  Bromley  church, 
Kent,  where  he  was  buried,  is  an  elegant 
monument  which  records  his  services,  in 
appropriate  language  borrowed  from  the 
last  Adventurer. 

25 


HAW 


HAY 


Hawkiks,  Sir  John,  an  English  admiral, 
born  at  Plymouth.  He  was  for  seven  years 
in  the  merchants'  service,  and  signalized 
himself  under  Elizabeth,  especially  against 
the  invincible  armada,  when  he  was  rear- 
admiral,  Jand  in  several  expeditions  to  the 
West  Indies,  where  he  died  1595. 

Hawkins,  Sir  John,  a  native  of  London, 
who  acquired  some  eminence  in  the  law  a3 
an  attorney,  and  became  known  as  the 
friend  and  companion  of  Dr.  Johnson.  He 
commenced  author  by  publishing  in  1760, 
an  edition  of  Walton's  angler,  besides  va- 
rious communications  to  the  gentleman's 
magazine,  and  other  periodical  works,  and 
in  17G1  he  was  made  justice  of  peace  for 
Middlesex,  and  in  1772,  knighted  for  dis- 
persing some  rioters  in  Moorficlds.  The 
greatest  of  his  ivorks  is  his  History  of 
Music,  in  five  vols.  4to.  which  contains  very 
useful  and  curious  particulars.  His  Life 
of  Johnson  is  not  a  very  creditable  per- 
formance, as  it  was  hastily  finished  to  gra- 
tify the  wishes  of  the  bookseller.s.  Sir 
John  died  1789,  aged  70. 

Hawkins,  William,  governor  of  Georgia, 
was  elected  in  1811,  and  died  at  Sparta, 
May  17th,  1819.  iC3^  L. 

Hawks:\ioor,  Nicolas,  an  architect,  pu- 
pil to  Sir  Christopher  Wren.  Though  he 
possessed  genius  he  did  not  much  improve 
on  the  principles  of  his  illustrious  master, 
but  frequently  deviated  from  them.  He 
was  clerk  of  the  works  at  Greenwich, 
under  "William  and  his  two  successors,  and 
had  other  places  of  trust  and  emolument, 
he  was  also  employed  as  surveyor  of  the 
new  churches  built  by  queen  Anne's  act. 
Among  others  the  church  of  St.  George's, 
Bloomsbury,  is  particularly  censured,  as  it 
'^  exhibits  an  irregularly  absurd  steeple,  with 
the  statue  of  George  L  elevated  to  the  top, 
with  the  lion  and  unicorn  as  supporters. 
He  planned  several  private  mansions,  and 
gave  the  design  of  the  Radcliffc  library  at 
Oxford.     He  died  1736. 

Hawkwood,  Sir  John,  an  English  gene- 
ral in  the  service  of  Edward  HL  He  was 
born  at  Sible  Hedingham  in  Essex,  where 
his  father  was  a  tanner,  and  he  was  for 
some  time  apprentice  to  a  tailor,  but  he 
soon,  says  Fuller,  turned  his  nc^odle  into  a 
sword,  and  his  thimble  into  a  shield,  at  the 
sound  of  Edward's  wars.  He  signalized 
himself  so  much  under  the  king  and  the 
black  prince,  that  from  a  private  soldier  he 
became  a  captain,  and  was  knighted  ;  but 
at  the  peace  of  Bretigni  in  1360,  he  found 
himself  too  poor  to  maintain  his  dignity, 
and  therefore  he  associated  with  others 
into  a  corps  called  "  les  tard  venus,"  whose 
employment  was  to  gain  support  by  plunder 
as  a  marauding  party.  With  these  despe- 
rate followers,  whose  numbers  daily  in- 
creased. Sir  John  penetrated  into  Italy,  and 
pnrichcd  himself  by  the  plunder  of  the 
56 


clergy-.  In  1364,  he  entered  into  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Pisan  republic,  in  which  he  be- 
haved with  great  bravery.  In  1387  he  armed 
in  defence  of  the  Florentines,  and  his  msis- 
terly  retreat  from  the  superior  forces  of  his 
able  antagonist  Venni,  and  a  difficult  and 
dangerous  country,  is  celebrated  as  exhibit- 
ing the  most  heroic  courage,  with  cool- 
ness, judgment,  and  perseverance.  Though 
at  the  peace  of  1391,  the  Florentines  dis- 
banded all  their  forces,  yet  they  retained 
still  Hawkwood  at  the  head  of  1000  men. 
He  died  in  Florence  1393,  6th  March,  at 
an  advanced  age,  and  his  funeral  was  cele- 
brated with  unusual  magnificence,  and  his 
remains  deposited  in  the  church  of  St. 
Reparata.  A  cenotaph  was  erected  in  the 
church  of  his  native  town,  which  still  per- 
petuates his  memory,  as  an  able  and  heroic 
general,  whose  character,  if  taxed  with 
ferocity  or  with  the  unprincipled  passions 
of  a  lawless  freebooter,  must  be  defended 
by  the  barbarity  of  the  times,  which  re- 
garded valour,  however  disgraced  by  blood- 
shed and  rapine,  as  one  of  the  noblest 
virtues  of  man.  Asa  proof  of  his  charity 
it  may  be  mentioned,  that  he  founded  an 
English  hospital  at  Rome  for  the  entertain- 
ment of  poor  travellers. 

Hawley,  Gideon,  missionary  to  the  In- 
dians, was  a  native  of  Connecticut,  and 
was  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1749.  He 
entered  on  his  labours  among  the  Indians 
at  Stockbridge  in  February,  1752.  The 
next  year  he  visited  the  Iroquois  on  the 
Susquehannah,  and  meeting  a  favourable 
reception,  devoted  himself  to  their  instruc- 
tion till  intercepted  by  the  French  war  in 
1756.  He  afterwards  served  as  chaplain 
in  an  expedition  against  Crown  Point,  and 
in  1758,  was  settled  as  teacher  of  the  In- 
dians at  Marshpee,  Massachusetts,  where 
he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  was 
happily  adapted  for  the  employment  to 
which  he  devoted  himself,  and  highly  use- 
ful to  the  Indians.  He  died  October  3d, 
1807,  in  the  eighty-first  year  of  his  age. 

rCj='L. 

Hat,  James,  came  to  England  with  the 
first  James,  and  was  the  first  Scotchman 
raised  to  the  English  peerage,  successively 
by  the  titles  of  lord  Hay,  viscount  Doncas- 
ter,  and  earl  Carlisle.  He  was  employed 
by  his  master  in  various  embassies,  and 
went  to  France  to  negotiate  a  marriage 
between  the  prince  of  Wales  and  Henriet- 
ta Maria  of  France.     He  died  1636. 

Hat,  William,  an  English  writer,  born 
at  Glenburne,  Sussex,  about  1700,  and  edu- 
cated at  Headley  school.  In  1734,  on  lord 
Hardwicke's  promotion,  he  was  elected 
member  for  Seaford,  which  he  represented 
till  his  death.  He  espoused  the  cause  of 
Sir  Robert  Walpole,  whom  he  defended  in 
some  pamphlets,  and  by  whom  he  was  re-* 
warded  with  the  place  of  commissioner  of 


IIAV 


1IA\ 


the  victualling  office.  lie  died  19ih  Juuc, 
1755.  He  wrote  "  rcligio  philosophi,'' 
&c. — a  translation  of  Hawkins  Browne's 
de  immortalitate  animx, — The  epigrams  of 
Martial  modernized,  &c.  besides  an  essay 
pn  deformity,  in  which  he  descanted  with 
humour  and  liveliness  on  his  own  personal 
imperfection,  observing  that  of  the  558 
members  of  the  commons'  house,  he  was 
the  only  man  of  bodily  deformity.  His  son 
was  equally  deformed,  and  was  cruelly  put 
to  death  by  Cossim  Ali  Kawn,  at  Patna, 
1762.  Hay's  works  were  published  by  his 
daughter,  2  vols.  4to.  1794. 

Haydn,  Joseph,  a  musical  composer, 
was  born  of  low  parentage,  at  Rhorau,  in 
Austria,  in  1733.  At  an  early  age  he  was 
received  into  the  choir  of  the  cathedral  at 
Vienna,  where  he  was  not  only  taught  to 
sing,  but  to  play  on  the  harpsichord  and 
violin.  On  the  breaking  of  his  voice  he 
was  dismissed  from  the  cathedral,  after 
which  he  subsisted  by  teaching  music  and 
composition.  In  1761,  he  entered  into  the 
service  of  the  prince  Esterhazy,  as  the  di- 
rector of  his  music.  In  1791,  he  came  to 
England,  and  while  here  was  created 
doctor  in  music  at  Oxford,  and  published 
several  of  his  works.  In  1796  he  returned 
to  Germany,  after  which  he  composed  his 
sublime  oratorio  of  the  "  Creation,"  and 
the  "Seasons."  He  died  in  1809.  His 
works  are  very  numerous,  and  highly  va- 
lued.—fT.  B. 

Hater  du  Perron,  Peter  le,  a  native 
ofAlencon,  born  1603.  He  distinguished 
himself  by  his  poems,  odes,  songs,  and  son- 
nets, which  possess  merit. 

Hater,  John  Nicholas  Hubert,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  born  at  Sare-Louis,  15th  June, 
1708.  He  displayed  his  Zealand  learning 
by  his  able  works — on  the  immortality  of 
the  soul,  three  vols.  l2mo.  on  the  exist- 
ence of  God.  He  died  at  Paris  16th  July, 
1780. 

Hates,  Charles,  an  ingenious  author. 
He  was  of  such  a  timid  and  modest  dispo- 
sition, that  he  prefixed  his  name  to  none  of 
his  many  valuable  publications,  except  to 
his  treatise  on  fluxions,  in  folio,  1704.  He 
was  many  years  deputy-governor  to  the 
Royal  African  company,  and  on  its  dissolu- 
tion in  1752,  he  retired  to  solitude  and 
study  at  Down  in  Kent.  He  died  18th 
Dee.  1760,  at  Gray's  Inn,  where  two  years 
before  he  had  taken  chambers,  in  his  82d 
year.  His  works  were  "the  moon,  a  phi- 
losophical dialogue," — a  new  and  easy 
method  to  find  the  longitude,  and  other 
works. 

Hatlet,  William,  a  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  born,  Nov.  9th,  1745,  at 
Chichester,  of  which  cathedral  his  grand- 
father was  dean.  He  received  his  educa- 
tion, first  at  the  school  of  Kingston-upon- 
Thames,  and  next  at  Eton,  from  whence 


hcieuioved  to  Trinity  college,  (;diubridg(;. 
On  lelving  the  university,  he  retired  to  his 
estate  of  Eartham  in  Sussex,  wlierc  he 
resided  till  the  loss  of  his  son,  about  1800, 
so  atilicted  him  that  he  removed  to  Felp- 
ham.  He  died  Nov.l2th,182U.  His  principal 
poems  are — 1.  An  Essay  on  Puinting.  2. 
An  Essay  on  History.  3.  An  Essay  on 
Epic  Poetry.  4.  The  Triumphs  of  Tem- 
per. An  edition  of  these,  with  other 
poems  and  plays,  was  printed  in  6  vols. 
8vo.  His  principal  prose  works  are — "An 
Essay  on  Old  Maids,"  3  vols,  and  the 
"  Lives  of  Milton,  Cowper,  and  Komney 
the  Painter."— ir.  B. 

Hatmon,  a  native  of  the  Tyrolese  in  the 
15th  century,  remarkable  for  his  gigantic 
stature,  said  to  have  been  16  feet  in  height, 
with  proportionable  strength.  His  tomb  is 
to  be  seen  at  Inspruck. 

Haynes,  Hopton,  assay  master  of  the 
mint,  and  tally  writer  of  the  exchequer,  was 
a  man  of  great  integrity,  and  distinguished 
as  the  author  of  "  the  Scripture  account  of 
the  attributes  and  worship  of  God,  and  of 
the  character  and  offices  of  Jesus  Christ," 
published  after  his  death.  He  died  19th 
Nov.  1749. 

Haynes,  Samuel,  son  to  the  above,  was 
tutor  to  lord  Salisbury,  who  rewarded  his 
services  with  the  living  of  Hatfield,  and  af- 
terwards that  of  Clothall.  He  was  also 
canon  of  Windsor.  He  died  9th  June, 
1752.  He  published  in  1740  "  a  collection 
of  state  papers,"  in  folio. 

Hatnes,  John,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts and  Connecticut,  was  a  native  of  Es- 
sex, England,  and  came  to  Boston  in  1633. 
Two  years  after  he  was  chosen  governor  of 
Massachusetts.  In  1636  he,  with  Mr. 
Hooker  and  several  others,  removed  to 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  and  in  April,  1639, 
he  was  elected  the  first  governor  of  the  co- 
lony, and  held  the  office  every  second  year 
from  that  time  until  his  death,  in  1654.  He 
was  well  qualified  for  that  station  by  an 
excellent  understanding,  prudence,  public 
spirit,  and  piety  ;  and  rendered  essential 
service  to  the  colony  by  his  wealth  as  well 
as  talents.  lO^  L. 

Hatwood,  Sir  John,  an  English  histo- 
rian, doctor  of  laws  in  the  university  of 
Cambridge.  He  is  the  author  of  "  the  lives 
of  the  three  Normans,  kings  of  England, 
William  I.  and  II.  and  Henrj- 1."  dedicated 
to  Charles  prince  of  Wales,  of  the  first  part 
of  "  the  life  and  reign  of  Henry  IV."  dedi- 
cated to  Robert  earl  of  Essex,  for  which  he 
suffered  imprisonment,  on  account  of  some 
oftensive  passages  about  hereditary  right, 
of  "  the  life  and  reign  of  Edward  VI.  with 
the  beginning  of  Elizabeth's,"  and  of  other 
works,  especially  on  divinity  and  pious 
subjects.  He  was  made  historiographer  of 
Chelsea  college,  1610,  and  knighted  by 
James  1619.     He  died  27th  June,  1627, 

27 


IIK-V 


IlLA 


Haywood,  Elizabeth.   Vid.  Heuvood. 

Hazael,  servant  of  Bcnhadad,  king  of 
Syria,  was  sent  by  his  master  in  his  illness 
<o  inquire  of  Elisha  the  prophet,  concern- 
ing the  issue  of  his  complaint.  On  his  re- 
turn he  murdered  his  master,  and  ascended 
Lis  throne,  B.C.  SS9. 

Head,  Richard,  author  of  "  the  English 
Rogue" — "  the  art  of  wheedling" — "  the 
humours  of  Dublin,"  comedies,  and  other 
dramatic  pieces  ;  w:is  a  native  of  Ireland, 
and  after  being  at  the  university  of  Oxford, 
became  a  bookseller  in  London.  .  He  was 
drowned  when  going  to  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
1678. 

Headlet,  Henry,  a  native  of  Norwich, 
educated  there  under  Dr.  Parr,  after  whic^ 
be  went  to  Trinity  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  his  bachelor's  degree  in  arts.  He 
married  early,  and  fell  a  victim  soon  after 
to  a  rapid  consumption,  178S,  aged  only  23. 
He  possessed  genius  and  talents,  which  he 
displayed  in  his  volume  of  poems.  He 
wrote  some  of  the  papers  of  the  Olla  Po- 
drida  ;  and  besides  various  communications 
to  the  Gentleman's  and  European  maga- 
zines under  the  signature  of  T.  C.  O.  he 
published  select  beauties  of  ancient  English 
poetry,  with  curious  and  interesting  re- 
marks, 2  vols.  8vo. 

Hearne,  Thomas,  a  learned  English  an- 
tiquary. He  was  born  1680  at  White  Wal- 
tham,  Berks,  where  his  father  was  parish 
clerk,  and  as  he  displayed  early  proofs  of 
genius  and  application,  he  was  noticed  by 
Mr.  Cherry  of  Shottesbrooke,  and  by  the 
ad\ice  of  Mr.  Dodwell,  then  resident  there, 
he  was  taken  into  his  patron's  family,  and 
liberally  and  honourably  treated  as  one  of 
his  sons.  After  a  previous  good  education, 
he  entered  at  Edmund-hall,  Oxford,  under 
Dr.  Mill,  the  editor  of  the  Greek  Testament, 
and  soon  distinguished  himself  as  an  accu- 
rate collator  of  SiSS.  and  as  an  indefatig-able 
antiquarian.  In  1699  some  of  his  friends 
wished  to  send  him  as  missionary  to  Mary- 
land, but  he  preferred  the  learned  retire- 
ment of  Oxford  and  the  valuable  stores  of 
the  Bodleian,  to  difficulties  and  fame  abroad; 
and  after  being  for  some  years  one  of  the 
librarians  of  that  noble  collection,  he  was 
appointed  in  1715  archetypographus  of  the 
university,  and  squire  beadle  of  the  civil 
law.  These  offices,  however,  he  soon  after 
resigned,  as  he  refused  to  take  the  oaths  ; 
and  though  preferment  was  oflTered  to  him, 
he  declined  it  from  the  same  delicate  scru- 
ples of  conscience.  He  died  at  Oxford, 
10th  June,  1735,  aged  55,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Peter's  churchyard,  where  his  epi- 
taph by  himself  says,  "  he  studied  and  pre- 
served antiquities."  By  a  life  of  economy 
he  saved  about  1300/.  which  were  found 
among  his  papers,  and  distributed  among 
his  poor  relations.  With  the  most  indefa- 
tigable application,  but  often  without  tastft 


and  judgment,  he  sent  a  great  number  of 
publications  to  the  press,  not  less  than  38. 
The  majority  of  these  were  editions  of  dif- 
ferent authors  ;  but  they  generally  appear- 
ed accompanied  with  long  laboured  pre- 
faces and  miscellaneous  observations,  often 
not  relevant  to  the  subject.  Among  the 
best  known  of  his  works  are,  "  Reliquae 
Bodlciana;," — "  Ductor  Historicus," — "Le- 
land's  Itinerary,"  9  vols. — "  the  history  of 
Glastonbury," — "  Spelman's  Alfred," — 
"  Camden's  Annales,"  &c.  He  wrote  be- 
sides  indexes  to  several  works,  as  Claren- 
don's history,  &.c. 

Heath,  James,  an  English  historian, 
born  1629  in  London,  and  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  Christ-church, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  was  a  student.  He 
was  ejected  in  1648  for  his  loyalty,  and 
by  his  imprudence,  and  a  foolish  marriage, 
he  soon  reduced  his  patrimony,  so  that  he 
maintained  himself  by  correcting  the  press, 
and  by  his  pen.  He  died  of  a  dropsy  and 
consumption,  Aug.  1664,  leaving  several 
children  to  the  parish.  He  is  author  of  a 
brief  chronicle  of  the  late  intestine  war  in 
the  three  kingdoms,  1661,  8vo.  afterwards 
improved  and  republished,  and  again  con- 
tinued to  1675  by  Phillips,  Milton's  nephew, 
— of  a  new  book  of  loyal  martyrs,  &.c. — of 
the  glories  of  Charles  II. 's  restoration, — of 
a  brief  and  exact  survey  of  the  Netherlands. 

Heath,  Benjamin,  town  clerk  of  Exeter, 
is  known  as  an  able  scholar.  He  published 
an  essay  to  prove  the  divine  existence  and 
attributes,  1740 — the  case  of  the  county  of 
Devon,  with  respect  to  the  duty  on  cider 
and  perry — a  revisal  of  Shakspeare's  text, 
1765 — and  notae,  sive  lectiones  ad  tragico- 
rum  Graecorum  vetenim,  iEschyli,  &c.  4to. 
1752,  a  work  which  displays  great  critical 
knowledge.  He  was  created  LL.D.  at  Ox- 
ford, 31st  March,  1762.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  not  mentioned.  His  brother  Tho- 
mas, alderman  of  Exeter,  -vvrote  an  essay 
towards  a  new  version  of  Job,  1755. 

Heath,  Nicholas,  archbishop  of  York, 
and  chancellor  of  England  in  Mary's  reign, 
was  born  in  London,  and  educated  at 
Christ  college,  Cambridge.  He  was  de- 
prived of  his  offices  for  refusing  to  take  the 
oath  of  supremacy,  and  died  at  Cobham, 
1560. 

Heath,  Thomas,  brother  of  the  arch- 
bishop, was  a  Jesuit,  sent  1)}'  his  order  as 
missionary  to  England  in  1568.  As  he  was 
disguised  as  a  puritan,  he  was  permitted  to 
preach  in  Rochester  cathedral,  but  whilst 
inveighing  against  the  liturgy,  he  dropped 
by  accident  a  letter  from  his  pocket,  which 
being  carried  to  the  bishop,  proved  him  to 
be  a  Jesuit,  and  occasioned  his  imprison- 
ment and  his  exposure  on  the  pillory.  He 
died  soon  after  in  confinement. 

Heath,  William,  major  general  in  the 
armv  of  the  American  revolution,  was  born 


HEB 


HEC 


at  Roxburj,  Massachusetts,  March  2d, 
1737,  and  was  bred  a  fanner.  He  early 
displayed  a  predilection  for  the  profession 
of  arms,  and  made  himself  acquainted  with 
military  tactics.  The  provincial  congress 
soon  after  its  organization,  appointed  him 
one  of  the  committee  of  safety,  and  in 
February,  1775,  one  of  their  generals  of 
militia  ;  in  which  capacity  he  served  till  the 
organization  of  the  continental  army  under 
general  Washington,  when  he  received  the 
commission  of  brigadier  general.  After 
the  removal  of  the  army  to  New- York,  he 
was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  major  general, 
and  took  command  of  the  troops  stationed 
near  King's-bridge  ;  and  after  the  retreat 
from  New-York,  was  stationed  for  some 
time  on  the  North  river.  In  1777  he  was 
removed  to  the  chief  command  at  Boston, 
at  which  place  the  captured  army  of  Bur- 
goyne  was  stationed.  He  remained  there 
till  June,  1779,  when  he  returned  to  the 
main  army,  and  was  invested  with  the 
chief  command  of  the  troops  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Hudson  ;  and  in  the  autumn  of 
that  year,  was  intrusted  with  the  chief 
command  of  all  the  troops  and  posts  on 
that  river.  In  the  plan  of  the  campaign  of 
1781,  the  command  of  the  right  wing  of  the 
army  was  assigned  to  him  ;  and  he  was  left 
in  charge  of  the  troops  on  the  Hudson  du- 
ring the  expedition  against  Cornwallis.  He 
continued  with  the  army  in  that  station  till 
it  was  disbanded  in  1783.  The  evening  of 
his  life  he  spent  at  his  seat  in  Roxbury,  en- 
joying the  high  respect  of  his  fellow-citi- 
zens. That  the  part  he  acted  during  the 
war  was  less  brilliant  than  that  of  many 
other  officers,  seems  to  have  arisen  from  his 
being  stationed  at  a  distance  from  the  field 
of  almost  all  the  important  operations. 

Heathcote,  Ralph,  D.D.  at  Cambridge, 
was  author  of  sylva — a  sketch  of  Boling- 
broke's  philosophy — a  tract  against  the 
Hutchinsonians,  and  other  works.  He  died 
1795,  aged  74. 

Hedenstreit,  John  Ernest,  an  eminent 
physician,  born  at  Nevenhoff,  1702.  He 
was  educated  at  Jena,  and  afterwards  re- 
moved to  Leipsic,  where  he  spent  much  of 
his  time,  and  died  1756.  He  wrote  various 
tracts,  and  among  them — Cai*men  de  usu 
partium — de  homine  sano,  &c. — oratio  de 
antiquitatibus  Romanis,  &c.  His  bro- 
ther, John  Christian,  was  an  able  divine, 
and  a  very  learned  Hebraist.  Both  bro- 
thers arc  mentioned  with  great  praise  by 
Ernesti. 

Heber,  son  of  Selah  and  father  of 
Pheleg,  died  at  the  age  of  464,  B.C.  817. 
From  him  the  Jews  derive  their  name  of 
Hebrews. 

Hkrf.rden,  William,  a  physician,  was 
born  in  London  in  1710.  He  received  his 
cdncalion  at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 


where  he  took  his  degrees  in  arts,  and  ob- 
tain'd  a  fellowship.     In   1739  he  proceed- 
ed to  his  degrees   in  physic,  and    practised 
with  reputation  in  the  university  about  ten 
years,  during  which  time  he  read  a  course 
of  lectures  in   his  college.     In    1746  he  be- 
came a  fellow  of  the  colbtge  of  phvsicians 
and,  in  1749,  a  member  of  the  Koyal  Socie- 
ty.    He   now  settled   in    London,   and,  in 
1766,  recommended  to  the  collcm;  the  plan 
of  the  "  Medical   Transactions,"    to  which 
he  was  a  contributor,  as  he  also  was  to  the 
Philosophical   Transactions.     In    1778  the 
Royal  Society  of  Medicine  at    Paris  chose 
him  an  associate.     He  died  May  17,  1801. 
He  published  "  Antitherica  ;  an    Essay  on 
Mithridatium     et    Theriaca,"     8vo.  ;    and 
after  his  death  appeared  "  Gulielmi  Heber- 
den  Commentarii   de   Morborum  Historia 
et  Curatione."     He  was  one  of  the  writers 
of  the  Athenian  Letters,  and  communicated 
notes  to  Gray's  Hudibras. —  W.  B. 

Hebert,  James  Rene,  a  native  of  Alen- 
con,  whom  the  French  revolution  raised  to 
consequence.  As  the  writer  of  the  Perc 
Duchesne,  an  abusive  paper,  he  acquired 
popularity  among  the  terrorists,  and  by 
bitterly  inveighing  against  the  unfortunate 
queen,  he  maintained  the  character  of  bru- 
tality, violence,  and  cruelty,  which  had  en- 
couraged and  defended  the  horrors  of  the 
10th  of  August,  and  the  murders  of  Sep- 
tember. By  attempting  to  oppose  the 
power  of  the  commune  of  Paris  to  the  au- 
thority of  the  convention,  he  drew  upon 
himself  the  vengeance  of  Robespierre,  and 
was  guillotined  24th  March,  1794.  This 
worthless  character,  who  had  organized  the 
feasts  of  reason  in  contempt  of  religion  and 
of  another  life,  died  like  a  coward. 

Hecat,i:us,  a  historian  of  Abdera,  at 
the  court  of. the  Pfolemies.  He  wrote 
commentaries  on  Hesiod,  Homer,  &c.  be- 
sides a  valuable  history  of  the  Jews. 

Hecht,  Christian,  a  native  of  Halle,  mi- 
nister of  Essen,  East  Friezland,  died  174S, 
aged  52.  He  wrote  commentaria  philolo- 
gico-critico-cxegitica — and  antiquitas  Ha- 
ra;orum  inter  Judges  in  Polonia,  besides 
some  German  tracts. 

Heck,  Nicholas,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
1580,  v/ell  acquainted  with  the  powerful 
ellects  of  the  chiaro  obscuro.  His  land- 
scapes and  historical  pieces  are  much  ad- 
mired. 

Heck,  Martin  Heimskirk,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  eminent  for  the  beauty  and 
correctness  of  his  landscapes. 

Heck,  John  Van,  a  painter  of  Oudcnard, 
who  studied  at  Rome,  and  became  known 
for  the  delicacy  and  correctness  of  his  {low- 
ers, and  his  Roman  landscapes.  He  died 
ixbout  1 6S9,  aged  64. 

Heckewelder,  John,  many  years  em- 
jiloyed  by  the  Moravian  brethren  as  a  mis- 
sionary to  the   Delaware   Indians,  was  a 


IIED 


Ulil 


native  of  England.  From  bis  secluded 
situation  little  was  known  of  him  until 
through  the  agency  of  Doctor  Wistar  he 
ivas  brought  into  notice,  and  elected  a 
member  of  the  American  Philosophical  So- 
ciety. He  was  appointed  one  of  its  lite- 
rary and  historical  committee,  and  com- 
municated a  history  of  the  manners  and 
customs  of  the  Indian  nations  who  once 
inhabited  Pennsylvania.  It  was  published 
at  Philadelphia,  Svo.  1S19,  and  is  the  most 
valuable  work  extant  on  the  subject.  He 
also  published  in  1820  a  narrative  of  the 
Moravian  mission  among  the  Delawares, 
&c.  from  1740  to  1808,  and  furnished  seve- 
ral communications  for  Barton's  medical 
and  physical  journal.  He  died  at  Bethle- 
hem, January  31,  1823,  in  the  79th  year  of 
his  age.  |t3*  L. 

Hecquet,  Philip,  a  French  physician, 
born  at  Abbeville.  He  practised  there, 
and  at  Port-royal,  and  afterwards  at  Paris, 
where  he  died  in  the  Carmelites'  convent, 
11th  April,  1737,  aged  76.  He  was  a  great 
friend  to  bleeding  and  to  the  good  effects 
of  warm  water  ;  and  this  opinion  has  tend- 
ed to  immortalize  him  in  the  pages  of  Gil 
Bias,  under  the  name  of  doctor  Sangrado. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  abstemiousness, 
and  exemplary  piety,  and  published  some 
medical  works,  especially  on  the  indecency 
of  men  midwives — and  in  favour  of  mo- 
thers suckling  their  own  children — on 
digestion — on  the  plague,  &c.  Le  Fevre 
de  St.  Marc  has  written  a  prolix  account 
of  his  life. 

Hedelin,  Francis,  an  advocate,  after- 
wards abbe  of  Aubignac  and  Meimac,  was 
born  at  Paris.  The  favour  of  Richelieu, 
two  of  whose  nephews  he  educated,  raised 
him  to  consequence,  so  that  he  aspired  to 
the  name  of  scholar,  poet,  antiquarian,  and 
preacher.  He  was  of  such  a  haughty  tem- 
per, that  he  was  embroiled  in  various  quar- 
rels, especially  with  Corneille,  Menage, 
Mad.  Scuderi,  &.c.  He  died  at  Nemours, 
1676,  aged  72.  His  chief  works  are, 
"  Pratique  du  Theatre,"  a  book  of  no  great 
merit,  but  censorious,  and  such  as  to  have 
passed  to  a  fourth  edition — "  Zenobia,"  a 
tragedy  in  prose,  and  a  very  dull  perform- 
ance, according  to  the  prince  of  Conde's 
remark,  and  other  works  of  little  conse- 
quence. 

Hedericus  or  Hederich,  Benjamin, 
author  of  the  well-known  Greek  lexicon, 
first  published  at  Leipsic  in  Svo.  1722,  and 
republished  in  England  by  Young  and 
Patrick,  was  born  at  Grossen-hayn  in  Mis- 
nia,  1675.  Uc  published  besides  an  edi- 
tion of  Empedocles  de  sphaera,  and  "  noti- 
tiS.  auctorum."  Ernesti,  who  improved 
his  lexicon,  1767,  speaks  of  him  as  not  a 
profound  Greek  scholar.     He  died  1748. 

Hedlinger,  John  Charles,  a  Swiss  en- 
graver, whose  medals  are  much  admired. 
?0 


He  was  member  of  various  learned  acade- 
mies, and  died  1771,  aged  80. 

Heede,  William  and  Vigor  Van,  two 
brothers,  painters,  born  at  Furnes.  They 
painted  historical  pieces  with  great  success. 
William,  whose  works  are  most  esteem- 
ed, died  1728,  aged  68  ;  and  the  other  1708, 
aged  49, 

Heem,  John  David  de,  a  painter  of 
Utrecht,  whose  fruits  and  flowers  were 
greatly  admired.  He  died  1674,  aged  74. 
His  son  Cornelius  rivalled  him  in  the 
beauty  and  correctness  of  his  pieces. 

Heemskere,  James,  a  Dutch  admiral, 
born  at  Amsterdam.  He  was  sent  in  1596 
under  Barentein,  to  discover  a  northeast 
passage  to  Asia,  and  brought  back  his  ships 
safe,  after  the  death  of  the  commander  of 
the  squadron.  He  was  in  1607  sent  as 
vice-admiral  against  the  Spaniards,  but 
fell  in  the  battle,  after  defeating  a  supe- 
rior force  in  the  Mediterranean,  and  cap- 
turing the  enemy's  admiral  John  Alvarez 
Davila. 

Heemskirk,  Martin.   Vid.  Hemskirk. 

Heere,  Lucas  de,  an  admired  painter  of 
Ghent,  whose  historical  pieces  are  said  to 
be  in  a  very  superior  style.  He  died  1584, 
aged  50.  His  father  was  a  good  statuary, 
and  his  mother  excelled  as  a  painter. 

Hegesippus,  a  Jew  who  became  a  Chris- 
tian at  Rome,  157,  and  wrote  a  history  of 
the  church  to  his  own  times,  some  frag- 
ments of  which  are  preserved.  He  died 
181. — Another  of  the  same  name  wrote  an 
account  of  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem. 

Heidegger,  John  Henry,  a  protestant 
divine,  born  at  Ursevellon,  near  Zurich. 
He  was  professor  at  Heidelberg,  after- 
wards at  Steinfurt,  and  then  at  Zurich, 
where  he  died  1698,  aged  65.  He  published 
"  Exercitationes  selectae  de  historid  sacrd 
Patriarcharum" — "  do  ratione  studiorum" 
— "  tumulus  Tridentini  concilii" — "  histo* 
ria  papatus,"  &c. 

Heidegger,  John  James,  a  native  of 
Zurich,  son  of  a  clergyman.  He  married 
in  Switzerland,  but  in  consequence  of  an 
intrigue  left  the  country,  and  when  fifty 
years  old,  came  to  England  on  a  negotia- 
tion for  the  Swiss.  His  embassy  failed, 
and  with  it  his  resources,  so  that  he  en- 
gaged as  a  private  soldier  in  the  guards  for 
protection  and  support.  His  conduct  and 
address,  however,  were  such,  that  he  soon 
gained  the  attention  of  his  superiors,  and 
obtained  the  appellation  of  the  Swiss  count. 
By  means  of  his  friends,  who  were  nume- 
rous in  the  fashionable  world,  he  raised  a 
subscription  in  1709  to  furnish  the  opera 
of  Thoniyris,  which  was  performed  at  the 
Haymarket,  and  with  such  success  that 
he  not  only  gained  500  guineas,  but  re- 
commended himself  to  the  public  notice 
by  his  taste  and  judgment  in  the  ma- 
nagement and  decorations  of  the  theatre. 


IIEI 


IIEI 


George  II.  who  was  fond  of  operas,  patro- 
nised him,  and  he  soon  obtained  the  ma- 
nagement of  the  opera  house  in  the  Hay- 
market,  and  presided  over  the  mascjue- 
rades,  and  was  made  master  of  the  revels. 
Thus  patronised  by  the  king,  flattered  by 
the  nobility,  and  courted  by  all,  he  con- 
tributed to  the  amusement  of  the  public,  as 
the  arbiter  elegantiarum,  but  while  he  thus 
raised  an  annual  income  of  5000^.  he  did 
not  accumulate  property,  but  expended  his 
money  in  the  luxuries  of  his  table,  and  in 
honourable  acts  of  extensive  charity.  His 
memory  was  so  retentive  that  he  jonce 
walked  from  Charing-cross  to  Temple-bar, 
and  back  again,  and  at  his  return  wrote 
down  every  sign  on  either  side  of  the 
Strand.  When  discoursing  on  the  most 
ingenious  nation  in  Europe,  he  claimed  the 
merit  himself,  and  said,  I  was  born  a 
Swiss,  and  came  to  England  without  a  far- 
thing, where  I  have  found  means  to  gain 
5000/.  a  year,  and  to  spend  it.  Now  I  defy 
the  most  able  Englishman  to  go  to  Switzer- 
land and  either  to  gain  that  income,  or  to 
spend  it  there.  He  died  4th  February, 
1749,  aged  90,  and  was  buried  at  Rich- 
mond, Surrey.  He  left  a  natural  daughter, 
married  in  1750  to  captain,  afterwards  ad- 
miral, Denis. 

Heil,  Daniel  Van,  a  painter  of  Brussels, 
born  1604.  His  houses  on  fire  are  much 
admired. 

Heil,  John  Baptist,  brother  to  Daniel, 
was  born  at  Brussels,  1609,  and  became 
eminent  as  a  historical  and  portrait  painter. 

Heil,  Leonard  Van,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  also  born  at  Brussels,  and 
evinced  a  superior  genius  in  the  painting  of 
flowers  and  insects. 

Hein,  Peter,  a  Dutchman,  who  from 
obscurity  rose  to  the  command  of  the  fleets 
of  his  country.  He  defeated  the  Spaniards 
on  the  coast  of  Brazil,  1626,  and  was 
killed  off  Dunkirk  in  a  battle  against  the 
French,  1629.  The  state  of  Holland  ho- 
noured his  memory  with  great  respect, 
and  condoled  with  his  mother,  who  coolly 
observed,  I  always  said  that  Peter  was  an 
unlucky  dog,  and  would  come  to  an  untime- 
ly end. 

Heineccius,  John  Gottlieb,  a  German 
lawyer,  born  at  Eisemberg,  1681.  He  was 
counsellor  and  professor  of  philosophy,  and 
afterwards  of  law  at  Halle,  from  whence  he 
removed  to  Franeker  in  1724,  and  three 
years  after,  at  the  request  of  the  king  of 
Prussia  to  Frankfort  on  Oder.  In  1733  he 
resumed  his  former  engagements  at  Halle, 
where  he  died  1741.  His  works  are  nume- 
rous and  respectable,  on  jurisprudence, 
logic,  and  morality.  They  were  collected 
at  Geneva  in  8  vols.  4to.  1744. 

Heinecken,  Christian  Henry,  a  re- 
markable child,  born  at  Lubeck,  6th  Feb. 
1721,  and  died  there  27th  June,  1725.    At 


10  months'  old  he  could  talk,  and  before  he 
was  12  months  he  knew  the  principal  facts 
mentioned  in  the  five  books  of  Moses,  and 
in  another  month  he  gained  a  complete 
knowledge  of  the  rest  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, and  in  an  additional  month  of  the  New. 
His  mental  powers  continued  to  increase 
so  that  at  the  age  of  four  ht-  could  prove 
the  doctrines  of  divinity  from  th»;  Bible 
was  accpiainted  with  ecclesiastical  history, 
and  could  repeat  80  psalms,  200  hymns 
&c.  and  understood  and  spoke  perfectly  the 
German,  Latin,  French,  and  Low  Dutch. 
These  astonishing  abilities  were  just  shown 
to  the  admiration  of  the  world,  and  then 
snatched  away.  Martini  of  Lubeck  has 
published  a  dissertation  on  him. 

Heinsius,  Daniel,  an  eminent  scholar 
born  at  Ghent,  May,  1580.  After  studying 
at  the  Hague,  in  Zealand,  and  at  Franeker, 
where  he  displayed  great  abilities,  he  came 
to  Leyden,  and  at  the  age  of  18  he  was 
seated  in  the  chair  of  Greek  professor,  and 
afterwards  succeeded  his  friend  and  in- 
strueter,  Joseph  Scaliger,  in  the  professor- 
ship of  politics  and  history.  He  died 
25th  February,  1655.  He  was  distin- 
guished as  a  man  of  extensive  learning, 
and  great  application,  and  possessed  of  a 
correct  taste  and  sound  judgment.  He  not 
only  enriched  by  his  labours  Silius  Italicus, 
Theocritus,  Hesiod,  Seneca,  Homer,  Theo- 
phrastus,  Hesychius,  Livy,  Ovid,  Terence, 
Horace,  See.  but  he  wrote  also  some  prose 
works  abounding  with  wit,  and  chaste 
satire.  He  was  honoured  and  respected 
not  only  by  the  learned  but  even  by  princes, 
and  especially  Gustavus  Adolphus  of  Swe- 
den, the  republic  of  Venice,  and  Pope 
Urban  VIII. 

Heinsius,  Nicholas,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Leyden,  1620.  He  was 
eminent  as  a  poet  and  critic,  and  deserved 
the  flattering  appellation  of  the  "  swan  of 
Holland."  Though  employed  in  the  affairs 
of  the  state,  he  devoted  much  of  his  time 
to  the  muses,  and  edited  several  classical 
authors,  Virgil,  Ovid,  Valerius  Flaccus, 
Claudian,  &c.  His  poems  were  often  re- 
printed, but  the  best  edition  is  that  of  Am- 
sterdam, 1666.  He  died  at  the  Hague, 
1681,  respected  at  home  and  abroad. 

Heinsius,  N.  grand  pensionary  of  Hol- 
land, died  at  the  Hague,  3d  Aug.  1720, 
aged  87.  He  was  in  the  service  of  William 
prince  of  Orange,  and  distinguished  himself 
as  a  negotiator  in  France,  against  the  de- 
struction of  whose  power  he  afterwards 
directed  all  the  energies  of  his  country. 
During  the  30  years  in  which  he  was  grand 
pensionary,  he  displayed  great  vigour  of 
mind,  but  in  his  views  of  humbling  the 
pride  of  Lewis  XIV.  he  brought  great  diffi- 
culties and  immense  debts  upon  Holland, 
so  that  the  people  saw  his  retirement  from 
power  with  pleasure  and  exultation. 

31 


HEL 


carum, 
lished    " 


Heiss,  N.  a  German  author,  who  pub- 
lished an  indifferent  history  of  the  German 
empire  in  1684,  in  2  vols.  4to. 

Heister,  Lawrence,  a  native  of  Frank- 
fort on  the  Maine,  professor  of  medicine 
at  Altorf,  and  afterwards  at  Ilelmstadt, 
where  he  died  1758,  aged  73.  He  was 
the  learned  author  of  "  Compendium  ana- 
tomicum" — *'  institutiones  chirurgicae." — 
*'  de  medicanu  Otis  German,  indigenis  suf- 
fic." — "  com;)en  Hum  institutionum  medi- 
"  &.C.  His  son  Elias  Frederick  pub- 
Apologia  pro  Medicis  Atheismo 
accusatis,"  and  died  at  Leyden,  1740. 

Hele,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Gloucester- 
shire, who  served  in  the  army,  especially 
in  Jamaica,  and  at  the  peace  of  1763,  tra- 
velled through  Italy,  and  in  1770  settled  at 
Paris.  He  became  so  well  acquainted  with 
the  French  language  that  he  wrote  some 
plays,  which  were  received  with  great  ap- 
plause on  the  Paris  theatres,  and  highly 
admired.  His  comedies,  it  is  said,  are  full 
of  plot,  lively,  and  interesting,  and  the 
dialogue  is  pleasing,  and  expressed  with 
neatness  and  elegance.  He  died  of  a  con- 
sumptive disorder  at  Paris,  Dec.  1780, 
aged  about  40.  His  "Jugement  de  Mi- 
das," and  his  "  Amant  Jaloux,"  are  par- 
ticularly esteemed  by  French  writers. 

Helena,  St.  wife  of  Constantius  Chlo- 
rus,  and  mother  of  the  great  Constantine, 
was  born  of  obscure  parents  in  Bithynia. 
When  divorced  by  the  marriage  of  her 
husband  with  Maximilian's  daughter,  she 
retired  with  resignation  from  the  court, 
but  the  elevation  of  her  son  to  the  throne 
restored  her  to  tae  dignity  of  her  rank, 
which  she  adorned  by  devotion  and  Chris- 
tian charity.  She  was  the  founder  of  va- 
rious churches,  and  in  her  travels  into  the 
Holy  Land  she  is  said  to  have  discovered 
the  true  cross.  She  died  in  the  arms  of 
her  son,  328,  aged  80. 

Heliodorus,  bishop  of  Tricca  in  Thes- 
saly,  in  the  fourth  century,  was  the  author 
of  the  loves  of  Theagenes  and  Chariclea, 
condemned  by  a  synod  of  bishops. 

Heliogabalus,  M.  Aurel.  Antonin. 
succeeded  to  the  Roman  empire  after  the 
death  of  Macrinus,  though  only  14.  Though 
popular  in  the  beginning  of  his  reign,  he 
became  cruel,  vindictive,  and  licentious, 
and  was  assassinated  A.D.  222. 

Hellenicus,  a  Greek  historian,  who 
died  B.C.  411. 

Hellot,  John,  author  of  I'art  de  la 
teinture  des  laines  et  elosses  de  laine, 
12mo.  and  other  works  of  merit  on  philo- 
sophical and  chymical  subjects,  was  mem- 
ber of  the  Paris  academy  of  sciences  and 
of  the  London  Royal  Society.  He  also 
conducted  for  some  time  the  Gazette  of 
France,  and  was  distinguished  as  an  able 
chymist.  He  died  at  Paris,  15th  Feb. 
1766,  aged  80. 
32 


Helmbreker,  Theodore,  a  painter,  born 
at  Haerlem,  1624.  He  was  pupil  to  Peter 
Gribber,  and  studied  in  Italy,  and  after  be- 
ing some  time  resident  at  Haerlem  he  re- 
turned to  Rome,  where  he  died  1694.  His 
pieces,  especially  in  history  and  landscape 
are  much  admired. 

Helmont,  Matthew  Van,  a  painter  of 
Antwerp,  happy  in  the  representation  of 
shops,  chymical  laboratories,  markets,  &c. 
He  died  1726. 

Helmont,  John  Baptist  Van,  a  learned 
scholar  and  physician,  born  at  Brussels, 
1577.  He  studied  at  Louvain,  but  after 
refusing  to  devote  himself  to  divinity,  he 
turned  his  attention  to  medicine,  and  took 
his  degrees  in  that  science.  His  applica- 
tion to  chymical  experiments,  and  to  the 
investigation  of  the  power  of  herbs  and 
plants  led  him  to  superior  practice,  and  so 
extraordinary  were  some  of  his  cures  con- 
sidered, that  he  was  brought  before  the  in- 
quisition as  a  magician,  who  removed  hu- 
man diseases  by  more  than  human  art. 
He  succeeded,  however,  in  clearing  him- 
self from  the  imputation,  and  retired  to  the 
greater  freedom  of  Holland,  where  he 
died  Dec.  30,  1644.  He  was,  says  Lobko- 
witz,  his  biographer,  pious,  learned,  fa- 
mous, a  sworn  enemy  of  Galen  and  Aris- 
totle. The  sick  never  languished  long 
under  his  hands,  being  always  killed  or 
cured  in  two  or  three  days.  He  was  sent 
chiefly  to  those  who  were  given  up  by 
other  physicians,  to  whose  great  gi'ief  and 
indignation  the  patients  were  often  unex- 
pectedly restoredto  health.  His  works,  chief- 
ly again?st  the  Peripatetics  and  Galenists, 
were  published  in  folio  by  his  son,  who  ac- 
quired some  fame  as  a  physician,  and  was 
falsely  called  in  his  epitaph,  "  nil  patre  in- 
ferior."    He  died  1699,  aged  81, 

Heloise,  the  mistress  of  Abelard,  is 
celebrated  for  her  beauty  and  her  misfor- 
tunes.    She  died  1163.     Vid.  Abelard. 

Helsham,  Richard,  M.  D.  professor  of 
physic  and  natural  philosophy  in  Dublin 
college.  He  was  author  of  £3  very  popular 
lectures  on  natural  philosophy  published 
after  his  death  by  Dr.  Robinson,  and  fre- 
quently reprinted. 

Helse,  Bartholomew  Van  der,  a  painter 
of  Haerlem,  who  died  1670,  aged  57.  His 
representation  of  the  train  bands  of  Am- 
sterdam was  much  admired  by  sir  Godfrey 
Knellcr,  and  is  preserved  in  the  town  house 
of  tbe  capital. 

Helvetius,  Adrian,  a  Dutch  physician, 
born  1656.  He  Vvas  by  accident  at  Paris 
when  a  violent  dysentery  prevailed  there, 
and  his  remedies  proved  so  successful  that 
LoAvis  XIV.  presented  him  with  1000  louis 
d'ors  for  the  discovery  of  his  potent  medi- 
cine. He  declared  it  to  be  ipecacuanha. 
He  afterwards  settled  at  Paris,  and  was 
made  physician  to  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
and  inspector  general  of  the  military  hos- 


ULL 


HEM 


jutals.  He  died  1721.  lie-  left  some 
works,  the  best  known  of  winch  is  a  trea- 
tise on  the  most  frequent  maladies,  &c.  2 
vols.  8vo. 

HelvEtics,  John  Claude,  son  of  the 
preceding,  died  1755,  aged  70.  He  was  first 
physician  to  the  French  queen,  counsellor 
of  state,  and  member  of  several  learned 
academics.  He  cured  Louis  XV  .  of  a  dan- 
gerous disorder,  and  gained  the  conddcnce 
and  good  opinion  not  only  of  the  court  but 
of  tlie  poor,  by  his  skill,  attention,  and 
great  liumanily.  Hv.  published  "  L'idee 
generale  de  I'economie  animale,"  1722, 
8vo. — "Principia  Physico-medica,  in  tiro- 
num  medicinae  gratiam  conscripta,"  2  vols. 
Svo. 

Helvetius,  Claude  Adrian,  son  of  John, 
was  born  at  Paris  1715,  and  educated  with 
great  attention  under  father  Poree.  He 
had  a  strong  desire  to  appear  as  an  author, 
but  his  (irist  production  "  do  I'esprit,"  in  1 
vol.  4to.  and  afterwards  in  three,  8vo.  1758, 
exposed  him  to  the  censure  of  the  parlia- 
ment, who  condemned  his  publication  as 
calculated  more  for  the  encouragement  of 
vice  than  an  incitement  to  virtue.  Thus 
disgraced,  he  came  to  England  in  1764,  and 
the  next  year  visited  Prussia,  where  the 
kins:  honourably  received  him.  On  his  re- 
turn  to  France,  he  retired  in  privacy  to  his 
estate  at  '.ore,  in  the  bosom  of  his  family. 
As  he  was  rich,  he  showed  himself  charita- 
ble to  the  poor,  and  benevolent  to  all.  He 
died  of  an  attack  of  the  gout,  Dec.  1771. 
Besides  his  atheistical  book  "  de  I'Esprit," 
he  published  *'  le  Bonheur,"  a  poem  in  six 
cantos,  written  in  an  aflected  style, — "  de 
PHorume,"  2  vols.  Svo.  a  work  as  danger- 
ous as  unphilosophical,  and  as  impious  as 
the  first — and  the  "  Child  of  nature  im- 
proved by  Chance,"  a  licentious  romance. 
As  Helvetius  was  a  man  of  mild  manners, 
and  of  a  benevolent  disposition,  it  may  sur- 
prise us,  that  books  so  little  calculated  to 
improve  humanity  should  proceed  from 
his  pen. 

Helvicus,  Christopher,  professor  of 
Greek  and  eastern  languages,  and  of  divi- 
nity, at  Giessen  university,  was  born  1581, 
at  Sprendlingen  near  Frankfort.  He  was 
educated  at  Marpurg,  and  early  displayed 
a  poetical  genius,  and  at  20  was  capable  of 
teaching  Hebrew  and  Greek,  two  languages 
which  he  spoke  with  great  fluency.  He 
died  in  the  flower  of  his  age,  1617,  and  his 
immature  death  was  deplored  with  feeling 
and  sorrow  by  all  the  German  poets  of 
the  Augsburg  persuasion.  Besides  poet- 
ry, he  published  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew, 
Chaldce,  and  Syriac  grammars — a  Hebrew 
and  Latin  lexicon — and  some 
cal  tables. 

Heltot,  Peter,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Eng- 
lish extraction.  He  was  of  the  order  of  Pic- 
pus  near  Paris,  which  was  a  branch  of  the 

Vol.  it,  n 


chronologi- 


Franciscaus,  and  aflcr  23  years'  lubaui, 
he  published  in  «  vols.  4lo.  a  history  of 
the  monastic  orders,  religious  and  milita- 
ry, &.C.  a  work  lull  of  learned  research 
and  general  information.  He  died  171C, 
aged  56. 

Hemelar,  John,  a  learned  man,  born 
at  the  Hague,  of  so  amiable  a  character  for 
probity  and  disinterestedness  as  to  deserve 
to  be  compared,  says  Gronovius,  with  the 
Roman  Atticus.  He  resided  six  years  at 
Rome,  and  preferred  to  the  oHice  of  libra- 
rian of  the  V  atican  a  canonry  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Antwerp.  He  devoted  himself 
much  to  polite  literature  and  the  science  of 
medals,  and  he  lived  in  friendly  intimacy 
with  Grotius,  Lipsius,  and  other  eminent 
men.  He  published  valuable  commentaries 
on  the  medals  of  the  Roman  emperors  from 
Julius  Caesar  to  Justinian,  from  the  cabinet 
of  Arschot  and  Rocoxius.  Besides  this 
work, which  is  now  rare,  though  three  times 
printed  ;  he  wrote  poems  and  orations,  and 
died  1640. 

Hemmf.rlix,  or  Malleolus,  Felix,  Q 
canon  of  Zurich  in  1428.  He  is  author  of 
"  Opuscula  varia,  scilicet  de  nobilitate  et 
rusticitate  dialogus,"  &.c. — "  varia;  oblec- 
tationis  opuscula,"  &c.  comprised  in  a  folio 
volume,  and  full  of  coarse  humour. 

Hemmingford,  Walter  de,  a  canon  of 
Gisborough  abbey,  in  Yorkshire,  author 
of  a  history  of  England,  from  1066  to 
1303.  The  work  is  respectable  for  accu- 
racy and  exactness.  He  died  at  Gisbo- 
rough 1347. 

Hemskirk,  or  Heemskirk,  Martin,  a 
peasant's  son,  born  in  a  village  of  that 
name  in  Holland,  1498,  and  distinguished 
as  a  painter.  After  studying  three  years  at 
Rome,  he  settled  at  Haerlem,  where  he 
died  1574,  ag^'d  76.  His  pieces  were  ad- 
mired by  Michael  Angelo,  by  Vasari  and 
others,  but  though  he  possessed  great  me- 
rit, his  figures  show  that  he  did  not  under- 
stand the  chiaro  obscuro, 

Hemskirk,  Egbert,  a  Dutch  painter, 
known  for  his  success  in  delineating  droll 
subjects  and  grotesque  figures. 

Hemskirk,  Egbert,  called  the  younger, 
son  of  the  preceding,  united  to  great  abili- 
ties, a  lively  imagination  and  a  humorous 
taste.  Some  of  his  pieces  in  which  he 
represents  devils  and  w  itches  Are  admired. 
He  died  1704,  aged  59. 

Hemsterhuis,  or  IIemsterhusius^  Ti- 
berius, a  learned  critic,  born  at  Groningeu, 
1st  Feb.  1685,  son  of  a  physician.  He  stu- 
died at  Groningen  and  Leyden,  and  at  the 
age  of  19  was  appointed  professor  of  ma- 
thematics and  philosophy  at  Amsterdam. 
In  1717  he  removed  to  Franeker,  where  he 
succeeded  Lambert  Bos  as  Greek  professor, 
and  in  1740  he  was  appointed  to  the  chairs 
of  Greek  and  of  history  at  Leyden,  where 
he  died  1766.     He  publi«hed  the  three  la5i 


HEN 


HEN 


books  ol  J.  Pollux's  onomasticon  1706,  for 
which  he  was  complimented  by  Bentley, 
select  colloquies  of  Lucian,  and  his  Timon, 
1703 — The  Plutus  of  Aristophanes,  with 
the  scholia,  1744 — part  of  an  edition  of 
Lucian — notes  and  emendations  on  Xcno- 
phon  Ephesius,  and  other  equally  learned 
works.  He  is  praised  by  Ruhnkenius  as  a 
critic  of  very  superior  powers. 

Hemsterhusius,  Francis,  son  of  a  phy- 
sician of  Groningen,  and  grandson  of  Ti- 
berius, was  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States,  and  died  1790.  He  was  an  able 
author,  and  wrote  oeuvres  philosophiques, 
translated  into  French,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  1793, 
and  other  works. 

Henault,  John  d',  a  French  poet,  son 
of  a  Paris  baker.  He  travelled  into  Hol- 
land and  England,  and  was  patronised  by 
the  superintendent  Fouquet,  by  whose 
means  he  obtained  the  receivership  of  taxes 
at  Fores,  and  other  employments.  He 
became  a  man  of  celebrity  by  his  poetical 
pieces,  and  proud  of  his  distinction  he  af- 
fected the  debauchee  and  the  impious 
atheist  as  the  friend  of  Spinoza,  but  after 
a  life  of  dissipation  and  profaneness,  the 
approach  of  death  seemed  so  terrible  that 
he  became  a  coward,  and  renounced  with 
sorrow  and  deep  contrition  the  follies  and 
wickedness  of  his  prosperous  days.  He 
died  1682.  His  best  pieces  are  said  to  be 
his  sonnet  on  the  miscarriage  of  Mad.  de 
Guerehi,  aud  his  satirical  poem  on  Colbert, 
in  consequence  of  the  fall  of  his  patron. 
He  printed  at  Paris,  his  "  oeuvres  diverses" 
in  12mo.  1670.  He  translated  the  three 
first  books  of  Lucretius,  but  by  the  advice 
of  his  confessor  he  destroyed  them.  Only 
100  lines,  copied  by  his  friends,  were  pre- 
served, which  are  much  admired  by  Voltaire. 

Henault,  Charles  John  Francis,  a  cele- 
brated historian,  born  at  Paris,  8th  Feb. 
1685.  He  early  discovered  a  sprightly  and 
benevolent  disposition,  hut  after  being  two 
years  at  the  congregation  of  the  oratory, 
he  quitted  it  for  the  more  gay  society  of  the 
wits  of  the  age.  The  dispute  between 
Rousseau  and  de  la  Motte,  however,  gave 
him  a  disgust  for  the  fallacious  intimacies 
of  the  learned  and  the  great ;  and  devoting 
himself  more  particularly  to  his  own  im- 
provement, he  obtained  the  prize  of  elo« 
quence  in  the  French  academy,  1707,  and 
another  the  following  year.  In  1713  he 
produced  on  the  stage  a  tragedy,  under  the 
disguised  name  of  Fuselier,  but  though  it 
was  received  with  indifference  by  the  pub- 
lic, he  regarded  it  as  a  valuable  composi- 
tion, and  as  such  permitted  Horace  Wal- 
pole,  with  whom  he  became  acquainted  in 
1768,  to  print  it  at  Strawberry-hill. 
Though  unsuccessful  as  a  poet,  he  rose  to 
honour  as  a  politician.  He  became  coun- 
sellor of  parliament  1706,  president  of  the 
first  chamber  of  inquest  1710.  and  in  1718 
-1 


he  accompanied  the  French  ambassaUoir 
Morville  to  Holland,  where  his  abilities 
were  respected  by  the  Dutch,  and  particu- 
larly by  the  pensionary  Heinsius.  In  the 
midst  of  his  political  occupations,  Henault 
paid  deep  and  lasting  attention  to  history, 
and  at  last  published  his  history,  the  result 
of  40  years'  laborious  n  ading  and  study 
under  the  modest  name  of  "  an  Essay,"  in 
1744.  It  met  with  astonishing  success, 
and  not  only  became  popular  in  France  in 
nine  editions,  but  was  translated  into  Eng- 
lish, German,  Italian,  and  even  Chinese. 
This  valuable  work  raised  him  to  the  honour 
of  a  seat  in  the  academy  of  belles  lettres  at 
Paris,  and  other  learned  societies,  and  he 
was  afterwards  appointed  superintendent 
of  the  queen's  house.  He  was  now  courted 
by  the  wit  and  fashion  of  the  court,  and  his 
house  was  the  receptacle  of  whatever  was 
innocently  gay,  pleasing, and  agreeable.  For 
the  entertainment  of  the  queen  and  her 
court,  he  wrote  three  lively  comedies,  one 
of  %vbich,  "'  le  Reveil  d'Epimenides,"  who  is 
said  to  have  slept  27  years,  proved  particu- 
larly agreeable,  and  he  produced,  at  the 
queen's  request,  a  fourth  piece,  called 
Hebe.  This  most  respectable  character 
died  24th  Dec.  1771,  aged  86.  In  the 
midst  of  prosperity,  he  practised  benevo- 
lence and  charity  ;  he  was  pious  and  re- 
signed under  afflictions,  grateful  to  provi- 
dence for  the  blessings  which  he  enjoyed, 
and  his  manners  and  devotion  were  truly 
exemplary.  His  wife,  to  whom  he  was 
married  14  years,  died  1728,  leaving  no 
issue.  He  adopted  as  his  own  children,  his 
sister's  three  sons  and  two  daughters,  and 
had  the  happiness  to  see  them  form  re- 
spectable connexions. 

Henderson,  Alexander,  a  Scotchman, 
who  acquired  some  celebrity  at  the  head  of 
the  Presbyterian  party.  He  was  one  of  the 
divines  sent  to  meet  Charles  I.  at  Newcas- 
tle, 1646,  but  though  he  possessed  elo- 
quence and  abilities,  it  is  said,  that  in  dis- 
puting with  the  monarch  about  episcopacy, 
he  found  his  arguments  too  futile  to  resist 
the  superior  reasons  of  his  unfortunate 
master.  This  it  is  said  had  such  effect 
upon  his  spirits,  that  he  died  soon  after, 
and  in  his  last  moments,  expressed  great 
contrition  for  the  severity  and  rancour  with 
which  he  had  opposed  the  king's  measures 
in  Scotland. 

Henderson,  John,  an  English  actor  of 
eminence,  born  in  London.  He  at  first 
learnt  painting  under  Fournier,  an  able 
artist,  but  he  quitted  him  to  work  in  the 
shop  of  a  silversmith,  and  after  his  death 
he  appeared  on  the  stage  at  Bath,  1772,  in 
the  character  of  Hamlet,  under  the  as- 
sumed name  of  Courtney.  The  opinion 
which  he  had  formed  of  his  theatrical 
powers,  was  gi-eeted  by  the  applauses  of 
crowded  audiences,  and  after  acquiring  c- 


ilEN 


l\LS 


Tebrity  in  provincial  companies,  he,  (or  the 
first  time,  presented  himself  before  a  Lon- 
don audience,  at  the  Hay  Market,  under 
Coleman,  as  Shy  lock.  The  approbation 
with  which  he  was  received  excited  him  to 
greater  exertions,  and  he  soon  became  the 
popular  representative  of  Falstaff,  Richard 
III.  Pierre,  and  otht-r  ditiicult  characters  at 
Drury  Lane.  He  died  suddenly  25th  Nov. 
1785,  of  a  spasmodic  aHl'ction  in  the  brain, 
aged  3S.  His  life  has  been  published  by 
Ireland. 

Henderson,  Jolin,  an  extraordinary 
character,  born  at  Bellej;rance  in  Ireland 
1757.  He  was  educated  in  the  principles 
of  bis  father,  who  was  an  itinerant  preacher 
of  V\'es!ey's  persuasion,  and  wiio  for  some 
time  ^^'ttled  near  Bristol  as  a  schoolmaster, 
and  under  him  he  made  such  astonishing 
progress,  that  he  taught  Latin  in  Kings- 
wood  school  at  the  age  of  eiglit,  and 
Greek  in  lady  Huntingdon's  college  in 
Wales,  when  he  was  no  more  than  12. 
These  extraordinary  powers  were  seen  and 
encouraged  by  dean  Tucker,  who  sent  him 
to  Pembroke  college, Oxford,  where  he  staid 
long  enough  to  take  his  first  degree,  but 
was  not  admitted  to  orders,  though  his 
friends  wished  to  see  his  oratorical  abili- 
ties exerted  in  the  pulpit.  These  brilliant 
parts  were  unfortunately  clouded  by  great 
and  often  offensive  singularities.  In  his 
person,  he  affected  great  negligence,  his 
long  unpowdered  hair  gave  him  an  air  of 
religious  melancholy,  he  never  woi'e  a 
neck-cloth,  his  buckles  on  his  shoes  were 
of  the  most  diminutive  size,  and  the  rest 
of  his  dress  exhibited  him  particularly  hos- 
tile to  the  reigning  fashions  of  the  times. 
Though  eagerly  courted  in  the  university 
for  his  great  fund  of  knowledge,  and  the 
the  inexhaustible  resources  of  his  mental 
powers,  he  at  length  rendered  himself  dis- 
agreeable by  the  lateness  to  which  he  pro- 
tracted his  visits.  Seldom  in  bed  before 
the  dawn  of  day,  he  rose  late  in  the  after- 
noon, as  if  setting  at  defiance  the  power*:  of 
nature,  he  would  often  go  half  naked  to 
the  pump,  and  desire  the  college  servants 
to  pump  over  him  for  several  minutes,  and 
then  in  that  condition  he  retired  to  his  bed. 
Those  who  frequented  his  company  have 
often  been  astonished  at  the  vastness  of 
his  powers,  which  adorned  with  all  the 
flowers  of  oratory  and  elegant  language 
the  most  abstruse  and  barren  subjects. 
Though  well  skilled  in  general  knowledge, 
he  was  particularly  attached  to  physiogno- 
my, alchymy,  and  the  occult  arts,  and  in 
some  instances  he  has  been  known  to  pros- 
titute his  great  talents  in  diving  into  fu- 
turity, and  anticipating  the  mournful  acci- 
dents of  life.  This  eccentric  genius  died 
in  Pembroke  college  2d  Nov.  1788,  and  was 
carried  by  his  father  to  Bristol  to  be  there 
interred. 


Ht.s'GisT,  a  Saxon  chief  who  came  tn 
England  at  the  request  of  king  Vortigern, 
whom  he  assisted  in  npelling"  the  Picts. 
The  British  monarch  married  Howena, 
the  daughter  of  his  ally,  and  Hcngist,  in 
reward  for  his  services,  obtained  the  king- 
dom uf  Kent,  and  died  IH'J. 

Heni.ey,  Anthony,  an  Ijigli>h  senator, 
born  of  a  respeclaitl.;  family  in  Hampshire. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  early  dis- 
tinguished himself  for  his  cla.saical  taste. 
In  London  he  gained  the  friendship  and 
familiarity  of  the  great,  and  as  the  asHO- 
ciate  of  Dorset  and  Sund>rland  he  figured 
in  the  circles  of  fashion,  and  passed  at 
Will's  and  Tom's  as  a  man  of  wit  and 
facetiousncss.  As  his  affections  were  be- 
nevolent and  his  heart  generous,  he  wa? 
addressed  by  the  .poets  and  writers  of  the 
age  as  a  patron  and  a  guide,  and  the  com- 
mand of  an  independent  fortune  of  up- 
wards of  3000/.  a  year  was  in  the  midst  of 
mirth  and  gallantry  liberally  applied  to 
the  remuneratic  II  of  the  flattering  muse. 
In  16!,'8,  soon  after  his  marriage  with  the 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  Peregrine  Bertie,  he 
was  elected  member  for  Andover,  and  in 
succeeding  parliaments  for  Weyuiouth. 
He  was  in  his  political  career  a  firm  ami 
eloquent  whig,  and  he  drew  upon  himself 
the  persecution  of  the  tories  by  moving  the 
house  to  address  the  queen  to  confer  some 
ecclesiastical  dignity  on  Mr.  Ben.  Hoadly, 
whose  attachment  to  the  revolution  was 
then  publicly  known.  As  a  writer  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  various  anonymous 
publications,  and  in  the  Tatler  and  Medley 
appeared  many  of  his  pieces,  remarkable 
for  their  wit,  ease,  and  fluency,  and  for 
that  genius  and  vivacity  with  which  he  as- 
sumed the  character  and  language  of  mas- 
ters and  servants,  peasants  and  tradesmen, 
parents  and  children.  He  was  very  fond 
of  music,  and  in  his  summer  recreations  he 
had  a  private  theatre  at  SouthAvick,  where 
Betterton,  Booth,  Mrs.  Barry,  and  other 
great  performers  were  generally  invited  to 
exhibit  and  join  their  abilities  to  his  exer- 
tions, for  the  amusement  of  his  friends. 
He  died  1711,  universally  lamented.  His 
second  son  became  Lord  Nortbington,  and 
chancellor  of  England. 

Henlet,  John,  well  known  by  the  ap- 
pellation of  "  orator  Henley,"  was  born  at 
Melton  Mowbray,  3d  Aug.  1692,  where 
his  father  was  vicar,  and  after  receiving  in- 
struction in  the  grammar-school  of  his  na- 
tive town,  and  that  of  Oakham,  Rutland, 
he  entered  at  the  age  of  17  at  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge.  ^Vhen  he  had  taken 
his  bachelor's  degree  he  was  invited  by 
the  trustees  of  Melton  school  to  take  care 
of  that  foundation,  and  he  raised  it  from  a 
languishing  to  a  flourishing  state.  He 
now  courted  the  public  approbation  by  the 
appearance  of  his  Esther,  a  poem,  and 

o  - 
03 


HEN 


HEN 


when  he  bad  entered  into  orders  he  left 
the  country   for  fame   and  preferment  in 
the  capital.     Followed  as  a  preacher  deter- 
mined to  create  public  notice,  he  introduced 
regular  action  into  the  pulpit,   and  courted 
popularity  a  thousand  ways,  but  when  dis- 
appointed of  the  preferment  he  expected, 
he  formed  a  plan  for  lectures  and  orations. 
Every  Sunday  he  discoursed  on  theologi- 
cal subjects,  while  Wednesday  was  reserved 
for  political  subjects,  into  which  he  poured 
much    of    the  gall    of   satire   against    the 
great,  the  powerful,  and  the  learned.     To 
this  acrimonious  spirit  he  indeed  owes  the 
distinguished  place  which  he  holds  in  Pope's 
Dunciad,  as  "  the  zar»y  of  his  age."     Ad- 
mission was  procured  to  his  oratoi  iai  thea- 
tre by  the  payment  of  a  shilling,  and  as  the 
lowest  of  the  people  formed   the  ino>t  nu- 
merous part  of  his  audience,  the  daily  ad- 
vertiser   generally    announced    the    topics 
which  were  to  be  discussed  on  each  day, 
by  this  artful  and  commanding  preacher  at 
his  oratory  near  Lincoln's  Inn  Field's.     He 
died  14th  Oct.  1756.     He  published  an  ac- 
count of  himself  and  his  adventures,   and 
it    is   easily  discovered  that   to    personal 
vanity  he   added  effrontery,  and   obtained 
popularity  by  bold   invectives  and  satirical 
censoriousness.      The    medals    which  he 
struck  for  admission  to  his  lectures  repre- 
sented a  star  rising  in  the  meridian  with 
"Inveniam  viam  aut   faciam."      Hogarth 
has   immortalized  his  name  by  introducing 
him  into  two  of  his  humorous  pieces,  in  one 
of  which  he  is  christening  a  child,  and  in 
the  other  he  appears  on   a  scaflbld   with  a 
monkey  by  his  side  with  the  motto  "  amen," 
and  with  other  appropriate  figures.     Hen- 
ley it  is  said  gained  100/.  a  year  by  editing 
a  periodical  paper  called  the  Hip  Doctor, 
which   was  a   farrago   of  nonsense.      On 
one    occasion   he    filled   his   oratory  with 
shoemakers,   by  announcing   to  them   he 
would  teach  a  new  and  short  way  of  making 
shoes,  which  was  by  cutting  off  the  tops  of 
boots. 

Henley,  Samuel,  a  divine,  who,  previous 
to  the  American  war,  was  professor  of  mo- 
ral philosophy  in  the  college   of  Williams- 
burgh,  in  Virginia.  On  leaving  that  country 
he   became   an   usher   in   Harrow  school, 
and   afterwards   rector  of  Rendlesham,  in 
Suffolk.       In  1805  he  was  appointed  prin- 
cipal of  the  East  India   college,  at  Hert- 
ford ;  on  which  occasion  he  obtained  the 
degree  of  doctor  in   divinity.     He   died  at 
Rendlesham  in  1816.     Dr.  Henley  publish- 
ed—  1.  Three  Sermons  preached  in  Ameri- 
ca.    2.   Dissertation   concerning  the  con- 
troverted   Passages    in   St.   Peter  and   St. 
Jude,  on  the  Angels  that  sinned,  Svo.     3. 
Observations   on   the  Fourth  Eclogue,  the 
Allegory  in  the  Third  Georgic,  and  the  De- 
sign  of   the   vEneid   of   Virgil,   Svo.      4. 
Essav  toward  a  new  Edition  of  the  Ele- 


gies  of  Tibullus,  with  a  Translation  and 
Notes,  Svo.  He  has  also  some  papers  in 
the  Archaeologia  ;  and  was  the  editor  of 
"  The  History  of  the  Caliph  Vathek."— 
W.  B. 

Henninges,  Jerome,  a  German  histo- 
rian in  the  16th  century.  He  devoted  him- 
self much  to  genealogical  history,  and  his 
*'  Theatrum  Genealogicum,"  6  vols,  folio, 
1593,  is  a  valuable  work,  containing  the  ac- 
count of  several  of  the  chief  families  of 
Germany,  &c. 

Hennuter,  John,  bishop  of  Lisieux,  is 
justly  Celebrated  for  his  great  humanity  at 
the  dreadful  massacre  of  St  Bartiiolomew. 
He  boldy  opposed  the  king's  orders  to  as- 
sassinate the  protestanto,  and  instead  of 
violating  their  persons,  he  openly  protect- 
ed them  ;  yet  for  this  opposition  to 
tyranny,  he  was  never  censured  by  the 
monarch  ;  so  great  was  the  respect  paid  to 
his  persevering  virtue  and  dignity.  He 
died  1577,  universally  lamenti  d  and  re- 
vered for  his  mildness,  humanity,  and 
piety. 

Henrion,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Troyes, 
in  Champagne,  member  of  the  academy  of 
inscriptions.  He  was  engaged  in  compo- 
sing a  work  on  the  weights  and  measures 
of  the  ancients,  of  which  his  death  in 
1720,  at  the  age  of  50  prevented  the  com- 
pletion. With  an  extravagant  imagina- 
tion he  described  Adam  as  132  feet  9 
inches  high,  and  Eve  118  feet  9  inches, 
but  gradually  reduced  the  size  of  his  gigan- 
tic heroes,  and  made  Abraham  27  feet, 
Moses  13,  Hercules  10,  and  Alexander 
only  6. 

Henry  I.  surnamed  the  Fowler,  emperor 
of  Germany,   was    son    of    Otho  duke  of 
Saxony,  and  elected   to  the    throne    919. 
He  was  a  brave  and  politic  prince,  he  ex- 
erted his  influence  among  the  princes  of 
Germany  to  restore  union  ;  and  to  render 
the  country   more  powerful,   he  built  and 
fortified  towns  to  withstand  the  attacks  of 
the  barbarians.     He  confirmed  his  regula- 
tions by   the  establishment    of   wise  and 
salutary  laws,  and  the  introduction  of  the 
patrician  order  for  the   distinction  and  en- 
couragement of  merit.     In  war  he  was  suc- 
cessful   against  the  duke   of  Bavaria,  he 
conquered  the  Bohemians,  Sclavonians,  and 
Danes  ;  and  invaded  the  kingdom  of  Lor- 
raine, and  defeated  the  Hungarians  at  the 
famous  battle  of  Mersburg.       He  died  2d 
July,  936,  aged  60,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  Otho. 

Henry  II.  emperor  of  Germany,  sur- 
named the  Lame,  was  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  and  ascended  the  imperial 
throne  1002.  After  defeating  the  duke  of  Ba- 
varia, he  re-established  Benedict  V  III.  in  the 
holy  see,  and  was  crowned  by  him  at  Rome 
1014,  with  great  solemnity.  He  also  drove 
the  Greeks    and  Saracens  from  Calabria, 


HEN 


HEX 


aiid  after  restoring  tranquillity  over  Italy 
and  Germany,  and  every  where  leaving 
marks  of  his  great  generosity,  and  exten- 
sive benevolence,  he  died  13th  July,  1034, 
aged  47. 

Henrt  III.  emperor  of  Germany,  suc- 
ceeded his  fatbtr  Conrad  in  lU3ii.  Alter 
making  war  in  Poland,  Hungary,  and  Bo- 
hemia, lie  passed  into  Italy,  ami  expelled 
from  the  papal  thione  Benedict  IX.  Sylves- 
ter III.  and  Gregory  VI.  and  in  their  room 
elected  Clement  II.  by  whom  he  was 
crowned.  He  died  at  Botleld  in  Saxony, 
5tli  Oct.  106G,  agtd  39,  and  was  buried  at 
Spires. 

HENhY  IV.  the  aged  or  great,  emperor 
of  Cieiuiany  after  liis  father  Henry  III. 
though  only  six  years  old,  was  governed 
during  his  minority  by  the  wisdom  of  his 
mother  Agnes.  When  grown  up  to  man- 
hood, Henry  displayed  ability  in  opposing 
the  insurgents  of  Germany  and  Saiouy, 
but  when  he  supplicated  the  interference  of 
pope  Gregory  V  II.  to  restore  order  by  his 
spiritual  authority  among  his  rebellious 
subjects,  he  found  himself  accused  of 
simony,  and  other  crimes  before  the  holy 
pontifl'.  The  charge  was  not  unfounded. 
Henry  had  not  scrupled  to  sell  the  highest 
dignities  of  the  German  church,  and  the 
pope,  proud  of  his  power  as  umpire, 
abolished  by  his  decrees  the  investitures 
that  had  already  taken  place.  Henry  in 
revenge  assembled  a  council  at  Worms, 
1076,  and  not  only  deposed  the  pope,  but 
ordered  his  person  to  be  seized.  Clement 
in  consequence  of  this  hurled  his  anathe- 
mas against  Henry,  and  so  formidable  was 
the  spiritual  power  that  the  princes  of  Ger- 
many prepared  to  execute  the  decree,  when 
Henry,  afraid  of  the  influence  of  his  ene- 
mies, repaired  to  the  residence  of  the 
pope,  and  for  three  days  of  mortification 
and  penance,  solicited  his  forgiveness. 
This  humility  was  superciliously  contemn- 
ed ;  but  while  Henry  meditated  vengeance, 
the  pope  appointed  Rodolphus  duke  of 
Swabia,  emperor  in  his  place.  Henry  de- 
feated and  slew  his  antagonist  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Volchneim,  and  then  formally  depo- 
sing the  pope,  elevated  in  his  room  Guibert 
archbishop  of  Ravenna,  and  supported  him 
by  besieging  and  reducing  Rome  under  his 
power  by  force  of  arms.  In  the  midst  of 
his  triumphs  Henry  found  himself  attacked 
by  his  children,  his  son  Conrad  revolted 
and  obtained  the  crown  of  Italy,  and  Henry 
the  other  son,  supported  by  Pascal  II.  and 
by  the  German  rebels,  placed  the  imperial 
crown  on  his  head  1106.  While  Henry 
wished  to  effect  a  reconciliation  with  these 
unnatural  children,  he  found  himself  aban- 
doned by  his  former  friends,  and  rudely 
treated  in  his  person  by  his  son,  and  he  re- 
tired to  Cologne,  and  then  to  Liege,  where 
his  misfortunes  raised  him  a  few  adherents. 


His  forces  were  however  soon  defeated, 
and  the  unfortunate  monarch,  indigent 
and  persecuted,  applied  to  the  bi?*hop  of 
Spires  for  a  lay  prebend,  which  was  re- 
fused. Thus  a  wanderer,  without  re- 
sources, and  without  friends,  he  at  la.^l  en- 
treated his  ungrati  (ul  son  to  permit  bim  to 
hide  his  mifforturies  in  the  obscurity  of 
Lit  ge,  where  he  ^oun  alter  died  7lh  Aug. 
llUb,  aged  o6.  He  was  a  brave  prince, 
and  was  present  in  66  battles,  but  the 
gieatt  r  j  art  of  hi-  mi>('orlnn(  s  i.rose  Irom 
the  blind  conlidence  which  he  placed  on 
worlhlt  ^>  miiiister>  and  favourites. 

Henry  V.  or  the  youn^,  uas  born  1081, 
and  deposed  his  lather,  Henry  I\ .  1106. 
Though  he  had  opposed  his  father  he  pur- 
sued the  same  measures,  and  obliged  the 
pope,  Pascal  II.  to  re.'^tore  to  bim  tht  pow- 
er of  ecclesiastical  investitures,  of  which 
Henry  IV.  had  been  deprived  by  Gregory 
V  II.  The  papal  power,  however,  was  too 
great  to  be  successfully  resisted,  and  Hen- 
ry, already  excommunicated,  sul)mitted  to 
the  pleasure  of  the  new  pope,  Gelasius  II. 
though  he  had  violently  opposed  his  elec- 
tion. Henry  died  at  I  trecht,  23d  May, 
1125,  aged  44,  leaving  behind  him  the 
odious  character  of  an  unnatural  son,  an 
impious  hypocrite,  an  insidious  neighbour, 
and  an  oppressive  master. 

Henry  VI.  surnamed  the  severe,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  Frederic  Barbarossa  on 
the  throne  of  Germany  1190.  He  behaved 
with  great  cruelty  towards  the  family  of 
his  wife  Constance,  daughter  of  Roger 
king  of  Naples,  and  had  the  meanness  to 
detain  Richard  I.  of  England,  who,  when 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  had 
been  seized  by  Leopold  duke  of  Austria, 
and  sold  into  the  power  of  the  emperor. 
With  the  large  sums  of  money  obtained  for 
the  ransom  of  his  illustrious  captive,  Hen- 
ry made  war  against  Sicily,  where  his  arms 
plundered  and  desolated  the  country.  He 
was  at  last  poisoned  by  his  wife  Constance, 
28th  Sept.  1197,  aged  32. 

Henry  VII.  son  of  Henry  count  of  Lux- 
emburg, was  elected  emperor  1308,  and 
was  the  first  thus  raised  to  the  imperial 
dignity  by  the  suffrages  of  the  six  electors. 
He  visited  Italy,  where  the  factions  of  the 
Guelphs  and  Gibelins  had  every  where 
spread  devastation  and  misfortune,  and  in 
the  midst  of  these  public  disorders  he  was 
obliged  to  enter  Rome  sword  in  hand.  He 
was  crowned  by  the  pope  in  the  church  of  the 
Lateran,  and  died  the  next  year,  25tb  Aug. 
1313,  aged  51,  as  he  was  preparing  to  sub- 
due Italy  by  the  power  of  his  arms. 

Henrt,  Ra«pon,  Margrave  of  Thurin- 
gia,  was,  upon  the  deposition  of  Frederic 
II.  by  Innocent  IV.  raised  to  the  imperial 
throne,  1246,  but  he  dird  the  following 
vear  of  a  wound  received  in  battle,  or  a*: 

37 


HEN 


heN 


some  say  of  a  broken  heart,  because  de- 
feated by  his  competitor. 

Henry  I.  king  of  France,  succeeded  his 
brother  Robert  1031.  He  was  engaged  in  a 
civil  war  through  the  intrigues  of  his  mother 
Constance,  who  wished  to  place  her  second 
son,  Robert,  on  the  throne,  but  by  the  as- 
sistance of  Robert  duke  of  Normandy,  the 
father  of  William  the  Conqueror,  be  de- 
feated his  enemies.  He  was  afterwards 
reconciled  to  his  brother,  and  j^ranted  him 
the  dukedom  of  Burgundy.  He  died  at 
Vitr.N  en  Brie,  4th  Au;^  1060,  aged  oj,  in 
constquince  of  taking  an  in.proper  medi- 
cine, highly  respected  as  a  good  warrior, 
and  a  benevolent  man. 

Henrt  n.  succeeded  bis  father  Francis 
I.  as  king  of  France  1547,  and  continuing 
the  war  which  then  raged  between  bis 
country  and  the  Engli.-.b,  at  length  obtained 
an  honourable  peace,  and  the  cession  of 
Boulogne  for  a  stipulated  sum  of  money, 
1550.  The  following  year  he  engaged  in 
a  league  with  the  elector  of  Saxony,  and 
the  Margrave  of  Brandenburg,  against 
Charles  V.  and  he  had  the  good  fortune  of 
reducing  Metz,  Toul,  and  Verdun.  When 
however  his  antagonist  had  reconciled  him- 
self to  his  German  adversaries,  Henry  was 
alone  left  to  maintain  the  war  ;  but  th-ugh 
in  want  of  money  he  ably  supported  the 
glory  of  his  arms,  by  the  brave  defence  of 
Metz  against  an  army  of  100,000  men. 
The  theatre  of  the  war  was  removed  to  the 
Netherlands,  and  at  last  a  truce  was  agreed 
upon  for  five  years  between  the  belligerent 
powers,  but  on  the  abdication  of  Charles 
V.  his  son  Philip  renewed  the  war  with  un- 
usual vigour,  ."supported  by  the  English 
forces,  and  his  army  entering,  Picardy 
under  the  command  of  the  brave  duke  of 
Savoy,  defeated  the  French  at  the  famous 
battle  of  St.  Quentin,  1557.  This  fatal 
day  was  in  some  degree  retrieved  by  the 
capture  of  Calais  from  the  English,  and  the 
reduction  of  home  other  places,  and  at  last 
peace  was  restored  between  the  contend- 
ing powers,  but  on  terms  not  sufficiently 
advantageous  to  France.  More  fully  to 
effect  a  reconciliation,  Henry  gave  his 
daughter  to  the  king  of  Spain,  and  his  sis- 
ter to  the  duke  of  Savoy,  but  the  rejoicings 
which  acco/npanied  this  union  proved  fa- 
tal to  the  monarch.  Henry  was  acciden- 
tally wounded  in  a  tournament  by  the 
count  of  Montgomery,  and  died  in  conse- 
quence of  it,  10th  July,  1559,  aged  41. 

Henry  III.  king  of  France,  was  the 
third  son  of  Henry  H.  and  was  born  19th 
Sept.  1551.  He  was  carefully  educated 
under  the  eye  of  his  mother  Catherine  de 
Medicis,  and,  when  duke  of  Anjou,  he  was 
elected  king  of  Poland,  on  the  death  of 
Sigismund  Augustus,  1 573,  and  he  quitted 
this  dignity  three  months  after  to  succeed 
his  brother   Chaxles   IX.    on  the   French 


throne.  In  1575  he  gained  the  battle  of 
Dormans,  and  made  a  peace  at  Blois  with 
the  Huguenots,  to  whom  he  granted  reli- 
gious toleration  and  various  privileges. 
These  concessions  displeased  the  catholics, 
and  were  at  last  revoked  in  1585,  and  from 
this  measure  arose  those  civil  dissensions 
which  almost  ruined  the  kingdom.  France 
was  then  torn  by  the  three  parties  of  the 
three  Henries,  one  of  winch,  the  royalists, 
was  headed  by  the  king,  the  other,  called 
the  league,  by  Henry  duke  of  Gui.^e,  and  the 
third,  called  the  Huguenots,  by  Henry 
king  of  Navarre,  presumptive  heir  to  the 
French  throne.  After  some  time  Henry 
was  reconciled  to  the  Guise?,  and  support- 
ed by  the  pope  he  directed  all  the  powers 
of  bis  kingdom  against  the  king  of  Navarre 
and  the  protestants.  The  battle  of  Coutras, 
however,  1587,  checked  the  hoper  of  the  ca- 
tholics, but  the  victorious  king  of  Navarre 
found,  in  offering  honourable  terms  of  peace, 
that  his  enemies,  though  defeated,  were  not 
subdued,  and,  though  Henry  might  be  desi- 
rous of  accommodation,  his  new  friend,  the 
duke  of  Guise,  was  too  proud  and  too  am- 
bitious to  consent.  These  jarring  interests 
soon  proved  the  views  of  party,  the  French 
king  wishing  to  repress  the  power  of  Guise, 
in  vain  attempted  to  prevent  his  entrance 
into  Paris,  and  when  he  summoned  the 
states  general  to  assist  him  with  their 
counsel  at  Blois  he  found  his  powerful  rival 
there  ready  to  dispute  his  authority.  Though 
a  reconciliation  was  hastily  effected  be- 
tween two  men  who  in  reality  meditated 
each  other's  downfal,  soon  after  Henry- 
caused  Guise  to  be  assassinated,  and  for 
this  perfidious  deed  found  himself  abhorred 
by  his  subjects,  deposed  by  the  ecclesias- 
tics of  the  assembled  Sorbonne,  and  ex- 
communicated by  the  pope.  Thus  exposed 
to  universal  detestation,  Henry  could  no 
longer  find  support  among  his  subjects,  he 
applied  to  the  new  head  of  the  league  for 
reconciliation,  and  to  the  pope  for  pardon, 
but  when  abandoned  by  all  he  implored 
the  protection  of  the  king  of  Navarre.  The 
king  of  Navarre  marched  to  his  assistance, 
and,  forgetting  their  former  animosi- 
ties, the  two  monarchs  employed  all  their 
resources  to  destroy  the  power  of  the 
league.  Their  united  efforts  might  have 
proved  successful,  when  Henry  was  stabbed 
in  the  belly  by  James  Clement,  a  fanatical 
priest,  and  died  of  the  wound  on  the  mor- 
row, 2d  Aug.  1589,  aged  39.  Though  de- 
bauched, cruel,  and  revengeful,  Henry  pos- 
sessed great  courage,  and  often  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  the  field.  In  his  person  the 
house  of  Valois,  which  had  reigned  over 
France  261  years,  became  extinct.  It  was 
in  his  reign  that  the  military  order  of  the 
holy  ghost  was  established. 

Henry    IV.    deservedly   surnamed   the 
great,  king  of  France  and  Navarre,  was 


HEN 


HHN 


I)orn  13th  Dec.  1553,  at  Pau,  the  capital  of 
Bearne.  His  father  was  Anthony  of  Bour- 
bon, and  his  mother,  Jane  d'Albret,  daugh- 
ter of  the  king  of  Navarre.  He  received 
an  excellent  education,  and  early  imbibed 
the  precepts  of  the  heroes  ol  ancient  times, 
and  chielly  amused  himself  with  the  lives 
of  Plutarch.  As  he  had  been  brought  up 
in  the  principles  of  th(;  Calvinists,  he  was 
declared  head  of  the  protestants  at  Ko- 
chelle,  1569,  and  he  engaged  warmly  in  the 
civil  wars  which  at  tliat  time  liistracted 
France.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the 
battles  of  Jarnac,  and  of  Moncontour,  and 
after  the  peace  of  St.  Germain,  he  visited 
the  court  of  France,  and  two  years  after, 
1572,  married  Margaret  de  Valois,  sister 
of  Charles  IX.  During  the  rejoicings 
which  took  place  on  this  occasion,  the  infa- 
mous massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  was 
perpetrated,  and  Henry,  oppresssd  by  the 
violence  of  the  times,  was  obliged  to  re- 
nounce his  religion  rather  than  perish  by 
the  hands  of  an  assassin.  He  at  last  es- 
caped from  his  persecutors,  1576,  and 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the  Hugue- 
nots, and  displayed  bis  valour  and  the 
great  resources  of  his  mind  at  the  siege  of 
Cabors,  and  at  the  battle  of  Coutras.  He 
had  succeeded,  in  1572,  to  the  kingdom  of 
Navarre,  and  as  the  descendant  of  Lewis 
IX.  he  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  France 
on  the  death  of  Henry  III.  1589.  His  ele- 
vation gave  otTence  to  the  heads  of  the  op- 
posite factions,  who  suspected  the  sinceri- 
ty of  Henry's  religious  principles,  but  he 
confirmed  his  power  by  the  victories  of 
Arque  and  of  Ivri,  and  at  last,  to  silence  all 
opposition,  he  pronounced  his  abjuration, 
and  his  adherence  to  the  catholic  tenets  at 
St.  Denis,  before  his  coronation,  and  on 
the  following  year,  1594,  Paris  opened  her 
gates  to  her  heroic  conqueror.  By  con- 
sulting the  chief  men  of  the  nation,  at 
Rouen,  Henry  was  enabled  to  secure  the 
good  will  and  the  affection  of  his  subjects, 
and  in  making  peace  with  the  Spaniards, 
1598,  he  restored  tranquillity  to  the  nation. 
Though  now  in  his  conduct  and  in  his  go- 
vernment entitled  to  the  attachment  of  his 
people,  Henry  unfortunately  found  that 
the  spirit  of  faction  was  not  extinguished  ; 
by  promulgating  an  edict  of  toleration  at 
Nat«tes  he  offended  the  bigoted  catholics, 
and  many  secret  measures  were  planned  to 
sacrifice  his  life,  by  th  offended  Jei  uits. 
Barriers  first  attempted  to  destroy  him, 
Chatel  afterwards  wounded  him  in  the 
mouth,  1595,  and  two  others  meditated 
his  destruction,  but  the  bloody  deed  was 
perpetrated  by  Ravaillac,  14th  May,  1610, 
who  stabbed  him  to  the  heart  in  his  coach 
in  the  streets  of  Paris.  The  civil  dissen- 
sions which  prevailed  in  the  reign  of  Hen- 
ry, did  not  permit  his  prejudiced  subjects 
to   appreciate   his  great  qualities,  but  no 


sooner  had  he  perished  by  the  dagger  oi' 
the  assassin,  than  his  merits  were  fully  ac- 
knowledged by  all  parties.  The  wisdom 
of  his  measures,  the  mildness  of  his  go- 
vernment, and  his  love  for  bis  people,  and 
for  the  happiness  of  Franee,  have  been  re- 
echoed from  every  corner  of  the  kingdom, 
and  bis  name  is  still  revered  bj  the  riHlion 
not  only  a.-,  a  great,  but  a  benevolent  king, 
truly  the  father  of  his  people. 

Henry  1.  king  of  England,  and  duke-  of 
Normandy,  was  the  third  son  of  \\  nliam 
the  Conqueror,  and  succeeded  to  the  erown 
on  the  death  of  William  Rufus,  IIUU,  du- 
ring the  absence  of  his  el  er  brother  Ro- 
bert in  Italy.  This  u9urpation  displeased 
the  absent  prince,  who  returned  to  Eng- 
land to  claim  his  kingdom  sword  in  hand, 
but  Henry  had  the  art  to  prevad  on  Robert 
to  resign  his  pretensions  for  a  stipulated 
sum  of  money.  Jealousy  thus  excited  be- 
tween the  brothers,  and  checked  for  a  time, 
again  was  kindled  into  a  war,  but  Robert 
was  defeated  in  Normandy,  and  dragged  a 
prisoner  to  England,  where  the  last  years 
of  his  life  were  past  in  close  confinemt  nt  in 
Cardiff  castle.  In  his  government  Henry 
was  wise  and  moderate,  though  he  exer- 
cised absolute  power.  He  opposed  the  en- 
croachments of  the  church  of  Rome  ;  he 
not  only  patronised  learning,  and  restored 
the  university  of  Cambridge,  but  deserved 
the  name  of  Beau  Clerc  from  his  intimate 
acquaintance  with  literature.  He  was  se- 
vere against  robbers,  but  he  had  the  good 
sense  to  abolish  the  curfew  bell  so  galling 
to  the  English,  and  he  established  a  uni- 
versal standard  of  weights  and  measures. 
While  he  watched  over  the  prerogative  of 
the  crown  he  had  respect  for  the  liberties 
of  the  people,  and  from  the  charters  which 
he  granted ^niay  be  derived  the  freedom  of 
which  the  nation  is  now  so  deservedly 
proud.  Henry  died  in  Normandy,  1185, 
aged  68,  and  was  buried  in  Reading  abbey. 
As  his  only  son  had  been  drowned  in  cross- 
ing from  Normandy,  he  left  bis  possessions 
to  his  daughter  Matilda,  but  Stephen 
usurped  the  crown  at  his  death. 

Henry  II.  king  of  England,  son  of  Geof- 
frey Plantagenet,  duke  of  Anjou,  by  Matil- 
da, daughter  of  Henry  I.  was  born  1132. 
In  1150  he  was  made  duke  of  Normandy, 
and  the  next  year  married  Eleanor,  the 
heiress  of  Poitou  and  Guienne,  and  in 
1153,  on  the  death  of  Eustace,  Stephen's 
son,  he  was  acknowledged  successor  to  the 
English  throne,  which  he  ascended  the 
next  year.  To  his  extensive  possessions 
in  France  he  added  Br  ttany  by  conquest, 
and  he  afterwards  conquered  Ireland, 
which  since  that  time  has  formed  part  of 
the  British  dominions.  Though  wise  iu 
his  government,  Henry  had  to  struggle 
with  the  clergy,  whose  ambition  it  was  his 
wish  to  repress.     The  murder  of  Thorans 

^9 


HEN 


HEN 


a  Becket,  the  primate,  which  was  falsely 
attributed  to  the  king,  tended,  however,  to 
increase  rather  than  diminish  the  power  of 
the  church,  and  the  monarch  could  recon- 
cile himself  to  the  ofllnded  pope  only  by 
solemnly  exculpating  himself  on  oath  of  the 
alleged  crime,  and  by  submitting  patiently 
with  every  mark  of  penanc?  and  contrition 
to  the  discipline   inflicted  on   him   b}  the: 
monks  of  Canterbury.     Though  respected 
at  home  and  abroad,  and  successful  in  his 
expeditions     against    France   and   again^.t 
ScotI  rid,  Henry  did  not,  however,  find  that 
happiness  at  thu  close  of  life  which  he  might 
deserve.     His  children,  excited  by  the  arts 
of  the   French   king,  rebelled  against  him, 
and    their   ingrat.tude   proved  so  grievous 
that  it  is   said   he  died  of  a  broken  heart, 
when  he  found  his  favourite  son,  John,  in 
the  number  of  his  enemies.     He  expired 
at  Chinon,   in  Touraine,   6th  July,   1189. 
The  reign  of  Henry   was   marked   by  the 
striking  character  of  firmness,  wisdom,  va- 
lour, genius,  and  popularity.     He  reformed 
abuses,  corrected  the  laws,   repressed   the 
power  of  the  barons,  and  advanced  the  in- 
terests and  the  consequence  of  the  people. 
Unfortunately,  however,  these  high  quali- 
ties   were    obscured    by   excessive   pride, 
boundless  ambition,  and  an  unceasing  pro- 
pensity to  sensual  pleasures,  which  not  only 
revolted   the  affections  of  his  queen  from 
him,  but  tended  to  embitter  the  close  of  his 
life. 

Henry  III.  was  son  and  successor  of 
John  on  the  English  throne,  1216.  He  lost 
by  his  ill  conduct  the  provinces  of  Nor- 
mandy, Anjou,  Poitou,  Maine,  and  Tou- 
raine, which  were  conquered  by  the  king  of 
France,  and  after  a  disgraceful  campaign 
he  retired  to  England,  where  the  barons, 
headed  by  Montfort,  made  war  against  him, 
and  took  him  prisoner  at  the  hattle  of 
Lewes.  The  valour  of  his  son  Edward 
again  set  him  at  liberty,  at  the  battle  of 
Evesham,  but  Henry  was  not  become  wiser 
by  adNcrsity,  and  instead  of  devoting  him- 
self to  the  prudent  and  impartial  govern- 
ment of  his  people,  he  gave  loose  to  every 
base  and  intemperate  pleasure  ;  and  while 
he  could  levy  money  to  satisfy  his  favour- 
ites and  parasites,  he  permitted  the  pope  to 
plunder  the  clergy,  and  to  impoverish  the 
kingdom.  This  worthless  monarch,  to 
■whose  weakness  indeed  the  people  of  Eng- 
land may  be  said  to  owe  the  establishment 
of  their  democratic  government,  died  after 
a  long  reign  of  56  years,  15th  Nov.  1272, 
aged  65. 

Henry  IV.  king  of  England,  son  of  John 
of  Gaunt  duke  of  Lancaster,  the  third  son 
of  EdAvard  III.  ascended  the  throne  after 
the  deposition  of  Richard  II.  1399.  This 
usurpation  excited  the  civil  wars  between 
the  two  roses,  or  the  houses  of  York  and 
Lancaster.  Heury,  after  a  useful,  ra- 
40 


ther  than  a  splendid  reign,  died  20tb 
March,  1413,  aged  46,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son. 

Henry  V.  son  and  successor  of  Henry 
IV.  was  remarkable  in  his  youth  for  his  de- 
bauchery, and  the  wildness  of  his  conduct. 
Better  reflection,  however,  produced  the 
happiest  reformation,  and  when  raised  to 
the  throne,  he  bid  adieu  to  the  companions 
of  his  licentious  hours,  and  displayed  the 
great  and  virtuous  monarch.  He  formed 
the  resolution  of  conquering  France,  and 
after  taking  Harfleur,  and  ravaging  Nor- 
mandy, he  fought  the  celebrated  battle  of 
Agincourt,  in  which  his  15,000  men  ob- 
tained the  victory  over  52,000  French  men. 
Three  years  after,  he  again  visited  France, 
and  every  where  proved  victorious,  so  that 
he  was  received  at  Paris  as  the  future  mas- 
ter of  the  kingdom.  He  married  Catharine 
of  France,  and  was  declared  heir  to  the 
kingdom  after  the  death  of  Charles  VI.  the 
reigning  monarch  :  but  whilst  these  suc- 
cesses promised  stability  and  security  to 
his  power,  the  sudden  attack  of  a  fistula, 
at  that  time  considered  as  incurable,  proved 
fatal.  Henry  died  at  Vincennes  31st 
Auj^ust,  1422,  aged  36,  highly  respected 
for  valour,  prudence,  benevolence,  and  the 
regular  observance  of  every  religious  and 
moral  duty. 

Henry  VI.  son  of  Henry  V.  was  only  10 
months  old  when  he  succeeded  his  father 
on  the  English  throne.  The  death  of  his 
grandfather,  Charles  VI.,  soon  after  left 
him  also  the  title  of  sovereign  of  France  ; 
but  a  rival  arose  in  the  duke  of  Orleans  to 
dispute  his  title  under  the  name  of  Charles 
VII.  Though  the  young  king  was  crowned 
with  every  appearance  of  popularity  at 
Paris,  and  though  his  cause  was  ably  sup- 
ported by  the  valour  of  his  uncle,  the  duke 
of  Bedford,  yet  the  English  affairs  began  to 
decline  at  the  appearance  of  Joan  of  Arc. 
This  famous  heroine  relieved  Orleans, 
which  the  English  were  besieging,  and  in- 
spiring courage  in  her  countrymen,  and 
superstitious  terror  in  her  enemies,  she  re- 
covered, with  astonishing  rapidity,  the  vast 
territories  which  had  cost  so  much  English 
blood  to  acquire.  The  death  of  Bedford 
hastened  also  the  downfal  of  the  English 
power  in  France,  and  Henry,  when  come 
to  years  of  manhood,  did  not  display  those 
powers  of  mind,  and  that  decision  of  cha- 
racter so  necessary  in  times  of  da  ger  and 
civil  war.  Though  his  wife,  Margaret  of 
Anjou,  possessed  great  talents,  and  even 
the  valour  which  distinguished  the  heroes 
of  those  days,  he  was  nevertheless  unsuc- 
cessful in  the  battles  between  the  two  roses. 
He  was  taken  prisoner  and  led  about  as  a 
captive  ;  but  though  he  recovered  his  liber- 
ty by  the  fall  of  Richard  duke  of  York,  his 
opponent,  it  was  only  to  be  exposed  to  fresl^ 
insults.     The  fallen  duke's  son,  Edward. 


HExN 


llKiN 


kid  cluiru  to  the  crown,  and  had  abilities 
and  troops  to  support  those  pretensions, 
and  after  various  battles  he  at  last  prevailed 
in  tiie  fight  ol"  St.  Alban's,  and  was  pro- 
claimed king.  Henry,  who  had  remained 
a  passive  spectator  of  the  ambition  and  of 
the  courage  of  his  wife,  and  of  the  slaugh- 
ter of  his  people,  was  sent  to  the  tower, 
where  he  was  soon  after  murdered,  as  it 
is  supposed  by  the  duke  of  Clloueester,  after- 
wards Kichard  III.  1471.  There  was  such 
mildness  and  moderation  in  the  character 
of  the  unfortunate  Henry,  that  in  private 
life  he  would  have  been  a  most  amiable 
man. 

Henry  VII.  son  of  Edmund,  carl  of 
Richmond,  and  of  Margaret,  of  the  house 
of  Lancaster,  was  enabled,  by  the  assist- 
ance of  the  duke  of  Brittany,  and  of  Charles 
VIII.  of  France,  to  invade  England,  and  to 
defeat  the  usurper,  Richard  III.  The  bat- 
tle of  Bosworth  field,  and  the  death  of  Ri- 
chard, 14S5,  left  Henry  in  peaceful  pos- 
session of  the  throne.  He  was  crowned 
on  the  field  of  battle,  and  devoted  himself 
to  improve  and  to  protect  those  dominions 
which  his  valour  had  acquired,  and  his  pru- 
dence merited.  His  tranquillity,  however, 
was  disturbed  by  the  arts  of  two  impostors, 
one  of  whom,  Lambert  Simnel,  son  of  a 
baker,  assumed,  at  the  instigation  of  the 
lady  Margaret,  sister  of  Edward  IV.  the 
title  of  Richard  the  duke  of  York,  who  had 
been  murdered  in  the  tower  by  the  duke  of 
Gloucester.  The  imposition  for  a  while 
succeeded,  but  Henry  at  last  obtained  pos- 
session of  the  person  of  his  ignoble  rival, 
whom  in  derision  he  made  a  scullion  in  his 
kitchen.  The  other  impostor  was  Perkin 
Warbeck,  the  son  of  a  Jew,  who  personated 
young  Edward  V.,  and  after  he  had  for 
some  time  alarmed  the  kingdom,  he  was 
taken  and  executed  at  Tyburn.  The  reign 
of  Henry  formed  a  new  era  in  the  English 
history.  The  happiness  of  his  people  was 
the  guide  of  his  conduct,  and  though  he 
loved  money,  it  is  certain  that  no  monarch 
ever  contributed  more  to  the  establishment 
of  commerce,  to  the  encouragement  of  in- 
dustry, and  to  the  protection  of  arts.  He 
had  discovered  how  dangerous  the  over- 
grown power  of  the  nobles  is  to  the  mon- 
arch, and  to  the  people,  and  wise  laws 
therefore  were  enacted  to  curb  their  am- 
bition, and  to  treat  them  as  subjects  and  no 
longer  as  petty  sovereigns.  This  great 
and  good  king  died  22d  April,  1509, 
aged  52.  He  had  married  Elizabeth,  the 
daughter  of  Edward  IV.  and  he  thus  uni- 
ted the  claims  of  the  two  rival  houses, 
■which  had  so  long  deluged  England  in 
blood. 

Henry  VIII.  son  and  successor  to  Henry 
VII.  ascended  the  throne  1509,  at  the  age 
of  IS.  The  salutary  instructions  which  he 
had  imbibed  under  his  father,  for  a  while 

Vol.  II.  6 


guided  the  young  monarch,  whose  reign 
was  wise,  popular,  and  useful.  Arbitrary 
in  his  conduct,  and  capricious  in  his  opi- 
nions, Henry  .soon,  however,  showed  him- 
self a  tyrant.  He  was  pcr-iuadcd  by  the  em- 
peror Muxiniiliuii,  ;uid  by  pope  Julius  II. 
to  make  war  agiiinst  Fnincc,  and  his  inva- 
sion of  that  kingdom  was  attended  with 
success ;  but  pleu'surc,  and  not  military 
glory,  was  the  ambition  of  the  monarch, 
and  at  the  persuasion  of  his  favourite,  car- 
dinal \V  olsey,  ho  soon  made  peace  to  be 
enabled  to  dissipate  in  licentious  enjoy- 
ments the  money  which  he  had  acquired 
by  conquest  and  by  treaty.  When  the  re- 
formation was  begun  in  Germany  by  the 
preaching  of  Luther,  Henry,  who  was  well 
skilled  in  school  divinity,  defended  the 
papal  power  against  the  reformer,  and  with 
such  effect,  that  the  pope  in  flattery  called 
him  defender  of  the  faith.  His  attachment 
to  Rome  soon  after  vanished,  when  the 
pope  refused  to  grant  him  a  divorce,  and 
empower  him  to  marry  Anne  Boleyn,  of 
whom  he  was  enamoured.  Unable  to  pre- 
vail with  the  pope  to  separate  him  from  his 
queen,  with  whom  he  had  lived  eighteen 
years,  but  with  whom  he  now  scrupled  to 
cohabit  because  she  had  been  his  brother's 
wife,  he  declared  war  against  the  church  of 
Rome.  He  not  only  proclaimed  himself 
head  of  the  church,  but  he  abolished  all  the 
monasteries  over  the  kingdom,  and  seized 
the  ecclesiastical  funds,  which  were  lavish- 
ed wantonly  on  his  favourites  and  parasites. 
Thus  married  to  Anne  Bolejn,  he  soon 
changed  his  aftections  to  another  object, 
and  conducting  the  ill-fated  queen  to  a 
scaffold,  he  took  for  his  third  wife  Jane 
Seymour,  who  the  next  year  died  in  child- 
bed. His  fourth  wife  was  Anne  of  Cleves, 
whom  he  divorced  as  he  found  her  more 
corpulent  and  less  agreeable  than  he  expect- 
ed ;  and  for  his  fifth  he  took  Catherine 
Howard,  who  soon  after  expired  on  the 
scaffold  on  a  charge  of  adultery.  He  af- 
terwards married  Catherine  Parr,  widow  of 
lord  Latimer,  who  survived  him,  and  after 
a  reign  of  turbulence,  violence,  and  oppres- 
sion, he  expired  2Sth  January,  1517,  aged 
57.  Though  Henry  was  the  unworthy  in- 
strument of  the  introduction  of  the  refor- 
mation into  England,  he  must  be  detested 
in  his  character  as  a  capricious,  unfeeling, 
and  licentious  tyrant  ;  of  whom  it  was 
truly  said,  that  he  never  spared  a  man  in 
his  anger,  nor  a  woman  in  his  lust.  During 
his  reign,  Fisher,  sir  Thomas  More,  Crom- 
well, and  other  illustrious  characters  were 
sacrificed  to  the  passions  of  the  monarch, 
and  no  minister  could  ever  be  either  so  vir- 
tuous or  so  favoured  as  to  escape  the  re- 
sentment of  a  changeful  despotic  master. 
Out  of  the  dissolved  monasteries  Henry 
founded  six  new  bishoprics,  Oxford,  Peter- 
borough, Bristol,  Chester,  Gloucester,  an*^ 

41 


HEN  HEN 

Westminster,  Ibe  last  of  which  has  since  grammar-school.     In  1748  he  was  inviteii 

been  iacorporatcd  with  that  of  London.  to  Carlisle  by  the  presbyterians  there,  and 

Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  eldest  son  of  was  ordained  their  minister,  and  after  12 

James  I.  was  a  most  promising  and  amia-  years'  residence  among  them,   he  removed 

ble  youth.     He  died  1612,  aged  18,  uni-  to  Berwick-on-Tweed,  where  he"  married 

Tersally  lamented  by  the  nation,  who  view-  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Balderston,  a  surgeon, 

ed  in  him  their  future  friend  and  common  In  1768  he  was  appointed  minister  of  the 

benefactor.  Ncw-Gray-friars  at   Edinburgh  ;  and  two 

Henry,  of  Huntingdon,  an  ancient  his-  years   after   the  degree   of  D.D.  was  ho- 

torian,  whose   history  of  England   to  the  nourably  conferred  upon  him  by  the  uni- 

year  1154,  was  published  by  Saville,  1576.  versity  ;  and  in  1776  he  became  colleague 

He   was   archdeacon   of  Huntingdon  and  minister    in    the  old    church,    where    he 

canon  of  Lincoln,  in  the  12th  century,  and  continued  till  his  death,  November,  1790. 

Wrote  besides  a  Latin  treatise  on  the  Con-  Dr.  Henry  is  author  of  a  history  of  Eng- 

tempt  of  the  World,  &c.  land,  on  a  new  plan,  which  he  first  con- 

Henry,    Philip,     an    English    noncon-  ceived  in  1763,  but  did  not  produce  before 

formist  divine,  called  by  some  of  his  party,  the  public  till  1771.     He  arranges  his  ma- 

"  the  good  and  the  heavenly,"  was  born  at  terials  under  seven  interesting  heads,  civil 

W^hitehall,  1631,  and  educated  at  West-  and  military  history,  the  history  of  reli- 

minstcr  school,  under  Busby.     In  1643  he  gion,   the  history  of  the  constitution  and 

was  admitted  a  student  of  Christ  church,  laws,  the  history  of  learning  and  learned 

and  after   taking  his  master's  degree  he  men,  the  history  of  arts,  that  of  commerce, 

went  into  Flintshire,  as  tutor  to  the  sons  money,  &c. — and  lastly,  that  of  manners 

of  judge  Puleston,  where  he  was  ordained  and    customs.     This    laborious    work,    of 

according  to  the  forms  of  the  presbytery,  which  the  second  4to.  volume  appeared  in 

and  where  he  married  the  heiress  of  Dan.  1774,  the  third  1777,  the  fourth   1781,  the 

Matthews,  of  Broad-oak,  Shropshire,  and  fifth  1785,  and  the  sixth,  which  is  posthu- 

thus  acquired  independence  and  ease.     At  mous,  1793,  has  merited  the  public  appro- 

the  restoration  he  refused  to  conform,  and  bation  by  the  large  editions  which  have 

therefore  was  ejected.     For  the  last  twen-  been  printed  in  a  4to.  and  8vo.  form.    The 

ty-eight  years  of  his   life,  he  resided  at  Scotch  critics  indeed  at  first  censured  the 

Broad-oak,  and  there  behaved  with  great  work,  but  the  English   regarded   it  with 

moderation,  benevolence,  and  in  an  exem-  more  propitious  omens,  and  the  author  for 

plary  manner ;  but  still  adhered  to  the  dis-  1000/.  conveyed   his   property  in  his  vo- 

senting  principles   by  preaching   to  some  lumes  to  Messrs.  Cadell  and  Strahan,  and 

few  in  a  barn.  reflected  with  satisfaction  that  his  history 

Henry,  Matthew,  an  eminent  dissenting  produced  him  altogether  no  less  than  3300^ 

divine,  son  of  the  above,  was  born  1662.  Dr.  Henry  in  his  private  character  was  an 

He   was   carefully    instructed    under  the  amiable  man,  fond  of  society,  and  in  his 

watchful  eye  of  his  father,  and  early  ini-  clerical   conduct  he    was    exemplary  and 

tiated  in  classical  literature  ;  but  though  he  devout. 

entered  at  Gray's  inn,  and  there  for  some  Henry,  David,  a  respectable  printer, 
time  studied  the  law  with  zeal  and  assi-  born  in  December,  1710.  He  is  particu- 
duity,  he  had  a  strong  predilection  for  di-  larly  known  as  the  conductor  of  the  gen- 
vinity,  and  after  his  return  into  the  country  tleman's  magazine  for  above  fifty  years, 
began  to  preach.  He  was  invited  to  a  con-  in  the  management  of  which  he  succeeded 
gregation  at  Chester,  where  he  was  or-  the  original  proprietor.  Cave,  whose  sister 
dained,  and  where  he  lived  twenty-five  he  married  1736.  Besides  valuable  corn- 
years.  He  was  afterwards  prevailed  upon  munications  to  his  magazine,  he  published 
to  remove  to  Hackney,  near  London.  He  a  System  of  Husbandry,  1772 — an  Account 
died  of  an  apoplectic  fit  at  Nantwich,  1714,  of  the  Voyages  round  the  World,  four  vols, 
and  was  buried  in  Trinity  church,  Chester.  8vo.  1774,  and  other  smaller  works.  He 
His  great  worth  was  ascertained  by  the  died  5th  June,  1792. 
various  funeral  sermons  which  his  death  Henry,  Patrick,  governor  of  Virginia, 
occasioned.  As  a  writer  his  labours  are  was  born  29th  May,  1736,  in  Hanover 
highly  valued,  as  the  author  of  some  ser-  county  of  that  state.  His  education  was 
mons,  and  other  theological  pieces,  and  obtained  at  a  common  school,  and  he  rose 
practical  divinity,  but  especially  his  Exposi-  to  distinction  by  the  superiority  of  his  en- 
tions  of  the  Bible,  in  5  vols,  folio,  a  valua-  dowments.  After  spending  some  time  in 
ble  and  most  excellent  performance.  agriculture  and   merchandise,  he   studied 

Henry,  Robert,  a  Scotch  divine,  born  law,  and  soon  rose  to  eminence  in  the  pro- 
February  18,  1718,  at  Muir-town,  St.  Ni-  fession,  rather  by  his  resistless  eloquence 
nian's,  where  his  father  was  a  farmer,  than  the  extent  of  his  legal  knowledge. 
After  being  at  the  school  of  St.  Ninian,  In  1765  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
and  of  Stirling,  he  completed  his  studies  at  house  of  burgesses,  and  by  some  resolu- 
Edinburgh,  and  became  master  of  Annan  tions  he  introduced  in  reference  to  th« 
42 


IIKK 


IILK 


slamp  act,  obtained  the  honour  oi"  being  the 
first  in  commencing  the  opposition  to  the 
measures  of  the  British  government,  which 
terminated  in  the  revolution.  In  1774  he 
ivas  elected  a  member  of  the  continental 
congress,  and  again  the  following  year, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  those  bodies 
by  his  eloquence  and  zeal  in  the  cause  of 
liberty.  On  the  retreat  of  lord  Dunmore 
in  1776,  he  was  appointed  the  first  repub- 
lican governor  of  Virginia,  and  was  after- 
wards repeatedly  re-elected  to  the  office. 
In  178S  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
convention  of  Virginia  appointed  to  con- 
sider the  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  exerted  himself  strenuously  to  prevent 
its  being  accepted.  In  1795  he  was  nomi- 
nated by  Washington  secretary  of  state, 
and  by  Adams,  in  1799,  envoy  to  France, 
but  he  declined  the  employments.  His 
death  took  place  on  the  6th  June,  1799. 
Governor  Henry  was  plain  in  his  person, 
simple  in  his  manners,  and  of  amia- 
ble dispositions.  His  knowledge  seems 
not  to  have  been  extensive  either  of  law  or 
politics,  but  the  powers  of  his  understand- 
ing and  imagination  were  mastei'ly,  and 
the  attractions  of  his  eloquence  irresisti- 
ble. |C3^  L. 

Henrt,  John,  governor  of  Maryland, 
was  one  of  the  delegates  from  that  state  to 
congress  in  1778,  and  for  several  succeed- 
ing years.  In  1789  he  was  elected  a  sena- 
tor of  the  United  States.  He  was  elected 
governor  in  1797,  and  died  at  Easton,  De- 
cember, 1798.  i[CP  L. 

Heraclitus,  a  philosopher  of  Ephesus, 
500  years  B.C.  called  the  mourner,  from 
his  weeping  at  the  follies  of  mankind.  He 
died  aged  60. 

Heraclius,  son  of  Heraclius  governor 
of  Africa,  dethroned  Phocas,  and  ascended 
the  throne  of  Constantinople,  610.  He  de- 
feated Chosroes,  the  Persian  king,  who  had 
laid  waste  Palestine,  and  he  recovered  the 
Cross,  which  he  carried  back  to  Jerusa- 
lem on  his  shoulders.  In  his  reign  there 
were  severe  theological  disputes,  and  the 
Saracens  began  their  hostilities  against  the 
Roman  power  in  the  east.  He  died  641, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  sons  Heraclius, 
Constantine,  and  Heracleonas.  Heraclius 
was  poisoned  a  few  months  after  by  his 
mother-in-law  Martina. 

Heraclius,  patriarch  of  Jerusalem,  dis- 
graced himself  by  his  licentiousness  and 
hypocrisy.  He  was  greatly  displeased  with 
Henry  II.  of  England,  because,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  determination  to  do  penance 
for  Becket's  murder,  he  did  not  undertake 
a  crusade  to  Jerusalem. 

Heraldus,  Desiderius,  or  Herault,  a 
counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  au- 
thor of  several  learned  work?,  among  which 
were  "  Adversaria,"  1599  ;  besides  notes 
on  Teitullian's  Apology,  on  Minutius  Fe- 


lix, Arnobiu.«,  Martial,  Le.  lie  diod  Jiitir, 
1649.  His  soil  was  minister  of  the  AVal- 
loon  chjirch  in  London,  and  fled  during  the 
civil  wars  to  France,  as  a  royalist  ;  at  the 
restoration  he  obtained  a  canonry  in  Can- 
terbury cathedral.  He  published  some 
sermons. 

Heruelot,  Bartholomew,  a  well-known 
French  orientalist,  born  at  PariH,  1  Uh  De- 
cember, 16"25.  He  applied  himself  assidu- 
ously to  the  oriental  languages,  especially 
Hebrew,  and  after  visiting  Home  and  Italy 
for  eighteen  months,  he  settled  at  Paris, 
where  he  became  interpreter  for  Eastern 
languages.  He  again  went  to  Rome  in 
1666,  and  was  received  every  where  with 
uncommon  respect,  not  only  by  the  learned, 
but  by  the  duke  of  Tuscany,  who  liberally 
entertained  him  in  his  palace,  and  present- 
ed him  with  some  valuable  oriental  manu- 
scripts. The  homage  paid  to  his  abilities 
abroad,  rendered  him  more  respected  at 
home.  Colbert  recalled  him  to  patronise 
him,  and  he  quitted  Florence,  to  the  great 
regret  of  the  duke.  While  in  Italy,  he 
began  his  Bibliotheque  Orientale,  contain- 
ing whatever  related  to  the  knowledge  of 
the  Eastern  world,  and  he  completed  it  in 
France.  It  was  originally  written  in  Arabic, 
but  he  translated  it  into  French.  He  died 
8th  December,  1695,  before  the  printing 
of  his  work  was  finished,  which  was  not 
indeed  published  before  1697,  in  a  large 
folio.  This  learned  man,  respectable  in 
the  possession  of  all  the  virtues  of  private 
life,  wrote  also  a  Turkish,  Arabian,  Per- 
sian, and  Latin  dictionary,  &c.  which  have 
never  been  published.  The  best  edition  of 
his  Bibliotheque,  is  in  six  vols.  Svo.  Paris, 
1782. 

Herbert,  Mary,  sister  of  Sir  Philip 
Sidney,  and  countess  of  Pembroke,  is 
known  as  the  translator  of  Annius,  a  tra- 
gedy, from  the  French,  in  12mo.  1595,  and 
of  the  Psalms  of  David.  She  died  at  her 
house,  Aldersgate-street,  London,  25th 
Sept.  1621  ;  and  this  epitaph  was  placed 
on  her  grave  by  the  pen  of  Ben  Jonson  : 

XJnderneatU  this  sable  hearse 
Lies  the  subject  of  all  verse, 
Sidney''s  sister,  Pembroke's  mother. 
Death  !  e're  thou  killcst  s^ich  another, 
Fair,  and  good,  and  learned  as  she, 
Time  shall  throw  a  dart  at  thee. 

Herbert,  Edward,  lord  Herbert  of 
Cherbury,  Shropshire,  was  born  at  Mont- 
gomery castle,  in  Wales,  1581.  He  was 
educated  at  University  college,  Oxford,  and 
after  travelling  abroad,  he  was  made  a 
knight  banneret,  and  counsellor  to  the 
king,  and  was  afterwards  sent  as  ambassa- 
dor to  Lewis  XIII.  of  France,  to  interfere 
for  the  protestants  of  that  kingdom. 
Though  for  a  while  die^graced,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  quaiTcl  with  De  Luines,  the 

43 


II  EH 


II£R 


Fycneh  ministcv,  he  was  restored  to  fa- 
vour, and  made  an  Irish  peer  in  1625, 
and  a  peer  of  England,  1631.  During 
the  civil  wars  he  forgot  the  kindness 
of  his  master,  and  sided  with  the  par- 
liament. He  died  at  his  house  Queen- 
street,  London,  20th  Aug.  1648,  and  was 
bui'ied  in  St.  Giles's  church,  in  the  fields. 
He  wrote  various  books,  the  best  known  of 
which  are,  de  ^  eritate,  in  which  he  sup- 
ports the  tenets  of  the  deists,  a  work  re- 
futed by  Gassendi — the  History  of  the 
Life  and  Reign  of  Henry  Mil.  a  perform- 
ance of  merit — dc  Religione  Gentilium — 
memoirs,  kc. 

Herbert,  George,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Montgomery  castle,  3d 
April,  1593,  and  educated  at  Westminster 
school,  and  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
of  which  he  became  fellow.  He  was  in 
1619  chosen  orator  of  the  university,  in 
which  office  he  continued  eight  years,  and 
when  he  was  disappointed  in  court  favours 
lie  took  orders,  and  obtained  a  prebend  in 
Lincoln  cathedral,  and  Bemerton  rectory 
in  Wilts.  He  died  about  1635,  and  left 
behind  him  an  excellent  character,  not  only 
as  an  excellent  divine,  but  as  an  elegant 
jioet.  His  poems,  consisting  of  the  Tem- 
ple— Priest  to  the  Temple,  &c.  were  pub- 
lished together  in  12mo.  and  though  now 
little  read,  were  once  highly  esteemed. 

Herbert,  William,  earl  of  Pembroke, 
was  born  at  Wilton  house,  and  educated  at 
New  college,  Oxford,  and  in  1601  succeed- 
ed to  his  paternal  titles  and  estates.  He 
was  in  1626  elected  chancellor  of  Oxford, 
and  made  steward  of  the  royal  household, 
and  he  died  suddeidy  four  years  after.  His 
poems  were  published  in  8vo.  1660, 

Herbert,  Thomas,  a  native  of  York, 
related  to  the  Pembroke  family.  He  was 
educated  at  Jesus  college,  Oxford,  from 
which  he  removed  to  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  then  went  abroad.  After  four 
years'  absence  he  returned,  and  in  1634 
published  his  interesting  travels  in  Asia 
and  Africa,  in  folio.  During  the  civil 
wars  he  joined  the  parliament,  but  after- 
wards deserted  a  cause  which  he  began  to 
regard  as  violent  and  unconstitutional, 
and  he  was  reconciled  to  his  royal  master, 
whom  he  attended  in  his  captivity.  He 
was  at  the  restoration  created  a  baronet. 
He  died  at  York,  1st  March,  1682.  He 
wrote  besides  Threnodia  Carolina,  or  the 
Historical  Account  of  the  two  last  Years 
of  the  Life  of  Charles  I.  8vo.  Several  of 
his  MSS.  are  preserved  at  Oxford,  and  at 
York. 

Herein,  Augustus  Francis  Julian,  an 
oriental  scholar,  was  born  in  France  in 
1783.  He  composed  an  Arabic  grammar, 
printed  at  Paris  in  1803;  also  a  treatise  on 
Ancient  Music,  and  an  accoimt  of  Hafiz, 
44 


the  Persian  poet,  with  specimens  of  his 
works.     He  died  in  1806.— If'.  B. 

Herbinius,  John,  a  native  of  Bitchsen, 
in  Silesia,  who  was  deputed  by  the  protes- 
tants  of  Poland  to  those  of  Germany.  His 
observations  in  his  travels  on  cataracts  and 
water-falls,  were  published  in  1678  in  4to. 
called  de  Admirandis  Mundi  Cataractis,  &c. 
He  wrote  also  Terrae  Motus  Examen — de 
Statu  Ecclesiarum  Augustanae  Confessionis 
in  Polonia,  4to.  &c.   He  died  1676,  aged  44. 

Herder,  John  Gottfried,  a  German 
writer,  was  born  in  Prussia  in  1741.  He 
was  educated  for  the  church  ;  and  in  1774 
became  first  preacher  to  the  court  of  Saxe 
Weimar,  ecclesiastical  counsellor,  and  vice 
president  of  the  consistory.  He  died  in 
1803.  His  best  works  are— 1.  Three 
Fragments  on  the  new  German  Literature. 

2.  On    the    Wntings    of   Thomas    Abbt. 

3.  On  the  Origin  of  Language.  After 
gaining  a  reputation  by  these  productions, 
he  published  '*  Outlines  of  a  Philosophy  of 
the  History  of  INIan,"  of  which  an  English 
translation  appeared  in  1800.  Its  obscu- 
rity, however,  is  an  antidote  to  its  infidel 
tendency. — W.  B. 

Hereras,  Ferdinand  de,  a  poet  of  Se- 
ville, who  published  some  elegant  lyric  and 
heroic  poetry,  1582.  He  wrote  also  in 
prose  the  Life  of  Sir  Thomas  More — an 
Account  of  the  War  in  Cyprus — and  the 
Battle  of  Lepanto,  &c. 

Herissant,  Lewis  Anthony  Prosper, 
son  of  a  printer,  was  born  at  Paris,  and 
died  there  lOth  Aug.  1709,  aged  24.  He 
was  eminent  as  a  poet,  and  as  a  physician, 
and  wrote  I'Eloge  de  Gonthier  d'Andernach 
crowned  by  the  faculty  of  medicine — 
I'Eloge  de  Ducange — poem  on  Printing — 
Bibliotheque  physique  de  la  France — Ca- 
talogue raisonne  des  Plantes. 

Heritier,  Nicolas  1',  a  French  poet, 
nephew  to  du  Vair  keeper  of  the  seals.  He 
became  by  purchase  treasurer  of  the  French 
guards,  and  afterwards  historiographer  of 
France.  He  wrote  two  tragedies,  Hercule 
Furieus,  and  Clovis,  and  other  fugitive 
pieces,  and  died  1680. 

Heritier,  Marie  Jeanne  1',  de  Villan- 
don,  daughter  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
at  Paris  1664.  She  was  member  of  the 
academy  of  Jeux  Floraux,  and  of  the  Ri- 
covrati  at  Padua,  and  deserved  the  distinc- 
tion which  she  received  for  her  genius  and 
abilities.  Her  works  are  both  prose  and 
verse.  She  wrote  la  Tour  Tenebreuse,  a 
tale — les  Caprices  du  Destin,  a  novel — 
I'Avare  Puni,  in  verse,  and  other  poems, 
besides  a  translation  of  16  of  Ovid's 
epistles.    She  died  at  Paris  1734. 

Heritier  de  Brutelle,  Charles 
Lewis  1',  a  native  of  Paris,  eminent  for  his 
botanical  knowledge.  He  published  in 
London  the  Flora  of  Peru,  from  the  valua- 
ble collection  of  plants,  &c.  brought  from 


ni:ii 


IIKK 


Peru  and  Chili  by  Dombey,  in  1731,  and  on 
his  return  to  Paris,  he  printed  another 
work  called  Flore  de  la  Place  Vendoine. 
This  learned  and  ingenious  man  was  assas- 
sinated on  his  return  from  the  National 
Institute  at  Paris,  10th  Aug.  1801,  and  his 
murderers  were  never  discovered.  He 
was  then  56  years  old.  He  wrote  besides 
Stirpes  Novai,  folio  17S4 — Cornus  Sistens, 
folio  17S9 — Sertum  Anglicum,  ti.c. 

Herlicius,  David,  a  (jerman  astrologer, 
born  1557.  He  acquired  celebrity  and 
money  by  his  almanacs,  and  pretended 
prophecies. 

Herman,  Paul,  a  botanist  of  Halle  in 
Saxony,  who  was  physician  to  the  Dutch 
settlements  at  Ceylon,  and  afterwards  be- 
came botanical  professor  at  Ley  den,  where 
he  died  1695.  He  wrote  a  catalogue  of  the 
plants  in  the  public  garden  of  Leyden,  8vo. 
— Cynosura  Materiae  medicae,  2  vols.  4to. 
— Lugduno-Batavi  Flores — Paradisus  Ba- 
tavus. — Museum  Zeylanicum,  1717. 

Hermann,  James,  a  mathematician  of 
Basle.  He  was  for  three  years  mathema- 
tical professor  at  Padua,  and  afterwards 
assisted  the  Czar  Peter  in  the  establish- 
ment of  his  academy,  and  then  was  ap- 
pointed morality  professor  at  Basle,  where 
he  died  1733,  aged  55.  He  wrote  several 
works  on  mathematics  : — Responsio  ad 
Considerationes  de  Princip.  Calculi  Differ- 
ent.— de  Phoronomia — de  Nova  Accelera- 
tionis  Lege,  &c. — Disquis.  de  Vibratio- 
nibus  Chordarum  tensarum — Solutio  Pro- 
blematis  de  Trajeetor.  cuvar. 

Hermant,  Godefroi,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  born  at  Beauvais  1617,  and  patro- 
nised by  the  bishop  of  that  see.  He  be- 
came rector  of  the  university  of  Paris  1646, 
and  died  1690.  He  possessed  learning  and 
application.  His  works  are  chiefly  on  theo- 
logical subjects,  besides  the  live«  of  St. 
Athanasius,  Basil,  Gregory  Nazianzen,  &c. 

Hermas,  Pastor,  or  shepherd,  one  of  the 
fathers,  supposed  to  have  died  at  Rome,  81 
A.  D.  and  to  be  the  person  mentioned  in 
the  epistle  to  the  Romans.  His  "  Shep- 
herd," was  translated  into  English  by  arch- 
bishop Wake. 

Hermes,  Trismegistus,  an  Egyptian 
priest,  who  instructed  his  countrymen  in 
hieroglyphics,  &c.  He  flourished  A.  M. 
2076. 

Hermias,  a  heretic  of  Galatia  in  the  se- 
cond century.  He  considered  the  soul  as 
formed  of  fire  and  spirit,  and  asserted  the 
materiality  of  God,  and  the  eternity  of  the 
world. 

Hermillt,  Vaquette  d',  author  of  the 
history  of  Majorca  and  Minorca,  and  of  a 
translation  of  Fen-ara's  history  of  Spain, 
and  of  father  Feijo's  Critical  Theatre,  was 
a  native  of  Amiens,  and  died  at  Paris  1778, 
a^ed  71. 

JjEji,Moe>E.NES,  a  rhetorician  of  Tarsus 


in  the   second   century,   whose  works   aic 
edited,  Geneva,  1614,  Hvo. 

Hekmogknes,  a  heretic  of  Africa  in  the 
second  century.  He  was  of  the  Stoic  ,ert, 
and  regarded  idea  as  the  uiother  of  all  the 
elements. 

Herod  the  Great,  was  born  at  Ascalon  iti 
Judaa,  and  made  tetrarch  or  king  by  An- 
thony. He  died  three  years  after"the  birth 
of  our  Saviour,  aged  70. 

Herod  Antipas,  son  and  successor  of 
the  great  Herod,  repudiated  his  wife  to  mar- 
ry Herodias,  his  brother  Philip's  wile,  and 
put  John  the  Baptist  to  death.  It  was  be- 
fore him  that  our  Saviour  was  made  to  ap- 
pear by  Pilate. 

Herodian,  a  Greek  historian,  A.D.  247. 
His  History  of  Rome  in  eight  books,  was 
elegantly  translated  by  Poiitian. 

Herodotus,  a  historian  of  Halicar- 
nassus,  called  the  father  of  histoi^.  Ho 
wrote  an  account,  in  nine  books,  of  the 
wars  of  Persia  against  Greece,  till  the  reign 
of  Xerxes,  and  received  the  universal  ap- 
plause of  the  Greeks  at  the  Olympic  games. 
He  tiourished  444  B.  C.  The  best  edition 
is  Wesseling's  1763. 

Herophilus,  a  physician  of  Chalce- 
don,  570  B.C.  He  was  an  able  anatomist, 
and  is  said  to  have  discovered  the  lacteal 
vessels. 

Herrera  ToRDEsiLLAs,  Antonio  de,  a 
celebrated  Spanish  historian.  He  was  at 
first  secretary  to  Vespasian  Gonzaga,  vice- 
roy of  Naples,  and  afterwards  historiogra- 
pher of  India,  with  a  pension,  in  which  ho- 
nourable ottice,  he  published  his  general 
history  of  India,  from  1492  to  1554,  in  4 
vols,  folio.  He  died  1625,  aged  60;  and  a 
little  before  his  death,  he  had  been  made  by 
Philip  IV.  secretary  of  state.  His  Indian 
history  is  a  most  valuable  performance, 
very  accurate,  though  the  style  is  now  and 
then  too  inflated.  He  wrote  also  a  His- 
tory of  Spain,  three  vols,  folio,  not  equally- 
esteemed. 

Herring,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  born  1693,  at  Walsoken,  Nor- 
folk, where  his  father  %vas  rector.  He  was 
educated  at  Wisbech  school,  and  in  I7l0, 
entered  at  Jesus  college,  Cambridge.  He 
was  elected  fellow  of  CorpusChristi  in  1716, 
and  became  tutor  there,  and  when  in  or- 
ders, minister  of  Great  Shelford,  &;c.  In 
1722,  he  was  made  chaplain  to  Fleetwood, 
bishop  of  Ely,  and  four  years  after,  chosen 
preacher  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  about  which  time 
he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  and  was  nomi- 
nated chaplain  to  the  king.  In  1731,  he  was 
made  dean  of  Rochester,  in  1737  conse- 
crated bishop  of  Bangor,  and  in  1743, 
translated  to  York.  At  the  breaking  out 
of  the  rebellion,  the  archbishop  exerteit 
himself  actively  to  rouse  the  people  in  his 
county  and  around  him  to  a  sense  of  their 
dutv,  and  by  his  eloquent  appeal,  procuretl 

4r, 


HER 


HER 


a  subscription  of  40,000i.  for  the  defence 
of  the  country,  which  was  immediately  se- 
conded by  the  kingdom.  These  high  ser- 
vices were  rewarded  by  his  elevation  to  the 
see  of  Canterbury,  on  the  death  of  Potter 
1747.  A  violent  fever  in  1753,  shattered 
his  constitution  so  much,  that  he  afterwards 
retired  to  the  privacy  of  Croydon,  Avhere 
he  saw  none  but  his  immediate  friends. 
He  died  after  a  languishing  illness  of  four 
years,  13th  March,  1757,  and  was  privately 
buried  in  Croydon  church,  according  to  his 
desire.  Herring  was  as  amiable  in  private 
as  he  was  respected  in  public  life.  He  libe- 
rally expended  6000/.  in  the  repairs  of 
Lambeth  and  Croydon  palaces  and  gardens, 
and  was  a  noble  contribulor  to  several  cha- 
rities. In  1763,  his  sermons  on  public  oc- 
casions, were  published,  and  a  volume  of 
his  letters  has  been  presented  to  the  world 
by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Duncombe. 

Hersciiel,  Sir  William,  an  eminent  as- 
tronomer, was  born  at  Hanover,  November 
loth,  173S.  He  entered  the  Hanoverian 
regiment  of  guards  as  a  musician  at  the  age 
of  14,  and  about  1757  proceeded  with  a  de- 
tachment of  the  regiment  to  England, 
where  he  employed  himself  for  many  years 
as  a  performer  and  teacher  of  music. 
About  1770,  he  commenced  the  study  of 
Astronomy,  and  on  March  13th,  1781,  dis- 
covered the  planet  Georgium  Sidus.  He 
soon  after  received  a  pension  from  his  ma- 
jesty which  enabled  him  to  give  up  his 
professional  engagements  and  devote  his 
attention  exclusively  to  astronomical  in- 
vestigations. In  1787  he  completed  his 
great  telescope  of  forty  feet,  with  which  he 
discovered  in  1789  the  sixth  and  seventh 
satellites  of  Saturn.  His  discoveries  were 
communicated  as  they  arose,  to  the  Royal 
Society,  and  form  an  important  part  in  the 
published  transactions  of  that  body  from 
1782  to  1818.  He  died  August  23d,  1822, 
in  his  84th  year.  ICJ^  L. 

Hersent,  Charles,  or  Hersan,  a  French 
olivine,  kno%vn  by  his  severe  satire  against 
Richelieu,  whom  he  accused  in  his  book 
called,  "Optati  Galli  de  cavendo  Schis- 
niate,"  of  intentions  of  separating  the  Gal- 
lican  church,  like  the  English,  from  the  see 
of  Rome.  The  book  was  answered  by 
three  or  four  writers  at  the  suggestion  of 
the  cardinal,  but  the  writer  escaped  his 
pursuit  by  flying  to  Rome,  where  he  drew 
the  vengeance  of  the  inquisition  upon  him, 
by  his  opinions  on  the  doctrine  of  grace. 
He  was  excommunicated  for  contumacy, 
and  returned  to  France,  where  he  died 
1660.  He  wrote  besides  a  paraphrase  on 
Solomon's  Song,  &c. 

Hersey,  Ezekiel,  physician  of  Hingham, 
Massachusetts,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1728,  and  at  his  death  in  1770, 
left  a  bequest  to  that  institution,  of  1000 
pounds  sterling  for  the  establishment  of  a 
46 


professorship  of  anatomy  and  surgery.  His 
widow  also  presented  the  college  the  same 
sum  for  that  purpose.  His  brother  Abner 
Hersey,  physician  of  Barnstable,  likewise 
bequeathed  to  that  institution  the  sum  of 
500/.  towards  founding  a  professorship  of 
the  theory  and  practice  of  physic.  He  also 
gave  500/.,  the  interest  of  which  he  directed 
to  be  expended  in  the  gratuitous  distribu- 
tion of  religious  books  in  the  towns  on 
Cape  Cod.  ICHP  L. 

IIertzberg,  Ewald  Fredericbon,  a  na- 
tive of  Pomerania,  raised  by  his  abilities 
to  a  high  situation  in  the  office  of  secretary 
of  foreign  affairs  at  Berlin,  and  afterwards 
employed  as  ambassador  at  Vienna.  His 
knowledge  of  political  affairs  was  eminently 
displayed  in  his  essay  on  the  Population  of 
the  Marche  of  Brandenburgh,  which  was 
in  1752,  rewarded  with  the  prize  of  the 
Berlin  academy  of  sciences,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  his  experience  in  diplomatic 
affairs,  and  his  deep  acquaintance  with  the 
interests  of  states,  every  paper  of  impor- 
tance, and  every  memorial  of  communica- 
tion with  foreign  powers  was  submitted  to 
his  enlightened  mind.  He  was  thus  raised 
to  the  highest  offices  in  the  kingdom,  and 
ennobled.     He  died  1795,  aged  70. 

Hervet,  James,  an  eminent  divine,  born 
at  Hardingstone,  Northamptonshire,  and 
educated  at  Northampton  grammar-school, 
and  Lincoln  college,  Oxford.  In  1736,  he 
served  the  curacy  of  Weston  Favel  for  his 
father,  and  afterwards  removed  to  Bidde- 
ford,  and  in  1750,  succeeded  on  his  father's 
death  to  the  livings  of  W^eston  and  CoUing- 
tree.  In  the  discharge  of  his  pastoral  du- 
ties, he  was  zealously  active  and  vigilant,  in 
his  conduct  exemplary,  and  in  his  manners 
pious,  humane,  and  charitable.  His  heart 
was  so  warmly  actuated  by  benevolent  mo- 
tives, that  he  expressed  a  wish  to  die  "  even 
with  the  world,"  and  therefore  his  income 
and  the  profits  which  he  derived  from  his 
popular  and  valuable  publications  were 
carefully  devoted  to  the  comfort  and  sup- 
port of  the  poor  and  wretched  in  his  neigh- 
bourhood. This  good  and  benevolent  cha- 
racter, whose  constitution  was  undermined 
by  a  slow  consumption,  died  on  Christmas- 
day  1758,  aged  44.  As  a  scholar,  his 
abilities  were  respectable,  he  was  well 
skilled  in  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin,  and 
in  his  compositions  he  aimed  not  so  much 
to  be  polished  and  sublime,  as  to  be  plain 
and  useful.  His  Meditations  among  the 
Tombs,  and  Reflections  in  a  Flower  Gar- 
den, were  first  published  in  1746,  and  as 
they  were  well  received  by  the  public,  he 
added  another  volume,  andTheron  and  As- 
pasio,  or  Dialogues  and  Letters  on  the 
most  important  subjects,  3  vols.  8vo.  ap- 
peared 1755,  a  work  strongly  supporting 
the  doctrines  of  Calvin. — He  wrote  besides 
sermons — Letters  to  J.  Weslev — Letters 


IIES  IICV 

to   lady  Frances   Shirley— an    edition    of    author   of  a   valuable    Lexicon  of  Greek 
Jenks'  Meditationis,  &c.     His  works  have     words,  published  2  vols,  folio,  1766. 
been  edited  in  7  vols.  8vo.    1796,  with  his         Uetzkr,    Lewis,    a   (i«rinan    socinian. 
life  prefixed.  His  translation  of  the  Bibb;  into  (German, 

Hervey,  Augustus  John,  earl  of  Bristol,  printed  at  Worms,  in  folio,  15'2'J,  was  sup- 
was  early  engaged  in  the  navy,  and  in  1744  pressed,  and  few  copies  can  now  be  found, 
married  Miss  Chudleigh,  afterwaids  better     lie  died  1540. 

known  as  dutchess  of  Kingston.     He  was         Hevelius,   John,   or    Hevdke,  a   cele- 
in  1747  made  post  captain,  and  served  with     brated  astronomer,  born  at   Dunizic    28th 
credit  in  the  Mediterranean.     He  was  in     Jan.  IGII.     As  his  parents  wen;  rc><pecta- 
1763  groom  of  the  royal  bed-chamber,  and     ble  in  rank  and  fortune,  he  received  a  very 
in  1771  was  made  a  lord  of  the  admiralty,     liberal  education,   but   his   attention   was 
and  three  years  after  succeeded  to  his  bro-     paiticularly  bestowed  upon  natural  pliiloso- 
ther's  title  and  estates.     In  1768  his  wife     phy,  and  under  the  care  of  Crugerus,  his 
had  her   marriage   annulled   in  the  Com-     friend  and  preceptor,  he  made  a  most  rapid 
mons,  but  the  proceedings  were  reversed     progress  in  mathematics.     He  spent  four 
by  the  House  of  Lords  1775,  and  she  was     years  in  travelling  over  Holland,  England, 
declared  guilty  of  bigamy.     The  earl  died     France,  and  Germany,  and  at  his   return 
1779,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  bishop  of    home  he  was  engaged  in  civil  affairs,  till 
Derry  his  brother.  Crugerus,  who  knew  his  abilities,  prevailed 

Herwart,  or  Hervart,  John  Frederic,  upon  him  to  devote  himself  fully  to  astro- 
of  Augsburg,  chancellor  of  Bavaria,  at  the  nomy,  as  a  science  by  which  he  might  ob- 
beginning  of  the  17th  century,  was  author  tain  distinction  and  fame.  The  more  con- 
of  some  curious  and  extravagant  publica-  veniently  to  pursue  this  study  he  built  an 
lions.  He  wrote  Chronologia  Nova  et  observatory  at  the  top.  of  bis  house,  and  as 
Vera,  two  parts,  4to.  1622  and  26. — Admi-  he  had  learned  to  work  in  wood  and  metals, 
randa  Ethicae  Theologicae  Mysteria  Propa-  he  constructed  his  own  mathematical  in- 
lata,  de  Antiquissima  Veterum  Nationum  struments.  His  observations  were  first 
Superstitione,  qua  Lapis  Magnes  pro  Deo  directed  towards  the  moon,  and,  in  1647, 
habitus,  colebatur,"  &c.  he  published  at  Dantzic  his  Selenographia, 

Heshusius,  Tillemannus,  a  German  di-  sive  Lunae  Descriptio,  &c.  in  which  he  gave 
vine,  born  at  Wesel,  dutchy  of  Cleves,  1526.  an  accurate  account  of  its  appearance  and 
He  taught  theology  in  various  parts  of  spots,  and  also  of  the  phases  of  the  other 
Germany,  but  was  every  where  disliked,  planets.  Flattered  with  the  applause  of 
in  consequence  of  his  turbulent  and  rest-  the  learned  on  his  labours,  he  continued 
less  spirit.  He  died  1588.  He  wrote  his  astronomical  observations,  and  publish- 
Commentaries  on  the  Psalms — on  Isaiah  ed  various  tracts  on  the  heavenly  bodies. 
— on  St.  Paul's  epistles — a  Treatise  on  In  1668  appeared  his  "  Cometographia,"  a 
Justification  and  the  Lord's  supper,  &c.  book  which  he  made  known  in  England  by 

Hesiod,  a  celebrated  Greek  poet  of  As-  sending  a  copy  of  it  to  Hooke,  of  the  Lon- 
cra  in  Boeotia,  wrote  the  Works  and  the  don  Royal  Society.  This  literary  inter- 
Days,  a  poem  on  agriculture — Theogony,  course,  however,  was  not  productive  of 
an  interesting  account  of  ancient  mytholo-  great  service  to  science,  but  rather  of  abu- 
gy — the  shield  of  Hercules,  a  fragment,  sive  language,  and  while  Hevilius  asserted 
He  lived,  according  to  the  best  account,  in  that  distance  and  altitudes  could  be  taken 
Homer's  age,  B.  C.  907.  with   plain  sights  nearer  than  a  minute, 

Hesse,  William,  prince  of,  was  illus-  Hooke  denied  it,  and  thus  each  defended, 
trious  for  the  patronage  which  he  extended  with  unpardonable  acrimony,  his  position, 
to  learning,  and  for  the  judgment  and  sue-  and  the  goodness  of  his  particular  teles- 
cess  with  which  he  cultivated  literature,  cope.  In  1673  the  first  part  of  his  "  Ma- 
He  built  an  observatory  at  Cassel,  and  was  china  Coelestis"  appeared,  which,  as  it  sup- 
assisted  in  his  observations  on  the  heaven-  ported  his  former  assertions,  was  attacked 
ly  bodies  by  Juste  Byrge  and  Christopher  by  Hooke  with  such  virulence  that,  in  1679, 
Rothman.  He  died  1597.  His  observa-  Dr.  Halley,  at  the  request  of  the  Royal  So- 
tions. were  published  at  Leyden,  1618.  ciety,  examined  the  instruments  of  both 

Hessels,  John,  or  Hesselius,  theologi-  the  disputants,  and  made  a  favourable  re- 
cal  professor  at  Louvain,  was  born  1522.  port  of  both,  though  later  experiments  have 
He  distinguished  himself  at  the  council  of  given  the  preference  to  Hooke.  The  sc- 
Trent,  by  his  eloquence  and  erudition,  cond  port  of  the  Machina  Coelestis  was 
and  by  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  works  published  in  1679,  in  which  year  he  suffered 
of  Austin  and  Jerome.  He  died  of  an  apo-  a  most  irreparable  loss  by  the  destruction 
plexy,  1566,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Peter's  of  his  house,  of  his  instruments,  and  astro- 
church,  Louvain,  where  he  was  a  canon,  nomical  apparatus,  &c.  by  fire.  This  learn- 
He  wrote  various  controversial  works  ed  man  died  on  his  birth-day,  1687.  To 
against  the  protestants.  the  reputation  of  a  great  astronomer  he  ad- 

Hestchius,  a  fframmarian  of  Alexandria,    ded  the  character  of  an  upright  magistrate, 

47 


HEW 


llEV 


as  he  was  raised  by  the  voice  of  his  fellou- 
citizens  to  the  oflfice  o{  burgomaster  of 
Dantzic,  which  he  discharged  with  fidelity 
and  applause.  Many  of  the  letters  which 
he  received  from  learned  men,  and  also 
from  princes  and  potentates,  were  published 
after  his  death,  16S2,  all  expressive  of  the 
high  respect  in  which  he  was  held  in  the 
republic  of  letters. 

Hevin,  Prudent,  an  able  surgeon,  author 
of  Pathologia  Chirurgica,  2  vols,  8vo. — 
Memoir  on  Strange  Substances  in  the  (Eso- 
phagus, &,c.  died  at  Paris,  1789,  aged  74. 

Hedrnius,  John,  a  physician,  born  at 
Utrecht,  1543.  After  studying  in  foreign 
universities  he  became  medical  professor 
at  Leyden,  where  he  died  of  the  stone, 
1601.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
who  lectured  at  Leyden  on  human  bodies. 
He  published  Hippocrates  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  and  wrote  several  works,  the  best 
known  of  which  is  his  treatise  on  the  dis- 
orders of  the  Head.  His  works  were  pub- 
lished, folio,  Leyden,  1658.  His  son  Otto 
became  eminent  as  a  medical  man. 

Heusch,  William  de,  a  landscape  paint- 
er of  Utrecht,  who  studied  under  John 
Both,  at  Rome,  and  died  at  the  end  of  the 
17th  century.  His  nephew  Jacob  was 
equally  eminent,  and  died  1701,  aged  44. 
Another  of  the  same  family,  of  the  name  of 
Abraham,  was  also  eminent  as  a  painter  of 
insects,  flowers,  and  plants. 

Heusinger,  John  Michael,  a  Saxon  di- 
vine, born  at  Sunderhausen,  Thuringia, 
Sept.  1690.  He  studied  at  Gotha,  Halle, 
and  Jena,  and,  in  1715,  he  settled  at  Gies- 
sen,  where  he  took  pupils.  In  1722  he 
went  to  Laubach,  and,  in  1730,  was  made 
professor  at  Gotha,  and,  in  1738,  he  re- 
moved to  the  same  but  more  lucrative  situ- 
ation at  Eisnach,  where  he  married,  and 
where  he  died,  March,  1751.  He  is  emi- 
nent for  his  piety,  good  temper,  and  sound 
judgment;  and  of  his  learning  the  bestproofs 
are,  his  valuable  editions  of  some  of  the 
classics,  and  various  philological  treatises. 
HEtTsiNGER,  James  Frederic,  nephew  to 
the  preceding,  was  born  1719,  at  Usingen, 
in  Wetteravia,  and  educated  at  Gotha  un- 
der his  uncle.  After  teaching  philology  for 
some  time  at  Jena,  he  removed,  in  1750, 
to  Wolfenbuttel,  as  second  master  of  the 
school  there,  in  which  he  succeeded  as  head 
master,  1759.  He  supported  the  character 
of  an  able  preceptor,  an  acute  critic,  and  a 
polite  scholar,  and  died  1778,  well  known 
by  some  learned  observations  on  the  Ajax 
and  Electra  of  Sophocles,  and  other  tracts. 
Hewes,  Joseph,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  a  delegate  from  North  Carolina  to  the 
first  continental  congress  which  convened 
at  Philadelphia,  and  continued  a  member 
until  his  death,  which  took  place  during 
the  session  of  that  body,  November  lOth, 
1779.  He  possessed  a  strong  mind,  and 
4? 


great  decision  of  character,  and  devoted 
himself  with  eminent  zeal  and  industry  to 
the  duties  of  his  station  until  his  health 
sunk  under  his  too  intense  application.  His 
private  life  was  amiable,  as  his  public  services 
were  honourable  and  useful.        ^dp"  L. 

Hewson,  William,  an  able  anatomist, 
assistant,  and  alterwards  partner,  to  Dr, 
William  Hunter.  An  unfortunate  dispute 
separated  these  able  men,  and  Hewson 
read  anatomical  lectures  in  his  own  house. 
He  died  1774,  aged  35.  He  wrote  Inqui- 
ries into  the  Properties  of  the  Blood,  and 
the  Lymphatic  System,  two  vols.  8vo. — 
He  maintained,  also,  for  some  tiuie,  a  lite- 
rary dispute  with  Dr.  Abraham  Monro, 
about  the  discovery  of  the  Lymphatics  in 
the  vessels  of  oviparous  animals. 

Hexham,  John  of,  an  English  Benedic- 
tine, whose  historical  works  in  the  12th 
century  possess  great  merit. 

Hey,  John,  a  learned  divine,  was  born 
in  1734,  and  educated  at  Catherine-hall, 
Cambridge,  from  whence  he  removed  in 
1758  to  a  fellowship  in  Sidney  college, 
where  he  proceeded  through  all  the  degrees 
to  that  of  doctor  in  divinity,  in  1780,  when 
he  became  the  first  professor  of  divinity  on 
the  Norrisian  foundation,  which  chair  he 
resigned  in  1795.  He  was  for  many  years 
rector  of  Passenham,  in  Northamptonshire, 
and  of  Calverton,  in  Buckinghamshire,  but 
resigned  both,  in  1814,  to  settle  in  London, 
where  he  died  in  1815.  His  works  are,  1. 
Redemption,  a  Seatonian  prize  poem.  2, 
Lectures  on  Divinity,  4  vols.  8vo.  3.  Seven 
Sermons  on  several  Occasions,  8vo.  4.  Dis- 
courses on  the  malevolent  Sentiments,  8vo. 
5.  Observations  on  the  Writings  of  St. 
Paul.— W^  5. 

Heyden,  John  Van  der,  a  landscape 
painter,  born  at  Gorcum,  in  Holland.  He 
died  1712,  aged  75.  His  pieces,  repre- 
senting buildings,  &c.  are  much  admired. 

Heylin,  Peter,  a  native  of  Burford,  Ox- 
fordshire, born  29th  November,  1600.  He 
was  educated  at  Hart-hall,  and  afterwards 
elected  fellow  of  Magdalen  college,  where 
he  read  lectures  on  cosmography.  He 
published,  in  1621,  his  Microcosmus,  or 
description  of  the  world,  which  became 
very  popular,  and  procured  him  great  cele- 
brity. In  1629  he  was  made  chaplain  to 
the  king,  by  the  recommendation  of  Laud, 
and  of  lord  Danby,  and,  in  1631,  he  was 
promoted  to  the  rectory  of  Hemmingford, 
a  prebend  of  Westminster,  and  the  living 
of  Houghton,  Durham.  In  1633  he  took 
his  degree  of  D.D.  and,  in  1687,  he  was 
made  rector  of  Islip,  Oxfordshire,  which 
the  next  year  he  exchanged  for  South- 
W^ariiborough,  Hants  ;  but,  while  he  ex- 
pected higher  preferments,  he  found  his 
hopes  shattered  by  the  violence  of  civil  war, 
and  he  was,  therefore,  not  only  stripped  of 
his  benefices  and  property,  but  declared  a 
delinquent  by  parliameTrt.     He  fled  from 


IlEY 


lilt' 


tliC  fufy  of  Lis  persecutors,  and  concealed 
himself  for  some  time  at  Winchester,  then 
at  Minster-Lovel,  Oxfordshire,  ajid  after- 
ivards  at  Abingdon,  where  he  devoted  him- 
self to  literature.  At  the  restoration  he 
■was  reinstated  in  all  his  ecclesiastical  ho- 
nours, but  uhilc  he  expected  in  higher  dig- 
nities the  reward  of  his  faithful  services 
iu  lavour  of  royaltv,  he  sunk  under  a  se- 
vere disease,  Sth  May,  1662,  and  was  bu- 
ried in  Westminster  abbi^y.  This  able  and 
indefatigable  writer,  whom  W^ood  declares 
to  have  been  endowed  with  singular  gifts, 
of  a  sharp  and  pregnant  wit,  solid  and  clear 
judgment,  published,  besides,  a  history  of 
the  reformation  in  England — history  of 
the  Presbyterians,  folio — Life  of  archbi- 
shop Laud,  folio,  iic.  His  description  of 
the  world,  from  a  small  8vo.  origi.ially, 
was  swelled,  in  subsequent  editions,  under 
the  name  of  Cosmography,  to  a  large  folio. 
Heywood,  John,  an  English  poet  and 
jester,  born  in  London,  and  educated  at 
Oxford.  He  was  one  of  the  first  who 
wrote  English  plays,  but  the  brilliancy  of 
his  wit,  and  the  liveliness  of  his  disposition, 
rendered  him  better  known  to  his  cotempo- 
raries  than  the  effusions  of  his  pen.  He 
was  particularly  noticed  by  sir  Thomas 
More,  and  by  Henry  VIIL  and  he  was 
equally  the  favourite  of  queen  Mary,  whom 
it  is  said  he  entertained  and  amused  even 
upon  her  death-bed.  As  he  was  a  bigoted 
papist,  he  lefl  England  on  the  accession  of 
Elizabeth,  and  retired  to  Mechlin,  where 
he  died,  1565.  Besides  his  plays,  he  wrote 
500  epigrams,  the  Spider  and  Fly,  a  para- 
ble, in  77  chapters,  at  the  beginning  of  each 
of  which  appears  the  figure  of  the  author, 
near  a  window  hung  with  cobwebs,  flies, 
and  spiders.  He  had  two  sons,  the  eldest 
of  whom  was  Ellis,  fellow  of  All-Souls, 
Oxford,  1457,  and  so  perfect  as  an  Italian 
linguist,  that  he  wrote  a  book  called  "  II 
Moro."  He  became  a  Jesuit  at  Louvain, 
where  he  died  1572. 

Heywood,  Jasper,  youngest  son  of  John, 
was  born  in  London,  1535,  and  educated 
at  Merton-college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was 
fellow,  and  from  which  he  was  expelled  for 
immorality,  1558.  He  was  next  fellow  of 
All-Souls,  but  soon  after  left  England,  and, 
in  1562,  became  a  Jesuit,  at  Rome.  He 
was  provincial  of  the  Jesuits  in  England, 
and  died  at  Naples,  1597.  He  wrote,  be- 
sides three  tragedies  of  Seneca  translated, 
various  poems — and  the  "  Paradise  of 
Dainty  Devices,"  1573,  4to. 

Heywood,  Thomas,  an  actor  and  writer 
of  plays,  under  Elizabeth  and  her  two  suc- 
cessors. Out  of  the  220  plays  which  it  is 
said  he  wrote,  only  24  remain,  but  of  no 
great  reputation.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown.  He  was  a  good  linguist,  if  wo 
arc  to  judge  from  his  translations  from  Lu- 
cian,  Erasmus,  &c. 

Vol.  n.  7 


Hetwood,  Oliver,  a  native  of  Bolton, 
Lancashire,  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge.  Ho  was  ejected, 'in  1662, 
from  his  living  of  Coley,  Yorkshire,  for  non- 
conformity, and  he  afterwards  continued 
to  preach  privately,  for  which  he  was  ex- 
communicated, lie  died  1702,  ageil  73. 
He  wrote  Heart's  Treasure,  12mo.  1(107 — 
Closet  Prayer,  12mo. — Mcetncss  for  Hea- 
ven— Life  of  Angier,  Svo.  4ic. 

Heywood,  Eliza,  a  voluminous  female 
writer,  born  in  London.  Her  abilities  were 
displayed  in  novel-writing,  but  her  "  Court 
of  Arimania"  and  "  New  Utopia"  do  not 
show  her  in  a  favourable  light  as  a  moralist, 
and  in  consequence  of  the  licentious  ten- 
dency of  her  works,  though  some  say  from 
personal  motives.  Pope  gave  her  a  distin- 
guished place  in  the  Dunciad.  Her  other 
works  were  more  in  favour  of  virtue,  and 
deserve  commendation,  especially  the  Fe- 
male Spectator,  4  vols. — Epistle  for  the 
Ladies,  2  vols. — Betsey  Thoughtless,  4  vols. 
— Husband  and  wife,  &c.  She  attempted 
dramatic  poetry,  but  without  success,  and 
her  appearance  on  the  stage  was  equally 
unfavourable.  Though  thus  licentious  in 
some  of  her  writings,  she  has  never  been 
accused  of  immorality  in  her  conduct,  but 
she  is  described  as  modest,  affable,  and 
virtuous,  and  of  a  very  lively  disposition, 
and  unusual  gayety  of  spirits. 

Heywood,  Nathaniel,  a  native  of  Bol- 
ton, Lancashire,  deprived  of  his  living  for 
nonconformity  in  1662.  He  published 
some  sermons,  and  died  1677. 

Hiacoomes,  the  first  Indian  convert  to 
Christianity  in  New-England,  and  minis- 
ter at  Martha's  Vineyard,  embraced  the 
truth  of  the  gospel  under  the  instruction  of 
the  Rev.  Thomas  Mayhew,  and  soon  learn- 
ing to  read,  began  in  1645  to  preach.  In 
1770  he  was  ordained  pastor  of  an  Indian 
church  on  that  island,  and  continued  to  la- 
bour with  exemplary  piety  and  encouraging 
success  till  his  death  about  the  year  1790. 

!Cr-  L. 

Hicetas,  a  philosopher  of  Syracuse,  340 
B.C.  He  supposed  that  the  sun  and  the 
stars  were  fixed,  and  he  gave  to  the  earth 
a  circular  motion. 

HicKES,  George,  an  eminent  English 
divine,  born  20th  June,  1642,  at  Newsham, 
Yorkshire,  and  educated  at  North  AUerton 
school,  and  in  1659  admitted  at  St.  John's 
college,  Oxford.  He  afterwards  removed 
to  Magdalen  college,  and  Magdalen  hall, 
and  in  1664  was  chosen  fellow  of  Lincoln 
college,  where  he  became  an  able  and  ac- 
tive tutor  for  seven  years.  In  1673  he  ac- 
companied his  friend  and  pupil,  Sir  George 
^Vheelcr  on  his  travels,  but  left  him  in 
France,  as  he  was  obliged  to  return  to  Ox- 
ford to  take  his  degree  of  B.D.  At  Paris 
he  became  acquainted  with  Henry  Justell 
a  man  of  consequence   and  information; 

49 


HIC 


m^ 


■jvlio  intrusted  him  with  some  MSS.  to  pre- 
sent to  the  university  of  Oxford.     In  1676 
he    was    made   chaplain   to   the  duke    of 
Lauderdale,   whom    he   accompanied   the 
next  year  to  Scotland,  where  his  grace  was 
high  commissioner  for  the  king.     He  was 
honoured,    at  the  request  of  Dr.    Sharp, 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's,  with  the  de- 
gree of  D.D.  from  that  university,  which 
was   confirmed  at   Oxford  in    Dec.  1679. 
After  obtaining  various  pieces   of  prefer- 
ment,  he   was  made    dean   of  Worcester 
1683,  and  the  next  year  the  vacant  bishop- 
ric of  Bristol  was  marked  for  him,  but  the 
king's  deatli  prevented  his  elevation,  as  his 
zeal  against  popery  was  far  from  recom- 
mending him  to  the  favour  of  the  succes- 
sor on  the  throne,   James  II.     He  after- 
wards accepted  from  the  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester the  rectory  of  All-church  near  that 
city,  but  at  the  revolution  he  was  ejected 
from  all  his  ecclesiastical  honours,  as  he 
refused  to   take   the  oaths   of  allegiance. 
When  Talbot,  afterwards  bishop  of  Oxford 
and   of  Durham,    was   nominated   in   the 
gazette,  dean  in  his  room,  he  boldly  claim- 
ed his  right,  and   affixed  a   paper  to  that 
purpose  on  the  entrance  into  the  choir  of 
the  cathedral.      This   step   of  course  ex- 
posed him  to   the   resentment  of  govern- 
ment, and  therefore   to  avoid  persecution 
he  left  the  kuigdom,  till  some  years  after, 
in  1699,   the  chancellor,  lord  Somers,  out 
of  respect  for  his  great  abilities   obtained 
an  act  of   council  to  stop  all  proceedings 
against  him.     After  his  deprivation,  Hickes 
was  sent  by  his  fellow-sufferers   to  James 
into  France,  and  in  1694  he  was  on  his  re- 
turn, witb  the   approbation  of  the  exiled 
monarch,   consecrated  suffragan   bishop  of 
Thetford,  by  the  bishops  of  Norwich,  Ely, 
and  Peterborough.      Though   some   have 
accused  him  of  a  wish  to  take  the  oaths  of 
allegiance,  to  preserve  his  preferments,  his 
known  integrity  and  undaunted   firmness 
forbid  the  belief  of  it.     After  being  grie- 
vously   afflicted  with  the   stone,   he  died 
15th   Dec.    1715,   in  his  74th  year.      Dr. 
Hickes  was  a  man  of  very  extensive  eru- 
dition,   well  acquainted   wil^    the  fathers, 
and  with   the  doctrines    of  the    primitive 
church,  but  it  is  to  be  lamtu    •!  that  his 
great  powers  were  engaged  chiefly  only  in 
controversial  pamphlets,  which  are  forgot- 
ten as  soon  as  read.      His  principal  works 
are  on  the  old  northern   languages,   and 
their    antiquities,    besides    some    sermons 
and  treatises,  &c.  amounting  to  26  in  num- 
ber. 

Hickes,  John,  brother  to  the  preceding, 
was  ejected  from  the  living  of  Stoke  in 
Devonshire  1662,  for  refusing  to  take  the 
oaths.  He  joined  in  1685,  the  duke  of 
Monmouth's  rebellion,  and  for  this  disloyal 
act  he  was  seized  and  executed. 

Hickman,  Henry,  fellow  of  Magdalen 
50 


college,  Oxford,  was  ejected  in  1662,  for 
nonconformity.  He  died  about  1688, 
minister  of  the  English  congregation  at 
Leyden  in  Holland.  Besides  other  works 
he  attacked  Heylin's  quinquarticular  his- 
tory, &c. 

HiERO  I.  king  of  Syracuse,  after  Gelon 
his  brother,  B.C.  478.  He  is  immortalized 
by  the  pen  of  Pindar  for  his  victories  at  the 
Olympic  games. 

HiERO  II.  king  of  Syracuse,  B.C.  268, 
was  the  enemy,  but  afterwards  the  friend, 
of  the  Romans. 

HiEROCLES,  an  enemy  and  persecutor  of 
the  Christians  in  the  fourth  century.  He 
not  only  exercised  cruelty,  but  wrote  some 
books  against  the  Christians,  mentioned  by 
Lactantius  and  Eusebius. 

HiEROCLES,  a  platonic  philosopher  of 
Alexandria  in  the  5th  century,  author  of 
seven  books  on  Providence,  &c. 

HiFFERMAN,  Paul,  an  author,  born  in 
the  county  of  Dublin  1719,  and  educated 
for  a  popish  priest  at  Dublin  and  in  France. 
He  however  preferred  the  study  of  physic, 
and  for  some  time  practised  in  Dublin,  but 
his  indolence  was  such  that  he  relinquished 
the  profession  for  the  laborious  life  of  an 
author,  and  came  to  London  1753.  He 
recommended  himself  by  some  of  his 
pieces  to  the  learned  and  witty  of  the  times, 
and  by  the  effusions  of  his  pen  and  the 
contributions  of  his  friends,  he  contrived  to 
live.  Though  acquainted  with  Foote,  Grar- 
rick,  Goldsmith,  Murphy,  Bickerstaff,  and 
others,  he  yet  seldom  appeared  decently 
respectable.  His  resources  indeed  were 
not  always  very  honourable,  and  so  great 
were  his  eccentricities,  that  he  never  would 
mention  where  his  lodgings  were.  He 
died  June,  1777,  and  it  was  then  discovered 
that  he  lodged  in  one  of  the  obscure  courts 
near  St.  Martin's  lane.  Dr.  Hifferman,  as 
he  was  called,  wrote  the  "  Ticklers,"  a  set 
of  political  papers  in  Dublin  1750 — "the 
Tuner,"  another  political  paper,  London 
1753 — Miscellanies  in  pros"  and  verse — 
the  earl  of  Warwick,  a  tragedy  from  La 
Harpe — and  other  trifles  neither  elegant 
nor  popular. 

lIiGDEN,  Ralph,  an  early  English  chroni- 
cler, who  died  1363.  He  is  author  of 
Radulphi  Higdeni  Polychronici  Libri  VIII. 
&c.  the  best  edition  of  which  is  that  of 
1642.  It  extends  from  Adam  to  1357, 
and  though  only  the  last  is  original,  the 
whole  is  respectably  written  and  often 
quoted. 

HiGGiNS,  or  HiGiNS,  John,  an  English 
divine  educated  at  Oxford,  and  engaged  in 
the  instruction  of  youth  at  Wiiisham  and 
Ilminster  in  Somersetshire.  He  published 
"  Flosculi  of  Terence" — Holcot's  diction- 
ary— and  other  school-books,  besides  con- 
troversial tracts  concerning  Christ's  de- 
scent into  Hell,   and  an  edition  in  1587,  of 


IIIU 


mii 


ilic  Mirror  lor  Magistrates.     He  ilicU  it  in 
supposed  after  1604. 

HiGGONS,  Sir  Thomas,  an  English  wri- 
ter, born  at  Westbur<2;h,  Shropshire,  where 
his  father  was  rector,  und  admitted  at  St. 
Alban's  hall,  Oxford,  where  however  he 
took  no  degree.  He  married  the  much  de- 
fained  widow  of  Robert  earl  of  Essex,  at 
whose  funeral  he  pronounced  an  oration 
1656,  afterwards  published.  He  next  mar- 
ried the  sister  of  John  Grcrnvill  earl  of 
Balii,  and  in  1658  and  lu61  was  member 
for  Malmsbury  and  Windsor,  and  such 
were  his  services  to  the  crown  considered, 
ihat  he  received  a  pension  of  500/,  a  year, 
besides  handsome  presents  and  the  honour 
of  knighthood.  In  1669  he  was  sent  as 
envoy  to  invest  the  duke  of  Saxony  with 
ihe  order  of  the  garter,  and  four  years 
after  he  was  ambassador  to  Vienna  where 
he  remained  three  years.  He  died  of  an 
apoplexy  in  the  court  of  King's  Bench, 
where  he  was  summoned  as  a  witness,  24th 
Nov.  1691,  and  was  buried  in  Winchester 
cathedral  near  his  first  wife.  He  wrote  a 
panegyric  to  the  king  1660 — the  History  of 
Isoof  Bassa  1684 — the  Venetian  triumph 
translated  into  English,  besides  his  oration 
on  his  wife,  which  did  as  much  honour  to 
his  sensibility,  his  affection,  and  the  good- 
ness of  his  heart,  as  it  rescued  from  in- 
famy, the  character  of  an  injured  and  inno- 
cent wife.  That  oration  was  seen  and 
highly  approved  by  Mr.  Granger. 

HiGGONS,  Bevil,  younger  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding by  his  second  wife,  entered  1686  at 
the  age  of  16  at  St.  John's  college,  Oxford, 
and  afterwards  removed  to  Cambridge,  and 
then  to  the  Middle  Temple.  He  wrote 
the  Generous  Conqueror,  or  the  Timely 
Discovery,  a  tragedy,  acted  at  Drury-lane, 
and  published  1702 — a  poem  on  the  Peace 
of  Utrecht. — Remarks  on  Burnet's  History 
of  his  own  Times — a  View  of  English 
History,  with  reflections  political,  &,c.  to 
the  revolution  of  1688.  He  was  a  firm 
adherent  to  the  house  of  Stuart,  and  he  ac- 
t^ompanied  James  II.  in  his  exile,  and  died 
in  France  J  735. 

HiGHMORE,  Joseph,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  13th  June,  1692  in  the  parish  of  St. 
James,  Garlirk-hithe,  London.  He  early 
showed  a  strong  inclination  for  painting, 
but  his  father  bound  him  as  clerk  to  an  at- 
torney, and  for  a  while  he  was  withdrawn 
from  his  favourite  pursuits.  Nature  how- 
ever prevailed  over  parental  authority,  and 
young  Ilighmore,  guided  by  his  own  ge- 
nius and  instructed  by  such  rules  as  he 
found  in  books,  gradually  distinguished 
himself,  and  became  a  professed  artist  in 
1715  at  the  expiration  of  his  clerkship. 
In  1716  he  married  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
Hiller,  and  as  his  reputation  increased,  he 
removed  from  the  city  in  1724  to  a  house  in 

His  engagements  now 


Lincoln's  inn  fields. 


grew  upon  hmi  ;  he  was  employed  in  drjiw- 
ing  the  knights  of  th<;  Bath,  on  the  revival 
of  the  order,  and  ufierwards  h(;  painted  the 
portrait  of  the  duke  of  Cumberland,  and 
some  time  after  of  the  prince  and  princess 
of  Wales,  and  of  the  chief  nobility.  In 
1732  he  visited  Holland,  and  examined  the 
valuable  picture  gallery  of  Dusscldorfl',  and 
in  1734  he  made  another  excursion  to  Paris, 
where  he  saw,  by  the  favour  of  cardinal 
de  Polignac,  the  famous  groupe  of  the  court 
of  Lycomedes,  which  was  afterwards  de- 
stroyed by  the  Russians  at  Cliarlottenburgh 
in  Prussia.  In  1744  he  painted  a  set  of 
paintings  on  the  history  of  Pamela,  just 
published,  and  thus  became  acquainted  with 
the  excellent  author  Samuel  Richardson. 
In  1753,  at  the  institution  of  the  academy 
of  painting,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
professors,  and  he  deserved  the  honour 
not  only  as  an  artist,  but  as  an  elegant  wri- 
ter. He  published  "  an  Examination  of 
Reubens'  two  paintings  in  the  banqueting 
house,"  in  4to — Practice  of  Perspective  on 
the  principles  of  Dr.  Brook  Taylor,  &.c. 
1763, — essays  moral,  religious,  &c.  with  a 
translation  of  Browne's  Latin  poem  on  the 
immortaiiy  of  the  soul,  1766,  12mo — Ob- 
servations on  Dod well's  Christianity  not 
founded  on  argument,  &c.  His  paintings 
during  a  practice  of  46  years  are  nume- 
rous, the  best  known  of  which  are  Hagar 
and  Ishmael,  now  in  the  Foundling  Hos- 
pital, the  good  Samaritan,  the  finding  of 
Moses,  the  Harlowe  family  from  Clarissa, 
the  Graces  unveiling  Nature,  on  memory 
from  Reubens,  &c.  On  the  marriage  of 
his  daughter  in  1761  to  Mr.  Duncombe  he 
retired  from  business,  and  after  selling  his 
collection  of  pictures,  he  went  to  settle 
with  his  son-in-law  at  Canterbury.  Here 
he  spent  his  life  in  ease  and  literary  em- 
ployments, and  often  contributed  to  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine.  An  even  tem- 
per, and  a  most  benevolent  disposition  lent 
their  aid  to  support  a  constitution  natu- 
rally strong  and  vigorous,  and  he  lived  to 
his  S8th  year.  He  decayed  gradually,  and 
as  if  falling  asleep  gently  expired  3d  March, 
1780.  He  was  buried  in  the  south  aisle  of 
Canterbury  cathedral.  Besides  his  daugh- 
ter, he  had  one  only  son,  Antony,  of  his 
own  profession. 

HiGHMORE,  Nathaiiacl,  an  eminent  ana- 
tomist, born  at  Fording-bridge,  Hants.  He 
is  the  first  Englishman  who  wrote  a  sys- 
tematica! treatise  on  the  structure  of  the 
human  body,  and  he  was  indefatigable  in 
the  pursuit  and  improvement  of  anatomical 
science.  He  died  21st  March,  1684,  aged 
71.  His  works  are  "  Corporis  Humani 
Disquisitio  Anatomica,"  folio,  lOol — the 
History  of  Generation — de  Passione  Hys- 
terica, 8vo.  loGO, 

HiLARiON,  a  native  of  Gaza,  who  after 
seeing  the   auchorite   of    St.  Anlhonv  in 


PIIL 


HIL 


Egypt,  laid  the  foundation  of  a  similar  order 
of  monastic  life  in  Palestine.  He  died  in 
Cyprus  371,  aged  SO. 

HiLARius,  a  Romish  saint,  bishop  of 
Aries.  He  died  449,  aged  48.  He  wrote 
Homilies — the  life  of  St.  Honoratus,  his 
predecessor  in  the  see  of  Aries,  and  other 
smaller  works. 

HiLARiusE,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Enzes- 
field,  educated  among  the  Jesuits,  and  made 
teacher  of  grammar  and  rhetoric  at  Vienna, 
ivhere  he  was  appointed  pra;fectus  rei  num- 
maria;.  He  renounced  the  order  of  the 
Jesuits  1770,  and  became  director  of  the 
imperial  cabinet  of  medals,  &c.  and  dean 
of  philosophy.  As  a  medalist  and  antiqua- 
rian he  was  particularly  eminent.  He  died 
1798,  aged  61. 

Hilary,  St.  a  native  of  Poictiers  in 
France,  who  was  late  in  life  converted  to 
Christianity,  and  was  in  355  made  bishop 
of  his  native  town.  He  ably  defended 
Athanasius  at  the  council  of  Beziers  against 
Saturninus,  and  for  his  zeal  was  banished 
by  the  emperor  Constantius  into  Phrygia. 
He  died  367.  His  works  have  been  edited 
Paris,  1693. 

HiLDEBERT,  bishop  of  Mans,  and  then 
archbishop  of  Tours,  was  born  at  Lavardin. 
Though  according  to  Bayle,  he  is  accused 
by  Yvo,  bishop  of  Chartres,  with  licentious- 
ness and  intemperance  before  he  was  ad- 
mitted into  the  church,  yet  he  became  one 
of  its  brightest  ornaments  for  piety,  learn- 
ing, and  holiness.  He  was  very  severe 
against  the  vices  and  the  corruptions  of  the 
court  of  Rome,  in  a  letter  which  he  pub- 
lished in  lively,  elegant,  and  animated  lan- 
guage. He  also  wrote  a  Description  of 
Home  in  Latin  verse.  He  died  before  the 
middle  of  the  12th  century. 

HiLDESLET,  Mark,  an  English  bishop, 
born  at  Marston,  Kent,  1699,  and  educated 
at  the  Charter  house,  London,  and  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became 
fellow,  1723.  In  1731  he  obtained  the 
college  living  of  Hitchin,  and  four  years 
after  that  of  Holwell  in  Bedfordshire, 
where  he  zealously  devoted  himself  to  the 
spiritual  care  and  instruction  of  his  parish- 
ioners. On  the  death  of  that  amiable  pre- 
late Dr.  Wilson,  bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man, 
the  duke  of  Athol  fixed  upon  Hildesley  as 
a  successor,  and  for  piety,  goodness,  and 
exemplary  morals,  a  better  choice  could  not 
be  made.  The  new  prelate  took  leave  of 
his  Hitchin  congregation  with  aflfectionate 
tenderness,  and  when  he  revisited  them 
afterwards  with  friendly  humility,  he  was 
greeted  with  respect  and  homage  by  crowd- 
ed multitudes.  In  his  diocess  he  was  ena- 
bled to  see  the  completion  of  his  worthy 
predecessor's  translation  of  the  Bible  into 
the  Manx  language,  in  1755.  He  died  of  a 
paralytic  stroke,  Dec.  7th,  1772,  and  was 
buried  near  bishop  Wilsoiis 


Hill,  Joseph,  an  English  divine,  born  ai 
I/eeds,  1624,  and  educated  at  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge,  and  Magdalen,  of  which 
he  became  a  fellow.  As  he  was  strongly 
attached  to  the  doctrines  of  the  puritans, 
he  was  ejected  at  the  restoration  for  non- 
conformity, and  went  over  to  Holland.  He 
was  in  1667  pastor  of  the  English  church 
at  Middleburg,  and  at  last  settled  at  Rot- 
terdam, where  he  died  1707.  He  is  chiefly 
known  for  his  edition  of  Scnri  v  tius's 
Greek  Lexicon  improved  with  SOOO  new 
words,  1676.  He  wrote  also  dissertations 
on   the  antiquity  of  temples  and  churches. 

Hill,  William,  an  English  scholar,  fel- 
low of  Merton  college,  Oxford,  and  after- 
wards master  of  a  school  in  Dublin,  where 
he  died  1667.  He  prepared  an  edition  of 
Dionysius  Periegetis,  with  learned  and  cri- 
tical annotations,  which  was  published 
1688,  in  London. 

Hill,  Aaron,  a  poet,  born  10th  Feb. 
1685,  in  Beaufort  buildings,  London,  of  a 
respectable  Wiltshire  family.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  but  the  ruin 
of  his  father  by  mismanagement,  left  him 
in  1669  in  distressful  circumstances,  but 
the  next  year  he  determined  to  go  to  Con- 
stantinople, to  see  his  relation  lord  Paget 
the  English  ambassador  there.  The  visit 
was  not  unwelcome  to  lord  Paget;  by  his 
friendship  young  Hill  was  enabled  to  tra- 
vel over  Egypt  and  part  of  the  east,  and  on 
his  return  to  England  with  him  he  was  pre- 
sented to  many  of  the  courts  on  the  conti- 
nent. Some  time  after  he  accompanied 
Sir  William  Wentworth  in  the  tour  of  Eu^ 
rope,  and  was  absent  for  3  years.  On  his 
return  he  claimed  the  public  notice  by  the 
publication  of  his  "  Camillus,"  a  poem  on 
lord  Peterborough  the  general  in  Spain  ; 
and  about  that  time,  1709,  being  made  ma- 
nager of  Drury-lane  theatre,  he  wrote  his 
first  tragedy,  "  Elfrid,  or  the  Fair  Incon- 
stant," finished  at  the  request  of  Booth  in 
little  more  than  a  week.  In  1710  he  was 
master  of  the  Opera  house.  Hay-market, 
and  wrote  the  opera  of  "  Rinaldo,"  the  first 
piece  set  to  music  by  Handel  in  England. 
A  quarrel,  however,  with  the  lord  cham- 
berlain, put  a  speedy  end  to  his  theatrical 
career,  and  in  1716,  as  appears  from  his 
letter  preserved  in  the  Harleian  MSS.  he 
undertook  to  extract  from  the  beech  nut, 
an  oil  as  sweet  as  that  of  olives  ;  but 
though  he  obtained  a  patent,  and  promised 
an  annual  million  to  the  nation,  his  pros- 
pects vanished,  and  his  hopes  were  disap- 
pointed. He  therefore  again  wrote  for  the 
stage  "  the  Fatal  Vision,  or  the  Fall  of 
Siam,"  and  in  1718  published  "the  Northern 
Star"  a  poem  on  the  Czar  Peter,  which  was 
some  time  after  handsomely  rewarded  with 
a  gold  medal  from  the  empress  Catharine. 
In  1728  he  engaged  in  a  contract  to  supply 
the  navy  with  timber  from  Scotland,  but  h'.« 


I  III. 


mh 


schemes,  like  the  former,  proved  abortive, 
and  after  travelling  into  the  north  of  Scot- 
land, he  retired  to  York,  where  he  publish- 
ed **  the  Progress  of  Wit,"  against  Pope's 
Dunciad.  In  1731  he  had  the  mislortunc 
to  lose  his  wife,  after  a  happy  union  of  20 
years,  and  the  birth  of  nine  cliildren.  He 
survived  her  till  1750,  and  expired  8th  Feb. 
in  the  very  minute,  it  is  said,  of  the  earth- 
quake, and  was  interred  in  VNestminster 
abbey  by  the  side  of  bis  beloved  wife.  Four 
volumes  of  his  poems  have  appeared  since 
his  death,  in  which  is  Merope,  a  tragedy 
borrowed  from  V  oltaire,  and  introduced  at 
Drury-lane,  by  Garrick.  Though  possessed 
of  good  natural  talents,  he  never  rose  to 
great  celebrity  as  a  writer.  His  thoughts 
were  always  expressed  with  afl'ectation,  and 
by  attempting  too  much,  he  never  effected 
any  thing  with  complete  success.  He  is 
now  known  as  a  writer  cotemporary  with 
Pope,  but  his  poetical  effusions  have  sunk 
into  oblivion. 

Hill,  Sir  John,  an  indefatigable  English 
•writer,  born   1716,  son   of  a   clergyman  at 
Spalding  or   Peterborough.     He   was  bred 
an  apothecary,  and  for  some  time  practised 
in  St.  Martins'  lane,  Westminster,   but  an 
early  marriage  accompanied    with   no  for- 
tune obliged  him  to  apply  to  other  resources 
besides   the    medical    profession.       As   he 
knew  something  of  botany,  he  turned  his 
thoughts  to  that  science,  but  though  patro- 
nised by  the   duke   of  Richmond  and  lord 
Petre,  he  found  the  success  of  his   project 
inadequate  to  his  expectations,  and  indeed 
to  his   indefatigable  exertions.      He  next 
applied  to  the  stage,  but  after  some  exhibi- 
tions at  the   Hay-market  and   Co  vent-gar- 
den, he  was  convinced  that  nature  had  not 
formed  him  for  a  theatrical  hero.     By  the 
friendship  of  Folkes,  and  Baker,  respecta- 
ble members  of  the  Royal  Society,   he  was 
introduced  to  the   notice   of  literary  men, 
and  in  1746  he  published  by  subscription  a 
translation  of  Theophrastus's  treatise  "  on 
gems,"  which  increased  his  fame, his  friends, 
and  his  resources.     Flushed   with  his  lite- 
rary labours,  he  began  to  compile  a  general 
natural   history  in    3  vols,  folio,   ami  next 
undertook  with  G.  L.  Scott,  a  supplement 
to  Chambers's  Dictionary.     Besides  these, 
his  attention  was    engaged  in  the  publica- 
tion  of  the   "  British    Magazine,"   and  of 
"  the    Inspector,"   a   periodical    pamphlet, 
■which  he  rendered  palatable  to  the  public 
by  the  little  anecdotes,  the  private  scandal, 
and  the   public   intrigues,   with  which   his 
attendance  at  different  places  of  general 
amusement  made  him  acquainted.    Success 
now  rendered  him   vain,  and  with   the  di- 
ploma degree  of  M.D.  from  the  university 
of  St.  Andrews,  he  assumed  the  character, 
the  language,  the  dress,  and  the  equipage 
of  a  man  of  fashion.     As  his  publications 
nere  numerous,  he  acquired  a  large  and 


regular  income,  but  the  freedom  with  whick 
he    treated    public   and   private    ebaracters 
often  exposed  him  to  personal  violence,  so 
that  in  one  instance  he  was  caned  at  Kane- 
lagh  by  an  Irish  gentleman  who  considered 
himself  as  ridiculed  by  him.     Thus  by  de- 
grees he  exposed  himself  to    the   contempt 
of  the   world,    and    by    u  paper    war   with 
Woodward,  with  Fielding,  and    others,  he 
rendered  himself  obnoxious  to  the  malevo- 
K  nee  of  all,    and  sunk  in  the  general  esti- 
mation.    From  a  writer  he  became  an  em- 
pyric,  and  by  the  preparation  of  the  essence 
of  water-dock  ;   of  tincture  of  valerian  ;  of 
the   pectoral   balsam  of  honey,  and  other 
simple    medicines,    he    again    procured    a 
comfortable  income.     The  patronage  of  the 
earl  of  Bute  also  was  extended  to  him,  and 
with    his    approbation    he  undertook  that 
pompous   and  voluminous  work,  called  "  a 
System   of  Botany,"   and    by  presenting  a 
copy  of  it  and  of  some  of  his  other  works 
to  the  king  of  Sweden,  he    was  in   return 
invested  with  one  of  the  orders   of  knjoht- 
hood,    and  assumed   the  title  of  Sir  John. 
This   extraordinary    character   died     Nov. 
1775,  of  the  gout  in  his  stomach.     He  pos- 
sessed great  natural  talents,  but  the   rapi- 
dity with  which  he  wrote,  and  the  wish  of 
obtaining  popularity,  prevented  that  elegant 
polish,  and    highly  finished   diction,   which 
entitle  the  labours  of  genius  and  perseve- 
rance to  more  than  temporary  fame.     It  is 
said,  though  scarcely  credible,  that  from  the 
variety  of  subjects  which  his  prolific  pen 
treated,  he   gained  an   income  of  1500/.  a 
year,  an   enormous  sum  for  compositions 
which    were  mostly  compilations,  and  de- 
pended chiefly  on  the  fashions,  the  preju- 
dices, or  the  frailties  of  the  times.     His  no- 
vels, as  filled  with   persona!  abuse  on  the 
well-known  characters  of  those  times,  pos- 
sess little  merit ;  his  three  dramatic  pieces, 
Orpheus,    the    Critical    Minute,    and    the 
Route,  rise   not  above  mediocrity,  but  his 
"  Essays,"  and   some  of  his  philosophical 
treatises,  are  entitled  to  greater  praise.     By 
his  dispute  with  Garrick  he  drew  upon  him- 
self the  severe  reflections  of  that  keen  sati-^ 
rist,  and  of  other  poets.     In  an  epigram 
Garrick  says  of  him, 

For  physic  and  farces  his  equal  there  scarce  is, 
His  farces  are  physic,  his  physic  a  farce  w. 

Hill,  Robert,  an  extraordinary  charac- 
ter, born  nth  Jan.  1699,  at  Miswell  near 
Tring, Herts, by  profession  a  tailor  and  stay- 
maker.  In  the  midst  of  his  obscurity  and 
poverty,  he  aspired  after  fame,  and  by  great 
labour  and  perseverance,  he  made  himself  a 
perfect  master  of  several  languages  by  books 
only.  He  became  known  to  the  public  by 
means  of  Mr.  Spence,  who  in  1757,  pub- 
lished a  comparison  between  him  and  Mag- 
liabecchi,  and  endeavoured  to  raise  a  sub- 
scription in  bis  favour.      He    was  serer* 

53 


iilN 


HIR 


years  in  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  Latin, 
and  14  in  learning  Greek,  but  he  made 
himself  master  of  Hebrew  in  a  little  time. 
He  wrote  Remarks  on  Berkeley's  Essay  on 
Spirit — the  Character  of  a  Jew — a  Criti- 
cism on  Job.  He  died  after  a  continement 
of  18  months  to  his  bed,  July,  1777,  at 
Buckingham. 

Hill,  Thomas  Ford,  an  English  anti- 
quary and  philologist,  who  died  1795. 

Hill,  George,  a  learned  ui\ine  of  the 
church  of  Scotland,  was  born  at  St.  An- 
drews, in  1749.  He  was  educated  at  the 
university  of  his  native  place,  where  he 
first  obtained  the  Greek  professorship  in 
the  college  of  St.  Salvador,  and  afterwards 
that  of  divinity.  He  next  became  princi- 
pal of  St.  Mary's-college,  chaplain  to  the 
king  foi  Scotland,  and  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Edinburgh.  Dr.  Hill  died  in 
1820.  He  published — 1.  A  volume  of  Ser- 
mons. 2.  Theological  Institutes,  8vo. 
3.  Lectures  upon  the  Old  Testament,  8vo. 
—  W.  B. 

HiLLEL,  the  elder,  a  Jewish  doctor  of 
the  Mischna,  born  about  30  years  B.C. 
He  was  president  of  the  Sanhedrim  at 
Jerusalem,  an  oflace  which  remained  in  his 
family  for  six  generations.  He  defended 
the  oral  traditions  of  the  Jews,  and  re- 
duced them  into  six  treatises. 

HiLLEL,  the  prince,  gTeat-grandson  of 
Judas  Hakkadosh,  was  one  of  the  writers 
of  the  Gemara.  He  flourished  in  the 
middle  of  the  fourth  century. 

HiLLiARD,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Exeter, 
goldsmith,  carver,  and  portrait  painter  to 
queen  Elizabeth.  He  drew  the  queen's 
whole  length  sitting  on  her  throne,  and  ac- 
quired also  much  celebrity  by  a  highly 
finished  portrait,  in  water  colours,  of  Mary 
queen  of  Scots,  in  her  l8th  year.  His 
pieces  were  so  much  admired,  that  Donne 
said  in  his  "  Storm,"  a  hand,  an  eye,  by 
Hilliard  drawn,  is  worth  a  history.  He 
died  1619,  aged  72. 

HiMERius,  a  Greek  grammarian,  born 
at  Prusias  in  Bithynia,  in  the  age  of  Con- 
stantius  and  Julian.  He  kept  a  school  at 
Athens,  and  was  a  violent  opponent  of  the 
Christians. 

Hinckley,  John,  a  native  of  Warwick- 
shire, educated  at  St.  Alban's-hall,  Oxford, 
Avhere  he  took  the  degree  of  D.D.  1679. 
He  was  vicar  of  Coleshill,  Berks,  and  rec- 
tor of  Drayton,  Leicestershire,  by  the 
patronage  of  his  friends  the  Purefoy  family, 
and  afterwards  became  rector  of  North- 
field,  Worcestershire.  He  died  April  13th, 
1691.  He  published  some  assize  sermons, 
preached  at  Reading  and  Abingdon — a 
Persuasive  to  Conformity,  in  a  Letter  to 
his  Dissenting  Brethren — Fasciculus  Lite- 
rarum,  or  Letters  on  several  Occasions, 
«vo.  1680,  &c. 

lIiNCMAH  or  HiNCMAuus,  arcUbishop  of 
54 


Kheims,  685,  was  a  zealous  supporter  of 
the  Grallican  church,  but  too  severe  against 
a  monk  called  Godescalcus.  He  was 
driven  from  his  bishopric  by  the  incursions 
of  the  Normans,  and  died  at  Epernay, 
882.  His  works  were  published  1645,  by 
Sirmond,  in  2  vols.  He  wrote  on  theology 
and  history  with  great  spirit,  though  ia 
barbarous  language. 

HiPPAkCHiA,  a  woman  who  lived  for 
some  time  with  Alexander  the  Great,  and 
afterwards  married  the  stoic  Crates.  She 
was  eminent  as  a  philosopher,  and  wrote 
some  treatises. 

HippARCHUS,  son  of  Pisistratus,  was 
slain  by  Harmodius  and  Aristogiton,  B.C. 
528 ;  and  the  tyranny  of  his  family  was 
soon  after  abolished  at  Athens  by  the 
banishment  of  his  brother  Hippias. 

HippARCHUs,  an  astronomer  of  Nicaea 
in  Bithynia,  celebrated  for  the  catalogue  of 
stars  which  he  made,  preserved  in  Ptole- 
my's Almagest.     He  died  about  125  B.C. 

Hippocrates,  a  native  of  Cos,  celebra- 
ted for  his  knowledge  of  medicine,  of  which 
he  is  properly  called  the  father.  He  died 
about  361  B.C.  His  works  have  been 
edited  Vienna,  2  vols,  folio,  1740.  The 
modern  inhabitants  of  Cos  show  still  with 
pride  the  spot  where  he  once  resided. 

HiPPONAX,  a  Greek  satirist,  kno^vn  par- 
ticularly for  the  severity  of  the  lampoon 
with  which  he  lashed  two  brothers,  sculp- 
tors, who  had  ridiculed  his  deformities,  and 
with  such  effect,  that  they  hanged  them- 
selves.    He  flourished  540  B.C. 

Hiram,  king  of  Tyre  in  the  reign  of  Da- 
vid and  Solomon.  As  he  was  at  peace 
with  the  Jewish  nation,  he  supplied  Solo- 
mon with  timber,  gold,  and  other  orna- 
ments, which  he  wanted  for  the  completion 
of  the  temple.  He  died  lOOO  B.C.  in  the 
60tb  year  of  his  reign.  It  is  said  that  the 
letters  which  passed  between  him  and  Solo- 
mon are  extant. — The  architect  who 
superintended  the  building  of  Solomon's 
temple  at  the  request  of  the  Tyrian  king, 
was  also  of  the  name  of  Hiram,  and  a 
native  of  Tyre. 

Hire,  Laurence  de  la,  a  French  painter, 
born  at  Paris,  1606.  His  landscapes  were 
much  admired,  though  he  was  deficient  in 
the  rules  of  perspective.     He  died  1656. 

Hire,  Philip  d*'  la,  a  painter,  sod  of  the 
preceding,  born  at  Paris,  1677.  He  imita- 
ted the  manner  of  Wafteau,  and  was  ad- 
mired for  his  landscapes  and  portraits.  He 
died  1719. 

Hire,  Philip  de  la,  a  celebrated  French 
mathematician,  born  at  Paris,  l8th  March, 
1640.  His  father,  Laurence,  who  as  men- 
tioned was  a  painter,  educated  him  in  the 
principles  of  his  art,  but  his  deep  applica- 
tion to  mathematics  and  geometry  marked 
him  early  for  astronomical  fame.  After 
his  father's  death;  he  resided  four  years  in 


HOA 


HO  A 


Italy  for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  and  soon 
after  his  return  to  Paris  he  was  elected 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences  1678. 
He  was  employed  with  Picard  and  Cassini, 
under  the  librral  patronage  of  Colbert,  to 
make  observations  for  the  improvement  of 
the  map  of  France  ;  and  for  this  important 
purpose  he  visited  with  the  eye  of  a  philo- 
sopher, Bretagnc,  Guiennc,  Calais,  Dun- 
kirk, and  Provence,  in  1679,  and  the  three 
following  years.  He  was  sifter  Colbert's 
death  engaged  in  taking  levels  for  the 
grand  aqueducts  projected  by  the  munifi- 
cence of  Lewis  XIV.  but  besides  these 
public  employments,  and  the  labours  which 
devolved  upon  him  as  professor  of  the 
royal  college,  and  of  the  academy  of  archi- 
tecture, he  devoted  himself  to  other  scien- 
tific pursuits.  While  the  day  was  employed 
in  study,  the  night  was  frequently  passed 
in  astronomical  observations,  and  painting 
occasionally  amused  a  vacant  hour.  This 
great  and  good  man  died  April  2lst,  1718, 
aged  78.  He  was  twice  married,  and  was 
father  of  eight  children.  Fontenelle  wrote 
an  eulogium  upon  him.  His  works  are 
numerous,  the  most  valuable  of  which  are 
Nouvelle  Mfthodc  en  Geometrie,  &c.  4to. 
— De  la  Cycloide,  12mo. — Nouveaux  Ele- 
mens  des  Sections  Coniques,  &c. — La 
Gnomonique,  l2mo. — Sectiones  Conica;, 
in  IX.  libros,  &c.  folio,  a  most  valuable 
work — Tabulae  Astronomi  ae,  4to. — Vete- 
rum  Mathematicorum  Opera,  Gr.  and  Lat. 
folio,  1693.  Besides  several  pieces  in  the 
Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences. 

HiscAM,  or  His  JAM,  15th  caliph  of  the 
Ommiades,  and  fourth  son  of  Abdalmelech 
succeeded  his  brother  Jezid  II.  723.  He 
conquered  Khacam  of  Turkestan,  and 
made  war  against  Leo  the  Isaurian.  He 
was  always  attended  with  600  camels  to 
caiTy  his  splendid  wardrobe.  He  died 
743. 

HoADLY,  Benjamin,  a  learned  prelate, 
born  Nov.  14th,  1676,  at  Westerham  in 
Kent.  His  father  was  for  some  time  master 
of  Norwich  grammar-school.  Young 
Hoadly  entered  at  Catherine-hall,  Cam- 
bridge, 1692,  and  became  afterwards  a 
fellow  of  the  society.  In  1706,  he  began 
his  literary  career  by  an  attack  on  Atter- 
bury's  sermon  at  Mr.  Bennet's  funeral,  and 
two  years  after  he  attacked  another  sermon 
of  the  same  author,  on  the  Power  of  Cha- 
lity  to  cover  Sin.  His  "  Measures  of 
Obedience,"  on  the  doctrine  of  non-resist- 
ance, so  pleased  the  Commons  in  1709, 
that  they  petitioned  the  queen  to  reward 
his  services  in  the  cause  of  civil  and  reli- 
gious liberty,  by  some  honorary  prefer- 
ment. He  was,  however,  neglected, 
though  made  rector  of  Streatham,  Sun-ey, 
by  Mrs.  Howland,  till  the  reign  of  George  I. 
when  he  was,  in  1715,  raised  to  the  see  of 


Bangor.     Party  disputes,  however,  and  tin 
fear  of  his  personal  enemies,  detained  him 
in  the  metropolis,  so  that  he  never  visited 
his     bishopric.        At    this    time    his    ser- 
mon on  the  words,  "  my  kingdom  is  not  of 
this  world,"  produced  a  violent  dispute  for 
many  years,   known  by   ibe  name    of  the 
Bangorian  controversy,  wliich,    though  at 
first  it  attacked  the  temporal  power  only  of 
the  clergy,  t-oon  extended  to  the  rij^hts  of 
princes.     In    this   controversy   he   bad  for 
opponents.   Dr.  Snape,   and  the  still  more 
formidable    William  Law,    who    in    some 
points   triumphed    in   the  general    opinion 
over  him.     He  afterwards  opposed   Hare 
on  the  nature  of  prayer,  and  asserted  that 
a  calm,  dispassionate,  and  rational  address 
was  the  most  acceptable  to  heaven,  while 
his  opponent  recommended  a   warm,   en- 
thusiastic  zeal.      From    Bangor    he    was 
translated  to   Hereford,  and  afterwards  to 
Salisbury,  and  lastly  to  Winchester,  where 
he   continued  26    years.     He    died    17th 
April,    1761,    aged    85,   and  was  buried  in 
Winchester  cathedral,  where  a  neat  monu- 
ment,  with  a  Latin  inscription,  drawn  by 
himself,  records  the  events  of  his  life.     He 
was  twice  married,   and   by  his  firsf   wife 
had  two  sons,  Benjamin  and  John,  the  last 
of  whom    survived   him.     As    a   writer  he 
possessed  great  abilities  ;  he   was  a  keen 
disputant,  but  his  style  was  inelegant,  and 
his  periods,  as  Pope  observes,  "  were  of  a 
mile.'      In  his  religious  opinions  he  was  a 
great  latitudinarian,   so   that  it  has  been 
wondered  on  what  principles  he  continued 
through  life    to  profess  conformity,  as  on 
several  occasions  he  seemed  far  from  strict- 
ly adhering  to  the   tenets   of  the  Anglican 
church,   and  regarded  reason  more  as  the 
guide  of  the  Christian  than  the   pure  pre- 
cepts of  the  gospel.     His  writings,  which 
are  numerous,  are  enumerated  in  the  Bio- 
graphia  Britannica,  on  the  authority  of  his 
son.     They  have  appeared  in  4  vols,  folio. 
Akenside,   among  other  poets,  has  paid  a 
handsome   tribute   to    his    memory. 

HoADLT,  John,  D.D.  a  prelate  of  Ire- 
land, was  a  younger  brother  of  the  bishop 
of  Winchester,  and  born  near  London, 
1678.  He  was  chaplain  to  Bishop  Burnet, 
and  received  some  valuable  pre'ermcnts 
in  the  church  from  him,  and  from  the 
lord  chancellor.  King.  In  1727  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Leighlin  and  Femes 
in  Ireland,  in  1730  he  became  archbishop 
of  Dublin,  and  in  1742,  archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh, primate  and  metropolitan.  He  died 
in  1746.  He  published  some  scrmom? 
and  controversial  tracts.  luZP'  L. 

HoADLT,  Benjamin,  M.D.  eldest  son  of 
the  bishop  Winchester,  was  born  lOth  Feb. 
1705-6,  in  Broad-street,  and  educated  at 
Newcome's  school.  Hackney.     He  entered 


HOA 


Uw>B 


At  Beiiet-college,  Cambridge,  1722,  under 
Herring,  afterwards  primate.  He  studied 
jnathematics  under  the  blind  professor 
Saunderson,  and  then  took  his  degree  in 
medicine.  When  the  king  visited  Cam- 
bridge in  1728,  Hoadly's  name  was  on  the 
list  of  those  who  were  to  be  presented  to 
the  degree  of  M.D.  but  it  is  supposed  that 
he  was  omitted  by  the  iliiberality  of  Dr. 
Snape,  who  hated  his  father,  and  he  was 
admitted  about  a  month  after  by  manda- 
mus. He  was  made  registerer  of  Here-  • 
ford  by  his  father,  and  ippointed  pliysician 
to  the  king's  household  in  1742,  and  to  the 
prince  of  Wales,  1746.  He  died  lOth 
Aug.  1757,  at  Chelsea.  He  was  twice 
married,  but  his  only  child,  by  his  first  wife, 
died  ail  infant.  He  distinguished  himself 
as  the  author  of  three  letters  on  the  Or- 
gans of  Respiration,  read  at  the  college  pf 
physicians,  1740 — Oratio  Anniversaria, 
&c.  1742 — Observations  on  Electrical 
Experiments,  1756,  4to.  and  the  Suspicious 
Husb  md,  a  comedy  of  great  merit  and 
popularity. 

HoADLY,  John,  LL.D.  youngest  son  of 
bishop    Hoadly,   was  born  in  Broad-street, 
8th  Oct.  1711,  and  educated  at    Hackney- 
school,  where  he  acted  with  great  applause 
Phocyas  in  the  Siege  of  Damascus.     He 
entered   in  1730  at  Corpus  Christi,   Cam- 
bridge, and  soon  after  at  the  Temple,  but 
he  abandoned  the   profession   of  the   law, 
and  took  the  degree  of   LL.B.   in  1735, 
and  the  same  year  was  appointed  chancel- 
lor of  Winchester  by  his  father,   and  ad- 
mitted into  orders.     He  was   then   made 
chaplain  to  the  prince  of  Wales' household, 
and  held  the  same  office   with  the  princess 
dowager,    1751.       Preferments     crowded 
afterwards  thick  upon  him,  the  mo.^t  valu- 
able of  which  were  a  prebend  of  Winches- 
ter, the  rectory  of  St.  Mary,  near  South- 
ampton  1743,   that  of  Overton  1746,  and 
the  mastership  of  St.  Cross   in  1760.     He 
received  the  degree  of  doctor  from  Lam- 
beth, and   it  was  the  first  honour  of  that 
nature  conferred  by  Herring  the   primate. 
He  died  16th  May,  1776,  and  with  him  the 
name   of    Hoadly  became    extinct.       He 
"wrote  five  dramas,  the  Contract,  a  comedy 
• — Love's  Revenge  and   Phoebe,  two  pasto- 
rals— Jeptha,  and  the  farce  of  Truth,  two 
oratorios, — besides   some    other   dramatic 
works,  U^ft  in  MSS.   among   which   was  a 
tragedy  on  lord  Cromwell.     He  also  wrote 
some  poems,  preserved  in  Dodsley's  collec- 
tion, and  at  all   times   showed  himself  so 
fond  of  a   theatrical  life,   that  he  seldom 
had  any  friends  in  his  house,  whom  he  did 
not  solicit  to  undertake  a  character  in  some 
interlude  at  his  own  private  theatre.     He 
published  also  his  father's  works  in  3  vols, 
folio. 

Hoar,  Leonard,  M.D.  president  of  Har- 
vard college,  Massachusetts,  was  graduated 
56 


at  that  seminary  in  1650,  and  three  years 
after  obtained  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
medicine  at  Cambridge,  England  ;  but  de- 
voting himself  to  the  ministry,  he  was 
settled  at  Wensted,  from  which  in  1662 
he  was  ejected  for  nonconformity.  In 
1672,  he  returned  to  New-England,  and 
was  elected  president  of  Harvard  college, 
and  continued  in  the  office  till  1675,  when 
he  resigned.  His  death  took  place  the 
same  year.  He  was  respectable  in  learn- 
ing, and  exemplary  in  piety,  but  had  not 
the  talents  for  government  which  his  station 
in  the  college  required.  fCj^  L. 

HoBART,  Noah,  minister  of  Fairfield, 
Connecticut,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1724,  and  ten  years  after  was 
ordained  at  Fairfield,  where  he  remained 
till  his  death  in  1773.  He  possessed  a 
mind  of  great  acuteness,  and  distinguished 
himself  among  his  cotemporaries  by  the 
extent  of  his  learning,  and  by  sevei'al  able 
publications  in  defence  of  the  doctrines 
and  rites  of  the  congregational  churches, 
in  controversy  with  writers  in  favour  of 
episcopacy.  ?C3^  L- 

HoBART,  John  Sloss,  judge  of  the  dis- 
trict court  of  New- York,  and  estimable 
for  talents  and  integrity,  died  on  the  4th 
February,  1805.  After  having  held  several 
important  stations  in  that  state  during  the 
war  of  the  revolution,  he  was  at  its  close 
appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court, 
and  in  1793,  elected  a  senator  of  the 
United  States.  ICP  L. 

HoBBES,  Thomas,  an  eminent  philoso- 
pher, born  5th  April,  1588,  at  Malmsbury, 
Wilts,  where  his  father  was  minister.  He 
entered  at  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford,  in  1603, 
and  five  years  after  he  went  to  reside  in 
the  family  of  the  earl  of  Devonshire  as  tutor 
to  his  son,  with  whom  he  made  the  tour  of 
Europe.  By  the  friendship  and  kindness 
of  this  illustrious  family,  he  was  introduced 
to  persons  of  rank  and  literary  fame  ,  he 
was  noticed  by  the  great  lord  Bacon,  by 
lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury  ;  and  Ben  Jon- 
son,  with  fond  partiality,  revised  his  trans- 
lation of  Thucydides,  which  he  published 
to  warn  his  countrymen  against  the  dan- 
gers of  civil  dissensions.  In  1626  he  lost 
his  patron  the  earl  of  Devonshire,  and  two 
years  after  his  pupil,  and  so  severely  did 
he  feel  the  affliction,  that  to  disperse  his 
grief,  he  travelled  with  sir  G.  Clifton's  son 
over  the  continent.  His  abilities  and  his 
character  were  so  well  known  that  lady 
Devonshire  insisted  on  his  superintending 
the  education  of  the  young  earl,  and  in  the 
confidence  of  this  illustrious  family,  he  vi- 
sited again  the  continent  with  his  pupil, 
and  at  Paris  was  introduced  to  the  society 
of  Mersennc,  and  other  learned  men,  and 
at  Pisa  he  had  frequent  intercourse  with 
the  celebrated  Galileo.  On  his  retui-n  to 
England,  be  published  his  book  called  de 


Jjoii 


iiuc 


(Jive,  und  bfc  afterwards  made  his  political 
and  moral  opinions  public  in  his  Leviathan, 
but  the  tumults  of  civil  war  were  too  vio- 
lent for  him,  so  that  he  retired  to  Paris,  to 
live  in  the  society  of  the  learned.     His  in- 
timacy with  Des  Cartes  w  as  interrupted  by 
a  controversial  dispute,  but  Uassendi  re- 
mained his  friend  to  the  latest  period  of 
life.     In   his  controversy  with  Cavendish 
about  the  quadrature  of  the  circle,  Hobbes 
showed  such  abilities  that  he  was  recom- 
mended to  instruct  the  prince  of  Wales, 
afterwards  the  second  Charles,  in  mathe- 
matical knowledge,  and  so  zealous  and  so 
important  were  his  services  considered,  that 
at  the  restoration  the  monarch  treated  his 
preceptor  with  marked  respect.    The  public 
opinion,  however,  soon  after  represented 
Hobbes  as  a  dangerous  man  ;    and  when 
the  House  of  Commons  censured  his  trea- 
tise de  Cive,  and  his  Leviathan,  as  intend- 
ed to  subvert  religion  and  civil  government, 
Charles  reluctantly  withdrew  his  patronage 
from  him.     In  his  old  age  he  was  visited  not 
only  by  men  of  eminence  and  dignity  in  fo- 
reign countries,  but  by  princes  and  ambas- 
sadors, who  were  anxious  to  pay  respect  to 
a  man  whose   writings  and   opinions  were 
so  celebrated  in  Europe.     He  was  attacked 
by  a  suppression    of  urine    in   November, 
1679,  while  at  Chatsworth,  the  seat  of  his 
patron  the  earl  of  Devonshire,  and   soon 
after  a  stroke  of  the  palsy  came  to  increase 
his  suflerings,  under  which  he  sunk  the  4th 
of    December    following,    aged    92.       In 
his  character  Hobbes  exhibited  the    pro- 
found reasoner,   the  erudite    philosopher, 
and  the  refined  writer.     His  abilities  were 
of  a  superior  order,  and  therefore  it  is  to 
be   lamented    that   such  powers    of  mind 
should  be  directed   to  unworthy  purposes. 
While  in  the  family  of  the  earl  of  Devon- 
shire, where   he  lived  the  best  part  of  his 
life,  as  in  his  own  house,  he  frequently  at- 
tended the  chapel,  and  received  the  sacra- 
ment, yet  he  occasionally  turned  his  back 
upon  the  preacher,  observing  that  he  could 
teach  him  nothing  but  what  he   knew  be- 
fore.    That  presumption  which  trusts  to  it- 
self, without  the  assistance  of  a  superin- 
tending Providence,  is  not  only  irreligious, 
but  dangerous  to  society ;  and  w  hile  Hobbes 
aftected  at  one  time  to  respect  the  institu- 
tions of  his  country,  he  would  at  another 
disregard   as  futile  and   incongruous  those 
laws  which  bind  man  to  man  as  dependent 
on  the  will   of  an   overruling  Providence. 
His  purpose  was  to  strike  at  the  root  of  all 
religion,  natural  and  revealed,  and  while  he 
pretended  to  represent  the  Scriptures  as  de- 
rived from  mere  human  tradition,  he  endea- 
voured to  destroy  God's  moral  government 
of  the  world,  and  to  reduce  man  to  the  de- 
graded state  of  animal  nature,  which  views 
a  rival  and  a  foe  in  every  face,  and  elevates 
force  and  cunning  into  the  room  of  bene- 
Vor..  IL  8 


^olenct;,  inid  the  mildest  and  mo^i  humane 
\irtucs  of  the  heart.  The  principles  of 
Hobbes  were  confuted  by  mriny  able  and 
learned  opponents,  espcciallv  by  Hrirring- 
ton,  Tenison,  l-'ilmer,  Parker,  Henry 
Moore,  Cumberland,  Cuduorlh,  and  others. 
His  other  works  were,  a  treulise  on  Human 
Nature — de  Coq)ore  Politico,  or  the  Ele- 
ments of  Law — de  Mirubililius  Pcrci  or 
the  Wonders  of  the  Peak,  a  poem — Horner 
translated  into  English  verse — Letter  on 
Liberty  and  Necessity — Elements  of  Philo- 
sophy— six  Lessons  to  the  Professors  of 
Mathematics — Marks  of  absurd  Geometry, 
&c. — One  of  his  maxims  was,  that  bad 
means  might  be  applied  to  procure  a  good 
end  ;  for,  says  he,  if  I  were  cast  into  a 
deep  pit,  and  the  devil  should  put  down  his 
cloven  foot,  I  would  readily  lay  hold  of  it 
to  get  out.  In  spite  of  all  his  philosophy, 
it  is  said,  that  he  was  childishly  afraid  of 
apparitions,  and  that  he  would  never  re- 
main alone  in  a  house  if  he  possibly  could 
prevent  it. 

HoBBBiMA,  Minderhout,  a  painter  born 
at  Antwerp  1611.  He  studied  nature,  and 
his  landscapes  had  peculiar  beauty  and 
grace.     They  are  now  very  scarce. 

HocHE,  Lazarus,  a  native  of  Versailles, 
son   of  a  hostler,    made   upon  tlie   early 
death   of   his    father,    a  chorister   in   the 
church   of   St.   Germain-en-laye,    by  the 
kindness  of  the  rector.     He  was  afterwards 
a  helper  in  the  royal  stables,  and  at  the 
age  of  16  he  enlisted  in  the  army,  and  be- 
came a  corporal.     The  revolution  came  to 
raise  him  from  obscurity  ;  he  was  by  cou- 
rage and  coolness  distinguished  in  several 
engagements,  and  soon  rose  to  the  highest 
rank  in  the  army.     Though  imprisoned  for 
some   time   under  the   tyranny  of  Robes- 
pierre, he  was  restored  to  liberty,  and  pas- 
sed a  glorious  campaign  against  the  Aus- 
trians  in   Alsace,  and  afterwards  went  to 
La  Vendee,  and  to  Quiberon,  where  he  be- 
haved with  great  cruelty  towards  the  emi- 
grants, and  put  to  death  the   heroic  Cha- 
rette.      He  was  intrusted  with  the  com- 
mand of  the  troops  which  were  to  invade 
Ireland  at  the  end  of  1795,  but  the  expe- 
dition failed,  after  attempting  to  land  in 
Bantry  bay,  and  Hoche,  though  for  a  while 
regarded  with   coolness,  was  sent  to  the 
armies  of  the  Sambre  and  !Meusc.     In  this 
new  scene  he  displayed  great  bravery  and 
address  against  the  Austrian s  on  the  I^hine, 
but  died   suddenly    at   Wetzlar   in    1797, 
aged  30,  in  consequence   of  a  cold  caught 
in  the  midst  of  his  military  exertions.     His 
life  has  been  published  by  Rousselin,  2  vols. 
8vo. 

HociisTETTER,  Andrew  Adam,  a  pro- 
testant  divine,  born  at  Tubingen  1668, 
where  he  became  professor  of  eloquence, 
philosophy,  and  divinity,  and  at  last  rector 
of  the  uuiversjitv.     He  died  there,  April 

57 


HOD 


HOf 


1717.  His  chief  works  arc,  Collegium 
Pufl'erulorfianum, — de  Festo  Expiationis  et 
Hirco  Azftzcl, — de  Conradino,  ultimo  ex 
Suevis  ducc,  de  Rebus  Elbigciisibus. 

Hodges,  Nathani*;!,  an  English  physi- 
tian,  son  of  the  dean  of  Hereford.  He 
■was  educated  at  Westminster  school,  and 
entered  as  student  at  Christ  church  1643. 
In  1659  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  and 
settled  in  London,  where  he  remained 
during  the  prevalence  of  the  plague,  and 
thus  acquired  an  extensive  practice  and  a 
great  reputation.  Misfortunes,  however, 
succeeded  prosperity,  and  he  was  thrown 
for  debt  into  Ludgate  prison,  where  he 
died  16S4.  He  was  buried  in  St.  Stephen's 
church,  AValbrook.  He  wrote  Vindicios 
Medicines  et  Medieorum,  1660, — Loimo- 
logia,  or  a  Latin  account  of  the  plague  of 
London  1665,  printed  1672,  and  translated 
into  English  by  Dr.  John  Quincy,  1720. 
This  accovmt  is  considered  as  very  valua- 
lle  from  the  diligence  and  accuracy  of  the 
author. 

HoDY,    Humphrey,   au    English  divine, 
born  1st  January,  1659,  at  Odcombe,    So- 
mersetshire, where  his  father  was  rector. 
He  entered  at  "NVadham  college,   Oxford, 
1676,   of  which   he   became   fellow   eight 
years  after.     At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he 
jvablished  his  Dissertation  against  Aristeas' 
History  of  the  seventy-two  Interpreters, 
which  was  received  with  general  applause 
by  the  learned  world,  though  Vossius  alone, 
who    had  embraced  a   difllcrent    opinion, 
loaded  it  with  abuse,  and  ridiculed  the  au- 
thor, contemptuously  calling   him  Juvenis 
Oxoniensis.     To  this  attack  from  Vossius, 
inserted   in   an   appendix  to   his   Pompo- 
nius  Mela,  Hody  did  not  deign  to  give  au 
answer  till  more  than  20  years  after.     In 
1704,    therefore,    he  published   his   book, 
*'  de    Bibliorum    Textibus     Originalibus," 
&:c.  in  which  he  refuted  the  objections  of 
"N'ossius,  and  proves   that  the    Septuagint 
was  translated  not  by   order  of  the  Ptole- 
mies, though  in  their  reign,  but  by  the  Hel- 
lenist Jews,  for  the  use  of  their  country- 
men.    In  16S9  he  published  his  Prolego- 
mena to  Malcla's  Chronicon,  and  the  next 
year  he  was  made  chaplain  to  bishop  Stil- 
lingfleet.     In  consequence  of  the  depriva- 
tion of  the  bishop  for  refusing  allegiance 
to  king  "William,  he  was  engaged  in  a  con- 
troversy with   hi-   friend   Dodwell.     The 
spirit  and  abilities  which  he  displayed  in 
this  war  of  pamphlets,  so  pleased  Tillotson, 
that  he    made  him   his  domestic   chaplain 
1C94.     He  was   equally  patronised  by  the 
next  primate  Tenison,  at  whose  request  he 
wrote  Animadversions   on    Collier's  Pam- 
phlets,  who   had   with    two    others    pro- 
nounced  absolution  in  a  solemn   manner, 
on  Perkins  and    Friend  when  executed  for 
the  assassination  plot.      In   1698  he  was 
made  regius  profe'ssor  of  Greek  at  Oxford, 
5S 


and  1704,  was  nominated  archdeacon  of 
Oxford.  He  died  20th  January,  1706,  and 
was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  Wadham  col- 
lege, to  which  he  was  agreat  benefactor  by 
the  foundation  of  ten  scholarships  of  10/. 
each  for  the  cultivation  of  Hebrew  and 
Greek.  He  left  a  MS.  account  of  the 
learned  Greeks  who  had  fled  into  Italy  by 
the  taking  of  Constantinople  by  the  Turks, 
which  appeared  in  1742  under  the  care  of 
Dr.  S.  Jebb.  He  had  published  in  1701 
a  History  of  English  Councils  and  Convo- 
cations, and  of  the  English  clergy's  sitting 
in  Parliament. 

Hoe,  Matthias  de  Hoenegg,  a  German 
divine,  born  at  Vienna,  Feb.  24, 1580.  He 
was  preacher  to  the  elector  of  Saxony  at 
Dresden,  where  he  died  4th  March,  1645. 
He  was  an  able  and  a  zealous  Lutheran, 
and  he  wrote  with  great  spirit  against  both 
Calvinists  and  papists.  His  writings  are 
chiefly  controversial. 

HoECK,  John  Van,  a  painter,  born  at 
Antwerp  1600.  He  studied  under  Rubens 
and  visited  Rome,  where  the  pope  and 
cardinals  highly  favoured  him.  He  was 
afterwards  patronised  at  Vienna  by  the  em- 
peror Ferdinand  II.  His  potraits  and  his- 
torical pieces  are  much  admired.  He  died 
1650. 

HoECK,  Robert  Van,  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp, who  died  in  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  His  best  perform- 
ances are  military  pieces,  in  which  his 
figures  appear  with  great  judgment  and  ad- 
vantage. 

HoEL,  Gerard,  a  painter,  born  at  Bom- 
mel  1648.  He  was  director  of  the  aca- 
demy of  painting  at  Utrecht,  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  the  superior  interest  of 
his  historical  pieces  and  of  his  landscapes, 
some  of  which  are  preserved  in  the  house  of 
lord  Albermarle,  and  in  the  palace  of  Stra- 
genberg.     He  died  1733. 

HoELTZLiNus,  Jeremias,  a  philologer, 
born  at  Nuremberg.  He  settled  at  Leyden, 
and  published  there  a  very  learned  edition 
of  ApoUonius  Rhodius  1641,  the  year  of 
his  death.  Ruhnkenms,  hoivever,  cen- 
sures him  as  an  editor. 

HoESCHELius,  David,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, born  at  Augsburg,  1556.  After 
teaching  long  in  the  college  there,  he  was 
appointed  principal  of  the  society,  and 
also  librarian.  He  was  a  judicious  and 
indefatigable  collector  of  MSS.  and  he 
evinced  his  learning  by  his  publication  of 
some  of  the  fathers,  of  Origen,  Basil,  Phi- 
lo  Judaeus,  &.c. — besides  Appian,  Proco- 
pius,  Anna  Comnena,  &c.  He  died  at 
Augsburg  1617,  universally  lamented. 
As  a  proof  of  his  attention  and  discipline 
at  the  head  of  his  college,  it  is  mentioned 
that  he  furnished  to  the  bar  1000  of  his  pu- 
pils, and  2000  to  the  church. 

HoFiMAN,  MauricBj  a  physician,   born 


IIOF 


llOCr 


l^irstenwalcle  Brandenburg  20th  Fycpt.lG21. 
His  fondness  for  literature,  and  his  inde- 
fatigable application  surmounted  all  the 
opposition  which  his  parents  made  au,!iinst 
his  studious  pursuits,  and  in  1637  he  was 
permitted  by  his  father  to  improve  himself 
in  the  college  of  Cologne.  The  death  6f 
Iiis  father  now  left  him  his  own  master, 
and  he  came  to  Altdorf  the  next  year, 
where  his  mother's  brother  was  professor 
of  physic,  and  after  profiting  by  his  advice 
and  instruction  he  went  to  Paduu,  where 
by  the  dissection  of  a  turkey-cock  he  disco- 
vered the  pancreatic  duct,  from  which  his 
friend  Versungus  ascertained  the  same  ves- 
sel in  the  human  body.  Hoffman  after 
three  years'  residence  at  Padua,  returned 
to  Altdorf,  where  he  began  to  practise  as 
physician.  In  1648  he  was  made  profes- 
sor of  anatomy  and  surgery,  the  next  year 
of  physic,  and  1653  of  botany,  and  di- 
rector of  the  physic  garden.  His  abilities 
and  reputation  were  such  that  many  of 
the  German  princes  appointed  him  their 
physician.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy  1698, 
aged  76.  He  had  18  children  by  three 
wives.  He  wrote  Altdorfii  Deliciaj  Hor- 
tcnses,  4to. — Appendix  ad  Catalogum 
Plantarum  Hortens.  4to. — Deliciae  Syl- 
vestres,  4to — Florilegium  Altdorsinum, 
4to. 

Hoffman,  John  Maurice,  son  of  the 
preceding  by  his  first  wife,  was  born  1656 
at  Altdorf.  After  studying  at  Hertzpruck, 
Altdorf,  and  Frankfort  on  the  Oder,  he 
went  to  Padua  for  two  years,  and  then 
making  the  tour  of  Italy  he  returned  home 
and  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  In  1677  he 
was  made  professor  extraordinary  in  phy- 
sic, and  increased  so  much  in  reputation 
that  the  margrave  of  Anspach  in  1695  ap- 
pointed him  his  physician.  He  travelled 
with  his  illustrious  patron  into  Italy,  and 
after  his  death  in  1703  he  held  the  same 
honourable  rank  with  his  successor,  at 
whose  strong  invitations  he  removed  to 
Anspach  1713,  and  died  1727.  He  had 
succeeded  his  father  as  botanic  professor 
and  director  of  the  physic  garden  at  Alt- 
dorf 1698.  He  had  five  children  by  his 
wife.  He  published  some  valuable  botani- 
cal works,  and  de  Differentiis  Alimentorum, 
4to.  1677. 

Hoffman,  Frederic,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, born  at  Hall  near  Magdcburgh  1660, 
where  he  became  professor  of  physic  1693, 
and  where  he  continued  till  his  death  1742. 
He  visited  Holland  and  England,  where  he 
became  acquainted  with  the  learned  men  of 
the  times,  especially  Paul  Herman,  and  Ro- 
bert Boyle.  He  took  no  fees,  but  was  sup- 
ported by  an  annual  stipend.  His  works  in 
six  large  folios,  Geneva,  1748-54,  contain 
much  valuable  matter,  with  some  frivolous 
and  puerile  conjectures. 

Hoffman,  Daniel,  a  Lutheran    divine* 


professor  iU  I  Iclmstadt,  at  Ihn  tiid  of  (hi^ 
16th  century.  He  engaged  in  the  popular 
and  theological  controversies  of  the  time«, 
and  opposed  lieza  on  the  subject  of  the 
Eucharist.  Me  was  ernsurcil  by  an  as- 
sembly of  divines  1593,  and  threatened 
with  excommunication  if  he  did  not  hu!)- 
scribe  to  tlu;  oj)iiiioiis  of  his  |ierse(ijlora 
against  whom  he  puijlished  u  iaboiireii 
apology. 

Hoffman,  Gasper,  a  professor  of  physio 
at  Altdorf,  born  at  (iotha  1572.  He  died 
1649,  leaving  behind  him  some  valuable 
medical  works. 

Hoffman,  John  James,  a  laborious  com- 
piler, born  at  Basle.  Few  particulars  arc 
known  of  this  indefatigable  man.  Ho  pub- 
lished at  Geneva  1677,  in  2  vols,  folio,  his 
great  work,  "  Lexicon  Universah;,  Histori- 
co-geographico-poetico-philosophico-politi- 
co-philologicum,"  to  which  he  was  induced 
by  success  to  add  a  supplement.  The  Ley- 
den  booksellers  in  1698,  having  been  fa- 
voured with  all  the  improvements  and  cor- 
rections of  the  author,  published  the  work 
in  4  vols,  folio,  with  a  new  preface  by  the 
author.  He  died,  Greek  professor  at  Basle, 
1706,  aged  71. 

Hogarth,  William,  a  celebrated  painter, 
born  in    the   parish   of   St.  Martin   Lud- 
gate,  London,  1697.     His  father,  who  was 
a   schoolmaster,   and  occasionally   a    cor- 
rector of   the  press,  bound   him   appren- 
tice to  an  engi'aver  of  arms  on  plate,  but 
his  genius  led   him  to   cultivate  painting. 
The  first  piece  by  which  he  dislingiushed 
himself  was  a  representation  of  Wanstead 
assembly,  about  1720,  and  he  Avas  now  en- 
gaged  on    his  own  account  in  engraving 
arms  and  shop  bills,  and  in  designing  plates 
for  booksellers.      His  cuts  for  Hudibras, 
for  Apuleius'  Golden  Ass,  and  other  works, 
arc  still  preserved   as  curiosities,  but  his 
powers  were  exerted  with  singular  effect, 
not  only  in  portrait  painting,  but  in  whim- 
sical  and  humorous  representations.     By 
degrees   he   thus  rose  from   obscurity  to 
fame,    and   in    1730   married    Sir   James 
Thornhill's  daughter.      Though  the  match 
was  -altogether  against  the  knight's  consent, 
yet  they   were  reconciled,  and  the  father- 
in-law  afterwards  had  reason  to  be  proud 
of  the  connexion  which  his  daughter  had 
formed.      During  his  residence  at  South 
Lambeth,  soon  after  his  marriage,  he  con- 
tributed largely   to  the  embellishment    of 
Vauxhall  gardens,  and  for  his  pieces  the 
proprietor,  Tyer?,  complimented  him  with 
a  golden    ticket    of  admission,   with    this 
honourable  motto,  "  Inperpetuani  bencficii 
memoriam."      In   1733  his   Harlot's   Pro- 
gress recommended  him  powerfully  to  th(; 
public  notice,  and  thus  by  the  most  striking 
scene  in  conveying  a  simple  girl   thr^gh 
all  the    horrors   and  vicissitudes    of    the 
wrctchednec^s  of  a  prostitute  to  a  prcmii- 

59 


flUlx 


IIOL 


f  lire  dcaLli,  lio  exhibited  a  lesson  to  the  un- 
derstanding, and  most  sensibly  touched  the 
heart.     Thus  successful  in  a  new  mode  of 
conveying  moral  instruction,  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  delineation  of  other  equally 
interesting  and  appropriate  characters,  and 
to  the  accuracy  of  his  figures  must  be  ad- 
ded the  faithful  representation  of  the  dress, 
the  manners,  and  the  particularities  of  the 
age.      The    Midnight    Conversation,    the 
Rake's  Progress,  the  Marriage   a-la-mode, 
the  Happy  Marriage,  and  other  works,  suc- 
ceeded each  other,  and  ensured  to  the  artist 
the  high  and  undisputed  character  of  great 
genius,  strong  originality,   and  successful 
delineation.      After  the  peace  of  Aix-la- 
Chapellc,   he   visited    France,    and   while 
taking  a  drawing  of  the  gates  of  Calais,  he 
was  arrested  as  a  spy,  but  soon  liberated, 
a  circumstance  which  he  has  beautifully  re- 
corded in  his    ''  O   the   roast  beef  of  Old 
England,"  1749.     In  1753  he  appeared  be- 
fore  the  public   as  an  author,   and  in  his 
Analysis  of  beauty,  he  made  many  sensible 
and  original  remarks  on  his  profession.    He 
first  asserted  that  a  curve  is  the  line  of 
beauty,  and  that  round  swelling  figures  are 
most  pleasing  to  the  eye,  and  the  opinion 
has  been  supported  by  other  eminent  wri- 
ters, as  the  language  of  truth  and  nature. 
In  his  conduct  Hogarth  was  a  very  absent 
man.      One  of  his  letters  to  Dr.  Hoadly 
was  directed  *'  to  the  Doctor  at  Chelsea," 
and  it  reached  his  friend  to  be  preserved 
as  a  monument  of  his  singularity.     When 
he  set  up  his  carriage  he  paid  a  visit  to 
Beckford  the  lord  mayor,  and  being  let  out 
by  a  different  door  from  the  mansion-house, 
he  hastened  to  his  apartments  in  Leices- 
ter-square through    a    violent   shower  of 
rain,  and  never  recollected  that  he  had  left 
his  coach  behind,  till  his  wife  inquired  for 
it.     Though  he  possessed  in  an  incredible 
degree  the  powers  of  bringing  his  rivals  or 
enemies  to  ridicule  or  infamy,  yet  Hogarth 
never  used  the  dangerous  talent  in  a  vin- 
dictive degree,  though  perhaps  his  represen- 
tation of  Churchill  as  a  canonical  bear,  and 
his  portrait  of  Wilkes  may  be   said   not 
highly  to  reflect  on  his  judgment  or  good 
sense.     He  expired  at  his  house  Leicester- 
square,  25th   Oct.  1764,  in  consequence  of 
aneurism,  and    was    buried   in    Chiswick 
churchyard,  where  an  inscription   by  his 
friend  Garrick  marks  his  grave.     Great  as 
an  artist,  Hogarth  was  respectable  as  a  pri- 
vate man  ;  he  was   liberal,  generous,  and 
hospitable  ;    and   had  education,    and   an 
earlier  acquaintance  with  the  polite  world 
Forn  away  some  of  the  asperities  of  his 
character^he  mighthave  been  regarded  as  an 
amiable  man.      A   very   entertaining   ac- 
count of  the  life  and  labours  of  Hogarth 
has  appeared  by  the  pen  of  John  Ireland, 
called  "  Hogarth   illustrated,"   1792,    and 
''  Graphic  Illustrations,"  &c.  an  additional 
fiO 


work  has  been  published  by  Samuel  Ire- 
land. 

HoHRNLOHE,  Princc  de,  general  of  ar- 
tillery in  the  imperial  army,  distinguished 
himself  against  the  Turks  in  Transylvania 
in  1788,  and  against  the  French  in  the  bat- 
tles of  Famars  and  Mermal  in  1792.  He 
was  intrusted  with  the  command  of  the 
army  on  the  Rhine,  and  died  whilst  in  that 
office,  Aug.  1796. 

HoLBACH,  Paul  Thierri,  baron  de,  an 
eminent  mineralogist,  born  in  the  Palati- 
nate, and  for  his  learning  made  member  of 
the  academies  of  Manheim,  Paris,  Peters- 
burg, Berlin,  &c.  He  wrote  L'Art  de  la 
Verrerie  de  Neri — Mineralogie  de  Walle- 
rius,  2  vols. — Elemens  de  la  Morale  Uni- 
verselle,  ou  Catechisme  de  la  Nature — In- 
troduction a  la  Mineralogia,  &c.  and  died 
at  Paris  1789,  aged  66. 

Holbein,   John,   better  known  by  the 
German  name  of  Hans,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er born    at   Basil,  Switzerland,   1498,   or 
three  years  earlier  according  to  Charles 
Patin.     He  studied  under  his  father  who 
was  a  painter,  but  soon  eclipsed  him.     He 
painted  our  Saviour's  passion  in  the  town- 
house  of  Basil,  and  in  the  fish-market,  a 
dance    of  peasants,    and    death's   dance. 
These  pieces   gained   him  much  celebrity, 
and  also  the  friendship  of  the  great  Eras- 
mus, who  pitied  and  in  vain  endeavoured 
to  reform  his  roughness  of  manners,  and 
his  culpable  partiality  for  low  company  and 
for  drinking.     He  was  invited  by  an  Eng- 
lish nobleman  who  saw  him  at  Basil  to  visit 
England,  and  at  last  in  his  eagerness  after 
fame,  and  in  his  wish    to  avoid  the  ill  hu- 
mour of  a  termagant  wife,  and  by  the  ad- 
vice  of  Erasmus,  he  began  to  travel  to- 
wards England,  and  almost  begged  bis  way 
on  his  journey.     He  was   received   with 
great  friendship  by  the  lord  chancellor,  Sir 
Thomas  More,  in  whose  house  he  resided 
nearly   three   years,  while   employing  his 
pencil  in  drawing  the  portrait  of  his  patron 
and  of  his  friends.     When  asked  the  name 
of  the  nobleman  who  had  accidentally  pro-^' 
mised  him  protection  in   England,  he  said 
he  had  forgotten  it,  but  added  that  he  re- 
membered his  features,   and  immediately 
drew  a  likeness  so  correct,  and  so  accurate, 
that  the  noble  stranger  became  known  to 
the    chancellor    and   his   friends.      Some 
time  after  Sir  Thomas  exhibited  the  pro- 
ductions of  Holbein  accidentally  to  Henry 
Vlll.  who  was  so  pleased  with  them  that 
he  took  the   illustrious  painter  under  his 
immediate  patronage,  and  sent  him  to  draw 
the  picture   of  the   dutchess   Dowager  of 
Milan,  whom  he  designed  for  his  fourth 
wife  after   the  death  of  Jane    Seymour. 
He  Avas  afterwards  employed  to  draw^  the 
portrait  of   Anne  of  Cleves,  which  proved 
too  flattering  to  engage  the  fastidious  affec- 
tions of  Henry.     I4()lbein  nfler  giving  the 


UOL 


IIOL 


•world  a  great  number  of  valuable  portraits 
of  the  personages  of  the  court,  and  of  va- 
rious noblemen,  unfortunately  died  of  the 
plague  at  his  lodgings  in  Whitehall  1554. 
This  excellent  artist,  says  Du  Fresnoy, 
"  was  wonderfully  knowing  and  had  cer- 
tainly been  of  the  first  form  of  painters,  had 
he  travelled  into  Italy,  since  nothing  can 
be  laid  to  his  charge  but  only  that  he  had  a 
Gothic  gusto."  He  performed  indeed  bet- 
ter than  Raphael,  and  with  some  of  his 
portraits,  none  of  Titian's  could  come  into 
competition.  Henry  VIII.  was  so  sensible 
of  his  merit  that  in  defending  him  from 
the  vengeance  of  an  offended  nobleman, 
he  said  to  his  persecutor,  I  can  when  I 
please,  make  seven  lords  of  seven  plough- 
men, but  I  cannot  make  one  Holbein  even 
of  seven  lords. 

HoLBERG,  Louis  dc,  a  Danish  writer, 
"born  at  Bergen,  Norway,  1685.  He  rose 
from  obscurity  by  his  application  and  dili- 
gence, and  after  travelling  over  Europe  sup- 
ported merely  by  his  own  personal  exer- 
tions, he  returned  to  Copenhagen,  where 
he  became  assessor  of  the  consistory  court. 
He  gained  great  celebrity  by  his  works, 
which  were  a  valuable  histoi'y  of  Den- 
mark, 3  vols.  4to. — some  comedies, — 2 
vols,  of  Moral  Thoughts, — the  Danish 
Spectator, — and  a  satirical  romance,  like 
Gulliver's  Travels.  By  economy  and  by 
his  literary  labours  he  acquired  a  hand- 
some fortune,  and  was  a  great  benefactor 
to  the  university  of  Zealand,  and  also  gave 
16,000  crowns  to  portion  a  number  of  Da- 
nish young  women.     He  died  1754. 

HoLCROFT,  Thomas,  a  miscellaneous 
•writer,  was  born  in  Orange-court,  Leices- 
ter-fields, Dec.  22, 1744.  His  father  was  a 
shoemaker  in  low  circumstances,  and  the 
son,  early  in  life,  was  employed  in  the  sta- 
bles of  the  honourable  Mr.  Vernon.  He 
also  worked  at  his  father's  business,  but 
left  it,  and  tried  his  fortune  on  the  stage 
without  success.  He  then  turned  drama- 
tic writer,  in  which  he  had  better  luck ; 
and  some  of  his  plays  were  very  popular  at 
the  time.  Besides  these  productions,  he 
wrote  several  novels,  and  translated  a  num- 
ber of  books  from  the  French  and  German 
languages.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
revolution  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the  re- 
publicans, and  was  committed  for  high 
treason  ;  but  when  Hardy,  Tooke,  and 
Thelwall  were  acquitted,  he  was  discharged 
without  trial.  His  last  speculation  was  a 
publication  of  his  travels  in  Germany  and 
France,  in  two  vols.  4to.  He  died  in  1S09. 
—W.  B. 

HoLDEN,  Henry,  an  English  divine,  of 
great  erudition,  and  strict  integrity.  He 
was  a  Roman  catholic,  and  settled  at  Paris, 
where  he  died  1662.  His  works  are,  Ana- 
lysis Fidei,  reprinted  by  Barbou  1766 — 
Marginal  Notes  on  tho  New  Testament,  2 


vols.  l2mo,  lono— n  Letter  concerning 
White's  Treatise  dc  Medio  Animarum  Sta- 
tu, 4to.  1601. 

HoLDEM,  Samuel,  a  benefactor  of  the 
colonists  of  New- England,  was  iin  English- 
man, and  died  in  London  in  1710.  His 
donations,  and  those  of  his  family,  to  reli- 
gious and  useful  objects,  in  America, 
amounted  to  about  10,000  pounds  New- 
England  currency.  Holden  chapel,  of 
Harvard  college,  erected  by  their  donation, 
derived  from  them  its  name.       itU^  L. 

Holder,  William,  an  English  divine, 
born  in  Nottinghamshire,  and  educated  at 
Pembroke-hall,  Cambridge.  In  1642  he 
was  made  rector  of  Blechingdon,  Oxford- 
shire, and,  in  1660,  he  took  the  degree  of 
D.D.  He  was  afterwards  canon  of  Ely 
and  St.  Paul's,  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
subdean  of  the  Royal  Chapel,  and  subal- 
moner  to  the  king.  He  died  at  Amen  Cor- 
ner, London,  24th  Jan.  1696-7,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Paul's.  He  was  well  skilled 
in  music,  and  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  prin- 
ciples of  harmony,  and  also  a  discourse 
concerning  time,  with  application  to  the 
natural  day,  lunar  month,  and  solar  year. 
He  gained  some  credit  by  teaching  Pop- 
ham,  a  man  of  some  distinction,  who  was 
deaf  and  dumb,  to  speak,  but  as  the  pupil 
forgot  what  he  had  been  taught,  and  again 
recovered  it  by  the  instruction  of  Dr.  Wal- 
lis,  of  Oxford,  a  controversy  on  the  sub- 
ject, between  these  two  learned  men,  arose, 
and  was  conducted,  in  some  pamphlets, 
with  more  acrimony  than  moderation. 

HoLDSwoRTH,  Edward,  an  elegant  scho- 
lar, educated  at  Winchester  school,  and 
admitted  of  Magdalen  college,  Oxford, 
1705.  After  being  some  time  tutor,  he  re- 
fused, when  elected  fellow  in  1715,  to  take 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Hanoverian 
succession,  and  returning  from  Oxford, 
spent  the  rest  of  his  days  in  travelling  with 
pupils  of  distinction.  He  died  of  a  fever, 
at  lord  Digby's,  at  Coleshill,  Warwickshire, 
30th  Dec.  1747.  He  was  author  of  that 
elegant  poem  "  Muscipula,"  translated  by 
Dr.  J.  Hoadly  in  Dodsley's  Miscellanies, 
and  wrote,  also,  a  dissertation  on  the  Phar- 
salia  and  Philippi  mentioned  in  the 
Georgics,  besides  remarks  on  Virgil,  pub- 
lished by  Mr.  Spence,  1768.  He  under- 
stood Virgil,  says  Mr.  Spence,  "  better  than 
any  man  I  ever  knew." 

Hole,  Richard,  a  native  of  Exeter,  edu- 
cated there  and  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  LL.B.  1771. 
In  1792  he  succeeded  to  the  living  of  Far- 
ringdon,  Devonshire,  on  the  presentation 
of  the  bishop  of  Exeter,  besides  which  he 
afterwards  obtained  Inwardleigh  vicarage. 
He  published  Ossian  in  a  poetical  dress — 
Ode  to  Imagination — Homer's  hymn  to 
Ceres,  translated  17S1 — Arthur,  an  Epifr 
Romance,   with   notes — Remarks   on    the 

Bl 


IIOL 


HOL 


Arabian  Nights  Entertainments,  &c.  1797, 
12mo. — besides  odes  in  the  Devonshire 
collection  of  poems,  and  Essays  in  the  Ex- 
eter society  publications,  &c.  He  died 
1803. 

HoLiNGSHED,  Raphael,  an  English  chro- 
nicler, descended  from  a  family  which  lived 
at  Bosely,  Cheshire.  Few  particulars  are 
known  respecting  him,  but  he  appears  be- 
fore the  public  as  authoi  of  "  Ciironicles," 
first  published  1577,  2  vols,  folio,  and  in 
1587  in  three.  The  second  edition  con- 
tained some  passages  ofiensive  to  Elizabeth, 
and  therefore  they  were  cancelled  in  the 
second  and  third  vol.  though  afterwards 
printed  separately.  In  these  chronicles, 
which  gave  an  interesting  account  of  Eng- 
land, of  Ireland,  and  of  Scotland,  Hollings- 
hed  had  for  coadjutors.  Hooker.  Harrison, 
Stanihurst,  Boteville,  and  others,  who  at 
that  time  were  respectable  writers,  and  like 
himself,  well  versed  in  antiquarian  history. 
The  work  was  afterwards  continued  by 
Stow,  Thin,  Fleming,  and  others,  from 
1577  to  1586.  The  time  of  bis  death  is 
uncertain,  but,  from  his  will,  prefixed  by 
Hearne  to  Camden's  Annals,  he  died  be- 
tween 1578  and  1582. 

HoLL,  Francis  Xaviei',  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Schawndorf.  He  was  professor  of  belles 
lettres,  and  of  ecclesiastical  law,  in  several 
of  the  German  universities,  and  died  at 
Heidelburg,  6th  March,  1784,  aged  64. 
He  wrote  Statistica  Ecclesiae  Germaniae, 
8vo.  a  useful  work. 

Holland,  Philemon,  a  native  of  Chelms- 
ford, educated  at  Cambridge,  under  Dr. 
Whitgift.  He  was  elected  master  of  Coven- 
try free-school,  but  besides  the  duties  of 
this  station,  he  practised  physic,  and  with 
some  degree  of  success  and  celebrity.  He 
was  a  good  scholar,  and  increased  his  re- 
putation by  his  translations  of  Livy,  of  Xe- 
nophon's  Cyropaedia,  of  Pliny's  Natural 
History,  and  of  Camden's  Britannia.  He 
died  at  Coventry  1636,  aged  85. 

Hollar,    or     Hollard,    Wentzel,    or 
Wencelaus,  an  eminent  engraver,  born  at 
Prague,  Bohemia,  1607.     He  was  intended 
for  the  law,  but  the  ruin  of  his  family  by 
the  sacking  of  Prague,  in  1619,  rendered 
his  subsistence  precarious,  and  he  left  home 
in  1627,  determined  to  support  himself  by 
his  own  exertions.     In  several  towns  of 
Germany  he  devoted  himself  attentively  to 
drawing  and  design,  and  in  taking  geome- 
trical and  perspective  views  of  fortresses 
and   buildings,  so  that  he  acquired  early 
eminence,  and  at  the  age  of  18  was  known 
as  an  able  artist.     He  chiefly  employed  his 
powers  in  copying  heads  and  portraits  from 
the  best  painters,  and  in  delineating  with 
great  beauty  and  accuracy  small  and  deli- 
cate views  of  some  of  the  cities  on  the  banks 
of  the  Rhine.     His    reputation,   acknow- 
fed»ed  by  his  countrymen,  became  known 
65 


to  lord  Arundel,  the  English  ambassador  at 
the  court  of  Ferdinand  II.  who,  in  1636, 
noticed   him  by  every  mark  of  kindness, 
and  took  him  in  his  retinue.     Hollar  ac- 
companied  his   noble  patron  to  England, 
and   soon  engaged   in  the  service  of  the 
print-sellers.     His   first   work  in  England 
was  a  view  of  Greenwich,  published  1637. 
His  abilities  were  afterwards  engaged  in 
taking  different  views,  and,  in  1640,  he  was 
introduced  to  the  royal  family,  to  instruct 
the  prince  of  Wales  in  the  art  of  designing. 
That   same  year   appeared  his   "  Ornatus 
Muliebris    Anglicanus,"   representing  the 
dress  of  English  women  of  various  ranks,  a 
work   greatly  esteemed    among    connois- 
seurs.    The  breaking  out  of  the  civil  wars 
proved  unfortunate  to  his  labours,  and  after 
his  patron,  lord  Arundel,  had  returned  to 
the  continent,  he  grew  obnoxious  to  the 
parliament  as  the  friend  of  the  royal  fami- 
ly,  and  chiefly  for  employing  his  graver  to 
preserve  the  portraits  of  so  many  of  the 
loyalists.     He  was  taken  prisoner  at  the 
surrender  of  Basm-house,  1645,  but  after- 
wards escaped  and  went  over  to  Antwerp, 
where  lord  Arundel  had  fixed  his  residence. 
In  this  retirement  he  employed  himself  in 
etching  the  portraits  of  some  of  the  great 
men  of  the  times,  but  without  the  wish  or 
the  means  of  improving  his  fortune.     In 
1652  he  was  persuaded  to   return  to  Eng- 
land, where,  with  fresh  assiduity,  he  de- 
voted  himself  to   labour,  and   with   such 
perseverance,  that  he  never  would  be  in- 
terrupted till  his  hour-glass  was  exhausted. 
It  is  said  that  he  suffered  greatly  in  his 
property  by  the  fire  and  the  plague  of  Lon- 
don, 1665.     About  1669  he   was  sent  by 
the  king  to  take  a  view  of  the  garrison, 
tOAvn,  and  neighbouring  landscapes  of  Tan- 
gier, on  the  coast  of  Africa,  and  after  his 
return  he,  in  1672,  went  into  the  northern 
counties  to   draw  representations   of   the 
principal  cities,  churches,  &c.  of  that  part 
of  the  kingdom.     This   illustrious   artist, 
whose  labours  were  so  numerous  and  so 
varied,  was  never  free  from  the  persecu- 
tions  of  creditors,  so  that  after  exerting 
himself  to  give  celebrity  to  others,  he  found 
that  independence  could   never  be  in  his 
power,  either  for  want  of  economy,  or  more 
probably  the  illiberality  of  his  employers. 
He  had,  it  is  said,  in  his  70th  year,  an  exe* 
cution  in  his  house   in    Gardiner's    lane, 
Westminster,  and  begged  only  the  liberty 
of  dying  on  his  bed,  without  being  conveyed 
to  any  prison  but  the  grave.     He  died  2Stli 
March,  1677,  and  was  buried  in  the  new 
chapel  yard,  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster. 
It  is  impossible  to  enumerate  all  his  works 
in  etching,  which  embrace  not  only  the  no- 
ble collection  of  his  friend    lord  Arundel, 
and  the  choicest  pieces  of  Titian,  Durer, 
Holbein,  \  andyck,  Breughel,  Teniers,  and 
many  others,  but  also  the  heads  of  the  most 


IIOL 


ilOL 


eminent  men  in  church  and  &tatc,  in  the 
army,  in  literature,  and  every  department 
of  science  and  of  fame,  besides  landscapes, 
views,  &c.  of  the  most  capital  places  of  Eu- 
rope. He  was  very  exact  in  affixing  his 
cipher  and  the  date  to  his  pieces,  which 
has  proved  of  great  service  in  ascertaining 
historical  facts. 

HoLLis,  Thomas  Pelham,  succeeded  his 
father  as  baron  Pelham,  and,  in  1711,  his 
uncle  John,  as  duke  of  Newcastle.  His  at- 
tachment to  the  house  of  Hanover  was  re- 
warded by  vai-ious  honours  and  high  offices. 
He  retired  from  administration  soon  after 
the  accession  of  George  HI.  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  lord  Bute.  He  died  17th  Nov. 
1768,  aged  75. 

HoLLis,  Denzil,  lord,  one  of  the  five 
members  whom  Charles  I.  went  to  the 
house  of  commons  personally  to  accuse  and 
to  arrest.  This  weakness  on  the  part  of  the 
king  greatly  increased  his  popularity,  but 
he  was  not  successful  in  his  opposition  to 
the  independents,  and  to  the  ambitious 
views  of  Cromwell.  Though  he  favoured 
the  cause  of  the  presbyterians,  he  was 
deemed  worthy  to  be  noticed  by  the  second 
Chai'les,  and  to  be  raised  to  the  peerage. 
He  died  1680,  aged  83. 

HoLLis,  Thomas,  a  munificent  benefactor 
of  Harvard  college,  Massachusetts,  who 
founded  the  professorship  of  theology  and 
mathematics  in  that  institution,  and  also 
presented  to  it  a  philosophical  apparatus 
and  many  valuable  books.  He  was  born 
in  England,  in  1659,  and  di(id  in  1731,  high- 
ly respected  as  a  merchant,  and  esteemed 
as  a  Christian.  His  nephew,  Thomas  Hol- 
lis,  who  died  in  1774,  presented  to  the  li- 
brary of  that  college  benefactions  amount- 
ing to  about  1400  pounds  sterling. 

HoLLis,  Thopias,  an  English  gentleman, 
born  in  London,'l4th  April,  17^0.  At  the  age 
of  14  he  was  sent  to  Amsterdam,  to  acquire 
the  French  and  Dutch  languages,  and  after 
15  months'  residence  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and,  after  his  father's  death,  in  1735, 
he  was  placed  by  his  guardian,  under  the 
tuition  of  professor  Ward.  In  1740  he  en- 
tered at  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  became  a  law 
student,  but  he  never  made  the  law  his  pro- 
fession. In  1743  he  travelled  with  his 
friend  Mr.  Brand  through  Holland,  the  Ne- 
therlands, part  of  France,  of  Switzerland, 
and  Italy,  and  again,  in  1750,  he  made  ano- 
ther tour,  and  visited  the  chief  places  in 
the  north  of  Germany,  with  the  rest  of  Ita- 
ly, Sicily,  Malta,  and  France,  of  which  tra- 
vels the  journal  is  said  to  be  extant  in  MS. 
He  attempted,  at  his  return,  to  get  into 
.parliament,  but  his  views  were  disappoint- 
ed, and  he  went  to  reside  on  his  estate  of 
Corscombe,  Dorsetshire.  He  was,  in  his 
principles,  a  dissenter,  and  a  warm  advo- 
cate for  the  liberty  of  the  subject,  so  that 


he  not  only  made  a  collection  of  books  and 
medals  to  illustrate  and  uphold  his  favour- 
ite system,  but  he  presented,  anonymously, 
as  an    Englishman,  two   large   and   choice 
collections  of  books  to  the  public  library  of 
Bern,  as  a  lover  of  liberty,  of  his  country, 
and  of  its  excellent  constitution,  us  estab- 
lished at  the  revolution.     His  liberality  was 
extended  to  other  countries,  to  Genoa,  Ve- 
nice, Sweden,  Leydcn,  Russia,kc.  as  well  as 
to  his  own  countrymen.   He  died  suddenly, 
of  an  apoplexy,  on  new-year's  day,  1774. 
He  is  described,  by  his  cotemporaries,  as 
a  man   of  large    fortune,   above     half   of 
which   he   devoted   to  charitable  purposes. 
His  property  he  left  to   his  friend  Brand, 
who  consequently  took  the  name  of  HoUis, 
and  was  as  zealous  a  friend   of  liberty  as 
his   departed   benefactor.     Mr.  Hollis,   to 
spread  more  widely  his  principles,  publish- 
ed, at  his   own   expense,  new   editions   of 
Toland's  life  of  Milton,  of  Algernon  Syd- 
ney's discourses  on  government,  and  medi- 
tated an  edition  of  Andrew  Marvell's  works. 
"WTien  his  house  in  London  was  on  fire,  in 
1761,  he   calmly  walked  out,  only  taking 
under  his  arm  an  original  picture  of  Mil- 
ton. 

Holmes,  George,  born  at  Skipton  in 
Craven,  Yorkshire,  was  clerk  to  the  keep- 
ers of  the  records  in  the  tower  for  neajrly 
60  years.  His  abilities  were  employed  by 
lord  Halifax  to  methodize  the  valuable  re- 
cords deposited  in  the  tower,  and  he  re- 
ceived for  his  trouble  an  annual  salary  of 
200/.  He  was  also  barrack-master  of  the 
tower.  He  died  16th  Feb.  1748-9,  aged 
87.  His  son  and  only  child  died  long  be- 
fore him,  aged  25.  Mr.  Holmes  republished 
the  17  first  volumes  of  Rymer's  Foedera. 
His  valuable  collection  of  books,  prints, 
coins,  medals,  &c.  were  sold  by  auction, 
1749.  His  portrait  was  engraved  by  the 
society  of  antiquaries,  with  every  mark  of 
respect  and  commendation  bestowed  on 
his  indefatigable  labouis.  His  widow  re- 
ceived 200/.  for  his  papers,  w  hich  were  de- 
posited as  a  sacred  pledge  in  the  tower. 

Holmes,  Dr.  Nathaniel,  a  leaiiied  He- 
braist, author  of  the  Resurrection  Reveal- 
ed, fol.  1654,  in  defence  of  the  Millennium. 
He  was  ejected  from  the  living  of  St.  Mary 
Staining,  London,  in  1662,  for  nonconfor- 
mity, and  died  1678. 

Holmes,  Robert,  a  native  of  Hampshire, 
educated  at  Winchester  school,  and  New 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degrees. 
He  devoted  himself  early  to  biblical  criti- 
cism, and  in  the  beginning  of  the  French 
revolution  went  to  Paris,  to  examine  the 
manuscripts  and  versions  of  the  Scriptures 
preserved  in  the  public  libraries  of  France. 
His  services  to  sacred  literature  were  ho- 
nourably rewarded,  and  he  became  succes- 
sively canon  of  Salisbury,  of  Christ-church, 
and  then  dean  of  Winchester,  which  last 

63 


HaL 


HOL 


preferment  he  enjoyed  not  two  years.    He 
died  at  Oxford,  l2th  Nov.  1805,  aged  56. 
He   published   the    Bampton   Lectures  in 
1782— Divinity  Tracts,  8vo.  1788— Alfred, 
an  ode,  with  six  sonnets,  1778 — An  Ode 
for  the   duke   of    Portland's   Installation, 
1793 — a   Latin   Letter   to   the    Bishop  of 
Durham  respecting  his  Collation  of  the  Sep- 
tuagint,  fol. — The  Prophecy  of  Daniel  ac- 
cording to  Theodotiaii,  and  the  LXX,  4to. 
— besides  single  sermons  on   the  resurrec- 
tion, and  another  preached  before  the  house 
of  commons,   &c.     Dr.    Holmes   took  his 
degree  of  D.D.   in  1786,  and  in   1790  he 
succeeded  Thomas  Warton  as  poetry  pro- 
fessor.    Of  his  Collation  of  the  Septuagint 
jVISS.  5  vols,  in  folio,  have  appeared,  and 
reflect  highly  on  his  industry,  great  perse- 
verance, and  solid  judgment. 

HoLSTEiN,  Cornelius,  a  painter  of  Haer- 
lem,  brought  up  by  his  father,  who  was  of 
the  same  profession.  The  ceiling  of  the 
treasury  at  Amsterdam,  and  other  pieces, 
are  proofs  of  his  superior  abilities.  He  died 
about  the  end  of  the  l7th  century. 

HoLSTENius,  or  HoLSTEiN,  Lucas,  a 
German  divine,  born  at  Hamburgh,  1596, 
and  converted  from  protestantism  to  the 
catholic  religion  by  the  Jesuit  Sirmond. 
He  studied  at  home  and  Paris,  and  went 
afterwards  to  Rome,  where  he  was  patro- 
nised by  cardinal  Barberiui,  and  Urban 
VIIL  and  his  two  successors.  He  was 
made  a  canon  of  St.  Peter's,  and  librarian 
of  the  Vatican,  and  in  1665  went  as  am- 
bassador from  the  pope  to  Christina, 
queen  of  Sweden,  whose  profession  of 
catholic  faith  he  received  at  Inspruck.  He 
died  at  Rome  1661,  aged  65.  Though 
very  learned  he  published  only  a  disserta- 
tion on  the  life  and  writings  of  Porphyry, 
besides  some  notes  on  the  Argonautica  of 
Apollonius — on  the  Fragments  of  Demophi- 
lus,  &c. 

Holt,  Sir  John,  lord  chief  justice  of  the 
king's  bench,  was  born  at  Thames,  Oxford- 
shire, 1642.  He  was  educated  at  Abing- 
don school,  where  his  father  was  recorder, 
and  afterwards  entered  as  gentleman  com- 
moner of  Oriel  college,  Oxford.  In  1658 
he  entered  at  Gray's  Inn,  and  when  called 
to  the  bar,  he  distinguished  himself  as  an 
able  counsellor.  In  the  reign  of  James  II. 
he  was  elected  recorder  of  London,  from 
which,  18  months  after,  he  was  removed 
for  opposing  the  abolition  of  the  test  act. 
In  1686  he  was  made  sergeant  at  law,  and 
at  the  revolution  he  was  elected  to  the  con- 
vention parliament,  and  soon  after  his  ser- 
vices in  the  cause  of  loyalty  were  rewarded 
■^vith  the  first  seat  in  the  court  of  king's 
bench,  and  a  place  in  the  privy  council. 
In  1700  he  declined  succeeding  lord  Somers 
as  chancellor,  and  remained  in  the  king's 
bench,  where  he  presided  with  firmness, 
patience,  and  dignity,  and  maintained  the 
04 


"honour  of  his  situation  even  in  oppositiou 
to  the  two  houses  of  parliament.     Impar- 
tial and  unbiassed  as  a  judge,  he  watched 
with  jealous  care  over  the  privileges  of  the 
people,   and  deserved  by  his  uprightness 
and  integrity  the  high  character  of  Verus, 
applied  to  him  in  the  14th  number  of  the 
Tatler.     While  in  office  he  was  solicited  to 
support  with  his  officers  a  party  of  the  mili- 
tary, which  were  sent  to  disperse  a  riot, 
occasioned  in  Holborn  by  the  frequent  and 
violent  practice  of  decoying  young  men  for 
the  plantations.     Suppose,  said  the  judge 
to  the  messenger,  that  the  populace  should 
not  disperse  at  your  appearance,  what  are 
you  to   do  then  ?  Sir,  replied  the  officer, 
we  have  orders  to  fire  on  them.    Have  you, 
sir,  said  the  judge,  then  take  notice  of  this, 
if  there  be  one  man  killed,  and  you  are 
tried  before  me,  I  will  take  care  that  you, 
and  every  soldier  of  your  party,  shall  be 
hanged.     Sir,  added  he,  go  back  to  those 
who  sent  you,  and  tell  them  that  no  officer 
of  mine  shall  attend  soldiers,  and  let  them 
know,  at  the  same  time,  that  the  laws  of 
this  kingdom  are  not  to  be  executed  by  the 
sword  ;   these  matters  belong  to  the  civil 
power,  and  you  have  nothing  to  do  with 
them.    The  chief  justice  immediately,  with 
his  tipstaves  and  a  few  constables,  repaired 
to  the  spot,  and  after  addressing  the  popu- 
lace,   and    promising    the   punishment    of 
those  who  had  excited  the  public  indigna- 
tion, he  dispersed  the  mob  quietly.     This 
great  and  upright  judge  died  after  a  linger- 
ing illness,  March  1709,  leaving  no  issue. 
He  published  1708  a  Report  of  Cases  in 
Pleas  of  the  Crown  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.  &c. 

Holt,  John,  a  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
born  at  Mottram,  in  Cheshire,  in  1742.  He 
was  schoolmaster  and  parish  clerk  at  Wal- 
ton, near  Liverpool ;  where  also  he  en- 
gaged in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  died  in 
1801.  His  works  are — 1.  Characters  of 
the  Kings  and  Queens  of  England,  3  vols. 
12mo. — 2.  An  Essay  on  the  Curl  in  Pota- 
toes.— 3.  Agricultural  Report  for  Lan- 
cashire, 8vo.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was 
employed  in  a  History  of  Liverpool. — W.  B. 

HoLWELL,  John  Zephaniah,  an  English- 
man, governor  of  Bengal,  and  one  of  those 
unfortunate  men  confined  in  the  black  hole 
of  Calcutta,  1756,  of  which  he  published 
an  interesting  narrative.  He  wrote  also 
several  pieces  on  East  India  aifairs,  and 
died  1798. 

HoLYDA,  Barten,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Oxford,  1593,  son  of  a  tailor.  He 
was  educated  at  Christ-church,  where  he 
was  student,  and  in  1615  he  took  orders. 
In  1618  he  went  as  chaplain  with  Sir  Fran- 
cis Stewart  to  Spain,  and  on  his  return  was 
made  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  archdeacon 
of  Oxford,  In  1642  he  was  made  D.D. 
and  duiins:  the  civil  wars  he  remained  con  • 


IIOM 


MOM 


tealcd  in  the  neighbotirbood  of  OxJlbrd,  but 
afterwards  he  submitted  to  the  parliament, 
and  under  their  regulations  took  the  living 
of  Chilton,  Berkshire.  At  the  restoration 
he  came  to  settle  at  Iblcy,  Berks,  and  was 
restored  to  his  former  preferments.  He 
died  at  Ilsley,  2d  Oct.  1661.  It  is  said  his 
temporizing  manners  prevented  his  eleva- 
tion to  a  bishopric.  He  published  twenty 
sermons,  besides  some  poems,  and  "  the 
Survey  of  the  World,"  a  poem  in  lU  books, 
1661,  and  also  a  Translation  of  Juvenal 
and  Persius,  not  very  poetical,  says  Dry- 
den,  but  very  faithful,  and  accompanied 
with  valuable  notes. 

HoLTOAKE,  Francis,  a  learned  scholar, 
born  at  Nether  Whitacre,  Warwickshire, 
about  1567.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  and  in 
1604  became  rector  of  Southam,  Warwick- 
shire. He  suffered  greatly  during  the  civil 
wars,  for  his  attachment  to  the  royal  cause, 
and  died  1653,  and  was  buried  at  Warwick. 
He  published  an  etymological  dictionary  of 
Latin  words,  first  printed  1606,  4to.  and 
edited  the  fourth  time  1633. 

HoLTOAKE,  Thomas,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Southam,  1616,  and 
educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford.  He 
was  captain  in  the  king's  army,  and  for  his 
services  was  made  D.D.  For  some  time 
he  practised  physic,  and  then  took  orders, 
and  had  some  valuable  livings.  He  died 
1675,  leaving  a  dictionary  English  and  La- 
tin, and  Latin  and  English,  published  1677, 
and  borrowed  from  his  father's  labours. 

HoLYOKE,  Edward,  president  of  Harvard 
college,  was  a  native  of  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, and  graduated  at  the  seminary,  over 
which  he  afterwards  presided  in  1705.  Af- 
ter having  been  employed  as  a  tutor  in  the 
institution  for  some  time,  he  was  in  1716 
settled  in  the  ministry  at  Marblehead, 
where  he  continued  to  labour  with  reputa- 
tion, till  in  1737  he  was  elected  president 
of  Harvard  college.  He  remained  in  that 
office,  for  which  he  was  happily  fitted  by 
his  learning  and  the  dignity  of  his  manners, 
till  his  death  in  1769.  fC?'  L. 

HoLTwooD,  John,  called  also  Sacrobos- 
00,  of  Halifax,  a  mathematician,  born  at 
Halifax,  Yorkshire,  though  said  by  some  to 
be  an  Irishman,  and  by  others  a  Scotchman. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  then  went 
to  Paris,  where  he  died  1256.  He  wrote 
De  Sphaira  Mundi — de  Anni  Ratione — de 
Algorismo. 

HoMBERG,  W^illiam,  an  eminent  chymist, 
born  at  Batavia,  in  Java,  3d  Jan.  1652, 
where  his  father  was  arsenal  governor. 
Returning  with  his  father  to  Europe,  he 
entered  into  the  army,  and  afterwards 
studied  at  the  universities  of  Jena  and 
Leipsic,  but  the  sciences  had  greater  attrac- 
tion for  him  than  the  law,  for  which  he 
was  intended.  Botany,  chyraistry,  and 
medicine  Avere  his  favourite  pursuits,  and 

Vol.  II.  9 


he  was  encouraged  in  his  designs  by  t!n 
friendship  of  Otto  de  (Jucricke.  To  im- 
prove himself  he  travelled  to  Italy,  Hun- 
gary, Bohemia,  Sweden,  and  France,  and 
under  the  patronage  of  Colbert,  deter- 
mined to  settle  at  Paris,  where  he  re- 
nounced the  protestant  for  the  eulliolic  re- 
ligion in  16S2.  The  death  of  Colbert  al- 
tered his  resolution,  and  he  retired  to 
Rome,  where  he  began  to  practise  physic. 
In  1690  he  again  returned  to  Paris,  and 
had  the  good  fortune  to  be  appointed 
chymist,  and  then  physician  to  the  duke  of 
Orleans,  the  regent.  He  died  of  a  dysen- 
tery, Sept.  1715,  at  Paris,  seven  years 
after  he  had  married  the  daughter  of  the 
physician  Dodart.  The  writings  of  Hom- 
berg  are  chiefly  preserved  in  the  memoirs 
of  the  academy.  He  is  known  for  his  suc- 
cessful experiments,  and  for  his  discoveries 
in  chymistry,  especially  that  of  the  Bologna 
stone,  and  its  phosphoric  appearances  after 
calcination.  He  was  a  frequent  corres- 
pondent on  scientific  subjects  with  Boyle, 
and  other  learned  men. 

Home,  David,  a  Scotch  divine,  educated 
in  France.  He  was  employed  by  James  I. 
to  reconcile  the  differences  between  Tile- 
nus  and  Du  Moulin,  on  the  subject  of  Jus- 
tification, and  thus  to  introduce  an  amity 
of  sentiments  on  religion  throughout 
Europe.  The  time  of  his  death  is  not  re- 
corded. He  wrote  Apologia  Basilica,  sen 
Machiavelli  Ingenium  examinatum,  4to. — 
L'Assassinat  du  Roi,  ou  Maximes  du  Vieil 
de  la  Montagne  practiquees  par  le  defunt 
Henri  le  Grand,  1617 — and  some  pieces  in 
the  Deliciae  poetarum  Scotorum. 

Home,  Henry,  lord  Kaimes,  a  learned 
Scotch  judge,  known  also  as  an  elegant 
writer.  After  being  long  eminent  as  a  law- 
yer, he  was  in  1752  raised  to  a  seat  among 
the  lords  of  session,  and  while  he  faithfully- 
discharged  his  duty  to  the  public,  he  de- 
voted usefully  his  time  to  literature.  He 
died  26th  Dec.  17S2,  after  having  been 
several  years  senior  lord  of  session.  His 
writings  are,  essays  on  several  subjects, 
concerning  British  Antiquities,  &c.  1746 — 
Essays  on  the  Principles  of  Morality  and 
Natural  Religion,  1751,  8vo.— Historical 
Law,  1759— The  Principles  of  Equity,  fol. 
1760— Elements  of  Criticism,  3  vols.  8vo. 
1762,  a  valuable  book  often  re-edited — The 
Gentleman  Farmer,  1777 — Loose  Hints 
upon  Education,  1781— The  History  of 
Man,  or  Sketches,  4  vols.  Svo.  1782. 

Home,  John,  a  Scotch  writer,  was  born 
in  Roxburghshire,  in  1724.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  for  the  church  ;  but,  in 
the  rebellion  of  1745,  he  entered  into  the 
royal  army,  and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Falkirk.  He  contrived,  however, 
to  make  his  escape,  and  in  1750  was  ordain- 
ed as  minister  of  Athelstaneford,  in  East 
Lothian.     His  tragedy  of  *' Douglas"  was 


HON 


HON 


performed  at  Edinburgh  in  1756,  wbich 
gave  such  offence  to  the  presbytery,  that  the 
author,  to  avoid  ecclesiastical  censure,  re- 
signed his  living.  In  1763  he  was  appoint- 
ed a  commissioner  for  sick  and  wounded 
seamen,  and  the  exchange  of  prisoners. 
He  was  also  named  a  conservator  of  the 
Scotch  privileges  at  Campvere,  in  Zealand. 
In  1778  he  obtained  a  captain's  commission 
in  the  duke  of  Buccleugh's  fencibles.  He 
died  Sept.  4,  1808.  Besides  the  play  of 
Douglas  he  wrote  four  others,  which  are 
sunk  in  oblivion  ;  as  also  is  the  last  work 
which  he  published,  "  The  History  of  the 
Rebellion,"  4to.— TF.  B. 

Homer,  the  father  of  poetry,  is  supposed 
to  have  flourished  about  907,  B.C.  His 
history  is  so  obscurely  known,  that  not 
Jess  than  seven  cities  disputed  the  honour 
of  giving  him  birth.  Besides  his  two  im- 
mortal works,  the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey, 
he  wrote  Batrachomyomachia,  or  the  battle 
of  the  frogs  and  the  mice,  and  Hymns  to 
to  the  Gods. 

HoMMEL,  Charles  Frederick,  a  writer  of 
Leipsic,  who  died  17S1,  aged  59.  He 
wrote,  De  Legum  Civilium  et  Naturalium 
Natural — Oblectamenta  Juris  Feudalis,  sive 
Grammaticae  Observationes  Jus  Rei  Clien- 
telaris,  et  Antiquitates  Germanicas  varie 
illustrantes — Literatura  Juris — Jurispru- 
dentia  Numismatibus  illustrata,  &c. — Cor- 
pus Juris  Civilis  cum  notis  Variorum,  &c. 

HoMMOND,  Charles  Francis  1',  a  native 
of  Chaulness,  near  Noyon,  who  devoted  his 
life  to  the  instruction  of  youth  at  Paris, 
and  in  the  provinces.  He  died  at  Paris, 
31st  December,  1794,  aged  66.  He  wrote, 
De  Viris  Illustribus  Urbis  Roma; — Epitome 
Historiae  Sacrse — a  Grammar,  &c. 

HoNDEKOETER,  GiUcs,  a  painter,  born 
at  Utrecht,  1593.  His  landscapes  and 
flowers  were  much  admired. 

HoNDEKOETER,  Gysbrccht,  son  of  Gil- 
les,  was  born  1613,  and  excelled  in  the  live- 
ly and  natural  representation  of  fowls. 

HoNDEKOETER,  Melchior,  a  painter, 
son  of  Gysbrecht,  born  at  Utrecht.  He 
died  1695,  aged  59.  His  landscapes  intro- 
duced especially  in  the  back  of  his  pictures, 
possess  great  elegance  and  beauty. 

HoNDius,  Abraham,  a  painter,  born  at 
Rotterdam.  He  died  1693,  aged  53.  His 
best  piece  is  the  burning  of  Troy,  in  which 
he  has  introduced  a  great  variety  of  figures, 
with  boldness  and  exquisite  judgment. 

HoNDius,  .Jesse,  a  native  of  Wackerne 
in  Flanders,  who  died  1614,  aged  48.  He 
was  eminent  as  an  engraver  on  copper  and 
ivory,  in  which  he  was  self-taught,  and  as  a 
letter-founder.  In  1607  he  published  De- 
scriptio  Geographica  Orbis  Tcrrarum, 
folio,  besides,  Theatrum  Artis  Scribendi — 
Gerhard)  Mcrcatoris  Atlas — and  Italiae  Ho- 
diernse   Descriptio.      He  cnnstnictpd  two 


globes  in  London,  remarkable  for  beautj 
and  size,  and  settled  in  Amsterdam. 

Hone,  George  Paul,  a  lawyer,  born  at 
Nuremberg  1662.  He  was  counsellor  to 
the  duke  of  Meimingen,  and  bailiff  of  Co- 
burg,  where  he  died  1747.  He  wrote  Iter 
Juridicum  per  Belgium,  &c. — Lexicon  To- 
pographicum  Franconiae — History  of  the 
Dutchy  of  Saxe-Coburg,  &.c. 

HoNESTis,  Petrus  de,  or  Petrus  Damiani, 
an  Italian,  born  at  Ravenna  1006.  His 
great  piety  recommended  him  to  pope  Ste- 
phen, by  whom  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Ostia,  and  a  cardinal,  and  in  1059  he  was 
employed  by  pope  Nicolas  II.  to  reduce  the 
church  of  Milan  to  the  observation  of  celi- 
bacy, which  he  effected  with  difficulty.  In 
1061,  he  abdicated  his  bishopric  and  retired 
to  a  cell,  but  the  next  year  the  pope  called 
him  away,  and  sent  him  as  his  ambassador 
to  France.  In  1072  he  reconciled  the  see 
of  Ravenna  to  the  pope,  and  died  the  same 
year,  aged  66.  His  works  are  numerous, 
chiefly  consisting  of  epistles  addressed  to 
the  clergy,  little  esteemed  now. 

HoNORius,  second  son  of  the  great  The- 
odosius,  was  emperor  of  the  west,  while 
his  brother  Arcadius  sat  on  the  throne  of 
Constantinople.  He  disregarded  the  ra- 
vages of  Alaric  the  Goth  in  the  indolence 
of  his  palace  at  Ravenna,  where  he  died 
423,  aged  39. 

HoNORius  I.  pope,  after  Boniface  V. 
626,  died  12th  Oct.  638.  He  presided  over 
the  church  with  great  zeal  and  wisdom, 
though  he  is  blamed  for  yielding  to  the 
artful  insinuations  of  Sergius,  patriarch  of 
Constantinople,  on  some  controversial 
points. 

HoNORius  II.  Lambert,  bishop  of  Ostia, 
was  made  pope  1124,  after  the  death  of  Cal- 
lixtus  II.  though  at  the  same  time,  and  in 
the  same  church,  another  party  elected 
Theobald,  under  the  name  of  Celestinus. 
The  influence  of  Honorius,  however,  pre- 
vailed, and  Celestinus  yielded  to  his  rival, 
who  died  14th  Feb.  1130. 

Honorius  III.  Censio  Savelli,  was  elect- 
ed after  Innocent  III.  He  confirmed  the 
order  of  St.  Dominic,  and  that  of  the 
Carmes,  and  preached  without  eflect  a  cru- 
sade to  the  Holy  Land.  He  died  l8th 
March,  1227.  A  work  called,  Conjura- 
tior;»s,   &.c.  has  appeared  under  his  name. 

Honorius  IV.,  James  Savelli,  was 
elected  pope,  2d  April,  1285,  and  died  3d 
April,  1287.  He  ably  defended  the  rights 
of  the  Roman  church,  and  supported  the 
crusades. 

IloNTAN,  Baron  de,  a  native  of  Gascony, 
in  the  17th  century,  known  by  his  travels 
in  North  America,  which  he  published  in  a 
barbarous  style,  and  filled  with  disguised 
facts,  and  many  improbabilities.  He  was 
originally  a  soldier  in  Canada,  and  after  ri- 
sing to  tlie  rank  of  an  officer,  he  was  broke 


lioo 


J  loo 


for  quarrelling  with  the  governor. of  New- 
foundland, and  then  went  to  settle  in  Den- 
mark. An  edition  of  his  travela  is  from 
Amsterdam,  2  vols.  12mo.  1705. 

HoNTHEiM,  John  Nicholas  de,  author  of 
Historia  Trevisensis  Diplomat\ca  et  Prag- 
matica,  5  vols,  folio — De  pra^senti  Statu 
Ecclesia;,  5  vols.  4to.  a  work  which  exci^ 
ted  some  controversy,  was  sufl'ragan  to  th\ 
archbishop  of  Treves,  and  died  171)0,  aged 
90. 

HoNTHORST,  Herard,  a  painter  of 
Utrecht,  who  studied  under  Bloemart.  His 
night  pieces  are  much  admired,  especially 
his  Christ  brought  before  Pilate,  in  which 
the  light  from  the  torches  is  made  to  illu- 
minate the  whole  piece  with  astonishing 
effect.  He  died  1 060,  aged  G8.  His  brother 
William  was  equally  eminent  as  a  histo- 
rical and  portrait  painter,    and  died  1683. 

HooFT,  Petrus  Cornelius  Van,  a  poet 
■and  historian,  born  at  Amsterdam  1581. 
He  was  made  knight  of  St.  Michael  by 
Lewis  Xin.  and  died  after  a  short  illness, 
as  he  was  going  to  attend  the  funeral  of 
Fred.  Henry  prince  of  Orange,  1647.  He 
wrote  epigrams,  comedies,  and  other 
poems — A  History  of  the  Low  Countries 
from  Charles  V.'s  Abdication,  to  1598,  2 
vols,  folio — A  Latin  History  of  Henry  IV. 
of  France. — A  Dutch  translation  of  Taci- 
tus, highly  esteemed,  as  the  author  read 
the  original  fifty-two  times,  to  under- 
stand more  perfectly  his  meaning. 

HooGEVEEN,  Henry,  a  Dutch  philolo- 
ger,  born  at  Leyden,  Jan.  1712.  Though 
his  parents  were  poor,  yet  his  education 
was  liberal,  and  at  the  age  of  15,  he  began 
to  teach  others  to  support  himself,  and  his 
parents.  In  1732,  he  was  elected  under- 
master  of  the  school  of  Gorcum,  and  nine 
months  after  went  to  settle  at  Woerden, 
where  he  married.  In  1738,  the  year  he 
lost  his  wife,  by  whom  he  had  three  sons 
and  two  daughters,  he  removed  to  the 
school  of  Culemburg,  where  he  took  a 
second  wife.  In  1745,  he  was  invited  to 
Breda,  but  for  a  while  the  fears  of  invasion, 
and  of  a  French  army,  disturbed  his  resi- 
dence, though  at  last  he  lived  there  16 
years,  and  in  1761  he  removed  to  Dort, 
and  three  years  after  to  Delft,  where  he 
died  Nov.  1st,  1794.  His  works  were,  an 
edition  of  Vigerus  de  Idiotismis  Linguae 
Graecae — An  inaugural  speech  at  Culem- 
burg— An  elegiac  poem  and  other  poetical 
pieces — and  Doctrina  Particularum  Lin- 
guae Graecae,  2  vols.  4to.  1769,  a  work  of 
great  learning,  and  universally  applauded, 
besides  a  posthumous  work,  Dictionarium 
Analogicum  Graecum,  printed  at  Cam- 
bridge, with  an  account  of  his  life,  by  his 
son,  his  successor  at  the  school  of  Delft. 

HooGESTRAETEN,  TheodoreVan,  a  paint- 
er of  Antwerp.  His  landscapes  were  much 
admired.     He  died  1640,  aged  44.     Hi* 


s>ou,  Samuel,  was  equally  eminent  for  his 
skill,  not  only  in  landscapes  but  in  portmits. 
He  died  1678,  aged  51. 

HooGESTRAETEN,  Jamcs,  a  Dominican, 
and  inquisitor  general,  is  known  by  the  vi- 
rulence with  which  he  wrote  against  Lu- 
ther, Erasmus,  Kcuchlin,  and  others.  He 
died  at  Cologne,  1527. 

HooGSTRATEN,  David  Van,  professor  of 
belles  lettres  at  Amsterdam,  was  born  at 
Rotterdam  1658.  In  a  thick  fog,  Nov. 
13th,  1724,  he  lost  his  way,  and  fell  into  u 
canal,  and  in  consequence  of  the  accident, 
he  died  eight  days  after.  He  wrote  Latin 
poems — Flemish  poems — Notes  on  Cor. 
Nepos,  and  Terence — a  Flemish  and  Latin 
Dictionary,  &c. 

HooGUE,  Romain  de,  a  Dutch  engraver 
and  designer.  His  principal  works  are, 
Plates  for  the  New  and  Old  Testament, 
published  by  Basnage,  folio,  1704 — Plates 
for  the  Egyptian  Hieroglyphics,  Amster- 
dam, folio — Plates  to  Fontaine's  Fables,  2 
vols.  8vo.  1685 — to  Boccace — to  the  tades 
of  the  Queen  of  Navarre,  &c.  His  pieces 
are  greatly  esteemed,  and  bear  a  high  price. 

HooKE,  Robert,  was  born  l8th  July, 
1635,  at  Freshwater,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
where  his  father  was  minister.  He  was 
intended  for  the  church,  but  the  weakness 
of  his  constitution  prevented  it,  and  after 
being  for  some  time  left  to  his  own  amuse- 
ment, he  was  placed  under  the  care  of  Sir 
Peter  Lely,  but  the  smell  of  oil  colours  in- 
creased those  violent  headachs  to  which  he 
was  liable,  and  rendered  his  improvement 
as  a  painter  impossible.  He  next  was  ta- 
ken into  the  house  of  Dr.  Busby,  and  there 
gradually  acquired  a  perfect  knowledge  of 
the  learned  languages.  About  1653,  he 
went  to  Christ  Church,  and  soon  after  his 
introduction  to  the  philosophical  society  at 
Oxford  enabled  him  to  display  and  to 'cul- 
tivate his  mechanical  abilities.  He  assisted 
Willis  and  Boyle  in  their  chymical  experi' 
ments,  and  improved  himself  in  astronomy 
under  Seth  Ward,  and  soon  became  emi- 
nent for  his  inventions  and  improvements 
in  mechanics,  and  in  astronomical  instru- 
ments. In  1662  he  was  unanimously  ap- 
pointed curator  of  the  experiments  of  the 
Royal  Society  ;  and  when  the  charter  of  in- 
stitution was  granted  to  that  learned  body, 
his  name  was  inserted  among  the  council. 
He  was,  in  1664,  made  professor  of  mecha- 
nics to  the  Royal  Society  by  Cutler,  and  the 
next  year  he  was  elected  to  the  geometrical 
chair  in  Gresham  college.  Upon  the  des- 
truction of  London  by  fire,  he  produced  an 
ingenious  plan  for  the  rebuilding  of  the 
city,  but  though  it  was  not  adopted,  he 
was  so  far  complimented  by  the  lord  mayor 
and  corporation  as  to  be  appointed  one  of 
the  surveyors.  In  1668  he  was  engaged  iii 
a  warm  dispute  Avith  Hevelius  of  Dantzic- 
Avith    respect  to  the   dioptric   tdescopes^, 

€7 


1100 


1100 


ivhich  be  regarded  as  superior  to  those 
Tvith  plain  sights ;  but  though  he  was 
blamed  for  his  assertions,  it  is  now  proved 
(hat  his  opinion  was  the  more  correct.  In 
1671  he  attacked  Newton's  theory  of  light 
and  colours,  and  with  some  degree  of  suc- 
cess ;  but  wlien  in  16S6  he  laid  claim  to  the 
discovery  of  the  force  and  the  action  of 
gravity  in  preference  to  the  great  philoso- 
pher, his  pretensions  were  regarded  with 
indifference,  and  considered  as  the  effects 
of  arrogance  and  ambition.  He  was  in 
1691,  created  M.D.  by  Tillotson  ;  but  the 
wishes  of  his  friends  that  he  might  be  ena- 
bled to  complete  a  description  of  the  va- 
rious instruments  which  his  ingenuity  had 
discovered,  proved  unavailing,  as  a  gradual 
decay  rendered  him  unfit  for  laborious  exer- 
tion. He  died  at  his  lodgings,  Gresham 
college,  3d  March,  1702,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Helen's  church,  Bishopsgate-street. 
Though  possessed  of  such  mental  powers, 
Hooke  was  in  his  temper  penurious  and 
mistrustful,  unsociable  and  suspicious,  and 
in  his  person  he  was  uncomely  and  vulgar, 
short  of  stature,  and  of  a  pale  and  meagre 
aspect.  In  his  religious  character,  however, 
he  was  very  devout  and  humble,  and  no- 
thing fortunate  or  pleasing  ever  happened 
to  him  without  drawing  from  him  ejacula- 
tions of  gratitude  and  thanks  to  the  divi- 
nity, as  his  diary  every  where  mentions. 
He  wrote  Micrographia,  or  Philosophical 
Descriptions  of  Minute  Bodies  made  by- 
magnifying  glasses,  with  Observations  and 
Inquiries,  folio,  1666.  His  posthumous 
works  appeared  1705,  folio,  under  the  care 
nf  R.  Walker,  secretary  to  the  Royal 
Society,  to  whom  the  MSS.  had  been 
referred. 

Hooke,  Nathanael,  an  English  historian, 
of  whom  few  particulars  are  known.  He 
ivas  one  of  the  many  who  suffered  in  the 
South  Sea  scheme,  but  he  afterwards  was 
patronised  by  the  dutchess  of  Marlborough, 
who  gave  him  5000/.  to  assist  her  in  the 
arrangement  and  digestion  of  her  papers, 
for  a  history  of  her  conduct  at  court  till 
the  year  I7l0.  The  work  was  finished 
1742,  8vo.  but  the  historian  quarrelled 
with  th?  dutchess,  and  was  dismissed.  As 
he  was  a  mystic  and  quietist,  and  strongly 
attached  to  the  tenets  of  Fenelon,  he  was 
the  fiiend  of  the  catholics,  and  it  is  said 
that  he  introduced  one  of  his  priests  to 
Pope's  bed-side  to  receive  the  confession  of 
the  dying  poet,  a  circumstance  which  highly 
offended  Bolingbroke.  Hooke  is  particu- 
larly known  as  the  historian  of  Rome,  in  4 
vols.  4to.  from  the  foundation  of  the  city 
to  the  end  of  the  republic.  The  first  vo- 
lume appeared  in  1733,  the  second  1745,  the 
third  1764,  and  the  fourth  1771.  He  wrote 
besides  Observations  on  the  Roman  Senate, 
and  a  translation  of  Ramsav's  Travels  of 
^vrus.  He  died  1764. 
68 


Hooker,  John,  an  eminent  antiquai*3V 
born  at  Exeter  1524,  and  educated  at  Ox- 
ford. He  travelled  into  Germany,  and  on 
his  return  settled  at  Exeter,  which  he  re- 
presented in  parliament  1571.  He  died 
1601.  He  was  author  of  a  Description  of 
Exeter,  and  of  some  part  of  HoUingshed's 
Chronicle. 

Hooker,  Richard,  nephew  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  a  celebrated  divine,  born  at 
Heavitree,  near  Exeter,  1553.  His  great 
abilities  were  early  observed  by  the  school- 
master under  whom  he  studied  at  Exeter, 
and  by  the  kindness  of  his  uncle  he  was  in- 
troduced to  bishop  Jewell,  who  with  un- 
common liberality  sent  him  as  clerk  to  Cor- 
pus Christi,  Oxford,  and  settled  a  pension 
upon  him.  The  death  of  his  patron  for  a 
while  obscured  his  prospects,  but  he  found 
a  friend  in  Dr.  Cole,  the  president  of  his 
college,  and  in  Sandys,  bishop  of  London  ; 
and  in  1577,  his  merits  recommended  him 
to  a  fellowship  in  his  college.  He  took 
orders  in  1581,  and  soon  after  formed  an 
imprudent  marriage  with  a  woman,  who, 
without  personal  accomplishments,  and 
without  fortune,  rendered  his  life,  by  her 
peevish  manners,  painful  and  uncomforta- 
ble. In  1584  he  obtained  the  living  of 
Drayton  Beauchamp,  Bucks,  where  the 
following  year  two  of  his  pupils,  Sandys, 
the  son  of  his  patron,  and  Cranmer,  the 
nephew  of  the  great  Cranmer,  visited  him 
with  marks  of  sincere  respect,  and  heart- 
felt commiseration.  Sandys  reported  to 
his  father  the  indigent  circumstances  of  his 
learned  tutor,  and  the  bishop,  in  return  for 
the  attention  paid  to  his  son,  procured  for 
this  neglected  man  the  mastership  of  the 
Temple,  1585.  In  this  new  situation 
Hooker  had  to  struggle  with  Travers,  the 
afternoon  lecturer,  who;through  disappoint- 
ment so  far  forgot  his  duty,  as  to  attack 
his  coadjutor  in  the  pulpit,  and  it  was  plea- 
santly observed  by  some  of  the  congrega- 
tion, that  the  forenoon  sermon  spake  Can- 
terbury, and  the  afternoon,  Geneva,  allu- 
ding to  the  principles  to  which  the  two 
rivals  were  attached.  After  defending 
himself  with  vigour  and  dignity  against  his 
opponent,  Hooker  obtained  permission 
from  Whitgift  to  exchange  his  preferment, 
and  in  1591,  he  removed  to  the  rectory  of 
Boscomb,  Wiltshire,  to  which  was  added 
the  prebend  of  Nether-haven  in  Sarum 
church.  In  1595  he  was  presented  by  the 
queen  to  Bishop's  Bourne  rectory  in  Kent, 
and  here  he  passed  the  rest  of  his  life,  and 
completed  his  great  work.  Ecclesiastical 
Polity,  which  he  had  begun  at  Boscomb. 
In  crossing  between  London  and  Graves- 
end  by  water,  he  unfortunately  caught 
cold,  which  brought  on  a  severe  illness, 
which  proved  fatal,  2d  Nov.  1600,  in  his 
47th  year.  The  fame  of  Hooker  rests  upon 
that  incomparable  work  the  EcclesiasticaX 


1100 


HOC) 


Polity,  in  eight  books,  a  work  admired  noi 
only  in  England,  but  on  the  continent.  It 
18  said  that  the  pope,  Clement  V  III.  who 
declared  that  he  knew  no  English  writer 
who  deserved  the  name  of  author,  no  sooner 
heard  the  contents  of  this  immortal  work, 
than  he  exclaimed,  there  is  no  learning 
that  this  man  hath  not  searched  into.  His 
books  witt  grt  reverence  by  age,  for  there 
is  in  them  such  seeds  of  eternity,  that  tiiey 
will  continue  till  the  last  fire  shall  devour 
all  learning.  Besides  bis  answer  to  Tra- 
vers's  Supplication,  Hooker  published  some 
sermons.  His  works  have  been  edited 
folio  and  also  in  an  8vo.  form  at  Oxford. 

Hooker,  Thomas,  first  minister  of  Hart- 
ford, Connecticut,  was  born  at  Marshfield, 
England,  in  1686,  and  educated  at  Ema- 
nuel college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  was 
afterwards  elected  a  fellow.  He  was 
in  1626  chosen  lecturer  at  Chelmsford,  but 
was  soon  silenced  for  nonconformity.  In 
1633  he  came  to  New-England,  and  after 
preaching  some  time  at  Cambridge,  in 
June  1636,  removed  with  several  others, 
and  commenced  the  settlement  of  Hart- 
ford, where  he  continued  in  the  ministry 
till  his  death  in  1647.  He  was  eminent  for 
talents  and  learning,  of  great  dignity  and 
energy  as  a  preacher,  and  one  of  the  best 
and  most  useful  of  the  founders  of  the 
colonies.  Several  valuable  volumes  were 
selected  from  his  manuscripts  and  publish- 
ed after  bis  death.  ICJ^  L. 

HooLE,  Charles,  a  native  of  Wakefield, 
Yorkshire,  educated  at  Lincoln  college, 
Oxford.  He  was  elected  master  of  Rother- 
am  school,  but  during  the  civil  wars  he 
came  to  London,  and  acquired  some  cele- 
brity as  a  public  teacher.  His  services  to 
literature  and  to  education,  were  acknow- 
ledged by  the  gratitude  of  bishop  Saunder- 
son,  who  gave  him  the  rectory  of  Stock  in 
Essex,  and  a  prebend  in  Lincoln  cathedral. 
Besides  a  translation  of  Terence's  plays, 
he  published  a  good  edition  of  the  Greek 
testament,  and  wrote  also  various  useful 
school-books.     He  died  1666. 

HooLE,  John,  a  native  of  London,  son 
of  a  watch-maker,  whose  mechanical  genius 
was  much  admired  in  the  construction  of 
the  machinery  of  the  scenes  in  Covent- 
garden.  The  son  received  a  good  educa- 
tion under  Mr.  Bennet,  known  to  the  pub- 
lic by  his  edition  of  Ascham's  works  ;  but 
when  admitted  clerk  at  the  India  house,  at 
the  age  of  18,  he  devoted  much  of  his 
time  to  literary  pursuits,  and  to  the  study 
of  modern  languages,  especially  Italian. 
Besides  three  tragedies,  Cyrus,  acted  at 
Covent-garden  176«^,  Timanthes,  acted 
1769,  and  Cleonice,  acted  1775,  he  pub- 
lished spirited  and  much  admired  transla- 
tions, in  English  metre,  of  Ariosto's  Or- 
lando Furioso,  and  Tasso's  Jerusalem.  He 
wrote  besides  some  original  poems,  and 


published  ihe  life  of  Mr.  Scott  of  Am  well- 
This  ingenious  poet  died  1803,  aged  76. 

Hooper,  George,  an    English    prelate, 
born   at   Grimley,   Worcestershire,   about 
1640,  and  educated  at  Wcstnunster-school, 
from  whence  he  went  to   Christ  church  as 
student,  1656.     Highly  distinguished  as   a 
scholar,  he,  in  1672,  was  made  chaplain  to 
Morley,  bishop  of  Winchester,  and  soon 
after   to   Sheldon,  the   primate,  who  gave 
him  the  rectory  of  Lambeth,  and  the  pre- 
centorship  of  Exeter.     In  1677  he  became 
D.D.  and  the  same  year  was  made  almoner 
to  the  princess  of  Orange,   whom   he  at- 
tended in   Holland.     He  refused    in   1680 
the  divinity  professorship  at    Oxford,  and 
in   1691,  was  made  dean   of  Canterburj-. 
In  1701  he  was  offered  the  primacy  of  Ire- 
land by  lord  Rochester,  the  viceroy  ;  and 
soon  after  Anne's  accession,  he  was  nomi- 
nated bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  and  half  a  year 
after,   removed  to   Bath  and  Wells,  where 
he  continued  to  preside  for  24  years.     He 
died  at  Barkley,  Somersetshire,  1727,  and 
was   buried    in   the    cathedral    of    Well?. 
Besides  three  sermons,  he  puldished  various 
tracts  on  theological  and  other  subjects, — 
a  Latin  tract  on  Divorce, — an  Inquiry  into 
the   State  of  the    Ancient   Measures,    the 
Attic,   Roman,  and  especially  the  Jewish, 
with  an  Appendix  concerning  our  old  Eng- 
lish   Money  and    Measures   of    Content, 
1721.     A  beautiful  edition  of  his  works 
appeared  at  Oxford,  in  1757,  folio. 

Hooper,  or  Hoper,  John,  an  English 
bishop  and  martyr,  born  in  Somersetshire, 
and  educated  at  Oxford.  He  was  for  some 
time  of  the  fraternity  of  the  Cistercian 
monks,  but  disliking  their  principles  he 
returned  to  Oxford,  and  became  a  convert 
to  the  tenets  of  Luther.  Upon  the  enact- 
ing of  the  statute  of  the  six  articles,  he 
fled  for  safety,  and  after  various  escapes  in 
France,  in  England,  and  in  Ireland,  he 
settled  in  Switzerland,  and  married,  and 
then  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  He- 
brew. On  the  death  of  Henry  VlII.  he 
returned  to  London,  where  he  became  a 
popular  preacher,  and  distinguished  him- 
self as  the  accuser  of  Bonner.  By  the 
interest  of  his  friend  lord  ^V'arwick,  he 
was  nominated  bishop  of  Gloucester  1550, 
and  he  was  consecrated,  though  he  refused 
to  wear  the  canonical  habit-  as  approach- 
ing too  near  to  popish  forms,  and  two 
years  after  he  obtained  besides  the  see  of 
Worcester  in  commendam.  This  worthy 
prelate,  under  the  bloody  reign  of  Mary, 
was  marked  for  destruction.  Neither  his 
popularity  as  a  preacher,  his  hospitality  and 
benevolence  as  a  prelate,  nor  his  exemplary 
manners  as  a  man,  could  save  him  from 
the  flames.  He  was  condemned  to  be 
burned,  and  he  suffered  the  execution  of 
the  sentence  at  Gloucester,  with  becoming: 


HOO 


HOP 


tbrtitude  1555,  in  his  60th  year.  His 
writings,  and  especially  his  letters  preserv- 
ed in  Fox's  monuments  of  the  church,  are 
excellent  specimens  of  his  learning,  and  of 
his  mental  abilities. 

Hoofer,  William,  a  member  of  congress 
from  North  Carolina,  and  one  of  those 
who  signed  the  declaration  of  American 
Independence,  was  a  native  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  where  he  was  born,  June 
17th,  1742.  He  was  the  son  of  a  respec- 
table minister  of  the  episcopal  church  in 
that  town  ;  received  the  early  part  of  his 
education  under  the  direction  of  John 
Lovel,  a  teacher  of  great  celebrity  in  his 
day  ;  and  completed  his  academical  course 
in  Harvard  university,  in  which  he  was 
honourably  distinguished,  and  graduated 
in  1760.  He  studied  law  under  the  care 
of  James  Otis,  Esq.  a  celebrated  patriot 
and  orator  of  Boston.  In  1764,  attracted 
by  some  particular  friends  who  sustained 
an  influential  character  in  North  Carolina, 
he  removed  from  Boston  to  that  province, 
and  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law,  in 
which  he  was  highly  successful.  AVhen  the 
contest  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
colonies  came  on,  he  took  the  side  of  liberty 
and  independence.  He  was  early  elected 
a  member  of  the  legislature  of  North  Caro- 
lina, and  in  that  body,  as  well  as  by  seve- 
ral popular  publications,  he  plead  with 
much  zeal,  eloquence,  and  effect,  the  cause 
of  his  country.  In  1775,  he  was  delegated 
by  the  legislature  of  the  province  to  the 
American  congress  ;  was  present  at  the 
declaration  of  independence,  and  had  the 
honour  of  signing  that  instrument.  He 
continued  to  occupy  a  seat  in  congress, 
until  1777,  when  his  private  affairs  com- 
pelled him  to  resign.  He,  however,  con- 
tinued to  fill  various  public  stations  in  his 
adopted  state,  until  17S7,  when  he  finally 
retired  from  all  public  employment,  and 
died  in  1790,  in  the  forty-ninth  year  of  his 
age.  He  was  a  man  of  superior  talents, 
of  truly  impressive  eloquence,  and  of  great 
activity,  probity,  public  spirit,  and  genuine 
patriotism.  fCP"  L. 

HooRN'BECK,  John,  a  Dutch  divine,  born 
at  Haerlem,  1617.  After  studying  in  his 
native  city,  and  at  Leyden  and  Utrecht, 
he  entered  into  the  ministry  at  Cologne, 
1652,  and  eleven  years  after  returned  to 
Holland.  In  1644  he  was  raised  to  the 
chair  of  divinity  professor  at  Utrecht,  and 
appointed  minister  in  ordinary  in  the 
church  there,  and  after  filling  those  two 
important  oflices  with  great  ability  and 
universal  approbation,  he  was  invited  to 
similar  employments  at  Leyden,  1654.  He 
died  1666,  aged  49.  His  works  are  various, 
on  polemical,  practical,  historical,  and 
other  subjects ;  and  throughout  life  he  dis- 
played, says  Bayle,  the  complete  model  of 
a  good  pastor,  and  divinity  professor. 
70 


He  married  1650,  at  Utrecht,  and  left  twi? 
sons. 

Hopkins,    Ezekiel,    b   learned  prelate, 
born  at   Sandford,   Devonshire,  where  his 
father  was  curate.     He  was  chorister  of 
Magdalen    college,    Oxford,    and    at    the 
age  of  sixteen  was  made  usher  of  the  col- 
lege school,  and  some  time  after  its  chap- 
lain.      He    became    a   popular    preacher 
among  the  Presbyterians  and  Independents, 
and  therefore  the  bishop  of  London  refused 
to  admit  him  to  one  of  the  city  churches, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  vvent  to  settle 
at   Exeter.     Here  he   was  seen  and  ad- 
mired by  lord  Robartes,  afterwards  earl  of 
Truro,  who  gave  him  his  daughter  Aramin- 
ta  in  marriage,  and  when  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  presented   him  to  the  deanery  of 
Raphoe.     The  earl  besides  so  strongly  re- 
commended him  to  lord  Berkeley,  the  next 
viceroy,  that  he  was  in  1671  made  bishop 
of    Raphoe,    and   in    1681,    translated   to 
Londonderry.     He  left  his  diocess  in  1688, 
when  persecuted  by  lord  Tyrconnel,   and 
came  to    England,  where  he  was  elected 
minister  of  Aldermanbury,  1689,  where  he 
died  19th   June,  1690.     He   was   an   able 
and  interesting  writer.     He  published  five 
sermons,   besides   an    Exposition   of   the 
ten  Commandments,  and  an  Exposition  of 
the  Lord's  prayer. 

Hopkins,  Charles,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Exeter,  and  educated  at  Dub- 
lin, and  afterwards  at  Cambridge.  Du- 
ring the  Irish  rebellion  of  1688,  he  was  a 
zealous  partisan  in  favour  of  William,  and 
at  the  end  of  the  troubles  he  returned  to 
England,  and  became  the  associate  of  men 
of  wit  and  fashion.  In  1694  he  published 
some  epistolary  poems  and  translations, 
and  in  1695,  produced  "  Pyrrhus,"  a  tra- 
gedy, with  an  epilogue  by  Congreve.  He 
was  also  the  friend  of  Dryden,  and  by  his 
"  Art  of  Love,"  gained  the  acquaintance  of 
the  earl  of  Dorset ;  but  his  intemperance 
and  debauchery  soon  proved  fatal.  He 
died  1699,  in  con-equenre  of  his  excesses, 
aired  36.  He  wrote  besides  a  translation 
of  Ovid's  History  of  Love,  2  tragedies, 
Boadicea,  and  the  Female  Warrior,  &c. 

Hopkins,  John,  another  son  of  the 
bishop,  born  January  1st,  1675.  He  had 
poetical  powers,  and  published  1698,  the 
Triumphs  of  Peace,  or  the  Glories  of  Nas- 
sau— the  Victory  of  Death, — and  also 
Amasia,  or  the  Works  of  the  Muses,  a  col- 
lection of  Poems,  3  vols.  1700.  The  par- 
ticulars of  his  life  are  unknown,  but  it  is 
supposed  that  like  his  brother,  he  was  an 
unfortunate  man. 

Hopkins,  Edward,  governor  of  Connec- 
ticut, was  born  at  Shrewsbury,  England,  ia 
1600,  and  became  a  merchant  in  London. 
In  1637,  he  came  to  New-England,  and 
settled  at  Hartford,  where  he  was  soon  elect- 
ed governor,  and  held  the  office  a  number  of 


HOP 


HOP 


^ears.  He  afterwards  returnetl  to  Eng- 
land, and  became  warden  of  the  fleet, 
commissioner  of  the  admiralty,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  parliament.  He  died  in  1G57.  He 
was  characterized  by  uprightness,  prudence, 
and  piety.  He  left  the  sum  of  1500 
pounds  for  the  encouragement  of  learning 
in  New-England,  1000  of  which  was  ap- 
propriated to  the  support  of  grammar- 
schools  in  New-Haven,  and  Hartford,  and 
the  remainder  to  Harvard  college. 

Hopkins,    Stephen,  LL.D.    one  of  the 
signers   of  the  declaration    of    American 
independence,     was     born    in     Scituate, 
Rhode-Island,  in  March,  1707.     He  was 
descended   from   worthy   ancestors,    who 
were  among  the  earliest  settlers  of  Provi- 
dence plantations.     He  possessed  talents 
of  a  superior  order,  and  having  cultivated 
them  with  great  assiduity,  sustained  a  high 
rank  among  the  political  and  literary  cha- 
racters of  New-England.     He  was   called 
into  public  life  at  a  very  early  age,  and  in 
the  various  otRces  of  legislator,  chief  jus- 
tice, and  governor  of  the  colony,   member 
of  congress,  and  chancellor  of  the  college, 
conducted  with  great  dignity  and  ability. 
He  was  also  extensively  engaged  in  trade, 
navigation  and  manufactures,  and  was  dis- 
tingui?>hed   for   his  enterprise    and  public 
spirit.     In  1757,  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
congre!<s  which  assembled  at  Albany,  and 
one  of  the  committee,  which,  on   that  oc- 
casion, drew  up  a  plan  of  union  for  the 
colonies.     In  1755,  he  was  elected  gover- 
nor, and  continued  to  sustain  the  office  with 
the  exception  of  four  years,  until  1768. 
On  the  approach  of  the  revolution,  he  was 
called  to  exhibit  his  wisdom  and  patriotism 
on  a  more  important  theatre.     No  indi- 
vidual in  the  colony  enjoyed  more  entirely 
the  confidence  of  his  fellow-citizens.     In 
1773,   he  was  a  delegate  to  the  assembly 
from   Providence,   and   a  member  of  the 
committee  of  correspondence  then  appoint- 
ed.    In  1774,  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to 
congress,  and  remained  in  that  office  until 
after  the  establishment  of  independence. 
For  several  years  before  his  death  he  suf- 
fered  a   paralytic  affection,   the  effiicts  of 
which  are  apparent  in  the  signature  of  his 
name  to  the  declaration  of  independence. 
He  died  July  20th,  1785,  aged  79.   He  was 
the  author  of  "  the  Rights  of  the  Colonies 
Examined,"  which  was  published  by  order 
of  the  general  assembly  of  Rhode-Island. 

ICF  L. 
Hopkins,  Samuel,  D.D.  minister  of 
Newport,  Rhode-Island,  was  born  at  Water- 
bury,  Connecticut,  in  1721,  and  graduated 
at  Yale-college,  in  1741.  Having  studied 
theology  with  Mr.  Edwards,  of  Northamp- 
ton, he  was  in  1743,  settled  in  Great  Har- 
rington, Massachusetts,  where  he  continued 
till  1769,  when  he  was  dismissed,  and  soon 


after  resettled  at  Newport,  Rhode-Island. 
He  continued  there  until  his  death,  in  1803, 
eminently  disliiiguiHhcd  for  piety  and  de- 
votedness  to  the  labours  of  hia  office.  He 
possessed  a  vigorous  mind,  and  a  love  of 
searching  for  the  reasons  of  mysterious 
events  in  the  divine  government,  ilmt  led 
him  to  the  adoption  of  some  peculiar  opi- 
nions, such  as  that  sin  is  necessary  to  the 
divine  glory — that  submission  to  (lod  in- 
cludes a  willingness  to  suller  the  punish- 
ment of  sin  in  the  future  world,  if  necessary 
to  His  glory.  It  is  from  his  name,  that  the 
term  Hopkinsianism  is  derived.  His  chief 
publication  was  a  system  of  Theology  in 
2  vols.  8vo.  ft:jP  L. 

HoPKiNsON,  Francis,  a  poet,  and  judge 
of  the  United  States  district  court,  for 
Pennsylvania,  was  born  in  that  state,  in 
1738.  At  the  commencement  of  the  revo- 
lution he  resided  in  New-Jersey,  and  was 
sent  by  that  state  to  congress,  in  1776,  and 
signed  the  declaration  of  independence. 
After  the  peace,  he  held  a  place  for  some 
time  in  the  loan-office,  and  was  afterwards 
a  judge  of  the  adn»iralty  for  Pennsylvania; 
but  in  1790,  was  advanced  from  that  sta- 
tion to  a  seat  on  the  bench  of  the  district 
court  of  the  United  States.  He  died  on 
the  9th  May,  of  the  following  year.  He 
was  distinguished  for  vivacity  and  wit,  and 
published,  during  the  revolution,  several 
poetical  pieces  which  were  highly  popular. 
The  chief  among  them  was  "  The  Battle 
of  the  Kegs."  His  writings  were  publish- 
ed in  1792,  in  three  volumes,  octavo. 

iCP  L. 
HoPTON,  Arthur,  an  able  mathematician, 
son  of  Sir  Arthur  Hopton.  He  was  born  in 
Somersetshire,  and  educated  as  a  gentle- 
man commoner  at  Lincoln  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  first  degree,  and  then  re- 
moved to  the  Temple,  London.  Though 
he  died  at  the  early  age  of  26,  1614,  he 
wrote  some  valuable  treatises  on  the  Geo- 
detical  Staflf  for  Surveying,  4to. — the  To- 
pographical Glass,  with  the  uses  of  that 
Instrument,  the  Theodolite,  Plain  Table, 
and  Circumferenter,  4to. — a  Concordance 
of  Years  according  to  the  English  Account, 
8vo. — Prognostications  from  1607,  to  1614, 
&c.  He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  the 
great  Selden. 

Hopton,  Ralph,  lord,  an  English  noble- 
man, who  distinguished  himself  by  his 
valour  in  the  Low  Countries,  and  after- 
wards in  the  king's  service  during  the  civil 
wars.  His  troops  were  under  the  best  dis- 
cipline, and  with  them  he  defeated  Sir  W. 
Waller,  at  Stratton,  1643  ;  but  though  vic- 
torious he  was  obliged  to  retreat  before  the 
superior  numbers  of  general  Fairfax.  He 
died  at  Bruges,  1652. 

Hopton,  Susanna,  a  lady  of  Staffiard- 
shire,  born  of  respectable  parents.  Though 
beguiled  to  conform  to  the  tenets  of  the 

71 


HOR 


HOR 


church  of  Rome  by  the  arts  of  Turburvillc, 
a  priest,  sne  afterwards  was  reconciled  to 
the  protestant  faith,  and  died  at  Hereford, 
1709,  aged  82,  after  surviving  several  years 
her  husband  Richard  Hopton,  one  of  the 
Welch  judges.  She  wrote  Daily  Devotions, 
Hexameron,  or  Meditations  on  the  six 
Days  of  the  Creation, — and  also  corrected 
the  devotions  in  the  ancient  way  of  Offices, 
published  by  her  friend  Dr.  Hickes. 

HoRAPOLLO,  or  HoRUS  Apollo,  an 
Egyptian  grammarian  in  the  age  of  Theo- 
dosius.  His  two  books  on  Egyptian  hiero- 
glyphics have  been  edited  by  Pauw. 

HoRATii,  three  brothers  at  Rome,  who 
fought  against  the  three  Curiatii  of  Alba, 
B.C.  667,  and  conquered. 

HoRATius,  Codes,  a  Roman,  celebrated 
for  the  valour  with  which  he  defended  a 
bridge  over  the  Tiber  against  the  army  of 
Porsenna.  After  the  cutting  down  of  the 
bridge  he  swam  across  the  river  with  his 
armour. 

HoRATius,  Q.  Flaccus,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man poet,  whose  great  abilities  recom- 
mended him  to  the  notice  of  Mecaenas,  and 
of  Augustus,  with  whom  he  lived  in  habits 
of  intimacy  and  conviviality.  He  died 
eight  years  before  Christ.  His  odes  in 
four  books,  his  episodes,  satires,  epistles, 
and  Art  of  Poetry,  are  well  known. 

HoRMAN,  William,  a  native  of  Salisbury, 
educated  at  Winchester  school  and  New- 
college,  where  he  became  fellow.  He  was 
in  1485  made  master  of  Eton  school,  and 
also  fellow,  and  afterwards  vice-provost  of 
the  college.  He  died  1535.  He  was  a 
good  botanist  as  well  as  an  able  divine, 
and  published  Herbarum  Sjnonyma — and 
also  Indices  to  the  writers  de  Re  Rustic^. 
HoRMiSDAS,  a  pope  and  saint  of  the 
Romish  calendar,  elected  to  the  papal  chair 
514.  He  assembled  a  council  to  condemn 
the  tenets  of  the  Eutychians,  and  died  523. 
Several  of  his  letters  are  extant. 

HoRMisDAS  n.  king  of  Persia,  succeeded 
his  father,  the  great  Chosroes,  578.  His 
subjects  revolted  against  him  at  the  insti- 
gation of  Varanes,  his  general,  whom  he 
offended  by  sending  him  a  female  dress  be- 
cause he  had  been  defeated  by  the  Romans. 
Hormisdas  was  deprived  of  his  sight  by  the 
successful  rebel,  and  died  590. 

HoRNE,  George,  a  venerable  prelate, 
born  November  1,  1730,  at  Otham,  near 
Maidstone,  where  bis  father  was  rector. 
After  being  educated  by  his  father,  he  was 
two  years  at  Maidstone  school,  and  at  the 
age  of  fifteen  he  was  elected  to  a  scholar- 
ship of  University  college,  Oxford.  On 
taking  his  bachelor's  degree  he  removed  to 
Magdalen  college,  where  he  was  elected 
Kentish  fellow.  Here  he  devoted  himself 
with  unusual  attention  to  Hebrew  and  sa- 
cred literature,  and  while  he  warmly  em- 
braced the  principles  of  Hutchinson,  and 
the  philosophy  of  nature,  as  he  regarded 
72 


them  deducible  from  the  truths  of  Scripture, 
he  laid  the  foundation  for  controversy  and 
metaphysical    disputations.     In    1753    he 
took  orders,  and  soon  distinguished  himself 
as  an  able  and  eloquent  preacher.    In  1768 
he  was  elected  president  of  his  college,  and 
soon   after  took  the  degree  of  D.D.  and 
was  made  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  in  1770 
he  was  made  vice-chancellor,  and  for  four 
years  supported  that  office  with  great  digni- 
ty. In  1781  he  was  made  dean  of  Canterbury 
by   lord    North,    and    in    1789   succeeded 
Bagot  in  the  see  of  Norwich.     His  eleva- 
tion, unhappily  for  the  church  and  for  pos- 
terity, was  of  short  duration.     His  health 
had  gradually  been   declining,  and  a  para- 
lytic stroke  on  his  journey  to  Bath  gave 
such  a  shock  to  his  constitution,  that  he 
never  recovered,  and  died  soon  after,  l7th 
January,  1792,  aged  62.     He  was  buried 
at  Eltham,  in  Kent.    Though  censured  by 
some  writers  for  his  philosophical  senti- 
ments as  the  friend  of  Hutchinson  and  the 
opponent  of  Newton,  bishop  Home  must 
rank  very  high  as  a  sincere  and  exemplary 
Christian,  as  a  good  scholar,  an  able  divine, 
and  a  most  benevolent  and  amiable  man. 
By  his  wife,  daughter  of  Mr.   Burton,  of 
Eltham,  he  had  five  daughters.    His  works, 
which  are  very  valuable,   and   display  the 
man  of  information,  judgment,  and  erudi- 
tion, were  the  Theology  and  Philosophy  of 
Cicero's  Somnium  Scipionis,  explained,  &c. 
8vo. — a   fair  and   impartial   State  of  the 
Case  between   Sir  Isaac  Newton  and  Mr. 
Hutchinson,  8vo. — Spicilegium  Shuckfordi- 
anum,  or  a  Nosegay  for  the  critics,  12rao. 
— Christ  and  the  Holy  Ghost,  Supporters 
of  the  Spiritual  Life — and  two  seimons  be- 
fore the  university,  an  Apology  for  certain 
Gentlemen  in  Oxford,  aspersed  in  a  late 
pamphlet,  8vo. — a  View  of  Mr.  Kennicott's 
Method  of  Co/recting  the   Hebrew  Text, 
8vo. — Considerations  on  the  Projected  Re- 
formation  of  the  Church  of  England,  to 
lord  North — Considerations  of  the  life  and 
death  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  8vo.  in  ser- 
mons   preached    annually    at     Magdalen 
college,  8vo. — Commentary  on  the  Book  of 
Psalms,  &c.   4to.  2  vols. — Letter  to  Adam 
Smith,  LL.D.  on   the  life,  death,  and  Phi- 
losophy   of    David    Hume,     12mo. — Dis- 
courses on  several  subjects  and  occasions, 
2  vols.  8vo. — Letters  on  Infidelity,  12mo. 
— Letters  to  Dr.  Priestley,  8vo. — Observa- 
tions on  the  Case  of  Protestant  dissenters, 
8vo. — some  volumes  of  sermons — Charge 
intended  to  be  delivered  to  the  Norwich 
Clergy    at    the    Primary    Visitation,    4to. 
1791 — Papers  signed  Z  in  the  Ollapodrida, 
by  Mr.   Munro,    &c.     His   life   has  been 
written    with   pleasing   minuteness  by  his 
early  friend  Mr,  Jones. 

HoRNECK,  Anthony,  a  divine  born  at 
Baccharack,  in  the  lower  Palatinate,  1641, 
and  educated  in  divinity  at  Heidelberg,  un- 
der Spanheim.     At  the  age  of  nineteen  he 


liOK 


1 1  OR 


vamc   over    to   England,    and  enleied  at 
Queen's  college,  1663,  where  the  same  year 
he  was  incorporated  M.A.   from   the  uni- 
versity  of    Wiltemberg.     He    was    made 
chaplain  of  his   college   and  vicar  of  All 
Saints,   Oxford,    and    two   years   after  he 
went  as  tutor  to  the  eldest  son  of  the  duke 
of  Albermarle,  by  whom  he  was  made  rector 
of  Doulton,  in  Devonshire,  and  prebendary 
of  Exeter.     After  a   visit  of  two   years  in 
Germany  he  was  in  1671  made  preacher  of 
the  Savoy,  and  aderwards  he  was  very  dis- 
interestedly recommended  by  IlusscI,  lord 
Orford,  to  the  queen,  and  had  the  promise 
of  a  Westminster  prebend,  which  he  ob- 
tained 1693.     He  took  the  degree  of  D.D. 
1681,    at   Cambridge,    and   became    after- 
wards  chaplain  to  William  and  Mary,  and 
in  1694  obtained  a  prebend  in  the  church 
of  Wells.     He  died  of  the  stone,  January, 
1696,  in  his  56th  year,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey.     Bishop  Kidder,  who 
wrote  his  life,   describes   him  as  a  man  of 
very  extensive  learning,  well  skilled  in  the 
learned  languages,  especially  Hebrew,  and 
in  his  duties  of  pastor  unusually  exemplary, 
so  that  he  knew  him  sacrifice  his  hopes  of 
preferment  to  the  conscientious  discharge 
of  his  duty.     He  published  some  sermons, 
and  various  other  works,  chiefly  on  theolo- 
gical subjects,  much  admired. 

Horner,  Francis,  barrister-at-law,  was 
born  at  Edinburgh  in  1778,  and  educated 
first  at  the  High-school,  and  next  at  the 
university  of  his  native  city,  where  he  con- 
tracted an  intimacy  with  lord  Henry  Petty, 
now  marquis  of  Lansdovvn.  After  studying 
the  law  and  becoming  an  advocate,  Mr. 
Horner  repaired  to  London,  and  in  1806 
was  returned  to  parliament,  though  he  did 
not  distinguish  himself  as  a  senator  till 
1810,  when  he  became  chairman  of  the 
"  Bullion  Committe,"  to  which  subject  he 
paid  uncommon  attention,  and  illustrated 
it  in  a  very  luminous  report.  His  applica- 
tion to  business,  however,  proved  too  much 
for  his  constitution,  and  he  was  obliged  to 
seek  the  climate  of  Italy,  where  he  died  at 
Pisa,  Feb.  8,  1817.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  writers  in  the  Edinburgh  Review. — 
W.  B. 

HoRNius,  George,  historical  professor  at 
Leydcn,  where  he  died  1670,  was  born  in 
the  Palatinate.  The  loss  of  some  property, 
it  is  said,  in  his  old  age,  disordered  his 
senses.  He  wrote  Historia  Ecclesiastica 
ad  ann.  1666 — de  Originibus  Americanis — 
Geographia  vetus  et  nova — Orbis  Politicus, 
Historia  Philosophiae,  4to. 

HoRREBow,  Peter,  professor  of  astrono- 
my, mathematics,  and  philosophy  at  Co- 
penhagen, and  particularly  known  as  the 
first  who  discovered  the  aberration  of  the 
light  of  the  fixed  stars.  He  published 
Copernicus  Triumphant,  and  died  1764, 
aged  85. 

Vol.  II.  10 


lloRKox,  .Jeremiah,  an  English  astiono- 
mor,  bom   at  Toxtcth,  Lancashire,  about 
1619.     lie  finished   liis  education  at  Ema- 
nuel college,  Cambridge,  and  devoted  him- 
self most  assiduously  tu  the  «tudv  of  astro- 
nomy.     He  settled  at   llool.-,  near  Liver- 
pool, and  had  the  good  fortune  of  being  the 
first  person  who  observed  a  transit  of  Ve- 
inis  over   the   sun's   disc,   '21tli  Nov.    1639. 
He  was  assisted  in  his  astronomical  obser- 
vations and   inquiries  by  his   friend  (>rab- 
tree,  of  Brougliton,  near  Manchester,  and 
he    derived    much    information    from    the 
writings    of   Tycho    Brahc,    Kepler,  and 
others.     This  able  and  ingenious  man  was 
cut  ofl"  by  a  sudden  death,  in   the  midst  of 
his  observations,  3d  Jan.    1640-1,  and  the 
value  of  the  few  things   which  he  wrote, 
proves  the  irreparable  loss  which   science 
sufiered  in  his  death.     His  *'  Venus  in  Solo 
visa,"  was  preserved  in  MS.  and  published 
by  Hevelius   at  Dantzic,    1662.     He    had 
undertaken    some    other  works   which  he 
left  incomplete.     His  "  Opera  Posthuma," 
appeared  under   the    care  of  Dr.    Wallis, 
1673,  but  several  of  his  papers   were  de- 
stroyed while  in  the  hands  of  private  per- 
sons,   at   the   great  fire   of  London,    and 
from  others  Shakerly  formed  his  "British 
Tables." 

HoRSLET,  John,  author  of  Britannia 
Romana,  was  a  native  of  Northumberland. 
He  was  educated  at  Newcastle,  and  then 
passed  to  Scotland,  where  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  M.A.  and  then  settled  at  Morpeth, 
as  teacher  of  a  dissenting  congregation. 
He  died  12th  Dec.  1731,  a  short  time  be- 
fore the  publication  of  the  book  on  which 
his  literary  fame  depends.  His  Britannia, 
divided  into  three  books,  is  a  most  valuable 
composition,  and  gives  a  veiy  accurate 
account  of  the  ditFerent  stations  of  the  Ro- 
man legions  and  governments  in  the  island, 
of  the  inscriptions  and  sculptures  still  pre- 
served, and  of  the  geographical  divisions 
and  names,  with  other  particulars  of  the 
country.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  some  of  his  letters  to  R.  Gale 
are  preserved  in  Hutchinson.  His  ac- 
curacy and  learning  are  as  much  admired 
as  the  excellence  of  the  plan  of  his  great 
work. 

HoRSLET,  Samuel,  a  learned  prelate, 
born  in  St.  Martin's  in  the  fields,  where  his 
father  was  clerk  in  orders,  and  educated 
at  Trinity  hall,  Cambridge.  He  took  his 
degree  of  LL.B.  in  1758,  and  10  years 
after  attended  lord  Aylesford  at  Christ- 
church,  Oxford,  where  he  proceeded  to  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  In  1778  he  succeeded  on 
the  death  of  his  father  to  the  living  of 
Thorlcy,  Herts,  in  the  gift  of  the  bishop  of 
London,  to  whom  he  was  chaplain,  and  he 
held  also  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary,  Newing- 
ton,  which  he  exchanged  for  that  of  South 
Weald,  Essex,  in  1782.     He  was  for  some 

73 


IIOR 


iroR 


years  an  active  member  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, and  also  their  secretary,  but  after 
contributing  much  to  their  transactions,  he 
retired  in  consequence  of  the  dissensions 
which  prevailed  in  that  learned  body,  and 
in  which   he  took  a  zealous  part.     When 
archdeacon  of  St.  Alban's,  he  directed  his 
attention  to  the  tenets  of  Dr.  Priestley,  and 
in  his  charge,  and  in  some  pamphlets,  he 
displayed  so  much  ability,  and  refuted  in 
so  dexterous  a  manner,  and  with  such  un- 
answerable arguments,   this  bold  champion 
of  materialism  and  philosophical  necessity, 
as  to  gain  the  respect  and  the  admiration 
of  every  friend  of  true  Christianity.     He 
was  afterwards  presented  to  Aklbury  rec- 
tory,  in    Surrey,  by  lord  Aylcsford,   and 
Thurlow,  the  chancellor,   was   so  pleased 
with  his  zeal  and  conduct  in  his  late  con- 
troversy, that  he  gave  him  a  prebend  of 
Gloucester,  and  in  1788  procured  his  ele- 
vation  to  the  see  of  St.  David's.    .In  his 
dioccss  the  new  prelate  gained  deserved 
popularity  by  increasing    the    stipend   of 
curates,    and   promoting    their   comforts  ; 
and  in  1793  he  was  translated  to  Rochester 
with  the  deanery  of  Westminster,  and  in 
1802  passed  to  the  see  of  St.  Asaph.     He 
died  after  a  few  days'  illness,  4th  October, 
1806,  at  Brighton,  where  he  had  gone  to 
pay  a  visit  to  his  venerable  patron  Thur- 
low, whom  on   his  arrival   he   found  dead. 
His  remains  were  interred  in  Newington 
church.     He  was  twice  married,  and  had 
one  son  by  his  first   wife,   and  a  daughter 
who  died  young,  and  by  his  second  he  had 
no  family.    Besides  single  sermons  preach- 
ed on  public  occasions,  and  controversial 
tracts  in  defence  of  the  church  establish- 
ment, and  of  the  true  principles  of  Chris- 
tianity,  the   bishop   published   editions  of 
the  Inclinations  of  Apollonius — of  sir  Isaac 
Newton's  works,  5  vols.  4to. — treatises  on 
Virgil's   two   Seasons   of    Honey — on  the 
Properties  of  the   Greek  and  Latin  Lan- 
guages— critical  Disquisition  on  the  l8th 
Chapter  of  Isaiah,  &c.     As  a  speaker  in 
the  senate  the  bishop  was  eloquent,  clear, 
and  argumentative,   and   on  all  important 
national  discussions,   and  especially  when 
the  hierarchical  establishment  of  the  coun- 
try was  mentioned,  he  generally  delivered 
liis  sentiments,  and  was  listened  to  with 
deference   and   admiration.      Against  the 
French  revolution  he  pointed  all  the  vehe- 
mence   of  his   oratorical   powers,  and  he 
foresaw  the  calamities  to  which  this  coun- 
try would  be  exposed  if  it  did  not  resist  the 
attempt  of  innovators  and  of  anarchists. 
As  a  preacher  Dr.  Horsley  was  impressive, 
and  though  he  was  in  his  manner  rather 
dictatorial,  yet  his  delivery  was  pleasing 
and  his  anunciation  distinct.     His  mind,  it 
may  be  said,  grasped  all  the  learning  of 
the   ancient   and   the   modern   world,  his 
heart  was  warm  and  generous,  his  feeling:s 
74 


no'ule  and  patriotic,  and  his  head  capable 
and  willing  to  serve  the  cause  of  virtue, 
morality,  and  religion.     Though  ridiculed 
by  some  for  the  zeal  with  which  he  opposed 
the  revolutionary  principles  of  France,  he 
indignantly   spurned   at   popularity  which 
was   to   be   purchased  by  bending  to  the 
vitiated  politics  of  the  time,  and  in  support- 
ing the  cause   of  order  and  decency  with 
consistency  and    spirit,   he  ably  defended 
the  measures  of  government,   and  gained 
the   approbation    of  every  man  of  sound 
sense  and  true  piety  in  the  kingdom.     In 
his  private  character    he    was    highly  re- 
spectable, though  irascible  he  was  benevo- 
lent and  humane,  and  his  deeds  of  cha- 
rity have  often  proved  burdensome  to  his 
income,    and  distressed  him   in  his  pecu- 
niary affairs.     With  his    intimate   friends 
he  was  a  pleasant,  entertaining^  and  agree- 
able  companion,    and    in    upholding    the 
character    of    the    Christian    he    showed 
that  he  was   not  insensible  to   the  inno- 
cent pleasures,  and  the  recreations  of  the 
man. 

HoRSTius,  James,  a  physician,  born  at 
Torgau,  1537,  created  M.D.  in  the  uni- 
versity of  Frankfort  on  the  Order  1582. 
After  practising  at  Sagan  Sudinitz,  and 
Iglaw,  he  was  elected  medical  professor  of 
the  university  of  Helmstadt  in  1584.  He 
long  supported  the  character  of  a  popular 
and  able  physician,  and  died  1600.  By  his 
first  wife,  whom  he  married  1562,  he  had 
10  children.  She  died  1535,  and  two  years 
after  he  married  another.  He  was  a  man 
of  piety,  and  called  down  the  blessings  of 
heaven  upon  his  various  prescriptions,  a 
religious  custom  which  he  recommended 
to  his  medical  brethren  with  little  effect. 
With  all  his  learning,  he  was  imposed  upon 
by  the  golden  tooth  of  a  child  in  Silesia, 
about  which  he  wrote  a  dissertation  before 
the  deception  was  divulged.  He  wrote 
besides  Compendium  Medicarum  Institu- 
tionum, — Herbarium, — De  Noctambulis, — 
Epistolae  Piiilosophicae  et  Mcdicinales, — 
Commentary  on  Hippocrates's  Book  on  the 
Heart, — Disputationes  Catholicae,  &.c. 

HoRSTius,  Gregory,  nephew  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Torgau,  1578,  and  was 
made  M.A.  at  Wittemberg,  and  M.D.  at 
Basil.  He  was  professor  of  physic  in  se- 
veral places,  but  lastly  at  Ulm  in  Germany, 
where  he  died  of  the  gout,  Aug.  1636.  His 
abilities  were  such  that  he  obtained  the 
title  of  the  .T^sculapius  of  Germany.  He 
wrote  de  Tuendu  Sanitate — de  Causis  Si- 
militudinis  ct  Dissimilitudinis  in  Fcetu,  &c. 
— de  NaturA  Amoris,  &c.  By  his  first 
wife,  who  died  1634,  after  a  union  of  19 
years,  he  left  two  daughters  and  four  sons, 
three  of  whom  were  physicians,  and  two, 
John  Daniel  and  Gregory,  authors  of  Me- 
dical Tracts,  &c.  His  second  wife  he  mar- 
ried onlv  13  months  before  his  death. 


HOS 


llOS 


UoRTE,  John,  an  English  divine,  lie 
was  educated  for  the  ministry  among  the 
dissenters  under  Thomas  Kowe,  where  he 
had  Dr.  U'atts  among  his  fellow-students  ; 
but  after  ofliciating  for  some  time  at  Marsh- 
field  in  Gloucestershire,  he  conformed  to 
the  church  and  was  regularly  ordained. 
He  preached  a  visitation  sermon  at  Ayles- 
bury, in  1703,  and  was  made  by  the  lord 
lieutenant  of  Ireland,  to  whom  he  was 
chaplain,  bij.hop  of  Leighlin  and  Femes. 
He  was  afterwards  translated  to  Kilraore, 
and  in  1742  to  Tuam,  where  he  died  1751. 
Bcoides  a  charge  to  the  clergy  of  Tuam  in 
1742,  he  wrote  a  volume  of  sermons  of 
great  merit,  1738,  Dublin,  8vo.  and  London, 
1757. 

HoRTENSius,  Quintus,  a  Roman  orator 
of  great  abilities  and  equal  celebrity.  He 
died  very  rich  B.C.  49,  and  his  daughter 
Hortensia  it  is  said  inherited  all  his  orato- 
rical powers. 

HoRTENSius,  Lambert,  aphilologer,  poet, 
and  historian,  who  it  is  said  assumed  that 
name  because  his  father  was  a  gardener. 
He  was  born  at  Montfort,  Utrecht,  and 
studied  at  Louvain,  and  was  for  many  yeai's 
I'ector  of  the  grammar  school  of  Naarden, 
where  he  died  1577,  aged  76.  He  wrote, 
besides  satires  and  other  poems,  seven 
books,  De  Bello  Germanico,  under  Charles 
V. — de  Tumultu  Anabaptist. — Commenta- 
ries on  the  six  first  books  of  the  iEneid — 
Notes  on  four  Comedies  of  Aristophanes. 

HoRTENSius,  Martin,  an  astronomer, 
born  at  Delft.  He  died  1639,  aged  34.  He 
wrote  de  Mercurio  sub  sole  viso,  et  Venere 
Invisd. — de  Utilitate  et  Dignitate  Mathe- 
seos — de  Oculo,  ejusque  Praestantia. 

HosEA,  the  first  of  the  minor  prophets, 
flourished  from  A.M.  3194  to  3219,  under 
the  reign  of  the  second  Jeroboam,  and  of 
Uzziah. 

Hosius,  Stanislaus,  a  cardinal,  born  of 
poor  parents  at  Cracow  in  Poland.  By  his 
abilities  he  gradually  rose  to  distinction 
and  became  secretary  to  the  king  of  Poland, 
bishop  of  Culm,  of  Warmia,  and  at  last  a 
cardinal.  He  was  employed  by  Pius  IV.  to 
procure  the  continuance  of  the  council  of 
Trent,  in  which  he  presided  %vith  great  elo- 
quence and  dignity.  He  died  1579,  aged 
76.  He  left  by  his  will  a  library  to  Cra- 
cow. His  works  in  2  vols,  folio,  were  po- 
pular, and  in  them  he  showed  himself  an 
able  and  zealous  advocate  of  the  see  of 
Rome. 

HosKiNs,  John,  an  English  portrait  paint- 
er, who  died  1664.  He  was  eminent  in  his 
profession  and  took  the  portraits  of  the 
second  Charles,  his  queen  and  family.  He 
had  the  Coopers,  Alexander,  and  Samuel, 
for  his  pupils. 

HospiNiAN,  Rodolphus,  a  Swiss  writer, 
born  at  Altdorf  near  Zurich  1547.  He  stu- 
<lied  at  Zurich,  and  after  vi^itina:  the  itni- 


versiiies  ol  Marpurg,  and  Heidelberg,  lie 
was  admitted  into  the  ministry  1568,  and 
the  next  year  married.  In  1571  he  wa.s 
made  provisor  of  the  abbey  Hchool  of  Zu- 
rich, and  in  consequence  of  his  services  as 
a  writer  he  wa.>  made  in  1588,  archdeacon 
of  the  Caroline  church,  and  in  15'j4  minis- 
ter of  the  abbey  church.  After  l.cin^  blnid 
in  consequence  of  a  cataract  for  about  a 
year,  he  recovered  his  sight  by  couching, 
1G13.  For  the  last  three  years  of  Lis  life 
he  grew  childish.  He  died  1626,  aged  79. 
His  abilities  were  so  universally  uckiiow- 
ledgcd  that  he  was  considered  as  the  only 
scholar  capable  of  refuting  Baronius's  An- 
nals. He  undertook  a  very  celebrated  and 
important  work,  "  a  History  of  the  Errors 
of  Popery,"  which  he  published  at  vaiious 
times  in  diflerent  portions,  and  with  uni- 
versal applause.  These  and  other  works 
were  republished  together  at  Geneva,  1681, 
in  seven  thin  vols,  folio.  By  his  first  wife, 
who  died  1612,  he  had  14  children.  He 
afterwai'ds  took  a  second  wife. 

Hospital,   Michael  de   1',  chancellor  of 
France,  son    of  a  physician,   was  born  at 
Aigueperse,  Auvergnr,  1505.     After  study- 
ing at  the  most  celebrated   universities  of 
France  and  Italy,  he  was  raised  to  distinc 
tion  for  his  abilities,   and  successively  be- 
came auditor  of  the  Rota  at    Rome,  coun- 
sellor of  the  parliament  at  Paris,  ambassa- 
dor to  the  council  of  Trent,  and  superin- 
tendent of  the  French  provinces.     In  this 
last  and  difticult  office  he  laboured  earnestly 
to  restore  the  ruined  finances  of  his  coun- 
try, but  while  he  raised  again  the  national 
afi'airs  to  prosperity,  he  paid  no  regard  to 
his  own   domestic  concerns,  so  that   after 
continuing  six  years  at  the  head  of  a  de- 
partment where  he  might  have  appropriated 
millions  to  his  use,  he  was  found  incapable 
of  portioning  out   his   daughter,   and  was 
therefore  indebted  on  that  occasion  to  the 
king's  liberality.     On  the  death  of  Henry 
II.  he  was  introduced  into  the   council  of 
state,  and  in   the   midst  of  turbulence  and 
faction  he  was  raised  to  the  high   office  of 
chancellor  of  the  kingdom,  to  which  his 
firmness,  his  integrity,  and  his  virtues  en- 
titled  him.     He  proved   himself  a   deter- 
mined friend   in  the   cause   of  toleration, 
and  in  consequence  of  the   mildness  of  his 
conduct  he  was  suspected  of  favouring  the 
cause  of  the  protestants,  so  that  the  seals 
were  taken  from  him  by  the  influence  of 
Catharine   de   Medicis,   and   on    the  fatal 
night  of  St.  Bartholomew   he  was  marked 
for  the  general  slaughter.     A  party  of  horse 
advanced  against  him,  but  while   with  un- 
concern he  would  not  even  shut  his  castle 
gates,  or  fly  for  safety,  an  order  was  sent, 
at  the  moment,  from  the  king  to  spare  his 
life.     This  great  man   and  upright  magis- 
trate died  1573,  aged  68.     His  features  are 
said  to  have  resembled  those  of  Aristotle, 


4  .-y 


HOT 


HOT 


He  iviotc  Latin  poems,  publislied  Amster- 
dam, 1732,  8vo. — Speeches,  &c. — Memoirs 
eontaining  treaties  of  peace,  &c.  He  left 
only  one  daughter. 

Hospital,  William  Francis  Antony, 
Marquis  de  1',  an  eminent  French  mathe- 
matician, born  1661.  He  was  for  some 
time  in  the  army,  but  he  left  the  military 
profession  in  consequence  of  his  being  very 
short  sighted,  and  then  applied  himself 
with  redoubled  ardour  to  his  favourite  ma- 
thematical pursuits.  At  the  age  of  32  he 
gave  a  public  solution  of  some  difficult  pro- 
blems, proposed  to  mathematicians  in  the 
city  of  Leipsic.  In  1693  he  Mas  made  ho- 
norary member  of  the  academy  of  sciences 
at  Paris,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
Tvork  on  Newton's  Calculations,  called 
*'  L'Analyse  des  Infiniments  Petits."  He 
wrote  also  Les  Sections  Coniques — les 
Lieus  Geometriques — la  Construction  des 
Equations — une  Theorie  des  Courbes  Me- 
chaniques,  &c.  This  amiable  man  died  of 
a  fever,  2d  Feb.  1704,  aged  49. 

HosscH,  Sidronius,  a  Flemish  Jesuit, 
who  died  1653,  aged  57.  He  wrote  some 
elegant  Latin  poems,  published  together, 
Antwerp,  1656. 

HosTE,  Paul  !',  a  French  Jesuit,  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Toulon,  where  he  died 
1700,  aged  48.  He  was  author  ofTraite 
des  Evolutions  Navales,  fol.  1727, — Traite 
des  Mathematiques  les  plus  necessaires  k 
un  Officier,  3  vols.  12mo.  translated  into 
English  by  W.  Webster.  Another  mathe- 
matician of  that  name  was  author  of  trea- 
tises on  the  Artificial  Sphere, — Practical 
Geometry, — Description  and  Use  of  Geo- 
metrical Instruments,  &c.  and  died  1634. 

HosTUS,  Matthew,  a  German  antiquary, 
who  died  1587,  aged  78.  He  was  author 
of  treatises  de  Numeratione  EmendatJi, 
Graecis  et  Latin.  Usitat^, — do  Re  Nu- 
merariA,  Gr.  Rom.  Hebr.  &.c. — Monoma- 
chia  Davidis  et  Goliae, — de  Multiplici  Assis 
Usu, — de  Sex  Hydriarum  Capacitate, — 
Inquisitio  in  Fabricationem  Arcae  Nose,. 
&c. 

HoTMAV,  Francis,  a  French  civilian,  born 
at  Paris,  1524.  He  studied  the  civil  law  at 
Orleans,  and  at  the  age  of  18  he  became  a 
doctor  in  that  faculty,  but  the  chicanery  of 
the  law  disgusted  him,  and  he  applied  him- 
self to  polite  literature,  and  began  to  read 
lectures  in  the  public  school  at  Paris.  By 
embracing  the  precepts  of  Luther,  he  dis- 
obliged his  father  and  retired  to  Geneva, 
and  afterwards  was  made  professor  of  belles 
lettres  at  Bern.  He  afterwards  was  invi- 
ted to  Strasburg  to  fill  the  chair  of  civil 
law,  and  so  high  was  his  reputation  that  he 
received  very  liberal  offers  from  Prussia, 
Hesse,  Saxony,  and  the  queen  of  England, 
to  settle  in  their  dominions.  He  next  was 
professor  at  Bourges,  by  the  invitation  of 
Margaret  of  France ;  but  after  escaping 
76 


with  difficulty  from  the  massacre  of  157?, 
he  left  France,  determined  never  to  return, 
and  went  to  Geneva,  and  Basil,  where  he 
read  lectures  on  civil  law.  He  died  at  Ba- 
sil of  the  dropsy,  1590.  During  the  six 
years  of  illness  which  preceded  his  death  he 
revised  his  works  which  were  edited,  3  vols, 
folio,  1599.  His  writings  were  chiefly  on 
civil  law,  on  the  government  of  France,  on 
Roman  Antiquities,  besides  a  treatise  de 
Consolatione.  He  has  been  admired  for 
his  piety  and  firmness,  though  some  have 
accused  him  of  avarice.  He,  like  the  rest 
of  his  learned  contemporaries,  lost  much  of 
his  time  and  money  in  searching  for  the 
philosopher's  stone. 

HoTTiNGER,    John    Henry,    a    learned 
Orientalist  born  at  Zurich,  1620.     He  dis- 
played such  abilities  in  his  younger  years 
that  his  education  was  considered  as  a  ge- 
neral concern,  and  therefore  he  was  sent  at 
the  public  expense  to  visit  foreign  countries, 
for  the  improvement  of  his  mind.    He  stu- 
died at  Geneva  under  Spanheim,  at  Gro- 
ningen  under  Gomarus  and  Alting,  and   at 
Leyden  under  Golius,   and    after  visiting 
England  he  returned  to  Zurich,   where  he 
was  honourably  appointed  in  1643  to  the 
chair  of  divinity,  and  of  the  oriental  lan- 
guages.    In    1655   he   took  the  degree  of 
D.D.   at  Basil,  and  by  the   permission  of 
the  magistrates  of  Zurich,  he  answered  the 
invitation  of  the  elector  iPalatine,  to  assist 
him  for  three  years  in  restoring  to  its  an- 
cient fame  the  university  of  Heidelberg, 
Thus  honoured  with  the  friendship  and  con- 
fidence of  the  elector,  he  engaged  in  the 
important  work,  and  afterwards  accompa- 
nied his  patron  to  Frankfort,  where  he  had 
a  conference  with  Job  Ludoffthe  celebrated 
Orientalist,   and  concerted  with  him  mea- 
sures for  sending  missionaries  to  explore  the 
state  of  Ethiopia,and  the  progress  of  Chris- 
tianity in  those  remote  countries.    In  1661 
he  was  recalled  back  to  Zurich,  and  he 
obeyed  the  summons  of  his  fellow-citizens, 
honoured   with  the   title   of  ecclesiastical 
counsellor  to  the  elector.     The  breaking 
out  of  a  war  in  1664,  called  his  abilities  into 
action,  and  he  was  sent  as  a  negotiator  to 
Holland  ;  but  while  many  universities  soli- 
cited the  honour  of  granting  him  a  profes- 
sor's chair,  his  countrymen  refused  to' per- 
mit him  to  quit  Switzerland.     The  entrea- 
ties of  the  Dutch  at  last,  however,  prevail- 
ed, but  while  Hottinger  was  preparing  for 
this  honourable  appointment,   he  unfortu- 
nately  was  drowned   in  the  river  which 
passes  through  Zurich,  5th  June,  1667.  He 
had   indeed   escaped   to    land,     with   two 
friends  %vho  were  in  the  boat  when  it  sunk 
under  him,  but  seeing  his  wife  and  three 
children  and  servant  in  danger,  he  attempt- 
ed their  rescue,  but  perished  in  the  stream. 
His  wife,  one  of  his  friends,  and  the  ser- 
vant »verc  saved,  but  the  children  perished 


HOU 


11(>L 


■with  hira.  Four  sons  and  two  daughters 
survived  him.  It  has  been  properly  a  mat- 
ter of  surprise  that  among  his  many  avoca- 
tions as  public  professor  in  various  situa- 
tions, and  as  the  active  correspondent  of 
the  learned  of  Europe,  he  could  possibly 
find  time  to  write  so  much.  His  works 
best  known  are  Exercitationes  Anti-mori- 
nianse  de  Pentateucho  Samaritano,  1644, 
4to.  against  Morin  a  contemporary  critic — 
Thesaurus  Philologicus,  scu  Clavis  Scrip- 
turae,  1649,  4to. — Historia  Orientalis  qua; 
ex  variis  Orientalium  Monumcntis  collecta 
agit,  &c.  1651,  4to. — Promptuarium,  sive 
Bibliotheca  Orientalis,  &c.  165S,  4to. — 
Etymologicum  Orientale  sive  Lexicon  Har- 
monicum  Heptaglotton,  &c.  1661,  4to.  the 
seven  languages  were  Hebrew,  Chaldee,  Sy- 
riac,  Arabic,  Samaritan,  Ethiopic  and  Rab- 
binical, with  which  the  author  was  most 
perfectly  acquainted.  Other  works  less 
important  were  published  by  Hottinger, 
mentioned  in  Bibliotheca  Tigurina,  and  in 
Heidegger's  life  of  him  1667.  One  of  his 
sons,  John  James,  was  divinity  professo  r 
at  Zurich,  and  died  1735,  aged  33,  author 
of  some  theological  works. 

HoTZE,  an  Austrian  general,  born  in  Zu- 
rich. He  served  with  great  credit  under 
Wurmser  at  the  taking  of  the  Weissemburg 
lines,  and  distinguished  himself  at  the  bat- 
tles of  Neumarck,  and  of  Wurtzburg,  for 
which  he  was  made  knight  of  the  order  of 
Maria  Theresa.  He  commanded  in  1799 
the  left  wing  of  the  Archduke  Charles's 
army,  and  was  killed  some  time  after  near 
Kaltenbrunn. 

HouARD  DE  LA  MoTHE,  Authony,  a 
native  of  Dieppe,  who  died  at  Abbeville 
1803,  aged  78.  He  was  well  skilled  in  law 
antiquity,  and  was  member  of  the  academy 
of  inscriptions,  and  of  the  national  institute, 
and  wrote  Anciennes  Loix  des  Francois, 
conserv6es  dans  les  Coutumes  Angloises,  2 
vols.  4to. — Traite  sur  les  Coutumes  Anglo- 
Normandes,  &c.  4  vols.  4to. — He  had  17 
children  by  his  wife,  with  whom  he  lived 
happy  54  years. 

HouBiGouT,  Charles  Francis,  a  papist  of 
the  congregation  of  the  Oratory,  was  born 
at  Paris  1686.  As  he  was  deaf  he  had  re- 
course for  consolation  to  study,  and  so 
great  was  his  progress  and  his  fame,  that 
he  was  honoured  with  the  most  flattering 
marks  of  approbation  not  only  by  his  coun- 
trymen, but  by  Pope  Benedict  XIV.  This 
worthy  man,  who  added  to  his  extensive 
learning  the  most  amiable  character  of  pri- 
vate life,  died  1783,  aged  'JS.  His  works 
best  known  are  an  edition  of  the  Hebrew 
Bible  with  a  Latin  version  and  notes,  Paris 
1753,  4  vols,  folio,  a  most  valuable  work — 
a  Latin  Translation  of  the  Psalter  from  the 
Hebrew,  1746,  12mo.— another  of  the  Old 
Testament,  8  vols.  8vo. — Kacines  He- 
braiques,  Svo. — Examen  du  Psautier  des 


Capuchins,  12mo. — Sherlock's  Sermons 
translated. — Le.ilie's  Work  against  the 
Deists  and  Jews  translated,  &c. 

HouHRAKEN,  Ariiold,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  1660  at  Dordt.  He  studied  literature 
as  w(dl  as  painting,  and  wrutc  the  livfM  of 
tlie  Flemisli  painters,  printed  3  vol.f.  folio, 
1754.  His  son  Jacob  was  cmment  as  an 
engraver. 

HouciiARD,    John    Nicholas,    a    French 
general,  born  at  Forbach.     He  raised  him- 
self to  the  highest  ranks  of  the  army,  and 
after  serving  under  Custines  with  credit, 
he  accused  him  of  losing  Mayence  by  his 
misconduct.    The  accusation  was  believed, 
Custines    was   disgraced,    and     Houchard 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  army,   displayed 
his  abilities  in  the  victories  of  Dunkirk,  of 
Hondscoot,   of  Furnes,    Menin,  &c.     His 
services,  however,  did  not  protect  him,  as 
he  was  treated  by  Hoche  as  he  had  treated 
Custines,  and  being  arrested  at  Lisle  on  a 
charge  of  treason,  he  was  hurried  to  Paris 
and  guillotined  15th  Nov.  1793. 

HouDARD  DE  LA  MoTTE,  Anthony,  a 
French  writer.      Vid.  Motte. 

HouDRT,  Vincent,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Tours,  22d  Jan.  1631.  He  was  eloquent 
as  a  preacher,  and  possessed  some  merit  as 
a  writer.  He  published  la  Bibliotbeque 
des  Predicateurs,  22  vols.  4to. — la  Morale, 
8  vols.  &c.  He  died  at  Paris,  29th  March, 
1730,  expressing  sorrow  in  his  last  mo- 
ments that  he  v/as  not  permitted  to  reach 
his  lOOdth  year. 

HovEDEN,  Roger  de,  an  English  histo- 
rian in  the  age  of  Henry  II.  born  at  York. 
Like  the  clergy  of  his  times  he  united  the 
professions  of  divine  and  lawyer,  and  was, 
as  it  i?  supposed  engaged,  in  the  family  of 
the  king  ;  but  the  time  of  neither  his  birth 
nor  his  death  can  be  ascertained.  He 
wrote  annals  which  began  731,  where  Bede 
left  off,  and  continued  to  the  third  year  of 
king  John.  These  annals  were  first  pub- 
lished 1595,  and  reprinted  at  Frankfort, 
folio,  1601.  He  is  deservedly  praised  by 
Leland,  and  by  Saville  his  editor,  for  fideli- 
ty. According  to  Vossius  he  wrote  a  His- 
tory of  Northumbrian  kings,  and  a  Life  of 
Becket. 

Hough,  John,  bishop  of  Worcester,  is 
celebrated  for  his  opposition  when  pre- 
sident of  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  to  the 
arbitrary  proceedings  of  James  II.  He  was 
born  in  "Middlesex,  1650,  and  after  receiv- 
ing his  education  at  Birmingham,  entered 
at  Magdalen  college,  1G69,  where  he  be- 
came fellow.  At  the  breaking  of  the  popish 
plot  he  was  improperly  suspected,  and  his 
papers  were  examined,  but  he  did  not  lose 
his  popularity,  and  he  attended  his  patron, 
the  duke  of  Ormond,  to  Ireland,  and  at  his 
return  in  1685  he  obtained  a  prebend  at 
Worcester.  In  1687  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  his  college  bv  the  fellows,  who  thus 
'      ^  77 


uuu 


HOW 


rejected  the  arbitrary  mandamus  of  James 
in  favour  of  Anthony  Farmer,  but  he  was 
soon  after  expelled  by  the  king's  commis- 
sioners, and  Parker,  bishop  of  Oxford, 
placed  in  his  room.  During  this  struggle 
with  the  court  and  with  a  popish  party. 
Hough  behaved  with  great  spirit,  but  be- 
coming moderation  and  dignity,  and  at  the 
approach  of  VViliiam  of  Orange  the  college 
was  restored  to  its  rights,  and  the  presi- 
dent to  his  office.  In  1690  William  nomi- 
nated this  faithful  champion  of  protes- 
tantism to  the  see  of  Oxford,  and  in  1699 
he  was  translated  to  Lichfield.  On  Teni- 
son's  death  he  through  modesty  declined 
the  primacy,  but  two  years  after,  1717,  ac- 
cepted the  see  of  Worcester,  where  he  con- 
tinued upwards  of  26  years.  He  was  a 
liberal  benefactor,  and  repaired  with  be- 
coming magnificence  the  palaces  of  the 
sees  to  which  he  was  promoted,  at  the  ex- 
pense, it  is  said,  of  not  less  than  7000/. 
This  worthy  and  venerable  prelate  died 
8th  March,  1743,  in  his  93d  year,  and  the 
53d  of  bis  episcopate. 

HouLiERES,  Antoniette  de  la  Garde  des, 
widow  of  William  de  Lason,  was  born  at 
Paris,  1638.  She  was  the  pupil  of  Henault, 
and  she  imitated  him  not  only  as  a  writer 
of  poetry  but  as  a  skeptic  and  atheist.  She 
was  member  of  the  academy  of  Ricovrati 
of  Padua,  and  of  Aries,  and  died  at  Paris, 
1694.  She  was  flattered  for  the  versatility 
of  her  muse  at  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV. 
and  her  odes,  epigrams,  tragedies,  but 
especially  her  pastorals,  possess  great 
spirit  and  equal  beauty.  Her  daughter, 
who  bore  her  name,  was  also  a  poetess, 
and  was  not  devoid  of  abilities,  since  she 
obtained  the  prize  of  the  French  academy, 
against  Fontenelle  as  her  competitor.  She 
died  at  Paris,  171S.  The  works  of  these 
two  poetical  ladies  were  published  1747,  2 
vols.  12mo. 

Houseman,  Cornelius,  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp, born  1648.  He  settled  at  Mechlin, 
and  died  1727.  His  landscapes,  exhibiting 
animals  and  trees  in  rich  variety,  are  much 
admired. 

Houseman,  James,  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp, born  1656.  His  portraits  and  histo- 
rical pieces  were  in  high  repute.  He  was 
in  England  where  he  completed  that  beau- 
tiful work,  the  altar  piece  of  St.  James's 
Chapel.     He  died  1696. 

HoussAYE.   Vid.  Amelot. 

Houston,  William,  an  English  physi- 
cian. He  was  a  surgeon  in  the  West  In- 
dies, and  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  at  Ley- 
den,  under  Boerhaave.  He  was  assisted 
at  Leyden  by  Van  Swieten  in  making  some 
curious  experiments  on  brutes,  which  were 
published  in  the  philosophical  transactions, 
vol.  39.  He  was  fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, and  died  1733,  in  the  West  Indies. 
His  MS.  catalogue  of  plants  was  published 
78 


by  Sir  J.  Banks.  Another  tract  of  his  is 
inserted  in  the  philosophical  transactions, 
37th  vol. 

Houston,  John,  governor  of  Georgia, 
was  early  distinguished  among  the  friends 
of  the  revolution  in  that  state,  and  was  one 
of  the  four  individuals  who  called  the  first 
meeting  of  the  friends  of  liberty  at  Savan- 
nah, in  1774,  which  approved  and  resolved 
to  support  the  measures  adopted  in  Massa- 
chusetts. In  1775  he  was  elected  one  of 
tlie  delegates  of  Georgia  in  Congress.  la 
1777  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil, and  in  January,  1778,  governor  of  the 
state.  He  was  afterwards  several  years  a 
member  of  Congress,  and  was  one  of  the 
convention  which  framed  the  national  con- 
stitution. He  was  also  first  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Georgia,  and  died  at 
Savannah,  August,  1796.  fCJ^  L. 

HouTEviLLE,  Claude  Francis,  member 
of  the  congregation  of  the  Oratory,  was 
born  at  Paris,  and  died  there  1742,  aged 
54.  He  was  secretary  to  the  French  acade- 
my, and  also  to  cardinal  Dubois,  who  great- 
ly esteemed  his  character  and  abilities.  His 
chief  work  is,  the  Truth  of  the  Christian 
Religion  proved  by  Facts,  3  vols.  4to.  and 
4  vols.  12mo. 

How,  William,  a  physician  and  botanist. 
He  was  born  in  London,  and  after  being  at 
Merchant-tailors'  school,  he  was  elected 
to  St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  degrees  in  arts.  He  was  captain 
of  a  troop  of  horse  in  the  royal  army,  but 
when  the  king's  affairs  were  ruined,  he 
came  to  London,  where  he  practised  physic, 
and  died  1656,  aged  37.  He  wrote  Phy- 
tologia  Britannica  Natales  exhibens  Indige- 
narum  stirpium  sponte  emergentium,  12mo. 
and  he  edited  also  Lobel's  Illustrations  of 
Plants. 

Howard,  Thomas,  earl  of  Surrey,  and 
duke  of  Norfolk,  distinguished  himself  by 
his  bravery  in  the  service  of  his  country. 
He  assisted  his  brother  Sir  Edward  in  his 
attack  against  Sir  Andrew  Barton,  a  Scotch 
pirate,  who  in  1511  spread  terror  and  de- 
vastation on  the  English  coast,  and  after 
killing  the  leader,  and  capturing  the  ships, 
he  embarked  for  Guienne  with  the  marquis 
of  Dorset,  and  ably  contributed  in  the  con- 
quest of  Navarre  by  the  arms  of  Ferdinand. 
Raised  to  the  honour  of  high  admiral  after 
his  brother's  death,  he  next  displayed  his 
valour  in  the  field,  and  ensured  the  defeat 
of  the  Scotch  in  the  battle  of  Floddenfield, 
which  proved  fatal  to  James  IV.  He  after- 
wards went  to  Ireland  as  viceroy,  and  after 
an  absence  of  two  years,  during  which  he 
suppressed  a  rebellion,  he  returned  to  lead 
a  fleet  against  the  French.  These  high 
services  were  rewarded  by  the  king,  who 
created  him  earl  of  Surrey,  and  restored 
his  father  to  the  dukedom  of  Norfolk,  but 
popularity  was  transitory  under  a  capri- 


J  low 


now 


f'ious  government,  and  the  English  admi* 
ral  was  accused  of  treason.  He  saw  his 
sonheheaded  upon  the  false  accusation,  and 
escaped  the  siunc  fatal  blow  oidy  by  the 
previous  death  of  the  king.  He  died  1554, 
aged  66. 

Howard,  Edward,  a  brave  English  ad- 
miral, younger  brother  to  the  preceding. 
He  was  knighted  about  145i4  for  his  ser- 
vices, and  afterwards  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  a  fleet  to  attack  and  destroy  the  French 
ships  which  infested  the  English  coast.  Hi; 
had  the  good  fortune  to  defeat  the  enemy's 
fleet  off  Brest,  but  the  following  year  1514, 
he  was  killed  in  boarding  the  Fregant  the 
French  admiral's  ship,  and  his  body  was 
immediately  committed  to  the  deep. 

Howard,  Henry,  earl  of  Surrey,  son  of 
Thomas  Duke  of  Norfolk  above  mentioned, 
was  born  about  1520.  He  celebrated  with 
all  the  powers  of  poetry,  the  personal 
charms  of  his  mistress  the  celebrated  Geral- 
dinc  supposed  by  lord  Orford,  to  be  the  lady 
Elizabeth  Fitzgerald,  second  daughter  of 
lord  Kildare,  who  afterwards  married  Clin- 
ton, earl  of  Lincoln,  and  with  such  devo- 
tion did  he  profess  his  attachment,  that  he 
travelled  over  Europe  in  the  true  spirit  of 
chivalry,  and  challenged  every  knight,  who 
might  be  inclined  to  dispute  her  superior 
beauty.  His  valour  was  also  displayed 
and  with  the  greatest  effect  at  the  famous 
battle  of  Floddcnfield,  but  all  his  virtues 
and  services  were  of  no  avail  against  the 
gloomy  suspicions  of  Henry  *V  HI.  The 
capricious  monarch,  either  jealous  of  How- 
ard's prowess  and  popularity,  or  pretend- 
ing that  he  aspired  to  the  crown,  by  solici- 
ting the  hand  of  the  princess  Mary, 
arraigned  him  as  guilty  of  treason,  and 
caused  him  to  be  beheaded  on  Tower-hill 
1547.  As  a  poet  this  unfortunate  nobleman 
is  very  respectable,  the  harmony  of  his 
numbers,  and  the  purity  of  bis  language 
have  been  deservedly  commended  by  Pope, 
Warton,  and  others  ;  and  he  had  the  singu- 
lar merit  of  being  the  first  of  the  English 
nobility  who  courted  the  muses.  His 
sonnets,  &c.  have  been  published  in  Ander- 
son's collection. 

Howard,  Sir  Robert,  youngest  son  of 
Thomas,  earl  of  Berkshire,  was  eminent 
for  his  learning.  He  was  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen college,  Oxford,  and  after  the  resto- 
ration, was  elected  member  for  Stockbridge, 
and  afterwards  for  Castle  Rising,  and  was 
made  auditor  of  the  Exchequer.  Though 
the  favourite  of  the  second  Charles,  he 
showed  himself  a  violent  enemy  to  James  H. 
and  a  firm  supporter  of  the  revolution.  He 
died  about  1700.  He  was  author  of  the 
History  of  the  reigns  of  Edward,  and 
Richard  H.  &c.  8vo. — a  letter  to  Johnson, 
— Virgil's  fourth  ^.neid  translated — Histo- 
ry of  Religion,  8vo.— Statins'  Aehilleis 
translated, — various  poems  and  plays,  &c. 


Howard,  ClinrloM,  carl  of  Nottingham, 
son  of  lord    William    Howard,    was   born 
li}36.     He  early  devoted  himself  to  a  mi- 
litary life,  and  sr-rv.-d  ui.d.r  hi»  father,  and 
afterwards    iMcaiiic  geiuiul    of  horhe,   and 
distinguished  himself  ugainsi   the  earls  of 
Noflbuinberland    and     W<!^tri)orelarid   and 
their  rebel   forces.      In  15t<;»  lie  <  seorted  in 
an  English  fleet  Anne  of  Austria,  daiij,hter 
of    Maximilian,     Irom    Zealand    to    Spain 
where  she  was  married  to  king  Fhilip.     ||c 
succeeded  his  father  in  the  title    of  I'fiing- 
ham  in  1572,    and  soon  aft(;r  commanded 
the    English  fleet,    which  witli  sucli  perse- 
vering  bravery   attacked     and    completely 
defeated  the  Spanish   armada.     For   these 
services  he  was   raised    to  the  earldom   of 
Nottingham  by  the  queen  ;  but  in  the  next 
reign,  though    for  a  while   ambassador  at 
the  court  of  Spain,  he  was  dismissed  from 
his  oflijees,  and  suececd(:d  by  the  greater  fa- 
vourite; \  illiers  duke  of  Buckingham.     He 
died  1624. 

Howard,  John,  a  celebrated  philanthro- 
pist, born  at  Hackney   1726.     When  very 
young  he  lost  his  father  who  was  a  carpet 
warehouse  keeper    in    Long   lane.    Smith- 
field,  in  consequence  of  which  his  guardians 
bound  him  apprentice  to  a  grocer  ;   but  as 
his  constitution  v/as   delicate,  and  his  pro- 
perty above  mediocrity,   he  purchased  his 
indentures,  and  travelled  over  France  and 
Italy.     On  his  return  to  London  he  lodged 
for  some  time  at  the  house  of  Mrs.Lardeau, 
a   widow,    at    Sioke  Newington,   and    so 
great  was  the  attention  of  this  lady  to  him 
during  a  severe  illness  that  gratitude  pro- 
duced affection,   so  that  he   married    her 
though   much   older  than  himself.     Three 
years  after,  1755,  he  had  the  misfortune  to 
lose  her,  and  this  melancholy  event  he  de- 
plored w'ith  all   the  sincerity  of  fondness 
and    undiminished   affection.      The   next 
year  he    set  out  for    Lisbon  to  view  the 
dreadful  consequences  of  the  earthquake, 
but  the  frigate  in  which  he  had  set  out  was 
captured  by  a  French  privateer,  and  the  se- 
verities  of  confinement  which  he  endured 
in  France  exerted  that  sympathy  for  suffer- 
ing captives  which  have  rendered  his  name 
so  illustrious.     After  his  release  he  visited 
Italy,  and  on  his  return  he  settled  near  Ly- 
mington,  where  in  1758,  he   married,   but 
in  1765,  he  lost  his  wife  in  child-bed.     Af- 
terwards he  purchased   an   estate  at  Car- 
dington  near  Bedford,  and  there  employed 
himself  in  acts  of  benevolence  among  the 
poor   and    industrious  cottagers  who   sur- 
rounded him.     In  1773  he  served  the  office 
of  sheriff",  and  this  as  he  says   brought  the 
distress    of    prisoners   more     immediately 
under  his  notice,  and  led  him  to  the  humane 
design  of  visiting  the  jails   of  England  to 
aiiminister  relief  and  to  suggest   improve- 
ment.    In  1774,  he   stood  candidate  to  re- 
present Bedford,   but  notwithstanding  his 

79 


HUB 


HUJD 


very  numerous,  amounting  to  nearly  50. 
They  are  chiefly  on  temporary  and  politi- 
cal subjects.  The  best  known  of  these 
are  his  letters,  which,  as  they  contain  an 
interesting  account  of  the  public  aflairs 
of  the  time,  have  gone  through  eleven  edi- 
tions. 

HowEL,  Richard,  governor  of  New- 
Jersey,  was  a  native  of  Delaware.  He  en- 
tered at  an  early  age  in  the  practice  of  law, 
but  in  171^6  was  appointed  to  the  colonelcy 
of  a  Jersey  regiment,  which  he  held  till 
1779,  when  he  returned  to  his  profession. 
In  17S8  he  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  su- 
preme court,  and  remained  in  the  oflice 
till  elected  governor  of  the  state  in  1793. 
After  having  held  that  station  for  eight 
years,  and  discharged  its  duties  with  reputa- 
tion, he  died  April  28,  1802.      KJ^  L. 

HoziEK,  Peter  d',  an  eminent  genealo- 
gist, born  at  Marseilles  1592.  He  was  ho- 
noured with  the  confidence  of  Lewis  XIII. 
and  XI\  .  and  for  his  abilities  was  reward- 
ed with  the  appointment  of  judge  of  arms, 
certifier  of  titles,  and  counsellor  of  state. 
He  died  at  Paris  1660.  He  was  author  of 
a  history  of  Britany,  folio,  and  of  some 
valuable  genealogical  tables. 

HuARTE,  John,  a  native  of  French  Na- 
varre in  the  17th  century.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  a  curious  and  interesting  book  in 
Spanish,  called,  an  Examination  of  such 
Geniuses  as  are  fit  for  acquiring  the 
Sciences,  &c.  with  directions  to  discover 
the  properties  of  each  genius,  &c.  The 
work  has  been  translated  into  Latin,  Ita- 
lian, French,  and  other  languages,  and 
also,  into  English,  under  the  title  of  Trial 
of  Wits.  Though  commended,  however, 
by  many,  Bayle  censures  him,  and  among 
other  things,  for  publishing  as  genuine,  the 
pretended  Letter  of  Lentulus,  from  Jerusa- 
lem to  the  Roman  senate,  iu  which  he  de- 
scribes the  Saviour,  his  very  hair,  beard 
shape,  and  stature,  &.c. 

Hubbard,  William,  historian  of  New- 
England,  was  born  in  1621,  and  was  gra- 
duated with  the  first  class  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1642.  He  settled  in  the  ministry 
at  Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  and  remained 
there  greatly  beloved  for  his  amiableness, 
and  respected  for  his  learning,  till  his 
death  in  1704.  He  wrote  a  history  of 
New-England,  for  which  he  received  the 
thanks  of  the  general  court  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  the  gift  of  fifty  pounds.  It  is 
preserved  in  manuscript,  and  was  not  long 
since  printed.  iCP*  L. 

HuBER,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Berne,  di- 
vinity professor  at  AVittemberg  1592.  He 
opposed  predestination,  and  wrote  an  able 
explanation  of  the  ninth,  tenth,  and  eleventh 
chapters  of  the  Roninns. 

HuBEH,  Ulric,  a  Dutch  lawyer  and  phi- 
lologer,  born  at  Dorkuin  1635.  He  was 
prolessor  of  law  and  history  at  Franeker, 

BO 


and  afterwards  at  Lewarde,  and  died  1694. 
His  publications  are  seven  Dissertations, 
De  genuina  yEtate  Assyriorum  et  Medo- 
rum — Treatises  de  Jure  Civitatis — Speci- 
men Philosophic — Institutiones  Historise 
Civilis,  &.C. — He  was  succeeded  in  his  pro- 
fessorship by  his  son  Zacharias,  who  died 
1732,  aged  33.  After  publishing  a  disser- 
tation, De  vero  sensu  atque  Interpretatione 
Legis  IX.  D.  De  Lege  Pompeia,  &.c. 

HuBER,  Mary,  a  female  writer.  She 
was  born  at  Geneva,  and  died  at  Lyons 
1753,  aged  43.  She  wrote  an  Abridgment 
of  the  Spectator — Letters  on  religion  es- 
sential to  Man — The  System  of  Ancient 
and  Modern  Theologians,  on  the  State  of 
the  Soul  after  Death. — She  was  a  protes- 
tant,  and  some  of  her  works  were  violently 
attacked  by  the  catholic  divines. 

HuBER,  John  Rudolph,  a  painter  of  Ba- 
sil, who  died  1743,  aged  80.  He  painted 
3065  portraits,  besides  historical  pieces, 
and  transfused  the  graces  of  the  Italian 
school  into  his  works. 

Hubert,  Matthew,  a  priest  of  the  ora- 
tory of  Paris.  He  was  distinguished  as  an 
eloquent  preacher,  and  inferior  only  to 
Bourdaloue.  He  died  22d  March,  1717, 
aged  77.  His  sermons,  which  had  pleased 
the  congregations  of  the  capital  and  of  the 
provinces,  were  published  1725  in  6  vols. 
l2mo.  and  are  highly  esteemed. 

Hubner,  John,  a  native  of  Lusatia  or 
Torgau,  in  Saxony,  who  wrote  some  po- 
pular works  in  history  and  geography,  in 
the  form  of  question  and  answer.  He  was 
professor  of  geography  at  Leipsic,  and 
rector  of  the  school  of  Hamburgh,  where 
he  died  1731,  aged  63.  The  chief  of  his 
works  which  have  been  translated  into  va- 
rious languages,  are  Genealogical  Tables 
— Bibliotheca  Historica  Hamburgensis — 
Museum  Geographicum — and  a  Genealogi- 
cal Lexicon. 

Hudde,  John,  an  able  mathematician, 
burgomaster  of  Amsterdam,  and  known 
also  as  a  politician.  He  died  1704,  and 
left  some  mathematical  Avorks  of  great 
merit. 

Hudson-,  Henry,  an  English  navigator 
who  was  for  some  time  employed  to  find  a 
north  passage  to  China  and  Japan.  The 
first  voyage  was  in  1607,  another  was  un- 
dertaken the  next  year,  and  a  third  in 
1609,  at  the  expense  of  the  Dutch  East  In- 
dia company.  In  these  voyages  little  was 
discovered  besides  fields  of  ice,  though  the' 
navigator  entertains  his  readers  with  an 
account  of  a  mermaid  seen  by  his  men. 
In  1610  a  fourth  voyage  was  undertaken, 
and  the  bold  adventurer  penetrated  to- 
wards the  north  of  America,  and  entered 
those  straits  wliich  lead  into  the  bay  now 
bearing  his  name.  After  sailing  above 
100  leagues  in  expectation  of  having  dis- 
covered the  long  sought  passage,  he  found 


HUB 


HLE 


lUat  be  was  at  the  bottom  only  -of  a  deep 
bay,    and  after  enduring  great  hardships 
from   shortness  of  provisions,   and    from 
the  rigour  of  the  climate,   he  sailed  bark 
on   his   return.     Some   of  his  men,  how- 
ever, were  dissatisfied  at  his  conduct,  and 
rising  against  him,  they  fastened  his  arms 
behind   him,  and   put  him,   his   son,   and 
seven  men,  the   most  infirm   of  the  crew, 
into  his   small  shallop,  and    turned  them 
adrift.     The  shallop   was  never  afterwards 
beard    of,    but    the    inhuman    mutineers 
reached    Plymouth,    Sept.   1611.     A  com- 
pany now  exists  which  bears  his  name,  and 
trades  to  that  part  of  America  which  he 
discovered. 

Hudson,   Dr.  John,  an  English    critic, 
born  at  Wide-hope  near  Cockermonth  in 
Cumberland  1662,  and  entered  at  Queen's 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  master's 
degree.     In  1686  he  was  chosen  fellow  of 
University  college,  and  became  a  most  able 
and  active  tutor,  and  in  1701  he  was  elect- 
ed keeper  of  the    Bodleian  library,  when 
he  took  the  degree  of  D.D.     In   1712  he 
was  appointed  principal   of  St.  Mary-hall, 
through  the  interest  of  Dr.  Radclifle  ;  and 
to  his  influence  with  that  celebrated  physi- 
cian, Oxford,  it  is  said,  is  indebted  for  the 
many  noble   benefactions   which    she   re- 
ceived.     A  sedentary  life  brought   on    at 
last  a  dropsy,  of  which  Dr.  Hudson  died 
Nov.  27,  1719,    leaving   one   daughter  by 
the  daughter  of  Sir  Richard  Harrison,  an 
alderman  and  mercer  of  Oxford.     The  la- 
bours  of  Dr.  Hudson   were   employed   in 
the   publication  of   Velleius  Paterculus — 
Thucydides — Geographiae    Veteris    Scrip- 
tores  Graeci  Minores — Dionysius  of  Hali- 
carnassus — Longinus — ^Esop,     &c.     with 
short  and  valuable  notes.     His  beautiful 
edition  of  Josephus,   left  unfinished,  was 
completed  and  published   1720,  in   2  vols, 
folio,  by  his  friend  Antony  Hall,  who  also 
married  his  widow.     It  was  his  intention 
to   publish   a  catalogue    of   the    Bodleian 
library,   which  he  had  already  transcribed 
in  6  vols  fol.     He  was  the  frequent  and  re- 
spected correspondent  of  the  most  learned 
men  of  Europe. 

Hudson,  Thomas,  an  English  painter, 
son-in-law  of  Richardson.  He  for  many 
years  painted  portraits  in  London,  but  he 
is  better  known  as  being  the  preceptor  of 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds.  He  died  1779,  aged 
78. 

HuET,  Peter  Daniel,  a  learned  French 
prelate,  born  at  Caen  in  Normandy,  Feb. 
8,  1630.  The  early  death  of  his  parents 
left  him  at  the  mercy  of  guardians  who  ne- 
glected him,  but  the  vigour  of  his  mind 
prevailed  over  all  opposition.  By  the  di- 
rection of  his  tutor,  Mambrun,  a  Jesuit, 
he  became  well  acquinted  with  literature, 
and  particularly  geometry,  and  by  the  as- 
sistance of  Bochart,  who  was  a  protestant 


minister  of  Caen,  he  made  himself  a  per- 
fect master  of  the   (ireek  and  Latin  clas- 
sics.    When  of  age  be  \W\U<]  Paris  to  pur- 
chase books,  and   there   became   known  to 
the    politest   scholars    of  France  ;   and    in 
1652  he  accompanied  his  friend  Boehart, 
to    the     court    of     Christina,     queen     of 
Sweden.        The      queen      wished       Huel 
to    settle    at    Stockholm,    but   after    three 
months'   stay,    he    took   his   b  avc    of  the 
fickle    princess,    and    returnfd    to    Paris. 
In  1661  he  published  his  well-known  book 
De  Interpretatione  Libri  duo,  which    drew 
upon  him  the  applauses,  and   the  thanks  of 
the  learned.     His   Originis  Commentaria, 
of  which  he  had   obtained    a   copy  from  a 
MS.  while  at  Stockholm,  appeared  in  1683 
at  Rouen,  with    a   Latin    translation  and 
notes.     In  1659  he  was  invited  by  Chris- 
tina to  Rome,    where  she   had,    after  her 
abdication,  retired,    but   he   declined    her 
liberal  offers.     He  was  afterwards  appoint- 
ted,   with    Bossuet,   sub-preceptor   to   the 
Dauphin,  an  honourable  situation  to  which 
his  literary   fame   entitled    him.     In  1678 
he  was  nominated   by  the   king  to  the  ab- 
bey of  Aunay  in  Normandy,  and   in  1685 
he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Soissons,  which 
soon    after    he    exchanged    for     that    of 
Avrances.     In  1699  he  resigned  his  bishop- 
ric, and  received  in   its  stead  the  abbey  of 
Fontenay,  near  his  native  place,  Caen,  but 
afterwards  removed  to  them  aison  professoe 
of  the  Jesuits  at  Paris,  where  he  spent  the 
last  20  years  of  his  life  in  devotion  and  in 
literary  pursuits.     He  died  26th  Jan.  1721, 
in  his  91st  year.     The  other  works  of  this 
learned   and  amiable  bishop  were  Demon- 
stratio  Evangelica  1679,  folio,  often  reprint- 
ed— Censura      Philosophiae      Cartesianae, 
1689,  a  book  in  which  he  ably  attacked 
the  doctrines  of  Des  Cartes,  which   in  his 
younger  and  more  inexperienced  years  he 
had   warmly  embraced — Questiones  Alnc- 
tanae  de  Concordia  Rationis  etFidei  1690, 
an  excellent  and  elegantly    written  work. 
He  also  wrote  notes  on  the  vulgate  trans- 
lation  of  the  Bible,  for  which  purpose  he 
read  over  the  Hebrew  text  24  times  with 
great  attention,  and  in  171S  he  published 
an   account   of  his   life,  the  title  page  of 
which   drew  down  the  censures  of  critics, 
as  he  used  the  words,  Ad  eum  pertinenti- 
bus,  for  ad  se.      Besides  these,  he  wrote 
several  other  things  less  known,  but  equally 
admired  for  elegance  of  style  and  vivacity 
of  expression.     He  was,  says  his  biogra- 
pher Olivet,  the  most  learned  man  that  any 
z^e  has  produced.     It  is  to  be   mentioned 
that  the  publication    of   the  classics.    Ad 
Usum    Delphini,   originated    in    him,    and 
the  plan  was  enriched  by  some  notes  writ- 
ten by  him,  and  printed  at  the  end  of  Ma- 
nilius.      Some    of    his   books   have   been 
translated    into  English — on  the  Origin  of 
Romances — on   the  Situation  of  the  Ter- 

81 


HUG 


HLX 


iestrial  Paradise — and  the  History  of  the 
Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  Ancients 
— and  the  Weakness  of  the  Human  Under- 
standing. 

HuFNAGEL,  George,  a  native  of  Ant- 
werp, whose  abilities  were  noticed  and  re- 
warded by  some  of  the  German  princes, 
ajid  by  the  emperor  Rodolphus,  Besides 
some  poetical  works  in  Latin  and  German, 
he  wrote  four  books  for  the  use  of  the  em- 
peror, containing  an  accurate  description 
and  elegant  representation  o(  quadrupeds, 
insects,  birds,  and  fishes.  He  died  1600, 
aged  55. 

Hugh  Capet,  Count  of  Paris  and  Or- 
leans, was  raised  by  his  merits  and  courage 
at  Noyon  to  the  throne  of  France,  987,  and 
thus  became  the  head  of  the  third  race  of 
the  French  monarchy.  He  died  996,  aged 
57. 

HuGHKS,  John,  an  English  poet,  born  at 
Marlborough,  Wilts,  29th  Jan.  1677.     He 
was  educated  in  private  schools  in  London, 
but  the  delicate  state  of  his  health  prevent- 
ed  his  engaging  in  any  laborious  employ- 
ment, and  the  milder  avocations  of  poetry, 
music,  and   drawing  became,  by  choice  as 
well  as  necessity,  his  pursuit.     He  obtain- 
ed, afterwards,  a  place  in  the  ordnance,  and 
was    secretary  to   the   commissioners   for 
the  purchasing  of  lands  for  the  royal  dock- 
yards.    His  first  poem  was  on  the  peace  of 
Ryswick,  which  was  well  received,   1697, 
and  two  years  after  "  the  Court  of  Nep- 
tune," on  William's  return,  met  with  equal 
applause.     He  afterwards  published  a  Pin- 
daric ode  "of  the  House  of  Nassau,"  and 
another  in  praise  of  music,  and  by  his  poeti- 
cal merits,  he  gained  the  acquaintance  and 
friendship  of  men  of  Jetters,  of  Pope,  Con- 
greve,    Addison,    Southerne,    Ro«e,    and 
others.     He  was  also  honourably  noticed 
by  lord  Wharton,  and,  in  1717,  lord  Cow- 
per,  the  chancellor,  appointed  him  secreta- 
ry to  the  commissions  of  the  peace.     His 
last  work,  written  under  the  flattering  hope 
of  long  enjoying  his  affluent  independence, 
was  the  Siege  of  Damascus  ;  but  such  is 
the  uncertainty  of  human  affairs,  he  died 
the  very  night  the  play  was   presented  to 
the   public   on    the  stage,  17th  Feb.  1720. 
Before  he  expired,  he  heard  that  his  per- 
formance was  well  received,  but  the  intelli- 
gence did  not  disturb  or  divert  his  thoughts, 
now  fixed  on  another  world.     His  memory 
was  regretted  by  the  pen  of  Steele,  in  the 
**  Theatre."     His  poems  were  collected  and 
published  in  2  vols.  12mo.  1735.     Besides 
these  he  translated  Fontenelle's  Dialogues 
of  the  Dead — Vertot's  Revolutions  of  Por- 
tugal, and  he  contributed  some  papers  to 
the  Tattler,  Spectator,  and  Guardian,  and 
published  an  edition  of  Spenser's  Works,  in 
6  vols.  l2mo.  1715.     Swift,  in  a  letter  to 
Pope,   described   him   as  a  mediocrist   in 
prose  and  in  verse,  and  Pope  in  answer  ob- 
94 


served  that  "  what  he  wanted  in  genius  lie 
made  up  as  an  honest  man." 

Hughes,  Jabez,  younger  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  an  excellent  scholar,  and 
published  a  translation  of  Claudian's  Rape 
of  Proserpine — the  Story  of  Sextus  and 
Erictho,  from  Lucan's  Pharsalia — Sueto- 
nius' Lives  of  the  12  Caesars — Novels  from 
the  Spanish  of  Cervantes,  &c.  He  died 
17th  Jan.  1731,  aged  46.  His  posthumous 
miscellanies,  in  prose  and  verse,  were  pub- 
lished 1737. 

Hughes,  Jabez,  fellow  of  Jesus  college, 
Cambridge,  was  not  related  to  the  prece- 
ding. He  made  himself  known  as  the  edi- 
tor of  Chrysostom's  treatise  "  on  the  Priest- 
hood," a  second  edition  of  which  appeared 
at  Cambridge,  1712, 

Hugo,  of  Cluni,  a  saint  of  the  Romish 
calendar,  born  in  Burgundy  1023.  At  the 
age  of  15  he  abandoned  the  world  for  the 
abbey  of  Cluni,  of  which  he  was  chosen  ab- 
bot, 1048.  He  was  pious  and  exemplary, 
and  introduced  great  reformation  among 
the  monks,  10,000  of  whom  he  is  said  to 
have  had  under  his  direction,  at  Cluni  and 
other  places.  He  died  1608  or  9.  Some 
of  his  epistles  are  preserved  in  Dacherius' 
Spicelegium. 

Hugo,  Herman,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Brus- 
sels. He  died  of  the  plague,  at  Rhimberg, 
1629,  aged  41.  He  wrote  de  Prima  Scri- 
bendi  Origine,  8vo. — Lniversae  Rei  Litcra- 
riae  Antiquitates,  republished  by  Trotzius, 
1738— Obsidio  Bredana,  Antwerp,  1629, 
folio — Militia  equestris  antiqua  et  nova— 
Pia  Desideria,  a  poem  of  which  the  versifi- 
cation, though  good,  wants  simplicity  and 
sublimity. 

Hugo,  Charles  Lewis,  a  French  and  La- 
tin writer,  abbe  of  Etival,  and  titular  bishop 
of  Ptolemais,  died  at  an  advanced  age,  1735. 
He  wrote  Annales  Praemonstratensium,  2 
vols,  folio,  a  curious  work  on  his  own  order 
— Vie  de  Norbert  Fondateur  des  Premon- 
tr^s,  4to.  1704 — Sacrae  Antiquitates  Monu- 
menta  historica,  dogmatica,  &c.  2  vols.  fol. 
1725 — Traite  historique  et  critique  de  la 
Maison  de  Lorraine,  8vo.  1711 — a  bold 
work,  censured  by  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
in  defence  of  which  he  wrote  Reflections 
sur  les  deux  Ouvrages  concernant  la  maison 
de  Lorraine. 

Hugtenburgh,  John  Van,  a  Dutch 
painter,  who  died  1733,  aged  77.  As  he 
was  particularly  eminent  in  the  delineation 
of  battles,  his  pencil  was  engaged,  with 
great  success,  in  representing  the  battles  of 
Marlborough  and  Eugene.  His  brother 
James  was  eminent  as  a  painter  of  animals 
and  of  landscapes.     He  died  1696. 

HuLDRic,  John  James,  a  native  of  Zu- 
rich, law  professor  there.  He  died  at  Zu- 
rich, 1731,  aged  48,  deservedly  esteemed 
as  an  able  divine,  and  a  benevolent  man. 
He  wrote  a  commentary  on  Pufrendorfs 


HUL 


nvM 


Duty  of  Man — Misrellanca  Tlgurina,  :» 
vols,  and  published  an  edition  of  Sephor 
Toledot  Jeschu,  1705. 

Hull,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer  and 
actor,  was  born  in  Westminster  in  1723. 
He  had  his  education  at  the  Charter-house, 
after  which  he  became  apprentice  to  his 
father  who  was  an  apothecary,  in  the  Strand. 
This  profession  he  relinciuished,  and  went 
on  the  stage,  though  he  never  attained  any 
eminence  in  this  line.  He  died  in  West- 
minster, with  tho  character  of  an  in2;eniou3 
and  good  man,  in  1808.  His  publications 
are — 1.  Henry  the  Second  and  Rosamond, 
a  tragedy.  2.  The  History  of  Sir  William 
Harrington,  a  novel,  4  vols.  3.  Genuine 
Letters  from  a  Gentleman  to  a  Young  Lady, 
2  vols.  4.  Richard  Plantagenet,  a  Legen- 
dary Tale,  4to.  5.  Select  Letters  between 
the  Dutchess  of  Somerset,  Lady  Luxbo- 
rough,  Mr.  Shenstone,  and  others,  2  vols.  6. 
Moral  Tales,  in  verse,  2  vols.  Bvo. —  W.  B. 

HuLMB,  Nathaniel,  a  physician,  was 
born  at  Holme  Thorp,  in  Yorkshire,  in 
1732.  He  studied  under  his  brother.  Dr. 
Joseph  Hulme,  a  physician,  at  Halifax, 
after  which  he  became  a  pupil  at  Guy's 
hospital.  He  next  went  as  surgeon  in  the 
navy;  and,  in  1765,  took  his  doctor's  de- 
gree at  Edinburgh.  After  this  he  settled 
in  London,  and  became  physician  to  the 
General  Dispensary,  and  to  the  City  of 
London  Lying-in  Hospital.  About  1774  he 
was  appointed  physician  to  the  Charter- 
touse,  where  he  died  in  1807.  He  was 
the  author  of — 1.  Dissertatio  Medica  Inau- 
guralis  de  Scorbuto.  2.  A  Treatise  on  Pu- 
erperal Fever.  3.  An  Oration  "  De  Re 
Medica  cognoscenda  et  promovenda."  4. 
A  Safe  and  Easy  Remedy  for  the  Relief  of 
the  Stone  and  Gravel,  Scurvy,  Gout,  &c. 
He  has  also  some  papers  in  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  Socie- 
ties, of  both  of  which  bodies  he  was  a  mem- 
ber. In  1787  he  obtained  a  gold  medal 
from  the  Royal  Medical  Society  at  Paris, 
for  an  answer  to  a  prize  question,  concern- 
ing the  cellular  skin  of  new-born  infants. 
—W.B. 

HuLSEMANN,  Jobn,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
born  at  FLsens,  East  Friezland.  He  died 
1661,  aged  59.  He  travelled  through  seve- 
ral countries,  and  was  at  last  professor  of 
divinity  at  Leipsic,  and  wrote  several  books 
on  theological  subjects,  much  esteemed  in 
his  age. 

HuLsius,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Hida, 
who  studied  at  Wesel,  and  Deventer,  and 
afterwards  visited  the  various  universities 
of  Europe,  to  improve  himself  in  oriental 
knowledge.  He  was,  for  25  years,  settled 
'as  minister  at  Breda,  and  then  removed  to 
fill  the  divinity  chair  at  Leyden,  where  he 
died,  1685,  aged  70.  He  wrote  Theologia 
Judaica — Opus  Catecheticum  Didactico- 
polemicum — Non  ens  Prjeadamaticum,  &c. 


lIuLSitJS,  Henry,  author  of  Summa  Thr- 
logiae— De  Principio  Credendi— De  Valli- 
bus  Prophetarum  Sacris,  &.c.  died  1723,  at 
Douisburgh,  where  he  was  Iheological  pro- 
fessor. 

HuLST,  Peter  Van  der,  a  native  of  Dort, 
admired  as  an  excellent  painter.  The  in- 
troduction of  insects,  serpents,  lizards, 
frogs,  &,c.  among  his  flowers,  had  a  striking 
eflect.     He  died  1708,  aged  56. 

Hume,  David,  a  celebrated  English 
writer,  born  at  Edinburgh,  26th  April,  1711. 
He  was  intended,  by  his  family,  for  the 
profession  of  the  law,  but  he  had  greater 
regard  for  Virgil  and  Cicero,  than  toi  V  oet 
and  Vinnius.  At  last,  however,  he  was 
forced,  from  the  narrowness  of  his  fortune, 
to  embark  in  a  mercantile  concern,  at  Bris- 
tol, 1734  ;  but  in  a  few  months  he  quitted 
the  place  in  disgust,  and  retired  to  France, 
determined  with  the  most  rigid  economy  to 
guide  his  cxp<'nditure  by  his  income,  while 
he  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits. 
Here,  at  Rheims,  and  at  La  Fleche,  in  An- 
jou,  he  wrote  his  treatise  of  Human  Na- 
ture, which  he  published  in  London,  173S; 
but  the  work  met  with  no  success.  In  1742 
the  first  part  of  his  Essays  appeared,  witli 
a  little  more  success,  but  to  support  himself 
he  was  obliged  to  enter  into  the  service  of 
the  marquis  of  Annandale,  as  an  attendant, 
during  the  weak  intervals  of  his  lordship's 
intellects.  He  afterwards  attended  gene- 
ral St.  Clair,  as  his  secretary,  on  the  coast 
of  France,  and  in  his  embassy  at  Vienna 
and  Turin,  and  after  the  lapse  of  two  years 
he  congratulated  himself  on  being  master 
of  independence,  and  of  1000/.  and  retired 
to  pursue  his  literary  labours  in  Scotland. 
His  Political  Discourses,  and  his  Inquiry 
concerning  the  Principles  of  Morals,  ap- 
peared in  1752,  but  though  he  considered 
these  works  as  highly  finished  compositions, 
they  met  with  little  notice  from  the  public. 
In  1754  he  published  his  portion  of  English 
history  from  the  accession  of  James  I.  to 
the  revolution,  and,  though  the  work  was 
disregarded  by  the  nation,  he  continued  hi5 
labours,  and,  in  1756,  published  another 
volume,  which  attracted  some  public  atten- 
tion, and  served,  as  he  said,  to  buoy  up  its 
unfortunate  brother.  His  Natural  History 
of  Religion  about  this  time  had  appeared, 
and  though  it  met  with  few  readers,  yet  it 
was  attacked  by  Warburton,  under  the 
name  of  Hurd,  as  he  sarcastically  says,  with 
all  the  petulance,  arrogance,  and  scurrility 
of  the  Warburtonian  school.  In  1759  the 
history  of  the  house  of  Tudor  was  publish- 
ed, and,  in  1761,  the  more  early  part  of 
English  history,  and  thus  the  plan  was  com- 
pleted, and  the  author,  though  he  found 
cavillers  and  opponents  in  consequence  of 
the  partiality  of  his  opinions  and  the  licen- 
tious tendency  of  his  principles,  had  the 


nmi 


uc^ 


satisfaction  to  see  his  work  grow  populai-, 
and  thus  ensure  him  a  handsome  reward 
from  the  booksellers.     While  forming  the 
plan  of  a  literary  seclusion  from  the  busy 
world,   in   1763,  he  was    invited    by  lord 
Hertford  to  accompany  him  as  secretary  to 
his  embassy  at  Paris,  and  the  offer  was  too 
flattering  not  to  be  accepted.     In  the  sum- 
mer,  1765,   he   was   left  there    as  charge 
d'affaires,  and  soon  after,  on  his  return  to 
Scotland,  he  was  persuaded  to  become  un- 
der secretary  of  state  to  general  Conway. 
In   1769  he   returned  to  Edinburgh,  very 
opulent,  as  he  observes,  possessing  a  reve- 
nue of  lOOOi.  a  year,  healthy,  and,  though 
somewhat  stricken  in  years,  with  the  pros- 
pect of  enjoying  long  his  ease.     In  1775  he 
was  attacked  with  a  disorder  in  his  bowels, 
which,  though  at  first  disregarded,  proved 
incurable,  and  at  last  fatal.     He  died  25th 
August,  1776.     He  has  written  an  account 
of  his  life  to  the  iSth  April,  1776,  prefixed 
to  his  works.     His  Dialogues  concerning 
Natural  Religion  appeared  after  his  death, 
in  8vo.      His  works  were  corrected  by  him- 
self, and  were  printed  in  4to.  and  in  8vo. 
and  they  are  now  become  universally  popu- 
lar.    Though  Hume  possesses  the  deep  re- 
search of  the  historian,  the' patience  of  the 
philosopher,  and  the  subtleties  of  the  meta- 
physician, he  is  to  be  read  with  caution,  as 
his  principles  on  religion  and  morality  are 
insidiously  clothed  in  fallacious  language, 
and  would  tend  to  undermine  the  salutary 
doctrines  which  teach  mankind  to  reverence 
the  divinity  as  a  beneficent  creator,  an  om- 
niscient governor,  and  a  just  and  impartial 
judge. 

Humphrey,  Lawrence,  an  English  wri- 
ter, born  at  Newport  Pagnell,  Bucks,  about 
1527.  He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and 
afterwards  went  to  Oxford,  where  he  was 
elected  fellow  of  Magdalen  college.  He 
took  his  master's  degree,  1552,  and  was 
then  made  Greek  lecturer  of  his  college, 
and  soon  after  took  orders,  and,  in  1555, 
left  England,  to  travel  into  foreign  coun- 
fries.  On  Elizabeth's  accession  he  return- 
ed to  Oxford,  and  was  restored  to  his  fel- 
lowship, from  which  he  had  been  expelled 
for  being  absent  more  than  the  limited  time 
of  one  year,  and,  in  1560,  he  was  made 
queen's  professor  of  divinity,  and  the  next 
year  elected  president  of  his  college.  In 
1570  he  was  made  dean  if  Gloucester,  and 
10  years  after,  removed  to  the  deanery  of 
Winchester,  and  he  might  have  been  raised 
to  a  bishopric,  had  he  not  been  too 
much  attached  to  the  Calvinists,  and  there- 
fore inimical  to  the  doctrines  of  the  English 
church.  He  died  Feb.  1590,  leaving  a 
wife,  by  whom  he  had  12  children.  He 
wrote  Epistola  de  Graecis  Literis,  and  Ho- 
meri  Lectione  et  Imitatione,  Basil,  1558 — 
De  Religione  Conservationc  et  Reforma- 
tione  deque  Primatu  Regum — do  Ratione 


Interpretandi  Auctores — Optimates,  sive  de 
Nobilitate,  ejusque  antiqu^  Origine — Life 
of  Bishop  Jewel — sermons,  and  pieces 
against  papists,  &c. 

Humphreys,  David,  LL.D.  minister  of 
the  United  States  to  the  court  of  Spain, 
was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Daniel  Hum- 
phreys, of  Derby,  Connecticut,  and  born  in 
1753.  He  was  educated  at  Yale  college, 
and  graduated  in  1771,  with  a  distinguished 
reputation  for  talents,  energy  of  character, 
and  scientific  and  literary  acquirements. 
Soon  after  the  commencement  of  the  revo- 
lutionary war  he  entered  the  American  ar- 
my, and  was  successively  an  aid  to  generals 
Parsons,  Putnam,  and  Greene.  In  1779 
he  was  appointed  one  of  the  aids  of  Wash- 
ington, and  remained  in  his  family  till  the 
close  of  the  war,  enjoying  his  high  confi- 
dence, friendship,  and  patronage.  He  left 
the  army  with  the  rank  of  colonel.  When 
Franklin,  Adams,  and  Jefferson  were,  in 
1734,  appointed  commissioners  for  nego- 
tiating treaties  with  foreign  powers,  he  was 
chosen  secretary  of  the  legation,  and  at- 
tended them  in  that  capacity  to  Paris  and 
London.  In  1791  he  was  sent  ambassador 
to  the  court  of  Lisbon,  and,  in  1797,  ap- 
pointed minister  plenipotentiary  to  that  of 
Madrid.  He  concluded  treaties  of  peace 
with  the  bey  of  Tripoli  and  the  dey  of  Al- 
giers. On  his  return  from  Spain  he  trans- 
ported to  New-England  100  sheep,  of  the 
merino  race,  which  proved  a  valuable  ac- 
quisition to  the  agricultural  and  manufac- 
turing interests.  He  was  equally  distin- 
guished in  the  literary  and  political  world. 
While  in  the  military  service  he  published 
a  patriotic  poem,  addressed  to  the  Ameri- 
can armies,  and  after  the  war  another,  on  the 
happiness  and  future  glory  of  America,  each 
of  which  enjojed  a  very  extensive  circula- 
tion, in  Europe  as  well  as  America,  and 
gave  him  a  high  reputation  as  a  poet  and 
patriot.  In  1789  he  gave  to  the  public  the 
life  of  General  Putnam,  and  during  his  re- 
sidence in  Europe,  published  several  poems 
on  subjects  connected  with  the  American 
revolution.  After  his  return  to  the  United 
States  he  resided  chiefly  in  Connecticut, 
and,  in  1812,  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  veteran  volunteers  of  that 
state,  with  the  rank  of  general.  He  died  at 
New-Haven,  February  21st,  1818,  aged  65 
years.  ItCP'  L. 

HuNNERic,  king  of  the  African  Vandals 
after  his  father  Genseric,  is  known  for  his 
severe  persecution  of  the  Christians.  He 
was  an  Arian  in  principle,  and  died  484, 
after  a  reign  of  seven  years. 

HuNNiADES,  John  Corvinus,  waivode  of 
Transylvania,  and  general  of  the  armies  of 
Ladislaus,  king  of  Hungary,  is  famous  for 
his  defeat  of  the  Turks  under  Amurath, 
1442  and  3.  He  obliged  his  enemies  to 
raise  the  siege  of  Belgrade,  but  though  un- 


ULxN 


]1UN 


Visually  brave  and  fortunate,  he  was  yet  de- 
feated by  the  Turks,  1448.  He  afterwards 
recovered  his  victorious  fajue,  and  again 
raised  the  siege  of  Belgrade  against  Maho- 
met II.  but  unfortunately  died  the  same 
yeas,  lOth  Sept.  1456.  His  loss  was  uni- 
versally lamented,  not  only  by  the  Chris- 
tians and  by  the  pope,  who  is  said  to  have 
shed  tears  at  the  intelligence,  but  the  infi- 
dels and  Mahomet  himself,  to  whom  he 
was  become  so  dreadful  a  scourge. 

HuNNius,  Giles,  a  Lutheran  divine,  born 
at  Winende,  in  VVirtemberg,  1550.  He 
took  his  degrees  at  Tubingen,  and,  in  1576, 
was,  in  consequence  of  his  great  abilities, 
made  divinity  professor  at  Marpurg.  He 
wrote  with  such  force  against  the  Calvin- 
ists  that  he  was  invited  to  reform  the 
electorate  of  Saxony,  and  was  made  pro- 
fessor at  Wirtemberg.  He  was  also  en- 
gaged in  a  controversy  with  Huberus,  on 
predestination  and  election.  He  died  of 
an  inflammation  caused  by  the  stone,  April, 
1603.  His  works  are  collected  into  5  vols, 
and  contain  orations,  colloquies,  &.c.  His 
son  Nicholas  was  also  a  man  of  merit,  and 
died  1643,  professor  of  divinity  at  Wirtem- 
berg and  Lubec. 

Hunt,  Walter,  an  English  Carmelite  at 
the  council  of  Florence,  where  he  warmly 
opposed,  in  his  speeches  and  in  his  writings, 
the  meditated  union  between  the  Greek 
and  Latin  churches.     He  died  1470. 

Hunt,  Jeremiah,  a  native  of  London, 
educated  for  the  ministry  among  the  dis- 
senters, under  Thomas  Rowe.  He  was  af- 
terwards at  Edinburgh,  andalsoat  Leyden, 
where  he  studied  Hebrew  and  Jewish  anti- 
quities, and  he  first  officiated  before  the 
English  congregation  at  Amsterdam.  On 
his  return  to  England  he  settled  at  Tun- 
stead,  in  Norfolk,  and,  in  1700,  came  to 
London,  to  become  the  minister  of  Pin- 
ner's-hall  congregation.  He  was  made 
D.D.  by  the  Edinburgh  university,  in  1729, 
and  died  1744,  aged  66.  He  wrote,  be- 
sides sermons,  an  essay  to  explain  the 
History  and  Revelations  of  Scripture,  &c. 
— with  a  Dissertation  on  the  Fall  of  Man, 
8vo.  1738,  &c. 

Hunter,  Robert,  an  English  gentleman, 
author  of  the  famous  "  Letter  on  Enthusi- 
asm," attributed  by  some  to  Swift,  and  by 
others  to  Shaftesbury.  He  was  made  go- 
vernor of  Virginia  1708,  but  taken  by  the 
French  on  his  voyage,  and,  in  1710,  he  was 
.sent  as  governor  to  New- York  and  the  Jer- 
seys, at  the  head  of  a  colony  of  Palatines. 
He  was,  in  1728,  appointed  governor  of  Ja- 
maica, and  died  there  3lst  March,  1734. 
His  epitaph,  in  elegant  Latin,  was  written 
by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Flemming.  Ilunter  wrote 
also  a  farce,  called  Androboros,  according 
to  Coxeter. 

Hunter,  Henry,  a  native  of  Culross, 
5»prthshire,  educated  at   Edinburgh,   and 


made  minister  of  Dumfcrmlinc,  1764.  Ttw, 
years  after  he  removed  tu  South  Leilh,  and, 
in  1771,  was  invited  to  the  cure  of  the  Scotch 
church,  London  wall.  In  this  new  ap- 
pointment he  continued  till  hi.i  death,  and 
was  respected  for  his  learning,  bin  piety, 
his  eloquence,  the  mildness  of  hi.t  uianneru, 
and  the  liberality  of  his  principles.  A  con- 
sumptive habit  obliged  him  to  retire  to 
Bristol  for  the  benefit  of  the  air  and  the  wa- 
ters, and  he  died  there  November,  1802, 
aged  61.  He  published  Sacred  Biography, 
or  the  Characters  of  Scripture,  six  vols. 
8vo. — Miscellaneous  Sermons,  two  vols. 
Svo. — and  translated,  besides,  various  au- 
thors from  the  French,  Lavater's  Physiog- 
nomy— Saurin's  Sermons — St.  Pierre's  Stu- 
dies of  Nature,  &.c. 

Hunter,  William,  M.D.  a  famous  phy- 
sician and  anatomist,  born  23d  May,  1718, 
at  Kilbride,  Lanerkshire.     As  he  was  the 
7th  of  ten  children,  he  was  intended,  by  his 
father,  who  was  a  farmer,  for  an  active  si- 
tuation in   the  church.     He  was  for  five 
years  at  Glasgow,  but,  while  he  hesitated 
to  subscribe  to  the  articles  of  faith,  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  Dr.  Cullen,  and  thus 
his  future  pursuits  were  diverted  from  their 
original  intention.     After  remaining  three 
years  in  the  house  of  his  friend,  he  came, 
in  1740,  to  Edinburgh,  and  the  next  year 
visited  London,  where  he  was  recommend- 
ed to  the  notice  of  his  countryman,  Dr. 
James  Douglas.      The  zeal  and  knowledge 
which   he  showed  in   anatomical  studies, 
soon  endeared  him  to  this  new  friend,  who 
took  him  into  his  house,  made  him  tutor  to 
his  son,  and  enabled  him  to  improve  him- 
self by  attending  various  lectures  on  philo- 
sophy and  medicine.     The  death  of  Dr. 
Douglas,  in  1742,  left  him  his  own  master 
in  his  anatomical  pursuits  ;  and  the  next 
year  he  presented  to  the  Royal  Society  his 
essay  on  the  Structure  and  Diseases  of  Ar- 
ticulating  Cartilages,    and   now    acquired 
such   reputation    that    he    succeeded   Mr, 
Sharpe  as  lecturer  to  a  society  of  surgeons 
in  Covent-garden,  in  1746.     The  next  yeai' 
he  was  admitted  member  of  the  corpora- 
tion of  surgeons,  and  by  degrees  acquired 
high  reputation  in  midwifery.     In  1750  he 
obtained  his  doctor's  degree  from  Glasgow, 
and,  in  1764,  in  consequence  of  his  high 
celebrity,  he  was  appointed  physician  ex- 
traordinary to    the   queen.     His   practice 
was  now  so  extensive  that   he   took  Mr. 
Hewson  as  his  assistant  lecturer  and  part- 
ner, but,  in  1770,  this  connexion  was  dis- 
solved,   and    Hewson    gave   way  to    Mr. 
Cruikshank,  a  man  of  great  acknowledged 
abilities.     In  1767  he  was  elected  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  the   next  year  he 
was  admitted  into  the  Antiquarian  Society, 
and  appointed,  by  the  king,  anatomical  pro- 
fessor.    In   1781  he  succeeded  Dr.  J.  Fo- 
thergill  as  president  of  the  London  college 


nm 


H0JN' 


of  physicians,  and  was  complimented  with 
the  honour  of  being  elected  member  of  se- 
veral foreign  societies.  Thus  distinguish- 
ed, and  thus  respected  as  a  medical  man, 
he  soon  acquired  an  ample  fortune,  but 
with  a  commendable  ambition  he  wished  to 
apply  it  to  the  noblest  and  most  beneficial 
purposes,  the  esiaLlishment  of  an  anatomi- 
cal school  in  London.  Though  in  some 
degree  thwarted,  in  his  application  to  go- 
vernment for  a  piece  of  ground  in  the  Mews, 
he  purchased  some  ground  in  Windmill- 
street,  and  there  erected  a  spacious  house, 
where  he  removed,  in  1770,  from  Jermyn- 
street.  Here  not  merely  private  conveni- 
ences were  the  object  of  his  wishes,  but  a 
spacious  amphitheatre  was  built  for  the  de- 
livering of  lectures,  and  a  magnificent  room 
was  set  apart  for  a  museum.  This  museum 
was  soon  enriched  not  only  with  his  own 
valuable  preparations,  but  the  presents  of 
his  friends  and  pupils,  and  all  other  curio- 
sities in  the  animal  and  fossil  kingdoms, 
which  either  favour  or  money  could  pro- 
cure. Besides  a  cabinet  of  ancient  medals, 
and  a  curious  collection  of  shells,  corals, 
&.C.  he  placed  there  the  most  magnificent 
treasure  of  Greek  and  Latin  books  accumu- 
lated by  any  living  person  since  the  days  of 
Dr.  Mead.  Of  this  most  valuable  museum, 
which  it  is  said  cost  above  20,000/.  the  use 
was  permitted  for  30  years  to  his  nephew 
Matthew  Baillie  and  Mr.  Cruikshank,  and 
afterwards  to  become  the  property  of  the 
university  of  Glasgow.  Dr.  Hunter,  be- 
sides the  labours  which  he  bestowed  in  the 
collection  and  arrangement  of  his  museum, 
and  in  his  lectures,  and  extensive  practice, 
devoted  much  of  his  time  in  making  obser- 
vations, which  he  communicated  to  those 
learned  societies  of  which  he  was  a  mem- 
ber. His  great  and  immortal  work,  the 
Anatomy  of  the  Gravid  Uterus,  however, 
must  remain  a  striking  monument  of  his 
labour  and  application.  It  was  begun  1751, 
but  was  not  made  public  till  1775,  that  ac- 
curacy and  truth  might  be  displayed  in 
every  page.  It  is  dedicated  to  the  king, 
and  is  adorned  by  thirty-four  beautiful 
plates,  exhibiting  those  various  delicate 
dissections  in  which  he  acknowledges  that 
he  had  been  assisted  by  his  brother.  Rich 
in  fame  and  in  fortune,  Dr.  Hunter  formed 
the  plan  of  retiring  to  Scotland,  about  ten 
years  before  his  death  ;  but  his  wish  to 
purchase  an  estate  in  his  native  country 
was  retarded,  and  finally  prevented,  by  the 
defective  titles  of  the  proprietor,  and  he 
determined  never  to  remove  from  London. 
In  the  last  part  of  his  life  he  was  afflicted 
with  the  gout,  but  a  paralytic  stroke  came 
at  last  to  shorten  his  days.  His  friends 
wished  to  persuade  themselves  that  his  ap- 
prehensions were  frivolous,  but  the  descrip- 
tion which  he  gave  of  his  feelings  proved 
too  true,  and  he  expired  30th  March,  1783, 
S8 


exhibiting  to  his  friend  Dr.  Combe  the 
greatest  resignation.  If  I  had  strength 
enough,  said  he,  to  hold  a  pen,  I  would 
w:  ite  how  easy  and  pleasant  it  is  to  die. 
His  remains  were  buried  in  the  rector's 
vault  of  St.  James's  church,  Westminster. 
The  bulk  of  his  fortune  was  bequeathed  to 
his  ntphew  Dr.  Baillie.  His  life  bas  been 
written  by  Dr.  Simmons. 

Hunter,  John,  younger  brother  of  Dr. 
Hunter,  was  born  at  Long  Calderwood, 
14th  July,  1728.  When  ten  years  old,  he 
lost  his  father,  and  this  tended  greatly  to 
retard  his  advancement  in  knowledge,  so 
that  he  was  twenty  years  old  before  he  be- 
came sensible  of  the  propriety  of  applying 
himself  to  the  study  of  some  profession. 
The  reputation  of  his  brother  excited  him 
to  surgical  pursuits,  and  he  joined  him  in 
London,  1758,  and  the  next  year  he  attend- 
ed Mr.  Cheselden  at  Chelsea  hospital. 
After  becoming  a  pupil  at  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's, and  visiting  Scotland,  he  entered  as 
gentleman  commoner  at  St.  Mary-hall,  Ox- 
ford, but  without  losing  sight  of  his  medical 
studies.  In  1756  he  was  appointed  house 
surgeon  to  St.  George's  hospital,  and  about 
that  time  was  admitted  by  his  brother  as  an 
assistant  in  his  lectures.  With  the  most 
zealous  application  he  devoted  himself  to 
anatomical  studies  for  ten  long  years,  and 
was  thus  enabled  not  only  to  understand, 
but  to  explain  and  improve  the  art  of  com- 
parative anatomy.  The  ramification  of 
the  olfactory  nerves  in  the  nose,  the  arte- 
ries of  the  gravid  uterus,  and  the  lymphatic 
vessels  of  birds  were,  among  other  impor- 
tant subjects,  accurately  ascertained  and 
satisfactorily  described.  The  excessive  at- 
tention which  he  bestowed  on  his  anatomi- 
cal studies  had  such  an  effect  on  his  health 
that,  to  re-establish  it,  he  went  abroad,  and 
was  surgeon  on  the  staff  with  the  army,  at 
Belleisle.  At  the  end  of  the  war,  in  1763, 
he  returned  to  London,  and  devoted  him- 
self with  increased  activity  to  his  favourite 
pursuits.  In  1767  he  was  elected  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  the  next  year  he 
went  to  reside  in  Jermyn-street,  in  the 
house  which  his  brother  quitted  to  remove 
to  Windmill-street.  In  1776  he  was  ap- 
pointed surgeon  extraordinary  to  the  king, 
and  began  to  find  that,  from  his  experience 
and  knowledge  he  derived  not  only  reputa- 
tion, but  honour  and  opulence.  In  1783  he 
removed  to  Leicester-square,  where  he  had 
prepared  a  house  for  the  reception  of  his 
valuable  museum.  Besides  the  appoint- 
ment of  surgeon  to  St.  George's  hospital, 
he  was,  in  1786,  nominated  deputy  sur- 
geon-general to  the  army,  and,  in  1790,  he 
succeeded  Mr.  Adair  as  inspector-general 
of  hospitals,  and  as  surgeon-general  to  the 
army,  in  which  year  he  resigned  to  hi? 
brother-in-law,  Everard  Home,  his  surgi- 
cal lectures,  which  he  found  too  laborious 


liLN 


II LX 


nnd  inconvenient  for  the  great  aioiuiioiis 
of  Lis  respectable  and  extensive  practice. 
He    >vus   unfortunately  subject  to   strong 
spasmodic  aflections   in   the   lieart,  since 
1786,  and,  as  irritation  generally  produced 
those  dangerous  symptoms,  he  unfortunate- 
ly met,  in  his  visit  at  St.  George's  hospital, 
16th   October,  1793,  some  vexatious   cir- 
cumstance, and  eager  to  check  the  feelings 
of  his  mind,  he  walked  into  another  room, 
and  while  turning  round  to  speak  to  a  phy- 
sician, he  fell  down  and  expired  instantly 
without  a  groan.     As  an  able  experimen- 
talist John  Hunter  will  long  be  remember- 
ed with  respect  and  gratitude  :  the  dexte- 
rity of  his  operations  was  equalled  only  by 
his  patience  and  perseverance  ;  and  while 
he  considered  surgery  only  in  its  infancy, 
he  directed  all  the  powers  of  his  mind  to 
the  investigation,  and  to  the  elucidation  of 
truth  in  this  most  important  science.     His 
contributions   to  the   transactions   of  the 
Royal  Society  were  numerous  and  valuable. 
His  works  are  a  treatise  on   the  Natural 
History  of  the  Human  Teeth,  4to.  1771, 
with  a  second  part  1778 — a  Treatise  on  the 
Venereal    Disease,  4to. — Observations   on 
certain  Parts  of  the  Animal  Economy,  4to, 
— a  Treatise  on  the  Blood,  Inflammation, 
and  Gunshot  Wounds,  4to.  published  after 
his  death.     His  collection  of  comparative 
anatomy,  arranged  in  a  clear  order  to  exhi- 
bit the  corresponding  parts  of  animals,  is 
most   valuable,   and   reflects    the    highest 
praise  on  his  labour,  his  assiduity,  his  judg- 
ment, and  his  ardent  zeal  in  the  service  of 
science.     He  married,  in  1771,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Mr.  Home,  surgeon  to  Burgoyne's 
regiment  of  light  horse,  by  Avhom  he  had 
two  sons  and  two  daughters,  of  whom  only 
one  son  and  one  daughter  lived  to  years  of 
maturity.     The  history  of  his  life,  and  of 
his  useful  labours  in  the  cause  of  humani- 
ty, has  been  published  by  his  brother-in- 
law,  and  professional  successor  Mr.  Eve- 
rard  Home. 

Hunter,  Anne,  the  widow  of  the  emi- 
nent anatomist,  Mr.  John  Hunter,  died,  at 
the  age  of  seventy-nine,  in  Holies-street, 
Cavendish-square,  Jan.  7,  1821.  She  was 
the  intimate  friend  of  the  learned  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Carter,  and  wrote  several  beau- 
tiful poems,  chiefly  of  the  lyric  kind,  some 
of  which  were  composed  by  Haydn.  A 
volume  of  her  productions  was  printed  in 
1802.— TF.  B. 

Huntingdon,  Selina,  countess  of,  se- 
cond daughter  of  Washington,  earl  Ferrers, 
was  born  1707,  and  married  lord  Hunting- 
don, by  whom  she  had  four  sons  and  three 
daughters.  From  habits  of  gayety  and 
scenes  of  dissipation,  she  became  all  at 
once,  after  a  serious  illness,  grave,  re- 
served, and  melancholy.  Her  thoughts 
were  wholly  absorbed  by  religion,  and  she 
employed  the  ample  resources  which  she 
Vol.  W.  12 


possessed,  iu  disHcminatincj  her  pi  inciplcs 
by  the  popular  arts  of  Wbitcfield,  R'jmaine, 
and  other  cnthusiustir  lacthodists.  Not 
only  her  house  in  I'urk-slnci  was  thrown 
open  for  the  frtqucnt  iisscmljling  of  tln,-KC 
pious  reformers,  but  chapels  were  buill  in 
various  parts  of  the  kingdom,  and  a  college 
erected  in  Wales  for  the  education  of  young 
persons  in  the  future  labours  of  the  minis- 
try. After  many  acts  of  extensive  charity, 
and  with  the  best  intentions,  this  enthusias- 
tic lady  died  in   1791. 

Huntington,    Robert,   an    English   di- 
vine, born  at  Deorhyrst,    Gloucestershire, 
1636,     He  was  educated  at  Bristol,  and 
then  entered  at  Mcrton  college,  Oxford,  of 
which   he   became   fellow.     He  left  Eng- 
land   1670,   as   chaplain    to    the    English 
factory  at  Aleppo,  and  during  11  years'  re- 
sidence, he  assiduouf^Iy  employed  himself 
in  the  procuring  of  ]\1SS.  and  in  explor- 
ing the  neighbouring  countries.     He  visit- 
ed Galilee,   Jerusalem,   Samaria,   Cyprus, 
Palmyra,  and  Egypt.     In  1682  he  returned 
to   England,  and  the   following  year  took 
the  degree  of  D.D     By  the  recommenda- 
tion of  bishop  Fell,  he  was  appointed  to 
the  mastership  of  Trinity  college,  Dublin  ; 
but  the   troubles   of  the   revolution    drove 
him  back  to  England,  and  in  1691  he  re- 
signed his  office.     In  1692  he  married,  and 
was   made   rector   of  Great   Hallingbury, 
Essex,  and  refused   the   bishopric  of  KiU 
more  in  Ireland.     In  1701  he  however  ac- 
cepted that  of  Raphoe,  and   was   conse- 
crated the  20th  of  August ;  but  he  survived 
his   honours  but  few  days,  as  he  died  2d 
Sept.  1701,  and  was  buried  in  Trinity  col- 
lege chapel.     He  sold  his  fine  collection  of 
MSS.  to  the  Bodleian  for  700/.     He  pub- 
lished in  the  Philosophical  Transactions, 
an   Account   of  the   porphyry   pillars    in 
Egypt,  and  it  is  his  only  work,  besides  some 
Observations  in   a   Collection   of  Travels 
by  Ray.      His  life  was  written  by  Dr.  T. 
Smith,  and  39  of  his  letters  are  there  pre- 
served. 

Huntington,  Samuel,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, and  a  native  of  Windham  in  that 
state,  settled  in  early  life  at  Norwich  as  a 
lawyer ;  and  though  without  a  coUegial 
education,  soon  rose  by  the  superiority 
of  his  talents,  to  popularity  in  the  profes- 
sion. After  having  held  the  appointment 
of  king's  attorney,  a  seat  in  the  assembly 
and  council  of  the  state,  and  on  the  bench 
of  the  superior  court,  he  was  in  1775  elect- 
ed a  delegate  to  congress,  and  in  1779 
chosen  president  of  that  venerable  body. 
The  next  year  he  resumed  his  seat  as 
judge,  but  was  again  a  member  of  con- 
gress in  1783.  In  1784  he  was  chosen 
lieutenant-governor,  and  advanced  to  the 
seat  of  chief  judge.  He  was  appointed 
chief  magistrate  in  1786,  and  held  the 
office  till  his  death  on  the  Sth  of  Januarv. 

S9 


II UR 


ULIl 


J 796,    greatly  respected   for    his  talents, 
integrity,  prudence,  and  piety. 

'  icr-  L. 

Huntington,  Samuel,  governor  of 
Ohio,  was  the  son  of  the  l{ev.  Dr.  Hunt- 
ington of  Coventry,  Connecticut,  and  born 
in  1763.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege in  17S5,  and  became  a  lawyer.  He 
removed  to  Ohio  in  1801,  and  there  held 
successively  the  offices  of  judge  of  the 
supreme  court,  chief  justice,  and  governor. 
He  died  at  Painesville  in  June,  1817. 

Huntington,  Jedidiah,  general  in  the 
American  army  of  the  revolution,  was 
born  at  Norwich,  Connecticut,  August  4th, 
1743,  and  educated  at  Harvard  university, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1 763.  He  set- 
tled in  his  native  town  as  a  merchant.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  in 
1775,  he  entered  the  army  as  a  colonel  of  a 
regiment,  and  continued  in  the  service  till 
the  peace  in  1783,  with  the  reputation  of  a 
brave  and  able  officer,  and  enjoying  in  a 
very  high  degree  the  esteem  and  confidence 
of  the  commander-in-chief.  In  1788  he 
was  appointed  treasurer  of  Connecticut, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  convention  of 
that  state,  which  ratified  the  federal  con- 
stitution. On  the  organization  of  the 
general  government,  he  was  apppointed 
collector  of  the  port  of  New-London, 
where  he  afterwards  resided  and  discharged 
the  duties  of  that  office  for  a  long  period 
ivith  distinguished  fidelity  and  uprightness. 
His  death  took  place  September  25th,  1818, 
in  his  76th  year.  He  possessed  a  vigo- 
rous mind,  and  a  superior  judgment,  and 
was  pre-eminently  distinguished  for  the  ex- 
cellence of  his  character.  He  became  a 
professor  of  religion  when  young,  and  by 
his  enlightened  conscientiousness,  emi- 
nent rectitude,  and  uncommon  munificence, 
peculiarly  adorned  it  through  life.  He  was 
one  of  the  first  members  of  the  American 
Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis- 
sions, and  held  the  office  till  his  death. 

Huntorst,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Utrecht  1592.  He  painted  for  some 
time  in  the  service  of  Charles  I.  in  Eng- 
land, but  resided  chiefly  in  Holland.  His 
night  pieces  are  much  admired.  The  time 
of  his  death  is  unknown. 

HuRD,  Richard,  was  the  son  of  a  far- 
mer at  Congreve,  in  the  parish  of  Penk- 
rich,  in  Staffordshire,  and  bom  there,  Jan. 
13,  1720.  He  was  educated  at  the  school 
of  Brewood,  and  next  at  Emanuel-coUcge, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  master's  de- 
gree, and  was  elected  to  a  fellowship  in 
1742.  In  1749hetook  his  degree  of  B.D., 
and  the  same  year  published  his  Commen- 
tary on  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry,  in  which 
he  paid  a  compliment  to  Warburton.  Th*s 
laid  the  foundation  of  a  friendship  be- 
90 


twecn  these  two  learned  persons,  which 
lasted  through  life.  In  1750  he  published 
"  A  Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  Augus- 
tus ;''  and,  in  1755,  a  satire  against  Dr. 
Jortin,  entitled  "  The  Delicacy  of  Friend- 
ship." In  1757  he  was  presented  to  the 
living  of  Thurcaston,  in  Leicestershire  ; 
and,  in  1759,  published  his  "  Dialogues  on 
Sincerity,  Retirement,  the  Age  of  Eliza- 
beth, and  the  Constitution  of  the  English 
Government ;"  which  work  was  followed 
by  "  Letters  on  Chivalry  and  Romance  ;" 
and  "  Dialogues  on  Foreign  Travel." 
The  whole  were  republished  together  in  3 
vols,  in  1765,  and  the  same  year  the  au- 
thor printed  his  "  Letter  to  Dr.  Thomas 
Leland,  in  which  his  Dissertation  on  the 
Principles  of  Human  Eloquence  is  criti- 
cised." At  this  time  he  was  chosen  preacher 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and,  in  1767,  he  was 
preferred  to  the  archdeaconry  of  Glouces-  , 
ter.  In  1768  he  took  his  doctor's  degree, 
and  the  same  year  began  the  course  of  lec- 
tures on  the  prophecies,  founded  in  Lin- 
coln's Inn  by  bishop  Warburton.  In  1775 
he  was  made  bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Co- 
ventry, and  shortly  after  was  appointed 
preceptor  to  the  prince  of  Wales,  and 
prince  Frederick,  now  duke  of  York.  On 
the  translation  of  Dr.  North  to  Winches- 
ter, in  1781,  the  king  offisred  the  see  of 
Worcester,  with  the  clerkship  of  the  closet, 
to  bishop  Hurd,  which  he  accepted  ;  but, 
when  his  majesty  tendered  him  the  chair 
of  Canterbury  in  1783,  he  modestly  de- 
clined it,  saying,  "  That  several  greater 
men  than  himself  had  been  content  to  die 
bishops  of  Worcester,  and  that  he  wished 
for  no  higher  preferment."  In  1788  the 
king  gave  the  bishop  a  gold  medal,  and  the 
same  year  paid  him  a  visit  at  Hartlebury- 
castle.  Bishop  Hurd  now  published  a 
complete  edition  of  the  works  of  his  early 
friend  AVarburton,  to  which,  in  1795,  he 
added  a  biographical  discourse,  by  way  of 
preface.  He  died  in  his  sleep.  May  28, 
1808,  and  was  buried  in  Hartlebury  church- 
yard. Besides  the  works  already  mention- 
ed, and  some  single  tracts  and  sermons,  he 
published  two  volumes  of  sermons,  preach- 
ed at  the  Warburtonian  Lecture  ;  two  vo- 
lumes of  Selections  from  Cowley  ;  and 
three  volumes  of  sermons  preached  at  Lin- 
coln's Inn.  He  also  left  for  publication  an 
edition  of  Addison's  Works,  with  notes ; 
and  a  volume  of  Warburton's  Correspon- 
dence. He  repaired  his  episcopal  palace, 
and  left  thereto  his  valuable  library  and 
pictures. — W.  B. 

HuRDis,  James,  was  born  at  Bishop- 
stone,  in  Sussex,  in  1763.  He  became  a 
commoner  of  St.  Mary-hall,  Oxford,  in 
1780,  but  removed  from  thence  to  Magda- 
len-college, where  he  obtained  a  fellowship. 
In  1791  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Bishopstone  ;  and  in  1793  he  wa^  elected 


II  us 


IICT 


piolcssor  01"  poetry  at  Oxford ;  tvLcre,  the 
year  following,  he  took  his  degree  of  B.D., 
and  in  171)7  that  of  D.D.  He  died  Dec. 
23,  ISOl.  H<;  imlilished — 1.  The  Village 
Curate,  a  poem.  2.  Adriano,  or  the  First 
of  June.  3.  A  Disquisition  on  Cien.  i. 
21  ;  and  Select  Remarks  on  the  first  ten 
Chapters  of  Genesis,  8vo.  4.  Sir  Thomas 
More,  a  tragedy.  5.  Cursory  Remarks 
on  the  Arrangement  of  the  Plays  of 
Shakspeare.  6.  A  Vindication  of  the 
University  of  Oxford,  and  Magdalen-col- 
lege in  particular,  from  the  aspersions  of 
Gibbon,  4to.  Tliis  was  privately  printed 
at  his  own  press.  7.  The  Favourite  Vil- 
lage, a  poem.  8.  Twelve  Dissertations  on 
the  Nature  and  Occasion  of  Psalm  and 
Prophecy,  8vo.  After  his  death  his  poems 
were  published  by  subscription,  in  3  vols., 
at  the  university  press,  with  his  life  pre- 
fixed by  his  sister. — JV.  B. 

HuRE,  Charles,  a  French  divine,  born 
1639,  at  Champigny-sur-Yonne,  son  of  a 
labourer.  He  applied  himself  sedulously 
to  letters,  and  to  the  Oriental  languages, 
and  was  member  of  the  Port-royal  society, 
professor  of  Ian2,uages  in  the  university  of 
Paris,  and  at  last  principal  of  the  college 
of  Bencourt.  In  his  religious  opinions  he 
was  considered  a  Jansenist.  He  died 
1717.  He  wrote  a  Dictionary  of  the  Bi- 
ble, 2  vols,  folio,  inferior  to  that  of  Calniet 
— an  edition  of  the  Latin  Testament — a 
French  translation  of  the  Testament,  with 
notes — and  a  Sacred  Grammar. 

Huss,  John,  a  famous  divine  and  martyr, 
born  in  Bohemia,  1376,  and  educated  at 
Prague,  where  he  took  his  degrees,  and 
entered  into  the  ministry.  The  writings 
of  Wicklift'  converted  him  from  the  super- 
stitions of  Rome,  and  with  eloquent  zeal 
he  began  to  preach  against  the  power  and 
influence  of  the  pope.  His  efforts  proved 
successful,  the  papal  authority  began  to  be 
slighted  in  Bohemia,  but  the  archbishop  of 
Prague  issued  two  mandates  against  the 
heresies  of  Wickliff,  and  the  labours  of 
Huss  and  his  followers  ;  and  this  exertion 
of  power  was  soon  seconded  by  a  bull  from 
Rome,  for  the  suppression  of  all  tenets 
offensive  to  the  holy  see.  Huss  exclaimed 
against  these  proceedings,  and  though  sum- 
moned to  Rome  to  answer  for  his  conduct, 
he,  supported  by  the  iiivour  of  Wences- 
laus,  king  of  Bohemia,  disregarded  the 
pope's  authority,  and  was  excommunica- 
ted, and  soon  after  his  friends  and  adhe- 
rents were  included  in  the  same  interdict. 
After  causing  by  his  opposition  to  the  pa- 
pal decrees,  various  tumults  in  Prague  and 
Bohemia,  Huss  was  prevailed  upon  to  ap- 
pear at  the  council  of  Constance,  to  give 
an  account  of  his  doctrines.  The  emperor 
Sigismund  granted  him  his  protection,  and 
ensured  security  to  his  person  ;  but  when 
soon  after  he  reached  Constance  1414,  he 


was  seized  as  a  heretic  and  imprisoned, 
and  after  a  confinement  of  severe  hard- 
ships, for  six  months,  he  wan  rondemned 
without  a  hearing,  and  when  he  nCuscd  to 
recant  his  errors,  he  waa  tumultuoudly  sen- 
tenced to  be  burned.  The  «;iniMior  indeed 
complained  of  the  contemiit  shown  to  his 
authority,  and  of  the  perfidy  used  towards 
the  delinquent,  but  all  in  vain,  iiiisa  was 
inhumanly  dragged  to  execution,  he  wan 
stripped  of  his  sacerdotal  habit,  deprived 
of  his  degrees,  and  with  a  paper  crown  on 
his  head,  with  pictures  of  devils  round, 
and  the  inscription  of  Hcresiaicli,  he  was 
burned  alive,  July,  1415.  He  endured 
his  torments  with  uncommon  fortitude,  and 
truly  Christian  resignation.  His  ashes 
were  collected  and  then  sprinkled  in  the 
Rhine.  His  writings,  which  were  nume- 
rous but  violent,  were  afterwards,  when 
printing  was  invented,  published  at  Nurem- 
burg  1558,  and  read  with  avidity. 

HuTCHESON,  Francis,  an  ingenious  wri- 
ter, born  Sth  Aug.  1694,  in  Ireland,  son  of 
a  dissenting  minister.  After  an  excellent 
education,  he  removed  in  1710  to  Glas- 
gow, where  for  some  years  he  earnestly 
applied  to  philosophy,  the  learned  lan- 
guages, and  divinity.  On  his  return  to 
Ireland,  he  took  care  of  a  small  dissenting 
congregation  in  Dublin,  and  intended  to  re- 
move into  the  north,  when  he  was  invited 
to  settle  in  the  capital,  and  to  open  an  aca- 
demy. He  met  here  with  great  success, 
and  the  publication  of  his  Inquiry  into  the 
Ideas  of  Beauty  and  Virtue,  in  which  he 
was  assisted  by  lord  Molcsworth,  anil 
bishop  Synge,  soon  recommended  him  to 
the  notice  of  the  great  and  learned  of  lord 
Granville,  the  viceroy,  of  archbishop  King, 
the  primate  Boulter,  and  others.  In  1729 
he  left  Ireland  for  Glasgow,  where  he  be- 
came professor  of  philosophy.  He  died 
there  highly  respected  in  private  life,  as 
well  as  a  public  teacher,  1747,  though  his 
constitution  seemed  to  promise  a  more  ex- 
tended life  than  53  years.  His  System  of 
Moral  Philosophy,  in  three  books,  wa^  pub- 
lished by  his  only  son  Francis,  ^i.D. 
1755,  2  vols.  4to.  with  an  Account  of  his 
Life  by  Dr.  Leecham.  He  wrote  also  a 
treatise  on  the  Passions,  and  some  philo- 
sophical papers,  printed  in  llibernicus' Let- 
ters. 

HuTCHiNS,  John,  author  of  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  Dorsetshire,  was  born 
1698  at  Bradford  Peverell  in  that  county. 
He  was  of  Baliol  college,  Oxford,  and  was 
in  1729  presented  to  the  living  of  Swyrc, 
to  MelcomI)  Horsey  1733,  and  to  Holy 
Trinity,  Wart  ham,  1743.  He  began  in 
1737  to  collect  materials  for  his  history, 
which  after  much  labour  and  many  difficul- 
ties, was  put  to  the  press,  but  received  not 
the  author's  last  correcting  hand.  It  was 
liberally  patronised  bv  the  gentlemen  of  the 

91 


ttUT 


HUT 


eoujity,  and  particularly  by  Dr.  Gumming 
and  Mr.  Gough,  and  made  its  appearance 
in  1774,  2  vols,  folio,  for  the  benefit  of  the 
author's  widow  and  daughter.  He  died 
2lst  June,  1773,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Mary's  church,  Wareham. 

HtJTCHiNS,  Thomas,  geographer  general 
of  the  United  States,  and  a  native  of  New- 
Jersey,  entered  the  army  in  the  western 
states  at  an  early  age  as  an  ensign.  He 
afterwards  became  paymaster,  and  served 
at  fort  Pitt,  and  in  Florida  against  the  In- 
dians. He  was  in  London  in  1779,  and 
was  imprisoned  some  time  on  account  of 
suspicions  that  he  held  a  correspondence 
with  Franklin  in  France.  On  being  li- 
berated he  returned  to  America,  and  joined 
the  army  under  general  Greene.  Not 
long  after  he  was  appointed  geographer 
general  of  the  United  States,  and  in  1789 
died  at  Pittsburgh.  He  was  a  man  of 
exemplary  piety.  He  published  several 
maps  and  topographical  descriptions  of  the 
middle  states,  Louisiana  and  Florida. 

iCj^  L. 

Hutchinson,  John,  the  well-known 
founder  of  a  philosophical  sect,  was  born 
at  Spennythorne,  Yorkshire,  1674.  He 
received  in  the  village  school  a  plain  edu- 
cation, which  was  improved  by  the  friendly 
communication  of  a  gentleman  who  lodged 
in  the  house  of  his  ftither,  and  at  the  age 
of  19  he  became  steward  to  Mr.  Bathurst 
a  Yorkshire  gentleman.  He  afterwards 
held  the  same  situation  in  the  family  of 
lord  Scarborough,  and  in  1700  he  under- 
took the  same  office  under  the  duke  of 
Somerset.  While  in  the  employment  of 
his  noble  patron  he  travelled  over  various 
parts  of  England,  and  made  a  valuable 
collection  of  fossils,  which  it  is  said  was 
afterwards  presented  to  the  University  of 
Cambridge  under  the  name  of  Dr.  Wood- 
ward, who  had  been  confidentially  in- 
trusted with  the  arrangement  and  descrip- 
tion of  them.  Displeased  with  the  harsh- 
ness and  treachery  of  his  former  friend, 
Hutchinson  determined  to  commence  au- 
thor ;  but  in  relinquishing  the  service  of 
the  duke,  he  was  liberally  presented  by 
him  as  master  of  the  horse  to  the  king, 
with  the  sinecure  of  purveyor  to  the  royal 
stables,  with  a  good  house  and  a  salary 
of  200/.  per  annum,  and  he  was  rewarded 
by  his  noble  patron  besides  with  the  pre- 
sentation of  the  living  of  Sutton,  Sussex, 
"ivhich  he  bestowed  on  his  friend  Julius 
Bate.  Thus  in  possession  of  indepen- 
dence he  began  to  devote  himself  labo- 
riously to  studious  pursuits,  and  in  1724 
he  published  his  first  part  of  Moses' 
Principia,  in  which  he  severely  ridiculed 
Woodward's  Natural  History  of  the  Earth, 
and  by  attacking  the  doctrine  of  gravita- 
tion he  thus  attempted  to  undermine  the 
great  fabric  on  which  Newton's  fame  is 
32 


built.  In  1727  the  second  pait  of  Moses' 
Principia  appeared,  in  which  he  asserted 
against  Newton's  doctrines  that  a  plenum 
and  the  air  are  the  principles  of  the 
Scripture  philosophy.  With  a  fanciful 
hypothesis  he  supported  that  the  myste- 
ries of  the  trinity  may  be  drawn  from 
the  three  grand  agents  in  the  system  of 
nature,  spirit,  fire,  and  light ;  and  so  fasci- 
nating were  his  arguments,  that  among 
others  Dr.  Samuel  Clarke,  declared  him- 
self a  Avarm  admirer  of  his  doctrines. 
Hutchinson  died  28th  Aug.  1737,  aged 
63.  In  his  temper  he  is  described  as  vio- 
lent ;  the  mental  powers  which  he  de- 
rived from  nature  were  great,  and  had 
they  been  early  and  properly  cultivated,  he 
might  have  enriched  his  works  with  more 
judicious  observations,  and  to  learning 
have  added  the  graces  of  elegant  language. 
In  his  opinions  Hutchinson  was  singular. 
He  imagined  that  all  knowledge  is  contain- 
ed in  the  Hebrew  Scriptures,  and  therefore 
rejecting  the  points,  he  regarded  every 
Hebrew  root  as  containing  some  important 
meaning,  and  conveying  the  signification 
of  some  mental  or  spiritual  thing.  Though 
this  fanciful  and  mysterious  system  was 
for  a  time  defended  with  violence  by  the 
author,  and  supported  zealously  by  his  ad- 
herents, by  the  learned  bishop  Home,  by 
Jones,  Spearman,  and  other  pious  divines, 
it  gradually  fell  into  disrepute,  and  is  now 
no  longer  dreaded  as  the  source  of  inno- 
vation and  skepticism  in  the  theological 
opinions  long  accepted  and  deservedly  re- 
vered by  the  general  bulk  of  mankind. 
All  his  works  were  collected  in  12  vols. 
8vo.  1748.  Though  distinguished  as  a 
writer,  he  was  also  eminent  as  a  mechanic, 
and  his  time-piece  for  the  discovery  of 
the  longitude  at  sea,  was  seen  and  appro- 
ved by  Newton,  Whiston,  and  other  learned 
men. 

Hutchinson,  John  Hely,  an  Irishman, 
born  1715.  By  perseverance,  and  the  ex- 
ertion of  moderate  abilities,  he  rose  to  the 
offices  of  prime  sergeant,  of  secretary  of 
state,  of  provost  of  Trinity  college,  Dublin, 
with  other  lucrative  employments.  His 
avidity,  however,  was  too  great  to  escape 
the  observation  of  political  rivals,  and 
lord  North  exclaimed,  in  speaking  of  him, 
If  this  man  had  England  and  Ireland 
given  him,  he  would  still  solicit  the  Isle 
of  Man  for  a  potato-garden.  He  died 
1794. 

Hutchinson,  Thomas,  LL.D.,  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  was  born  in  Boston,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1727.  He 
employed  himself  for  a  time  in  merchan- 
dise, but  soon  turned  his  attention  to  poli- 
tics, and  gained  popularity  as  an  agent  to 
Great  Britain,  and  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture. In  1758  he  was  elected  lieutenant- 
governor,  and  three  years  after,  against  the 


HUT 


liUT 


•wishes  of  the  people,  was  appointed  chief 
judge.       Ambitious,    hypocritical,    and   at 
heart  an  enemy  of  the  colonial  rights,   he 
began,  at  this  time,  to  lose  the  confidence 
of  the  public.     In   1765,  a  mob  assaulted 
and  plundered  his  house,  for  which,  how- 
ever,  the   general   court   indcmnilied   liini 
not  long  aflcrwaj-ds.     In  176i)  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor,  and  soon  became  oi)nox- 
ious   to  the  people  by  his  subserviency  to 
the    British   ministry.      In    I77i    Doctor 
Franklin   procured  a  number  of  his  letters 
addressed  to  the  British  ministers,  demon- 
strating his  hostility  to  the  colony,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  the  general  court  took 
measures   to  procure   his  removal.      He, 
however,  remained  till  1774,  when  he  was 
superseded  by  governor  Gage.     He  went 
to  England,   and  though  vindicated  by  the 
privy  council  from    the   charges    brought 
against  him  by  the  colony,   soon  fell  into 
neglect,  and  died  at  Brampton  in  1780.   He 
published  a  history  of  Massachusetts  from 
its  settlement  to  1750,  in  two  volumes,  8vo. 
which  is  highly  valued.  sdp'  L. 

Hutchinson,  Ann,  a  religious  enthusi- 
ast, who  occasioned  dissensions  in  the 
churches  of  New  England,  came  from  Lin- 
colnshire to  Boston  in  1636.  She  instituted 
meetings  for  women,  in  which  pretending 
to  enjoy  immediate  revelations,  she  taught 
many  antinomian  and  other  erroneous  sen- 
timents that  soon  occasioned  great  contro- 
versy in  the  colony,  and  in  1637  drew  to- 
gether an  ecclesiastical  synod,  which  con- 
demned her  errors.  Not  long  after  she 
was  banished  from  the  colony,  and  re- 
moved to  a  Dutch  settlement  in  New- York, 
where,  in  1643,  she,  with  her  family,  con- 
sisting of  fifteen  persons,  were  captured  by 
the  Indians,  and  all,  except  a  daughter, 
killed.  ICP  L. 

HuTTEN,  Ulric  de,  a  singular  character, 
born  1488,  of  a  respectable  family  at  Steck- 
enburg  in  Franconia.  He  studied  at  the 
abbey  of  Fulda,  and  took  his  master's  de- 
gree at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder  ;  but  as  his 
necessities  grew  upon  him  he  entered  the 
army  of  the  emperor  Maximilian,  and  was 
at  the  siege  of  Padua.  His  inclination  led 
him  to  literary  pursuits,  but  his  father  con- 
sidered such  employment  as  beneath  the 
character  of  a  gentleman,  and  therefore  to 
please  him  he  went  in  1511  to  Pavia  to 
study  the  law.  The  siege  and  plunder  of 
that  city  by  the  Swiss  disturbed  his  plans, 
and  he  returned  to  Germany,  and  contrary 
to  his  father's  wishes  applied  again  to  lite- 
rature. He  travelled  through  Bohemia 
and  Moravia,  often  without  money  or  re- 
sources except  what  charity  bestowed ; 
but  on  his  introduction  to  the  emperor, 
1516,  he  was  received  with  kindness,  and 
in  consequence  of  the  popularity  of  his 
compositions  he  received  from  his  hand 
the  poetical  crown.     He  afterwards  enter- 


ed again  into  the  army,  where  bin  intrepi- 
dity and  courage  became  proverbial  ;    but 
in    1511)  he   sighed   again  for  th<    peaceful 
retreats  of  the  muses,  and  after  liie   disor- 
ders of  a  dissipatj  d  life,  wished  for  a  wife 
to  take  care  of  liirn,  and  in  whose  roinpany 
he  might  unticiitl  liinisilf.     He  wa^  a  warm 
advocate    for    Luther'?,    doclrines,    and  he 
published   the   pope's  bull   against  that  re- 
former  with   such   sarcastic    remarks   and 
well   directed   raillery,   that  the  sovereign 
pontiff  commanded   the   elector  of  Mentz 
to   send  him  the  satirist  bound  hand  and 
foot.     He  escaped  however  from  tlie  storm 
to  the  castle  of   Ebernberg,   and  implored 
the  protection  of  the  emperor  and  of  the 
electors  of  Saxony  and  Mentz  ;  but  though 
persecuted  he  did  not  manifest  less  zeal 
against  the  see  of  Rome.     He  was  after- 
wards at   Basil,   where  he  was  refused  an 
asylum  in  the  house  of  Erasmus,  an  affront 
which  he  satirically  resented.     He  died  at 
last   in   an  island  of  the  lake  of  Zurich, 
where  he  had  taken  refuge,  Aug.  1523  ,  but 
though   he    was  such  an  advocate  for  the 
reformed  religion,   and  inveighed  so  bitter- 
ly against  the  corruptions  and  irregulari- 
ties of  the  Romish  church,  he  exhibited  in 
his  own  life  the   most  profligate  manners, 
and  fell  a  victim  to  a  foul  disease  which  his 
debauchery   had  brought  upon    him,   and 
which   he   in   vain   attempted  to   remove. 
Though  admired  for  his  genius  and  learn- 
ing, Hutten  was  violent  and  passionate  in 
his  temper,  and  what  was  said  of  Demos- 
thenes  was  applied  to  him  by  Camerarius, 
that  he  would  have  turned  the  world  upside 
down,  had  his  power  been  equal  to  his 
will.    His  works  are  numerous,  but  chiefly 
satirical,  so  that  he  has  been  compared  by 
Thuanus  to  Lucian.   His  Latin  poems  were 
published  1538,  l2nio.  and  have  been  since 
repi'inted.     He   had    also   a  share   in  the 
"  Epistolae     Virorum    Obscurorum,"    and 
printed  editions  of  Pliny,    Quintiiian  and 
Marcellinus,    and   of  Livy,    a  manuscript 
copy  of  which  he  discovered  1518. 

Hutten,  Jacob,  a  Silesian  in  the  16th 
century  ;  founder  of  an  Anabaptist  sect, 
called  ithe  Bohemian  or  Moravian  brethren. 
His  tenets  recommended  equality  among 
men,  and  therefore  he  exposed  himself  to 
the  persecution  of  magistrates  and  consti- 
tuted authorities.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  not  mentioned,  though  it  is  said,  per- 
haps falsely,  that  he  was  burnt  as  a  heretic 
at  Inspruck.  His  followers  dispersed  after 
his  death,  though  the  Moravians  who  ad- 
hered to  Zinzendortr  considered  them- 
selves as  the  true  disciples  of  his  doc- 
trines. 

HuTTER,  Elias,  a  protestant  divine,  bom 
at  Ulric,  1553.  He  was  an  able  orientalist, 
and  published  a  "  Hebrew  Bible,"  with  the 
117th  psalm  in  17  languages,  two  Poly- 
glotts,  one  in  four  lanjuages  1596,  and  the 

93 


HLT 


HUY 


other  in  sLs,  1599.  He  died  in  Nurem- 
berg after  1602. 

Hotter,  Leonard,  a  learned  divine, 
born  at  Ulm,  1563.  He  studied  at  Stras- 
burg,  Leipsic,  Jena,  Sac.  and  was  theologi- 
cal professor  at  Wittemberg,  and  la.stly 
rector  of  the  university.  He  died  of  a 
fever  1616.  He  wrote  Compendium  Theo- 
logiae — Libri  Christiana;  Concordia; — Col- 
legium Theologicum — and  other  theologi- 
cal works.  He  was  a  strenuous  adherent 
to  Lutlier's  principles. 

HuTTON,  Matthew,  an  English  bishop. 
He  was  born  of  poor  parents  in  Lancashire, 
but  he  had  the  advantage  of  a  tolerable 
education,  and  was  sent  to  Cambridge, 
■where  he  became  fellow  of  Trinity  college, 
and  lady  Margaret's  professor  of  divinity. 
He  afterwards  obtained  a  prebend  of  St. 
Paul's,  was  made  master  of  Pembroke  hall, 
and  in  1567  preferred  to  the  deanery  of 
York.  In  1589  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Durham,  and  five  years  after  translated  to 
York.     He  died  1605,  aged  59. 

HuTTON,  William,  an  ingenious  writer, 
was  bom  at  Derby,  in  1723.  From  the  age 
of  seven  to  fourteen  he  worked  at  the  silk- 
mill  ;  on  leaving  which  he  was  apprenticed 
to  a  stocking  weaver.  On  the  expiration 
of  his  time  he  laboured  as  a  journeyman, 
and  employed  his  leisure  hours  in  book- 
binding, by  which  he  earned  a  little  money. 
In  1750  he  opened  a  shop  for  the  sale  of 
old  books,  to  which  he  added  a  circulating 
library,  at  Birmingham,  where  he  succeed- 
ed so  well  as  to  embark  in  the  paper  busi- 
ness Thus,  by  frugality  and  industry  he 
arrived  at  opulence  ;  but  in  1791  his  house 
at  Birmingham,  and  seat  near  the  town, 
were  destroyed  by  the  rioters  ;  for  which 
he  obtained  an  inadequate  compensation 
from  the  county.  He  died  at  the  extraor- 
dinary age  of  ninety-two,  Sept.  20,  1815. 
Mr.  Hutton  was  the  architect  of  his  own 
fortune,  as  well  as  the  cultivator  of  his  own 
mind.  His  works  are — 1.  The  History  of 
Birmingham,  Svo.  2.  Journey  to  London. 
3.  History  of  the  Court  of  Requests,  and 
of  the  Hundred  Court  at  Birmingham.  4. 
History  of  Blackpool.  5.  History  of  the 
Battle  of  Bosworth  Field.  6.  History  of 
Derby.  7.  Description  of  the  Roman 
Wall.  8.  Remarks  upon  North  Wales. 
9.  Tour  to  Scarborougli.  10.  Poems.  11. 
Trip  to  Coatham.— fT.  B. 

HuTGENS,  Constantine,  author  of  14 
books  of  Latin  poems  and  miscellanies, 
called  Monumenta  Desultoria,  was  born  at 
the  Hague,  and  became  .secretary  to  the 
prince  of  Orange,  and  president  of  his 
council.     He  died  1687,  aged  91. 

HuTGENS,  Christian,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician, son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
the   Hague,   14th   April,  1629.     From  his 
very  youth  he  discovered  a  strona"  genius 
94 


for  mathematics,  and  paid  also  great  atten- 
tion to  music,  arithmetic,  geograpliy,  and 
mechanics.  He  for  some  time  studied  law 
at  Leyden  and  Breda,  but  without  relin- 
quishing his  favourite  sciences,  so  that  in 
I6nl  he  gave  the  world  a  specimen  of  his 
mathematical  abilities,  by  the  publication 
of  his  Theoremata  de  Quadrature  Hyper- 
boles Ellipsis  et  Circuli  ex  dato  Portioimm 
Gravitatis  Centro.  In  1649  he  went  to 
Holstein,  and  in  1655  to  France,  where 
he  took  the  degree  of  doctor  of  Ia%vs  at  An- 
giers.  In  1658  he  published  at  the  Hague 
his  Horologium,  with  a  model  of  a  newly 
invented  pendulum,  and  the  following  year 
appeared  his  system  of  Saturn,  in  which  he 
discovered  a  satellite  attending  that  planet, 
and  ascertained  the  existence  of  its  perma- 
nent ring.  In  1660  he  again  went  to 
France,  and  the  next  year  came  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  was  made  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society.  His  improvements  in  po- 
lishing glasses,  and  in  the  air-pump  lately 
invented,  increased  his  fame  ;  but  he  had  a 
dispute  with  Wren  and  Wallis  about  the 
priority  of  discovering  the  laws  of  the  col- 
lision of  elastic  bodies.  In  1666  he  went 
to  reside  at  Paris  in  consequence  of  the 
flattering  invitations  of  Colbert,  and  the 
honourable  grant  of  a  handsome  pension. 
Here,  constantly  devoted  to  mathematical 
and  scientific  pursuits,  he  found  his  health 
gradually  decline  from  excessive  applica- 
tion, and  in  1681  he  left  France  for  his  na- 
tive country,  where  he  spent  the  remainder 
of  life.  He  died  at  the  Hague,  8th  June, 
1695,  in  his  67th  year,  while  his  Cosmo- 
theoros,  a  Latin  treatise  on  the  plurality 
of  worlds,  %vas  printing.  This  work  ap- 
peared 1698,  his  Opuscula  Posthuma,  1703, 
4to. — and  the  next  year  his  Opera  Varia, 
in  4  vols.  4to.  under  the  care  of  Gravesandc. 
The  same  editor,  in  1728,  published  his 
Opera  Reliqua,  in  2  vols.  4to. — the  first  of 
which  contains  his  treatises  on  Light  and 
Gravity,  and  the  second  the  Opuscula 
Posthuma.  His  works  have  been  collected 
in  6  vols.  4to.  Huygens  was  a  great  as 
well  as  a  learned  character,  in  virtue,  in 
cheerfulness,  and  private  worth  equalled  by 
few.     He  was  never  married. 

HuTsuM,  Justus  Van,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Amsterdam.  He  died  1716,  aged 
57.  He  was  the  pupil  of  N.  Berchem  and 
excelled  in  painting  battles,  landscapes, 
and  flowers. 

HuTSUM,  John  Van,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Amsterdam  1682.  He  became 
so  celebrated  as  a  painter  that  his  pieces 
sold  for  a  very  high  price.  He  was  so 
jealous  of  liis  fame  that  he  never  admitted 
any  person  to  see  him  paint,  and  therefore 
his  mode  of  mixing  the  tints  and  preserving 
the  lustre  of  colours  remained  an  impene- 
trable secret.  He  died  1749.  His  bro- 
thers .Tnstus  and   .Tacob  were  also   excel- 


HVD 


IIYD 


lent  painters.     Justus  died  at.  the  age  ol' 
22,  and  Jacob  1710,  aged  60. 

Hyde,  Edward,  earl  of  Clarendon,  and 
lord  clumcellor  of  England,  was  descended 
from  an  ancient  Cheshire  family,  and  born 
at  Dinton,  VN  ilts,  l6th  Feb.  1008.  In  1622 
he  entered  at  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford,  and 
on  being  disappointed  in  a  fellowship  at 
Exeter  college,  he  removed  to  the  Middle 
Temple,  where  he  ardently  devoted  himself 
to  the  study  of  the  law.  In  the  parliament 
of  1640  he  sat  for  Wootton  Basset,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  a  speaker.  He 
was  elected  for  Saltash  in  the  long  parlia- 
ment, and  so  well  established  was  his  re- 
putation as  an  orator,  and  a  man  of  influ- 
ence, that  when  the  commons  presented 
articles  of  impeachment  against  the  judges 
Davenport,  AVeston,  and  Trevor,  he  was 
commissioned  to  carry  them  to  the  lords, 
and  he  introduced  them  in  a  most  excellent 
and  energetic  speech.  He  was  not,  how- 
ever, so  fully  devoted  to  party  as  to  forget 
his  duties,  the  respect  he  had  lor  the  integ- 
rity of  the  church,  and  the  honour  of  the 
crown,  would  not  permit  him  to  assent  to 
the  measures  which  banished  the  bishops 
from  parliament,  and  though  one  of  the 
committee  against  the  persecuted  Strafford, 
he  soon  abandoned  the  office,  and  opposed 
the  attainder  when  he  perceived  the  vio- 
lence and  vindictive  animosity  of  his  accu- 
sers. With  an  equal  spirit  of  virtue  and 
patriotism,  he  inveighed  against  the  ordi- 
nance for  raising  the  militia  against  the 
king,  and  when  he  saw  his  moderation  sus- 
pected, he  left  the  parliament,  and  in  1642 
withdrew  to  the  king  at  York.  His  abili- 
ties were  well  known  to  the  unfortunate 
monarch,  who  soon  after  knighted  him,  and 
appointed  him  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
and  a  privy  counsellor.  In  1643  he  attend- 
ed the  parliament  at  Oxford,  and  the  next 
year  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  at 
the  treaty  of  Uxbridge,  and  afterwards 
went  as  secretary  and  assistant  counsellor 
to  the  prince  of  Wales  in  his  excursion  into 
Wales.  On  the  ruin  of  the  royal  cause, 
he  passed  into  the  Scilly  islands,  and  in 
1645  to  Jersey,  %vhere  he  began  to  write 
his  history  of  the  rebellion.  In  164S,  on 
the  king's  death,  he  went  to  join  his  new 
master  at  Paris,  and  the  next  year  he  was 
sent  with  lord"  Cottington  as  ambassador 
extraordinary  to  Spain.  He  afterwards 
was  made  secretary  of  state,  and  in  1657 
raised  to  the  office  of  lord  chancellor, 
which  he  continued  to  hold  at  the  restora- 
tion. On  his  return  to  England  with  the 
king  in  1660,  he  was  made  chancellor  of 
Oxford,  and  created  a  peer,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  raised  to  the  dignity  of  an  earl. 
These  high  honours  were  due  to  his  ser- 
vices, his  prudence,  and  his  moderation, 
and  while  he  wished  to  restore  the  pre- 
vojfatives  of  the  crown,  he  was  zealously 


erajdoyed  in  establishing  the  liberties  of  the 
people   on  a  solid   and   permanent  ba»is. 
Envy,  however,  is  the  ultiMidaiit  on  great- 
ness and  virtue,   and  the  •l.vation   of  his 
daughter,    to   be  the   wife  of  the  duke  of 
York,    contril)ut<d    pirhHp-«    more    to    his 
downfal    than    the    firmmts.s   and    courage 
with  which   he   watch<  d  over  the  rii^hls  of 
the   church,  and  the  true  interests  of  the 
kingdom  against  the  intrigues  of  the  catho- 
lics,  and  the  machinations  of  the  dissen- 
ters.     He  was  first  attacked   in   1663,   by 
lord    Bristol,   who   exhibited   against   him 
sixteen  charges  of  high  treason,  but  though 
the  malice  of  the  accusation,  and  the  incon- 
sistency of  his  adversary  were  too  glaring 
not  to  be  rejected   with   indignation,   the 
public  odium  still  was  directed  against  him. 
His  building  of  a  magnificent  house  was 
converted  in  1664  as  an  engine  of  accusa- 
tion  against  him,   and  while  his  enemies 
charged  him  with  thus  lavishing  the  sums 
of  money  which  they  pretended  he  had  re- 
ceived for  selling    Dunkirk,   his  conduct, 
though  virtuous  in  the  extreme,  became  so 
suspected,  that  the  king  in  1667  dismissed 
him  from  the  office  of  chancellor.     His  dis- 
missal  was   immediately  followed   by  his 
impeachment,  but  he  avoided  the  impend- 
ing storm  by  flying  into  France,  and  con- 
sequently an  act  of  banishment  was  passed 
against  him.     From   Rouen   he  retired  to 
Evreux  in   1668,  where  one  night  he  wEis 
attacked  by  a  body  of  English  seamen,  who 
dragged  him  from  his  bed  into  the  yard, 
and  were  going  to  despatch  him,  had   not, 
in  the   violent  scuffle,  their  lieutenant  op- 
portunely come  to  disarm  them  and  save 
his  life.     He  afterwards  went  to  Montpel- 
lier,  and   then  returned  to  Moulins  1672, 
and  the  next  year  settled  at  Rouen,  where 
he  died  9th   Dec.     His  body  was  brought 
to  England  and  interred  in  Henry  the  Se- 
venth's chapel  in  Westminster  abbey.    He 
was  twice  married  :  by  his  first  wife  he  had 
no   children,    and  by  the  second,   he  had 
four   sons   and   two  daughters,   of  which 
Anne,  the  eldest,  married  the  duke  of  York, 
and  became   mother  of  Mary  and  Anne, 
successively  queens  of  England.     Besides 
his  most  valuable  history  of  the  rebellion, 
which    was    completed  about   1673,    and 
which  wa3  best  edited  at  Oxford,   both  in 
folio  and  8vo.  lord  Clarendon  wrote  ani- 
madversions on  Mr.  Cressy's  book,  called 
Fanaticism,  fanatically  imputed  to  the  ca- 
tholic church   by    Dr.    StUlingfleet,    8vo. 
1672 — A  Survey  of  Hobbes'  Leviathan,  4to. 
— Miscellaneous    Tracts,     collected     and 
printed  in  one  vol.  fol. — an  Account  of  his 
own  Life  to  his  Banishment,  printed  1759 
— The  disgrace  and  the  dismission  of  Cla- 
rendon from  the  service  of  the  king  are 
attributed  by  some  to  the  ridicule  of  Buck- 
ingham and   other   dissipated    favourites, 
who  amused  their  licentious  monarch  with 

9^ 


HLT 


IIVY 


other  in  sLs,  1599.     He  died  in  Nurem- 
berg after  1602. 

HuTTER,  Leonard,  a  learned  divine, 
born  at  Ulm,  1563.  He  studied  at  Stras- 
burg,  Leipsic,  Jena,  &c.  and  was  theologi- 
cal professor  at  Wittemberg,  and  ia.stly 
rector  of  the  university.  He  died  of  a 
fever  1616.  He  wrote  Compendium  Theo- 
logiae — Libri  Christianae  Cuncordiae — Col- 
legium Theologicum — and  other  theologi- 
cal works.  He  was  a  strenuous  adherent 
to  Luther's  principles. 

HuTTON,  Matthew,  an  English  bishop. 
He  was  born  of  poor  parents  in  Lancashire, 
but  he  had  the  advantage  of  a  tolerable 
education,  and  was  sent  to  Cambridge, 
where  he  became  fellow  of  Trinity  college, 
and  lady  Margaret's  professor  of  divinity. 
He  afterwards  obtained  a  prebend  of  St. 
Paul's,  was  made  master  of  Pembroke  hall, 
and  in  1567  preferred  to  the  deanery  of 
York.  In  1589  he  was  made  bishop  of 
Durham,  and  five  years  after  translated  to 
York.     He  died  1605,  aged  59. 

HuTTON,  William,  an  ingenious  writer, 
was  bom  at  Derby,  in  1723.  From  the  age 
of  seven  to  fourteen  he  worked  at  the  silk- 
mill  ;  on  leaving  which  he  was  apprenticed 
to  a  stocking  weaver.  On  the  expiration 
of  his  time  he  laboured  as  a  journeyman, 
and  employed  his  leisure  hours  in  book- 
binding, by  which  he  earned  a  little  money. 
In  1750  he  opened  a  shop  for  the  sale  of 
old  books,  to  which  he  added  a  circulating 
library,  at  Birmingham,  where  he  succeed- 
ed so  well  as  to  embark  in  the  paper  busi- 
ness Thus,  by  frugality  and  industry  he 
arrived  at  opulence  ;  but  in  1791  his  house 
at  Birmingham,  and  seat  near  the  town, 
were  destroyed  by  the  rioters  ;  for  which 
he  obtained  an  inadequate  compensation 
from  the  county.  He  died  at  the  extraor- 
dinary age  of  ninety-two,  Sept.  20,  1815. 
Mr.  Hutton  was  the  architect  of  his  own 
fortune,  as  well  as  the  cultivator  of  his  own 
mind.  His  works  are — 1.  The  History  of 
Birmingham,  Svo.  2.  Journey  to  London. 
3.  History  of  the  Court  of  Requests,  and 
of  the  Hundred  Court  at  Birmingliam.  4. 
History  of  Blackpool.  5.  History  of  the 
Battle  of  Bosworth  Field.  6.  History  of 
Derby.  7.  Description  of  the  Roman 
Wall.  8.  Remarks  upon  North  Wales. 
9.  Tour  to  Scarborough.  10.  Poems.  11. 
Trip  to  Coatham.— fT.  B. 

HuTGENS,  Constantino,  author  of  14 
books  of  Latin  poems  and  miscellanies, 
called  Monumenta  Desultoria,  was  born  at 
the  Hague,  and  became  .secretary  to  the 
prince  of  Orange,  and  president  of  his 
council.     He  died  1687,  aged  91. 

IIuTGENS,  Christian,  a  celebrated  mathe- 
matician, son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
the   Hague,   14th   April,  1629.     From  his 
very  youth  he  discovered  a  strong-  genius 
94 


£or  mathematics,  and  paid  also  great  atten- 
tion to  music,  arithmetic,  geography,  and 
mechanics.  He  for  some  time  studied  law 
at  Leyden  and  Breda,  but  without  relin- 
quishing his  favourite  sciences,  so  that  in 
I6nl  he  gave  the  world  a  specimen  of  his 
mathematical  abilities,  by  the  publication 
of  his  Theoremata  de  Quadratura  Hyper- 
boles Ellipsis  et  Circuli  ex  dato  Portioiium 
Gravitatis  Centro.  In  1649  he  went  to 
Holstein,  and  in  1655  to  France,  where 
he  took  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  at  An- 
glers. In  1658  he  published  at  the  Hague 
his  Horologium,  with  a  model  of  a  newly 
invented  pendulum,  and  the  following  year 
appeared  his  system  of  Saturn,  in  which  he 
discovered  a  satellite  attending  that  planet, 
and  ascertained  the  existence  of  its  perma- 
nent ring.  In  1660  he  again  went  to 
France,  and  the  next  year  came  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  was  made  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society.  His  improvements  in  po- 
lishing glasses,  and  in  the  air-pump  lately 
invented,  increased  his  fame  ;  but  he  had  a 
dispute  with  W^ren  and  Wallis  about  the 
priority  of  discovering  the  laws  of  the  col- 
lision of  elastic  bodies.  In  1666  he  went 
to  reside  at  Paris  in  consequence  of  the 
flattering  invitations  of  Colbert,  and  the 
honourable  grant  of  a  handsome  pension. 
Here,  constantly  devoted  to  mathematical 
and  scientific  pursuits,  he  found  his  health 
gradually  decline  from  excessive  applica- 
tion, and  in  1681  he  left  France  for  his  na- 
tive country,  where  he  spent  the  remainder 
of  life.  He  died  at  the  Hague,  8th  June, 
1695,  in  his  67th  year,  while  his  Cosmo- 
theoros,  a  Latin  treatise  on  the  plurality 
of  worlds,  was  printing.  This  work  ap- 
peared 1698,  his  Opuscula  Posthuma,  1703, 
4to. — and  the  next  year  his  Opera  Varia, 
in  4  vols.  4to.  under  the  care  of  Gravesande. 
The  same  editor,  in  1728,  published  his 
Opera  Reliqua,  in  2  vols.  4to. — the  first  of 
which  contains  his  treatises  on  Light  and 
Gravity,  and  the  second  the  Opuscula 
Posthuma.  His  works  have  been  collected 
in  6  vols.  4to.  Huygens  was  a  great  as 
well  as  a  learned  character,  in  virtue,  in 
cheerfulness,  and  private  worth  equalled  by 
few.     He  was  never  married. 

Ht'TsuM,  Justus  Van,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Amsterdam.  He  died  1716,  aged 
57.  He  was  the  pupil  of  N.  Berchem  and 
excelled  in  painting  battles,  landscapes, 
and  flowers. 

HuTSUM,  John  Van,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Amsterdam  1682.  He  became 
so  celebrated  as  a  painter  that  his  pieces 
sold  for  a  very  high  price.  He  was  so 
jealous  of  liis  fame  that  he  never  admitted 
any  person  to  sec  him  paint,  and  therefore 
his  mode  of  mixing  the  tints  and  preserving 
the  lustre  of  colours  remained  an  impene- 
trable secret.  He  died  1749.  His  bro- 
thers .Tnstus  and   Jacob  were  also   excel- 


11 VD 


U\D 


lent  painters.     Justus  died  at.  the  age  of 
22,  and  Jacob  1740,  aged  GO. 

Hyde,  Edward,  earl  of  Clarendon,  and 
lord  chancellor  of  England,  was  descended 
from  an  ancient  Cheshire  family,  and  born 
at  Dinton,  VN  ilts,  l6tl»  Feb.  1G08.  In  1G22 
he  entered  at  Magdalen  ball,  Oxford,  and 
on  being  disappointed  in  a  fellowship  at 
Exeter  college,  he  removed  to  the  Middh; 
Temple,  where  he  ardently  devoted  himself 
to  the  study  of  the  law.  In  the  parliament 
of  1640  he  sat  for  Wootton  Basset,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  a  speaker.  He 
was  elected  for  Saltash  in  the  long  parlia- 
ment, and  so  well  established  was  his  re- 
putation as  an  orator,  and  a  man  of  influ- 
ence, that  when  the  commons  presented 
articles  of  impeachment  against  the  judges 
Davenport,  Weston,  and  Trevor,  he  was 
commissioned  to  carry  them  to  the  lords, 
and  he  introduced  them  in  a  most  excellent 
and  energetic  speech.  He  was  not,  how- 
ever, so  fully  devoted  to  party  as  to  forget 
his  duties,  the  respect  he  had  tor  the  integ- 
rity of  the  church,  and  the  honour  of  the 
crown,  would  not  permit  him  to  assent  to 
the  measures  which  banished  the  bishops 
from  parliament,  and  though  one  of  the 
committee  against  the  persecuted  Strafford, 
be  soon  abandoned  the  office,  and  opposed 
the  attainder  when  he  perceived  the  vio- 
lence and  vindictive  animosity  of  his  accu- 
sers. With  an  equal  spirit  of  virtue  and 
patriotism,  he  inveighed  against  the  ordi- 
nance for  raising  the  militia  against  the 
king,  and  when  he  saw  his  moderation  sus- 
pected, he  left  the  parliament,  and  in  1642 
withdrew  to  the  king  at  York.  His  abili- 
ties were  well  known  to  the  unfortunate 
monarch,  who  soon  after  knighted  him,  and 
appointed  him  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
and  a  privy  counsellor.  In  1643  he  attend- 
ed the  parliament  at  Oxford,  and  the  next 
year  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  at 
the  treaty  of  Uxbridge,  and  afterwards 
went  as  secretary  and  assistant  counsellor 
to  the  prince  of  Wales  in  his  excursion  into 
Wales.  On  the  ruin  of  the  royal  cause, 
he  passed  into  the  Scilly  islands,  and  in 
1645  to  Jersey,  where  he  began  to  write 
his  history  of  the  rebellion.  In  1648,  on 
the  king's  death,  he  went  to  join  his  new 
master  at  Paris,  and  the  next  year  he  was 
sent  with  lord*  Cottington  as  ambassador 
extraordinary  to  Spain.  He  afterwards 
was  made  secretary  of  state,  and  in  1657 
raised  to  the  office  of  lord  chancellor, 
which  he  continued  to  hold  at  the  restora- 
tion. On  his  return  to  England  with  the 
king  in  1660,  he  was  made  chancellor  of 
Oxfbrd,  and  created  a  peer,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  raised  to  the  dignity  of  an  earl. 
These  high  honours  were  due  to  his  ser- 
vices, his  prudence,  and  his  moderation, 
and  while  he  wished  to  restore  the  pre- 
roaratives  of  the  crown,  he  was  zealously 


employed  in  establishing  the  liberties  of  tUc 
people    on   a   solid   and   permanent  baaia. 
Envy,  however,  in  the  atlendaiil  on  great- 
ness and  virtue,   and  the  «b;vation   of  his 
daughter,    to   be  the   wife  of  the  duke  of 
York,    contril»ut«'d    ptrliapi    more    to    his 
downfal    than    the   firinnus:^   and    courage 
with  which   he   watch(  d   over  the  rights  of 
the   church,  and  the  true   inturests  of  the 
kingdom  against  the  intrigues  o(  the  catho- 
lics,  and  the  machinations  of  the  dissen- 
ters.    He  was  first  attacked   in   1663,   by 
lord    Bristol,   who    exhibited    against   him 
sixteen  charges  of  high  treason,  but  though 
the  malice  of  the  accusation,  and  the  incon- 
sistency of  his  adversary  were  too  glaring 
not  to  be  rejected   with   indignation,  the 
public  odium  still  was  directed  against  him. 
His  building  of  a  magnificent  house  was 
converted  in  1664  as  an  engine  of  accusa- 
tion  against  him,   and  while   his  enemies 
chained  him  with  thus  lavishing  the  sums 
of  money  which  they  pretended  he  had  re- 
ceived for  selling    Dunkirk,   his  conduct, 
though  virtuous  in  the  extreme,  became  so 
suspected,  that  the  king  in  1667  dismissed 
him  from  the  office  of  chancellor.     His  dis- 
missal  was   immediately  followed   by  his 
impeachment,   but  he  avoided  the  impend- 
ing storm  by  flying  into  France,  and  con- 
sequently an  act  of  banishment  was  passed 
against  him.     From   Rouen   he  retired  to 
Evreux  in   1668,   where  one  night  he  was 
attacked  by  a  body  of  English  seamen,  who 
dragged  him  from  his  bed  into  the  yard, 
and  were  going  to  despatch  him,  had   not, 
in  the   violent  scuffle,  their  lieutenant  op- 
portunely come  to  disarm  them  and  save 
his  life.     He  afterwards  went  to  Montpel- 
lier,  and  then  returned  to  Moulius  1672, 
and  the  next  year  settled  at  Rouen,  where 
he  died  9th   Dec.     His  body  was  brought 
to  England  and  interred  in  Henry  the  Se- 
venth's chapel  in  Westminster  abbey.    He 
was  twice  married  :  by  his  first  wife  he  had 
no   children,    and  by  the  second,   he  had 
four  sons   and   two  daughters,   of  which 
Anne,  the  eldest,  married  the  duke  of  York, 
and  became  mother  of  Mary  and  Anne, 
successively  queens  of  England.     Besides 
his  most  valuable  history  of  the  rebellion, 
which    was    completed  about   1673,    and 
which  wa3  best  edited  at  Oxford,   both  in 
folio  and  8vo.  lord  Clarendon  wrote  ani- 
madversions on  Mr.  Cressy's  book,  called 
Fanaticism,  fanatically  imputed  to  the  ca- 
tholic church   by    Dr.    Stillingfleet,    8vo. 
1672 — A  Survey  of  Hobbes'  Leviathan,  4to. 
— Miscellaneous    Tracts,     collected     and 
printed  in  one  vol.  fol. — an  Account  of  his 
own  Life  to  his  Banishment,  printed  1759 
— The  disgrace  and  the  dismission  of  Cla- 
rendon from  the  service  of  the  king  are 
attributed  by  some  to  the  ridicule  of  Buck- 
ingham and   other   dissipated    favourites, 
who  amused  their  licentious  monarch  with 


HYD 


HVD 


mimicking  the  personal  consequence  of  the 
chancellor.  While  with  a  pair  of  bellows 
before  him,  to  represent  the  purse,  and  a 
fire-shovel  for  the  mace,  Buckingham  thus 
insulted  the  dignity  of  Clarendon,  Charles 
unfortunately  forgot  in  the  jest  the  services 
of  his  faithful  and  loyal  servant,  and  listen- 
ed with  greater  pleasure  to  the  vile  insinua- 
tions of  his  concubines,  t;  an  he  respected 
the  integrity,  the  wisdom,  and  the  virtues 
of  the  friend  of  his  father,  and  the  sup- 
porter of  his  throne. 

Hyde,  Henry,  earl  of  Clarendon,  son  of 
the  chancellor,  was  born  1638.  He  was 
early  employed  in  the  correspondence  car- 
ried on  by  his  father,  as  secrecy  was  very 
requisite  in  the  management  of  the  king's 
affairs.  At  the  restoration  he  was  made 
M.A.  at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  appointed 
chamberlain  to  the  queen.  He  was  so 
much  dissatisfied  with  the  illiberal  treat- 
ment which  his  father  had  met  with  from 
the  court,  that  he  opposed  the  measures  of 
ministers  in  parliament,  and  distinguished 
himself  among  the  most  eloquent  speakers. 
On  his  father's  death  he  took  his  seat  in 
the  house  of  lords,  still  in  the  ranks  of 
opposition ;  but  his  zealous  exertions 
against  the  bill  of  exclusion  restored  him 
to  favour,  and  in  1680  he  was  made  a  privy 
counsellor,  and  on  James's  accession  sent 
as  viceroy  to  Ireland.  His  attachment  to 
the  protestants,  however,  was  displeasing 
to  a  popish  ministry  ;  he  was  removed 
from  Ireland,  to  make  room  for  Tyrconnel, 
but  on  the  abdication  of  the  king,  he  re- 
fused to  take  the  oaths  of  allegiance  to 
William,  and  was  therefore  sent  to  the 
tower.  After  some  months'  confinement 
he  retired  into  the  country,  and  spent  the 
remainder  of  his  days  in  peace  and  privacy. 
He  died  1709,  aged  71.  His  State  Let- 
ters, and  his  Diary  for  1687,  1688,  and 
1690,  were  published  2  vols.  4to.  1763,  at 
Oxford. 

Hyde,  Lawrence,  second  son  of  the 
chancellor,  was,  from  the  consequence  of 
his  family,  early  engaged  about  the  court. 
He  was  made  in  1661  master  of  the  robes 
to  the  king,  and  in  1676  he  was  sent  as 
ambassador  to  Poland,  and  was  present 
as  plenipotentiary  at  the  congress  of  Ni- 
nieguen.  He  was  made  first  lord  of  the 
treasury  in  1679,  and  warmly  opposed  the 
bill  which  was  brought  into  parliament  to 
exclude  the  duke  of  York  from  the  succes- 
sion, and  for  his  services  he  was  raised  to 
the  peerage  in  1681,  by  the  title  of  viscount 
Hyde,  and  afterwards  earl  of  Rochester. 
He  was  in  1684  appointed  president  of  the 
council,  lord  treasurer,  and  in  1685  made 
knight  of  the  garter,  but  though  thus  fa- 
voured by  the  court,  he  refused  to  change 
his  religion  at  the  pressing  solicitations  of 
his  new  sovereign,  the  second  James,  and 
thus  sacrificed  his  place  to  his  principles, 
96 


At  the  revolution  he  was  one  of  the  eccle- 
siastical commissioners,  and  was  sent  in 
1700  to  Ireland  as  lord  lieutenant.  His 
abilities  recommended  him  equally  to  the 
next  reign,  as  under  Anne  he  was  made 
president  of  the  council.  He  died  1711, 
deservedly  respected  as  an  able  statesman. 
The  dedication  of  lord  Clarendon's  History 
of  the  Rebellion  was  by  him. 

Hyde,  Thomas,  a  learned  writer,  born 
29th    June,    1636,    at    Billingsley,    near 
Bridgenorth,  Salop,  where  his  father  was 
minister.     After  studying  the  oriental  lan- 
guages under  his  father,  he  went  to  King's 
college,   Cambridge,  and   was  soon    after 
recommended  by  Wheelock,  an  able  lin- 
guist,   to    Walton,    afterwards    bishop  of 
Chester,  whom  he  assisted  in  the  comple- 
tion of  his  polyglott  Bible.     His  services 
were  such  in  the  transcribing  of  the  cha- 
racters, in  the  correction,  and  also  in  the 
setting  forth  of  the  Persian   Pentateuch, 
that  the  learned  editor  acknowledged  in 
the  handsomest  terms  his  abilities,  and  his 
meritorious  assistance.     In   l6iiS   he   en- 
tered at  Queen's  college,   Oxfor  .,  and  the 
year   after   by   the   direction    of   Richard 
Cromwell,  the  chancellor  of  the  university, 
he  was  with  every  mark  of  respect,  admit- 
ted  M.A.      He    was    afterwards    elected 
under-librarian,  and  then  head-librarian  to 
the  Bodleian,  and  in   1665  he  published  a 
Latin  translation  of  Uleigh   Beig's   Obser- 
vations on  the  Longitude  and  Latitude  of 
the  Stars.     In  1666  he  was  made  preben- 
dary  of   Sarum,    in    1678   archdeacon   of 
Gloucester,  in  1682  he  took  the  degree  of 
D.D.  and  in  1691  he  was  elected  Arabic 
professor  on  Dr.  Pocock's  death.     In  1697 
he  was  made  regius  professor  of  Hebrew, 
and  canon  of  Christ-church,   and  in  1701 
resigned  the  Bodleian.     He  died  18th  Feb. 
1703,  at  Christ-church.      He   was   inter- 
preter and  secretary  for  oriental  languages 
to  Charles  II.  and  his  two  successors,  and 
for  learning,  judgment,  and  extensive  in- 
formation  he    was    deservedly  esteemed. 
The  best  known  and  most  valuable  of  his 
works  is,  Historia  Religionis  Veterum  Per- 
sarum,  eorumque  Magorum,  &c.  published 
1700,  in  4to.  dedicated  to  lord  Somers,  and 
abounding  in  most  interesting  and  curious 
particulars  concerning  the  theology,  his- 
tory, and  learning  of  Eastern  nations. 

Hyde,  Edward,  was  appointed  deputy- 
governor  of  North-Carolina,  in  the  place 
of  Gary,  and  arrived  in  the  colony  August, 
1710.  In  1712  he  received  a  new  com- 
mission, constituting  him  governor.  His 
short  administration  was  conducted  with 
prudence.  It  was  remarkable  for  the  rebel- 
lion instigated  by  Cary,  and  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Indian  war.  The  former  was 
quelled  by  the  assistance  of  the  governor  of 
Virginia.  Both  events  were  greatly  pre- 
judicial to  the  colony.     Governor  Hyde 


IIYL 


1 1  \  W 


died  Sept.  8ili,  1812,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Eden.  |C5^  L. 

Hydf.r-am-kuan,  an  Asiatic  prince, 
born  at  Dinavclli,  in  the  Mysore.  He 
served  under  his  father,  and  after  his  death 
1751,  he  joined  his  brotlier,  who  was  in 
alliance  with  France.  His  intrepidity  in 
the  tield,  and  a  series  of  successful  enter- 
prises against  the  Mahrattas,  and  against 
the  English  power  in  the  East,  raised  him 
not  only  to  the  rank  of  generalissimo  of 
the  king  of  Mysore's  forces,  but  to  the  in- 
dependent power  of  Suba  of  Servia.  The 
sovereignty  which  his  valour  had  acquired, 
be  maintained  by  wisdom  and  sound  poli- 
cy, and  only  regarding  the  Europeans  as 
intruders  in  the  country,  he  formed  the 
most  artful  and  formidable  plans  for  the 
complete  expulsion  of  the  English  from 
Asia.  The  treaty  which  he  had  made 
in  1769,  was  violated  in  'l780  ;  but  the 
forces  of  Hyder  were  unable,  though  very 
numerous,  to  withstand  the  bravery  of  the 
English  troops,  and  the  military  skill  of 
Sir  t^yre  Coote.  Hyder  died  in  1782,  and 
was  succeeded  in  his  possessions  by  his 
son  Tippoo  Saib,  who  possessed  equal 
valour,  and  was  animated  with  the  same 
hatred  against  the  English  name. 

Hyginus,  Caius  Julius,  a  Spaniard,  the 
freedman  of  Augustus,  was  author  of  Poeti- 
con  Astronomicon,  and  other  Latin  works. 

Hyginus,  a  philosopher  of  Athens,  ivho 
succeeded  Telesphorus  as  pope  of  Rome, 
153,  and  suffered  majrtyrdom  three  years 
after.  He  was  canonized.  Two  decretals 
are  falsely  imputed  to  him. 

Htll,  Albayn,  a  physician  in  the  16th 
century,  who  studied  at  Oxford,  and  after- 
wards took  a  doctor's  degree  abroad.  He 
vrote   on   Galen,    and    died   in   London, 


1559.     Some  call  him  a  native  of  Wales, 
others  of  Scotland. 

Hyi'atia,  daughter  of  Theon,  of  Alex- 
andria, succeeded  her  father  in  hi-i  school 
of  philosophy,  and  maintiiined  a  high  cha- 
racter for  learning,  and  for  female  virtues. 
She  was  murdered  in  a  tumult  by  the 
monks  of  Alexandria,  A.l).  115.  Her 
works  are  lost. 

Hyperides,  a  disciple  of  Plato,  who  by 
accusing  Demosthenes  of  hrihery,  procured 
his  banishment  from  Athens.  He  was  put 
to  death  by  Antipater,  322  B.C. 

Hyperius,  Andrew  (ierard,  a  divine, 
born  at  Ypres.  H«  studied  in  France,  which 
he  left  upon  embracing  the  reformation.  He 
came  to  England,  and  was  afterwards  di- 
vinity professor  at  Marpurg,  where  he  died 
1564,  having  published  7  vols,  folio,  on 
divinity  subjects,  &c. 

Hypsicles,  a  mathematician  of  Alexan- 
dria nnd^r  M.  Aurelius,  and  Verus. 

Hyrcanus,  John,  prince  and  high-priest 
of  the  Jews,  after  his  father  Simon.  He 
by  his  firmness  restored  his  countrymen  to 
their  independence  from  the  power  of  An- 
tiochus,  king  of  Syria.  He  died  106  B.C. 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  the  second 
Hyrcanus,  who  died  B.C.  30. 

Hywell,  ap  Owain,  a  prince  of  North 
Wales,  who  in  vain  endeavoured  to  suc- 
ceed his  father  on  the  throne  in  preference 
to  his  brothers.  W^ben  defeated  he  retired 
to  Ireland,  where  he  died  1171. 

Hywell,  ap  Morgan,  a  prince  of  Gla- 
morgan, who  died  1043,  aged  130.  Lon- 
gevity seems  to  have  been  hereditary  in 
his  family,  as  three  of  his  relations  lived 
to  nearly  the  same  age. 

Hywell  Dda,  or  Good,  a  legislator  of 
Wales,  who  died  948. 


lAR 

IaMBLICUS,  an  Arabian  king,  deprived 
by  Augustus  of  his  dominions  for  support- 
ing Antony  at  the  battle  of  Actium.  His 
son  was  restored  to  the  throne,  B.C.  22. 

Iamblicus,  a  Greek  author  in  the  age  of 
Marcus  Aurelius. 

Iamblicus,  a  native  of  Apamea  in  the 
reign  of  Julian.  He  wrote  the  Life  of  Py- 
thagoras, &c.  and  was  poisoned  under 
Valens,  A.D.  363. 

Iamblicus,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  who 
studied  under  Porphyry,  and  was  eminent 
for  his  eloquence,  and  the  respectability  of 
his  pupils.     He  died  under  Constantine. 

Iarchas,  a  learned  Indian  philosopher, 
who  is  reported,  according  to  Jerome,  to 
have  given  Apollonius  Tyannaeus  several 
magical  rings  of  very  great  power,  bearing 
the  name  of  the  seven  planets. 

Vol.  II.  13 


IBA 

Iarchi,  Solomon  Ben  Isaac,  a  Jewish 
vabbi,  born  at  Troyes,  in  Champagne,  110 1, 
At  the  age  of  thirty  he  travelled  abroad, 
and  not  only  visited  Italy  and  (.ireece,  but 
penetrated  to  Egypt,  Palestine,  Persia, 
Tartary,  and  Muscovy,  and  returned 
through  Germany.  He  died  at  Troyes, 
1180,  and  his  body  was  carried  to  be  buried 
at  Prague.  His  learning  was  very  exten- 
sive, and  consequently  he  is  considered  as 
one  of  the  most  illustrious  rabbies.  Among 
other  valuable  works  he  wrote  commenta- 
ries on  the  Pentateuch,  &c.  which  have- 
been  translated  by  Fred.  Breithaupt,  at 
Gotha,  1710,  4to.  His  authority  and  his 
interpretations  of  Scripture,  arc  much  re- 
spected by  the  Jews.  He  had  three  daugh- 
ters, who  married  learned  rabbies. 

Ibarra,  Joachim,  a  native  of  Saragossa, 
eminent  as  a  printer  to  the  king  of  Spain. 

P7 


IBK 


ILI 


His  Bible — the  Mozarabic  Missal — Mari- 
ana's History  of  Spain — Don  Quixote — Ga- 
briel's translation  of  Sallust — and  other 
works,  are  excellent  specimens  of  his  cor- 
reclness  and  the  elegance  of  his  printing. 
He  invented  a  valuable  sort  of  printing-ink, 
and  died  1785,  aged  60. 

Ibas,  bishop  of  Edessa,  was  deposed  and 
banished  by  the  council  of  Ephesus,  449, 
for  being  a  Nestorian,  but  he  was  restored 
by  the  council  of  Chalcedon,  451. 

Ibbot,  Benjamin,  a  learned  divine,  born 
16S0,  at  Beachamwell,  Norfolk,  where  his 
father  was  rector.  He  was  of  Clare-hall 
Cambridge,  and  in  1700  removed  to  Cor- 
pus Christi,  Oxford,  where  he  became  a 
fellow,  1706.  He  soon  after  resigned  on 
obtaining  the  patronage  of  Tenison,  the 
primate,  who  made  him  treasurer  of  Wells 
cathedral,  and  rector  of  St.  V'edast  and  St. 
Michael  le  Querne,  in  London.  In  1716 
he  was  made  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  the 
next  year,  when  his  majesty  visited  Cam- 
bridge, he  was  by  royal  mandamus  ho- 
noured with  the  degree  of  D.D.  In  1713 
and  15  he  preached  Boyle's  lectures,  and 
some  time  after  was  appointed  assistant 
preacher  to  Dr.  Samuel  Clarke,  and  in 
1724  was  installed  prebendary  of  West- 
minster. He  died  the  next  year,  5th  April, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 
His  friend  Clarke  published,  in  2  vols.  8vo. 
36  of  his  sermons,  after  his  death,  for  the 
benefit  of  his  widow,  and  it  was  liberally 
patronised  and  supported  by  the  great  and 
opulent,  who  had  often  admired  the  elo- 
quence and  animation  of  his  preaching. 

Ibek,  Cotheddin,  a  slave,  who  usurped 
the  throne  of  India  after  the  death  of  his 
master,  Schehabeddin.  The  history  of  his 
conquests,  &.c.  has  been  published,  called 
Tage  al  Mather. 

Ibek,  Azzeddin,  an  oflScer  in  the  Egyp- 
tian court  of  Malek  al  Saleh,  the  sultan, 
who  married  his  master's  widow,  and 
ascended  the  throne.  He  was  assassi- 
nated by  his  wife  six  years  after,  A.D. 
1257. 

Ibek,  an  Arabian  author  of  a  book 
which  describes  the  duties  and  qualifica- 
tions of  a  secretary.     He  died  1348. 

Ibrahim  Imam,  a  Mahometan  chief- 
priest,  of  noble  birth  and  great  influence. 
He  was  murdered  by  the  caliph  Marvan, 
who  suffocated  him  in  a  bag  of  lime,  A.D. 
748. 

Ibrahim,  son  of  Massoud,  eighth  caliph 
of  the  race  of  the  Gaznevides,  acquired  the 
title  of  conqueror  by  the  extent  of  his  vic- 
tories. He  was  a  liberal  monarch,  and  not 
only  patronised  learning,  but  erected 
mosques,  &.c.  and  died  1098,  after  a  reigu 
of  42  years. 

Ibrahim,  brother  of  Haroun  Raschid, 
was  made  caliph  of  Bagdad  817,  but  abdi- 
cated soon  after,  and  died  at  Samara,  839. 
98 


Ibrahim,  a  learned  mussulman,  doctor  oi" 
Shiraz,  author  of  several  useful  works  on 
jurisprudence. 

Ibrahim,  son  of  Achmet,  succeeded  his 
brother,  Achmet  IV.  as  emperor  of  the 
Turks,  1640.  He  took  Candia,  but  was  at 
last  assassinated  for  his  debaucheries  and 
repeated  cruelties,  1649. 

Ibrahim,  Effendi,  a  Pole,  who  establish- 
ed a  printing-press  in  Turkey,  and  pub- 
lished a  treatise  on  the  Military  Art — a 
Turkish  Grammar — a  History  of  Turkey, 
&c. 

Ibtcus,  a  Greek  lyric  poet,  B.C.  540, 
n^urdered  by  robbers,  whose  crime  was  dis- 
covered by  their  mentioning  his  name  at 
the  sight  of  some  cranes  which  they  saw 
Hying  in  the  air. 

Idacius,  a  Spanish  prelate,  author  of  a 
chronicle  from  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
Theodosius  to  fhe  11th  of  Leo.  His  works 
were  published  by  Sirmond,  Paris,  1619, 
8vo.     He  lived  in  the  fifth  century. 

Idris,  Gawr,  a  Welsh  astronomer  of 
such  merit  that  one  of  the  highest  moun- 
tains of  Wales  still  bears  his  name.  He 
ranked  as  one  of  the  three  greatest  astrono- 
mers of  Britain.     His  age  is  unknown. 

Ignatius,  St.  a  father  of  the  church, 
made  bishop  of  Antioch  by  St.  John  the 
Evangelist.  After  exhibiting  many  virtues 
in  his  province,  he  was  seized  by  Adrian, 
and  exposed  to  the  fury  of  wild  beasts  in 
the  Roman  amphitheatre.  Seven  of  his 
epistles  are  preserved. 

Ignatius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople, 
was  son  of  the  emperor  Michal  Curopala- 
ta,  by  Procopia,  and  when  his  father  was 
deposed  by  Leo,  he  retired  to  a  monastery, 
and  took  the  ecclesiastical  habit.  He  was 
made  patriarch  847,  but  his  severe  repri- 
mand of  Bardas,  an  incestuous  courtier, 
procured  his  disgrace,  and  Photius  was, 
after  some  time,  placed  in  his  room.  He 
was  restored  under  Basil,  and  presided  at 
the  eighth  general  council  held  at  Constan- 
tinople.    He  died  878. 

Ignatius.   Vid.  Lotola. 

Igor,  sovereign  prince  of  Russia,  after 
his  father  Rurick,  invaded  the  east,  and 
spread  desolation  over  Pontus  and  Asia 
Minor.  He  died  945,  and  his  widow  Alga, 
who  succeeded  him,  was  converted  to 
Christianity. 

Ildefonse,  St.  the  pupil  of  Isidore  of 
Seville,  was  abbot  of  a  monastery  at  To- 
ledo, and  after  the  death  of  Eugenius, 
bishop  of  that  see.  He  died  nine  years 
after,  067,  aged  82,  author  of  an  Account 
of  Ecclesiastical  writers,  and  other  works. 

Ilive,  Jacob,  an  English  printer,  who  in 
1751  published  a  pretended  translation  of 
the  "  book  of  Jasher,"  a  work  full  of  ab- 
surdities. He  also  printed  an  oration,  in 
which  he  maintained  that  this  earth  is 
hell,  that  the  souls  of  men  are  apostate 


IMII 


IN(r 


fiingels,  and  that  the  fire  which  nill  punish 
those  consumed  in  this  world  will  be  im- 
material, lie  also  wrote  other  curious 
and  eccentric  pieces,  which  originated  in  a 
disordered  imagination.     He  died  176S. 

Illescas,  Gonsalvo,  a  Spanish  ecclesias- 
tic, author  of  a  history  of  the  Catholic  Ton- 
tifical,  with  the  Lives  of  the  Popes,  2  vols. 
fol.  1570,  continued  by  Lewis  de  Bahia,  to 
1605,  and  afterwards  by  Mark  de  Gauda- 
laxara.     He  died  15SU. 

Illtyd  Varchog,  or  Illutus,  the 
knight,  a  saint,  who  is  said  to  have  come 
to  Britain  with  tiarmon,  and  to  have  pre- 
sided over  an  ecclesiastical  establishment 
made  by  Theodosius.  He  is  also  said  to 
have  taught  the  Welch  an  improved  method 
of  ploughing.     He  died  480. 

Illtrios,  Matthias  Flaccus,  or  Franco- 
Tvitz,  a  learned  divine,  born  1520,  at  Al- 
bona,  in  Istria.  He  studied  at  Venice, 
and  after  acquiring  a  very  extensive  know- 
ledge of  Greek  and  Hebrew,  he  came  to 
Wittemberg  to  complete  his  education 
under  irUther  and  Melancthon,  whose  prin- 
ciples he  warmly  embraced.  He  was  one 
of  the  writers  of  the  "  Centuriae  Magde- 
burgenses,"  but  the  learning,  the  applica- 
tion, zeal,  and  abilities  which  he  possessed 
were  far  overbalanced  by  a  restless,  pas- 
sionate, and  unyielding  temper,  which 
created  much  dissension  among  the  pro- 
testants.  He  wrote  several  learned  works, 
and  died  1575,  little  lamented. 

Imbert,  Bartholomew,  a  poet  of  Nismes, 
member  of  the  academy  of  that  city. 
He  fell  a  sacrifice  to  a  violent  fever,  1790, 
aged  43.  He  wrote  a  poem  on  the  judg- 
ment of  Paris, a  work  of  merit — a  volume  of 
fables,  inferior  to  those  of  La  Fontaine — Les 
Egaremens  de  1' Amour,  a  novel,  and  other 
compositions    of  considerable  eminence. 

Imbert,  John,  an  advocate  of  Rochelle, 
lieutenant  criminal  of  Fontenay-le-comte, 
who  died  at  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury. He  was  author  of  Enchiridion  juris 
et  Scripti  Galliae,  4to.  1559  ;  Institutiones 
forenses,  8vo.  1541,  works  once  in  high 
esteem. 

Lmbert,  Joseph  Gabriel,  a  painter  of 
Marseilles,  the  pupil  of  Vander-Meulen 
and  Le  Brun.  Disgusted  with  the  world, 
he,  at  the  age  of  34,  embraced  the  austere 
order  of  St.  Bruns,  yet,  in  the  midst  of  his 
fervent  devotions,  he  employed  some  por- 
tion of  his  time  in  painting.  He  died  at 
Avignon,  1749,  aged  83.  His  best  piece  is 
a  view  of  Calvary,  at  the  high  altar  of  the 
Chartreux,  Marseilles. 

Imhoff,  James  William,  a  famous  ge- 
nealogist, lawyer,  and  senator  of  Nurem- 
berg, where  he  died  1728,  aged  77.  He 
was  deeply  versed  in  the  history  of  states. 
He  published  "  Historia  Gencalogica  Re- 
gum  Magnae  Britannia^,"  and  other  works, 
''ontainins:  the  genealogies  of  princes,  and 


of   illustrious    houses     in     .Spain,    Italy, 
France,  and  Portugal,  much  esteemed. 

Impkuiali,  John  BaptiHt,  a  physician, 
born  1568,  at  \icttiza,  and  one  of  the 
twenty-lour  nobles  of  (ienoa.  He  studied 
at  \  erona  and  Bologna,  und  taught  philo- 
sophy at  Padua.  Ih;  practised  allcrwards 
with  great  success  at  V  icenza,  where  he 
died  May,  1G23.  He  wrote  verses  in  the 
elegant  style  of  Catullus.  He  piiMihhcd  a 
4to.  vol.  "  Exercitatioiium  Exoticaruni," 
Venice,  1603. 

Lmpf.riali,  John,  son  of  the  preceding, 
became  eminent  as  a  writer  ami  as  a  physi- 
cian. He  died  1653,  aged  51.  He  published 
"  Musa-uni  Historicum,"  1640— and  "  Mu- 
saium  Physicum,  seu  de  Humano  Ingenio." 
Imperiali,  Giuseppe  Kenato,  a  cardinal, 
born  at  Genoa,  1651.  He  is  known  for  a 
magnificent  and  valuable  library,  which 
still  adorns  the  city  of  Rome,  and  of  which 
the  catalogue  was  published,  1711,  folio, 
by  Fontanini.  In  1730  he  was  proposed 
to  the  conclave  to  fill  the  vacant  chair  of 
St.  Peter,  and  lost  it  by  a  single  voice.  He 
died  1737,  aged  86. 

Ina,  a  king  of  the  West  Saxons,  who 
went  to  Rome  in  726,  and  there  founded 
an  English  college,  which  was  supported  by 
an  annual  tax  drawn  from  the  English  na- 
tion, called  Peter-pence. 

Inachcs,  founded  the  kingdom  of  Argos, 
about  1858  B.C.  Some  authors  place  his 
age  in  the  time  of  Moses,  and  others  346 
before  the  departure  of  Israel  from  Egypt. 
Inchofer,  Melchior,  a  German  Jesuit, 
born  at  Vienna,  1584.  He  studied  the 
law  with  great  success,  but  at  the  age  of 
twenty-eight  he  went  to  Rome,  and  entered 
among  the  Jesuits.  He  taught  mathema- 
tics and  divinity  for  some  time  at  Messina, 
and  published  in  1630,  in  Latin,  the  blessed 
Virgin's  Letter  to  the  People  of  Messina, 
folio,  which  for  a  while  gave  offence  ;  but 
upon  his  explanation,  was  deemed  satisfac- 
tory to  his  fraternity.  He  was  afterwards 
so  displeased  with  the  Jesuits,  that  he 
wrote  against  them  a  severe  satire,  which 
appeared  after  his  death,  in  Holland.  He 
died  at  Milan  1648.  He  wrote  an  Ecclesi- 
astical History  of  Hungary,  and  several 
other  works,  which  prove  him  to  have  been 
a  very  learned  but  credulous  man. 

Indulphus,  a  Scotch  king,  said  to  be  the 
77th  since  the  foundation  of  that  monarchy. 
When  his  kingdom  was  invaded  by  the 
Danes,  he  marched  at  the  head  of  his  forces 
to  repel  them,  but  unfortunately  was  shot 
by  an  arrow  as  he  pressed  them  too  closely 
in  their  flight  to  their  ships. 

Inghen,  William  Van,  a  native  of 
Utrecht,  who  studied  painting  under  An- 
thony Grcbber,  and  afterwards  in  Italy. 
He  settled  at  Amsterdam,  where  he  died  at 
the  beginning  of  the  17th  century.  His 
pieces  nrt>  he'd  in  ereat  esteem. 


ING 


INN 


Ingenhouz,  Joltn,    a  native  of  Breda, 
who  became  eminent  as  a  cbymirft,  and  a 
physician.  He  learned  in  England  the  Sut- 
tonian  method  of  inoculation,    and   then 
went  by  Sir  John  Pringle's  lecommenda- 
tion,  to  Vienna,  where  he  inoculated  the 
daughter  of  Joseph  II.     He  was  fellow  of 
the  Eoyal  Society,  and  died  1799,  aged  69. 
He  is  author  of  Experiments  on  Vegetables, 
8vo. — Hulme's  Treatise  on  the  Gout,  Scur- 
vy,  and   Stone,   translated   into    Latin, — 
Chymical  Treatises  on  impregnating  Wa- 
ters, &.C.  Avith  fixed  Air, — besides  papers 
in  the  philosophical  transactions. 

Ingoldsby,  Richard,  governor  of  New- 
York,  succeeded  Slaughter  by  appointment 
of  the  council  in  1691.  The  following  year 
governor  Fletcher  assumed  the  administra- 
tion. The  chief  command  again  devolved 
on  him  on  the  death  of  Lovelace,  in  1709. 
His  short  administration  is  remarkable  for 
a  second  fruitless  attempt  against  Canada. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Beekman  in  1710. 

iCp-  L. 

Ingoult,  Nicholas  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Gisors,  eloquent  as  a  preacher  among  the 
Jesuits,  and  author  of  some  sermons,  and  of 
the  8th  vol.  of  the  memoirs  of  the  Jesuit 
missionaries  in  the  Levant.  He  died  1753, 
aged  64. 

Ingram,  Robert,  a  native  of  Yorkshire, 
educated  at  Beverley  school,  and  Corpus 
Christi  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  be- 
came fellow.  He  obtained  the  perpetual 
curacy  of  Bridhurst,  Kent,  and  afterwards 
Orston  vicarage,  Notts,  and  then  Wonning- 
ton  and  Boxted  in  Essex.  He  wrote  a 
View  of  the  Great  Events  of  the  Seventh 
Plague,  &c.  concluding  the  Explanation  of 
the  Seven  last  Plagues,  &c.  1785, — Ac-: 
count  of  the  ten  Tribes  of  Israel  being  in 
America,  by  Manassch  Ben  Israel,  with 
Observations,  1792 — Explanation  of  the 
Prophecy  of  the  seven  Phials  of  Wrath,  Sac. 
1804.  He  died  1804. 

Ingrassia,  John  Philip,  a  physician  of 
Palermo,  celebrated  for  the  skill  with 
which  he  freed  his  country  from  the  plague. 
He  wrote,  Veterinaria  Medicina,  Venice, 
1568,  and  other  works,  and  died  1581,  aged 
about  70. 

Inguimberti,  Dominic  Joseph  Marie 
d',  a  learned  divine,  born  at  Carpentras,  of 
which  city  he  became  bishop.  He  was  ori- 
ginally a  Dominican,  but  afterwards  devo- 
ted himself  to  the  more  austere  order  of 
the  Cistercians,  and  by  his  learning  and 
virtues  recommended  himself  to  the  notice 
of  Clement  XII.  by  whom  he  was  made 
bishop  1733.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy,  1757, 
aged  75.  He  was  a  munificent  as  well  as 
a  pious  prelate.  His  large  revenues  were 
applied  to  relieve  the  necessities  of  the 
poor,  to  the  building  of  a  hospital,  the 
erecting  of  a  largo  library,  and  other  public 
and  charitable  uses.  He  published  some 
100 


treatises  on  Monastic  Life, — on  Theological 
Subjects, — besides  the  Lives  of  some  Ca- 
tholic Divines. 

Ingclphus,  abbot  of  Croyland,  was  born 
in  London,  1030,  and  educated  at  West- 
minster and  Oxford.  He  was  secretary  to 
William  of  Normandy,  before  he  invaded 
England,  and  in  1064,  went  to  the  Holy 
Land.  He  was  made  abbot  by  William, 
and  died  1109.  He  was  a  great  benefactor 
to  his  monastery  which  he  rebuilt,  and  for 
which  he  obtained  some  important  privi- 
leges. He  wrote  a  History  of  the  Abbey 
from  664  to  1091,  published  among  the 
"quinque  Scriptores,"  by  H.  Saville,  Lon- 
don, 1596,  folio,  Frankfort  1601,  and  Ox- 
ford 1684. 

Innocent  I.  a  native  of  Albano,  elected 
pope  after  Anastasius  the  first,  402.  He 
defended  Chrysostom,  and  condemned  the 
Novatians  and  Pelagians.  He  died  at  Ra- 
venna, I4th  Feb.  417.  Some  of  his  letters 
have  been  published  by  Constant. 

Innocent  II.  was  elected  pope  after 
Honorius  II.  though  part  of  the  cardinals 
protested  against  his  elevation  to  the  papal 
chair,  by  appointing  the  son  of  a  Jew,  of 
the  name  of  Peter  de  Leo,  who  assumed 
the  appellation  of  Anacletus  II.  Innocent, 
though  supported  by  the  princes  of  Europe, 
except  the  kings  of  Scotland  and  Sicily,  who 
acknowleged  the  authority  of  his  rival,  was 
at  last  driven  from  Rome  by  the  tumults  of 
Arnauld  de  Bresse,  and  retired  to  France, 
where  he  held  several  councils  at  Clermont, 
Rheims,  Puy,  &c.  After  the  death  of  Ana- 
cletus, and  the  abdication  of  his  successor, 
Victor  IV.  he  returned  to  Rome,  where  he 
held  the  second  Lateran  council  in  1139, 
attended  by  a  1000  bishops,  and  crowned 
Lothaire  as  emperor.  He  afterwards  made 
war  against  Roger,  king  of  Sicily,  and 
died  at  Rome,  24th  Sept.  1143. 

Innocent  III.  Lothaire  Conti,  a  native 
of  Anagni,  raised  to  the  popedom,  1198, 
after  Celestinus  III.  though  only  thirty- 
seven  years  old.  To  unite  the  Christian 
princes  in  the  recovery  of  the  Holy  Land, 
he  preached  a  crusade  against  the  Albigen- . 
ses  of  Lauguedoc,  and  afterwards  put  Phi- 
lip Augustus  of  France  under  an  interdict, 
and  excommunicated  John,  king  of  Eng- 
land, and  Raymond,  count  of  Toulouse.  He 
raised  the  papal  authority  to  such  a  height, 
that  the  Roman  republic  in  its  brightest 
days,  was  never  more  powerful,  so  that  the 
pope  was  no  longer  the  vassal  of  the  neigh- 
bouring princes,  but  the  temporal  master 
of  all  sovereigns,  whom  he  could  depose  or 
restore  agreeably  to  his  absolute  will. 
Under  Innocent,  the  Dominicans,  Francis- 
cans, Trinitarians,  and  other  orders  arose, 
which  were  still  to  spread  farther,  and  to 
confirm  the  power  of  Rome.  This  pope, 
thus  distinguished  by  political  sagacity  and 
courtly  intrigue,   died    at    Perouse,    20th 


INN 


UiL 


July,  1216.     His  works  were  published  at 
Cologne,  1515. 

Innocent  IV.  Sinibaldi  tU-  Fiesque, 
chancellor  of  the  Roman  church,  and  car- 
dinal, was  elected  pope,  1243,  Hl'lcr  the 
death  ol"  Celestinus  I\.  He  was  carl)  en- 
gaged in  a  quarrel  with  Frederic,  emperor 
of  tiermany,  who  wished  to  invade  the 
rights  of  the  church,  and  he  held  a  council 
at  Lyons,  in  which  he  excommunicated  and 
deposed  the  Imperial  delinquent.  This 
severe  measure  was  displeasing  to  several 
princes  ;  but  Louis  king  of  France,  inter- 
fered in  vain  with  the  inexorable  pontifl", 
and  the  dispute  was  terminated  only  by  the 
death  of  the  emperor.  Innocent  died  soon 
after  his  return  from  France,  at  Naples, 
13th  December,  1254.  He  wrote  Appara- 
tus super  Decretales,  folio,  and  was  the  first 
•who  invested  the  cardinals  with  a  red  hat, 
as  a  mark  of  their  dignity. 

Innocent  V.  Peter  de  Tarantaise,  a 
Dominican,  archbishop  of  Lyons,  and  a 
cardinal,  made  pope  21st  February,  1276. 
He  died  the  26th  June  following.  He 
■wrote  Notes  on  the  Epistles  of  St.  Paul, — 
Commentaries,  &c. 

Innocent  VI.  Stephen  Albert,  a  native 
of  Pompadour  in  Limoges,  was  bishop  of 
Ostia,  and  a  cardinal,  and  in  1352  elected 
pope  after  Clement  VI.  He  was  of  a 
peaceful  disposition,  and  laboured  earnestly 
to  reconcile  the  kings  of  England  and 
France.  He  is  blamed  for  bestowing  too 
many  honours  on  his  family,  though  their 
good  conduct  deserved  the  highest  digni- 
ties. He  died  12th  September,  1362.  Some 
of  his  letters  are  extant. 

Innocent  VII.  Come  de  Meliorati,  a 
native  of  Sulmone  in  Abruzzo,  was  elect- 
ed pope  1404,  but  opposed  by  the  arms  of 
Ladislaus,  king  of  Naples,  who  drove  him 
from  Rome.     He  died  6th  Nov.  1406. 

Innocent  VIII.  John  Baptist  Cibo,  a 
noble  Genoese  of  Greek  extraction,  bishop 
of  Melf),  elected  pope  1484.  He  laboured 
much  to  re-establish  union  among  Chris- 
tian princes,  and  showed  himself  particu- 
larly attentive  to  the  interests  of  his  fa- 
mily, and  of  his  children,  whom  he  had 
had  before  he  was  admitted  into  the 
church.  He  was  a  benevolent  pontiff",  and 
died  of  an  apoplectic  fit,  28th  July,  1492, 
aged  60. 

Innocent  IX.  John  Anthony  Facchi- 
netti,  a  native  of  Bologna,  made  a  cardinal 
by  Gregory  XIII.  for  his  services  at  the 
council  of  Trent.  He  was  elected  pope 
29th  October,  1591,  and  died  two  months 
after.  He  had  formed  the  plan  of  clearing 
the  port  of  Ancona,  and  other  magnificent 
improvements. 

Innocent  X.  John  Baptist  Pamphili,  a 
native  of  Rome,  who  succeeded  Urban 
VIII.  1644,  at  the  age  of  72.  He  perse- 
<  uted  the  Barberinis,  to  whom  he  was  in- 


debted for  his  elevation  ;  and  be  published 
his  bidl  against  the  fi\e  proposirtouH  of  the 
Jansenists.  He  die.l  «,ili  January,  1655, 
respected  for  many  excellent  qualities, 
though  censured  for  some  foibles. 

Innocent  XL    Benedict    Odescalchi,  a 
native  ol"  Como,  in  the  Milanese,  was  made 
a  bi.-hop   and  a  cardinal  bj  pope    Iimocent 
X.    aud  elected   pope  1676.      He  rtlormcd 
several  abuses  in  the   ecclesiastical  .ttates, 
and    opposed    v\  ith    great   (iruincsa   Lewis 
XIV.    by   refusing   to   admit   to  bishoprics 
those  persons  who  were   recomniended   to 
him  by  the  monarch,,  so  that  at  his  death 
not  less  than  thirty  dioccsses  were  vacant. 
He  condemned  the  errors  of  the  Molinists 
and   the    Quietists,    and  effected  a  strong 
coalition   between   Germany,   Poland,  and 
Venice,  against  the  Turks.     He  died  12th 
Aug.  1689,  aged  78. 

Innocent  XIL  Anthony  Pignatclli,  a 
noble  Neapolitan,  raised  to  the  papal  chair 
1691,  after  Alexander  \  III.  He  issued  a 
bull  against  the  sjstem  adopted  by  bis 
predecessors,  of  paying  particular  honours 
to  the  relations  of  popes,  and  condemned 
the  Maxims  of  the  Saints,  written  by  Fe- 
nelon,  archbishop  of  Cambray.  He  died 
27th  Sept.  1700,  universally  regretted  by  the 
Romans,  who  mourned  him  as  a  benefi- 
cent father. 

Innocent  XIII.  Michael  Angelo  Conti, 
a  native  of  Rome,  the  eighth  pope  of  his 
family.  He  was  elected  1721,  and  died  7th 
March,  1724,  aged  69.  His  infirmities 
prevented  the  execution  of  several  plans  of 
improvement  which  he  had  formed,  and  it 
is  said  that  he  died  of  grief  for  having  bes- 
towed a  cardinal's  hat  on  Dubois. 

Institor,  Henry,  a  Dominican,  inquisi- 
tor general  of  Mayence,  Treves,  and  Co- 
logne, and  author,  with  James  Springer,  of 
Malleus  Maleficorum,  Lyons,  1434,  often 
reprinted.  He  wrote  besides,  a  treatise 
against  Errors  in  the  Sacrament, — a  book 
on  Monarchy,  &c. 

Intaphernes,  one  of  the  seven  nobles 
of  Persia,  who  conspired  against  the  usur- 
per Smerdis,  521  B.C.  He  was  afterwards 
put  to  death  by  Darius,  for  making  at- 
tempts on  the  crown. 

Interian  de  Ayala,  John,  a  Span- 
iard of  the  order  of  Mercy,  who  died  at 
Madrid,  1770,  aged  74.  He  wrote  some 
poems,  besides  Pictor  Christianus  Eruditus, 
folio,  1720,  in  which  he  censures  the  errors 
of  painters  in  the  representation  of  reli- 
gious subjects. 

Inveges,  Augustino,  a  Sicilian  historian, 
and  antiquary,  of  the  society  of  the  Jesuits. 
He  died  1677,  aged  84.  He  wrote,  besides 
a  History  of  Palermo,  in  Italian,  3  vols.  foL 
1649 — Historia  Paradisi  Terrestris,  4to. 
1641, — la  Cartagine  Siciliana,  4to.  1651. 

Ireland,  Samuel,  an  ingenious  mechanic 
in  Spitalfic1d«.     Hi?  "kill   in  drawing  anr^ 

10\ 


mo 


ISA 


engraving  became  to  him  the  source  of 
distinction  and  comfortable  independence. 
He  published  a  picturesque  tour  through 
Holland,  France,  and  Brabant,  1790. — Pic- 
turesque Views  of  the  Thames,  Svo.  1792. 
— Picturesque  Views  of  the  Medway,  1793. 
— Graphic  Illustrations  of   Hogarth,  1794. 
— Picturesque  V  lews  and  Account  of  the 
Inns  of  Court.     He  died    1800.     He  has 
been  deservedly  censured  for  his  attempt 
to  impose  upon  the   world  a  folio  volume 
which   he   called  a  Collection  of  Letters, 
papers,  &c.  written  by  Shakspeare.     The 
forgery  for  some  time  excited  much  of  the 
public   attention,  and    afterwards  his   son 
published  a  declaration  in  whicb  he  acknow- 
ledged himself  alone  guilty  of  this  attempt 
to  impose  upon  the  good  sense  of  the  public. 
Ireland,  John,  was  born  near  VVem  in 
Shropshire,  of  a  family  related  to  the  Rev. 
Philip  Henry.     He   was  brought  up  to  the 
business  of  watch-making,  which  he  car- 
ried on  some   years   in    Maiden-lane,  Co- 
vent-garden.     He  also   dealt   in   pictures 
and  prints,  for  which  he   had  a  good  taste. 
He  died  near   Birmingham  in   1808.     He 
published  the  "  Memoirs  of  John  Hender- 
son," the  player,  Svo.  ;  and  "  Illustrations 
of  Hogarth,"  3  vols.  Svo.— ^T.  B. 

Ireton,  Henry,  a  republican  general  in 
the  civil  wars.  He  possessed  great  abilities, 
and  uncommon  valour,  and  deserved  the 
friendship  of  Cromwell,  whose  eldest  daugh- 
ter, Bridget,  he  married.  He  was  sent  to 
Ireland  as  lord-lieutenant,  and  died  at  the 
siege  of  Limerick,  26th  Nov.  1651,  much 
lamented.  His  body  was  buried  with  great 
pomp  in  Westminster  abbey,  but  at  the 
restoration  it  was  dug  up  and  exposed  on 
Tyburn  gibbet,  with  those  of  Cromwell  and 
Bradshaw.  His  daughter  Bridget  married 
Thomas  Bendish. 

Irevisa,  John,  vicar  of  Berkeley,  Glou- 
cestershire, was  born  in  Cornwall.  At 
the  request  of  his  patron,  Thomas  lord 
Berkeley,  he  translated  the  "  Polychroni- 
con,"  1387. 

Irnerius,  called  also  Wernerus  or 
Guarnerus,  a  German  lawyer  of  the  12th 
century.  He  studied  at  Constantinople 
and  Ravenna,  and  taught  at  Bologna.  He 
was  properly  the  restorer  of  the  Roman 
law,  and  therefore  deserved  from  his  nume- 
rous pupils  the  name  of  "  Lucerna  Juris." 
He  was  the  father  of  the  Glossators,  and 
prevailed  upon  the  Emperor  Lotharius, 
whose  chancellor  he  was,  to  introduce  the 
creation  of  doctors  in  the  universities,  an 
honour  which  spread  from  Bologna,  where 
it  first  had  its  rise,  to  the  other  learned 
bodies  of  Europe.  He  died  1150,  and  was 
buried  at  Bologna. 

Ironside,  Gilbert,  a  native  of  Hawkes- 
bury,  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Oxford, 
and  made  rector  of  Winterbourn,  Dorset 
shire.     He  was  author  of  a  Sermon,  1660, 
105 


and  of  seven  questions  of  the  Sabbath,  4to. 
and  at  the  restoration  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Bristol,  where  he  died  1671,  aged  83. 

Irvine,  William,  an  officer  in  the  army 
of  the  American   revolution,  was  a  native 
of  Ireland,  and  educated  a  physician.     He 
held  an  office  in  the  army,  which  marched 
against  Canada  in  1775,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  courage  and  talents.     He 
served  in   the  army  in   the  middle  states 
during  the  remainder  of  the  war,  as  a  ma- 
jor general,  and  enjoyed  the  high  respect 
of  the  commander-in-chief.     At  the  battle 
of  Trenton  he  had  the  command  of  a  divi- 
sion, detached  to  prevent  the  enemy's  re- 
treat.    After   the  war  he   was  elected  a 
member   of  congress  from   Pennsyhania, 
and  was  for  some  time  military  intendant, 
and  president  of  the  Cincinnati  of  Penn- 
sylvania.    He  died   at   Philadelphia,  July 


30,  1804. 


KT-L. 


Irwin,  Eyles,  was  born  at  Calcutta,  of 
Irish  parents,  in   1748.     He  received  his 
education  under   Dr.  Rose   at  Chiswick  ; 
and  in  1767  returned  to  the  east  in  a  civil 
capacity  ;  but  was  suspended  in  1777,  for 
his  attachment  to  lord  Pigot ;  on  which  he 
came  to  Europe  over  land  to  seek  redress  ; 
which  he  obtained,  and  he  was  restored  to 
his  former  station  at  Madras,  whither  he 
repaired  again  by  the  same  route.     In  1785 
he  returned  again  to  England  ;  but  in  1792 
he  went  to  China  to  superintend  the  com- 
pany's affairs ;    after   which  he   revisited 
England,    where  he  died  in   1817.      His 
works  are — 1.  St.  Thomas's  Mount,  a  po- 
em.— 2.  Bedakah,  an  Indian  pastoral. — 3. 
Adventures  during   a  Voyage  up  the  Red 
Sea,  and  a  Journey  across  the  Desert,  8vo. 
— 4.  Eastern  Eclogues,  4to. — 5.  Epistle  to 
Mr.  Hayley. — 6.  Ode  on  the  death  of  Hy- 
der    Ali. — 7.  Triumph    of  Innocence,  an 
ode  on  the  acquittal  of  Mr.  Hastings. — 8. 
Inquiry  into  the  feasibility  of  Buonaparte's 
Expedition  to  the  East,  8vo. — 9.  Buona- 
parte   in   Egypt. — 10.  Nilus,  an  Elegy  on 
the  Victory  of  Admiral  Nelson. — 11.  The 
Failure  of  the  French  Crusade. — 12.    The 
Bedouins,    l2mo. — 13.    Ode  to    Iberia. — 
14.  Elegy  on   the  Fall  of  Saragossa. — 15. 
Napoleon,  or  the  Vanity  of  Human  Wishes, 
2parts,  4to.— IF.  B. 

Isaac,  son  of  Abraham  and  Sarah,  was 
born  1896  B.C.  His  father's  faith  was 
tried  by  an  order  from  heaven  to  offer  his 
favourite  son  3s  a  sacrifice  on  the  moun- 
tains of  Moriah.  Isaac  was  father  of 
Esau  the  progenitor  of  the  Edomites,  and 
of  Jacob  the  ancestor  of  the  Israelites.  He 
died  1716  B.C. 

Isaac  Comnenus,  Greek  emperor  in  the 
room  of  Michael  Stratioticus,  1057.  After 
a  prudent  but  turbulent  reign,  he  retired  to 
the  solitude  of  a  monastery,  leaving  the 
crown  to  Ducas  Constantine.  and  died  two 
vears  after,  1061 


ISA 


liil. 


Isaac,  Angelus,  Greek  emperor  alter 
Andronicus  Comnenus,  1185.  lie  was 
imprisoned  and  deprived  of  his  sight  by  his 
brother  Alexius,  after  whose  death  he 
was  restored  to  the  throne,  lie  died  in 
1204. 

Isaac,  Caro,  a  rabbi,  who  left  Spain  in 
consequence  of  the  edict  of  Ferdinand, 
which  in  1492  banished  the  Jews  from  his 
dominions,  within  four  months,  except  they 
became  Christians.  He  went  first  to 
Portugal,  and  then  retired  to  Jerusalem, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  study  and  so- 
litude. He  wrote  "  the  Generations  of 
Isaac,"  which  is  a  commentary  on  the 
Pentateuch  of  Moses.  The  book  is  es- 
teemed, and  has  passed  through  several 
editions,  the  last  oi^  which  is  at  Amsterdam, 
1708. 

Isaacson,  Henry,  a  native  of  London, 
secretary  to  bishop  Andrews.  He  compi- 
led a  valuable  work  on  Chronology,  fol. 
and  died  1654,  aged  73. 

Isabella,  daughter  of  Philip  the  Fair, 
king  of  France,  was  born  1292.  She  mar- 
ried 1308,  Edward,  afterwards  the  second 
of  England,  but  her  licentiousness  dis- 
graced her  character,  and  embittered  the 
latter  part  of  her  life  ;  and  her  partiality 
to  her  favourite,  Mortimer,  proved  so  of- 
fensive to  her  son  Edward  III.  that  he  or- 
dered her  to  be  confined  to  the  castle  of 
Rising,  where  she  languished  28  years  of 
captivity,  and  died  at  the  age  of  75. 

Isabella,  of  Bavaria,  married  Charles 
VI.  king  of  France,  1385.  She  was  a  wo- 
man of  licentious  manners,  of  an  intriguing 
disposition,  and  of  a  most  vindictive  tem- 
per. She  dishonourably  sacrificed  her  only 
son  to  her  partiality  for  the  English,  and 
■wished  for  the  triumph  of  Henry  V.  of 
England,  who  had  married  her  sixth  daugh- 
ter Catharine,  rather  than  the  prosperity  of 
her  country  under  the  government  of  their 
natural  sovereign.  She  died  little  lament- 
ed, at  Paris,  30th  Sept.  1435,  aged  64. 

Isabella,  daughter  of  John  II.  of  Cas- 
tile, was  born  1451,  and  married,  1469, 
Ferdinand  V.  king  of  Arragon.  She  suc- 
ceeded to  the  kingdom  of  Castile,  1474, 
and  though  opposed  by  the  pretensions  of 
her  niece,  she  crushed  all  opposition,  and, 
by  the  union  of  Castile  and  Arragon, 
she  was,  with  her  husband,  proclaimed 
sovereign  of  Spain.  She  possessed  great 
powers  of  mind,  and  was  distinguished  by 
her  integrity,  her  justice,  and  her  public 
and  private  virtues.  Her  reign  is  remark- 
able for  the  conquest  of  Grenada  from  the 
Moors,  and  the  discovery  of  America,  by 
the  bold  genius  of  Columbus,  but  it  was 
disgraced  by  the  introduction  of  the  sangui- 
nary tribunal  of  the  inquisition.  Isabella 
died  of  a  dropsy,  1504,  aged  54,  leaving 
only  one  daughter,  Jane,  who  married  Phi- 


lip   of   Austria,    and    became   mother   ol 
Charles  V. 

Isabella,  daughter  of  AlphonKO,  duke 
of  Calabria,  marri<d  by  proxy,  in  1489, 
John  Galeuzzo  Slorza,  a  minor.  Thr  union 
of  these  lovers  was  put  ott  by  ihr  intrigues 
of  Lewis  Sforza,  the  uncle  and  tin;  j^uardian 
ol  the  bridegroom,  who  had  Ijimself  (alien 
in  love  wilU  Isabella  ;  but  when  his  guilty 
addresses  were  received  with  the  contempt 
which  they  merited,  he  determined  on  re- 
venge. By  marrying  Alphonsina,  the 
daughter  of  the  duke  of  Ferrara,  he  gained 
an  active  accomplice  in  his  criminal  inten- 
tions ;  the  unfortunate  Galeazzo  was  poi- 
soned, and  the  disconsolate  Isabella  fled  to 
Naples,  and  after  seeing  the  destruction  of 
all  her  family,  she  retired  to  a  small  town 
in  the  neighbourhood,  where  she  died,  1524. 
Her  daughter  married  Sigismund,  king  of 
Poland. 

Isabella,  sister  of  Sigismund  Augustus, 
king  of  Poland,  married,  in  1539,  John  Zo- 
polita,  waivode  of  Transylvania,  afterwards 
king  of  Hungary.  The  birth  of  a  son  so 
pleased  the  father,  who  was  engaged  in  the 
siege  of  Fogarra,  that  he  communicated 
his  joy  to  his  army,  and,  in  a  feast  which 
he  gave  to  his  soldiers,  he  unfortunately 
fell  a  victim  to  his  great  intemperance, 
1540.  Thus  left  unprotected,  and  unable 
to  resist  the  arms  o(  Ferdinand  of  Austria, 
against  whom  her  husband  had  made  war, 
she,  in  an  evil  hour,  called  to  her  aid  Soly- 
man,  the  Turkish  sultan,  who,  instead  of 
protecting  her,  seized  her  capital,  and 
obliged  her  to  fly  to  Transylvania,  of  which 
she  was  soon  after  stripped  by  the  great 
successes  of  her  enemies.  She  recovered 
TransyUania  in  1556,  and  died,  two  years 
after,  respected  for  her  magnanimity  and 
courage. 

IsiEus,  a  Greek  orator,  born  at  Chalcis, 
in  Euboea.  He  had  numerous  pupils, 
among  whom  was  Demosthenes.  Ten  of 
his  orations  are  extant.  Another  Greek 
orator,  who  flourished  at  Rome,  A.D.  97. 

Isaiah,  the  greatest  of  the  prophets,  was 
son  of  Anno,  and  of  the  lineage  of  David. 
He  is  called  the  evangelical  prophet,  from 
the  clear  and  consistent  manner  in  which, 
in  language  of  grace,  fire,  and  sublimity,  he 
describes  the  coming  and  the  attributes  of 
Messiah.  He  prophesied  from  735  to  681, 
B.C.  and  is  said  to  have  been  cut  into  two 
with  a  wooden  saw,  by  the  cruel  orders  of 
king  Manasseh. 

IsDEGERDES,  king  of  Persia  after  Sapor, 
was  valiant,  but  debauched  and  cruel.  He 
defeated  the  younger  Theodosius,  and  per- 
secuted the  Christians.  He  died  by  the 
kick  of  a  horse,  A.D.  420. 

IsELiN,  James  Christopher,  a  learned 
German,  born  at  Basil,  16S1.  He  was 
professor  of  history  and  eloquence  at  Mar- 
purg,  1704,  and  was  advanced  to  the  chair 

103 


ISM 


IVE 


of  divinity,  at  Basil,  1711.  He  died  at 
Basil,  1737.  Of  his  numerous  writings  the 
chief  are,  De  Gallis  Khenum  transeunti- 
bus,  Carmen  Heroicum — de  Histoncis  La- 
tinis  Melioris  iEvi  Dissertatio — Disserta- 
tions and  Orations  on  various  subjects. 

IsHMAEL,  son  of  Abraham,  by  Agar,  was 
born  lyiO  li.C.  He  was  driven  away  with 
his  motiier,  by  his  lather,  and  settled  at  Pa- 
ran,  wnere  he  became  the  progenitor  of 
the  Arabians. 

IsHMAEL  i.  sophy  of  Persia,  was  descend- 
ed irom  All,  tne  son-in-law  of  Mahomet, 
and  distmguisued  himself  by  his  valour, 
prudence,  and  wisdom  on  the  throne.  He 
died  1623,  in  the  ISth  year  of  his  reign. 

IsHMAEL  II.  sophy  of  Persia  after  Tha- 
mas,  loVo,  was  tue  murderer  of  his  eight 
brothers,  and  at  last  was  poisoned,  1679, 
by  his  own  sisler,  who  resented  his  embra- 
cing the  tenets  of  a  ditiierent  sect  of  Maho- 
metans. 

Isidore,  St.  a  disciple  of  St.  Chrysos- 
tom,  who  became  a  hermit,  near  Pelusium, 
where  he  died  about  440.  Some  of  nis  let- 
ters, &c.  are  extant,  edited  Paris,  fol.  1388, 
in  Greek  and  Latin. 

Isidore,  of  Alexandria,  an  Egyptian 
placed  over  a  monastery  by  Athanasius, 
and  called  the  Hospitaler.  He  defended 
his  patron  against  the  Arians,  for  which  he 
was  expelled  by  Theophilus  the  patriarch. 
He  died  at  Constantinople,  403. 

Isidore  of  Cordova,  author  of  commen- 
taries on  the  books  of  kings,  dedicated  to 
Paul  Orosius,  the  disciple  of  Augustine,  was 
bishop  of  Cordova,  in  the  age  ol  Honorius, 
and  of  Theodosius  the  younger. 

Isidore  of  Seville,  a  bishop  of  Seville, 
called  the  doctor  of  his  age,  and  the  orna- 
ment of  his  church,  from  his  learning  and 
humanity,  died  636,  after  presiding  40  years 
over  his  see.  He  was  author  ot  Commen- 
taries on  the  Scripture — a  Chronicle  from 
Adam  to  626 — a  treatise  of  Ecclesiastical 
Writers,  and  other  works. 

IsiDORUS  of  Charax,  a  Greek  author, 
300  B.C.  His  description  ol  Parthia  has 
been  edited  by  Hescheiius,  and  ai&o  at  Ox- 
ford, 1703. 

IsiNGRiNius,  Michael,  an  eminent  printer 
of  Basil,  who  punted  in  Greek  the  works 
of  Aristotle,  in  a  style  and  manner  much 
superior  to  those  of  former  editors,  even  of 
Aldus  Manutius.  His  edition  of  the  histo- 
ry of  plants  by  Fuchs  was  equally  admired. 
He  lived  in  the  16th  century. 

IsMENiAS,  a  Theban  general  who  refused 
to  kneel  before  the  Persian  king,  but 
by  dropping  and  taking  up  his  ring  per- 
formed, in  the  opinion  of  the  courtiers,  the 
homage  due  to  their  sovereign. — A  musi- 
cian of  that  name.  When  taken  prisoner 
by  the  king  of  Scythia,  the  monarch  ob- 
served that  the  neighing  of  hb  horse  was 
more  pleasing  than  the  music  of  Ismenias. 
104 


IsocRATES,  a  Greek  orator,  born  at 
Athens,  436.  He  devoted  himself  to  the 
public  instruction  of  youth.  His  21  ora- 
tions are  best  edited  by  Beattie,  2  vols.  8vo. 
1749. 

Israel,  Manasseh  Ben,  a  learned  rabbi 
in  the  Low  Countries,  who  offered  to 
Cromwell  200,000/.  for  permission  to  his 
countrymen,  the  Jews,  to  settle  in  Eng- 
land, and  to  have  the  use  of  St.  Paul's  ca- 
thedral. This  was  opposed  with  spirit  by 
the  clergy,  but  it  is  said  by  Heath  that  the 
protector  "  gulled  the  Jews  of  their  earnest 
money."  He  wrote  several  works,  men- 
tioned by  Wolfius,  and  in  the  Bodleian  ca- 
talogue, and  died  1657. 

Ittigius,  Thomas,  a  German  divine, 
born  at  Leipsic,  1644.  He  was  educated 
at  Leipsic,  Rostock,  and  Strasburg,  and 
rose  by  his  merit  to  the  professorship  of  di- 
vinity at  Leipsic,  in  1691.  He  died  April, 
1710.  He  wrote,  besides  dissertations  in 
the  Leipsic  acts — Dissertatio  de  Haereshiar- 
chis  ^vi  Apostolici  eique  Proximi — Prole- 
gomena ad  Josephi  Opera — Historiae  Eccle- 
siasticae  primi  et  secundi  Seculi  Selecta 
Capita— Exhortationes  Theologicae — His- 
toria  Synodorum,  &c. 

Ives,  or  Yves,  bishop  of  Chartres,  1093, 
was  born  at  Beauvais,  1035.  He  died,  af- 
ter a  life  of  great  piety,  1115,  and  was  ca- 
nonized. There  are  extant  of  his  compi- 
ling "  a  Collection  of  Decrees" — Excep- 
tiones  Ecclesiasticarum  Regularum. — Ser- 
mons— a  Chronicon,  &-c. 

Ives,  John,  an  eminent  antiquarian, 
born  at  Yarmouth,  and  educated  at  Caius 
college,  Cambridge.  He  was  raised  to  the 
revived  oflice  of  Suffolk  Herald,  but  with- 
out any  emolument,  and  he  was  also  fellow 
of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  societies. 
He  died  of  a  deep  consumption  9th  June, 
1776,  aged  25  years.  His  library  and  col- 
lection of  coins,  medals,  paintings,  &c. 
were  sold  by  auction.  He  published 
"  three  select  papers"  from  his  own  collec- 
tion, besides  remarks  upon  the  Garianonum 
of  the  Romans,  the  scite  and  remains  fixed 
and  described,  l2mo.  1774. 

IvETEAUx,  Nicholas  Vauquelin  seigneur 
de,  a  French  poet,  born  at  Fresnaye.  He 
was  made  preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Ven- 
dome,  the  son  of  Gabrielle  d'Estrees,  and 
afterwards  to  Lewis  XIII.  when  dauphin. 
The  licentiousness  of  his  manners  rendered 
him  incapable  of  holding  the  benefices 
which  the  court  intended  for  him,  and  when 
reproached  by  Richelieu  for  his  dissolute 
conduct  he  retired  to  his  house  in  St.  Ger- 
main, where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in 
epicurean  ease  and  voluptuous  indulgence. 
As  he  considered  the  pastoral  life  the  most 
agreeable,  he  dressed  himself  in  the  habit 
of  a  shepherd,  and,  attended  by  his  mis- 
tress, disguised  as  a  nymph  playing  on  the 


\\v\ 


IZV 


"}iaip,be  wasted  away  his  time  in  the  Rirjs'i- 
rst  sensuality,  rri^nrdless  of  the  opinions 
of  the  world  or  the  calls  of  reli-^ioii.  He 
died  1649,  aged  90,  at  a  country  scat  near 
<iern>igny.  He  wrote  Institution  d'un 
Prince,  a  poem  of  merit — Sonnets,  Songs, 
Hic.  in  the  Delices  de  la  Poesie  Francoise, 
1620,  8vo. 

IwAN  V.  John  Alexiowitz,  second  son  of 
Michaelowitz,  succeeded  his  brother  Fco- 
dor  Alexiowitz,  1G82,  on  the  throne  of 
Russia.  As  his  powers  of  mind,  however, 
were  very  weak,  he  was  declared  incapable 
of  reigning,  and  sent  to  a  monastery,  and 
the  sceptre  was  placed  in  the,  hands  of  his 
brother  Peter.  This  cliange  displeased  his 
sister  Sophia,  who  wished  to  obtain  the  su- 
preme power,  and  by  her  intrigues,  I  wan 
was  drawn  from  his  confinement,  and  seat- 
ed on  the  throne  with  her  and  with  Peter. 
This  divided  sovereignty  continued  for  six 
years  ;  but  the  design  of  Sophia  to  sacrifice 
her  brother  Peter  to  her  ambition,  proved 
abortive,  and  the  proscribed  prince  confined 
his  guilty  sister  in  a  convent,  and  seized 
the    reins    of  government    alone.     Iwan 


died   169H,  a;»od   ?>^,   leaving  five    dnujU- 
ter«. 

Iwan  \'I.  of  Brunsn  jck  Bevcrn,  succeed- 
ed, when  three  months  old,  his  great  aunt, 
Anne  Iwanova,  as  cmp»rorof  Ilusfiia,  1710 
The  guardianship  of  iiis  minority  waa  in- 
trusted, by  the  dying  ciiipre.H.i,  to  her  fa- 
vourite, Ernest,  duke  of  JJireii  ;  but  soon 
after  th(>.  regent  was  remov<'d,  jiiid  liu;  rm- 
peror's  mother,  Anne  of  Mecklenburg,  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  ^overnm<;nt  as 
guardian.  The  next  year  tlie  unfortunate 
child  was  dethroned,  and  confined  in  a  for- 
tress, from  whirli  a  monk  had  the  art  to 
remove  him,  and  to  carry  him  to  Germany. 
The  attempt  did  not,  however,  succeed,  and 
Iwan  was  again  inmured  in  a  monastery, 
where  he  was  at  last  put  to  death,  16th 
July,  1764,  by  order  of  Catherine,  the  wife 
of  Peter  III.  who  ascended  the  throne,  1 762. 

IzAACKK,  Richard,  a  native  of  Exeter, 
educated  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford.  He 
was  afterwards  chamberlain  and  town  clerk 
of  his  native  town,  of  which  he  wrote  the 
history,  published  1677,  8vo.  and  again  im- 
proved by  his  son,  1721. 


JAB 


JAC 


JaAPHAN,  Ebn  Tophail,  an  Arabian 
philosopher  at  the  end  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, author  of  a  romance,  called  the  His- 
tory of  Hai  Ebn  Yokdhan,  in  which  he 
asserts  that  by  the  light  of  nature  a  man 
may  acquire  a  knowledge  of  things,  and  of 
God.  It  was  published  with  a  Latin  trans- 
lation, 1671,  by  E.  Pococke,  and  in  1703 
appeared  in  English  by  Simon  Ockley. 

Jablonski,  Daniel  Ernest,  a  popish  di- 
vine, born  20th  Nov.  1660,  at  Dantzic.  He 
studied  in  Germany,  and  afterwards  visited 
Holland  and  England.  He  was  afterwards 
minister  of  Magdeburg,  Lessa,  Konings- 
berg,  and  Berlin,  and  he  zealously  opposed 
infidelity,  and  endeavoured  in  his  ecclesi- 
astical capacity,  but  in  vain,  to  reconcile 
the  Lutherans  and  Calvinists.  He  trans- 
lated into  Latin  Bentley's  Sermons  and 
Boyle's  Lectures,  and  wrote  some  Disser- 
tations on  the  Land  of  Gessen,  and  other 
works  highly  esteemed.  He  died  May, 
1741. 

Jablonski,  Theodore,  counsellor  of  the 
court  of  Prussia,  and  secretary  to  the  royal 
society  of  sciences  at  Berlin,  was  a  man  of 
extensive  erudition,  and  highly  esteemed 
for  his  private  virtues.  He  was  so  modest 
that  he  did  not  prefix  his  name  to  his  works. 
He  wrote  Dictionnaire  Francois  et  Alle- 
mand,  et  Allemand  Francois,  1711 — a 
Course  of  Morality  in  German,  1713 — Dic- 
tionnaire Universel  des   Arts  et  des  Sci- 

VoL.  II.  14 


ences,  1721 — and  a  Translation  of  Taci- 
tus de  Mor.  Germ.  1724. 

Jablonski,  Paul  Ernest,  son  of  Daniel 
Ernest,  was  born  1693,  at  Berlin,  and  be 
came  theology  professor  at  Frankfort  on 
the  Oder.  He  wrote  Disquisitio  de  Lin- 
gua Lycaoniccl  de  Memnone  Graecorum — 
institutiones  Historiae  Ecclesiasticae,  2  vols- 
Svo. — and  Pantheon  iEgyptiorum,  a  learned 
work,  3  vols.  Svo.     He  died  1757. 

Jablonski,  Charles  Gustavus,  author  of 
a  natural  history  of  insects,  was  member  of 
the  society  of  Halle,  and  died  17S7. 

Jacetius,  Francis  de  Cataneis,  an  Ita- 
lian writer,  born  at  Florence,  1466.  He 
was  the  disciple  and  successor  of  Marsilius 
Fieinus,  as  professor  of  Platonic  philoso- 
phy at  Florence,  and  died  1  j52.  He  wrote 
a  treatise  of  beauty,  and  another  of  love, 
according  to  Plato,  and  other  works, 
printed  together  at  Basil,  1563. 

Jachaia,  Ben  Joseph,  a  Portuguese  rabbi, 
born  at  Lisbon,  where  he  died  1539.  He 
wrote  among  other  thing';,  a  paraphrase  on 
Daniel,  in  which  ho  promised  a  speedy  res- 
toration to  his  nation. 

Jackson,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
born  1579  at  Willowing,  county  of  Dur- 
ham. He  entered  at  Queen's  college,  Ox- 
ford, 1595,  and  the  year  after  removed  to 
Corpus  Christi,  of  which  he  was  elected 
fellow  in  1606.  He  became  D.D.  1622, 
and  two  years  after  took  a  living,  and  also 
the  vicarage  of  Newcastle,   which  lie  re- 

10'. 


JAC 


•TAG 


sigued  in  1630,  when  elected  president  of 
his  college.  In  1635  he  was  made  pre- 
bend of  Winchester  by  the  friendship  of 
Neil,  bishop  of  Durham  and  of  Laud,  and 
in  163S  he  was  raised  to  the  deanery  of 
Peterborough.  He  died  1640,  and  was 
buried  in  the  chapel  of  his  college.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  learning,  singular  piety, 
and  of  an  exemplary  character.  He  was 
■well  acquainted  with  the  fathers,  and  his 
works,  which  are  numerous,  display  great 
knowledge  of  Scripture.  Tbey  were  pub- 
lished in  3  vols,  folio,  consisting  of  ser- 
mons, besides  commentaries  on  the  apos- 
tles' creed.  They  were  much  admired  by 
bishop  Home,  as  well  as  by  Mr.  Merrick, 
of  Trinity  college,  Oxford. 

Jackson,  John,  an  English  divine,  born 
4th  April,  1686,  at  Lensey,  Yorkshire, 
where  his  father  was  minister.  He  was 
educated  at  Doncaster  school,  and  after- 
wards entered  at  Jesus's,  Cambridge,  where 
he  studied  Hebrew  under  Ockley.  In 
1710  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Rossington  by  the  corporation  of  Doncas- 
ter, and  married  1712.  He  was  refused 
the  degree  of  M.A.  at  Cambridge,  in  con- 
sequence, it  is  said,  of  his  heretical  opi- 
nions ;  and  by  embracing  tenets  opposite 
to  the  church,  he  embroiled  himself  greatly 
at  Leicester,  where  he  went  to  reside  as 
ronfrator  of  Wigston  hospital.  As  he  re- 
fused to  subscribe  to  the  articles,  he  lost  in 
1724  a  prebend  in  Salisbury  church,  though 
on  the  death  of  his  friend  Dr.  Clarke,  in 
1729,  he  succeeded  to  the  mastership  of 
Wigston  hospital  by  the  presentation  of 
the  duke  of  Rutland.  As  he  was  fond  of 
controversy,  his  works  are  numerous  on 
theological  subjects,  and  display  labour, 
judgment,  and  learning.  It  is  to  be  la- 
mented, that  he  showed  such  virulence  in 
his  conduct,  which  drew  upon  him  the  re- 
sentment of  the  clergy,  so  that  he  was  at 
Bath  refused  the  sacrament,  and  in  Leices- 
ter forcibly  denied  the  use  of  the  pulpit. 
He  opposed  the  doctrine  of  the  trinity,  and 
attacked  Warburton  and  others,  even  some 
of  his  friends,  in  his  pamphlets.  His  last, 
ajid  by  far  his  best  work,  is  "  Chronologi- 
cal Antiquities,"  3  vols.  4to.  1752.  lie 
prepared  materials  for  an  edition  of  the 
Greek  Testament,  of  which,  however,  his 
infirmities  prevented  the  publication.  He 
died  12th  May,  1763,  leaving  four  children 
only,  out  of  the  twelve  whom  his  wife  bore 
him.  Memoirs  of  him  were  published  by 
Dr.  Sutton,  of  Leicester,  1764. 

Jackson,  Arthur,  a  divine,  ejected  from 
his  living  of  St.  Faith,  in  London,  1662, 
for  nonconformity.  He  was  afterwards 
imprisoned,  and  fined  5001.  for  refusing  to 
give  evidence  against  Christopher  Love. 
He  was  chosen  at  the  restoration  to  pre- 
sent, in  the  name  of  the  assembly  of  di- 
vines, a  Bible  to  Charles  II.  and  was  also 
100 


one  df  the  ministers  who  attended  the  Sa- 
voy conference.  He  wrote  a  commentary 
on  the  Bible,  3  vols.  4to.  and  died  1666. 

Jackson,  William,  a  native  of  Exeter, 
eminent  as  a  musical  composer,  and  as  a 
writer.  He  first  studied  music  at  Exeter, 
and  afterwards  removed  to  London,  under 
the  care  of  Mr.  Travers,  and  in  1777  was 
chosen  organist  of  St.  Peter's  church  in  his 
native  town,  where  he  died  18U3,  aged  73. 
Besides  books  of  songs,  hymns,  sonatas, 
canzonets,  &c.  of  merit,  he  wrote  thirty 
letters  on  various  subjects,  lately  edited  a 
third  time — the  four  Ages,  8vo. — Treatise 
on  the  present  State  of  Music,  12mo. — 
Papers  in  the  essays  of  the  Exeter  So- 
ciety, &c.  One  of  his  sons  was  ambassa- 
dor at  the  court  of  Sardinia,  afterwards  in 
France,  and  at  Berlin,  and  another  accom- 
panied lord  Macartney,  as  his  secretary, 
to  China. 

Jackson,  Dr.  Cyril,  an  eminent  divine, 
was  born  in  1746  at  Stamford,  where  his 
father  was  a  medical  practitioner.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  at  W^estminster-school, 
from  whence  he  removed  to  a  studentship 
at  Christ-church,  Oxford,  where  he  pro- 
ceeded to  his  master's  degree  in  1771,  to 
that  of  B.D.  in  1777,  and  that  of  D.D.  in 
1781.  He  became  sub-preceptor  to  his 
present  majesty,  for  which  he  was  made 
canon  of  Christ-church,  and  on  the  eleva- 
tion of  Dr.  Bagot  to  a  bishopric,  he  succeed- 
ed him  in  the  deanery,  which  he  resigned 
in  1809.  Dr.  Jackson  was  an  excellent 
governor  of  his  college  and  an  elegant 
scholar,  but  he  as  studiously  avoided  the 
press  as  he  did  the  mitre,  though  the  pri- 
macy of  Ireland  was  offered  to  him,  as 
well  as  an  English  bishopric.  He  died  at 
Felpham,  in  Sussex,  in  1819.  His  brother, 
Dr.  W^illiam  Jackson,  born  at  Stamford,  in 
1750,  became  prebendary  of  York,  regius 
professor  of  Greek  at  Oxford,  preacher  to 
the  society  of  Lincoln's-inn,  canon  of 
Christ-church,  and  in  1811  bishop  of  Ox- 
ford. He  died  in  1815.  The  bishop  was 
a  sound  mathematician,  and  a  learned  di- 
vine. He  translated  a  tract  on  the  Sieve 
of  Eratosthenes  into  Latin,  and  published 
some  sermons. —  W.  B. 

Jacob,  son  of  Isaac  and  Rebecca,  ob- 
tained from  his  elder  brother,  Esau,  his 
birthright,  and  also  by  the  advice  of  his 
mother,  his  father's  blessing.  This  con- 
duct drew  upon  him  the  vengeance  of  Esau, 
which  he  avoided  by  flying  to  Padan-aran, 
where  he  served  his  uncle  Laban  for  four- 
teen years,  and  obtained  his  two  daugh- 
ters, Leah  and  Rachael,  for  wives.  He 
was  afterwards  reconciled  to  his  brother, 
and  went  to  Egypt  with  all  his  family,  in 
consequence  of  the  elevation  of  his  son 
Joseph  to  the  supreme  power  of  the  coun- 
try, under  Pharaoh.  He  died  in  Egypt, 
B.C.  1689,  aged  147.    The  name  of  Israel, 


JAC 


■J.\l> 


l^iven  to  him  by  an  angel,  descended  lo  his 
posterity  called  Israelites. 

Jacob,  Henry,  a  native  of  Kent,  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  mas- 
ter's degree.  He  afterwards  retired  to  his 
living,  and  died  1621,  aged  60.  He  is 
author  of  some  treatises  against  the 
Brownists,  and  of  a  work  on  our  Saviour's 
sufferings. 

Jacob,  Henry,  son  of  the  preceding,  be- 
came an  able  Orientalist  under  Erpenius. 
He  was  fellow  of  Merton  college,  Oxford, 
but  was  ejected  during  the  civil  wars,  and 
died  at  Canterbury,  1652,  aged  44.  He 
ivrote,  according  to  Wood,  Delphi  Phoeni- 
cizantes,  edited  by  Dickenson — and  other 
works,  still  in  MS. 

Jacob,  Giles,  an  able  lawyer,  author  of 
a  Law  Dictionary — the  Lives  and  Charac- 
ters of  English  poets — and  other  valuable 
works,  died  1744,  aged  54. 

Jacob,  a  Cistercian  monk  in  Hungary, 
who  assembled  a  number  of  peasants  in 
France  and  Germany,  on  pretence  of  going 
with  this  fanatical  multitude  to  deliver  the 
Holy  Land  from  the  infidels.  He  pretended 
also  to  be  comnnssioned  by  the  Virgin  to 
set  Lewis  king  of  France  at  liberty,  who 
had  been  made  prisoner  by  the  Saracens, 
and  for  thio  purpose  he  preached  a  crusade, 
but  the  government  at  last  refused  to 
countenance  the  measure,  and  therefore 
the  enthusiastic  zealots  ivere  dispersed, 
and  Jacob  soon  after  murdered  by  a  butcher, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  13th  century. 

Jacob  al  Bardai,  a  disciple  of  Severus, 
and  an  able  leader  of  the  Eutychians,  who 
from  him  were  called  Jacobites. 

Jacob,  Ben  Naphthali,  a  rabbi  of  the 
fifth  century,  of  the  sect  of  the  Masorites, 
educated  at  Til)erias,  in  Palestine.  The 
invention  of  points  in  the  Hebrew  letters 
instead  of  vowels,  is  attributed  to  him,  and 
to  his  friend  Ben  Asser,  in  the  year  476. 

Jacob,  Ben  Hajim,  a  rabbi  of  the  16th 
century,  known  as  the  editor  of  the  Masora 
and  Hebrew  Bible,  with  the  Chaldee  para- 
phrase, &c.  Venice,  4  vols,  folio,  1525, 
much  esteemed  by  the  Jews. 

jACOBiEUs,  Oliger,  professor  of  philoso- 
phy and  physic  at  Copenhagen,  was  born 
July,  1650,  at  Arhusen,  Jutland,  where  his 
father  was  bishop.  After  studying  at  Co- 
penhagen, he  travelled  over  France,  Italy, 
Germany,  Hungary,  England,  and  the 
Netherlands,  and  on  his  return  was  ho- 
nourably received  by  his  university,  who 
appointed  him  professor,  and  by  the  Danish 
lang,  who  gave  him  the  management  of  his 
cabinet  of  curiosities,  and  made  him  coun- 
sellor of  his  court  of  justice.  The  loss  of 
his  wife  in  1698  robbed  him  of  all  his  hap- 
piness, and  though  lie  attempted  to  avert 
his  grief  by  a  second  marriage,  he  fell  a 
sacrifice  to  his  melancholy,  1701.  He  left 
six  sons  bv  his  first  wife.     He  wrote  de 


lianis  ct  Lacertis  DiiiHcrtatio — «>ralio  in 
Obitum  T.  Burthuliui,  his  father-in-law — 
Gaudia  Areloi  Orbis,  &.c.  be»idc.s  booic 
elegant  Latin  poems. 

Jacobs,  Jnrian,  u  paint<;r  of  Switzer- 
land, the  disciple  of  Francis  Siiyders.  The 
animals  which  he  introduced  in  Iiih  liJMturi- 
cal  pieces,  were  finished  in  a  very  animated 
style.     He  died  1661,  aged  54. 

Jacomu,  Thomas,  D.l).  a  native  of  Lei- 
cestershire, educated  at  Magdalen  hall,  Ox- 
ford, from  which  he  rcmovr-.d  to  Cam- 
bridge, to  become  fellow  of  Trinity  college. 
In  1647  he  obtained  the  living  of  St.  Mar- 
tin, Ludgate,  from  which  he  was  ejected 
for  nonconformity  in  1662.  He  died  1687, 
in  the  family  of  lady  Exeter,  where  he  had 
found  protection  and  maintenance.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  of  Holy  Dedication — Ser- 
mons— a  Commentary  on  the  eighth  of 
Romans — and  contributed  also  to  the  con- 
tinuation of  Pool's  Annotations. 

Jacopone,  da  Todi,  an  Italian  poet,  con- 
temporary with  Dante.  On  becoming  a 
widower  he  distributed  his  property  to  the 
poor,  and  entered  into  the  order  of  Minors, 
and  acquired  the  surname  of  the  Happy,  in 
consequence  of  his  character  of  sanctitv. 
He  wrote  several  canticles,  full  of  fire  and 
zeal,  besides  Stabat  Matar,  a  Latin  poem. 
He  died  very  old,  1306.  The  best  edition 
of  his  Canticles  is  that  of  Venice,  1617, 
4to.  with  notes. 

Jacquelot,  Isaac,  a  protestant  minister 
of  Vassy,  born  in  1647.  He  retired  to  Hei- 
delberg and  the  Hague  at  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  then  became  chap- 
lain to  the  king  of  Prussia,  who  had  acci- 
dentally heard  him  preach.  He  died  at 
Berlin,  1708.  He  wrote  Dissertations  on 
the  Messiah — 2  vols,  of  Sermons — letters 
to  the  French  Bishops — and  some  contro- 
versial tracts. 

Jacquet,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Lyons,  who 
died  1793,  aged  61.  It  is  said  that  he 
resembled  in  his  manners  the  famous  J.  J. 
Rousseau,  and  therefore  he  was  his  warm 
admirer  and  imitator.  His  parallel  between 
Greek  and  French  tragic  poets  possessed 
great  merit,  and  some  of  his  essays  ncre 
honoured  with  the  laurel  by  the  Besancon 
academy. 

Jacquiek,  Francis,  a  native  of  Vitry, 
who  died  at  Rome  1788,  aged  77.  He 
was  eminent  as  a  divine  and  mathemati- 
cian, and  wrote,  assisted  by  Le  Sueur. 
Newton's  Philos.  Natur.  Piincipia  Ma- 
them.  4  vols.  4to. — Institutiones  Philos. 
ad  Studia  Theol.  accomm.  5  vols.  12mo. — 
He  published  besides  a  treatise  of  Algebra, 
and  other  works  in  Italian. 

Jaddus,  was  high-priest  of  Juda'a  when 
Alexander  approached  Jerusalem,  deter- 
mined to  destroy  it,  and  by  meeting  the 
monarch  in  his  pontifical  robes,  he  convert- 
ed his  resentment  into  reverence,  and  to 

ior 


JAI 


JAM 


the  ottering  of  sacrifices   lo    the   God  of 
Israel. 

Jadelot,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Nancy, 
who  died  there,  26th  June,  1793,  aged  57. 
He  was  eminent  as  a  physician,  and  was 
author  of  the  Pictures  of  Animal  (Economy, 
8vo. — a  Complete  Course  of  Anatomy,  foi. 
— Physica  Hominis  Saiii,  2  vols.  l2mo. — 
Pharmacopoeia  for  the  Poor,  8vo.  &c. 

Jaeger,  John  Wolfgang,  a  Lutheran  di- 
vine, horn  at  Stutgard,  Avhere  the  duke  of 
Wirtemburg,  whose  son  he  had  educated, 
made  him  his  counsellor,  and  also  preacher 
of  the  cathedral,  and  abbot  of  the  monas- 
tery of  Adelberg.  In  1702  he  was  made 
divinity  professor,  chancellor  of  the  uni- 
versity, and  provost  of  Tubingen,  and  died 
1720.  He  wrote.  Ecclesiastical  History 
compared  with  profane — a  Compendium  of 
Divinity — Observations  on  Puffendorf  and 
Grolius — a  treatise  of  Laws — Spinoza's 
Life  and  Doctrines  examined,  and  other 
Latin  works. 

Jago,  Richard,  an  English  poet,  born 
llth  Oct.  1715,  at  Beaudesert,  Henley, 
Warkwickshire,  where  his  father  was  rec- 
tor. From  Solihul  school,  where  he  had 
among  his  fellow-pupils,  Shenstone,  he 
went  in  1732  as  servitor  to  University  col- 
lege. In  1737  he  took  oiders,  and  in  1744 
married  a  clergyman's  daughter  by  whom 
he  had  several  children,  and  who  left  him  a 
widower  in  1751.  He  obtained  the  livings 
of  Harbury  and  Chesterton,  1746,  and  in 
1754  lord  Clare  obtained  for  him  the  vicar- 
age of  Snitterfield,  and  in  1771  his  patron. 
Lord  Willoughby  de  Broke  gave  him,  in- 
.ttead  of  Harbury,  Kilmcote  in  Leicester- 
shire, worth  3001.  a  year.  His  elegy  on 
the  Blackbirds  appeared  in  1752,  in 
Hawkcsworth's  Adventurer,  and  as  it  was 
anonymous,  it  was  attributed  to  various 
authors,  and  especially  to  Gilbert  West. 
He  died  after  a  short  illness,  8th  May, 
1781,  aged  GS,  and  was  buried  in  a  vault 
at  Snitterfield.  Three  of  his  daughters  sur- 
vived him.  By  his  second  wife,  married 
1759,  he  had  no  children.  His  most  ad- 
mired performance  is  Edgehill,  a  descrip- 
tive poem,  in  blank  verse,  1767.  His  life 
has  been  written  by  his  friend  Hylton. 

Jaili.ot,  Alexis  Hubert,  a  French  sculp- 
tor, who,  by  marrying  the  daughter  of  a 
map  eolourer,  adopted  his  father-in-law's 
profession,  and  soon  excelled  in  the  execu- 
tion of  maps.  He  engraved  in  a  very 
neat  manner  the  designs  of  Sansons,  and 
laboured  till  his  death  in  172J,  in  geogra- 
phical studies.  His  maps  of  France  are 
valuable,  but  that  of  Lorraine  is  the  best. 
One  of  his  daughters  married  Renou  who 
assumed  the  name  of  Jaillot,  and  became 
geographer  to  the  king.  He  died  5th  April, 
1780.     His    Recherches   Critiques,  Histo- 


viquCs,  &c.  sur  Paris, 
10H 


&c.5voIs.  8vo.  1772. 


is  a  correct,  interesting,  and  much  admired 
work. 

James,  St.  the  great,  son  of  Zebedee  and 
Salome,  was  a  fisherman,  and  was  called 
with  his  brother  John,  while  mending  their 
nets,  to  become  apostles,  by  our  Saviour. 
He  was  present  with  his  brother  and  Peter 
at  the  transfiguration  of  his  blessed  mas- 
ter ;  and  after  the  crucifixion,  he  preach- 
ed the  gospel  to  the  Jews  who  were 
dispersed  in  the  neighbouring  towns  of 
Syria.  On  his  return  to  Judea,  he  was 
seized  by  Herod  Agrippa,  and  cruelly  put 
to  death  with  the  sword  A.D.  44. 

James,  St.  the  less,  brother  of  Simon 
and  Jude,  was  also  one  of  the  apostles,  and 
received  the  surname  of  Just,  on  account 
of  the  great  virtues  of  his  character.  He 
was  the  first  appointed  bishop  of  Jerusa- 
lem, and  for  his  firmness  he  was  called  by 
St.  Paul,  one  of  the  pillars  of  the  church. 
He  was  put  to  death  with  the  blow  of  a 
fuller's  club,  under  Annanias  the  high- 
priest,  A.D.  62,  who  in  vain  wished  to 
persuade  him  to  renounce  the  name  and 
the  religion  of  his  Saviour.  His  epistles  to 
the  dispersed  Hebrew  converts,  is  preser- 
ved among  the  canonical  books  of  the  New 
Testament. 

James,  St.  a  bishop  of  Nisibis,  distin- 
guished by  his  patriotism,  his  zeal,  and  un- 
bounded benevolence,  when  his  countrj' 
was  besieged  by  the  Persians.  He  died 
about  350.  His  works  were  printed,  Rome, 
1736,  folio. 

James  I.  king  of  Scotland,  after  his  fa- 
ther Robert  III.  was  taken  by  the  English 
as  he  was  crossing  over  to  France.  After 
a  severe  imprisonment  of  18  years,  he 
was  set  at  liberty  on  condition  of  marrying 
Jane,  daughter  of  the  earl  of  Somerset, 
1424.  He  severely  punished  those  who 
had  governed  his  kingdom  in  his  absence  ; 
and  in  consequence  of  these  harsh  mea- 
sures he  was  assassinated  in  his  bed  by 
their  relations,  and  died  pierced  with  thirty- 
six  wounds,  1437. 

James  II.  king  of  Scotland,  succeeded 
at  the  age  of  seven  to  his  father,  James  I. 
and  ably  supported  Charles  VII.  of  France, 
in  his  war  against  the  English.  He  punished 
some  of  his  barons,  who  had  I'evolted 
against  him,  and  he  was  killed  at  the  siege 
of  Roxburgh,  3d  Aug.  1460,  aged  29,  by  a 
cannon  shot,  and  after  his  death,  his  queen, 
Mary  of  Guelders,  continued  the  attack, 
and  took  the  town. 

Jamfcs  III.  succeeded  his  father  James 
II.  on  the  throne  of  Scotland,  and  render- 
ed himself  odious  by  his  cruelties.  He 
put  to  death  his  brother  John,  but  Alex- 
ander his  other  brother  escaped  the  last 
fatal  blow  aimed  against  him,  and  levied 
war  against  the  tyrant.  James,  defeated 
in  a   battle  bv  his  rebellious  subjects,  fell 


JAM 


lAAI 


I'rom  his  horse,  and  was  at  last  put  to  death 
in  a  mill  by  the  pursuing  enemy,  11th  June, 

1488. 

[  James  IV.  succeeded  his  father  James 
III.  at  the  age  of  16,  and  showed  himself 
religious,  active,  and  patriotic.  He  defeat- 
ed some  of  his  rebellious  barons,  and  as- 
sisted Lewis  XII.  of  France  against  the 
English,  but  was  unfortunately  slain  in  the 
fatal  battle  of  Floddenfield,  1513.  He  in 
stituted  the  order  of  the  Thistle,  or  of  St. 
Andrew.  •  » 

James  V.  of  Scotland,  succeeded  at  the 
death  of  his  father,  James  IV.  though  only 
18  months  old.  His  minority  was  govern- 
ed by  his  mother,  Mftrgaret  of  England, 
but  at  the  age  of  17  he  assumed  the  reins 
of  government,  and  assisted  Francis  I. 
against  Charles  V.  and  in  consequence  of 
his  services,  he  received,  1535,  Magdalen, 
the  French  king's  daughter,  who  died  two 
years  after.  He  afterwards  married 
Mary  of  Lorraine,  the  widow  of  Lewis  of 
Orleans,  and  died  13th  Dec.  1542,  leaving 
his  dominions  to  his  only  child,  Mary 
Stuart,  who  was  born  only  eight  days  be- 
fore his  death.  He  was  a  prince  admired 
for  his  virtues,  and  the  firmness  with  which 
he  supported  the  religious  establishment  of 
his  country. 

James  VI.  of  Scotland,  and  the  first  of 
England,  was  son  of  Henry  earl  of  Darn- 
ley,  and  Mary  the  daughter  of  James  V. 
and  was  born  1566.  The  conduct  of  his 
mother  had  so  irritated  the  nobles  that  she 
was  obliged  by  her  rebellious  subjects  to 
resign  the  crown  to  her  son  in  1566,  and 
James,  who  had  displayed  great  modera- 
tion and  prudence  in  Scotland,  was  called, 
on  the  death  of  Elizabeth  to  fill  the  Eng- 
lish throne  1603.  His  accession  was  at- 
tended with  dissatisfaction  on  the  part  of 
some  of  the  English  nobles,  and  lords  Cob- 
ham,  and  Grey,  and  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
ivere  arrested  on  pretence  of  a  conspi- 
racy to  destroy  the  king  and  his  son  prince 
Henry.  A  more  dreadful  catastrophe  await- 
ed him  from  the  catholics  whom  he  had 
rendered  his  enemies,  by  the  severity  of 
his  treatment  toward  them  ;  but  wlien  the 
parliament  house  was  doomed  to  he  blown 
up  by  gunpowder  with  the  king,  the  lords 
and  commons,  the  plot  was  happily  dis- 
covered by  the  sagacity  of  the  monarch, 
and  the  ringleaders  were  seized  and  execu- 
ted. James  was  naturally  fond  of  peace, 
and  during  20  years  of  his  reign,  his  sub- 
jects enjoyed  perfect  tranquillity.  The  in- 
terests and  the  dignity  of  the  nation  per- 
haps might  have  required  more  vigorous 
measures,  especially  in  supporting  the 
rights  of  the  protestants  and  of  the  elector 
Palatine  who  had  married  the  king's  daugh- 
ter ;  but  the  cultivation  of  commerce,  and 
a  friendly  intercourse  with  the  rest  of  the 
^vorld.  were  more  congenial  to  the  senti- 


ments of  the  monarch.     In   the  extensioit 
of  his  prerogative  Jumc-  rendered  himself 
not  only    oppressive,  but   often    ridiculous, 
and  while   he  argued  wiih  his   parliament, 
and  enlarged    on    the   di\iiie   and  absolute 
rights  of  kings,  he  taught   the  fiiclious    to 
dispute  his  authority,  and  to  prepare    that 
opposition  which  proved  so  fatal  to  hia  suc- 
cessor.    Though  learned  and  intelligent  he 
chose  for  his  favourites  the    most  ignorant 
and  worthless,  and  the  partiality  whieh  he 
showed  to  Carr,   earl   of  Somerset,  and  to 
Villiers,  duke  of  Buckingham,  rellect  little 
honour  on  his  judgment  or  his  heart.     lu 
his  fondness  for  co.'itroversial   learning  he 
founded  Chelsea  college  for  the   support  of 
a  number  of  polemical  divines,  whose  abili- 
ties and  labours  might  be    directed  to  op- 
pose   and    refute    the    Roman    catholics. 
James  died  at  Theobalds,  8th  April,   1625, 
aged  59,   after  a  reign  of  22  years,  and  he 
was  buried  in  Westminster  abbey.     By  his 
wife  Anne  of  Deimiark,  whom  he  married 
1590,  he  had  Henry  and  Robert  who  died 
young,   Charles  his    successor,  and  Eliza- 
beth who  married  Frederic  V.  elector  Pala- 
tine.     His   works,   which   consisted  of  a 
Commentary  on  the  Revelations,  in  which 
he  terms   the  Pope   Antichrist — Basilicon 
Doron,  or  Advice  to  his  Son — Daemonology, 
or   Discourse   on  Witchcraft — a  Counter- 
blast against  Tobacco,  &.c.  were  published 
in  1  vol.  folio,  1619.      Though  James  de- 
served to  be  commended   for   his  love  of 
peace,  and  for  his  moderation,  yet  his  cha- 
racter must  descend  to  posterity  with  e very- 
mark  of  detestation  for  his  cruel  conduct 
towards    the  virtuous    and   patriotic    Ra- 
leigh, whom  he  wantonly  caused   to  be  be- 
headed 15  years   after  his   sentence,  and 
after  he  had  granted  him   his  protection, 
and   employed  him  in  the  service   of  his 
country. 

James  II.  of  England,  succeeded  his 
brother  the  second  Charles  1684.  He  was 
born  at  London  14th  Oct.  1683,  and  at  his 
birth  proclaimed  duke  of  York.  On  the 
death  of  his  father  he  escaped  to  France, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  French 
service  by  his  courage  and  military  skill. 
At  the  restoration  he  was  declared  admiral 
of  England,  and  obtained  in  1665,  a  cele- 
brated victory  over  Opdam,  the  Dutch  ad- 
miral ;  but  in  1672,  he  was  defeated  by 
Ruyter,  though  supported  by  the  French 
fleet.  His  valour  had  endeared  him  to  the 
English,  and  though  his  principles,  which 
were  strongly  attached  to  the  popish  reli- 
gion, were  censured  by  the  parliament,  he 
ascended  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his 
brother  ;  but  the  virtues  of  the  private  man 
unfortunately  disappeared  in  the  king. 
James  became  arbitrary,  cruel,  and  oppres- 
sive, and  in  his  wish  to  establish  the  Romaii 
catholic  religion  in  the  kingdom,  he  rudely 
invaded   the  rishts  and  privileges  of  hi*: 

ion 


.ja:vji 


JAM 


subjects,  and  paid   no  regard  to  the  opi- 
nions and  prejudices  of  a  people,  who  had 
-a  few  years  before  conducted  his  father  to 
the  scaffold.     The   murmurs  of  the  Eng- 
lish were  not  uttered  in  vain.     William, 
prince   of  Orange,  who   had  married  the 
king's  daughter,  was  persuaded  to  invade 
the  kingdom,  and  James,  terrified  at  the 
success  of  his  enemy,   and  the  ingratitude 
of  his   courtiers,    fled    to   France,    16S8. 
He  afterwards  attacked  Ireland,  but  this 
effort  for   the   recovery  of  his  lost  domi- 
nions, and  the  intrigues  of  his  catholic  ad- 
herents, were   unable   to  shake  the  popu- 
larity of  William.     James  died  at  St.  Ger- 
main's, a  pensioner  on  the  bounty  of  the 
French  king,  16th   Sept.   1701,  aged   68. 
By  his  first   wife,  Anne,  daughter  of  lord 
.  Clarendon,    he  had  two  daughters,  Mary 
and  Anne,  who  were  successively  queens 
of  England  ;  and  by  his  second  wife   the 
princt•^^  of  Modena,  he  had  a  son,  called 
the  Pretender,    acknowledged   by  the  Ro- 
man catholic  princes,  under  the  name  of 
James  III.     This  son   died   at   Rome,  2d 
Jan.   1766,  and  his  son,   Charles  Edward, 
the  pretender  so  well  known  by  his  inva- 
sion of  Scotland  in  1745,  died  at  Florence, 
31st   Jan.  1788,  aged  68.     Henry    Bene- 
dict, cardinal  of  York,  brother  to  Charles 
Edward,  died  lately  at  Rome,  and  thus  that 
branch  of  the  Stuart  family  is  become  ex- 
tinct. 

James  I.  king  of  Arragon,  surnamed  the 
warrior,  succeeded  his  father,  Peter  the 
catholic,  1213.  He  defeated  some  of  his 
nobles,  who  had  raised  an  insurrection 
against  him,  and  afterwards  he  conquered 
the  kingdoms  of  Majorca,  Minorca,  Va- 
lentia,  and  other  places  from  the  Moors. 
He  also  supported  himself  against  the  en- 
croachments of  the  papal  power,  and 
died  at  Xativa,  27th  July,  1276,  aged 
70.  Before  he  expired,  he  resigned  the 
crown  into  the  hands  of  his  successor,  and 
put  on  the  habit  of  a  Cistercian  monk, 
with  the  superstitious  hope  of  thus  recon- 
ciling heaven,  and  obtaining  forgiveness  for 
the  irregularities  and  the  licentiousness  of 
his  life. 

James  II.  king  of  Arragon,  son  of  Peter 
III.  succeeded  his  brother,  Alphonso  III. 
1291.  He  conquered  Sicily,  and  waged  a 
long  war  against  the  Moors,  and  the  peo- 
ple of  Navarre.  He  had  the  good  fortune 
touniteValentia  and  Catalonia  to  his  crown, 
an  i  he  died  at  Barcelona,  3d  Nov.  1327,  aged 
66,  deservedly  respected  for  his  modera- 
tion, his  courage,  benevolence,  and  mag- 
nanimity. % 

James  of  Voragine,  provincial  of  the 
Dominicans,  compiled  the  Golden  Legend, 
a  work  of  fabulous  stories,  often  edited. 
He  died  1298.  The  best  edition  of  the 
Golden  Legend  is  that  of  1470. 
James,  Thomas,  an  Enelish  divine,  born 
no 


at  Newport,  Isle  of  Wight,  and  educated 
at   Winchester  school,    and    New  college, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow,  1593. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  a  collector  of 
curious  MSS.  and  published  a  catalogue  of 
such  as  were  in  the  colleges  of  the  univer- 
sity, and  was  the  first  librarian  appointed 
by  Sir  Thomas  Bodley,  in  his  newly  esta- 
blished library.     He  was  made  by  the  bi- 
shop sub-dean  of  Wells,   and  took  his  de- 
gree  of  D.D.   1614,   and   ivas  afterwards 
presented  by  the  archbishop  to  Mongeham, 
in  Kent.     These  and  other  pieces  of  pre- 
ferment, were  not  undeserved.     He  show- 
ed himself  a  most  active  divine  against  the 
papists,  and  proposed  various  plans  for  the 
collating  of  the  MSS.  of  the  fathers,  which 
might  not  only  advance  the  cause   of  sci- 
ence,  but   defeat    the    forgeries   and   the 
views  of  the   catholics,    which,    however, 
failed  for  want  of  encouragement.     He  died 
at  Oxford,   1632,    aged   about    51.       His 
ivorks  are  all  respectable,  the  best  known 
of  which,  is  a  treatise   of  the   Corruption 
of  Scriptures,  Councils,  and  Fathers,  pub- 
lished 1611,  4to.  and  reprinted  1688,  8vo. 
He  was  the  correspondent,  among  others, 
of  Usher. 

James,  Richard,  nephew  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  of  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  Corpus  Christi,  of 
%vhich  he  was  made  fellow,  1615.  In  1619 
he  travelled  through  Wales  and  Scotland, 
and  then  passed  into  Russia,  on  which  he 
published  some  observations.  He  was  well 
skilled  in  the  learned  languages,  as  well  as 
in  Italian,  French,  and  Spanish,  and  so  ex- 
tensive was  his  information,  that  he  was  of 
great  assistance  to  Selden  in  the  drawing 
up  of  his  Marmora  Arundeliana,  and  to 
Sir  Robert  Cotton  and  his  son,  in  the 
arrangement  of  their  noble  library.  His 
abilities  as  a  scholar  and  a  critic,  were  said 
to  be  superior  to  those  of  his  uncle.  He  died 
1638.  AVTien  confined  through  suspicion, 
by  the  House  of  Lords,  1629,  he  wrote  a 
copy  of  English  verses,  prefixed  to  his 
works,  afterwards  presented  to  the  Bod- 
leian library. 

James,  Robert,  M.D.  an  English  physi- 
cian, best  known  by  his  preparation  of  a 
very  useful  fever-powder,  was  born  at  Kin- 
verston,  Staffordshire,  1703.  He  took  his 
first  degree  in  arts  at  St.  John's  college, 
Oxford,  and  afterwards  practised  as  a  phy- 
sician at  Sheffield,  Lichfield,  and  Birming- 
ham. He  then  removed  to  London,  and 
published  there,  in  1743,  his  valuable  Medi- 
cinal Dictionary,  3  vols.  fol.  in  the  compo- 
sition of  which  he  was  assisted  by  his 
friend  Dr.  Johnson.  He  wrote  also  the 
Practice  of  Physic,  1746,  2  vols.  8vo. — ou 
Canine  Madness,  &c. — and  1778,  a  Dis- 
sertation on  Fevers,  &c.  He  died  23d 
March,  1776.  His  powder,  of  which  the 
invention  is  attributed  bv  some  to  a  Ger- 


JAN 


.fA.N 


jnan  physician  of  the  name  of  Schawan- 
berg,  has  acquired  great  and  deserved  ce- 
lebrity, and  though  at  first  opposed  by  some 
of  the  faculty,  who  either  through  prtrju- 
dice  or  rivalship,  considered  it  as  a  worth- 
less nostrum,  it  has  procured  to  his  family 
an  inexhaustible  source  of  opulence.  Dr. 
James  was  coarse  in  his  manners  as  well  as 
person,  but  he  was  intelligent,  and  as  a 
companion,  agreeable  and  cheerful.  He 
left  sons  and  daughters.  His  eldest  son 
was  educated  at  Merchant-tailors'  and  St. 
John's  college,  Oxford,  and  took  his  degree 
in  physic. 

James,  Thomas,  D.D.  a  native  of  St. 
Neot's,  Huntingdonshire,  educated  at  Eton 
and  King's  college,  Cambridge,  which  he 
left  in  1776,  for  the  headship  of  Rugby 
school.  He  resigned  in  1793,  and  in  re- 
ward for  his  honourable  services  at  the 
head  of  the  school,  he  obtained  a  Worces- 
ter prebend,  and  Harrington  rectory,  Wor- 
cestershire. He  wrote  a  Compendium  of 
Geography  for  Rugby  school — two  sermons 
— the  fifth  book  of  Euclid  explained  by 
Algebra.     He  died  at  Harrington,  1804. 

Jamet,  Peter  Charles,  a  French  writer, 
born  1701,  in  the  diocess  of  Sens.  He 
wrote  Metaphysical  Essays — Letters  on 
Taste,  and  the  Doctrine  of  Bayle — Disser- 
tation on  the  Creation — the  Mogul  Philoso- 
pher, Daneche  Menkan,  &.c. — and  also 
contributed  some  notes  to  the  dictionary  of 
Trevoux. 

Jamtn,  Amadis,  a  French  poet,  the 
friend  and  rival  of  Ronsard.  He  travelled 
in  the  early  part  of  life  in  Greece  and  Asia 
Minor,  and  afterwards  became  secretary 
and  chamber  reader  to  Charles  IX.  He 
died  1585.  Besides  his  poetical  works  in 
2  vols,  he  published  seven  academical  dis- 
courses in  prose,  and  finished  Homer's 
Iliad  in  verse,  began  by  Hugh  Salel,  to 
which  he  added  the  three  first  books  of  the 
Odyssey. 

Janeway,  James,  a  native  of  Hertford- 
shire educated  at  Christ-church,  Oxford, 
and  ejected  for  nonconformity,  16G2.  He 
afterwards  opened  a  meeting-house  at  Ro- 
therhithe,  and  died  there,  1674.  He  is 
author  of  Heaven  on  Earth,  8vo. — a  To- 
ken for  Children,  12mo.— often  edited — 
the  Saint's  Encouragement  to  Diligence, 
Svo. — a  Legacy  to  his  Friends,  8vo.  a  pos- 
thumous work. 

Janicon,  Francis  Michael,  a  French  wri- 
ter, born  at  Paris,  and  educated  in  Holland. 
He  was  at  first  in  the  army,  but  became  a 
writer  in  the  gazettes  of  Amsterdam,  Rot- 
terdam, and  Utrecht,  where  his  political 
sagacity,  and  the  elegance  of  his  style 
^\^eve  much  admired.  He  died  of  an  apo- 
plexy 1730,  aged  56.  Besides  his  "ga- 
zettes" he  wrote  Steel's  Ladies'  Library 
translated — Gavin's  Satire  against  Monks, 
4  vols.  12mo. — the  Present   State  of  the 


Republic  of  the  Lnit'-d  Provinces  and  Vc- 
pendencies,  2  vols.  1729,  a  valuable  work. 

Janseniuh,  Cornelius,  a  divinr  who  di«- 
tinguished  himseli  a.s  ihc  envoy  of  Philip 
II.  of  Spain,  at  the  council  of  Trent,  and 
was  rewarded  on  his  return  by  the  bish- 
opric of  Ghent,  where  he  di<:d,  1;)76,  aged 
66.  He  was  a  native  of  llulst,  in  Flan- 
ders. He  published,  among  other  workfl, 
a  Harmony  of  the  Gospel. 

Jansenius  or  Jansen,  CorneliuH,  a  cele- 
brated Roman  catholic  bishop,  the  author 
of  Jansenism.  He  was  born  at  Afcoy, 
near  Leerdam,  in  Holland  1585,  and  after 
studying  at  Utrecht,  he,  in  1604,  went  to 
Paris,  where  he  became  acquainted  with 
St.  Cyran.  He  returned  to  Louvain  in 
1617,  and  two  years  after,  took  his  doctor's 
degree,  and  soon  after  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  St.  Pulcheria  college,  with  a  theo- 
logical professorship.  His  abilities  were 
so  universally  popular  that  he  was  twice 
sent  by  the  university  of  Louvain  as  a 
deputy  to  the  Spanish  king,  to  whom  he 
rendered  himself  acceptable  by  Avriting  a 
severe  book  against  the  French,  called 
Mars  Gallicus,  for  their  alliance  with  the 
protestant  princes.  Tliough  this  work  pos- 
sessed little  merit,  it  procured  him  the 
bishopric  of  Ypres,  and  with  it  the  hatred 
and  persecution  of  Richelieu.  He  died  of 
the  plague,  8th  May,  1638,  aged  53.  He 
wrote  commentaries  on  the  Gospels,  Pro- 
verbs, &c.  some  controversial  books,  &c. 
But  his  most  celebrated  composition,  the 
labour  of  20  years,  is  his  Augustinus,  pub- 
lished after  his  death.  In  this  book  he  ex- 
plained and  illustrated  the  doctrine  of  Au- 
gustineconcerning  man's  natural  corruption, 
and  the  nature  and  efficacy  of  the  divine 
grace  ;  but  as  this  directly  militated  against 
the  opinions  of  the  Jesuits,  it  drew  upon 
his  memory  the  severest  opposition.  The 
pope  at  last  was  prevailed  upon  to  exert  his 
authority,  and  accordingly  the  use  of  the 
book  was  forbidden  in  1641,  and  the  next 
year.  Urban  VIII.  issued  his  bull  for  its 
final  suppression. — These  measures  excited 
violent  animosities,  but  to  give  greater 
solemnity  to  the  condemnation,  the  French 
bishops  drew  up  five  propositions  from  the 
doctrine  of  Jansen,  which  were  submitted 
to  pope  Innocent  X.  and  pronounced  he- 
retical. These  propositions  asserted,  1st. 
That  there  are  divine  precepts  which  good 
men,  though  desirous,  are  unable  to  obey. 
2d.  That  no  man  can  resist  the  influence  of 
divine  grace  operating  on  his  mind.  3d. 
That  to  render  human  actions  meritorious, 
it  is  not  necessary  that  they  be  exempt 
from  necessity,  but  only  that  they  be  free 
from  constraint.  4th.  That  the  Semipcla- 
gians  err  in  maintainina;  that  the  human 
will  is  endowed  with  the  power  of  either 
receiving  or  resisting  the  influences  of  pre- 
venting grace.     5th.  That  whoever  affirms 

111 


3,m 


JAK 


that  Jesus  Christ  made  expiation  by  his 
death  for  the  sins  of  all  mankind,  is  a  Semi- 
pelagian.  These  measures  of  the  holy 
see  were  productive  of  great  dissension  in 
the  French  church,  and  when  the  next 
pope,  Alexander  VII.  declared  that  none 
should  be  admitted  into  the  church  without 
subscribing  to  a  renunciation  of  the  doc- 
trines of  Jansen,  the  Jansenists  ventured 
to  dispute  the  infallibility  of  the  pontift', 
and  to  regard  him  as  of  inferior  power  to 
a  general  council.  Opposition  in  this  as  in 
all  controversies  produced  irritation  and 
not  conviction,  and  instead  of  suppressing 
the  Jansenists,  the  efforts  of  the  Jesuits 
and  of  the  see  of  Rome  tended  to  render 
them  more  numerous  and  more  violent,  not 
only  in  France,  but  in  the  Low  Countries 
and  in  Germany. 

Janson  or  Jansonics,  James,  a  native  of 
Amsterdam,  doctor  of  Louvain  and  profes- 
sor of  theology,  and  dean  of  St.  Peter's 
college,  was  author  of  Commentaries  on  the 
Psalms — Songof  Solomon — Job — St.  John's 
Gospel,  &c.     He  died  1625,  a2:ed  78. 

Janssens,  Abraham,  a  painter,  born  at 
Antwerp,  1569.  His  descent  from  the 
Cross  in  Ghent  cathedral  is  so  much  ad- 
mired, that  some  attribute  it  to  the  pencil 
of  Rubens,  who  was  his  rival  in  the  public 
favour. 

Janssens,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  painter, 
whose  portraits  were  much  admired,  and 
considered  as  equal  to  those  of  Vandyke. 
He  resided  for  some  time  in  England,  and 
died  1665. 

Jansseks,  Victor  Honorius,  a  painter  of 
Brussels,  who  died  1739,  aged  75.  He 
studied  at  Rome  under  the  patronage  of 
the  duke  of  Holstein,  and  on  his  return 
employed  his  psncil  in  adorning  the  sacred 
buildings  of  his  native  city. 

Januarius,  St.,  bishop  of  Benevento, 
beheaded  at  Puzzuoli  in  the  persecution  of 
Dioclesian.  His  body  was  buried  at  Na- 
ples, where  a  noble  chapel  in  the  cathedral 
is  dedicated  to  his  memory.  His  blood  is 
supposed  to  be  preserved  in  a  phial,  and 
annually,  on  particular  occasions,  and 
when  Vesuvius  threatens  an  eruption,  the 
holy  VaOsscI  is  produced,  when,  at  the  pre- 
sence of  the  saint's  head,  which  is  then 
exhibited,  the  blood,  which  before  was  con- 
gealed, immediately  liquifies.  The  moun- 
tain, as  the  superstitious  Neapolitans  be- 
lieve, respects  the  solemnity,  and  earth- 
quakes are  very  frequently  thus  prevented. 

Japhet,  son  of  Noah,  is  the  progenitor 
of  the  nations  of  Asia  and  Europe.  He 
was  born  B.C.  2448. 

Jardixs,  Mary  Catherine  des,  a  French 
lady,  born  1640,  at  Alencon,  in  Normandy, 
where  her  father  was  provost.  She  left 
home  early  in  consequence  of  an  intrigue, 
and  retired  to  Paris,  v/here  she  determined 
to  subsist  by  her  pen.  While  engajred  in  the 
112 


publication  of  novels,  she  gave  a  loose  rein 
to  her  passions,  and  assumed  the  name  of 
Villedieu,  one  of  her  favourites,  with  whom 
however  she  soon  quarrelled.  A  fit  of  de- 
votion on  the  death  of  a  female  friend,  re- 
stored her  for  a  while  to  her  senses,  in  the 
seclusion  of  her  convent,  but  when  return- 
ed to  the  world,  she  again  became  dissipa- 
ted, and,  after  the  death  of  Villedieu,  who 
died  in  battle,  she  married  the  marquis  de 
la  Chasse,  who  was  only  separated  from  his 
wife,  by  whom  she  had  a  son.  After  his 
death  she  attached  herself  to  one  of  her 
cousins,  and  died  at  Clinchemare,  on  the 
Maine,  1683.  Her  works,  consisting  of 
dramas,  poems,  romances,  and  fables,  were 
published  in  10  vols.  12mo.  1702,  to  which 
two  more  were  added  in  1721.  Her  style 
is  animated,  though  her  stories  and  catas- 
trophes are  not  always  interesting ;  her 
verses  however  are  feeble. 

Jardtn,  Karel  du,  a  painter,  born  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1640.  He  studied  in  Italy  and 
resided  at  Venice,  where  he  died  1678,  and, 
though  a  protestant,  was  buried  in  conse- 
crated ground.  His  animals  and  land- 
scapes are  admired. 

Jaroslaw,  grand  duke  of  Russia,  in  the 
10th  century,  is  celebrated  for  the  liberal 
patronage  which  he  extended  to  learned 
men.  He  framed  a  code  of  laws  for  the 
benefit  of  his  subjects,  and,  to  encourage 
learning,  he  founded  a  school,  and  caused 
various  useful  books  to  be  translated  from 
the  Greek  into  the  Russian  language. 

Jarrige,  Peter,  a  Jesuit  who  became  a 
protestant,  and  exposed  his  society  in  a 
work  called  the  Jesuits  on  a  scaffold.  He 
afterwards  returned  to  the  Society  at  Ant- 
werp, and  employed  himself  in  refuting  his 
former  publication.  He  died  at  Tulles,  in 
France,  1670. 

Jarrt,  Laurence  Juillard  du,  a  French 
poet  and  divine,  born  at  Jarry,  near  Xantes, 
1658.  He  came  young  to  Paris,  and  was 
patronised  by  Bossuet,  Bourdaloue,  and 
others,  and  obtained  the  poetical  prize  of 
the  French  academy,  1679,  and  also  in 
1714,  when  Voltaire  was  his  competitor. 
He  was  made  prior  of  Notre  dame  du  Jar- 
ry, in  Xantes,  where  he  died,  1730.  He 
excelled  as  a  preacher,  and  published  le 
Ministere  Evangelique,  Sermons,  Ouvrages 
de  Piet<'%  des  Poesies  Chretiennes,  &c. 

Jars,  Gabriel,  a  nativ«;  of  Lyons,  who, 
with  Duhamel,  visited  the  mines  of  Bohe- 
mia, Saxony,  Hungary,  Austria,  Carinthia, 
England,  and  other  countries,  and,  with 
the  skill  and  genius  of  a  true  mineralogist, 
prepared  his  observations,  which  death, 
however,  preventedhim  from  publishing.  He 
was,  in  1768,  made  a  member  of  the  acade- 
my of  sciences,  at  Paris,  and  died  the  next 
year,  aged  37.  His  Voyages  Metallur- 
giques  were  published  bv  his  brother,  3  vols. 
4to. 


JEA 


l£B 


^AKVis,  Abraham,  D.D.  bishop  of  the 
episcopal  church  of  Connecticut,  was  born 
at  Norwalk,  in  that  state,  May  5th,  1739, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  17C1. 
Having  obtained  ordination  in  London,  he 
was  settled  at  Middletown  in  1764.  He 
was  consecrated  bishop  in  1797,  and  his 
death  took  place  in  1S13,  at  New-Haven, 
where  he  had  resided  for  several  years  pre- 
vious. iCJ^  L. 

Jaucourt,  Lewis  de,  a  Frenchman,  who 
disregarded  the  advantages  of  his  birth  and 
rank  for  the  pleasures  of  study.  His  know- 
ledge was  very  extensive,  and,  in  antiqui- 
ties, morals,  medicine,  and  general  litera- 
ture, his  assistance  was  very  valuable  to  the 
French  encyclopedic.  He  conducted  the 
Bibliotheque  Raisonnec  from  its  commence- 
ment in  1740,  and  assisted  Gaubius  and 
others  in  the  publication  of  the  Museum 
Sebajanum,  in  1734.  He  wrote  also,  Lexi- 
con Medicum  Universale,  in  6  vols,  folio, 
but  the  MS.  was  lost  in  the  vessel  which 
conveyed  it  to  Holland.  He  was  member 
of  the  Royal  Society  of  London,  and  of  the 
academies  of  Berlin  and  Stockholm,  but  re- 
fused the  liberal  invitations  of  the  Stadt- 
holder,  to  settle  in  Holland,  observing  that 
he  had  no  necessities  nor  ambition,  but  only 
wished  for  studious  obscurity.  He  died 
Feb.  17S0. 

Jault,  Augustus  Francis,  professor  of 
Syriac,  in  the  Royal  college  at  Paris,  trans- 
lated into  French  Sharp's  Surgery,  Ockley's 
History  of  the  Saracens,  Floyer  on  the 
Asthma,  a  treatise  on  the  venereal  disease, 
and  other  works.  He  ranked  high  as  a 
physician,  and  died  at  Paris,  1757,  aged  50. 

Jat,  Guy  Michel  le,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  who  ruined  himself  by 
printing  at  his  own  expense  a  polyglott  Bi- 
ble. This  beautiful  work,  in  10  vols,  folio, 
containing  the  Syriac  and  Arabic  versions, 
which  are  not  inserted  in  the  polyglott  of 
Ximenes,  was  begun  1628,  and  was  com- 
pleted 1645.  In  his  honourable  poverty  he 
became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  was  made  dean 
of  Vezelai,  and  counsellor  of  state.  He 
died  1675. 

Jeacocke,  Caleb,  author  of  the  Vindica- 
tion of  the  moral  character  of  the  apostle 
Paul,  against  the  charges  of  hypocrisy  and 
insincerity,  brought  by  lord  Bolingbroke, 
Dr.  Middleton,  and  others,  1765, 8vo.  was  a 
baker  of  the  High-street,  St.  Giles,  who,  by 
his  great  application  and  merit,  was  distin- 
guished in  the  world,  and  became  director 
of  the  Hand-in-hand  fire  office.  He  was  a 
frequent  attendant  of  the  Robin  Hood 
speaking  society,  Butcher-row,  Temple- 
bar,  where  it  is  said  his  oratory  proved  often 
more  powerful  and  convincing  than  that  of 
Edmund  Burke  and  other  members  who 
afterwards  acquired  celebrity  in  the  House 
of  Commons.  He  died  17S6,  much  re- 
spected. 

Vol.  n.  '15 


Jeanes,  Henry,  a  native  of  Alberscy, 
Somersetshir.;,  educated  at  Hart-hall,  Ox- 
ford. He  afttrwanls  obtained  the  rectory 
of  Becr-crocomb  and  Capland,  Somerset- 
shire, and  also  Chedzoy,  after  Dr.  Walter 
Raleigh's  expulsion.  11,;  favoured  the 
Presbyterians,  but  died  before  his  adherence 
to  the  tenets  of  the  eliiirrh  \v:is  called  in 
question,  1662.  He  wrote  a  treati.se  on 
Abstinence  from  Evil,  3vo. — On  th*  Indif- 
ferency  of  Human  Actions,  4to. — On  Ori- 
ginal Righteousness,  &.c.  4to. — Polemical 
I'racts  against  Dr.  Hammond,  .J<r.  Ta\  lor 
John  Goodwin,  &c. — Want  of  Church  (io- 
vernmcnt,  &c. 

Jeannin,  Peter,  a  Burgundian,  advocate 
in  the  parliament  of  Dijon.  He  rose  to 
consequence  by  his  merit,  and  when  the 
orders  for  the  murder  of  St.  Bartholomew 
were  issued  at  Dijon,  he  opposed  it  with  ali 
his  authority,  and  for  his  services  was  made 
president  of  the  parliament  there.  After 
the  destruction  of  the  league  he  became  a 
favourite  with  Henry  IV.  who  employed 
him  in  negotiations  with  the  Spaniards  and 
Dutch,  and,  after  the  king's  death,  he  con- 
tinued a  faithful  servant  in  the  court  of  the 
queen  mother.  He  died  1622,  aged  82, 
after  seeing  seven  successive  kings  on  the 
throne  of  France.  He  published  a  collec- 
tion of  negotiations  and  memoirs  in  folio, 
1659,  and  4  vols.  12mo.  1695,  much  es- 
teemed. 

Jeaurat,  Sebastian,  a  native  of  Paris, 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  and 
afterwards  of  the  National  Institute,  was 
distinguished  as  an  able  mathematician. 
He  founded  an  observatory  in  the  military 
school,  and  wrote  new  tables  of  Jupiter, 
4to. — a  Treatise  on  Perspective,  4to. — Ob- 
servations on  the  Comet  of  1759 — Obser- 
vations on  the  Solar  Eclipse  of  1793 — Gra- 
phical method  of  Dissecting  the  Angle — 
Memoires  sur  les  Lunettes  Diplantidennes, 
&c.— He  died  1803,  aged  99. 

Jebb,  Samuel,  M.D.  a  physician,  born 
at  Nottingham,  and  educated  at  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge.  He  favoured  the  non- 
jurors, and  was  for  some  time  librarian  to 
Jeremy  Collier  ;  but  upon  his  marrying  a 
relation  of  Dillingham,  the  eminent  apothe- 
cary of  Red-lion  square,  he  applied  himself 
to  pharmacy,  and  soon  began  to  practise  as 
physician  at  Stratford  Ic  Bow,  where  he 
continued  the  best  part  of  his  life.  He  af- 
terwards retired  with  a  moderate  income  to 
Derbyshire,  where  he  died  9th  March,  1772, 
leavin""  several  children,  one  of  whom  was 
sir  Richard  Jebb,  one  of  the  physicians  ex- 
traordinary to  the  king.  He  published  a 
translation  of  Martin's  Answers  to  Emlyn, 
1718,  Svo. — Justin  i  Martyris  cum  Try- 
phone  Dialogus,  1719 — dc  Vita  ct  Rebus 
gestis  Maria;  Scotorum  Rcgina^  1725 — an 
edition  of  Aristides,  with  notes,  172S,  % 
vols.  4to. — ^.  C.  Britanni  de  Canibus  Bri- 

115 


JEF 


JEF 


I'atniicis,  &€. — Bacon's  Opus  Majus. — H. 
Hodii  (ie  Graecis  illust.  &c. 

Jebb,  John,  son  of  the  dean  of  Cashel, 
was  born  in  London,  1736.  Part  of  his 
education  was  received  in  Ireland,  and  af- 
terwards he  entered  at  Peter-house,  Cam- 
bridge, and  took  orders,  and  obtained  some 
preft.rment.  He  for  some  years  delivered 
theological  lectures  in  Cambridge,  but  he 
was  prohibited  in  1770,  as  he  professedly 
embraced  the  tenets  of  the  Socinians.  In 
1775,  he  resigned  his  gown,  and  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  physic,  and  obtain- 
ed a  degree  at  St.  Andrew's  ;  and  became 
St  licentiate  in  London.  He  died  March, 
17S6,  of  a  decline.  He  was  a  very  warm 
controversialist.  He  had  when  at  the  uni- 
versity been  a  very  strenuous  advocate  for 
yearly  examinations  ;  and  in  his  political 
life,  he  showed  himself  a  zealous  friend  of 
annual  parliaments,  of  universal  suffrage, 
x)f  the  abolition  of  subscription,  and  of  the 
cause  of  America  against  the  mother  coun- 
try. Besides  physic  and  classical  litera- 
ture he  was  well  skilled  in  Hebrew,  Arabic, 
and  Saxon.  He  joined  two  friends  in 
publishing  a  4to.  called  Excerpta  quaedam 
e  Newtonii  Principiis,  &c.  His  works  were 
published  in  1787,  in  3  vols.  8vo.  by  his 
friend  Dr.Disney,with  an  account  of  his  life. 

Jeciionias,  king  of  Judah,  was  carried 
prisoner  to  Babylon  by  Nebuchadnezzar, 
and  after  several  years  of  captivity  was 
made,  B.C.  562,  one  of  the  officers  of  the 
king's  court. 

Jeffert,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Exeter, 
educated  among  the  dissenters.  He  became 
assistant  to  Mr.  Hallet,  and  in  172G  settled 
at  Little  Baddow,  Essex,  where  he  had  a 
congregation,  but  two  years  after  returned 
to  Exeter,  wlaere  he  died  soon  after,  aged 
about  30.  He  was  author  of  True  Grounds 
and  Reasons  of  the  Christian  Religion, 
against  Collins  the  deist,  8vo. — the  Divi- 
nity of  Christianity  proved  from  Scripture, 
— Christianity  the  Perfection  of  all  Reli- 
gion, 8vo. — a  Review  of  his  Controversy 
with  Collins,  &.c. 

Jeffert,  John,  a  divine,  born  1647,  at 
Ipswich,  where  he  was  educated,  and  at 
Catherine-hall,  Cambridge.  On  taking  or- 
ders he  returned  to  the  curacy  of  Denning- 
ton,  Suffolk,  and  in  1678  he  was  elected 
^minister  of  a  church  at  Norwich,  where  his 
/eloquence  as  a  preacher,  his  learning,  and 
his  exemplary  manners,  rendered  him  a 
popular  and  esteemed  character.  He  was 
introduced  by  Sir  E.  Atkyns  the  chief  ba- 
ron, to  Tillotson,  who,  when  raised  to  the 
primacy,  made  him  archdeacon  of  Norwich. 
He  died  1720,  aged  72.  He  was  twice 
married.  He  published  Sir  T.  Brown's 
Christian  Morals — Whichcote's  Moral  and 
Religious  Aphorisms.  He  wrote  also 
some  sermons,  &c.  which  appeared,  2  vols. 
Svo.  1751.  Dr.  Jeffery  was  an  enemy  to 
114 


controversy,  and  observed  that  it  produced 
more  heat  than  light. 

Jeffert,  of  Monmouth,  ap  Arthur,  a 
British  historian  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I. 
born  and  educated  at  Monmouth.  He  was 
made  archdeacon  of  Monmouth  and  bishop 
of  St.  Asaph,  1152.  He  is  known  for  a 
history  of  Britain,  in  which  he  gives  a  long 
and  fabulous  account  of  the  first  settle- 
ments in  that  country  under  Brutus  the 
grandson  of  Ascanius.  The  work  is  writ- 
ten in  a  plain  simple  style,  but  the  puerile 
stories  and  trifling  incidents  which  it  con- 
tains, render  its  authority  very  dubious, 
though  Usher,  Leland,  Sheringham,  Sir 
John  Rice,  and  others  defend  its  authenti- 
city against  Polydore  Virgil,  Buchanan,  and 
others,  who  regard  it  as  fiction  and  for- 
gery. The  work  was  published  in  Latin 
at  Paris,  1517,  4to.  and  at  Heidelberg,  in 
folio,  1587.  A  translation  of  it  into  Eng- 
lish by  Aaron  Thompson  of  Queen's  col- 
lege, appeared  1718,  Svo. 

Jeffrets,  George  lord,  better  known  as 
judge  Jeffreys,  was  born  at  Acton,  Den- 
bighshire. He  was  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster school,  and  then  removed  to  the  Inner- 
temple.  When  called  to  the  bar,  he  re- 
commended himself  by  his  application  and 
zeal,  and  when  introduced  to  the  city  of 
London  by  his  relative,  alderman  Jeffreys, 
he  was  elected  recorder  of  the  city.  He 
afterwards  became  a  favourite  of  the  court, 
was  made  solicitor  to  the  duke  of  York, 
and  in  1680  knighted,  and  appointed  chief 
justice  of  Chester.  His  next  appointment 
was  the  place  of  chief  justice  of  the  king's 
bench,  and  on  James  the  second's  acces- 
sion, he  was  raised  to  the  office  of  lord 
chancellor.  He  was  a  violent  promoter  of 
all  the  oppressive  measures  of  that  short 
reign,  and  his  cruelty  on  the  circuit,  after 
Monmouth's  rebellion,  upon  the  deluded 
adherents  of  this  unfortunate  nobleman, 
will  always  be  remembered  to  his  disgrace 
and  ignominy.  Though  abusive  in  his 
language,  he  had  at  times  a  becoming  sense 
of  his  dignity  when  on  the  bench  ;  and  it 
is  said  that,  in  the  name  of  common  hu- 
manity, he  threatened  his  severest  ven- 
geance against  the  mayor  and  corporation 
of  Bristol,  who  had  been  long  in  the  habit 
of  selling  culprits  in  their  town  for  expor- 
tation to  the  American  plantations.  At 
the  revolution  the  chancellor  dreaded  the 
public  indignation,  and  in  the  habit  of  a 
sailor  endeavoured  to  escape  to  the  conti- 
nent. He  was  in  this  disguise  at  Wap- 
ping,  drinking  in  a  cellar,  when  a  scrivener, 
whom  when  in  authority  he  had  severely 
chastised,  recognised  his  once  dreaded 
features.  The  chancellor  in  vain  attempt- 
ed to  elude  the  discovery  by  coughing  and 
turning  to  the  wall,  with  the  pot  in  his 
hand  ;  the  alarm  was  given,  he  was  seized 
by  the   mob,  and   conveyed  to  the    lord 


J  EL 


3KS 


mayor,  and  thence  sent  to  the  tower.  He 
died  there  iSth  April,  1689,  and  wa.s  pri- 
vately buried  the  Sunday  night  following. 

Jeffreys,  George,    an    English  writer, 
born  at  VVeldroii,  Northamptonshire.      He 
was  educated  at  Westminster   school,  and 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
elected  fellow,  1701.     lie  refus(;d  to  take 
ordcVs,  and  applied  himself  to  the  law,  and 
was  called  to  the  bar,  but  did  not  practise. 
He  passed  the  latter  part  of  his  life  in  the 
family  of  the  dukes  of  Chandos,  his    rela- 
tions, and  died    1755,  aged  77.     In  1754, 
he  published  by  subscription  a  4to.  volume 
of  Miscellanies  in  prose  and  verse,  among 
which  are   two  tragedies,  Edwin  and    Me- 
rope,  both  acted  at  the  theatre  Lincoln's- 
Inn-fields,  and  the  Triumph   of  Truth,  an 
oratorio. 

Jeffries,  Sir  Herbert,  was  appointed 
lieutenant-governor  of  Virginia,  and  one  of 
the  commissioners  for  inquiring  into  the 
state  of  the  colony  in  1676,  and  assumed 
the  administration  on  the  return  of  Sir 
William  Berkeley  to  England.  He  died  in 
1678,  when  the  government  devolved  on 
Sir  H.  Chicherly.  ICJ^  L. 

Jehu,  son  of  Jehosophat,  was  the  lOth 
king  of  Israel,  B.C.  885.  Though  he  de- 
stroyed Joram  and  all  the  family  of  Ahab, 
and  cut  off  all  the  idolatrous  priests  of  Baal, 
yet  he  afterwards  disregarded  the  worship 
of  the  true  God,  for  which  he  was  deprive*] 
of  his  kingdom  by  Hazael  king  of  Syria,  and 
died  856  B.C. 

Jektl,  Sir  Joseph,  son  of  a  clergyman  in 
Northamptonshire,  became  known  as  an 
able  lawyer,  and  an  eloquent  statesman. 
As  the  friend  of  the  whigs,  he  was  one  of 
the  managers  of  Sacheverel's  trial,  and 
after  maintaining  his  principles  and  popu- 
larity undiminished,  he  was  made  in  the 
reign  of  George  1.  Master  of  the  Rolls, 
privy  counsellor,  and  was  also  knighted. 
In  his  pamphlet,  called  the  Judicial  Autho- 
rity of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls  stated  and 
vindicated,  he  ably  supported  the  power  and 
independence  of  his  office  against  the  chan- 
cellor King.  This  great  man  died  1738, 
aged  75. 

Jektl,  Thomas,  D.D.  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding was  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  and  obtained  the  vicarage  of 
Rowd,  Wilts,  the  lectureship  of  Newland, 
Gloucestershire,  and  the  office  of  St.  Mar- 
garet's minister,  Westminster.  He  was 
author  of  Love  and  Peace  recommended, 
in  two  sermons  at  Bristol,  1674,  4to. — 
Popery,  a  great  Mystery  of  Iniquity,  1680, 
4to. — True  Religion  the  best  Loyalty, 
1682 — Exposition  of  the  Church  Catechism, 
and  some  other  sermons. 

Jellinger,  Christopher,  a  German,  who 
studied  at  Basil,  and  Leyden,  and  after 
being  some  time  a  private  soldier,  came 
from  Geneva  to  England.     He  found  pa- 


trons, and  obtaiiie.l  the  living  of  Brent  in 
Devonsliire,  from  which  he  was  ijei  ted  for 
nonconformity,  1662.  He  wrote  Disp.ila- 
tio  Theologiea  de  Sacra  Cuiia— a  New  and 
Living  Way  of  l)yin;r_T|,r.  Spiritual  Mer- 
chant— 15  Conferences  with  Clirist,  Ace. 
He  died  at  Knightsbridge,  aged  83. 

Jenckes,  Joseph,  governor  of  Uliode- 
Island,  succeeded  Cranston,  in  1727  and 
continued  in  office  five  years.  Ili-'  had 
been  previously  deputy  governor.  His 
father  was  the  honourable  Joseph  Ji  ik  kes, 
a  native  o£  Buckinghamshire,  who  'ami  to 
America,  and  settled  at  Pawtucket,  where 
he  built  the  first  house  which  was  erected 
there.  Governor  Jenckes  was  born  at 
Pawtucket,  in  1656.  He  died  June  15th, 
1740,  aged  84.  William  Jenckes,  a  bro- 
ther of  the  governor,  was  a  judge  of  the 
county-court  of  Providence,  and  died  in 
1765,  aged  91.  ^CJ^  L. 

Jenischius,  Paul,  a  learned  native  of  Ant- 
werp, banished  for  writing  Thtatrum  Ani- 
marum.    He  died  at  Sutgard,1647,  aged  89. 

Jenkin,  Robert,  a  divine,   born  at  Min- 
ster, isle  of  Thanet,   Jan.  165G.     He  was 
educated  at  the  King's  school,  Canterbury, 
and  St.  John's  college,   Cambridge,  where 
he  became  fellow,  1680.     In  1710,  he  was 
elected  master  of  his  college,  and  also  held 
the    Margaret    professorship    of     divinity. 
He  refused  to  take  the  oaths  at  the  revolu- 
tion,  but  as   the  bishop  of  Ely  could   not 
visit  the  college  without  the  invitation  of 
the  fellows,  he  remained  with  many  others 
undisturbed,    though   at   the   accession  of 
George  I.   a   compulsory   act    was  made, 
which  obliged  all  those  who  held  preferment 
worth  5/.  a  year  to  swear  allegiance.     Dr. 
Jenkin,  in  compliance  with  the  law,  saw 
several  of  his  fellows  expelled,  but  the  un- 
easiness which  he  suffered,  joined  to  the 
infirmities  of  age,  hastened  his  dissolution. 
He  retired  to  his  brother's  house,  Norfolk, 
and  died  there,  7th  April,  1727,  and  was 
buried  in  Holme  chapel,  where  his  brother 
was  rector.     His  theological   tracts  were 
much  esteemed,  und  among  them  an  Exa- 
mination   of    the    Authority  of    General 
Councils, — a    Defence    of    bishop    Leek's 
Profession — Remarks  on  four  Books,  Bas- 
nage's  History  of  the  Jews,  &c. — tlje  Rea- 
sonableness and  Certainty  of  the  Christiaa 
Religion,  of  which  the  fifth  edition  appear- 
ed 1721. 

JENKi>f,  William,  a  puritan,  born  at  Sud- 
bury, Suffolk,  and  educated  at  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge.  He  was,  in  1641, 
made  minister  of  Christ  church,  Newgate, 
but  was  deprived  for  nonconformity,  1662. 
He  was  concerned  in  Love's  Plot,  and 
therefore  was  sent  to  the  tower,  but  pro- 
cured his  liberty  by  petitioning  Cromwell. 
He  was,  in  1684,  sent  to  Newgate  on  the 
conventicle  act,  and  died  there  four  months 

115 


JEN 


JEN 


after.  He  is  author  of  Exposition  on  tiie 
Epistle  of  Jude,  fol. — Celeugma  or  Clamor 
ad  Tbeologos  Hierarchiae  Anglicanae — 
some  Sermons,  &.c. 

Jenkins,  Henry,  a  native  of  Yorkshire, 
who  lived  to  the  extraordinary  age  of  169 
years.  His  faculties  remained  strong  to 
the  last,  and  at  an  assize  he  appeared  to 
give  evidence  of  what  had  passed  within 
his  knowledge  140  years  before.  He  re- 
membered the  battle  of  Floddcn-field.  As 
he  was  born  before  registers  were  kept,  no 
place  would  acknowledge  him  as  a  native, 
•o  much  to  the  disgrace  of  his  opulent 
neighbours,  he  Mas  compelled  to  beg  his 
bread  in  the  last  part  of  his  life.  He  died 
1670,  and  there  is  erected  to  his  memory  a 
monument  in  Bolton  church,  Yorkshire, 
where  he  was  buried. 

Jenkins,  Sir  Leoline,  an  English  states- 
man and  civilian,  born  at  Lantrisaint,  Gla- 
morganshire,   1623.     He  was  educated  at 
Cowbridge   school,  and  in  1641   removed 
to  Jesus  college,  Oxford,  but  soon  after  with 
many  other  students,  he   took  up  arms  in 
the  royal  cause.     He,  however,  remained 
in  Oxford   till   the  king's  death,  and  then 
retired  to  Wales  to  the  seat  of  Sir  John 
Aubrey,  the  education  of  whose  eldest  son 
he  undertook.     He  was  afterwards  tutor  to 
other   young  men   of    family   and   conse- 
quence, but  became  obnoxious  to  the  govern- 
ment, from  whost"  resentment,  however,  he 
was  saved  by  the  interference  of  his  friend 
Dr.  Wilkins,  warden  of  Wadham  college. 
For  some  time  he  resided  at  Oxford,  but 
being  still  considered  as  a  dangerous  man, 
he  fled  to  the  continent  in  company  with 
some  of  his  pupils,  and  travelled  with  them 
over  France,  Holland,  and  Germany.     He 
returned  home  about  1658,  and  at  the  res- 
toration was  chosen  one  of  the  fellows  of 
Jesus  college.     In  1661  he  took  his  degree 
ofLL.D.   and  was  the   same  year,  on  the 
resignation   of   his    friend    Dr.    Mansell, 
elected  principal  of  his  college.     He  was 
in  1663  appointed  commissary  of  Canter- 
bury by  his  patron  Sheldon,  the  primate  ; 
and  then  removed  to  Doctors'  Commons  as 
advocate  of  that  court.     In   1664,  he  was 
engaged  with  other  civilians  in  reviewing 
the  maritime  laws,  and  the  same  year  was 
made  judge  assistant,  and  soon  after  princi- 
pal of  the  Admiralty  court ;   and  in    166S, 
judge   of  the   prerogative  court  of  Canter- 
bur)'.     In  1669-70,  he  was  knighted  for  his 
services  in  recovering  the  property  of  the 
deceased  queen  mother,  against  the  claims 
of  her  nephew  Louis  XIV.  and  afterwards 
became  one  of  the  commissioners  to  nego- 
tiate the  union  with   Scotland.     In   1671, 
he  was  elected  member  for  Hythe  in  Kent, 
and  in   1673,    after  resigning  his  office  of 
principal  of  Jesus,  he  went  to  Cologne  as 
plenipotentiary  to  settle  a  treaty  of  peace 
"»vith  the   Dutch,   v'^»c!»  did   not   ."ucceed. 
lin 


The  next  year  he  was  again  deputed  as  u 
mediator  of  the  treaty  of  Nimeguen,  with 
Sir  William  Temple,  the  chief  burden  of 
which  rested  upon  him.  His  labours,  how- 
ever, were  unsuccessful,  and  on  leaving  the 
place  1679,  he  was  nominated  ambassador 
to  the  Hague  in  the  room  of  his  associate 
Temple,  but  soon  after  was  again  ii^ited 
to  renew  his  application  for  the  treaty^ 
which  at  last  was  that  same  year  concluded. 
He  returned  home  Aug.  1679,  andwas  soon 
after  elected  representative  of  the  university 
of  Oxford.  He  ably  opposed,  in  parliament, 
the  bill  for  the  exclusion  of  the  duke  of 
York,  and  his  services  were  rewarded  by 
admission  into  the  privy  council,  and  the 
appointment  of  secretary  for  the  northern 
provinces  in  16S0,  and  next  year  for  the 
southern.  He  was  again  elected  for  Ox- 
ford university  and  still  opposed  the  exclu- 
sion of  the  duke  of  York  ;  but  the  firmness 
with  which  he  attacked  and  reprobated  the 
violent  measures  of  the  court,  exposed  him 
to  obloquy,  so  that  at  last  he  retired  from 
office,  1684,  to  the  privacy  and  literary  so- 
litude of  his  house  at  Hammersmith.  On 
James's  accession  he  was  sworn  one  of  the 
privy  council,  and  elected  again  for  the 
university,  but  his  infirmities  increased, 
and  he  found  himself  unable  to  attend  his 
duty  in  parliament.  He  died,  Sept.  1, 
1685,  and  was  buried  in  Jesus  college  cha- 
pel- As  he  was  never  married,  he  left  his 
property  to  charitable  uses,  and  was  parti- 
cularly a  benefactor  to  his  college.  His 
letters  and  papers  were  printed,  two  vols, 
folio,  1724,  by  W.  Wynne,  with  an  account 
of  his  life. 

Jenkinson,  Charles,  earl  of  Liverpool, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  colonel  Jenkinson, 
the  younger  brother  of  Sir  Robert  Jenkin- 
son, baronet.     He   was   born   May   16th, 
1727,  and  had  his  education  at  the  Char- 
ter-house ;    from   whence  he   removed   to 
University  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
the  degree  of  master  of  arts  in  1752.     In 
1761,  he  obtained  a  seat  in  parliament,  and 
was  appointed  under-secretary  of  state.    In 
1766,  he  was  nominated  a  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty ;  from  which  board  he  removed  to  the 
treasury.       In  1772,    he  was  made  joint 
vice-treasurer  of  Ireland,    which    he    ex- 
changed for  the  clerkship  of  the  pells.     In 
1778  he  became  secretary  at  war,  and  in 
1784  president  of  the  board  of  trade.     In 
1786  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage  by  the 
title  of  baron  Hawkesbury,  and  in  1796  to 
the  earldom  of  Liverpool.     He  died  Dec. 
17th,  1808.     His  lordship  published — 1.  A 
Discourse  on  the  Establishment   of  a  Na- 
tional and  Constitutional  Force  in  England. 
2.  A  Discourse  on  the  Conduct  of  Great 
Britain  in  respect  to  Neutral   Nations  du- 
ring War.     3.  A  Collection   of  Treatises, 
3  vols.  8vo.     4.  A  Treatise  on  the   Coins 
of  the  Realm,  4to.  J805.— TF.  B. 


JEN 


.TEl' 


Jenks,  Benjamin,  a  native  of  Shropshire, 
who  took  orders  and  obtained  the  living  of 
Harley  in  his  native  county,  where  he  was 
minister  56  years,  and  died  1724,  aged  78. 
He  was  also  chaplain  to  lord  Bradford,  and 
wrote  Submission  to  the  Righteousness  of 
(jiod,  l2mo. — Meditations,  2  vols. — Devo- 
tions, l2mo. — and  other  works  of  devotion, 
of  great  simplicity  and  merit. 

Jenkins,  David,  a  native  of  Pendoylen, 
Glamorganshire,  educated  at  Edmund-hall, 
Oxford,  from  which  he  removed  to  Gray's 
Inn  to  study  the  law.  His  abilities  recom- 
mended him  to  Charles  I.  who  made  him  a 
Welch  judge,  but  his  exertions  were  so 
great  in  the  royal  cause  that  he  was  arrest- 
ed at  Hereford  1645  by  the  parliament  and 
sent  to  the  tower.  The  severity  did  not 
terrify  him  ;  when  brought  before  the  com- 
mons he  boldly  refused  to  kneel,  and  would 
not  acknowledge  their  authority,  for  which 
he  was  fined  1000/.  and  sent  back  to  prison. 
The  republicans  were  so  violent  against 
him  that  they  passed  an  act  to  try  him,  in 
1650,  but  that  was  prevented  it  is  said  by  a 
singular  speech  of  Harry  Martin.  At  last 
Jenkyns,  who  expected  daily  to  be  led  to 
execution,  and  who  meant  to  die  with  the 
Bible  under  one  arm,  and  the  Magna  Char- 
ta  under  the  other,  was  set  at  liberty  1656, 
and  died  seven  years  after,  aged  66.  His 
legal  and  political  tracts  appeared  together 
1681,  12mo. 

Jennens,  Charles,  a  gentleman  of  dis- 
senting principles,  who  in  his  youth  dis- 
played with  such  splendour  the  riches  ac- 
quired by  the  industry  of  his  family  at 
Birmingham,  that  he  was  called  Solyman 
the  magnificent.  He  composed  the  words 
of  some  of  Handel's  Oratorios,  and  pub- 
lished the  Lear,  Hamlet,  Othello,  and  Mac- 
beth of  Shakspeare,  as  the  specimen  of  an 
intended  edition  of  the  poet,  of  which 
death  prevented  the  completion.  He  died 
20th  Nov.  1773,  and  was  buried  at  Gopsal, 
Leicestershire. 

Jennings,  David,  D.D.  in  Scotland,  was 
minister  of  Old  Gravel-lane  Meeting- 
House,  Wapping,  44  years,  and  also  pre- 
sided over  Coward's  dissenting  school.  He 
wrote  Introduction  to  the  Use  of  the  Globes 
and  the  Orrery,  8vo. — Introduction  to  the 
Knowledge  of  Medals,  r2mo. — Jewish  Anti- 
quities, 2  vols.  8vo. — Sermons,  &,c.  and 
died  1762,  aged  71. 

Jenson,  Nicolas,  or  Jansonius,  an  emi- 
nent printer  and  letter  founder  of  Venice, 
by  birth  a  Frenchman.  He  was  commis- 
sioned, it  is  said,  by  the  French  king,  to 
gain  information  with  respect  to  the  art  of 
printing,  lately  invented  at  Mentz,  and 
upon  the  death  of  his  patron  he  retired  to 
Venice,  where  he  soon  distinguished  him- 
self. His  types  are  still  admired  for  their 
neatness  and  beauty.  He  was  the  first 
who  determined  the  form  and  proportion  of 


the  present  Roman  characters.  The  firat 
books  which  issued  from  his  press  were, 
'•  Decor  Puellarum,"  1471,  and  the  «arae 
year  in  Italian,  "  (iloria  Muiierum,"  and 
afterwards  various  Classics.  He  died  h»  in 
supposed  about  1481,  :i»  none  of  his  editions 
appear  after  that  period. 

Jentns,  Soame,  an  eminent  Knglish  wri- 
ter, born  in  London  1704.  He  was  pri- 
vately educated,  and  then  entered  at  St. 
John's  college, Cambridge,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  laborious  study,  but  took  no  de- 
gree. In  1728,  he  published  his  "  Art  of 
Dancing,"  and  in  1741,  was  elected  mem- 
ber for  Cambridge,  which  place,  with  the 
exception  of  two  others  he  represented  till 
1780.  He  assisted  Moore  in  the  publica- 
tion of  the  "World,"  in  1753,  and  in  1755 
he  was  made  one  of  the  lords  of  Trade, 
and  continued  so  till  the  abolition  of  the 
board  1780.  He  died  Dec.  18th,  1787, 
aged  83,  leaving  no  issue,  though  twice 
married.  He  was  buried  at  Bottingham, 
Cambridgeshire.  As  a  writer  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  the  purity  of  his  lan- 
guage, and  the  elegance  of  his  diction,  by 
critical  knowledge,  and  a  delicate  and  lively 
humour.  It  is  remarkable  that  from  a  se- 
rious believer  in  revelation  he  became  a 
deist,  and  again,  after  wandering  in  the 
labyrinth  of  skepticism,  he  returned  a  de- 
vout convert  to  Christianity,  and  on  his 
death-bed,  gloried  in  the  reflection  that  his 
"  View  of  the  Internal  Evidences  of  the 
Christian  Religion,"  had  proved  useful.  His 
publications  were  poems,  collected  in  a 
third  edition  1778 — a  Free  Inquiry  into 
the  Origin  of  Evil — a  View  of  the  Internal 
Evidence,  &c. — Political  Tracts,  &c. — all 
republished  together  in  4  vols.  8vo.  by 
Nelson  Cole,  Esq.  1790.  He  has  been  de- 
servedly blamed  for  his  violent  attack  on 
Dr.  Johnson.  In  every  respect  his  charac- 
ter was  respectable  and  exemplary. 

Jephson,  Richard,  an  Irishman,  for  some 
time  master  of  horse  to  the  lord  lieutenant 
of  Ireland,  but  best  known  as  a  dramatic 
writer.  He  wrote  Braganza,  printed  1775 
— the  Law  of  Lombardy,  a  tragedy,  acted 
1779, — the  Count  of  Narbonne,  &c.  He 
wrote  besides  the  Campaign,  an  Opera — 
Julia,  a  tragedy — Two  Strings  to  your 
Bow,  a  farce — the  Conspiracy — the  Con- 
fessions of  J.  Baptist  Coutcau,  a  satire  on 
the  atrocities  of  the  French  re\olution,  2 
vols.  12mo.  1794 — Roman  Portraits,  with 
Illustrations  and  licmarks,  in  4to,  a  heroic 
poem  of  merit,  &.c.  He  died  near  Dublin, 
1803. 

Jephtiiaii,  judge  of  Israel,  is  known  in 
sacred  history  for  his  remarkably  rash  vow 
which  be  made  when  going  to  war  against 
the  Amorites,  promising  if  successful  to  sa- 
crifice to  God  the  first  living  thing  which 
met  him.  This  was  his  own  daughter, 
who  was  accordinglv  offered  in  sacrifice. 

117 


JER 


JES 


though  most  commentators  explain  the  his- 
tory by  saying  that  no  human  sacrifices 
were  permitted  by  theMosaic  law,  and  that 
the  daughter  of  Jephthah,  was  only  de- 
voted to  a  life  of  perpetual  celibacy,  and 
not  immolated. 

Jeremiah,  second  of  the  great  prophets, 
was  born  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin,  B.C. 
629.  He  was  imprisoned  for  prophesying 
the  calajiiitics  which  awaited  his  country, 
and  when  Jerusalem  was  taken  by  Nebu- 
chadnezzar, he  was  carried  to  Babylon, 
where  he  died  586,  B.C.  or  according  to 
some  he  was  slain  there  by  his  vindictive 
countrymen.  In  a  pathetic  and  sublime  style 
the  prophet  foretold  the  captivity  of  his  na- 
tion and  their  future  return,  and  in  another 
age  the  birth  and  the  atonement  of  the 
Messiah. 

Jerningham,  Edward,  an  English  poet, 
was  descended  from  an  ancient  Roman  Ca- 
tholic family,  and  born  in  Norfolk  in  1727. 
He  was  educated  at  Douay  and  Paris  ; 
but  on  his  return  to  England  he  joined  in 
communion  with  the  established  church. 
One  of  his  first  publications  was  a  poem  in 
favour  of  the  Magdalen  charity;  after  which 
appeared  a  number  of  others,  written  in  a 
pleasing  style,  and  collected,  with  his  plays 
in  4  vols.  8vo.,  1806.  He  also  wrote — 1. 
*'  An  Essay  on  the  mild  Tenour  of  Chris- 
tianity." 2.  The  Dignity  of  Human  Na- 
ture, an  Essay.  3.  The  Alexandrian 
School,  or  a  Narrative  of  the  first  Christian 
Professors  in  Alexandria.  4.  An  Essay 
on  the  Eloquence  of  the  Pulpit.  5.  The 
Old  Bard's  Farewell.  He  died  Nov.  17th, 
1812.— fT.  B. 

Jeroboam  I.  king  of  Israel,  after  the 
separation  of  the  ten  tribes  from  Reho- 
boam,  son  of  Solomon,  reigned  22  years, 
and  died  954  B.C. 

Jeroboam  II.  son  of  Joash,  was  king  of 
Israel,  B.C.  826,  but  on  account  of  his 
idolatry,  the  destruction  of  his  race  was 
foretold  by  Hosea  and  Amos,  the  prophets. 
He  was  defeated  at  Jezreel,  by  the  Assy- 
rians, and  died  784  B.C. 

Jerome,  St.  a  father  of  the  church,  who 
died  420,  aged  30.  He  is  famous  for  his 
eloquence,  his  virtues,  and  his  extensive 
learning.  His  works,  which  are  all  on  theo- 
logical subjects,  were  edited  by  Erasmus, 
1526,  and  at  Paris,  1693. 

Jerome  of  Prague,  so  called  from  the 
place  of  his  birth,  was  a  martyr  to  protes- 
tantism. He  studied  at  the  universities  of 
Paris,  Heidelberg,  Cologne,  and  it  is  said, 
Oxford,  and  in  1396  became  D.D.  He 
warmly  embraced  the  doctrines  of  his  friend 
and  master  Huss,  and  with  him,  was  sum- 
moned to  answer  for  his  opinions  before 
the  council  of  Constance.  He  seemed  in- 
clined to  answer  the  citation,  but  seeing 
Huss  thrown  into  prison,  he  privately  with- 
drew to  Uberlingen,  and  in  vain  applied  to 
118 


the  emperor  for  protection.  Though  he 
promised  to  confront  his  persecutors,  if 
guarded  against  violence,  his  fair  claims 
were  disregarded,  he  was  seized  as  he  at- 
tempted to  return  home,  and  dragged  in 
chains  to  Constance.  After  being  exposed  to 
various  insults, and  artfully  tempted  to  make 
a  recantation  of  his  opinions,  he  boldly  de- 
clared himself  the  supporter  of  the  tenets  of 
Wicklitle  and  Huss,  and  thus  triumphant  in 
constancy  over  his  enemies,  he  was  con- 
demned to  the  flames.  On  May  30th, 
1416,  he  suffered  at  the  stake:  he  endured 
his  torments  with  great  fortitude  and  re- 
signation, and  thus  obtained  the  crown  of 
mai'tyrdom. 

Jerome  of  St.  Faith,  or  Joshua  Larchi, 
a  Spanish  Jew,  physician  to  Peter  de  Lu- 
na, afterwards  pope  Benedict  XIII.  He 
disputed  in  the  presence  of  this  pope  and  of 
several  cardinals  at  Tortosa,  with  the  Jew- 
ish rabbies  1414,  and  by  becoming  a  con- 
vert to  Christianity,  he  had  such  influence 
over  his  countrymen,  and  also  by  his  trea- 
tise on  the  Errors  of  the  Talmud,  that  5000 
Jews  followed  his  example.  His  book  ap- 
peared at  Frankfort,  1602. 

Jervas,  Charles,  a  painter,  born  in  Ire- 
land. He  studied  under  Sir  Godfrey  Knel- 
ler,  and  by  the  patronage  of  Dr.  G.  Clark, 
of  Oxford,  he  visited  France  and  Italy,  for 
the  improvement  of  his  abilities.  On  his 
return  to  England,  he  acquired  some  cele- 
brity, more  from  the  praises  and  friendship 
of  Pope,  than  from  his  own  merit.  It  has 
been  observed,  that  the  lines  which  the 
poet  wrote  in  his  praise,  are  more  languid 
and  less  happy  than  any  other  of  his  verses. 
Horace  Walpole,  whose  judgment  should 
be  decisive,  says  of  him,  that  he  was  de- 
fective in  drawing,  colouring,  and  compo- 
sition, and  in  likeness.  In  general,  his 
pictures  are  a  light,  flimsy  kind  of  fan- 
painting,  as  large  as  life.  He  was,  however, 
vain  of  his  art,  and  after  censuring  the  ear 
as  the  only  faulty  part  of  the  beautiful  face 
of  lady  Bridgewater,  with  whom  he  pre- 
tended to  be  in  love,  he  produced  his  own  as 
a  perfect  model.  He  published  a  transla- 
tion of  Don  Quixote,  without  understand- 
ing Spanish,  says  Pope,  and  the  work  was 
honoured  with  a  -upplement  on  the  origin 
of  romances  of  chivalry,  by  Warburton. 
He  died  about  1740. 

Jessey,  Henry,  a  native  of  West  Row- 
ton,  Yorkshire,  educated  at  Cambridge. 
He  favoured  the  independents,  for  which 
he  was  imprisoned  in  1641,  but  afterwards 
set  at  liberty  by  the  parliament.  He  was 
afterwards  minister  of  St.  George's,  South- 
wark,  but  was  ejected  1662,  and  died  the 
next  year. 

Jesttn,  ap  Gwrgant,  prince  of  Glamor- 
gan, was  deprived  of  his  right  to  the  sove- 
reignty on  his  father's  death,  1030,  in  con- 
sequence of  his  violent  and  ungovernable 


JEW 


.!£:> 


temper,  l)ut  succeeded  the  next  Liiii^,  his 
uncle  Howell,  1043.  By  his  dissension 
with  the  neighbouring  princes,  the  English 
were  invited  to  support  the  weaker  party, 
and  thus  the  country  became  the  property 
of  the  artful  invaders. 

Jesua,  Levita,  a  Spanish  rahbiofthe  15th 
century,  author  of  a  book  called  "  Halichot 
Olam,"  the  ways  of  eternity,  of  which  Ba- 
shuysen  printed  an  edition  in  Hcl)rcw  and 
Latin  at  Hanover,  1714,  in  4to. 

Jesus,  a  Jew,  who  foretold  the  calami- 
ties which  were  to  fall  on  his  nation,  he- 
fore  the  siege  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus.  Du- 
ring the  siege  he  cried  out.  on  seeing  his 
prophecy  fulfilled.  Wo  to  the  temple,  to 
the  nation,  and  to  me  !  and  at  that  mo- 
ment, says  Josephus,  he  was  killed  with  a 
dart. 

Jesus,  son  of  Sirach,  a  native  of  Jerusa- 
lem, was  author  of  Eeclesiasticus,  B.C.  200. 
His  grandson,  of  the  same  name,  translated 
the  book  into  Greek,  which  is  preserved  in 
the  Apocrypha. 

Jesus  CnnisT,  the  blessed  Saviour  of  the 
world,  was  born  at  Bethlehem,  A.M.  4004, 
and  was,  after  a  life  of  the  most  exemplary 
sanctity,  and  of  celestial  benevolence, 
cruelly  crucified  by  the  Jews  on  Mount 
Calvary,  Friday,  3d  April,  A.  D.  36.  His 
history  is  well  known  as  recorded  in  the 
page  of  the  four  holy  evangelists. 

Jethro,  father-in-law  of  Moses,  was 
priest  and  king  of  the  Midianites.  After 
the  deliverance  of  Israel  from  Egypt,  Je- 
thro brought  his  daughter  Zipporah  and 
her  children  to  her  husband  Moses,  and 
gave  him  much  good  advice  about  the  go- 
vernment of  his  nation. 

Jeune,  Jean  le,  a  French  divine,  of  such 
piety  and  humility  that  he  refused  a  canon- 
ry  to  enter  the  rigid  society  of  the  Oratory. 
He  was  highly  esteemed  as  a  preacher  and 
as  a  man.  He  lost  his  sight  at  35,  and  was 
twice  cut  for  the  stone,  but  he  endured  all 
these  sufferings  with  great  resignation. 
He  died  1672,  aged  80.  His  sermons,  pub- 
lished in  10  vols.  Svo.  were  much  esteem- 
ed by  Massillon,  and  have  been  translated 
into  Latin. 

Jewel,  .John,  an  English  bishop,  born 
at  Buden,  in  Devonshire,  1522.  He  was 
educated  at  Barnstaple  school,  and  at  the 
age  of  13  entered  at  Merton  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  in  1530  was  chosen  scholar  of 
Corpus  Christi.  By  great  application  he 
acquired  extensive  knowledge,  and  became 
a  respectable  tutor  in  hi'^  college,  and  an 
able  and  popular  preacher  in  the  universi- 
ty, and  in  his  parish  of  Sunningwell,  near 
Oxford,  of  which  he  was  rec<or.  He  was 
in  his  principles,  a  zealous  protestant,  and 
he  proved  it  upon  tlie  accession  of  Edward 
VL  but  after  that  king's  death,  he  was  ex- 
pelled from  his  college  by  the  fellows,  upon 
which  ho  retired  to  Broadgate-hall,  now 


Pembroke  college,  where  many  of  his  pu- 
pils followed  Ijiiii.     The  abettors  of  poperj- 
did  not  long  sutUir  him  in  the  enjoy  mjrit  of 
retirement  and  security  ;  he  wa.^  coutpellcd 
to    subscribe  to  the   popish   doctrines,    but 
his  sincerity  was  doubted,  and   he  escaped 
with  didiculty  from  the  emissaries  of  Bon- 
ner,   and  passed  to  the  continent.     Here- 
sided  for   some  time   at  Stra^hurg,    m  the 
house  of  his  ohl  friend,  Peter  Martyr,  once 
divinity  professor   at    O.Xiord.      On  Mary's 
death  he  returned  to  England,  and  was  se- 
lected  as  one  of  the  sixteen   protestants 
who  were  to  dispute  with  tlu;  same  numljer 
of  catholics   in  the  presence  of  Elizabeth. 
In  1559,  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
for  the  extirpation  of  popery  in  the  west  of 
England,  and  a  few  months  after  was  rais- 
ed to  the  see  of  Salisbury.     His  merit  and 
learning  were  further  rewarded  by  the  ho- 
nourable grant  of  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
the    university  of  Oxford,    15G5.     In    his 
episcopal  character  he  displayed  that  acti- 
vity and  vigilance  so  necessary  in  the  esta- 
blishment of  order   and   regularity,    after 
emancipation   from  catholic  tyranny,  and 
he  personally   inspected  the  conduct  of  all 
his  officers,  and  completed  the  triumph  of 
refbrmation  in  his  diocess,  by  the  impartial 
and  exemplary  conduct,  which,  emanating 
from   himself,  pervaded  his  courts  and  his 
clergy.  His  indefatigable  application,  how- 
ever, undermined  his  constitution,  and  the 
regular  habit  of  rising  at  four  in  the  morn- 
ing,  and  continuing  engaged  in  prayer,  in 
study,  and  in  business,   til!  near  twelve  at 
night,  proved  at  last  unhappily  injurious  to 
his  health.   He  contracted  a  disorder  which 
carried  him  off  at  Monkton  Farley,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1571,  in  his  50th  year.     This  wor- 
thy man,  so  eminent  for  integrity,  for  libe- 
rality, for  meekness,  modesty,  and  every 
amiable  virtue,  was  blessed    with   a  most 
happy  memory,  and  was  well  skilled  in  the 
learned  languages,  and  also  in  German  and 
Italian.     His   works   were   numerous   and 
respectable,   the  best  known  oC  which,  are 
his  "  Apologia  Ecclcsijs  AnsflicanT,"  seve- 
ral  times  printed  in   England  and  abroad, 
and  translated  into  Greek  at  Oxford,  1614, 
and   into    English,    15C2,   by  lady   Bacon. 
This  valuable  work,  which  merited  and  ob- 
tained   the  approbation   of  the  queen  and 
her  two  successors,  and  was  recommended 
from  the  ])ench  of  bishops  to  be   placed   in 
all  parish  churches  in  England  and  Wales, 
was  attacked  by  Hardy nge,   and  defended 
by  the  author  in  the  most  masterly  and  un- 
answerable  manruT.       His    life    has    been 
written  by  Dr.  Lawrence  Humphrey  and  by 
Featley. 

Jezed  I.  fifth  caliph,  or  successor  of 
Mahomet,  began  his  reign  6S0.  He  assas- 
sinated Hussein,  son  of  Ali,  whom  the 
Arabs  had  raise<l  to  the  throne  in  opposi- 
tion to  him,  and  he  showed  himself  cniet 


UOA 


70A 


und  revengeful  against  his  rivals  and  ene- 
mies. He  had  a  taste  for  literature,  and 
died  683. 

JoAB,  a  general  under  David,  who  slew 
Abner,  and  afterwards  stabbed  Absalom, 
his  master's  son.  Though  his  cruelties 
were  forgiven,  on  account  of  his  great  ser- 
vices, by  David,  yet  he  was  put  to  death  by 
Solomon  for  espousing  the  cause  of  his  ri- 
val, Adonijah,  B.  C.   i0l4. 

Joachim,  abbot  of  Corazzo,  and  after- 
wards of  Flora  in  Calabria,  was  born  at  Ce- 
lico  near  Cosenza,  1130.  He  was  of  the 
Cistercian  order,  and  travelled  on  a  pil- 
grimage to  the  Holy  Land.  It  is  said  that 
he  founded  several  monasteries,  which  he 
governed  with  great  prudence,  wisdom, 
and  moderation.  He  pretended  also  to  be 
a  prophet,  and  his  prophecies  have  appear- 
ed in  a  book  called,  "  the  Everlasting  Gos- 
pel," which,  however,  is  supposed  by  Mo- 
sheira,  to  have  been  written  by  some  other 
missionary.  Joachim  died  1202,  leaving  a 
numerous  sect  behind,  called  Joachimites. 
The  pope  refused  to  canonize  him,  be- 
cause some  of  his  tenets  were  erroneous 
and  profane.  His  works  were  published 
folio,  Venice,  151G.  His  life  has  been 
written  by  Gervaise,  a  Dominican,  1745,  2 
vols.  l2mo. 

Joachim,  George,  a  native  of  the  Gri- 
son's  country,  appointed  mathematical  pro- 
fessor at  Wittemberg,  where  he  ably  de- 
fended the  Copernican  system.  He  wrote 
Ephemerides — de  Doctrina  Triangulorum 
— Orationes  de  Astronomia,  &c.  and  died 
1576,  aged  62. 

Joan,  Pope,  a  woman  placed  by  Platina 
among  the  successors  of  St.  Peter,  by  the 
name  of  John  VIH.  or  according  to  others 
of  John  Vn.  Though  some  affirm  this  to 
be  a  fictitious  story,  propagated  for  the  dis- 
credit of  the  catholics,  according  to  the  re- 
port, a  woman,  born  at  Mentz,  and  sup- 
posed to  be  of  English  extraction,  acquired 
so  much  celebrity  at  Athens  and  Rome, 
where  she  studied  in  man's  clothes,  that 
for  her  probity,  learning,  and  virtues,  she 
was  honoured  with  the  degree  of  doctor, 
and  was  deemed  worthy  to  succeed  to  the 
popedom  on  the  death  of  Leo  IV.  Thus 
raised  to  eminence,  Joan  indulged  the  most 
indelicate  amours  with  her  favourite  tutor, 
and  being  in  a  pregnant  state,  she  impro- 
perly ventured,  when  near  her  time,  to  at- 
tend a  procession  through  the  streets  of 
Home.  Thus  circumstanced,  she  was  de- 
livered of  a  child  between  the  Colosseum 
and  the  Church  of  St.  Catharine,  and  died 
upon  the  spot,  either  through  pain  or 
shame,  after  enjoying  two  years  the  ponti- 
fical seat.  In  remembrance  of  this  catas- 
trophe it  is  said,  the  holy  father  turns  his 
head  aside  when  he  passes  by  the  fatal  spot, 
and  to  prevent  the  recurrence  of  such  im- 
morality, it  is  asserted,  that  the  elected 
120 


pontift',  before  he  is  installed,  submits  to 
an  examination  of  his  manhood,  when 
seated  on  a  pierced  chair.  This  story,  be- 
lieved for  some  centuries,  and  excused  or 
palliated  by  some  of  the  catholic  writers, 
and  denied  by  others,  is  now  considered 
as  fabulous,  as  it  never  was  mentioned  for 
200  years  after  the  time  when  it  is  asserted 
it  actually  took  place.  Pius  II.  was  the 
first  who  ventured,  in  the  15th  century,  to 
question  the  authority  of  the  tradition,  and 
after  being  agitated  with  great  warmth  by 
catholics  and  protestants  for  some  time,  it 
is  now  laid  aside  by  both  parties  as  ridicu- 
lous and  puerile. 

Joan  of  Arc,  or  the  maid  of  Orleans,  a  ce- 
lebrated French  heroine,  born  at  Domremy 
in  Lorraine,  1412,  of  obscure  parents. 
When  she  was  servant  at  an  inn,  she  pre- 
tended that  she  saw  in  a  vision  St.  Mi- 
chael, the  tutelary  saint  of  France,  who  or- 
dered her  to  raise  the  siege  of  Orleans, 
which  the  English  were  then  besieging,  and 
to  preside  at  the  coronation  of  Charles  VII. 
at  Rheims.  This  was  no  sooner  noised 
abroad  than  she  was  introduced  by  Baudri- 
court,  the  governor  of  the  neighbouring 
town  of  Vaucouleurs  to  the  king,  whom  she 
found  out  in  the  midst  of  his  courtiers, 
though  dressed  in  the  plainest  apparel. 
Charles,  whose  affairs  were  reduced  to  the 
greatest  extremity,  determined  to  employ 
this  extraordinary  woman,  though  her  pro- 
fessions were  ridiculed  by  the  parliament ; 
and  Joan  appearing  among  the  soldiers, 
arrayed  in  the  arms  and  the  dress  of  a  man, 
inspired  them  with  such  enthusiastic  ar- 
dour that  the  siege  of  Orleans  was  raised, 
the  English  were  defeated,  and  the  mo- 
narch advanced  to  Rheims,  where  his  coro- 
nation took  place  in  the  presence  of  the 
victorious  heroine.  For  these  services 
Joan  was  ennobled  by  the  king,  she  assu- 
med the  name  of  Lys,  and  received  a  large 
grant  of  lands  ;  but  while  she  promised  her- 
self fresh  victories,  she  was  wounded  at 
the  siege  of  Paris,  and  she  was  taken  pri- 
soner at  Compiegne.  This  event  was  re- 
garded by  the  English  as  a  great  victory, 
but  instead  of  receiving  her  with  the  hu- 
manity which  a  captive  and  a  female  re- 
quired, they  treated  her  not  only  with 
harshness,  but  accused  her  of  witchcraft, 
and  condemned  her  by  the  sentence  of  the 
university  of  Paris  to  be  burnt.  She  suf- 
fered 30th  May,  1431,  at  Rouen,  and  as 
she  walked  to  the  fatal  stake,  she  displayed 
the  same  courage  and  intrepidity  which  she 
had  evinced  under  the  walls  of  Orleans. 
By  her  death,  Joan  gained  perhaps  more 
friends  to  her  master  than  her  services  and 
her  triumphs  had  procured  ;  and  in  thus 
cruelly  putting  to  death  a  person  whom  the 
fortune  of  war  had  placed  in  their  hands, 
not  as  a  rebellious  subject,  but  as  a  captive, 
whom  the  superstition  of  the  times  had  ez- 


.)Uli 


lou 


alted  to  extraordinary  consequence,  the 
English  fixed  an  indelible  stigma  upon  their 
character,  and  rendered  their  cause  odious 
in  the  eyes  even  of  their  adherents  in  con- 
quered France. 

Joan,  queen  of  Naples,  daughter  of 
Charles,  king  of  Sicily,  murdered  her  first 
husband,  Andrew  of  Hungary,  and  married 
another.  The  death  of  the  murdered  prince 
was  avenged  by  his  brether  Lewis  ;  but 
though  Joan  (led  to  Provence  for  a  while, 
she  recovered  her  kingdom,  and  destroyed 
her  husband  to  marry  a  third,  after  whose 
death  she  took  a  fourth.  As  she  had  no 
issue,  she  adopted  her  relation,  Charles  de 
Duras,  who,  however,  revolted  against  her 
by  the  intrigues  of  the  king  of  Hungary,  in 
consequence  of  which  she  named  for  her 
successor  Lewis  of  France,  duke  of  Anjou. 
This  was  productive  of  a  dreadful  civil  war, 
but  Charles  obtaining  Naples,  seized  the 
queen,  and  put  her  to  death  13S1,  in  her 
55th  year. 

Joan  IL  queen  of  Naples  after  her  bro- 
ther, Ladislaus,  1414,  disgraced  herself  by 
her  debaucheries.  Her  second  husband, 
John,  count  of  March,  ofi'ended  with  her 
conduct,destroyed  her  favourite,  Pandolfus, 
and  imprisoned  her  ;  but  an  insurrection 
restored  her  to  liberty,  and  thrust  her  hus- 
band into  a  dungeon,  from  which  he  es- 
caped to  France,  to  lead  a  monastic  life. 
Joan  adopted  for  her  heir,  Alphonsus,  king 
of  Arragon,  and  died  1434. 

JoASH,  son  of  Ahaziah,  was  proclaimed 
king  of  Israel,  at  the  age  of  seven,  by  Je- 
hoiada  the  high-priest,  by  whose  advice  he 
governed  well,  and  put  to  death  his  grand- 
mother Athaliah,  who  had  destroyed  all  his 
family,  and  even  attempted  his  life.  On 
the  death  of  his  virtuous  preceptor  he  be- 
came idolatrous  and  was  slain  by  two  of 
his  servants,  B.  C.  483. 

JoASH,  king  of  Israel  after  his  father,  Je- 
hoahaz,  though  he  paid  respect  to  the  ad- 
monitions of  Elisha  the  prophet,  followed 
the  idolatries  of  Jeroboam.  He  defeated 
the  Syrians  in  three  battles,  took  Amaziah 
king  of  Judah  prisoner,  and  reduced  Jerusa- 
lem, and  died  B.  C.  S26,  after  a  reign  of 
sixteen  years. 

Job,  patriarch  of  Uz  near  Idumea,  is  ce- 
lebrated in  sacred  history  for  his  sufferings 
and  patience,  his  respect  for  the  decrees  of 
heaven,  and  his  resignation  in  calamity. 
He  was  restored  to  honours  and  happiness 
after  enduring  the  greatest  misfortunes, 
and  died  about  1500  years  B.  C.  His  his- 
tory is  a  most  beautiful  and  sublime  poem, 
which  some  attribute  to  Isaiah,  and  others 
to  Moses. 

JoBERT,  Lewis,  a  Jesuit  of  Paris,  distin- 
guished as  a  preacher  and  a  medallist.  He 
died  at  Paris  1719,  aged  72.  He  wrote 
theological  tracts,  and  '"  la  Science  des  Me- 

Vou  n.  10 


dailcs,"  a  \aluablc  work,  best  edited,  17;J&, 
2  vols.  12mo. 

JoDELLE,  Stephen,  lord  of  Limodin,  wan 
born  at  Paris,  1532.  He  wa.i  one  of  the 
Pleiades,  or  seven  French  poets  nuutioiu-ii 
by  Ronsard.  lie  was  the  first  Fnn(  liinan 
who  wrote  plays  in  his  own  langnngc,  and 
with  choruses  in  imitation  of  the  (Jreek. 
His  Cleopatra  was  acted  with  great  ap- 
plause before  the  king,  but  in  general  his 
plays  were  long  and  tedious.  He  was  also 
an  orator,  and  Avell  skilled  in  arehitcelurc, 
sculpture  and  painting.  He  at  one  limo 
embraced  the  opinions  of  the  protestants, 
but  after  ridiculing  the  mass  in  a  Latin  sa- 
tirical poem  of  100  lines,  he  returned  to 
the  profession  of  that  religion,  and  proba- 
bly thus  escaped  the  murder  of  St.  Bartho- 
lomew. He  died  1573,  aged  41,  very  poor, 
though  he  might  have  been  independent  m 
fortune,  if  he  had  cultivated  his  interest  at 
court.  A  volume  of  his  works  was  pub- 
lished 1574,  containing  besides  Cleopatra 
and  Dido,  tragedies,  Eugene,  a  Comedy, 
and  Songs,  Sonnets,  Elegies,  and  Odes. 

Joel,  the  second  of  the  minor  prophets, 
foretold  in  an  animated  style  the  desolation 
of  Judea  by  the  Chaldeans,  and  in  a  pas- 
sage quoted  by  Peter,  announces  the 
pouring  out  of  the  Holy  Ghost  on  the  be- 
lieving Christians.  He  flourished  about 
790  years  B.  C. 

John,  Baptist,  the  forerunner  of  Christ, 
was  son  of  Zacharias  and  Elizabeth.  He 
was  born  about  six  months  before  our  Sa- 
viour, and  after  living  a  life  of  austerity  ia 
the  deserts,  where  his  food  was  locusts  and 
wild  honey,  and  his  clothing  camel's  hair, 
he  began  to  preach  repentance  of  sins,  and 
to  baptize  in  the  Jordan  those  who  confess- 
ed their  sins.  Jesus  was  himself  baptized 
by  him,  and  the  Baptist  bore  testimony  to 
his  sacred  office  and  supernatural  appoint- 
ment. At  last  John,  who  had  reproved 
Herod  for  marrying  Herodias  his  brother 
Philip's  widow  was  cast  into  prison,  and  at 
the  instigation  of  the  vindictive  queen  he 
was  beheaded  A.  D.  29. 

John,  the  Evangelist,  brother  of  James 
the  great,  was  son  of  Zebedt^e  and  Salome. 
He  was  about  26  when  the  Messiah  called 
him  from  his  profession  of  fisherman  to  be- 
come a  disciple,  and  he  ever  afterwards 
continued,  from  his  respect  and  attention, 
the  favourite  of  his  master.  At  the  last 
supper  he  leaned  upon  the  breast  of  Jesus, 
and  inquired  who  should  be  the  traitor,  and 
before  the  ascension  the  Redeemer  said  of 
him  to  the  question  of  Peter,  "  if  I  will 
that  he  tarry  till  I  come,  what  is  that  to 
thee,"  an  answer  which  some  of  the  Chris- 
tian converts  improperly  regarded  as  an  as- 
surance that  he  should  not  die  before  the 
end  of  the  world.  He  afterwards  preach- 
ed the  gospel  in  Asia,  and  penetrated  as 
far  as  Parthia,  and  then  fixed  bis  residence 

1-M 


JOII 


JOH 


at  Ephesu?.  Durin;*  the  persecutions  ot 
Domitian  he  ^vas  diagg;ed  to  Rome  and 
thrown  into  a  caldron  of  boiling  oil,  from 
which  he  received  no  injury,  and  then  was 
banished  to  Patmos  where  he  saw  his  vi- 
sions and  wrote  his  Apocalypse.  Under 
Nero,  he  returned  to  Ephcsus,  and  at  the 
request  of  the  Asiatic  churches  he  wrote 
his  gospel  to  refute  the  errors  of  Cerin- 
thus  and  Ebion,  who  maintained  that 
our  Saviour  was  a  mere  man.  He  wrote 
besides  three  Epistles.  He  died  at  Ephe- 
sus,  A.  D.  100,  at  the  age  of  94,  in  Trajan's 
reign. 

John,  surnamed  Mark,  was  the  disciple 
of  the  apostles,  and  attended  Paul  and  Bar- 
nabas in  their  peregrinations  to  preach  the 
gospel.  When  the  two  apostles  afterwards 
disputed  about  the  services  and  the  merits 
of  their  attendants,  John  followed  Barnabas 
to  Cyprus,  and  some  years  afterwards  he 
was  at  Rome  to  minister  to  the  necessities 
of  Paul  in  prison.  Some  suppose  that  he 
died  at  Ephesus. 

John,  a  native  of  Nicomedia,  who  was 
roasted  to  death  in  defence  of  the  faith  in 
the  persecution  of  Diocletian,  303. 

John  St.  a  native  of  Cyprus,  raised  to 
the  see  of  Alexandria  610.  He  was  re- 
markable for  his  benevolence  and  charity. 

John,  secretary  to  Honorius,  seized  the 
throne  of  Constantinople  on  his  master's 
death  and  was  beheaded  two  years  after 
at  Ravenna,  425. 

John  I.  surnamed  Zimisces,  was  of  an 
illustrious  family,  and  he  seized  on  the 
throne  of  Constantinople  by  the  assassina- 
tion of  Nicephoras  Phocas,  at  the  instiga- 
tion of  the  empress  Theophanon  969. 
Though  he  thus  owed  his  elevation  to  mur- 
der, he  governed  with  great  moderation  and 
displayed  unusual  valour  against  the  Rus- 
sians, Bulgarians  and  Saracens,  whom  he 
repeatedly  defeated.  He  banished  the  em- 
press Theophanon  at  the  command  of  the 
patriarch,  and  he  was  poisoned  by  a  cup- 
bearer at  the  instigation  of  the  eunuch 
Basil,  and  he  died  lOth  Jan.  976. 

John  H.  Comncnus,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther Alexis  Comnenus  on  the  throne  of 
Constantinople,  1118.  He  married  Irene 
princess  of  Hungary,  and  was  successful  in 
his  wars  against  the  Mahometans,  Servians, 
and  other  barbarians.  He  was  a  virtuous 
prince  and  banished  luxury  and  effeminacy 
from  his  court.  He  died  3d  April,  1143, 
aged  55,  in  consequence  of  a  wound  re- 
ceived from  a  poisoned  arrow  in  the  chase. 

John  HI.  Ducas,  was  emperor  of  Nice, 
whilst  the  Latins  were  masters  of  Constan- 
tinople. Though  successful  against  the 
neighbouring  princes,  whose  dominions  he 
conquered,  he  failed  in  his  attempts  to  take 
Constantinople,  and  was  obliged  to  make  a 
treaty  of  peace  with  Baldwin  the  usurper. 
122 


He  afterwards  waged  war  against  the  Bul- 
garians and  died  1255,  aged  62. 

John  IV.  Lascaris,  succeeded,  at  the  age 
of  six,  his  father  Theodore  the  younger  on 
the  throne  of  Constantinople,  1259.  His 
youth  exposed  him  to  dangers,  and  his 
sceptre  was  seized  by  Michael  Palxologus, 
who  put  out  his  eyes,  and  confined  him  for 
the  rest  of  life  in  a  prison.  He  died  under 
Andronicus  II. 

John  V.  Cantacuzenus,  emperor  of  Con- 
stantinople.    Vid.  Cantacuzenus. 

John  VI.  Palaeologus,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther Andronicus  the  younger  on  the  throne 
of  Constantinople,  1341,  and  had  the  good 
fortune  to  free  himself  from  the  power  of 
John  Cantacuzenus  his  father-in-law,  who 
had  usurped  his  sceptre.  He  afterwards 
defended  himself  against  the  Turks,  but 
bought  their  peace  with  money.  A  more 
formidable  opposition  awaited  him  in  the 
rebellion  of  his  son  Andronicus,  who  im- 
prisoned him  and  his  sons,  and  during  these 
civil  commotions  the  Turks  renewed  their 
attacks  against  Constantinople  and  imposed 
upon  the  emperor  very  disgraceful  terms. 
This  weak  and  unfortunate  monarch  died 
of  chagrin,  1390,  aged  60. 

John  VII.  Palaeologus,  emperor  of  Con- 
stantinople after  his  father  Emanuel,  1425, 
was  unfortunate  in  his  opposition  againsJ 
his  Turkish  invaders,  and  solicited  in  his 
defence  the  assistance  of  the  Latins.  More 
effectually  to  secure  the  support  of  the 
princes  of  the  West,  he  meditated  a  union 
between  the  two  churches,  and  the  pope, 
Eugenius  IV.  favouring  the  plan,  called  a 
council  at  Ferrara,  where  the  emperor  at- 
tended in  person,  and  where  a  reconcilia- 
tion took  place,  1439,  but  not  to  continue 
long.  John  died  31st  Oct.  1448,  after  a 
reign  of  29  years. 

John  I.  pope,  a  Tuscan,  who  succeeded 
Hormisdas  in  the  chair  of  St.  Peter,  523. 
He  was  thrown  into  prison  by  Theodoric, 
who  persecuted  the  Arians,  and  he  died 
in  confinement  at  Ravenna,  526. 

John  II.  a  native  of  Rome,  pope  after 
Boniface  II.  533.  He  opposed  the  Nesto- 
rians  and  Eutychians,  and  died  May,  535. 

John  III.  a  Roman,  pope  after  Pelagius 
I.  560,  was  zealous  in  the  decoration  of 
churches,  and  died  13th  July,  573. 

John  IV.  a  native  of  Salona,  made  pope 
640,  and  died  two  years  after. 

John  V.  a  Syrian  of  benevolent  charac- 
ter, raised  to  the  papal  chair  685,  He  died 
two  years  after. 

John  VI.  a  Greek,  made  pope  after  Ser- 
gius,  701.     He  died  9th  Jan.  705. 

John  VII.  a  Greek,  who  succeeded  John 
VI.  on  the  papal  throne,  and  died  17th 
Oct.  707.  He  was  a  weak  pontiff,  and  too 
compliant  with  the  improper  requests  of 
Justinian. 

John  VIII.  a  Roman,  pope  after  Adrian 


JOll 


.)01l 


11.  872,  crowned  Charles  the  Bald  empe- 
ror, 875.  He  held  a  council  at  Troyes, 
878,  but  was  called  back  to  Italy  by  the  in- 
vasion of  the  Saracens,  who  proved  so  suc- 
cessful that  they  obliged  him  to  pay  an  an- 
nual tribute.  He  was  prevailed  upon  by 
Basil,  emperor  of  the  East,  to  acknowledge 
as  patriarch  Photius,  who  had  artfully  ba- 
nished the  legal  possessor,  Ignatius,  but  he 
afterwards  saw  the  impropriety  of  his  con- 
cesaioiis,  and  therefore  excommunicated 
the  usurper.  He  died  1 5th  Dec.  882. 
About  300  of  his  letters  are  preserved. 

John  IX.  a  native  of  Tivoli,  elected  pope 
after  Theodore  II.  898.  He  died  Nov. 
900. 

John  X.  bishop  of  Bologna,  and  arch- 
bishop of  Ravenna,  was  elected  pope  914, 
by  the  intrigues  of  Theodora  his  mistress. 
He  was  more  capable  of  leading  an  army 
than  of  governing  the  church,  and  he  de- 
feated the  Saracens,  who  ravaged  Italy,  but 
was  afterwards  driven  from  Rome  by  Guy 
duke  of  Tuscany.  He  was  put  in  prison 
by  Marosia,  daughter  of  Theodore,  and 
suflbcated  2d  July,  928. 

John  XI.  son  of  Alberic  duke  of  Spo- 
letto,  and  Marosia  the  wife  of  Guy  of  Tus- 
cany, was  made  pope  at  the  age  of  25,  by 
the  intrigues  of  his  mother,  931.  He  was 
confined  in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo  with 
his  licentious  mother,  by  his  brother  Albe- 
ric, and  he  died  there  936. 

John  XII.  a  Roman  noble,  son  of  Albe- 
ric, was  elected  pope  956,  at  the  age  of  18, 
and  was  the  first  who  changed  his  name  of 
Octavian  by  assuming  that  of  John.  He 
solicited  the  assistance  of  the  emperor  Otho, 
against  the  tyranny  of  Berenger,  who  had 
established  his  power  over  Italy,  and  when 
he  had  succeeded  in  driving  away  his  ene- 
my, he  crowned  his  illustrious  ally,  and 
swore  to  him  inviolable  fidelity,  over  the 
body  of  St.  Peter.  This  alliance  was  of 
short  duration,  the  pope  became  the  friend 
of  the  son  of  Berenger,  and  united  himself 
against  his  ancient  ally  and  benefactor,  in 
consequence  of  which  Otho  invaded  Italy, 
and,  in  a  general  council  in  963,  accused 
the  pope  of  various  crimes.  John,  con- 
victed of  adultery,  violence,  and  oppression, 
was  deposed,  and  Leo  VIII.  placed  in  his 
room  ;  but  no  sooner  was  the  emperor  re- 
turned to  his  dominions  than  the  exiled 
pontiff  entered  Rome,  and  with  the  most 
barbarous  ci-uelty  mutilated  his  enemies. 
He  was,  in  964,  Icilled  by  an  insulted  hus- 
band whose  bed  he  had  defiled. 

John  XIII.  a  Roman,  elected  pope  965, 
by  the  power  of  the  emperor,  against  the 
wishes  of  the  Roman  people.  This  violent 
step  was  productive  of  dissension,  and  the 
new  pontiff  was  banished  the  next  year  by 
Peter,  prefect  of  Rome  ;  but  the  emperor 
rp.instated  him,  and  sent  into  exile  his  op- 


poucni  111  disgrace.     John  died  Ulh  Sepi. 
972. 

John  X!\  .  bishop  of  I'avia,  and  chancel- 
lor of  Otho  II.  succeeded  \'II.  a.s  pope, 
983.  He  was  imprisoned  in  the  caslie  of 
St.  Angelo,  by  the  anti-pope  Boniface  Mil. 
and  died  there  cither  of  poison  or  of  grief 
20th  Aug.  934. 

John  XV.  pope  after  John  XIV.  died 
soon  after  his  elevation,  and  even  before  hi-j 
consecration,  according  to  some. 

John  XVI.  a  Roman,  made  pope  985. 
He  was  the  first  who  rewarded  the  merito- 
rious deeds  of  life  by  canonization.  He 
died  30th  April,  996. 

John  XVII.  a  Roman,  elected  after  Syl- 
vester II.  1003.  He  died  six  months  after- 
There  was  an  anti-pope  of  that  name  who 
was  seized  by  the  soldiers  of  Otho  III.  who 
in  derision  cut  off  his  hands  and  ears,  and 
tore  out  his  tongue,  993.  His  name  was 
Philagathus. 

John  XVIII.  a  Roman,  elected  afler 
John  XVII.  From  this  time  the  right  of 
election  passed  from  the  Roman  people  to 
the  clergy.  John  afterwards  resigned  his 
dignity  for  the  obscurity  of  a  monastery, 
and  died  l8th  July,  1009. 

John  XIX.  son  of  the  count  of  Tuscu- 
lum,  succeeded  his  brother  Benedict  VIII. 
1024.  He  crowned  the  emperor  Conrad 
II.  and  died  May,  1033. 

John  XX.  the  name  given  by  some  his- 
torians to  the  anti-pope  Philagathus,  or  to 
John,  son  of  Robert,  or  to  the  woman  who 
is  said  to  have  filled  the  papal  chair  under 
the  name  of  pope  Joan. 

John  XXI.  a  Portuguese,  son  of  a  phy- 
sician, was  made  pope  1276,  but  died  eight 
months  after  by  the  fall  of  a  building  upon 
him  at  Viterbo,  16th  May,  1277.  He  left 
works  of  philosophy,  medicine,  and  theo- 
logy- 

John   XXII.  James  d'Euse,  a  native  of 

Cahors,  who,  by  the  patronage  of  Charles 
II.  of  Naples,  to  whose  son  he  was  precep- 
tor, rose  to  high  ecclesiastical  dignities, 
and,  in  1316,  was  elected  to  the  popedom. 
He  was  an  active  pontiff,  and  founded  se- 
veral abbies,  and  established  some  bishop- 
rics in  central  towns.  His  pontificate, 
however,  was  disturbed  by  various  quar- 
rels, especially  with  the  cordeliers,  whose 
order  he  intended  to  suppress.  He  died 
4th  Dec.  1334,  respected  for  his  frugality, 
prudence,  and  sanctity.  He  was  well 
skilled  in  medicine,  and  wrote  the  Thesau- 
rus Pauperum — treatise  on  the  Disorders 
of  the  Eyes — on  the  Gout — on  the  Forma- 
tion of  the  Foetus— Advice  for  preserving 
Health,  printed  at  Lyons,  &c. 

John  XXIII.  Balthasar  Cossa,  a  Neapo- 
litan, who  was  legate  at  Bologna,  and  cham- 
berlain to  Boniface  IX.  and  on  the  deitth 
of  Alexander  V.  was  raised  to  the  popedom, 
1410.     His  clevaticn  wo-i  not  without  op- 

123 


JOH 


JUH 


position  ;  but  to  pacify  faction  he  promised 
to  resign  the  tiara  if  Gregory  XII.  and  Pe- 
ter de  Lunc,  or  Benedict  XIII.  would  also 
abandon  their  pretensions.  Though  these 
conditions  were  accepted  and  ratified  with 
due  formality  in  the  council  of  Constance, 
he  had  the  art  to  withdraw  himself,  and  to 
re-assunie  the  office  and  insignia  of  sove- 
reign pontiff  J  but  he  was  soon  after  de- 
posed and  imprisoned.  Three  years  after, 
1418,  he  was  restored  to  liberty  and  com- 
pelled to  acknowledge  the  election  of  Mar- 
tin V.  by  whom  he  was  treated  with  great 
kindness.  He  died  soon  after  at  Florence, 
22d  Nov.  1419.  He  was  in  his  character 
a  most  worthless  and  immoral  man. 

John,  king  of  England,  surnamed  Lack- 
land, was  the  fourth  son  of  Henry  II.  He 
unjustly  deprived  his  nephew  Arthur  of  his 
possessions  in  Britanny,  and  confined 
him  in  the  tower  of  Rouen,  where  he  was 
cruelly  put  to  death,  and  having  thus  cut 
off  the  right  heir  of  the  English  crown  he 
was  declared  king.  The  states  of  Britan- 
ny and  Constance,  the  mother  of  the  mur- 
dered Arthur,  complained  of  the  cruelties 
of  the  usurper  before  Augustus  Philip  of 
France,  and  the  tyrant  was  condemned  for 
the  murder,  and  his  dominions  in  France 
confiscated.  He  retired  to  England,  de- 
rided and  despised  by  his  subjects,  and  to 
complete  his  disgrace  he  quarrelled  with  the 
pope  and  the  barons.  The  pope  excommu- 
nicated him,  but  he  reconciled  himself  to 
him  by  acknowledging  himself  the  vassal 
of  Rome,  and  when  he  found  the  barons  op- 
posing force  to  his  measures,  and  threaten- 
ing his  deposition,  he  consented  to  their  re- 
quest, and  signed  the  Magna  Charta,  the 
glorious  basis  of  British  freedom.  As  this 
was  extorted  from  him,  John  showed  little 
inclination  to  observe  it ;  and  the  barons, 
to  punish  and  dethrone  him,  called  over 
Lewis  the  son  of  the  French  king,  and 
swore  allegiance  to  him.  Deserted  by  his 
subjects  and  harassed  by  an  army  of  fo- 
reigners, John  at  last  found  relief  in  death. 
His  misfortunes  pressed  so  heavily  upon 
his  spirits  that  he  fell  a  victim  to  a  fever  at 
Newark,  19th  Oct.  1216.  He  was  buried 
in  Worcester  cathedral.  His  son  Henry 
III.  succeeded  him. 

John,  king  of  France,  surnamed  the 
Good,  succeeded  his  father  Philip  Valois, 
1350.  The  beginning  of  his  reign  was 
marked  by  measures  of  severity,  and  in 
consequence  of  this,  dissatisfaction  and  in- 
sun'ection  prevailed  over  the  kingdom  and 
favoured  the  invasion  of  the  country  by  the 
English.  John  opposed  his  enemies,  but 
was  defeated  in  a  dreadful  battle  near  Poi- 
tiers by  the  black  prince  Edward,  and 
taken  prisoner,  1356.  The  imprisonment 
of  John  in  England  was  the  signal  for  civil 
dissension.  France  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
her  rebellious  chief?,  and  t,he  king,  unable 
^24 


to  procure  his  liberty  by  the  payment  gf 
300  millions  of  golden  crowns,  and  by  the 
cession  of  eight  provinces  for  his  ransom, 
according  to  the  treaty  of  Bretigni,  returned 
from  France,  which  he  had  visited  on  hi& 
parole,  and  died  soon  after  in  the  Savoy, 
London,  8th  April,  1364,  aged  54.  Though 
impolitic,  violent,  and  imprudent  in  his 
character,  John  possessed  bravery  and  ge- 
nerosity. 

John  III.  king  of  Sweden,  son  of  Gus- 
tavus  Vasa,  succeeded  in  1568  bis  brother 
Eric  XIV.  who  had  been  deposed  for  his 
ill-conduct.  He  restored  tranquillity 
among  his  subjects,  and  made  a  peace  with 
Denmark  ;  but  his  attempts  to  re-establish 
the  popish  religion  in  the  kingdom  were  op- 
posed by  the  nobles,  and  Lutheranism  there- 
fore prevailed.     He  died  1592. 

John  II.  son  of  Henry  III.  was  at  the 
age  of  two  proclaimed  king  of  Castile. 
Though  educated  in  indolence  and  effe- 
minacy by  his  mother,  he  showed  himself 
brave  in  war,  against  the  attacks  of  the 
kings  of  Navarre  and  Arragon,  whom  he 
obliged  to  sue  for  peace.  He  afterwards 
turned  his  arms  against  the  Moors  of 
Gi'enada,  and  defeated  them  with  great 
slaughter.     He  died  1454  aged  50. 

John  II.  king  of  Navarre,  succeeded  his 
brother  Alphonsus  on  the  throne  of  Arra- 
gon, 1458.  He  made  war  for  a  long  time 
against  Henry  IV.  of  Castile,  and  died  at 
Barcelona  1479,  aged  82.  He  left  his 
kingdoms  of  Arragon  and  Sicily  to  his  son 
Ferdinand,  and  Navarre  to  his  daughter 
Donna  Leonora. 

John,  son  of  the  emperor  Henry  VII. 
was,  at  the  age  of  14,  elected  to  the  king- 
dom of  Bohemia  1309,  against  the  in- 
trigues of  the  duke  of  Carinthia.  He  dis- 
played great  valour,  and  after  conquering 
Silesia  he  was  declared  king  of  Poland. 
In  his  expedition  against  the  Lithuanians  he 
had  the  misfortune  to  lose  one  of  his  eyes, 
and  a  Jew  doctor  to  whom  he  applied  at 
Montpellier  for  a  cure,  deprived  him  of  the 
other.  This  misfortune  did  not,  however, 
disarm  him  of  his  courage,  he  assisted 
Philip  of  Valois  against  the  English,  and  in 
the  battle  of  Crecy  with  his  horse  led  by 
the  bridle  by  two  brave  knights,  he  display- 
ed singular  acts  of  valour  and  was  mortally 
wounded  26th  Aug.  1346.  He  was  buried 
at  Luxemburg. 

John  I.  king  of  Portugal,  was  raised  to 
the  throne,  1384,  though  but  the  natural 
son  of  Peter  the  Severe,  against  the  rights 
of  Beatrix,  daughter  of  his  brother  Ferdi- 
nand I.  His  elevation  was  opposed  by 
John,  king  of  Castile,  who  had  married 
Beatrix  ;  but  the  usurper  established  him- 
self in  his  power  by  the  defeat  of  his  oppo- 
nents at  the  battle  of  Alimbarota  ;  after- 
wards John  turned  his  arms  against  the 
Moors  of  Africa,  and  took  Cetita  and  other 


JOIJ 


.loi( 


places,  and  died  14th  Aug.  1433,  a^cd  7G. 
Under  his  reign  the  Portuguese  began  their 
famous  discoveries. 

John  II.  king  of  Portugal,  was  sur- 
named  the  Great,  and  succeeded  his  father 
Alphonsus  V.  1481.  He  was  successful  in 
his  suppression  of  some  insurrections,  the 
leaders  of  which  he  punished  with  deatli, 
and  afterwards  he  carried  his  arms  into 
Africa,  and  was  at  the  taking  of  Arzile 
and  Tangiers.  He  afterwards  defeated 
the  Castihans  at  the  battle  of  Toro,  1476, 
and  with  wise  policy  encouraged  the  mari- 
time excursions  of  his  subjects,  and  favour- 
ed their  settlements  on  the  coasts  of  Africa, 
and  in  the  Indies. — He  died  of  a  dropsy, 
22d  Oct.  1495,  aged  41. 

John  HI.  king  of  Portugal,  succeeded 
his  father  Emanuel,  1521.  The  beginning 
of  his  reign  was  marked  by  dreadful  earth- 
quakes which  destroyed  his  cities  and 
swallowed  up  the  inhabitants  ;  but  John 
with  benevolence  and  wisdom  relieved  the 
miseries  of  his  subjects,  and  encouraged 
commerce  and  navigation.  His  fleets  pene- 
trated far  into  the  east,  and  discovered 
Japan,  and  to  ensure  the  tranquillity  of  his 
Indian  settlements  he  sent  among  them  the 
celebrated  Francis  Xavier.  He  died  of 
an  apoplexy  1557,  aged  55,  deservedly  re- 
spected as  a  humane  and  enlightened  mo- 
narch. 

John  IV.  surnamed  the  Fortunate,  was 
son  of  Theodore  duke  of  Braganza,  and 
was  born  1604.  He  employed  all  the 
powers  of  his  mind  and  of  his  situation, 
to  the  emancipation  of  his  country,  which 
the  Spaniards  after  the  death  of  Sebas- 
tian, had  conquered,  and  since  held  as 
a  tributary  province,  and  by  the  assistance 
of  his  brave  countrymen  he  shook  off  the 
odious  yoke,  and  was  proclaimed  king 
1630.  He  died  at  Lisbon,  6th  Nov.  1636, 
aged  32. 

John  V.  succeeded  Peter  II.  on  the 
throne  of  Portugal,  1707.  He  espoused 
the  cause  of  the  allies  in  the  wars  of  the 
Spanish  succession,  and  when  the  peace  of 
Utrecht,  in  1713,  restored  tranquillity  to 
Europe,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  en- 
couragement of  commerce,  of  litera- 
ture, and  of  industry  among  his  subjects. 
He  died  1750,aged  61, universally  regretted. 

John,  of  Gaunt  or  Ghent,  duke  of  Lan- 
caster, was  the  third  son  of  Edward  III. 
He  was  born  at  Ghent,  1340,  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  valour  in  the  field. 
In  consequence  of  his  marriage  with  Con- 
stance, the  natural  daughter  of  Peter  the 
Cruel,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon,  he  laid 
claim  to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his 
father-in-law,  but  was  opposed  by  Henry 
of  Transtamare,  and  enjoyed  nothing  but 
the  empty  title  of  king.  In  the  wars  of 
the  black  prince  his  brother  in  France,  he 
pupported  him  by  his  intrepidity,  and  after 


his  death  succeeded  to  the  management  ot' 
artairs.     On   the   accession  of  Knhard  II. 
he  was  dragged  from  the  retirement  which 
he  loved,  to  clear  himself  againnt  the  ac- 
cusations   of  the   courtiers,    who    charged 
him  with   attempts  to   seize  the  crown  be- 
cause he  countenanced    the    dodrintM  of 
\\  icklirte,  against   the    overbearing  power 
of  the  pope,     lie  afterwards   resigned   his 
claims  to  the  throne  of  Castile  to  hin  only 
daughter  by  Constance,  who  in  liiSG  mar- 
ried the    heir    apparent    to   that   kingdom, 
and  he  received  in  return  an  honourable  pen- 
sion.    John  had  for  his  third   wife,  Cathe- 
rine Swinford,   the  governess  of  his  chil- 
dren,   and    the  sister   of   Chaucer's  wife, 
and  from  his  patronage  of  that  poet  he  re- 
ceived pleasure,  honour,  and  fame.  John  died 
1399,  highly   respected   for  his  valour  and 
prudence.     His    son   Henry  succeeded    to 
the  English  throne  alter  the  deposition  of 
the  second  Richard. 

John   Sohif.ski,  king   of  Poland.      Vid. 

SOBIESKI. 

John  of  Austria,  Don,  was  the  natural 
son  of  Charles  V.  of  Germany.  He  was 
unacquainted  with  his  birth,  till  his  father 
on  his  death-bed  revealed  the  secret  to  his 
son  Philip  II.  who  honourably  called  him  to 
court,  and  in  1570  placed  him  at  tlie  head 
of  his  army  against  the  Moors  of  Gre- 
nada, whom  he  defeated.  In  1571,  he 
commanded  the  naval  armament  against 
the  Turks,  and  gained  the  celebrated  battle 
of  Lepanto,  and  two  years  after  took  Tu- 
nis. He  was  made  governor  of  the  Ne- 
therlands in  1576,  and  after  taking  Namur, 
Charlemont,  and  other  towns,  he  com- 
pleted his  triumphs  over  the  prince  of 
Orange  and  the  archduke  Mathias,  by 
the  famous  battle  of  Gemblours  1478. 
This  celebrated  warrior  died  1578,  at  the 
early  age  of  32  in  consequence  of  poison  as 
it  is  supposed,  administered  by  his  enemies. 

John,  Fearless,  count  of  Nevers  and 
duke  of  Burgundy,  distinguished  himself 
at  Nicopolis  against  Bajazet,  who  sold  him 
his  liberty  for  an  exorbitant  ransom.  Re- 
stored to  France  he  employed  his  influence 
in  promoting  sedition  and  civil  war  in  the 
kingdom  against  the  dauphin,  afterwards 
Charles  V II.  and  the  partisans  of  the  duke 
of  Orleans.  He  murdered  the  duke  of 
Orleans,  and  afterwards  being  reconciled 
to  the  dauphin,  he  was  assassinated  in  his 
presence  by  one  of  his  courtiers,  lOth  Sept. 
1419,  aged  43. 

John,  of  France,  duke  of  Berry,  ivas 
son  of  king  John,  and  distinguished  himsell' 
at  the  battle  of  Poitiers.  He  died  at  Paris 
15th  June,  1416,  respected  for  his  many 
virtues. 

John  V.  duke  of  Britanny,  was  sur- 
named the  Conqueror,  for  the  brave  de- 
fence which  he  made  against  the  emperor 
and  airainst  the  king  of  France,  who  wishc(! 

125 


JOB 


JOH 


to  strip  him  of  his   dominions.     He  died 
1st  Nov.  1399. 

John  VI.  duke  of  Britanny,  was  a 
prince  of  great  valour  and  equal  benevo- 
lence. He  was  in  the  service  of  Charles 
Vn.  of  France,  and  fought  bravely  against 
the  English.  He  died  1446  much  lament- 
ed by  his  subjects. 

John  V.  count  of  Armagnac  was  son  of 
John  IV.  of  Navarre.  He  disgraced  him- 
self by  an  incestuous  commerce  with  his 
sister  Isabella,  which  neither  the  represen- 
tations of  his  friends,  nor  the  threats  of 
the  pope,  could  persuade  him  to  abandon. 
At  last  he  was  banished  from  his  domi- 
nions by  the  French  king  ,  but  afterwards 
was  reconciled  to  his  persecutors  and  was 
killed  in  his  palace  at  Lecture  in  a  siege 
1473. 

John,  of  Salisbury,  a  learned  English- 
man who  in  his  youth  was  in  the  service  of 
the  abbot  of  Rheims,  and  then  studied  at 
Paris,  where  he  took  his  degrees.  He 
visited  Rome,  and  at  his  return  to  Paris, 
opened  a  school  there.  He  afterwards 
was  in  England  and  lived  with  Theobald, 
the  primate,  and  with  Thomas-a-Becket, 
and  in  1177  was  chosen  bishop  of  Chartres 
by  the  clergy  of  that  diocess,  at  the  re- 
commendation of  Lewis  the  young  king 
of  France.  He  was  an  able  prelate,  and 
distinguished  himself  at  the  council  of 
Lateran,  and  died  1181.  His  writings  are 
lost,  except  Becket's  Life — a  Collection  of 
Letters — and  "  Polycraticon." 

John:  of  Leyden.     Vid.  Boccold. 

John  of  Paris,  a  celebrated  Dominican, 
theological  professor  at  Paris.  He  sup- 
ported the  cause  of  Philip  the  Fair,  against 
Boniface  VIII.  in  his  treatise  de  Regia  Po- 
testate  et  Papali ;  but  the  doctrines 
which  he  asserted  with  respect  to  tran- 
substantiation  proved  highly  offensive  to 
the  Roman  see,  and  he  was  suspended  from 
his  ecclesiastical  offices  by  the  archbishop 
of  Paris.  He  appealed  to  Rome,  but  died 
in  that  city  before  his  cause  was  heard 
1304.  He  wrote  besides  Determinatio  de 
Modo  existendi  Corporis  Christi  in  Sacra- 
mento Altaris,  8vo. — Correctorium  Doc- 
trinae  S.  Thomae,  &.c. 

John,  of  Udino,  a  celebrated  painter, 
"who  studied  under  Giorgion  at  Venice,  and 
Raphael  at  Rome.  His  fruits,  animals, 
flowers,  &c.  exhibited  great  powers  of 
execution.  He  died  at  Rome  1564,  aged  70. 

JoHNES, Thomas,  an  ingenious  gentleman, 
%vas  born  at  Ludlow,  in  Shropshire,  in 
174S.  From  Shrewsbury-school  he  went 
to  Eton,  and  afterwards  to  Jesus  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree  of  mas- 
ter of  arts,  in  1783.  Previous  to  this  he 
had  made  the  tour  of  Europe,  and  was 
elected  into  parliament  for  the  borough  of 
Cardigan.  He  was  also  appointed  auditor 
ff>r  the  principality  of  Wales,  and  colonel 
15f; 


of  the  Caermarthenshire  militia.  In  17y5 
he  was  returned  knight  of  the  shire  for 
the  county  of  Radnor.  He  devoted  much 
attention  to  the  improvement  of  his  es- 
tates at  Hafod,  in  Cardiganshire,  where 
he  planted  an  immense  number  of  trees, 
and  built  an  elegant  house,  which  was  en- 
riched by  a  most  valuable  library  ;  and  he 
had  also  a  printing-press,  from  whence 
issued  several  elegant  productions.  In 
1807  this  mansion  was  destroyed  by  fire, 
while  the  owner  was  in  London.  In 
1811  Mr.  Johnes  experienced  a  more  se- 
vere loss  in  the  death  of  his  favourite 
daughter,  from  the  effects  of  which  shock 
he  never  recovered.  He  died  April  24, 
1816.  His  publications  are — 1.  A  Car- 
diganshire Landlord's  Advice  to  his  Te- 
nants. 2.  Palaye's  Memoirs  of  Froissart 
translated  from  the  French,  4  vols.  4to. 
3.  The  Chronicles  of  Sir  John  Froissart, 
4  vols.  4to.  and  lO  vols.  8vo.  4.  Transla- 
tion of  De  Joinville's  Memoirs  of  St. 
Louis,  2  vols.  4to.  5.  Travels  of  Bertran- 
don  de  la  Brocquiere  in  Palestine,  8vo. 
6.  The  Chronicles  of  Monstrelet,  with 
notes,  4  vols.  4to. — fV.  B. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  an  English  divine, 
born  1649,  in  Warwickshire,  and  educated 
at  St.  Paul's  school,  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge.  He  early  obtained  the  living 
of  Corringham  in  Essex,  which  on  account 
of  its  unhealthy  situation,  he  abandoned 
to  the  care  of  a  curate,  and  came  to  settle 
in  London.  Here  he  plunged  into  the  vor- 
tex of  politics,  and  soon  distinguished  him- 
self, and  becanie  the  friend  of  lord  Essex, 
and  of  lord  William  Russell,  who  made 
him  his  chaplain.  He  inveighed  severely 
in  his  discourses  from  the  pulpit,  against 
the  horrors  of  popery,  and  spoke  with 
warmth  against  the  succession  of  the  duke 
of  York  to  the  throne.  While  his  politi- 
cal friends  wielded  the  weapons  of  elo- 
quence in  parliament,  he  himself  attack- 
ed Dr.  Hickes,  the  bold  champion  of 
passive  obedience,  in  a  pamphlet  called, 
"Julian  the  Apostate."  The  work  was 
quickly  answered  by  Dr.  Hickes,  in  a  pam- 
phlet called,  "  Jovian,"  and  Johnson  had 
already  prepared  a  severe  reply,  which  the 
seizure  and  imprisonment  of  his  patron, 
lord  \N  illiam  Russell,  prevented  him  from 
publishing.  His  abilities,  however,  and 
his  zeal  were  too  conspicuous  to  be  disre- 
garded :  after  Russell's  death,  he  was  sum- 
moned before  the  privy  council,  and  ques- 
tioned about  the  answer  he  had  written  to 
Dr.  Hickes,  railed,  "  Julian's  Arts  and  Me- 
thods to  undermine  and  extirpate  Chris- 
tianity :"  but  when  he  declared  that  he 
had  suppressed  it,  and  when  his  persecu- 
tors could  procure  no  copy  of  it,  though  it 
was  entered  at  Stationers'-hall,  he  was  dis- 
missed. But  soon  after  he  %vas  prosecuted 
for   the    publication  of   Julian  the  Apo5- 


.lOH 


.lull 


tate,  and  though  ably  defended"  by  coun- 
sellor Wallop,  he  was  condemned  before 
•Jefl'ries,  and  sentenced  to  pay  500  marks, 
and  to    be    imprisoned    till    it    was    paid. 
Though   thus  confined   his  spirit  was  not 
subdued  :  he   still   wrote   against  popery  ; 
and   when    the   army    was   drawn    up   on 
Hounslow  heath  in  1686,  he  drew  up  "an 
Address  to  the  Protestants  of  the  Army," 
which,  after  the  dispersion  of  1000  copies, 
was   seized,    and   exposed    the   author  to 
fresh  persecution.    He  was  in  consequence 
of  this  condemned  to  stand  in  the  Pillory, 
in  Palace-yard,   at  Charing  cross,  and  the 
Exchange,   to   pay    a  fine  of  500  marks, 
and  to  be  whipped  from   Newgate  to  Ty- 
burn, after  being  degraded  from  the  priest- 
hood.    The    degradation    took    place    by 
the   hands   of  bishops   Crew,   Sprat,  and 
White;    and   on   December   1,    1686,  the 
sentence  was  executed.    The  stripes  which 
he  received  were  317,  from  a  whip  of  nine 
cords   knotted,    which    he    endured   with 
great   firmness   and   even   alacrity.      The 
king  appointed  a  successor  to  his  living, 
but  as  in  the  divesting  him  of  his  sacer- 
dotal habit,  either  by  accident  or  design, 
he  had  been  permitted  to  retain  his  cas- 
sock, his  degradation   was   considered  as 
incomplete,  and  the  bishop  refused  to  ad- 
mit the  new  incumbent  without  indemnity, 
and   when   he   presented    himself    to   the 
parish,  the  people  refused  to  receive  him 
in  the  room  of  Johnson,  who  thus  retained 
his  living.     At  the  revolution,   the  parlia- 
ment, 1689,  resolved  that  the  proceedings 
in  the  King's  Bench  against  Johnson,  were 
cruel  and  illegal ;  and  therefore  they  re- 
commended him  to  the  king  for  some  eccle- 
siastical preferment  suitable  to  his  services 
and  sufferings.     The  deanery  of  Durham, 
in  consequence  of  this,  was  offered  to  him, 
which  he  refused  as  a  reward  inadequate 
to  his  merits  ;  but  at  the  solicitation  of 
lady  Russell,  and  the  influence  of  Tillotson, 
a  pension  of  300^    a-year  was   obtained 
from  the  king,  for  his  own  and  his  son's 
life,  besides  a  gratuity  of  1000/.     In   1692 
his  house  was  forcibly  entered  in  the  night 
by  seven  assassins,  who  seemed  to  have 
been  actuated  to  vengeance  and  murder  by 
the  publication  of  his  book  called  "Argu- 
ment   to   prove   the   Abrogation   of  King 
James,  &c."     Though   his   life  was  thus 
threatened  with  instant  death,  the  cries  of 
his  wife  prevailed  upon  the  ruffians,  who 
left    him,    after    inflicting     some    severe 
bruises  on  his  body,  and  two  wounds  on 
his  head.     His  constitution  was  we^^kened 
by  this  dreadful   catastrophe,  and  by  the 
persevering  spirit  of  his  persecutors,  though 
his  zeal  against  popery  remained  unshaken. 
He   died   May,    1703.      All  his   treatises 
were  published  in  1  vol.  folio,  1710  ;  a  se- 
cond   edition    of   which   appeared    1713. 
■Tohnson   in    his   character  was   firm,  un- 


daunted, and  enthusiastic  ;  but  hia  iciuper 
was  violent,  overbearing,  and  unsubmis- 
sive ;  and  probably  l<i  the  furioua  zeal 
with  which  he  alta(k<;d  those  who  differed 
from  him,  and  to  the  abusive  languai^e 
which  he  indisiriminately  u»ed  against  hU 
opponents,  he  might  attrihutr  the  virulence 
and  persevering  spirit  ol  hi«  perseculora. 
His  works  appeared  1710,  in  1  vol.  folio. 

Johnson,  John,  u  nonjuror  divine,  born 
at  Trindsbury,  near  Rochester,  HiG2,  and 
educated  at  Canterbury  school,  and  .Mag- 
dalen college,  Cambridge.  He  aflerwards 
entered  at  Corpus  Christi,  of  which  he 
became  fellow,  1685.  He  was  in  1086 
presented  to  the  vicarages  of  Baston  and 
Heron  hill,  near  Canterbury,  by  Sancrofl, 
the  primate  j  and  in  1697  he  was  further 
promoted  by  Tenison  to  the  living  of  Mar- 
gate, and  afterwards  to  Apuldre.  His 
abilities  as  a  scholar  and  divine  were  very 
great,  and  therefore  he  was  twice  chosen 
proctor  in  convocation  for  Canterbury. 
But  though  protected  by  government,  he 
manifested  some  opposition  to  the  establish- 
ment, and  not  only  expressed  a  mean  opi- 
nion of  the  articles  and  liturgy  of  the 
church,  but  even  refused  to  take  the  oaths 
of  allegiance  to  George  1.  This  threatened 
dangers,  Avhich,  however,  he  prudently 
avoided  by  timely  submission,  though  he 
afterwards  continued  restless,  dissatisfied, 
and  disloyal.  He  died  15th  Dec.  1725. 
He  wrote  the  "  Clergyman's  Vade-me- 
cum," an  excellent  book,  2  vols.  r2nio. — 
collection  of  Ecclesiastical  Laws,  Canons, 
&c.  2  vols.  Svo. — the  Unbloody  Sacrifice 
and  Altar  Unveiled  and  Supported,  8vo. — 
a  Paraphrase  on  the  Psalms,  &c. 

Johnson,  or  Jansen,  Cornelius,  a  na- 
tive of  Amsterdam,  eminent  as  a  painter. 
He  came  to  England  in  the  reign  of  James 
I.  and  drew  that  monarch,  as  well  as  the 
nobility  of  his  court.  He  was  soon  after 
eclipsed  by  the  superior  fame  of  Vandyke  ; 
though  his  pictures  possessed  great  merit 
in  their  high  finishing,  and  the  correctness 
of  their  drapery.     He  died  in  London. 

Johnson,  Martin,  a  seal  engraver,  bet- 
ter known  as  a  painter.  His  landscape."* 
are  particularly  excellent,  and  give  a  most 
correct  and  perfect  delineation  of  the  de- 
lightful prospects  of  England.  His  pieces 
are  very  scarce,  and  presened  in  the  cabi- 
nets of  the  curious  with  great  care.  He 
died  in  the  beginning  of  James  H.'s  reign. 

Johnson,  Charles,  a  member  of  the 
Middle  Temple,  Avho  left  the  profession  of 
the  law  for  the  muses.  He  wrote  some 
plays  which,  by  the  friendship  of  Wilks. 
were  acted  on  the  stage,  and  received 
some  applause.  He  married  a  young  wi- 
dow, with  a  moderate  fortune,  and  opened 
a  tavern  in  Bow-street,  Covent-garden, 
which  he  relinquished  at  the  death  of  his 
•wife,  having  acquired  a  decent  competence. 

1*>T 


JOH 


JOH 


He  died  about  1744.  Thougb  he  is  not 
ranked  among  the  gTeatest  of  dramatic 
nvriters,  yet  he  possessed  merit,  and  de- 
served popularity.  His  dramatic  pieces 
are  nineteen  in  number.  He  is  immor- 
talized in  Pope's  Dunciad,  because,  says 
the  note,  he  was  famous  for  writing  a  play 
every  year,  and  for  being  at  Button's  coffee- 
house every  day,  and  for  falling  a  martyr 
to  obesity,  and  the  rotundity  of  his  parts. 

Johnson,  Maurice,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary, born  of  an  ancient  and  respectable 
family  at  Spalding,  where  he  established  a 
gentleman's  literai'y  society.  He  was  of 
the  Middle  Temple,  and  was  bred  to  the 
bar.  By  his  wife,  daughter  of  Mr.  Ambler, 
he  had  twenty-six  children,  sixteen  of 
whom  sat  down  together  at  his  table.  He 
was  one  of  the  last  founders  of  the  An- 
tiquarian Society  ;  and  by  his  benevo- 
lence, and  the  liberality  of  his  various 
communications,  he  fully  deserved  the 
handsome  eulogium  written  on  him  by  Dr. 
Stukeley,  and  inserted  in  the  minutes  of 
the  society,  to  whose  memoirs  he  contri- 
buted so  much.  He  made  a  curious  collec- 
tion for  the  history  of  Carausius.  He 
died,  after  suffering  much  from  a  vertiginous 
disorder,  6th  Feb.  1755. 

Johnson,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Selby, 
Yorkshire,  brought  up  to  the  business  of  an 
apothecary  in  London.  He  became,  accor- 
ding to  Wood,  the  best  heraldist  of  his 
time  ;  and  wrote,  Iter  inagrum  Cantuari- 
um,  1629 — Ericetum  Hamstedianum, 
1632,  the  first  catalogue  of  plants  pub- 
lished in  England — Gerard's  Herbal  im- 
proved, a  valuable  work — Essay  on  the 
Bath  waters,  &c.  He  was  an  officer  in 
the  royal  army,  and  was  made  M.D.  by 
the  university  of  Oxford  for  his  services. 
He  died  in  consequence  of  a  wound  which 
be  had  received  in  the  shoulder  at  the  siege 
of  Basinghouse,  1644. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  a  celebrated  English 
writer,  born  at  Lichfield,  7th  Sept.  1709. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  bookseller,  and  was 
educated  at  Lichfield  school,  where  he  had 
among  his  school-fellows  Dr.  James  and 
Dr.  Taylor  ;  and  after  being  one  year  at 
Stourbridge  school,  and  passing  two  years 
in  unsettled  studies  at  home,  he  entered 
October,  1728,  at  Pembroke  college,  Ox- 
ford. His  exercises  in  the  university  dis- 
played, as  they  had  done  at  school,  supe- 
rior powers  ;  and  his  translation  of  Pope's 
Messiah  into  Latin  verse, appeared  so  highly 
finished,  that  the  poet  spoke  with  the  high- 
est respect  of  his  translator,  and  declared 
that  posterity  would  doubt  which  poem  was 
the  original.  Unhappily  Johnson  had  to 
struggle  with  poverty  at  college,  and  in 
consequence  of  the  insolvency  of  his  fa- 
ther, he  left  the  university  in  5  731,  with- 
out a  degree.  Returned  to  Lichfield,  he 
found  bis  prospects  in  life  dreary  and  un- 
128 


pFomising.  After  his  father's  death,  his 
whole  property  amounted  to  only  20/. ;  and 
thus  destitute,  he  willingly  accepted  the 
offer  of  an  ushership  at  Bosworth  school. 
The  situation  proved  disagreeable,  and  in  a 
few  months  he  removed  to  Birmingham, 
where,  under  the  patronage  of  a  book- 
seller, he  published  his  first  literary  labour, 
a  translation  of  Lobo.  In  1734  he  return- 
ed to  Lichfield  ;  and  the  next  year  he  mar- 
ried Mrs.  Porter,  a  widow  (if  Birmingham, 
a  lady  much  older  than  himself,  and  not 
possessed  of  the  most  engaging  manners, 
or  the  most  fascinating  person.  As  she 
brought  him  800/.  he  began  to  fit  up  a  house 
at  Edial,  near  Lichfield,  for  the  reception 
of  pupils  ;  but  as  he  had  only  three  scho- 
lars, among  whom  was  David  Garrick,  the 
plan  was  dropped  as  utterly  impracticable 
and  ruinous.  About  this  time,  under  the  pa- 
tronage of  Mr.  Walmsley,  his  earliest 
friend,  he  began  his  Irene  ;  and  in  March, 
1737,  he  first  visited  London,  in  company 
with  his  pupil,  Garrick,  like  himself,  in 
quest  of  employment,  and  equally  doomed 
to  rise  to  celebrity  in  his  profession.  In 
London  he  formed  an  acquaintance  with 
Cave,  the  printer  of  the  Gentleman's  Ma- 
gazine ;  and  his  first  performance  in  that 
work  was  a  Latin  Alcaic  ode,  inserted  in 
March,  1738.  Thus  encouraged,  he  re- 
turned to  Lichfield  to  fetch  his  wife  ;  and 
from  1740  to  1743,  he  was  laboriously  em- 
ployed in  the  service  of  this  periodical 
work,  and  during  that  period  wrote  the 
parliamentary  debates,  valuable  not  as  the 
effusions  of  orators,  but  as  the  bold  com- 
position of  a  man  of  genius  on  such  sub- 
jects as  were  supposed  to  engage  the 
legislators  of  the  age.  In  1738  he  publish- 
ed his  London,  a  poem,  in  imitation  of 
Juvenal's  third  satire,  which  was  well  re- 
ceived, and  honoured  with  the  commenda- 
tion of  Pope,  and  passed  to  a  second  edi- 
tion in  one  week.  Though  distinguished 
as  an  author,  Johnson  still  felt  the  pres- 
sure of  poverty,  and  therefore  he  applied 
for  a  school  in  Leicestershire  ;  but  though 
recommended  by  lord  Gower,  he  was  dis- 
appointed, as  he  had  not  the  requisite  de- 
gree of  M.A.  His  attempts  to  be  admit- 
ted at  Doctors'  Commons,  without  acade- 
mical honours,  proved  equally  unsuccess- 
ful ;  and  therefore  he  determined  to  de- 
pend on  the  efforts  of  his  pen  for  subsis- 
tence. Besides  his  valuable  contributions 
to  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  he  in  1744 
published  the  life  of  Savage,  a  work  of 
great  merit,  which  in  the  elegant  language 
of  pathetic  narration,  exhibited  the  suf- 
ferings and  the  poverty  of  a  friend,  whose 
calamities  he  himself  had  shared  and 
bewailed.  He  began  in  1747  his  edi- 
tion of  Shakspeare,  and  published  the 
plan  of  his  English  dictionary.  This  gi- 
gantic work    was   undertaken   under  the. 


JOH 


.iuM 


patronage  ot  the  booksellers  ;  and  tiit; 
lexicographer  engaged  a  house  in  (iongh- 
square,  where,  with  the  assistance  of  six 
amanuenses,  he  proceeded  rapidly  in  the 
execution  of  his  j[)lan.  This  great  work 
so  valuable  to  the  nation,  and  so  honoura- 
ble to  the  talents  of  the  author,  appeared, 
May,  1755,  in  2  vols,  without  a  patron. 
Lord  Chesterfield,  who  had  at  first  favour- 
ed the  undertaking,  but  had  afterwards 
neglected  the  author,  endeavoured,  by  a 
flattering  recommendation  of  the  work  in 
"  the  World,''  to  reconcile  himself  to  his 
good  opinion ;  but  Johnson,  with  noble 
indignation,  spurned  at  the  mean  artifice 
of  his  courtly  patron  ;  and  his  celebrated 
letter  reflected,  with  independent  spirit  and 
in  severe  language,  against  his  selfish  and 
ambitious  views.  The  dictionary  produced 
1575/.  but  as  the  money  had  been  advanced 
during  the  composition  of  the  work,  there 
was  no  solid  advantage  to  be  procured  on 
the  publication,  and  fame  could  ill  satisfy 
the  demands  of  creditors,  and  supply  bread 
to  the  indigent  author.  In  1749  the  Irene 
had  been  brought  forward  on  the  stage,  by 
the  friendship  of  Garrick,  but  with  no  suc- 
cess. The  Rambler  was  undertaken  20th 
March,  1750,  and  till  the  17th  March,  1752, 
when  it  ceased,  a  paper  had  regularly  ap- 
peared every  Tuesday  and  Saturday  ;  and 
it  is  remarkable  that,  during  the  whole  of 
that  time,  only  five  numbers  were  contri- 
buted by  other  authors.  But  these  publica- 
tions, popular  as  they  were,  still  left  John- 
son in  distressed  circumstances;  and  inl756, 
the  year  after  the  publishing  of  his  diction- 
ary, he  was  arrested  for  a  debt  of  five 
guineas,  from  which  the  kindness  of  Rich- 
ardson relieved  him.  In  1758,  he  began 
the  Idler,  and  continued  it  for  two  years 
with  little  assistance  ;  and  on  the  death  of 
his  mother  in  1759,  that  he  might  pay  some 
decent  respect  to  her  funeral,  and  discharge 
her  debts,  he  wrote  his  Rasselas,  and  ob- 
tained for  it,  from  the  booksellers,  the  sum 
of  1001.  Happily,  however,  these  high 
services  to  literature  were  not  to  pass  un- 
rewarded :  in  1762,  he  was  honourably  pre- 
sented by  the  king,  on  the  representation  of 
Mr.  Wedderburne,  with  a  pension  of  300/. 
per  annum,  without  astipulation  of  future 
exertions,  but  merely,  as  the  grant  express- 
ed it,  for  the  moral  tendency  of  his  wri- 
tings, a  character  to  which  his  Rambler 
was  most  fully  entitled.  From  public  mo- 
tives, and  not  from  obsequious  flattery, 
Johnson  afterwards  became  a  political  wri- 
ter, and  his  "  False  Alarm,"  and  his 
"  Thoughts  on  the  Falkland  Islands,"  dis- 
played, in  a  very  striking  degree,  the  great 
powers  of  his  mind  in  the  defence  of  the 
measures  of  the  court.  These  services 
first  suggested  the  idea  of  introducing  him 
into  the  house  of  commons  ;  but  lord  North 
did  not  attend  with  sufficient  respect  to  the 
Vol.  it.  1 7 


rcconiuiendaiions  of  Mr.  Strahan,  anu  uf 
other  gentlemen,  who  wihhcd  to  see  the 
gigantic  powers,  and  the,  commanding  elo- 
cution of  this  litcnu  y  hero,  exerted  in  par- 
liament, and  the  proposal  was  dropped.  In 
1775,  Johnson  was  conij.liiiiented  by  the 
university  of  O.xford  willi  the  degree  of 
LL.D.  by  diploma,  as  he  hud  l(efure  receiv- 
ed from  them  the  degree  of  A.M.  and  the 
same  honours  from  Trinity  colle;;e,  Dublin 
and  the  circumstance  reflected  equal  credit 
on  those  who  bestowed,  and  on  him  who  ac- 
cepted the  high  distinction.  In  1777,  he  be- 
gan his  Lives  of  the  Poet;^,  which  he  finishert 
in  1781,  a  work  of  great  merit,  and  which 
exhibits,  in  the  most  pleasing  manner,  the 
soundness  of  the  critic,  the  information  of 
the  biographer,  and  the  benevolent  views  of 
the  man.  In  J781,  the  loss  of  his  friend, 
Mr.  Thrale,  in  whose  hospitable  house  and 
society  he  had  passed  15  of  the  happiest 
years  of  his  life,  allccted  him  much  ;  hr 
found  his  health  gradually  declining,  from 
the  united  attacks  of  tlie  dropsy,  and  of  an 
asthma ;  and  while  he  expressed  a  wish  to 
remove  to  the  milder  climates  of  France, 
and  Italy,  it  is  to  be  lamented  that  the  ap- 
plications of  his  friends  for  the  increase  of 
his  pension  proved  abortive.  During  the 
progressive  increase  of  his  complaints,  he 
divided  his  time  in  acts  of  devotion,  and  in 
classical  recreations  ;  and  during  his  sleep- 
less nights,  he  translated  several  of  the 
Greek  epigrams  of  the  Anthologia  into 
Latin  verse.  It  is  remarkable,  that  John- 
son, whose  pen  was  ever  employed  in  re- 
commending piety,  and  all  the  offices  of 
the  purest  morality  ;  and  whose  conduct 
and  example  in  life  exhibited  the  most  per- 
fect pattern  of  the  Christian  virtues  ; 
should,  in  the  close  of  life,  betray  dreadful 
apprehensions  of  death.  By  degree.^,  in- 
deed, the  terrors  which  his  imagination  had 
painted  to  itself,  disappeared  ;  but  still  his 
example  teaches  us,  that  if  the  most  virtu- 
ous and  devout  view  the  approach  of  deatli 
with  trembling  and  alarm,  the  unrepented 
sins  of  life  have  much  to  apprehend  from 
the  all-searching  eye  of  God.  Johnson  ex- 
pired on  the  13th  Dec.  1784,  full  of  resig- 
nation, strong  in  faith,  and  joyful  in  hopr 
of  a  happy  resurrection.  His  remains 
were  deposited  in  Westminster  abbey,  near 
the  grave  of  his  friend  Gamrk  ;  and  th*^ 
nation  has  paid  an  honourable  tribute  to 
his  memory,  by  erecting  to  him  a  monu- 
ment in  si.  Paul's,  with  an  elegant  and 
nervous  epitaph  from  Uie  pen  of  Dr.  Parr. 
By  his  wife,  \vho  died  March,  1752,  and 
was  deeply  lamented  by  hinj,  Johnson  had 
no  issue.  His  works  are  very  numerous, 
and  all  respectable.  Some  of  his  smallca* 
pieces  were  published  by  Sir  J.  Hawkins  in 
1787,  with  his  life  in  11  vols.  Svo.  .and  of 
these  an  edition,  by  Murphy,  appeared  in 
1792,  in  12  vols.  Svo.     Hi*'  letters,  an^J. 

12!) 


JOII 


.Ton 


every  particular  respecting  his  character, 
conduct,  opinion,  connexions,  &c.  ha^e 
engaged  the  attention  of  the  public,  in  the 
various  publications  of  Mr.  G.  Strahan, 
Mrs.  Piozzi,  and  others,  and  particularly 
in  the  interesting  and  valuable  account  of 
his  life  by  Boswell,  with  whom  he  travel- 
led to  the  Hebrides,  of  which  he  gave  an 
account  in  1773.  In  his  person,  Johnson 
was  large,  corpulent,  and  unwieldy,  with 
little  of  the  graces  of  polished  life,  occa- 
sionally ofiensive  by  involuntary  or  convul- 
sive motions,  and  in  his  dress,  singular  and 
slovenly.  His  conversation,  however, 
made  atonement  for  the  deficiencies  of  his 
personal  appearance,  and  though  from  the 
superior  powers  of  his  mind,  the  great  in- 
dependence of  his  character,  and  the  gigan- 
tic vigour  of  his  genius,  he  was  positive, 
and  very  impatient  of  contradiction,  he 
was  ever  interesting  and  instructive,  and 
exhibited  at  all  times  great  goodness  of 
heart,  unshaken  steadiness  of  principle, 
and  commanding  benignity.  Humane, 
charitable,  generous,  and  aftectionate,  with 
Jill  his  little  defects  of  temper,  it  may  truly 
be  said,  that  there  was  scarce  a  virtue  in 
principle  which  he  did  not  possess.  His 
goodness  flowed  from  the  heart,  and  his 
religion  was  the  pure  stream  from  the  soul, 
humble,  devout,  contrite,  and  pious.  As  a 
literary  character,  his  name  stands  on  very 
high  ground ;  correctness,  elegance,  and 
variety  every  where  clothed  under  a  strong 
and  nervous  style,  captivate,  enliven,  and 
edify.  The  powers  of  a  sound  and  ma- 
tured judgment,  of  a  vigorous  imagination, 
and  a  most  retentive  memory,  were  happily 
united  to  illustrate  what  was  obscure,  to 
render  pleasing  what  was  harsh  and  un- 
seemly, to  explain  what  was  difficult,  and 
to  embellish  what  was  devoid  of  grace,  of 
beauty,  or  of  attraction.  Besides  the  in- 
structive account  of  his  life  by  Boswell, 
much  information  may  be  collected  from 
the  labours  of  Hawkins,  Murphy,  Ander- 
son, fee. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  LL.D.  governor  of 
North  Carolina,  from  1787  to  1789,  was 
president  of  the  convention  of  that  state 
which  ratified  the  federal  constitution,  and 
had  been  a  member  of  congress  previous 
to  1789,  when  he  was  appointed  a  senator 
iVom  North  Carolina,  and  afterwards  a 
jucige  of  the  supreme  court  of  law  and 
equity.  He  was  a  native  of  Edenton,  and 
died  at  Shewarky,  August  l8th,  1816,  aged 
83.  tC?'  L. 

Johnson,  Su-  Nathaniel,  governor  of 
South  Carolina,  succeeded  James  Moore  in 
1703,  and  continued  in  office  till  1709.  He 
was  a  military  man,  and  when  the  colony 
was  invaded  by  the  French  and  Spaniards 
in  1706,  displayed  great  judgment  and 
ykill  in  the  measures  which  he  adopted  for 
i(s  defence.  Its  tncuiies  were  defeatetl 
130 


and  driven  from  its  shores  w  ith  the  loss  of 
their  commander  and  three  hundred  men, 
while  that  of  the  provincials  was  exceeding 
small.  The  proprietors  rewarded  his  fide- 
lity by  the  grant  of  an  extensive  tract  of 
land.  To  him  the  merit  is  ascribed  of 
having  first  introduced  the  cultivation  of 
silk  in  South  Carolina,  in  1703.  It  was 
chiefly  owing  to  his  influence  that  the  first 
establishment  of  the  episcopal  church  was 
carried  there,  when  the  majority  of  the  in- 
habitants were  dissenters.  He  died  in 
1713.  Before  his  arrival  in  Carolina,  he 
had  been  for  some  time  a  member  of  the 
house  of  commons,  and  from  1686,  to  1639, 
governor  of  Nevis,  St.  Christophers,  Mont- 
serrat,  and  Antigua.  ICIP'  L. 

Johnson,  Robert,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  succeeded  Daniel  in  1717,  and 
continued  in  office  till  1719,  when  the  go- 
vernment passed  from  the  hands  of  the  pro- 
prietors. Such  was  his  popularity  that  the 
people  solicited  him  then  to  receive  the 
office  from  them,  but  he  declined  from  a 
feeling  of  obligation  to  the  proprietors. 
After  the  territory  was  purchased  by  the 
crown,  he  was  again  appointed  governor 
in  1731,  and  held  the  place  till  his  death, 
May  3d,  1735.  pCj^  L. 

Johnson,  Sir  William,  a  major  general 
of  the  militia  of  New- York,  was  a  native 
of  Ireland,  and  born  about  the  year  1714. 
He  came  to  America  in  early  life,  and 
settled  on  the  Mohawk,  where  he  carried 
on  an  extensive  traffic  with  the  Indians, 
and  by  learning  their  language,  and  accom- 
modating himself  to  their  manners,  gained 
great  influence  over  them.  In  1755,  he 
commanded  the  provincial  troops  of  New- 
York,  marched  against  Crown  Point,  and 
gained  a  victory  over  the  French  under 
baron  Dieskau,  for  which  he  received  from 
the  house  of  commons  the  gift  of  5000 
pounds,  and  the  title  of  baronet  from  the 
king.  He  was  also  appointed  superinten- 
dent of  Indian  affairs  in  that  colony,  and 
in  1759,  commanded  the  provincial  troops 
in  the  expedition  against  Niagara,  and  soon 
by  the  death  of  his  superior  officer  became 
commander-in-chief.  By  his  courage  and 
skill,  he  succeeded  in  capturing  that  fort. 
He  died  at  his  seat  on  the  Mohawk,  in 
1774.  He  was  brave,  shrewd,  and  insinu- 
ating in  his  address,  and  obtained  a  greater 
influence  over  the  Indians,  than  any  other 
white   person  had  ever  acquired. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  D.D.  first  president  of 
King's  college.  New- York,  was  born  at 
Guilford,  Connecticut,  and  graduated  at 
Yale  college,  in  1714.  After  spending 
some  time  in  that  seminary  as  a  tutor,  he 
was,  in  1720,  ordained  pastor  of  the  church 
at  "West  Haven  ;  but  in  1722,  embracing 
Episcopalianisni,  he  went  to  England  to 
obtain   ordination,   and  returning  the  fof- 


J  on 


TOH 


Jowing  year,  was  settled  at  Stratl'ord,  where 
he  reiuaincd  till  1754,  and  rendered  him- 
self conspicuous  by  a  controversy  respect- 
ing episcopacy.  He  was  then  appointed 
president  of  Kinj^'s  college  in  New- York, 
and  employed  himself  in  that  station  till 
1763,  when  he  resigned,  and  returned  to 
his  charge  at  Stratford,  where  he  continued 
greatly  beloved  for  his  benevolence,  and 
urbanity  ,  and  respected  for  his  learning, 
in  which  he  was  equalled  by  few  of  his 
cotemporaries  till  his  death  in  1772. 

Johnson,  William  Samuel,  LL.D.  F.R.S. 
president  of  Columbia  college,  New-York, 
was  the  eldest  son  of  the   reverend    Dr. 
Samuel  Johnson,  and   born  at   Stratford, 
Connecticut,  October  7tb,  1727.     He  was 
graduated  at   Yale  college,  in  1744.     He 
studied  law,  and  on  his  first  appearance  at 
the  bar  distinguished  himself,  and  soon  rose 
to  the  highest  eminence.     He  was  gifted 
in  an  unusual  degree  with  the  graces  of  the 
orator.     He  possessed  a  voice  of  the  rich- 
est tones,  a  copious  and  flowing  elocution, 
a  fertile  and  brilliant  fancy,  an  understand- 
ing uncommonly  energetic,  quick  of  appre- 
hension, capable  of  disentangling  the  most 
complicated  subjects,  highly  original  in  its 
views,  and  trained   to   laborious  and  pro- 
found research  ;  and  he  had  richly  ptored 
his  mind  with  elegant  literature,  and  legal 
science.     In  1765,  he  was  elected  a  dele- 
gate to  the  congress  which  met  that  year 
at  New- York,  and  was  its   last  surviving 
mernber.     He  was  also  chosen  to  a  seat  in 
the  council  of  the  colony,  and  was  in  Octo- 
ber, 1766,  appointed  its  agent  in  England, 
to  defend  its  interests  in  the  discussion  of 
the   claims  against  it  by  Mason.     While 
there,  he  enjoyed  an  opportunity  of  forming 
manv  interesting     connexions    with    the 
learned  and  illustrious  men  of  that  country, 
the   most     distinguished  of    whom    were 
among  his  friends  and  associates.    With  Dr. 
Johnson  he  maintained  a  correspondence 
for  many  years.     After  his  return  to  Ame- 
rica in  1771,  he  resumed  his  professional 
employments,  and  was  appointed  in  1772, 
a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Connecti- 
cut.    This  office  he  held  until  1774,  and, 
during  the   same  period,  was  one  of  the 
commissioners  for  adjusting  the  controver- 
sy between  the  proprietors  of  Pennsylvania 
and  the  Susquehanna  company.     In  1785, 
lie  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  congress  of 
the  United  States,  and  in  1787,  to  the  con- 
vention which  framed  the  federal  constitu- 
tion.    In  this  august  assembly  he  acted  a 
conspicuous  part.     His  influence  was  not 
the  less  effective  for  the  mildness  and  the 
modesty  with  which  it  was  exerted,  and  to 
him  the  credit  of  having  first  proposed  the 
organization   of  the  senate  as  a  distinct 
branch  of    the    national    legislature,    has 
been  ascribed.     Under  this  <*onstitution  he 


was  appointed  one  of  the  first  senators  of 
Connecticut,  and  in  conjunction  with  hi-- 
colleague,  Mr.  Ellsworth,  drew  up  the   bill 
for  establishing  the  j.i.liciiiry  system  of  the 
United  States.     It  u;is  from  engugin,cnt>« 
thus  honourable  and  important  timl  he  wiw 
called  in  17U2,  toass.nne  the  presidency  of 
Columbia  college.     This  institution  whirh 
had  sufl'ered  a  severe  depression  dunni:  the 
political   contests  of  past  years,   wa«.  now 
reorganized,  and  under  the  snp'jrintendence 
of  Mr.  Johnson    assumed  and   maintained 
an  elevated  rank  among  the  literary  insti- 
tutions of  the   country.     This   station   hi« 
age    and   infirmities  induced  him  to  relin- 
quish in  1800,  when  he  retired  to  his  na- 
tive village,  and  spent  the  remainder  of  hi? 
life  in   the  enjoyments   of  literature,  th*^ 
gratifications  of   a  beneficent   disposition, 
and  the  distinguished    exemplification   of 
the  excellence  of  the   Christian  character. 
He  died  at  Stratford,  November  Mth,  1819, 
aged  93.  [cj^  L. 

Johnson,  Thomas,  the  first  governor  ol 
Maryland  after  the  revolution,  was  a  na- 
tive  of   Calvert   county,    and   educated  n 
lawyer.     He  had   obtained  great  distinc- 
tion at  the  bar  previously  to  the  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution.     At  tliis  period  he 
stood  high  in  the  estimation  of  his  fellow- 
citizens,   who  manifested  their  confidence 
in    his  patriotism   by  appointments  to  the 
most  responsible  public  stations.     In  1774. 
he  was  a  member  of  the  committee  of  cor- 
respondence  for   Maryland,   and  was  the 
same  year  elected  a  delegate  to  congress, 
and  was  several  years  a  member  of  that 
body.     Colonel  Howard  succeeded  him  as 
governor  in  1789.    On  the  establishment  of 
the  government  under  the  new  constitution, 
he  was  appointed  district  judge  of  Mary- 
land.    This  office  he  declined  but  accepted 
that   of  associate  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States,   to  which   he 
was  appointed  in  1791,   and  which  he  re- 
signed  on   account  of  ill  health  in  1793. 
In  1801,  he  was  nominated  for  the  office 
of  chief  justice  of  the  district  of  Colum- 
bia, which  he  also  declined.     He  died  at 
Rose  Hill,    near   Fredcricktown,  October 
26th,  1819,  aged  87.  ICJ^  J.. 

Johnston,  Arthur,  a  physician,  born  n^ 
Caskieben,  near  Aberdeen.  After  studying 
at  Aberdeen,  he  went  to  Rome,  and  to  Pa- 
dua, where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D. 
1610.  He  next  travelled  thro^igh  Italy, 
Germany,  Denmark,  England,  and  Holland, 
and  at  last  settled  in  France,  where  he  had, 
by  two  wives,  13  children.  At^cr  distin- 
guishing himself  as  a  Latin  poet  at  Paiis, 
he  returned  after  24  years' absence,  to  Scot- 
land, in  1632,  and  was  then  introduced  to 
Laud,  who  at  that  time  was  in  the  north 
with  Charles  I.  He  dedicated  his  poetical 
paraphrase  of  David's  Psalms,  to  his  pa- 
tron, bv  whose  interest  he  was  made  phv- 

131 


yoH 


JON 


iician  to  the  king.  He  visited  in  1641, 
one  of  his  daughters,  who  was  married,  at 
f^xford,  and  being  seized  with  a  violent 
diarrhoea,  died  there  in  the  course  of  a  few 
days,  aged  54.  He  wrote  besides  Epigrams 
— Musae  Aulicje,  &c. 

Johnston,  Charles,  a  novel  writer,  was 
born  in  Ireland,  and  bred  to  the  bar  ;  but 
being  excessively  deaf  he  was  compelled  to 
relinquish  that  profession.  In  1760,  he 
published  "  Chrysal,  or  the  Adventures  of 
a  Guinea  ;"  a  political  romance,  in  which 
all  the  characters  and  scenes  were  drawn 
from  real  life.  This  was  followed  by  some 
others  of  a  similar  description,  as  "The 
Reverie,  or  a  Flight  to  the  Paradise  of 
Fools,"  2  vols. ;  "  The  History  of  Arba- 
ces.  Prince  of  Betlis,"  2  vols.  ;  the  Pil- 
jcrim,  or  a  Picture  of  Life,  2  vols.  ;  and 
the  "  History  of  John  Juniper,  Esq.  alias 
Juniper  Jack,"  3  vols.  In  1782,  the  au- 
thor went  to  India,  and  died  there  about 
1800.— f^.  B. 

Johnston,  Gabriel,  governor  of  North 
Carolina,  entered  on  his  administration  in 
November,  1734,  and  continued  in  the 
ofiBce  till  his  death,  in  1752.  He  was  in 
tnost  respects  an  excellent  magistrate. 
He  did  much  to  establish  order,  and  en- 
courage learning  and  religion,  and  the 
colony  advanced  greatly  in  numbers  and 
wealth  during  his  government. 

ICP  L. 
Johnstone,  James,  a    physician,    was 
born  at  Annan,   in  1730.     He   studied  at 
Edinburgh;  and  in  1750,  took  his  doctor's 
degree,  after  which  he  settled  at   Kidder- 
minster, where  he   became  known  by  his 
treatment  of  a  malignant  fever  that  raged 
there  some  years,  and  of  which  he  publish- 
ed  an   account.      In  this    he   first   made 
known  the  power  of  mineral  acid  vapour 
to  destroy  febrile  contagion.     From  Kid- 
derminster    he    removed    to    Worcester, 
where  he  died  in  1802.     Dr.  Johnstone,  in 
some  papers  communicated  to  the  Royal 
Society,   stated   a  peculiar  doctrine   con- 
cerning the  ganglions  of  the  nerves. — W.B. 
Johnstone,   George,  known  as  one  of 
the  commissioners,  sent  with  lord  Carlisle, 
and  Mr.  Eden,  to  treat  with  the  Americans 
during  the  war,   was  the  son  of  a  Scotch 
baronet.     He  was   brought  up  to  the  sea 
service,  and   was  made  master  and  com- 
mander, 1760,  and  two  years  after,  post- 
captain,  and  in  1763,  appointed  governor 
of  West  Florida.     He,   after  his  return  to 
England,    sat  in   parliament  for   Cocker- 
mouth  and  Appleby,  and  fought  a  duel  with 
lord   George  Germaine,  in  consequence  of 
some  reflections  which   he   had  made  in 
{jarliament  on  his  conduct.     He  also  dis- 
tinguishedhimself  forhis  zealin  the  atfairs  of 
the  East  India  company,  and  forhis  violent 
attacks  on  the  conduct  of  lord  Clive.     He 

n9 


was  author  of  Thoughts  on  our  Acquisitioiii 
in  the  East  Indies,  particularly  in  Bengal, 
8vo.  1771,  and  he  died  1787. 

JoiNviLLE,  John  Sire  de,  a  French 
statesman,  born  of  a  noble  family  in  Cham- 
pagne. He  became  one  of  the  favourite 
lords  in  the  court  of  Lewis  IX.  and  was 
consulted  on  all  occasions  with  confidence 
by  the  monarch.  He  wrote  the  History  of 
St.  Louis,  an  interesting  work,  best  edited 
by  Ducange,  1668,  folio,  and  also  in  1761, 
by  Melot.  He  died  about  1318,  aged  nearly 
'JO  years. 

JoLY,  Claude,  a  French  writer,  born  at 
Paris,  1607.  He  was  canon  of  the  cathe- 
dral, and  also  precentor.  He  died  in  con- 
sequence of  a  fall  into  a  trench,  made  for 
the  foundation  of  a  high  altar  in  his  church, 
1700,  at  the  great  age  of  93.  He  publish- 
ed a  collection  of  maxims  for  the  Educa- 
tion of  a  Prince,  against  the  false  Politics 
of  Mazarine,  burnt  by  the  hands  of  the 
hangman,  1665 — Codicil  d'Or,  on  the  same 
subject,  &c. 

JoLY,  Guy,  the  secretary,  and  faithful 
friend  of  Cardinal  de  Retz,  was  author  of 
"  Memoirs  of  his  Times,"  from  1641,  to 
1665. 

Jonah,  the  fifth  of  the  minor  prophets, 
flourished  under  Joash  and  Jeroboam,  kings 
of  Israel.  When  he  refused  to  go  to  Nine- 
veh, and  fled  in  a  ship  to  Tai-shish,  he  was 
during  a  dreadful  storm,  thrown,  at  his 
own  request,  into  the  sea,  and  after  being 
three  days  swallowed  by  a  large  fish,  he 
was  cast  out  on  dry  land.  His  preaching 
to  the  Ninevites  was  attended  by  their  con- 
version. The  gourd,  the  sudden  decay  of 
which  he  bitterly  lamented,  while  he  dis- 
regarded the  fate  of  the  thousands  of  Nine- 
veh, is  supposed  by  some  to  be  the  plant 
called  Palma  Christi.  He  died  about  761 
B.C. 

Jonas,  Anagrimus,  a  learned  Icelander, 
the  astronomical  coadjutor  of  Gundebrand, 
bishop  of  Holum,  in  Iceland,  the  pupil  of 
Tycho  Brahe.  On  the  death  of  his  friend, 
he  refused  to  succeed  him  in  his  diocess, 
but  remained  in  the  humble  but  peaceful 
situation  of  minister  of  Melstadt.  In  his 
80th  year  he  took  for  his  second  wife,  a 
young  girl,  and  died  about  nine  years  after, 
1G40.  His  works  were  Idea  Veri  Magis- 
tratus,  1589,  8vo. — Brevis  Commentarius 
de  Islandiae,  1593,  8vo. — Anatome  Bles- 
keniana,  &c.  1612 — Epistolapro  Patria  De- 
fensoria,  1618 — Vita  Gundebrandi,  1630, 
4to. — Crymoga;a,  &c.  1630,  4to. — Speci- 
men Islandiae,  &c.  1634,  4to. 

Jonas,  Justus,  a  learned  divine,  born  at 
Northausen,  in  Thuringia.  He  was  the 
friend,  and  the  able  defender  of  Luther 
and  of  his  doctrines.  He  was  principal  of 
the  college  of  Wittemberg,  for  some  time, 
and  died  1555,  aged  62 


JON 


J  UN 


Joi^ATiiAN,  son  of  Saul,  and  the  faithful 
friend  of  David,  was  slain  in  battle  with 
bis  father  by  the  Philistines,  B.C.  1055. 

Jonathan,  a  general  of  the  Jews,  son 
of  Matthias,  and  brother  to  Judas  INlacca- 
beus,  after  defeating  Baechides,  the  Syrian 
chief,  and  Demetrius  Soter,  and  his  gene- 
ral Apoilonius,  was  at  last  treacherously 
seized  by  Tryphon,  and  cruelly  put  to 
death,  though  a  large  ransom  had  been  paid 
for  his  liberation,  B.C.  144. 

Jones,  Thomas,  an  eminent  divine,  was 
born  in  Montgomeryshire,  in  1756.  He 
was  educated  at  Shrewsbury-school,  and 
next  at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 
from  which  he  removed  to  Trinity  college, 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship,  and  became 
a  distinguished  tutor,  especially  in  mathe- 
matics. He  died  in  1807.  The  only 
things  he  published  were,  "  A  Sermon  on 
Duelling ;"  and  "  An  Address  to  the  Vo- 
lunteers of  Montgomeryshire." — W.B. 

Jones,  Inigo,  a  celebrated  architect, 
born  1572,  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Paul's, 
London,  where  his  father  was  a  cloth- 
worker.  He  was  apprenticed  to  a  joiner, 
and  his  attention  to  his  business,  and  his 
improvement  in  the  art  of  designing, 
gradually  recommended  him,  and  the  earl 
of  Pembroke,  sensible  of  his  great  natural 
genius,  generously  enabled  him  to  travel 
over  Italy,  and  the  best  part  of  Europe. 
While  on  his  travels  he  was  noticed  at 
Venice  by  Christian  IV.  king  of  Denmark, 
and  he  returned  to  England  in  the  train  of 
that  monarch.  He  soon  gained  the  pro- 
tection of  the  English  court,  he  was  made 
architect  to  the  queen,  and  to  prince  Hen- 
ry, but  when  he  succeeded  to  the  reversion 
of  surveyor-general  of  the  king's  works, 
he,  with  unusual  generosity,  refused  to  ac- 
cept any  salary,  till  the  heavy  debts  con- 
tracted under  his  predecessor  had  been 
totally  liquidated.  In  1620,  he  was  di- 
rected by  the  king,  when  at  lord  Pem- 
broke's at  Wilton,  to  examine  the  group 
of  stones,  called  Stone  Henge,  and  after 
deep  research,  and  exact  measurement, 
he  concluded,  that  this  venerable  pile  is 
nothing  but  a  Roman  temple,  dedicated 
to  CceIus,  and  erected  between  the 
times  of  Agricola  and  Constantine.  He 
was  also  that  same  year  appointed  one  of 
the  commissioners  for  repairing  St.  Paul's 
cathedral,  and  he  continued  in  the  same 
honourable  appointments  under  Charles  I. 
He  was  also  made  manager  of  the  masques 
and  interludes  in  fashion  in  those  times  of 
pomp  and  pageantry,  and  it  was  in  this 
office,  that  he  unfortunately  quarrelled  with 
Ben  Jqnson,  who  with  all  the  virulence  of 
an  enraged  poet,  ridiculed  his  friend  in  the 
character  of  Lantern  Leather-head,  in  the 
comedy  of  Bartholomew  fair,  and  in  other 
pieces.  Notwithstanding  these  attacks  of 
iirivate  malevolence,  ivhich  were  disgusting 


not  only  to  the  friends  of  both  parties,  but 
even  to   the  king,  Jones  incrcax  <l  in  fame, 
in  popularity,  and  i[i  opulenc.-.     The  trou- 
bles of  the   nation,  however,    alTectcd  him 
deeply,  he  was  not  only  gri.vrd  lor  the  mis- 
fortunes of  a  kind  musUr,  but  hi-  property 
was  plundered  on  account  of  his  loyaltv,  and 
after  the  king's  death,    he    was   obliged   to 
pay  400/.   as   a  composition   to  Cromwell. 
Worn  out  with  years,  and  w  ilh  gri(.f  at  the 
public  calamities,    he   died  1652,   and   was 
buried  in  St.    Bennet's   church,   St.   Paul's 
wharf,   where  the  monument  erected  to  his 
memory,  was   greatly  defaced  by  the  fatal 
fire  of  1666.     Though  sprung  from  a  low 
origin,  Jones  so  improved  the  native  pow- 
ers of  his  mind,  that  he  became  an  excellent 
mathematician,  a  tolerable  scholar  in  Greek 
and  Latin,  a  decent  poet,  and  to  the  hi"^h- 
est  celebrity  in  architecture,  added  an  ex- 
tensive knowledge  of  all  human  sciences. 
Besides  the  repairing  of  St.  Paul's  in  a  style 
of  commanding  grandeur,  and  national  dig- 
nity, he  displayed  his  abilities  in  the  design 
of  the  palace  of  Whitehall,  in  the  erection 
of    the  banqueting   house,    of  Catherine's 
chapel   in   St.  James's  palace,   the   church 
and   piazza   of  Covent-garden,    and  other 
private  buildings.     His   "  Stone  Hen-'e  re- 
stored,"  was  published  1655,  in  folio,  by 
Mr.  Webb,  his  friend  and  heir,  and  in  1665, 
appeared  "  a  Vindication"  of  the  Avork,  re- 
printed  in    1725.      Several  designs  of  his 
buildings  are  preserved  in   Campbell's  Vit- 
ruvius    Britannicus.       The    principal  part 
of  his   designs   were   published   by    Kent, 
1727,    folio,  and  other  inferior  designs  in 
1744.     He  left  in  MS.  some  valuable  notes 
on  Palladio's  architecture,  published  1714, 
by  Leoni. 

Jones,  William,  a  learned  mathemati- 
cian, born  1675,  in  the  isle  of  Anglesey. 
He  taught  mathematics  in  London,  and  had 
in  the  number  of  his  pupils,  lords  Hard- 
wicke  and  Macclesfield.  By  the  friendship 
and  influence  of  lord  Hardwicke,  he  ob- 
tained a  sinecure  of  200/.  a  year,  and  after- 
wards succeeded  to  the  more  lucrative 
office  of  deputy  teller  in  the  exchecjuer. 
His  abilities  mean  time  recommended  him 
to  the  notice  of  the  learned.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Newton,  and  the  correspondent 
of  the  greatest  mathematicians  of  Europe. 
He  died  in  easy  circumstances,  in  1740,  but 
it  is  to  be  lamented,  that  the  work  which 
he  had  completed  with  great  and  in- 
tense labour,  as  an  introduction  to  the 
mathematical  and  philosophical  composi- 
tions of  Newton,  has  been  lost.  The 
author  had  Just  completed  it  when  at- 
tacked by  illness,  and  he  had  just  time  be- 
fore he  expired,  to  send  it  fairly  written, 
by  an  amanuensis,  to  his  friend,  lord  Mac- 
clesfield, recommending  the  publication  for 
the  benefit  of  his  family.  The  work,  how- 
ever, was  forsottcn,  and  at  lord  Macc!c.«- 

j  r; 


JON- 


JON 


field's  death,  the  manuscript  could  no 
•where  be  found.  The  works  of  Mr.  Jones 
were  a  compendium  of  the  Art  of  Naviga- 
tion, 8vo.  1702 — Synopsis  Palmariorum 
Matheseos,  8vo.  1706,  several  papers  in  the 
philosophical  transactions,  and  other  works 
to  support  the  doctrines  of  his  friend  New- 
ton, against  the  attacks  of  Leibnitz,  and 
oth  er  philosophers. 

Jones,  Sir  William,  a  learned  judge,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  in  London, 
1748.  The  early  loas  of  his  father  was 
supplied  by  the  attentive  care  of  his  mo- 
ther, a  woman  of  high  character  for  sensi- 
bility and  understanding,  and  he  was  placed 
at  Harrow  school,  where  he  acquired  such 
perfect  knowledge  of  classical  learning, 
that  Dr.  Summer  the  master,  declared  that 
he  knew  Greek  better  than  himself.  He 
entered  at  University  college,  Oxford,  in 
1764,  and  devoted  himself  laboriously  to 
the  study  of  the  oriental  languages.  He 
became  at  the  age  of  19,  tutor  to  lord  Al- 
thorpe,  and  though  he  paid  due  attention 
to  his  pupil,  he  yet  found  time  to  read  the 
best  part  of  the  Old  Testament  in  the  ori- 
ginal, while  resident  at  Wimbledon. 
He  visited  the  continent  in  1769,  with 
his  pupil,  and  in  1770,  entered  at  the 
temple  to  study  the  law.  Deservedly 
distinguished  as  an  able  scholar,  he  now 
proved  to  the  world,  how  usefully  he 
had  devoted  himself  to  literature,  and 
he  published  in  1774,  his  Commenta- 
ries on  Asiatic  Poetry,  dedicated  to  the 
university  of  Oxford.  His  translation  of 
Isaeus,  with  learned  notes,  appeared  in 
1779,  and  the  next  year  he  felt  for  the 
safety  of  the  empire,  and  in  consequence  of 
the  London  riots,  published  an  inquiry  into 
the  legal  mode  of  suppressing  riots.  In 
1793  his  legal  knowledge,  and  his  ac- 
quaintance with  the  literature  of  the  East, 
recommended  him  to  the  ministry,  as  a  fit 
person  to  preside  in  the  supreme  court 
of  Calcutta,  and  on  that  occasion,  he  re- 
ceived the  honour  of  knigiithood,  and  soon 
after,  married  Anna  Maria  Shipley,  the 
bishop  of  St.  Asaph's  daughter.  He  left 
England  in  April  1793,  and  on  his  arrival 
in  India,  he  was  enabled  to  establish  an 
Asiatic  society,  for  the  purpose  of  illustra- 
ting the  history,  learning,  and  antiquities 
of  the  east.  To  the  memoirs  of  this 
learned  body,  the  formation  of  which  his 
active  mind  had  planned,  in  his  voyage 
from  Europe,  he  made  most  valuable  con- 
tributions. AVhen  disengaged  from  the  oc- 
cupations of  his  judicial  office,  he  unbent 
all  the  powers  of  his  comprehensive  mind, 
to  the  literature  of  the  cast,  and  he  ac- 
quired such  an  acquaintance  with  the  San- 
scrit language,  and  the  code  of  the  Bra- 
mins,  that  he  was  courted  and  admired  by 
the  most  learned  and  intelligent  of  the 
native  Indians.  To  enlarge  our  knowled<rc 
n4 


of  Asiatic  history,  and  Eastern  litcraturfc^ 
was  not,   however,  the  sole  object  of  his 
active  mind,  he  was  a  pious  and  a  sincere 
Christian,  and  his  researches  were  equally 
directed  to  investigate  and  to  prove  from 
oriental    books,     and    from    the    various 
traditions  of  the  heathen  natives,  the  great 
historical  facts,  and  important  details  cpn- 
tained  in   the  Holy  Scriptures.     In  one   of 
his  discourses   to  the  Asiatic   society,    he 
has  evinced  his  attachment  to  the  religion 
of  his  country,  and  his  belief  in  her  sacred 
tenets,   by   supporting  the  validity  of  the 
Mosaic  history  of  the  creation,  in  a  man- 
ner more  satisfactory  and  more  convincing 
than    any  other   writer.     This  great   and 
good  man,   from  whom  so  much  was  ex- 
pected still,  in  the  paths  of  oriental  science 
and  literature,  who  deserved  so  well  of  his 
country,  and  of  her  Asiatic  colonies,  by  his 
firmness,  his  legal  knowledge,  and  his  un- 
shaken integrity,  was  snatched  away  after 
a   short   illness   at    Calcutta,   27th   April, 
1794,  aged  43.     His  remains  were  interred 
in  the  burial  ground  at  Calcutta,  where  an 
English  inscription  by  himself,  and  a  Latin 
one  by  his  brother  judge.  Sir  William  Dun- 
kin,  mark  the  spot.     An  elegant  monument 
has  lately  been  erected  in  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral, which  does  no  less  honour  to  his  me- 
rits   than  to   the   munificence  and  liberal 
sentiments  of  the  East  India  directors,  by 
whom  it  was  raised.     The  works  of  Sir 
William  have  been  published  in  6  vols.  4to. 
1799,  and  proved  him  not  only  an  elegant 
scholar,  but  a  good  poet,  an  able  critic,  and 
an    indefatigable  historian,    whose    name 
must  be  revered  wherever  virtue  and  litera- 
ture are  cultivated.  His  life  has  been  writ- 
ten by  his  friend,  IordTeignmouth,4to.  1804. 
Jones,  William,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Lowick',   Northamptonshire,   1726,  and 
educated  at  the  charter-house  and  univer- 
sity college,   Oxford,  where  he  obtained  au 
exhibition.     After  entering  into  orders  he 
took  the  curacy  of  Finedon,  Northampton- 
shire, where  he  wrote  his  answer  to  bishop 
Clayton's   Essay  on  Spirit.     In  1754,   he 
married  the  daughter  of  the  Rev.   Brook 
Bridges,  and  became  curate  to  his  brother- 
in-law,  at  Wadcnhoe,  where  he  wrote  his 
catholic   Doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  a  work 
of  merit.     In    1764,  he  was  presented  by 
Seeker  to  Bethersden  vicarage,  Kent,  and 
afterwards  he  went  to  reside  at  Nayland, 
Suffolk,  till  on  the  elevation  of  Dr.  Home, 
to  the  see   of  Norwich,  he  became  domes- 
tic chaplain  to  his  old  and  venerable  friend. 
He  afterwards  was  invited  by  lord  Kenyon 
to  undertake  the  tuition  of  his   two  sons, 
and  in  1798  he  was  presented  by  the  arch- 
bishop to  the  living  of  Hollingbourne,  in 
Kent.     As  a  divine,  Mr.  Jones  was  a  pious 
and  exemplary  character.  He  espoused  the 
tenets  of  tlie  Hutchinsonian  system,  as  he 
evinredfin  hi''  Essay  on  the  first  principles 


.ION 


■ION 


of  Natural  Pliilosop'.iy,  publLslicil  in  1762, 
and  completed  in  his  Pb}siologicdl  disqui- 
sitions, or  Discourses  on  the  Natural  plii- 
losophy  of  the  Elements,  1781.  During 
the  French  revolution,  he  ubly  .supported 
the  government  of  the  country,  by  some 
seasonable  and  well  written  pamphlets, 
particularly  an  excellent  collection  of 
tracts,  called  the  Scholar  Armed,  2  vols. 
8vo.  He  also  published  2  vols,  of  sermons 
in  1790.  This  worthy  man  died  6th  Jan. 
ISOI.  His  works  have  been  collected  to- 
gether and  published  in  12  vols.  8vo.  with 
a  full  account  of  his  life.  For  some  time 
he  held  Pluckley  rectory,  in  Kent,  which  he 
exchanged  for  Paston,  in  Northampton- 
shire. His  memoirs  of  his  pious  friend 
bishopHorne,is  an  interesting  performance, 
and  does  honour  to  his  head  and  heart. 

Jones,  Henry,  a  poet,  born  at  Drogheda, 
in  Ireland.     He  was  bred  a  bricklayer,  but 
nature  formed  him  for  a  poet,  and  after  he 
had  distinguished   himself  by  his  produc- 
tions, in  the  midst  of  his  humble  mechani- 
cal employment ;  he  was  introduced  to  lord 
Chesterfield,  when  lord  lieutenant,  in  1745. 
That  nobleman  pleased  with  his  poetical 
effusions,  brought  him  over  to  London  on 
his  return  from  Ireland,   and  by  his  influ- 
ence, procured  a  liberal  subscription  to  the 
poems  of  his  humble  friend.     He  also  re- 
commended him  strongly  to  Colley  Gibber, 
be  prevailed  upon  the  managers  of  Covent 
garden  to  introduce  his  plays  on  the  stage, 
and    nearly  secured  the   reversion  of  the 
laurel  for  his  brow;  but  while  the  patron  was 
kind  and  generous,  the  poet  was  fickle,  vio- 
lent, prodigal,  and  capricious.  After  various 
vicissitudes  of  fortune,  the  consequence  of 
imprudence  and  folly,  he  died  in  great  want 
April    1770,    in  a  garret  of  the    Bedford 
coffee-house.     Though  not  a  poet  of  supe- 
rior reputation,  he  possessed  merit.     His 
"  Earl  of   Essex,"  by   no    means  a   con- 
temptible performance,  appeared  in  1753. 

Jones,  Jeremiah,  a  dissenting  divine, 
educated  under  his  uncle,  Sam.  Jones,  of 
Tewkesbury,  who  had  among  his  pupils,  bi- 
shops Butler,  Chandler,  and  Seeker.  He 
kept  a  school  at  Nailsworth,  and  presided 
over  a  dissenting  congregation  at  Avening, 
Gloucestershire,  and  in  his  manners  was  an 
amiable,  easy,  and  affable  man.  He  wrote 
a  Vindication  of  the  former  part  of  St. 
Matthew's  Gospel,  against  Whiston's 
charge  of  dislocations,  &e.  1719 — a  new 
method  of  settling  the  canonical  authority 
of  the  Old  Testament,  3  vols.  8vo.  1726, 
lately  reprinted,  Oxford.  He  died  1724, 
aged  31. 

Jones,  John  Paul,  captain  in  the  Ameri- 
can navy,  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and 
the  son  of  John  Paul,  a  gardener  of  the 
earl  of  Selkirk.  He  was  born  in  1747,  and 
educated  by  the  earl  in  the  same  manner 
as  his  own  ?ons.     He  commenced  a  scu- 


isniv^   lilc   at  the   age    of'(ifteen,    and   at 
length  became  conimandcr  of  a  nurchant 
vessel,  and  employed  himself  a  mimlxr  ol" 
years  in  the  Uest  India  trade.     During  a 
voyage  to  Tobago,  his  en  w  mutinied,  and 
in    a   contest    with    Ihem   he    killed    their 
leader,   for  which  on  his  arriNal  at  Tobago 
he  was  tried  and  ac(|uitt(;(|.      But  on  his  re- 
turn to  England,  being  threatened  with  im- 
prisonment  and  a  new  trial,  he  came    to 
America,  and  to  disguise  himself  added  to 
his  paternal  name,  that  of  Jones.     The  co- 
lonies had   at  that  time  just  commenced 
the  conflict  of  the  revolution,  and  Jones  im- 
mediately entered   their  service  as  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  navy,  and  went  in  the  expedi- 
tion against  New-Providence.     Soon  after 
he  was  aj)pointed  to  command  a  sloop  of 
twelve  guns,  with  which  he  captured  seve- 
ral vessels.     In   the  beginning  of  1778  he 
sailed  from   Portsmouth,  New-Hampshire, 
in  the  Ranger,  a  |)rivatcer  of  eighteen  guns, 
and  cruised  some  time  on  the  British  coast. 
He   soon   after  challenged    the    Drake,   a 
British  vessel  of  superior  force  to  his  own, 
lying  in  the  harbour  of  Waterford,  and  on 
meeting    captured  her,   after  a  desperate 
conflict.  In  1779,  he  obtained  the  command 
of  the  Bonne  Homme  Richard  of  40  guns, 
in  which  he  raised  a  commodore's  flag,  and 
with  a  fleet  of  five  inferior  vessels,  sailed 
from  L'Orient  to  cruise  on  the  British  coast, 
and  intercept  the  British  Baltic  fleet ;  after 
having  captured  a  large   number  of  mer- 
chant vessels,  and  made  several  descents  on 
the  coast,  he  on  the  22d  of  September  fell 
in  with  that  fleet,  convoyed  by  a  frigate  and 
sloop  of  war.     By  the  disobedience  of  one 
of  his  captains  he  was  left  to  fight  the  fri- 
gate alone,  and  after  a  conflict  of  the  most 
desperate  nature,  succeeded  in  making  her  a 
prize.     His  own  vessel  was  totally  disabled 
and  soon  after  sunk.     Another  of  his  ves- 
sels having  captured  the  sloop  also,  he  sailed 
with  his  prizes  to  the  Texel.     Not  long  af- 
ter he  returned  to  France,  and  in  1 7S0,  ob- 
taining another  vessel,  sailed  for  the  United 
States.     On  passing  near  Bernuida  he  fell 
in  with  a  British  frigate  of  superior  force, 
and  putting   the   captain  off  his   guard  b\ 
professing  himself  to  be  in  the  British  ser- 
vice, attacked  him  unexpectedly  in  the  night 
and  sunk  his  vessel.    After  the  peace  Jones 
returned  to  Europe,  and  engaged  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  empress  of  Russia,   who  ga>c 
him  a  conunission  in  the  fleet  in  the  Black 
Sea,    where  he  was  instrumental,   by  the 
plans  he  proposed,  in  capturing  the  Turkish 
fleet.      He   at   length    returned  to  France, 
where  he  eontiimed   till  his  death,   which 
took  place  at  Paris  in  1792.    He  was  buried 
at  the  expense  of  the  national  convention. 

ICJ^  L. 
Jones,  John,  M.D.  first  professor  of  sur- 
gery in  King's  college,   New-York,  was  one 
of  the  most  distiniiiiished  phvsicians  in  thn'^ 


JOTs 


JON 


province.  He  entered  on  the  duties  of  his 
professorship  in  1767.  He  died  in  1791. 
He  published  several  surgical  ivorks,  which 
ivere  highly  respectable.  Idp"  L. 

Jones,  William,  governor  of  Rhode- 
Island,  was  bom  at  ISewport,  and  learned 
the  business  of  a  carpenter.  On  arriving  at 
the  age  of  manhood  he  engaged  in  the  pub- 
lic service,  and  had  the  command  of  a  ma- 
rine corps  on  board  one  of  the  national  fri- 
gates. After  the  war  he  was  a  merchant  in 
Providence  until  his  death.  He  was  an  ex- 
emplary and  highly  respected  citizen,  and 
was  several  years  a  representative  from 
Providence,  and  speaker  of  the  assembly. 
In  1811  he  was  elected  governor  of  the 
state,  and  continued  six  years  in  office.  He 
died  April  9th,  1822,  aged  67.      fCT'  L- 

Jones,  John,  a  Benedictine  monk,  born 
in  London,  and  educated  at  Merchant- tai- 
lors', and  St.  John's  college,  Oxford.  As  he 
was  inclined  to  the  Roman  catholic  faith,  he 
went  to  Spain,  and  took  the  name  of  Lean- 
der  de  Santo  Martino,  with  the  degree  of 
D.D.  He  was  afterwards  made  Hebrew 
and  divinity  professor,  and  vicar-general  of 
his  order,  and  died  in  London,  1636.  He 
wrote  Saci'a  Ars  Memoriae  ad  Scripturas  di- 
vinas  in  promptu  hahcndas,  &c.  accommo- 
data,  Svo. — Conciliatio  Locorum  Commu- 
nium  totius  Scriptural — the  Bible,  with  a 
glossary,  6  vols.  fol.  &c. 

Jones,  David,  a  native  of  Caernarvon- 
shire, who  died  about  1780.  He  wrote 
some  poetical  pieces  of  merit,  and  edited 
two  collections  of  Welch  poetry,  and 
made,  besides,  a  collection  of  ancient  Welch 
MSS. 

Jones,  John,  a  Welch  antiquary,  known 
for  his  collecting,  and  his  transcribing  of  old 
Welch  MSS.  on  which  he  bestOAved  the  la- 
bour of  above  40  years.  Fifty  large  volumes 
are  still  preserved,  bearing  the  date  of  1590 
to  1630. 

Jones,  Rice,  a  Welch  poet,  born  in  Me- 
rionethshire. He  published  Welch  Antho- 
logy, 4to.  1770,  containing  selections  from 
ihe  poets  of  various  ages.  He  died  1801, 
aged  86. 

Jones,  Griffith,  an  English  writer,  editor 
of  the  London  Chronicle,  and  connected 
with  Johnson  in  the  literary  magazine,  and 
with  Smollet  and  Goldsmith  in  the  British 
magazine.  He  was  a  very  amiable  charac- 
ter, and  projected  with  his  brother  those 
various  and  entertaining  books  which  are 
7)0W  become  so  fashionable  as  well  as  valu- 
able for  the  improvement  of  young  minds. 
He  died  1786,  aged  65. 

Jones,  John,  a  dramatic  writer  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  I.  He  wrote  a  play  called 
Adrasta,  or  the  Woman's  Spleen. 

Jones,  John,  a  medical  writer,  bom,  says 

"Dr.  Aiken,  in  Wales.     He  took  his  medical 

degree  at   Cambridge,  and  practised  with 

reputation  in  Bath,  Nottinghamshire,  and 

1:^6 


Derbyshire.  He  wrote  the  Dial  of  Ague^s 
1 556— the  Benefit  of  ancient  Baths,  1572 
— a  brief  discourse  of  the  natural  beginning 
of  all  growing  and  living  things,  &c.  1574 
— Galen's  Elements  translated.  He  died 
about  1580. 

Jones,  Sir  William,  judge  of  the  king's 
bench,  in  the  reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles 
I.  was  author  of  Reports  in  his  court,  and 
in  that  of  common  pleas. 

Jones,  Sir  Thomas,  a  judge  of  the  king's 
bench,  under  Charles  II.  and  James  II. 
author  of  some  reports.  When  James  wish- 
ed to  assert  the  dispensing  power,  and  said 
he  could  soon  have  12  judges  of  his  opinion  ; 
True,  answered.  Sir  Thomas,  you  may  have 
12  judges,  but  not  12  lawyers. 

Jones,  Richard,  a  Welchman,  the  inge- 
nious author  of  "  Gemma  Cambrieum,"  in 
Welch,  which  contained  in  clear  brevity, 
all  the  books  and  chapters  of  the  Bible,  pub- 
lished 1652.  He  was  admitted  at  Jesus  col- 
lege, Oxford,  1621,  and  died  in  Ireland,  but 
when  is  unknown. 

Jong,  Ludolph  de,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
died  1697,  aged  78.  His  portraits  were 
finished  in  a  superior  style,  and  by  his 
genius  and  industry,  he  amassed  a  large 
fortune. 

JoNGHE,  Baldwin,  or  Junius,  a  Francis- 
can monk,  born  at  Dort,  in  Holland.  He 
was  author  of  Tuba  Concionatorum — Ser- 
tum  Catholicum  fidei,  and  other  works  on 
divinity,  and  died  at  Brussels,  1634. 

JoNiN,  Gilbert,  a  Jesuit,  known  also  as 
an  eminent  poet.  He  died  at  Tournon, 
1638,  aged  42.  He  wrote  Greek  and  Latin 
odes,  elegies,  &e.  with  great  elegance.  He 
also  translated  Anacreon  into  Latin.  His 
works  appeared  at  Lyons,  6  vols.  Svo. 

JoNSius,  John,  a  native  of  Holstein,  who 
distinguished  himself  as  an  elegant  writer 
at  Frankfort,  on  the  Maine.  He  died  young, 
1659.  His  Latin  treatise,  De  Scriptoribus 
Historiae  Philosophiae,  edited,  Jena,  1716, 
in  4to.  is  much  admired. 

JoNSON,  Benjamin,  a  celebrated  English 
poet,  born  at  Westminster,  1574.  His  fa- 
ther, who  was  a  clergyman,  and  had  severe- 
ly suffiired  in  the  reign  of  Mary,  by  imprir 
sonment,  and  by  the  loss  of  his  property, 
died  about  a  month  before  the  birth  of  the 
poet.  He  was  placed  at  Westminster  school, 
where  Camden  was  then  master,  but  the  im- 
prudent marriage  of  his  mother  with  a  brick- 
layer altered  his  plans  of  life.  He  was  re- 
called home  to  work  in  his  step-father's  busi- 
ness, but  this  so  disgusted  him  that  he  en- 
listed for  a  soldier,  and  passed  with  the 
army  into  the  Netherlands,  where  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  greatly  by  his  personal 
valour.  On  his  return  to  England  he  seem- 
ed determined  to  pursue  his  studies,  and 
entered  at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 
but  the  naiTowness  of  his  circumstances 
cut  short  his  residence  in  the  universitv. 


J0^ 


J  OK 


and  destitute  of  resources,  he  applied  lor 
support  to  the  stage.     His  first  appearance 
was  at  the  Curtain,  one  of  those  mean  and 
jobscure  theatres  which  then  were  built  in 
the  skirts  of  the  town,  but  his  oflorts  were 
ridiculed,  and  in  the  most  common  charac- 
ters he  was  unable  to  perform  with  credit. 
His  prospects,  however,  were  soon  clouded, 
he  fought  a  duel  with  a  brother  actor,  and 
despatched  him,  while  he  himself  received  a 
wound  in  the  arm.     He,  however,  escaped 
punishment,  as  he  was  discharged  from  pri- 
son, by  some  means  now  unknown,  though 
during  his   confinement  he   was  prevailed 
upon  by  the  insinuation  of  a  priest,  to  be- 
come a  convert  to  the  church  of  Rome,  in 
which   he  continued   for  12  years.     Soon 
after  this,  since  he  could  not  shine  as  an 
actor,  he  attempted  to  write  plays,  but  his 
efforts  at  first  were  unsuccesstul,  till  Shaks- 
peare,  who,  like  himself,  had  felt  the  severi- 
ties of  fortune,  extended  his  friendship  to 
him,  and  not  only  interested  himself  in  his 
behalf,  but  supported  his  claims  to  public 
applause  by  acting  himself  in  some  of  his 
characters.      His   first  play   printed   was. 
Every   Man   in   his   Humour,    a  comedy, 
which  was  generally  followed  by  another 
every  year  ;  but  when  his  enemies  ridiculed 
the  tardy  efforts  of  his  muse,  he  produced 
his  "  Volpone,"  in  five  weeks.     By  joining 
with   Chapman    and    Marston   in   writing 
*'  Eastward-hoe,"  a  comedy,  he  was  accused 
of  reflecting  on  the  Scotch  nation,  and  with 
his  two  poetical  companions  was  thrown 
into  prison,  but  upon  making  due  submis- 
sion they  escaped  the  loss  of  their  ears  and 
noses,  and  obtained  a  pardon.     As  the  ex- 
hibition of  masques  was  then  very  popular, 
the  genius   and  abilities  of  Jonson    were 
employed  for  the  diversion  of  the  court ;  he 
composed  in  1603  part  of  the  device,  which 
was  to  entertain  James  as  he  passed  from 
the  tower  to  Westminster  abbey,    on  his 
coronation,  and  continued  during  that  reign 
and  the  beginning  of  the  next,  to  preside 
over  all  the  amusements  and  the  pageantry 
of  the  royal  household.     Thus  favoured  by 
the  court,  Jonson  became  a  popular  cha- 
racter, and  by  his  merit  deserved  and  ob- 
tained the  friendship  of  men  of  taste  and 
literature,  of  Shakspeare,  Beaumont,  Fletch- 
er, Donne,  Camden,  Seldcn,  Corbet,  and 
others.     He  visited  France  in  1613,  and  in 
1619  was  honourably  presented  with   the 
degree  of  M.D.  by  the  university  of  Oxford. 
That  year  he   succeeded   on  the  death  of 
Daniel  to  the  place  of  poet  laureate,  of  which 
the  king  two  years  before  had  granted  him 
the  reversion,  and  on  his  petition  his  salary 
of  100  marks  was  in  1630  augmented  to  as 
many  pounds.     About  this  time  he  visited 
his  friend  and  correspondent  Drummond, 
of  Hawthomden  in  Scotland,  and  celebrated 
his  adventures  in  a  poem,  which  was  after- 
wards  unfortunatelv   burnt.     Yet    though 
Vol..  n.  "  IS     ' 


liberally  patronised  by  the  king,  and  Uand- 
somely  rewarded  for  lii.<j  plays  and  musqucK, 
Jonson  through  carelessncHS  or  extravor 
gance  was  poor.  From  (he  solitude  of  un 
obscure  lodging  he  solUited  and  obtained 
the  king's  favour,  but  the  gratuity  of  lUO/. 
from  his  royal  patron  :ivert.'d  but  for  « 
while  the  increasing  horrors  of  iudigitiice. 
He  died  of  the  palsy  6th  Aug.  14337,  in  hi.i 
63d  year,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster 
abbey.  Over  his  grave,  on  a  njugh  pave- 
ment stone,  the  gift  of  Jack  Young  of  Great 
Milton,  Oxfordshire,  are  inscribed  these 
quaint,  but  expressive  words,  "  ()  rare  Ben 
Jonson."  The  literary  fame  of  Jonsoji 
drew  against  him  a  crowd  of  mean  and  ob- 
scure poetasters,  who  expected  gain  ami 
reputation  by  attacking  his  superior  merit ; 
but  his  funeral  obsequies  were  sung  by  "  the 
friends  of  the  muses,"  by  lord  Falkland, 
lord  Buckhurst,  Beamnont,  Hawkins,  ^VaU 
ler,  Cartwright,  Mayne,  Waryng,  and 
others.  His  works  were  edited  in  1716,  in 
6  vols.  8vo.  and  more  completely  in  7  vols. 
8vo.  with  notes  by  Mr.  Whalley,  1756. 
Jonson  was  married,  and  had  some  children, 
but  none  survived  him. 

JoNSTOjj,  John,  a  Polish  naturalist, 
born  at  Sambter,  1603,  He  travelled  over 
Europe,  and  died  on  his  estate  at  Lignitz, 
Silesia,  1675.  He  published  a  natural  His- 
tory of  Birds,  Fishes,  Quadrupeds,  Insects, 
Serpents,  and  Dragons,  folio,  1653 — a  trea- 
tise on  Hebrew  and  Greek  Festivals,  1660 
— Thaumatography,  1661,  &c. 

JoRAM,  king  of  Israel  after  his  brothei 
Ahaziah,  B.C.  896.  He  was  delivered  from 
the  power  of  Benhadad  the  Syrian,  who  be- 
sieged his  city,  but  though  he  acknowledged 
the  interference  of  God,  and  the  prophetic 
fame  of  Elisha,  he  became  an  idolater.  He 
was  afterwards  defeated  by  Hazael,  king  of 
Syria,  and  slain  by  his  servant  Jehu,  as  he 
fled  from  the  battle,  B.C.  884. 

JoRAM,  king  of  Judah  after  his  father 
Jehoshaphat,  889.  B.C.  was  drawn  into 
idolatry  by  the  arts  of  Ahab,  his  father-in- 
law,  whose  daughter  Athaliah  he  had  mar- 
ried. He  was  engaged  in  war  with  the 
Edomites,  who  rebelled  against  him,  and 
with  the  Philistines,  who  defeated  him.  He 
died  885.  B.C. 

Jordan,  Sir  Joseph,  an  English  admiral, 
to  whose  extraordinary  valour  his  country 
was  indebted  for  the  naval  victory  of  Sole- 
bay  over  the  Dutch,  1672.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  unknown. 

Jordan',  Charles  Stephen,  a  Prussian 
writer,  vice-president  of  the  academy  of 
sciences  at  Berlin.  He  died  at  Berlin,  his 
native  city,  1746,  aged  46,  and  the  king, 
Frederick  the  Great,  not  only  erected  a  mo- 
nument to  him  with  this  inscription,  "here 
Lies  Jordan,  the  friend  of  the  muses  and  of 
the  king,"  hut  wrote  a  eidogy  in  his  praise. 
Jordan   wrote  Literarv  Travels  in  France 

{37 


JOK 


JOK 


England,  and  Holland,  with  Satirical  Anec- 
dotes, 8vo. — a  Miscellany  of  Literature, 
Philosophy,  History,  &c. — the  life  of  De  la 
Croze  ;  works  which  some  critics  do  not 
esteem  so  highly  as  his  royal  friend  did. 

Jordan,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  author  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  I.  Two  of  his  come- 
dies and  a  masque  are  mentioned  with  com- 
mendation by  Langbaine  and  others. 

Jordan,  John  Christopher,  privy  coun- 
sellor to  the  king  of  Bohemia,  was  eminent 
as  an  antiquary.  His  notes  on  the  Chro- 
nology of  Dionysius  Hal.  Polybius,  Diodo- 
rus  Sic.  and  Livy  are  excellent.  He  died 
about  1740. 

JoRDANO,  Luca,  a  celebrated  painter, 
born  at  Naples,  1632.  He  early  studied 
under  his  neighbour  Joseph  Ribera,  and  dis- 
played such  abilities  that  at  the  age  of  seven 
his  pieces  were  highly  respectable.  He 
visited  Rome  and  the  other  cities  of  Italy, 
where  he  studied  and  copied  the  works  of 
the  greatest  masters,  but  especially  those  of 
Pietro  da  Cortona,  Paul  Veronese,  L.  da 
Vinci,  M.  Angelo,  and  A.  del  Sarto.  He 
improved  upon  the  beauties  of  other  mas- 
ters with  such  effect  that  he  was  called  by 
Bellori  the  ingenious  bee  who  extracted  his 
honey  from  the  flowers  of  the  best  artists. 
His  reputation  gradually  spread  not  only 
over  Italy  but  the  rest  of  Europe,  and 
Charles  H.  of  Spain  was  so  pleased  with 
his  productions,  that  he  invited  him  in  1692 
to  adorn  the  Escurial  and  the  churches  and 
palaces  of  some  of  the  Spanish  cities.  Jor- 
dano,  by  the  excellence  and  the  variety  of  his 
pieces,  which  exceeded  in  number  those  of 
every  other  painter,  even  Tintoret,  acquired 
great  opulence.  He  died  at  Naples,  1705, 
and  a  monument  %vas  erected  to  him  in  St. 
Bridget  church  before  the  chapel  of  St.  Ni- 
colas de  Bari,  which  had  been  beautifully 
adorned  by  his  pencil.  In  his  private  cha- 
racter he  was  very  amiable,  he  was  benevo- 
lent in  his  conduct,  friendly  to  his  pupils, 
and  to  great  affability  united  a  remarkable 
flow  of  wit  and  humour. 

JoRDANS,  James,  a  painter,  born  at  Ant- 
werp, 1594.  He  was  instructed  in  his  art 
by  Adam  Van  Oort  and  Rubens,  and  to  the 
excellence  of  the  best  masters  added  a  deep 
and  correct  study  of  nature.  His  early 
marriage  with  the  daughter  of  Oort,  his 
master,  prevented  his  visiting  Italy ;  but 
application  and  genius  supplied  every  defi- 
ciency. In  his  pieces  he  displayed  great 
judgment  and  correctness  :  his  manner  was 
bold,  yet  graceful ;  striking,  yet  natural. 
His  ATorks  adorned  the  public  buildings  of 
some  of  the  cities  of  Flanders,  and  he  also 
laboured  for  the  kings  of  Sweden  and  Den- 
mark. He  was  a  pleasant  and  agreeable 
companion,  easy  in  jiis  manners,  and  lively 
in  his  conversation.  He  died  at  Antwerp, 
1678,  aged  84. 

JoRDEN,  Edward,  an  English  phvsician, 
138 


born  1569,  at  High  Halden,  Kent,  and  edu- 
cated at  Hart  hall,  Oxford.  He  studied  in 
foreign  universities,  and  took  his  doctor's 
degree  at  Padua.  On  his  return  he  prac- 
tised in  London,  and  was  member  of  the 
college  of  physicians,  but  his  attempts  to 
manufacture  allum  proved  injurious  to  his 
fortune.  The  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
spent  at  Bath,  where  he  died  of  the  gout 
and  stone,  Jan.  1632.  He  wrote  a  dis- 
course on  the  Disease  called  the  Suffocation 
of  the  Mother,  4to. — Discourse  on  Natural 
Baths  and  Mineral  Waters,  4to.  1631,  re- 
printed by  Guidott,  with  a  treatise  on  the 
Bath  waters,  &c.  1649. 

JoRNANDES,  author  of  a  book  de  Rebus 
Gothicis,  et  de  Origine  Mundi,  et  de  Rerum 
and  Temporum  Successione,  1617, 8vo.  was 
a  Goth  in  the  reign  of  Justinian. 

JoRTiN,  John,  an  English  divine,  born  in 
London,  23d  Oct.  1698.    His  father  was  of 
French  origin,  and  came  to  England  when 
toleration  was  not  allowed  to  the  protes- 
tants  of  France.     Young  Jortin  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Charter-house,  and  in  1715  he 
entered  at  Jesus  college,  Cambridge.     He 
was  engaged  two  years  after  at  the  recom- 
mendation of  his  tutor.   Dr.   Thirlby,  in 
making  extracts  from  Eustathius  for  Pope's 
Homer,  but  though  his  services  were  ap- 
proved, he  never  was  introduced  to  the 
poet.     In  1722  he  published  "LususPoeti- 
ci,"  some  Latin  poems  which  were  well  re- 
ceived by  his  friends,    and  in   1726-7  as 
being  fellow  of  his  society  he  was  presented 
to  the   college  living  of    Swavesey,  near 
Cambridge,  which  he  resigned  in  1728  up- 
on marrying,  and  came  to  settle  in  London, 
where  he  resided  for  25  years.     He  at  first 
ofliciated  at  a  chapel  in  Bloomsbury,  and  in 
1737  obtained  the  living  of  Eastwell,  Kent, 
which  he  soon  resigned  on  account  of  the 
insalubrious  air  of  the  place.     In  1746  he 
was  made  afternoon  preacher  to  Oxendon 
chapel,  and  the  next  year  he  became  assist- 
ant to  Dr.  Warburton  at  Lincolns'-Inn.    In 
1749  he  was  appointed  to  preach  Boyle's 
lectures,  and  in  1751  he  was  made  rector  of 
St.   Dunstan  in  the  East  by  Herring  the 
primate,  who  four  years  after  conferred  on 
him  the  degree  of  D.D.    In  1762  he  became 
chaplain  to  Osbaldiston,  bishop  of  London, 
who  gave  him  a  prebend  in  St.  Paul's,  the 
living  of  Kensington,  and  in  1764  the  arch- 
deaconry of  London.    He  died  after  a  short 
illness,  Sept.  5,  1770,  and  was   buried  in 
Kensington  new  churchyard,   leaving  a  wi- 
dow and  a  son  and  a  daughter.    Dr.  Jortin, 
respectable  as  a  divine  and  as  a  man,  was 
deservedly  esteemed  as  a  poHte  scholar  and 
an  able  orator.     His  publications  were  nu- 
merous and  highly  valuable.     He  published 
in    1730    four    sermons  on  the    Truth  of 
the  Christian    Religion,    afterwards  incor- 
porated in  his  Discourses  on  the  Truth  of 
Ihc  Christian  Religion,  8vo,  1746  — Miscel» 


JOS 


JOS 


laneous  Observations  upon  Authors,  An- 
cient and  modern,  2  vols.  8vo. — Remarks  on 
Ecclesiastical  History,  8vo.  1751,  continued 
in  four  succeeding  volumes  down  to  1517 
— the  era  of  the  refprmution — Six  Disser- 
tations on  Difterent  Subjects,  8vo.  1755 — 
Life  of  Erasmus,  4to.  1758 — Remarks  on 
the  works  of  Erasmus,  4to.  17C0,  besides 
other  inferior  works.  In  1771  four  vols, 
of  his  sermons  were  published  by  his  son, 
and  inscribed  to  his  parishioners  of  St. 
Dunstan's,  republished  with  three  volumes 
more,  1772,  &c. 

Joseph,  son  of  Jacob  by  Rachel,  was  the 
favourite  of  his  father,  and  consequently 
was  exposed  to  the  envy  and  hatred  of  his 
brothers,  who  at  last  sold  him  as  a  slave  to 
some  Midianitish  merchants,  by  whom  he 
was  carried  into  Egypt.  In  Egypt,  by  his 
prudence  and  virtue,  and  under  the  protect- 
ing hand  of  providence,  he  rose  to  become 
the  governor  of  the  countrj',  and  he  saw, 
during  the  famine  which  prevailed  in  the 
land  and  in  Canaan,  his  brothers  prostrate 
themselves  before  him  according  to  the  ful- 
filling of  his  dreams.  He  afterwards  sent 
for  his  father  and  his  family  to  settle  in  the 
land  of  Goshen,  and  after  governing  the 
nation  with  wisdom  and  success  he  died 
about  1G36  B.C.  His  bones  were  brought 
out  of  Egypt  by  Moses,  and  buried  in  Ca- 
naan. Joseph  had  two  sons,  Ephraim  and 
Manasseh,  who  became  heads  of  two  tribes 
ia  Israel. 

Joseph,  husband  of  Mary,  the  mother  of 
Jesus  Christ,  was  of  the  tribe  of  Judah,  and 
of  the  lineage  of  David.  He  was  son  of 
Jacob  according  to  St.  Matthew,  or  accord- 
ing to  St.  Luke  of  Heli,  a  difference  which 
is  explained  by  recollecting  that  Heli  and 
Jacob  were  brothers,  and  that  after  the 
death  of  Heli,  Jacob  married  agreeable  to 
the  law  of  Moses,  his  brother's  widow,  and 
became  father  of  Joseph. 

Joseph,  of  Arimathea,  a  man  of  opu- 
lence, and  a  counsellor,  who  became  pri- 
vately a  disciple  of  our  Saviour.  Afler  the 
crucifixion  he  buried  the  body  of  his 
master  in  a  new  tomb,  and  then  joined  him- 
self to  the  apostles.    He  died  at  Jerusalem. 

Joseph  I.  loth  emperor  of  the  house  of 
Austria,  was  born  at  Vienna,  2Sth  July, 
1678.  He  was  crowned  king  of  Hungary 
1687,  elected  king  of  the  Romans  1690,  and 
in  1705  on  the  death  of  his  father  Leopold 
he  succeeded  to  the  empire  of  Germany. 
Pursuing  the  same  political  measures  as  his 
father,  he  engaged  England,  Savoy,  and 
Holland  in  his  war  against  France,  to  raise 
the  archduke  Charles  to  the  throne  of 
Spain,  and  then  exerting  his  power  as  head 
of  the  Germanic  empire  he  deprived  the 
electors  of  Bavaria  and  of  Cologne  of  their 
dominions  for  assisting  his  enemies,  and  in 
the  most  despotic  manner  he  divided  their 
possessions  among  his  friends  and  relations. 


Ill- 


Thus  absolute  in  Germany,  he  uun 
arms  against  Italy,  and  not  only  Mantua, 
Parma,  Modcna,  Lucca,  and  Genoa,  bm 
even  Etruria,  Sicily,  and  Naple.i  Ixcame 
obedient  to  his  dictates.  From  Italy  hr 
marched  against  the  Hungarian  insurgent-, 
headed  by  the  brave  prince  Kagotzki,  whoia 
he  defeated  and  obliged  to  fly  into  Turkey. 
His  successes  were  stopped  by  the  attack  of 
the  smallpox,  which  proved  fatal  17tli 
April,  1711,  in  his  33d  year. 

Joseph  II.  emperor  of  Germany,  son  of 
Leopold  and  Maria  Theresa,  was  born  13ili 
March,  1741,  elected  king  of  the  Romans 
1764,  and  crowned  emperor  the  following 
year  on  the  decease  of  his  father.  He  was 
in  his  conduct  actuated  by  the  most  benevo- 
lent motives  to  improve  the  prosperity  of 
his  country  ;  and  to  be  acquainted  with  the 
wants  and  situation  of  his  subjects  he  tra- 
velled over  the  greatest  part  of  his  domi- 
nions. In  Croatia  he  facilitated  the  com- 
mercial intercourse  of  his  Hungarian  sub- 
jects by  the  forming  of  a  high  road  between 
Zing  and  Carlstadt ;  at  >enice  he  settled  in 
an  amicable  manner  the  boundaries  of  his 
kingdom  and  those  of  the  republic,  and  in 
Bohemia  he  administered  to  the  wants  of 
his  people  and  checked  the  ravages  of  the 
famine  which  the  troubles  of  Poland  had 
caused.  He  afterwards  had  two  interviews 
with  the  king  of  Prussia,  whose  great  mili- 
tarj'  character  he  highly  admired,  but  unfor- 
tunately these  visits  ended  in  a  mutual  })laii 
for  the  violent  seizure  of  part  of  the  Polish 
provinces.  In  1781  he  passed  into  France, 
but  he  disregarded  the  pompous  ceremonies 
with  which  the  court  wished  to  receive  him, 
and  found  greater  pleasure  and  more  sin- 
cere satisfaction  in  examining  the  curiosities 
of  Paris,  the  manufactures  of  Lyons,  and 
the  canals  of  Picardy.  Anxious  to  listen  to 
the  complaints  of  the  unfortunate,  he  often 
disguised  himself  to  converse  with  obscure 
individuals  and  to  relieve  their  distresses  ; 
and  that  every  opportunity  might  be  indul- 
ged of  displaying  his  humanity  he  appointed 
one  day  in  the  week  in  which  he  would  re- 
ceive petitions  even  from  the  meanest  beg- 
gar. In  1780  he  succeeded  by  the  death  of 
the  empress  queen  to  the  crowns  of  Hun- 
gary and  Bohemia,  and  soon  after  publish- 
ed decrees  in  favour  of  the  liberty  of  the 
press  and  of  toleration.  The  respect  and 
attachment  to  his  person  which  the  Fleming"? 
bad  displayed  was  repaid  by  his  improve- 
ments in  the  harbour  of  Osttnd  at  his  own 
expense,  and  by  his  declaring  the  place  a 
free  port.  His  attempts,  however,  to  ren- 
der the  navigation  of  the  Scheldt  free, 
though  favoured  by  Lewis  XVI.  met  with 
opposition  from  the  Hollanders,  who  view- 
ed with  jealousy  the  rise  of  a  rival  in  the 
commerce  of  Antwerp.  With  his  usual  hu- 
manity Joseph  saw  and  pitied  the  state  of 
the  peasant''  through  his  states,  and  tbere- 

ii9 


JOS 


JOU 


fcVe  slavery  was  abolished  in  Bohemia,  Mo- 
ravia, and  Silesia  ;  and  with  equal  boldness 
in  favour  of  spiritual  freedom,  he  published 
an  edict  to  disclaim  the  secular  submission 
uf  his  subjects  to  the  see  of  Rome,  and  to 
►suppress  some  of  the  monasteries.  This 
severe  attack  excited  the  alarm  of  the  pope  ; 
but  the  journey  of  Pius  \l.  to  Vienna  could 
not  reconcile  the  emperor,  or  abolish  his 
decree,  and  soon  after,  in  1786,  the  ecclesi- 
astical princes  at  llatisbon  determined  to 
withdraw  from  the  temporal  jurisdiction  of 
]lome.  His  visit  to  the  empress  of  Russia 
at  Chersori,  in  the  meantime,  did  not  only 
tend  to  ensure  the  partition  of  Poland,  but 
aimed  at  the  expulsion  of  the  Turks  from 
Europe.  But  though  a  humane  prince,  Jo- 
.seph  was  not  a  warrior ;  he  indeed  reduced 
Schabatz  in  person,  but  his  troops  were 
defeated  under  prince  Lichtenstein,  and  the 
dreadful  battle  of  Rohadin,  which  lasted 
f(5ur  days,  proved  fatal  to  his  views,  and  the 
Siege  of  Belgrade  was  abandoned.  Laudohn 
indeed  by  his  valour  and  great  experience 
restored  confidence  among  the  imperialists, 
and  by  the  taking  of  Darbieza,  Novi,  and 
Belgrade,  contributed  to  the  glory  of  his 
master's  arms,  which  ill  success  hitherto 
had  tarnished.  The  war,  however,  was 
unpopular,  and  a  peace  hastily  concluded 
left  the  emperor  the  opportuility  of  attend- 
iiig  to  the  discontents  and  tumults  which 
had  now  been  excited  in  the  Netherlands. 
Before  these  could  be  checked,  Joseph 
/fell  a  sacrifice  to  a  lingering  disease,  and 
died  20th  February,  1790.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  his  brother  Leopold.  Though 
admired  for  his  benevolence,  Joseph  has 
been  blamed  by  some  historians  for  his 
Jbndness  of  innovation,  and  for  the  forma- 
tion of  plans  which  he  had  not  the  wisdom 
to  complete,  or  the  firmness  to  execute. 

Joseph,  king  of  Portugal,  of  the  family 
of  Braganza,  ascended  the  throne  1750, 
and  died  24th  Feb.  1777,  aged  62  years  and 
eight  months.  His  reign  was  turbulent  and 
unfortunate.  Lisbon  was  swallowed  in 
1755  by  an  earthquake,  and  in  1758  a  vio- 
lent conspiracy  was  formed  against  the 
monarch  whose  life  was  saved  by  the  per- 
sonal courage  of  his  coachman,  and  in  con- 
sequence of  this  the  Jesuits,  who  had  medi- 
tated the  assassination,  were  expelled  from 
the  kingdom,  and  their  property  confis- 
cated. Afterwards  the  king  quarrelled 
with  the  court  of  Rome,  and  in  1761  a  war 
was  kindled  against  Spain,  in  which  he  was 
assisted  by  the  English.  In  the  latter  part 
of  his  reign  he  resigned  the  reins  of  go- 
vernment into  the  hands  of  his  queen,  Mary 
Ann  of  Spain. 

Joseph  Meir,  a  learned  rabbi,  born  at 
Avignon,  1496.  He  died  near  Genoa,  1554. 
He  wrote  a  Hebrew  book  on  the  annals  of 
the  kings  of  France  and  the  Ottoman  sal- 
tans, &c. 

140 


Joseph,  Ben  Gorion,  a  Jewish  historian, 
ivho  abridged  the  history  of  Josephus,  with 
whom  he  is  often  confounded  by  the  rab- 
bins. He  flourished  in  the  tenth  century. 
His  works  appeai-ed  vfith  a  Latin  version 
by  Gagnier,  Oxford,  1706,  8vo.— and  in 
Hebrew  and  Latin,  Gotha,  1707,  4to. 

Joseph,  of  Paris,  a  capuchin,  the  friend 
and  confidant  of  Richelieu.  His  services 
were  such  in  the  employment  of  emissaries 
that  Lewis  XIH.  procured  him  a  cardinal's 
hat,  which  he  did  not  live  to  receive.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy  at  Ruel,  1638.  His  life 
has  been  frequently  written  and  contains 
curious  particulars. 

Joseph,  Father,  an  apostate  monk,  who 
under  the  assumed  name  of  Joshua  and  at 
the  head  of  6000  banditti  attempted  in  1678 
to  extirpate  the  cathoHc  religion  in  Hun- 
gary. After  committing  the  greatest  enor- 
mities his  followers  were  dispersed  upon 
the  sudden  death  of  their  leader. 

Josephus,  Flavins,  a  celebrated  Jewish 
historian,  who  studied  at  Rome,  and  after- 
wai-ds  bravely  defended  a  small  town  of 
Judsa  against  Vespasian  for  seven  weeks. 
He  was  taken  into  the  favour  of  the  em- 
peror, and  was  with  him  at  the  siege  of  Je^" 
rusalem,  where  he  alleviated  the  misfor- 
tunes of  his  country,  and  obtained  all  the 
sacred  books  in  the  booty.  He  wrote  the 
History  of  the  Wars  of  the  Jews  in  Greek — 
the  Antiquities  of  the  Jews — a  Defence  of 
the  Jews — books  of  very  great  merit  and 
best  edited  by  Havercamp,  Amsterdam,  2 
vols.  fol.  1725.     He  died  A.D.  93,  aged  56. 

Joshua,  son  of  Nun,  and  of  the  tribe  of 
Benjamin,  was  appointed  by  Moses  as  his 
successor  to  conduct  the  people  of  Israel 
into  the  possession  of  the  land  of  Canaan. 
He  died  B.C.  1424,  aged  110. 

JosiAH,  king  of  Judah  after  his  father 
Ammon,  641  B.C.  is  celebrated  for  the  zeal 
with  which  he  restored  the  law  of  Moses, 
and  destroyed  idolatry.  He  died  B.C.  610, 
aged  39,  in  consequence  of  the  wounds 
which  he  received  in  a  battle  at  Megiddo 
against  Necho  king  of  Egypt. 

JouBERT,  Laurence,  a  physician,  born  at 
Valence  in  Dauphiny  1530.  He  studied  at 
Paris  and  at  Rome,  and  afterwards  settled 
at  Montpellier,  where  he  became,  after 
Rondelet's  death,  Regius  professor  1567, 
His  reputation  was  so  great  that  nothing 
was  considered  as  too  difficult  for  his  art, 
so  that  Henry  III.  sent  for  him  to  consult 
him  how  he  might  render  his  marriage  pro- 
lific, which,  however,  was  unavailing.  He 
died  1582.  His  writings  are  in  French, 
and  in  Latin,  and  all  on  his  profession  ; 
the  best  edition  of  which  is  1645,  2  vols, 
folio. 

JouBERT,  Francis,  a  priest  of  Montpel- 
lier, who  was  confined  in  the  bastile  for  his 
attachment  to  the  doctrines  of  the  Jansen- 
ists.    He  died  1763,  aged  74.    He  is  author 


JOV 


lOf 


of  a  commentary  on  Revelation,  and  other 
ivorka. 

JouBERT,  Bartholomew  Catharine,  a  na- 
tive of  Pont-dc-^  aux,  in  the  clcpartmtMit  of 
Ain,  born  l4th  April,  1769,  and  bred  up 
to  the  law.  The  revolution  altered  his  pur- 
suits, and  panting  for  military  glory,  he  en- 
tered into  the  army,  and  from  a  grenadier 
rose  to  the  rank  of  general.  He  was  second 
in  command  under  Buonaparte  in  the  con- 
quest of  Italy,  and  signalized  himself  at  the 
battles  of  Millesimo,  Ceva,  Montebaldo, 
Rivoli,  and  in  the  Tyrol.  His  valour  and 
presence  of  mind  were  such  that  Buonaparte 
going  into  Kgypt  emphatically  told  the  di- 
rectory, 1  leave  you  Joubert.  He  was  after- 
wards opposed  to  the  Russians  under  Su- 
warrow,  at  the  battle  of  Novi,  but  was 
killed  at  the  beginning  of  the  engagement, 
1799,  leaving  behind  him  the  character  not 
only  of  a  great  general,  but  of  an  amiable 
man. 

JouRDAiN,  Amable  Brechillet,  an  oriental 
scholar,  was  born  in  17SS.  He  was  placed 
with  a  notarj ,  but  being  related  to  Anquetil 
Duperron,  he  quitted  the  law  to  study  the 
eastern  languages,  in  which  he  made  such  a 
progress  that  Langles  obtained  for  him  the 
place  of  assistant  secretary  in  that  depart- 
ment. He  died  in  I8l8.  He  enriched  the 
Moniteur  with  curious  dissertations, assisted 
Michaud  in  the  "  History  of  the  Crusades," 
and  obtained  a  prize  from  the  academy  of 
belles  lettres  for  a  dissertation  on  those 
works  of  Aristotle  and  the  other  Greek  phi- 
losophers, for  which  we  are  indebted  to  the 
Arabs.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was 
engaged  on  a  history  of  the  rise  and  fall  of 
the  Barmecides. — W.  B. 

JoviANUs,  Flavius  Claudius,  a  native  of 
Pannonia,  made  emperor  after  Julian's 
death,  an  honour  which  he  accepted  upon 
the  promise  of  the  army  to  become  Chris- 
tians. He  made  a  dishonourable  peace  with 
the  Persians,  and  was  accidentally  suffo- 
cated by  charcoal,  which  had  been  placed 
in  his  room,  seven  months  after  his  eleva- 
tion to  the  throne,  364  A.D. 

JoviNiAN,  a  monk  of  Milan,  Avho  became 
the  head  of  a  sect,  who  maintained  that 
our  Saviour's  body  was  not  real  flesh,  but  a 
phantom.  He  enlarged  the  number  of  his 
followers  by  offering  violence  to  %vomen, 
and  by  permitting  the  indulgence  of  every 
sensuality,  till  at  last  Honorius  ordered 
him  to  be  whipped  and  sent  into  banish- 
ment. He  died  in  Dalmatia,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  debaucheries,  406  A.D.  His 
works  were  attacked  by  Jerome. 

Jovius,  Paul,  an  eminent  historian,  born 
at  Como,  in  Italy,  1483.  After  studying  in 
his  native  place  he  went  to  Rome  for  the 
advantages  of  the  Vatican  library  in  his  lite- 
rary pursuits,  and  here  he  %vrote  his  first 
piece,  "de  Piscibus  Romanis,"  which  he 
sledicated  to  cardinal  de  Bourbon.   He  also 


attached  himself  by  ihe  meanol  flattery 
to  Francis  I.  king  of  Fru.ue,  who  grant- 
ed him  a  pen.Mon,  which  however  waa 
discontumed  in  the  n  i^,r„  „f  (}„.  ,„.,,  ,„j,, 
nareh,  through  the  inllu.nc-  of  Monlino- 
rency,  constable  of  the  kingdom,  whom 
Jovius  had  oflended.  The  favourable  man- 
ner in  which  he  had  spoken  of  ihr;  hou«c  of 
Medicis  in  his  historical  composition?*,  in- 
duced him  to  hope  he  might  obtain  a  bii'hop- 
ric  from  Clement  MI.:  he  made  the  re- 
quest, and  gained  the  see  of  Nocera,  but 
under  the,  next  pontifl' he  attempted  in  \ain 
to  obtain  the  \aeant  bishopric  of  his  native 
place,  and  upon  the  refusal  he  retired  in 
discontent  to  Florence,  where  he  employed 
himself  in  the  completion  ol"  his  hi-itory. 
He  died  1552,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Lau- 
rence's church  at  Florence.  His  history, 
containing  the  events  of  his  own  times  from 
1494  to  1544,  was  printed  3  vols,  folio, 
Florence,  1552,  and  at  Strasburg,  1556  j 
but  though  valual)le  and  interesting,  it  is  to 
be  read  with  great  caution.  To  great 
learning  Jovius  united  wit  and  liveliness, 
his  style  was  elegant  and  polished,  and  his 
judgment  solid.  In  his  private  character 
he  was  dissolute  and  licentious,  and  to  a  re- 
prehensible degree  credulous.  There  was 
another  Paul  Jovius,  who  from  a  phvsieian 
became  bishop  of  Nocera,  15S5,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  poet,  and  a  man  of 
letters. 

Jovius,  Benedictus,  brother  to  the  his- 
torian, was  known  as  a  poet  and  historical 
writer. 

JoussE,  Daniel,  a  lawyer,  born  at  Or- 
leans. He  died  1781,  aged  77.  He  wrote 
some  valuable  works  on  his  profession. 

JouvENCT,  Joseph,  a  French  Jesuit,  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettres  at  Caen  and  after- 
wards at  Paris.  He  died  at  Rome,  1719, 
aged  76.  He  defended  in  his  writings  the 
Jcauit  Guignard,  whose  works  had  inflamed 
Castal  to  attempt  the  life  of  Henry  IV.  and 
did  not  scruple  to  compare  this  assassin  to 
our  Saviour,  and  the  judge  who  condemned 
him  to  Pontius  Pilate.  He  continued  the 
History  of  the  Jesuits  from  the  year  1 591 
to  1616,  but  the  work  was  condemned  by 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  1713.  He  wrote 
besides  "Latin  Orations,"  an  AppendLv 
De  Diis  et  Heroibus  Poeticis,  and  valua- 
ble notes  on  Persius,  Juvenal,  Ovid,  Mar- 
tial, &c. 

JouvENET,  John,  a  French  painter,  born 
at  Rouen,  1641.  His  family,  who  were  dis- 
tinguished as  painters,  were  of  Italian  ori- 
gin. After  studying  under  his  father,  he 
went  to  Paris,  and  improved  himself  under 
Le  Brun,  and  gained  the  approbation  of  the 
academy  of  painting  by  presenting  them  his 
Esther  fainting  before  Ahasuerus.  After 
passing  through  all  the  ollices  of  the  acade- 
my he  was  made  one  of  the  four  pcrj)etual 
rectors   on   the   death   of   Mignard.     Hi-^ 

141 


JUD 


JUG 


paintings  are  numerous  and  very  valuable, 
especially  his  sacred  pieces.  In  his  old  age 
he  was  struck  with  the  palsy  in  his  right 
side,  and  then  began  to  use  his  left  hand, 
with  astonishing  dexterity  and  success  in 
the  completion  of  some  of  his  pieces. 
He  died  at  Paris,  1717,  leaving  no  chil- 
dren but  a  nephew,  of  great  merit  in  his 
-profession. 

JoYE0SE,  Anne  de,  a  duke  and  admiral 
of  France,  the  favourite  of  Henry  III. 
He  was  mild  in  private  life,  but  as  a  com- 
mander extremely  severe.  He  was  killed 
in  an  expedition  against  the  Huguenots, 
1687. 

JoYEUSE,  Francis  de,  brother  to  the 
above,  was  a  cardinal,  and  the  able  and 
political  confidential  minister  of  Henry  III. 
and  IV.  and  Lewis  XIII.  He  founded  some 
public  edifices,  and  died  dean  of  the  college 
of  cardinals  at  Avignon,  1615. 

JoTNER,  William,  or  Lyde,  an  English 
writer,  born  in  St.  Giles's  parish,  Oxford, 
April,  1622.  He  was  educated  in  the  schools 
of  Thame  and  Coventry,  and  then  entered 
as  demy  at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  fellow.  At  the  time  of 
the  rebellion  he  embraced  the  popish  reli- 
gion and  went  abroad,  and  afterwards  re- 
turned to  London.  In  1678  he  came  to  live 
at  Horspath,  near  Oxford,  but  was  arrested 
by  the  vice-chancellor  as  a  Jesuit ;  but  upon 
his  appearance  at  the  sessions  he  was  dis- 
charged, and  then  retired  to  the  obscurity 
of  the  village  of  Ickford,  in  Buckingham- 
shire. On  James's  accession  he  was  resto- 
red to  his  fellowship,  but  was  expelled  the 
year  after,  and  died  at  Ickford,  14th  Sept. 
1706.  He  wrote  the  Roman  empress,  a 
comedy,  1670,  4to. — Observations  on  Car- 
dinal Pole's  life,  1686,  3vo. — Latin  and 
English  poems. 

JcJAN,  George,  a  Spaniard,  knight  of 
Malta,  and  known  as  an  able  mathemati- 
cian. He  went  with  Don  Anthony  de  Ul- 
loa,  and  the  French  mathematicians  to  Peru, 
to  ascertain  the  figure  of  the  earth.  He 
published  on  his  return  Observations  on  the 
Voyage,  in  Spanish,  translated  with  the  re- 
marks of  Ulloa  into  French,  and  published 
2  vols.  4to.  Amsterdam.  He  wrote  be- 
sides a  treatise  on  the  Construction  and 
Management  of  Vessels.  He  died  at 
Madrid,  1773. 

Job  A,  king  of  Mauritania,  was  driven 
from  his  kingdom  by  Caesar  for  espousing 
the  cause  of  Pompey.  He  destroyed  him- 
self B.C.  42. 

JuBA,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  carried 
prisoner  to  Rome  by  Caesar,  but  under 
Augustus  he  recovered  his  dominions,  and 
married  Cleopatra,  Antony's  daughter. 
He  wrote  the  History  of  Arabia — the  His- 
tory of  Rome — and  other  works  in  Greek, 

&c. 

.TuDA,  Leo,  son  of  a  priest  of  Alsace,  bv 
142 


a  concubine,  was  well  skilled  in  Hebrew, 
and  died  minister  of  Zurich,  1542,  aged  60. 
Besides  a  translation  of  the  Bible  from 
the  original,  he  wrote  against  Erasmus^ 
who  had  reflected  on  him  for  changing  his 
religion. 

JuDA,  Hakkadish,  a  learned  rabbi,  the 
friend  of  Antoninus.  He  collected,  twenty- 
six  years  after  the  destruction  of  the  Tem- 
ple, "  the  Misna,"  or  Constitutions  and 
Traditions  of  the  Jewish  Magistrates,  &c. 
This  book  is  the  text  of  the  Talmud,  which 
has  been  well  edited  by  Surenhusius,  3  vols. 
folio. 

JuDA-cHiNG,  a  rabbi  of  Fez,  in  the  11th 
century,  called  the  prince  of  Jewish  gram- 
marians, author  of  an  Arabic  dictionary  and 
other  works. 

JuDAH,  fourth  son  of  Jacob  and  Leah, 
was  the  head  of  a  tribe,  and  to  him  his  fa- 
ther in  the  spirit  of  prophecy  declared,  that 
the  sceptre  should  not  depart  from  him  till 
the  Messiah  should  come,  which  was  fully 
accomplished.  He  died  1636  B.C.  aged 
119  years. 

Judas  Iscariot,  so  called  from  the 
place  of  his  birth  in  the  land  of  Ephraim, 
was  the  disciple  and  the  betrayer  of  Jesus. 
When  he  found  that  his  master  was  con- 
demned, he  threw  back  the  30  pieces  of  sil- 
ver for  which  he  had  betrayed  the  innocent 
blood,  and  went  and  hanged  himself. 

JuDE,  St.  an  apostle,  and  the  author  of 
an  epistle,  was  brother  of  James  the  less, 
and  he  is  called  sometimes  Thaddeus,  Leb- 
beus,  or  the  zealous.  He  preached  the 
gospel  in  Libya,  Mesopotama,  Syria,  Idu- 
mea,  and  Arabia,  and  suffered  martyrdom 
at  Berytus  as  it  is  supposed  A.  D.  80. 

Judex,  Matthew,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Tiposwald  in  Misnia,  1528.  He 
studied  at  Dresden,  W^ittemberg,  and  Mag- 
deburg, and  afterwards  became  divinity 
professor  at  Jena,  a  place  from  which  he 
was  soon  driven.  His  learning  was  great, 
and  his  private  character  highly  respecta- 
ble, yet  he  unfortunately  had  many  ene- 
mies, and  the  persecution  to  which  he  was 
exposed  shortened,  it  is  said,  his  life.  He 
died  1564,  aged  36,  leaving  five  children  by 
his  wife,  whom  he  had  ten  years  before 
married  at  Magdeburg.  He  was  concerned 
in  the  composition  of  the  two  first  Centu- 
ries of  Magdeburg,  and  he  had  proposed  to 
write  an  ecclesiastical  history. 

JuGLARis,  Aloysius,  an  Italian  Jesuit, 
born  at  Nice.  He  taught  rhetoric  in  his 
society,  and  was  then  preceptor  to  prince 
Charles  Emanuel  at  the  court  of  Savoy, 
and  died  at  Messina,  15th  Nov.  1653.  He 
wrote  100  panegyrics  on  Jesus  Christ,  40 
in  honour  of  Lewis  XIII.  some  on  several 
learned  bishops,  besides  epitaphs,  Slc.  His 
works  were  together  published  at  Lucca, 
1710. 
JuGORTHA,   natural  son  of  ManastabaK 


JLL 


JtL 


and  grandson  of  Mnsinisaa  king  of  Nunu- 
dia,  served  with  credit  in  the  Roman  armies 
in  Spain,  and  afterwards  instead  of  dividing 
the  kingdon»  with  Adherbal  and  Hienipsal, 
the  two  sons  of  his  uncle  Micipsa,  he  de- 
stroyed them  and  seized  upon  the  whole 
sovereignty.  The  Romans  interfered,  but 
Jugurtha  possessed  courage,  and  opposed 
their  armies.  After  various  successes  he 
was  defeated  by  Metellus,  and  by  Marius, 
and  at  last  betrayed  into  the  hands  of  the 
Ronians  by  Bocchus.  He  died  at  Rome, 
106  B.C.  six  days  after  his  arrival. 

JuiGNE  Broissiniere,  D.  Scigncur  dc 
Moliere,  author  of  Dictionnaire  Theolo- 
gique,  Historique,  Poetique,  Cosmographi- 
que  et  Chronologique,  Paris,  4to.  1644, 
and  Rouen  1668,  was  an  advocate  of  the 
French  parliaments.  His  work  is  consi- 
dered as  incorrect  by  Morcri. 

Julia,  a  virgin  and  martyr  of  Carthage. 
"When  her  country  was  ravaged  by  Genseric 
she  was  sold  to  a  pagan,  and  put  to  death 
for  refusing  to  join  in  a  heathen  sacrifice 
440. 

Julia,  daughter  of  Caesar  and  Cornelia, 
was  a  Roman  lady  of  great  virtue.  After 
the  death  of  Cor.  Caepio,  her  husband,  she 
married  Pompey,  and  died  in  childbed,  53 
B.C. 

Julia,  daughter  of  Augustus,  was  the 
wife  of  Metellus,  afterwards  of  Agrippa, 
and  lastly  of  Tiberius.  She  disgraced  her- 
self by  her  debaucheries,  for  which  she  was 
banished,  and  died  of  want  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  reign  of  Tiberius.  Her  daugh- 
ter, of  the  same  name,  was  equally  licen- 
tious. 

Julia,  daughter  of  Titus,  committed  in- 
cest with  her  brother  Domitian. 

Julia  Domna,  the  wife  of  the  emperor 
Severus,  was  well  skilled  in  philosophy,  and 
the  sciences.  Her  son,  Caracalla,  killed 
his  brother  Geta  in  her  arms.  It  is  said, 
that  she  starved  herself  to  death  because 
Macrinus  was  elected  emperor  in  her  son 
Caracalla's  room. 

Julian,  emperor  of  Rome,  was  son  of 
Jul.  Constantius,  the  brother  of  the  great 
Constantine.  Under  Constantius,  the  son 
of  Constantine,  he  displayed  great  bravery, 
and  was  proclaimed  emperor  by  his  soldiers, 
and  became  sole  sovereign  soon  after  by  the 
death  of  Constantius.  On  his  elevation  to 
the  throne,  he  declared  himself  a  pagan,  re- 
gardless of  the  Christian  tenets  w  hich  he  had 
embraced  ;  and  on  that  account,  he  received 
the  name  of  apostate.  He  was  mortally 
wounded  in  a  battle  against  Sapor,  king  of 
Persia,  whose  dominions  he  had  invaded, 
and  died  soon  after,  A.D.  363,  aged  32. 
In  his  private  character  he  was  respectable, 
and  he  possessed  a  great  share  of  learning. 
The  best  of  his  works  is  his  History  of  the 
Caesars.  His  works  were  edited  by  Span- 
heim,  Leipsic,  1696,  folio. 


Julian,  St.  archbishop  of  Toledo,  aathot 
of  a  treatise  again.sl  the  Jews, — Hlstoria 
VVaniba;,— and  other  works  in  divinity, 
died  690. 

Juliana,  a  singular  character  of  Nor- 
wich, who  in  her  zeal  for  mortification  con- 
lined  herself  lor  several  years  between  four 
walls.  She  wrote,  "sixteen  Revelations 
of  Divine  Love  showed  to  a  devout  Servant 
of  our  Lord,  called  Mother  Juliana,  an 
Anchoret  of  Norwich,  who  lived  in  the 
days  of  king  Edward  III."  publibhed  by 
F.  R.  S.  Cressy,  1610. 

JuLiEN,  Peter,  a  French  sculptor,  was 
born  at  Paulien  in  1731.  After  gaining  a 
prize  at  the  academy  of  Lyons,  he  settled 
in  Paris,  where  he  studied  under  William 
Coustou,  and  obtained  another  prize  for  a 
has  relief,  representing  Sabinus  oflering  his 
chariot  to  the  vestals.  In  1768  he  went  to 
Rome,  where  he  executed  several  fine  works. 
On  his  return  to  France  he  became  assist- 
ant to  Coustou,  and,  in  1779,  gained  a  place 
in  the  academy,  by  his  "  Dying  Gladiator." 
He  died  in  1804.— PT.  B. 

Julio,  Romano,  an  Italian  painter,  the 
disciple  and  favourite  of  Raphael.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  not  only  by  liis  pencil, 
but  also  by  his  knowledge  of  architecture. 
He  built  a  palace  for  his  patron,  Clement 
VII.  and  adorned  the  churches  and  public 
buildings  of  Rome,  with  his  highly  finished 
paintings.  He  afterwards  went  to  Mantua, 
which  his  genius  was  employed  to  improve 
and  to  beautify.  He  died  at  Mantua,  1 546, 
leaving  two  children  behind  him.  De  Piles, 
who  has  given  a  judicious  critique  of  his 
works,  says,  that  his  genius  took  wing  all 
at  once,  or  like  a  torrent,  broke  over  its 
banks.  His  compositions,  therefore,  were 
all  expressive  of  beauty,  fire,  and  dignity  ; 
sublime  in  the  conception,  grand  and  cor- 
rect in  the  execution. 

Julius  I.  pope  and  saint,  succeeded 
Mark,  337,  and  died  352.  He  possessed 
learning,  piety,  and  benevolence.  He  ably 
supported  Athanasius  against  the  Arians, 
and  wrote  various  things.  Some  of  his 
letters  are  still  extant. 

Julius  II.  Julian  de  le  Rovere,  born  at 
Albizala,  near  Savona,  was  successively 
bishop  of  Carpentras,  Albano,  Ostia,  Bo- 
logna, and  Avignon,  and  was  raised  to  the 
purple  in  1471,  by  his  uncle,  Sixtus  \\ .  and 
made  commander-in-chief  of  the  papal 
troops  against  the  revolted  L'mbrians.  On 
the  death  of  Alexander  \l.  he  had  the  art 
and  influence  to  prevent  the  election  of 
cardinal  d'  Aniboise,  and  to  place  Pius  HI. 
in  the  vacant  chair,  which  he  himself  was 
called  to  fill  22  days  after,  1st  Nov.  1503, 
by  the  sudden  death  of  the  new  pontifl'. 
Thus  raised  by  bribery  to  (he  height  of  his 
ambition,  he,  after  laying  the  foundation  of 
St.  Peter's  church,  1506,  meditated  the 
temporal  agcrandizement  of  his  court.    Hf^ 

143 


JiJN 


JUN 


wished   to  recover  from   the    Venetians, 
Faenza  and  Rimini,  and  the  other  conquests 
made  by  Alexander  VI.  which,   after  his 
death,  they  had  recovered  ;  and  by  signing 
the  league  of  Cambray  with  the  emperor, 
and  the  kings  of  France  and  Arragon,  and 
by  laying  the  whole  Venetian  states  under 
an  interdict,   he  triumphed   over  his  ene- 
mies.    Thus   victorious  against  the  Vene- 
tians, he  now  intrigued  against  the  French, 
whom  he  regarded   with  envy,  for  having 
opposed   his   elevation   to  the  pontificate  ; 
and  his  artful  insinuations  procured  for  him 
the  support  of  the   Swiss    republic,  and  of 
the  kings  of  England  and  Arragon.     At  the 
head  of  his  troops,  Julius  marched  to  meet 
the  enemy,  he  besieged  Mirandola,  and  soon 
entered  its  gates  as  a  conqueror ;  but  for- 
tune soon  changed,  and  Trivulce,  the  French 
general,  seized  Bologna,  and  made  the  papal 
troops  and  their  allies  of  Venice,  fly  before 
him.     Julius  retired  in  disgrace  to  Rome, 
and  soon  saw  the  general  council  of  Pisa 
pronounce  his  suspension  for  contumacy,  a 
step  which  he  opposed  by  laying  the  French 
kingdom  under  an  interdict.     The  violence 
of  his  enemies,  however,  and  the  chagrin 
which  corroded  him  from  pique  and  disap- 
pointment, proved  too  powerful  for  his  con- 
stitution.    He  was  carried  off  by  a  fever, 
21st  Feb.  1513,  aged  70.     Great  as  a  states- 
man and  as  a  warrior,  Julius  had  little  claim 
to  the  meekness,  benevolence,   and  humi- 
lity, which  should  belong  to  the  ecclesias- 
tical character.     To  the  aggrandizement  of 
his   temporal  power,   he   scrupled  not   to 
sacrifice   every  principle  of  honour  and  of 
virtue.     He  was,  however,  a  liberal  patron 
of  literature  and  of  the  arts.     He  was  the 
first  who  introduced  the  custom  of  wearins: 
the  beard  long,  which  was  soon  after  imi- 
tated  by  Charles  V.   Francis  I.    and  their 
courtiers. 

Julius  III.  John  Marie  du  Mont,  a  native 
ef  Arezzo,  made  archbishop  of  Sipontum, 
a  cardinal,  and  in  1550,  pope.  He  joined 
the  empei'or  against  Octavius  Farnese, 
duke  of  Parma  ;  but  the  expedition  was 
attended  with  disgrace.  He  is  blamed  for 
dissolving  the  council  of  Trent,  Avhere  he 
had  presided  in  the  name  of  Paul  III.  and 
for  the  treaty  of  Passau.  He  was  a  weak 
and  narrow-minded  pontiff,  little  calculated 
to  uphold,  with  dignity,  the  power  of  the 
holy  see.  He  died  23d  March,  1556,  aged 
68. 

JuNCKER,  Christian,  an  able  medallist, 
born  at  Dresden.  He  died  1714,  aged  46. 
He  translated  some  of  the  classics  into  Ger- 
man ;  but  his  works  were  often  hurried  on 
account  of  his  pressing  wants.  Among  his 
respectable  publications  are,  Centuria 
Fseminarum  eruditionc  et  Scriptis  Illus- 
trium — Schediasma  dc  Diariis  Eruditorum 
— Vita  Lutheri,  &c. — Theatrum  Lntinita- 
tH9,  &c. — Vita  Ludolphi,  &c. 
144 


JuNCTiN,  or  GuiNTiNo,  Francis,  a  na« 
tive  of  Florence,  who  though  a  Carmelite, 
quitted  the  catholic  religion  for  the  protes- 
tant  when  settled  in  France.  He  amassed 
a  large  fortune  by  being  a  corrector  of  the 
press,  a  manufacturer  of  paper,  and  a 
banker;  and  died  1580.  He  possessed 
merit  as  a  mathematician,  and  published 
arithmetical  works, — Commentaries  on 
Sacrobosco's  Sphere — a  Discourse  on 
the  Age  of  the  Love  of  Petrarch — a 
treatise  on  the  reformation  of  the  Calen- 
dar, &c. 

JuNGERMAN,  Godfrey,  professor  of  law 
at  Leipsic,  died  at  Henau,  1610.  He  is 
known  as  the  editor  of  Julius  Pollux,  and 
the  translator  of  Longus. 

JuNGERMAN,  Lcwis,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, distinguished  himself  by  his  works 
on  botany,  and  natural  history.  He  died  at 
Altorf,  1653. 

JuNGius,  Joachim,  a  native  of  Lubeck, 
who  studied  at  Glossen,  where  he  became 
professor  of  mathematics.  He  afterwards 
applied  to  physic  at  Augsburg,  and  took  hi.s 
degree  of  M.D.  at  Padua.  He  died  at 
Hamburgh,  1657,  aged  98.  He  wrote 
some  Latin  tragedies,  besides  treatises  on 
metaphysics,  &c. 

JuNiLius,  a  bishop  of  Asturia,  in  the 
sixth  century,  author  of  two  books  on  the 
divine  laws,  &.c. 

Junius,  Adrian,  a  learned  Dutchman, 
born  1511,  at  Hoorn,  where  his  father  was 
burgomaster.     After  studying  at  Haerlem 
and  Louvaine,  he  went  to  Paris,  and  then 
to  Bologna,  where  he  applied  himself  to 
medical   pursuits.     He  came   to  England 
about  1543,  and  was  physician  to  the  duke 
of  Norfolk.     He  published,   among  other 
works,  a  Greek  and  Latin  Lexicon,  which 
he  dedicated,   1548,  to  king  Edward,  for 
which   he  was  severely  censured  by  the 
pope,  who  had  not  acknowledged  the  ac- 
cession of  the  young  monarch.     He  after- 
wards  returned  to  Holland ;    but   on  the 
accession  of  Mary,  he  again  settled  in  Eno- 
land,  and  made  himself  known  to  the  new 
queen  by  his  epithalamium  on  her  marriage 
with  Philip   of  Spain.     The  difficulties  of 
the  times  drove  him  again  to  the  continent, 
and  some  years  after  he  was  invited  to  be- 
come physician  to  the  king  of  Denmark ; 
but  as  the  air  and  climate   proved   insalu- 
brious to  his  constitution,  he  declined  the 
honourable    appointment,    and  settled    at 
Haerlem,  as  principal  of  the  college  there. 
The    siege    of  this  city  by  the  Spaniards, 
1573,  and  the  loss   of  his  library  on  that 
melancholy  occasion,  affected  him  greatly, 
so  that  his  disorders  increased,  and  he  died 
at  Middleburg,  1575.     His  works,  which 
are  numerous,  prove  him  to  have  been  an 
able  scholar. 

Junius,  or  du  Jon,  Francis,  professor  of 
divinity  at  Leyden,  w&s  bom  at  Bourge?; 


JLN 


J-t^ 


1546.     He  studied  at  Geneva,   and   after- 
■\vards  taught  a  school  there  for  his  sup- 
port ;  but  at  the  age  of  20  he  was  made  mi- 
nister of  the  Walloon  church  at  Antwerp. 
The  violent  contests  between   the  papists 
and  protestants,    however,     proved    disa- 
greeable   to  him  ;    he   left  Antwerp,  and 
afterwards  became  chaplain  to  the  prince  of 
Orange,  and  attended  him  in  various  expe- 
ditions.     Afterwards  he  read  public  lec- 
tures  at    Ncustadt,    and  Heidelberg,  and 
then  visited  France,   and   was   kindly   re- 
ceived by  Henry  IV.  after  which  he  settled 
at  Leyden,  1592,  and  was   cut  ofi'  by  the 
plague  ten  years  after.     He  was  four  times 
married.      His    publications  were   64   in 
number,  the  best   known  of  which  is  his 
Latin  version  of  the  Hebrew  Bible,  in  which 
he  was  assisted  by  Tremellius.     He   has 
beeUi  commended  by  Bayle  and   Scaliger, 
though  Du  Pin  says  he  was   no  great  di- 
vine. 

Junius,  Francis,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Heidelberg,  15S9.  He  was 
first  educated  at  Leyden,  but  at  his  father's 
death,  he  studied  mathematics  to  follow  a 
militsuy  life.  The  conclusion  of  the  war, 
however,  altered  his  plans  ;  he  devoted 
himself  to  literature,  published  some  of  his 
father's  works,  and  then  travelled  to  France 
and  England.  For  thirty  years  he  was  in 
England  in  the  family  of  the  earl  of  Arun- 
del ;  and  taking  advantage  of  frequent  vi- 
sits to  Oxford,  he  laboriously  applied  him- 
self to  the  acquisition  of  the  ancient  lan- 
guages of  the  Cimbri,  Goths,  Franks,  Pri- 
sons, and  other  northern  nations,  from 
whose  obsolete  idioms  he  deduced  the  deri- 
vation of  many  German  and  English  words. 
Though  thus  engaged  in  insipid  and  per- 
haps unprofitable  studies,  he  enjoyed  a 
great  flow  of  spirits  and  an  excellent  con- 
stitution, and  attained  a  good  old  age, 
though  fondly  attached  to  the  labours  of  a 
sedentary  life.  In  1677,  he  visited  his  ne- 
phew. Dr.  Is.  Vossius,  at  Windsor,  and 
was  there  attacked  by  a  fever,  which  car- 
vied  him  off,  Nov.  19th  that  year.  He  was 
interred  in  St.  George's  chapel.  He  left 
by  his  will,  all  his  MSS.  and  collections  to 
the  public  library  of  his  favourite  Oxford. 
His  chief  works  were,  Glossarium  Gothi- 
cum — de  Pictura  Veterum,  4to.  printed  also 
in  English,  163S — Observationes  in  Wille- 
rami  Francicam  Paraphrasin  Cantici  Can- 
ticorum,  1655,  8vo. — several  letters  in  G. 
I.  Vossius's  collection. 

Juntas,  two  printers  of  celebrity,  who 
had  printing  offices  at  Venice,  Florence, 
and  Geneva.  Philip  began  to  print  at  Ge- 
neva 1497.  He  died  1519.  Bernard,  his 
brother  or  cousin,  was  equally  known. 
The  Greek  classics  by  Philip,  are'^held  in 
very  high  estimation. 

Junta,  Thomas,  a  physician  of  Venice, 
Vol.  II.  19 


who  published,  15.11,  a  learned  treatise  on 
the  battles  of  llic  ancients. 

JuRET,  Francis,  a  native  of  Dijon,  whoso 
notes  on  Symmachus,  and  poetical  piece* 
in  the  Delicia;  Poetarum  Gallorum,  were 
highly  esteemed.     He  died  1(;-2G,  aged  73. 

JuiiiEU,  Peter,  called  by  the  papists  the 
Goliath   of  the  protestants,  was  born  -Zith 
Dec.  1637,  at  Mer,  in  the  diocess  of  Blois, 
where  his  father,  Daniel  J.  was  minister  of 
the  reformed  relij^ion.      He  was  educated 
partly  under  Peter  de  Moulin,  his  mother's 
brother,  who  was  in  England,  and  when  of 
age,    he   was   ordained    minister   in    that 
church  ;  but  after   his  return,  to  succeed 
his  father  at  Mer,  he  was  re-ordained  ac- 
cording to  the  form  of  the  foreign  protes- 
tants.    He  afterwards   officiated  at  N'itri, 
and  then  became  professor  of  Hebrew  and 
divinity  in  the   university  of  Sedan.     In 
1681  he  retired  to  Holland,  and  there  was 
appointed  divinity  professor  at  Rotterdam, 
and  minister  of  the  Walloon  Church.     Al- 
ready distinguished  by  his  writings,  he  now 
applied  himself  to  the  study  of  the  Revela- 
tion, and  liberally  explained   the   striking 
passages  of  that  mysterious  book,  by  appli- 
cation to  the  events  then  passing  under  his 
eye.     The  revolution  in   England  enabled 
him  to  consider  William  III.  as  the  instru- 
ment of  God  raised  up  against  antichrist. 
While  with  enthusiastic  zeal  he  attempted 
to  convince  the  world  of  the  truth  of  hia 
explanations,  and   of  the   fulfilling  of  the 
prophecies,  he  excited,  by  his  violence,  a 
host  of  enemies  against  him.     Bayle,  who 
had  long  been  his  friend,  took  up  the  arms 
of  controversy  against  him,  and  so  unpopu- 
lar were  his  principles,  that  in  several  of 
the  churches  of  Holland,  his  opinions  on 
baptism,  justification,  and  other  ecclesias- 
tical   topics,     were    publicly  condemned, 
though  his  name  was  omitted  in  the  cen- 
sure.    These  troubles,  and  the  popular  dis- 
content which  his  accusation  of  heterodoxy, 
against  Saurin,  pastor  of  Utrecht,  excited, 
produced  a  dejection  of  spirits,  which,  after 
continuin2;   some   years,  carried  him    ofT, 
1713,  at  Rotterdam,  in  his  76th  year.     He 
was  a  man  of  great  learning,  and  vast  in- 
formation ;  but  unfortunately  he  was  vio- 
lent in  his  temper,  intolerant  in  his  princi- 
ples, and   unwilling   to   yield,  or  even   to 
listen,  to  the  candid  representations  of  his 
opponents.     His  chief  works  are,  Hi»toire 
du  Calvinisme  et  du  Papisme  mise  en  Pa- 
rallele,  &c.    1683 — Lettres    Pastorales,   3 
vols. — le  Vrai  Systeme  de  1'  Eglise,  &.c. — 
r  Esprit  de  M.  Arnauld,  1684— les  Preju- 
ges  Legitimes  contre  le  Papisme — le  Jan- 
seniste  Convaincu,  &c. — Traite  Historique 
contenant  le  Jugement  d'un  Protestant  sur 
la  Theologie  Mystique,  &c.  1700— Trait© 
de  la  Nature  et  de  la  Grace — Apologie  pour 
I'Accomplissement  des  Propheties,  16S7, 
&c. — sermons,  &c, 

145 


JUS 


JUS 


JiTAiN,  Dr.  James,  secrelai'y  of  the  Royal 
So«ietj,  and  president  of  the  college  of 
physicians,  London,  was  eminent  as  a  phy- 
sician and  as  a  writer.  He  contributed 
much  to  the  philosophical  transactions,  and 
had  a  dispute  with  Michelloti  on  the  mo- 
mentum of  running  waters,  with  Kcill  and 
Senac  on  the  action  of  the  heart,  with  Ro- 
feins  on  distinct  vision,  and  with  the  fol- 
lowers of  Leibnitz  on  moving  bodies.  His 
treatise  on  vision  is  printed  with  Smith's 
optics.     He  died  1750. 

JussiEu,  Anthony  de,  an  eminent  bota- 
nist, born  at  Lyons,  1G86.  He  travelled 
over  various  parts  of  Europe  to  improve 
the  science  of  botany,  and  natural  history  ; 
and  he  was,  for  his  great  abilities,  admit- 
ted into  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris, 
and  made  botany  professor  in  the  Royal 
garden,  and  professor  to  the  king.  Besides 
several  valuable  communications  to  the 
learned  societies  of  Paris,  he  abridged  Bar- 
relier's  work  on  the  plants  of  France,  Spain, 
and  Italy — and  made  an  appendix  to  Tour 
ncfort's — and  wrote  a  discourse  on  the 
Progress  of  Botany.     He  died  1758. 

JussiEU,  Bernard  de,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Lyons,  1699.     He  was 
equally  eminent  as  a  botanist  and   physi- 
cian, and  was  member  of  the  learned  socie- 
ties of  Europe.     He  was  a  great  favourite 
with  the  king,  over  whose   plants   he  was 
appointed  curator,    and   whose   botanical 
garden    at  Trianon  he  adorned  with  great 
skill.     He  wrote,  the  Friend  of  Humanity, 
&c. — and  edited  Tournefort's  plants  near 
Paris,  2  vols.  l2mo.     He  died  1777,  uni- 
versally esteemed,  aged    79.     His  brother 
Joseph,  was  also  an  excellent  naturalist,  as 
well  as  engineer.     He  was  with   Conda- 
mine  in  Peru,  1735,  and  he  published  an 
account  of  his  voyages,  &,c.     He  died  1779. 
JusTEL,  Christopher,  counsellor  and  se- 
cretary to  the  French  king,  was   born  at 
Paris,  1580.     He  wrote  Code  of  Canons  of 
the  Church  Universal — and   the  Councils 
of  Africa,  with   notes — and  the  Genealogi- 
cal History  of  the  House  of  Auvergne — and 
Collections  of  Greek  and  Latin   Canons. 
He  died  at  Paris  1649. 

JusTEL,  Henry,  son  and  successor  of 
the  above  in  his  offices  about  the  king, 
was  born  in  Paris,  1620.  He  was  highly 
respected  for  his  learning,  and  he  was 
particularly  attached  to  England,  and  to 
her  literary  characters,  such  as  Locke,  Dr. 
Hickes,  &.c.  He  gave  to  the  university  of 
Oxford  the  Greek  MSS.  of  his  father's 
Canones  Ecclesiae  Universalis,  for  which  he 
was  in  return  complimented  with  the  de- 
gree of  LL.D.  1675.  He  had  long  foreseen 
the  persecution  of  the  protestants,  and  on 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he 
migrated  to  London,  and  was  made  keeper 
of  the  king's  library,  St.  James's,  with  a 
)?t>larv  of  200/.  per  annum.     This  ho  held 


till  his  death,  Sept.  1693,  and  was  succeed-* 
ed  by  Dr.  R.  Bentley.  He  wrote  sereral 
learned  works. 

JuSTi,  N.  de,  a  German  mineralogist, 
who  studied  at  Jena,  1720,  supported  by 
the  libefal  contributions  of  those  friends 
who  foresaw  his  future  celebrity.  Under 
the  direction  of  professor  Zink,  he  acquired 
an  extensive  knowledge  of  mineralogy,  and 
became  known  by  his  treatise  on  political 
economy.  He  examined,  with  philosophic 
eye,  the  various  mines  of  Schemnifz,  Han- 
neberg,  Hungary,  and  Austria,  and  for  his 
services  was  made  a  member  of  the  council 
of  mines  ;  and  some  time  after  he  was  no- 
minated professor  of  political  economy  and 
natural  history  at  Gottingen  university. 
He  was  meditating  the  plan  of  a  German 
Encyclopedia,  after  the  French,  when  he 
was  carried  off  by  a  sudden  disease.  His 
works  were,  a  treatise  on  Mineralogy, 
1757 — a  treatise  on  Money,  a  work  of  great 
merit,  for  which,  by  the  misinterpretation 
of  some  passages,  he  was  for  a  little  time 
imprisoned,  with  severe  treatment,  at  Bres- 
law,  by  order  of  the  king  of  Prussia,  and 
the  elector  of  Wirtemberg — Miscellanies 
on  Chymistry  and  Mineralogy,  2  vols.  4to. 
&c. 

Justin  L  from  a  swineherd  and  soldier, 
rose  to  the  rank  of  general,  and  was  pro- 
claimed emperor  of  the  east  by  his  army, 
on  the  death  of  Anastasius,  518.  He  op- 
posed the  Arians,  and  with  great  munifi- 
cence rebuilt  Antioch,  and  other  towns, 
which  had  been  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake, and  died  A.D.  527,  aged  77 ;  re- 
spected for  his  piety,  wisdom,  and  hu- 
manity. 

Justin  H.  was  nephew  and  successor  of 
Justinian,  565.  He  caused  his  relative, 
Justin,  the  last  emperor's  grand  nephew,  to 
be  assassinated,  and  treated  some  of  his 
subjects  with  cruelty  on  suspicion  of  treach- 
ery. His  indolence  and  weakness  gave 
way  to  the  superior  arts  of  his  wife,  Sophia, 
niece  of  the  empress  Theodora,  who  mana- 
ged the  empire  with  great  ability,  with  the 
assistance  of  Tiberius.  Justin  made  war 
against  Chosroes,  king  of  Persia,  and  ob- 
tained some  advantage  over  his  enemy.  He 
died  5th  Oct.  578. 

Justin,  St.  a  native  of  Sichar  in  Samaria, 
who  from  a  heathen  philosopher,  became 
a  zealous  supporter  of  Christianity.  During 
the  persecution  of  Antoninus,  he  appeared 
before  the  emperor,  and  pleaded  the  cause 
of  the  injured  Christians  with  success. 
He  suffered  martyrdom,  166.  He  wrote 
two  apologies  for  the  Christians,  besides  a 
Dialogue  with  Trypho,  best  edited  1636, 
folio. 

Justin,  a  Latin  historian,  who  abridged 
the  universal  history  of  Trogus  Pompeius, 
in  a  very  pleasing  and  interesting  style. 
Justinian   L   emperor  of  Rome   after 


JU5 


\\:x 


his  uncle,  Justin  I.  527,  is  celebrated  more 
from  the  fame  of  his  general  Belisarius, 
than  his  own  personal  exertions.  The  Ro- 
man laws  were  under  him  reduced  into  a 
code,  which  was  called  the  Digest  or  Pan- 
dects, and  the  more  modern  laws  were 
likewise  collected  under  the  name  of  No- 
vella'. He  firmly  opposed  the  popes, 
Sylverius  and  Vigilius,  and  aboliahed  the 
Roman  consulate.  He  built  St.  Sophia's 
church  at  Constantinople,  and  died  565, 
aged  83. 

Justinian  H.  succeeded  his  father  Po- 
gonatus  Constantine,  685.  He  was  success- 
ful against  the  Saracens  ;  but  his  infamous 
intention  of  destroying  all  the  inhabitants 
of  Constantinople,  procured  his  deposition 
and  banishment,  694.  He,  10  years  after, 
regained  his  throne  with  the  assistance 
of  the  Bulgarians  ;  but  he  was  at  last 
assassinated,  with  his  son  Tiberius,  by 
Philippicus  Bardanes,  who  ascended  the 
throne,  711. 

JusTiNiANi,  St.  Lawrence,  a  noble  of 
Venice,  general  of  the  monastery  of  St. 
George,  in  Alga.  He  was  made  the  first 
patriarch  of  Venice,  1451,  by  pope  Eugenius 
rv.  He  died  four  years  after,  aged  74,  and 
Tvas  canonized  by  Alexander  VIII.  1690. 
His  works,  consisting  of  Lignum  Vita; — de 
Casto  Connubio — Fasciculis  Amoris — and 
other  pious  treatises,  were  published  at 
Lyons,  l.ies,  folio,  and  Venice,  1755,  with 
an  account  of  his  life. 

JusTiNiANi,  Bernard,  nephew  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  1407-S,  at  Venice.  He 
studied  at  Verona  and  Padua,  and  was 
employed  by  the  pope.  In  1461  he  went 
as  ambassador  from  Venice  to  Lewis  XI.  of 
France,  who  knighted  him.  After  being  20 
times  raised  to  the  office  of  Sage  grand,  he 
was,  in  1474  made  procurator  of  St.  Mark, 
an  honour  inferior  only  to  the  doge.  He 
died  1489.  He  left  de  Origine  Urbis  Venet. 
printed  1492,  folio — the  Life  of  his  Uncle 
— and  other  historical  works. 

JUSTINIANI,  Augustin,  bishop  of  Nebo, 
in  Corsica,  was  born  at  Genoa,  1470. 
Francis  I.  of  France  patronised  him  on  ac- 
count of  his  learning,  and  made  him  his 
almoner,  with  a  liberal  pension.  After 
being  professor  of  Hebrew  for  five  years  at 
Paris,  he  returned  to  Genoa,  and  passed 
over  to  his  diocess,  1522.  He  perished, 
together  with  the  vessel  which  conveyed 
him  from  Genoa  to  Nebo,  1536.  He  ^vrote 
Psalterium  Hebraeum,  Graecum,  Arabi- 
cum,  et  Chaldaicum,  cum  tribus  Latinis 
Interpretationibus  et  Glossis — besides  other 
works. 

JusTiNiANi,  Fabio,  a  native  of  Genoa, 
who  became  bishop  of  Ajaccio,  and  died 
there   1627,    aged   59.     He   is   author   of 


Index  "Universalis  Mnteriarura  Biblica- 
rum — a  Commentary  on  the  Book  of 
Tobit,  &c. 

JuvARA,  Philip,  aSirilinn  arrliitert,  born 
at  Messina.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Fontana, 
and  distiiiguishfil  bimMcIf  hy  the  btauliftil 
edifices  which  ho  erected  iit  Turin.  Ho 
went  to  Spain  on  the  iiivitatioti  of  Philip 
V.  but  the  model  which  he  proposed  for 
the  construction  of  a  magnificent  palace, 
on  the  ruins  of  that  which  had  been  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  though  approved,  was  not 
carried  into  execution,  through  the  in- 
trigues of  the  queen  ;  and  Juvara,  rlisap- 
pointed  and  chagrined,  died  of  grief  at 
Madrid,  1735,  aged  50. 

Juvenal,  de  Carlencas  Felix,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Pezenas,  where  he  also 
died,  1760,  aged  81,  highly  respected  as 
an  amiable  private  character.  He  wrote, 
Principles  of  History — Essays,  on  the  His- 
tory of  the  Sciences — Belles  Lettres — the 
Arts. 

JuvENALis,  Dccius  Junius,  a  Roman 
poet,  celebrated  for  the  spirit,  boldness,  and 
elegance  of  his  satires,  not  unmixed,  how- 
ever, with  licentious  expressions  and  inde- 
cent remarks.  He  was  sent  in  honourable 
exile  as  governor  of  Egypt,  and  died  at 
Rome  under  Trajan,  128. 

JuvENCus,  Cassius  Vectius  Aquilinus,  a 
Spaniard,  of  noble  birth,  in  the  fourth 
century.  He  wrote  a  poem,  in  four  books, 
on  the  life  of  our  Saviour,  a  work  of  little 
merit. 

JuxoN,  William,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, was  born  at  Chichester,  and  educated 
at  Merchant-tailors'  and  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow, 
1598,  and  president  1621.  His  intimacy 
with  Laud,  who  was  of  the  same  college, 
raised  him  to  high  stations  :  in  1627  he  was 
made  dean  of  Worcester,  in  1633  clerk  of  the 
king's  closet,  the  next  year  bishop  of  Here-' 
ford,  and  before  consecration  translated  to 
London.  He  was,  in  163.1,  made  lord 
treasurer ;  but  whilst  these  high  appoint- 
ments offended  the  puritans,  and  drew 
their  indignation  against  the  ministry,  antl 
particularly  against  Laud,  Juxon  was  ex- 
emplary in  his  conduct,  and  irreproachable 
in  the  discharge  of  his  duties.  He  suffer- 
ed severely  during  the  rebellion  ;  and  after 
attending  his  royal  master  to  the  scaflbld, 
he  was  imprisoned  by  the  suspicious  par- 
liament, who  witched  him  to  disclose  the 
private  conversation  which  he  had  held 
witli  the  king,  but  without  effect.  At  the 
restoration,  Juxon  was  raised  to  the  see 
of  Canterbury.  He  died  4th  June,  1663, 
aged  81,  and  was  buried  in  St,  Johu's  cha* 
pel,  Oxford. 

147 


KAL 

JVABBETE,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
travelled  over  France  and  Italy  to  improve 
himself.  He  settled  afterwards  at  Amster- 
dam, where  he  died,  1660.  Some  of  his 
landscapes  and  ruins,  which  possess  great 
merit,  have  been  engraved  by  Perelles. 

Kahter,  John,  professor  of  poetry,  ma- 
thematics, and  theology  at  Hinlctz,  and 
member  of  the  society  of  Gottingen,  was 
born  at  Wolmar,  Hesse  Cassel,  1649.  He 
died  1729,  author  of  Dissertations  on  The- 
ology, Philosophy,  &c.  in  2  vols.  12mo. 

Kain,  Henry  Lewis  le,  a  celebrated 
actor,  born  at  Paris,  14th  April,  1728.  He 
was  originally  engaged  in  the  making  of 
surgical  instruments,  and  was  introduced 
to  Voltaire,  who  observed  and  cultivated 
his  talents,  and  enabled  him  to  appear  on 
the  French  theatre,  and  to  acquire  there 
such  celebrity  as  to  be  called  the  Garrick  of 
France.  Lewis  XV.  though  prejudiced 
against  him,  acknowledged  his  merit,  and 
all  France  followed  the  monarch's  example. 
In  the  expression  of  grief,  despair,  sensi- 
bility, and  all  the  strong  emotions  of  the 
mind,  Kain  had  no  superior.  His  first  ap- 
pearance on  the  stage  was  in  1750,  and  he 
died  at  Paris  of  an  inflammatory  fever,  8th 
Feb.  1778.  It  is  remarkable  that  Voltaire, 
who  foresaw  his  greatness,  was  never  pre- 
sent at  his  representations,  as  he  left 
France  for  Prussia  a  few  days  before  the 
appearance  of  his  friend  on  the  public  the- 
atre ;  and  after  an  absence  of  27  years,  he 
heard,  on  his  return  to  Paris,  that  Kain 
was  no  more.     Kain  left  two  children. 

Kalb,  Baron  de,  a  major-general  in  the 
American  army,  was  a  native  of  Germany, 
and  born  about  the  year  1717.  He  eriter- 
ed  the  French  army  in  early  life,  and 
in  a  service  of  forty-two  years,  rose  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general.  During  the 
war  of  1755  he  visited  the  American  colo- 
nies under  an  assumed  character,  for  the 
purpose  of  collecting  intelligence  for  the 
French  cabinet,  and  was  suspected  to  be  a 
spy,  and  seized,  but  eluded  detection.  Af- 
ter the  conquest  of  Canada  he  returned  to 
France.  In  1777  or  1778  he  returned  to  the 
United  States,  and  entered  the  American 
army  as  a  volunteer,  in  which  he  was  soon 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  major-general,  and 
intrusted  with  the  command  of  a  detach- 
ment sent  from  the  main  body  in  New-Jer- 
sey, to  reinforce  general  Lincoln.  After 
the  capture  of  Lincoln,  the  command  of 
the  whole  southern  army  devolved  upon 
him  till  the  an'ival  of  general  Gates.  At 
the  unfortunate  battle  near  Camden,  on  the 
15th  August,  he  commanded  the  right  wing 
of  the  army,  and  fell  mortally  wounded. 
14  S 


KAN 

Congress  voted  a  monument  to  his  meiifia" 
ly.  iCF-  L. 

Kale,  William,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
died  1693,  aged  63.  His  paintings  on 
gold  and  silver,  and  crystal  vases,  on  gems, 
and  other  precious  stones,  were  highly  ad- 
mired. 

Kalgreen,  N.  a  dramatic  writer  of  Swe- 
den. Besides  his  Gustavus  Vasa,  an  opera, 
&c.  he  wrote  some  lyric  poems,  and  died 
1798. 

Kalraat,  Barent  Van,  a  native  of 
Dordt,  eminent  as  a  painter.  His  views  of 
the  Rhine  possess  great  merit.  He  died 
1721,  aged  71. 

Kalubko,  Vincent,  a  Polish  historian, 
elected  bishop  of  Cracow  by  the  chapter. 
He  retired  to  a  monastery  of  the  Cister- 
cians, when  his  cathedral  was  burnt,  1218, 
by  lightning,  and  there  he  died,  1223.  He 
wrote  Chronicon  Regni  Poloniae,  in  the 
form  of  a  dialogue. 

Kam-hi,  emperor  of  China,  succeeded 
to  the  throne  1661.  He  was  the  grandson 
of  a  Tartar  prince,  who  had  in  1644  inva- 
ded and  conquered  China,  and  he  showed 
himself  a  liberal  patron  of  the  literature, 
and  of  the  arts  of  Europe,  and  of  the  la- 
bours of  Christian  missionaries.  Though 
well  acquainted  with  geography,  he  never 
would  suffer  a  map  to  appear  before  him, 
except  China  was  placed  in  the  midst  of 
the  earth.     He  died  1722,  aged  71. 

Kampen,  Jacob  Van,  a  native  of  Haer- 
lem,  born  1658,  and  eminent  as  a  painter. 
The  figures  in  his  pieces  are  generally  as 
large  as  life,  and  with  a  strong  and  happy- 
colouring  and  effect. 

Kandler,  John  Joachim,  an  ingenious 
artist,  employed  in  the  porcelain  manufac- 
tory of  Meissen.  His  figures  were  much 
admired  for  execution  and  grace,  especially 
his  St.  Paul,  the  scourging  of  Christ,  the 
death  of  St.  Xavier,  the  twelve  apostles, 
&c.  The  group  which  he  completed  at  the 
desire  of  Augustus  of  Poland,  for  Lewis 
XV.  was  deservedly  commended,  and 
procured  a  very  handsome  reward  from  the 
French  monarch.  Kandler  was  a  native 
of  Selingstadt,  in  Saxony,  and  died  1776, 
aged  70. 

Kanold,  John,  author  of  some  works  on 
the  plague — of  Memoirs  on  Nature  and 
Art,  in  German — a  periodical  work,  and 
other  things,  was  a  German  physician,  and 
died  at  Breslaw,  1729,  aged  50. 

Kant,  Immanuel,  a  native  of  Konigs- 
berg,  son  of  a  saddler,  descended  from  a 
Scotch  family,  of  the  name  of  Cant,  settled 
in  Prussia.  From  the  charity  school  of 
his  village,  he  removed  to  Fredericianum 
college,  and  th<m  in  1740  to  the  university. 


KEA 


KLL 


To  maintain  himself  he  now  befcamc  a  pri- 
vate tutor  in  a  clergyman's   family,  after- 
wards in  a  nobleman's,  and  then   returned 
to  the  university,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  M.A.  in  175;»,  and  became  a  public  tutor 
of  celebrity.     His  knowledge  was  very  ex- 
tensive,  and  his  publications   were  equally 
numerous,  but  he  paid  particular  attention 
to   metaphysics,  and   though    his    labours 
were  sometimes  obscure,  his  principles  and 
opinions  were  popular,  but   while  followed 
by  numbers,  he  found  himself  attacked  by 
Bome  severe  opponents.       He   died    r2th 
Feb.  1804,  aged  80.     His  works  are  on  the 
theory  of  the   winds — physical  tieograpby 
— Principles  of  Motion  and    Rest — \  olca- 
noes    in    the    Moon — the    Rotation  of  the 
Earth  on  its  Axis,  and  what  alterations  had 
taken  place,  &c. 

KASTiNER,  Abraham  Gothelf,  a  mathema- 
tician, was  born  at  Leipsic  in  1719.  He 
became  professor  of  mathematics  and  moral 
philosophy  at  Gottingen  ;  also  secretary  to 
the  Royal  Society  at  that  place,  and  keeper 
of  the  observatory.  He  died  in  1800. 
Among  other  works  he  wrote  "  A  History 
of  the  Mathematics  2  vols.  1797.— If".  B. 
Kateb,  a  Prussian  poet,  at  the  court  of 
the  Samanides.  He  wrote  some  moral 
poems  of  great  merit. 

Kauffmak,  Mary  Angelica,  a  female 
artist,  was  born  in  1740,  at  Coire,  in  Swit- 
zerland.    She  was  instructed  in  painting 


baptist  teacher,  who  died  at  the  beginning 
of  the  18th  century. 

Keate,  George,  a  native  of  Trowbridge, 
Wills,  educated  at  Kingston  .school.     Alter 
visiting  Geneva,  and  Voltaire,  and  making 
the  tour  of  Europe,   he   entered  at  the  In- 
ner-Temple,   and    was  railed   to   the  bar. 
Promotion  and  honours,  howe\er,  lollowed 
not  90  rapidly  as  he  expected,  and  he  quit- 
ted the   |)rofession    to   become   an   author. 
Among  other  things,  he  wrote,  Ancient  and 
Modern  Rome,  a  poem,  1760 — an  Account 
of  the  Pelew  I-lands,  liom  captain  Wihon's 
papers,    and  other  works.     He  died  1797, 
aged  68. 

Keating,  Jeflry,  a  clergyman  of  Tippc- 
rary,  author  of  the  hi<tory  of  the  poets  of 
his  own  country,  printed  in  London,  with 
the  genealogies  of  some  Irish  families.  He 
died  1650. 

Keble,  Joseph,  an  English  lawyer,  son 
of  Richard  Kcble,  sergeant  at  law  under 
Cromwell's  usurpation,   was  born  in   Lon- 
don, 1632.     He  was  of  Jesus-college,  Ox- 
ford, and  was  made  fellow  of  All-Souls,  by 
the  parliamentary  visiters,  1648.     He  set- 
tled afterwards  at  Gray's-Inn,  and  when  a 
barrister,   was   remarkable  for  his  regular 
and  constant  attendance  at  the   court  of 
king's  bench,  though  employed  in  no  cause. 
He  died  suddenly,  Aug.  1710.     He  publish- 
ed an  explanation  of  the  laws  against  re- 
cusants, 8vo.  1681 — an  Assistance  to  Jus- 
by  her  father,  who  next  took  her  for  farther     tices  of  the  peace,  &c.  folio, — Reports  from 
improvement  to  Rome  ;  from  whence  she     the   King's   Bench,   Westminster,   3   vols, 
removed   to  Venice,    where   she   found  a     folio — two   Essays  on  Human  Nature,  or 
friend   in  lady  Wentworth,  and  accompa-     the  Creation  of  Mankind,  and  on   Human 
nied  her  to    England.     In  this  country  she     Actions.     He  left  besides  in  MS.  above  100 
experienced  the  most  liberal  patronage,  and     large  folios,  and  50  thick  quartos, 
became  a  member  of  the  Royal  Academy.         Keckerman,   Bartholomew,   a  native  of 
She  married   Sir  A.   Zucehi,  a   Venetian     Dantzic,  who  studied  at  Wittemberg,  Leip- 


artist,  with  whom  she  returned  to  Italy, 
and  died  at  Rome  in  1807.  Bartolozzi  en- 
graved a  number  of  prints  from  her  de- 
signs.— W.  B. 

Kaunitz  Ritberg,  prince  of,  a  celebra- 
ted statesman,  for  40  years  chancellor  and 
prime  minister  of  Austria.  He  was  first 
ambassador  in  France,  and  by  negotiating 
the  marriage  of  Antoinette,  with  Lewis 
XVI.  he  acquired  great  consequence.  He 
served  with  fidelity,  Maria  Theresa,  Jo- 
seph II.  and  Leopold,  and  by  his  abilities 
and  intrigues,  gained  a  great  ascendency  in 
the  European  courts.  He  died  at  \  ienna, 
1794,  aged  84. 

Kat,  William,  a  native  of  Breda,  distin- 
guished as  a  historical  painter.  He  died 
1568,  aged  48,  it  is  said,  of  grief,  because 
the  duke  of  Alva,  while  sitting  to  him  for 
his  picture,  passed  sentence  of  death  on 
counts  Egmont  and  Hoorn. 

Keach,  Benjamin,  author  of  Travels  of 
True  Godliness,  in  the  ^tyle  of  Bunyan, 
and  of  Scripture  Metaphors,  in  folio,  re- 
printed 1777,  works  of  great  merit ;  was  a 


sic,  and  Heidelberg.  After  being  professor 
of  Hebrew  at  Heidelberg,  he  was  honour- 
ably invited  by  his  fellow-citizens  of  Dant- 
zic, to  come  and  settle  among  them.  He 
obeyed  their  summons,  1601,  but  he  fell  a 
sacrifice  to  his  intense  application  in  the 
education  of  youth,  and  in  the  pur-^uits  of 
literature,  and  died  1609,  aged  only  33. 
His  works,  which  are  learned,  though,  says 
G.  Vossius,  full  of  plagiarism,  were  collect- 
ed and  published  at  Geneva,  1614,  2  vols, 
folio. 

Keen'e,  Edmund,  an  English  bishop,  born 
at  Lynn,  Norfolk,  where  his  father  was  an 
alderman.  He  was  educated  at  Caius-coN 
lege,  Cambridge,  and  in  1740,  by  the  inter- 
ference of  his  brother,  the  English  ambas- 
sador in  Spain,  with  Walpole,  he  was  made 
rector  of  Stanhope,  Durham,  in  the  room 
of  bishop  Butler.  In  1748,  he  succeeded 
Dr.  Whallcy,  at  the  head  of  St.  Peter's 
college,  and  in  1750,  he  served  the  office  of 
vice-chancellor,  and  showed  himself  a 
warm  and  judicious  advocate  for  the  im- 
provement of  nnivcrsitv   discipline.      His 

149 


KEJ 


KEL 


eBbrts,  Iiowcver,  were  not  without  opposi- 
tion and  obloquy  ;  he  was  ridiculed  in  the 
prose  pamphlet,  "Fragment,"  and  in  the 
poem  called,  "  Capitale."  In  1752,  he  was 
made  bishop  of  Chester,  and  on  the  death 
of  Dr.  Mawson,  1770,  he  was  translated  to 
Ely.  In  this  new  appointment  he  obtained 
an  act  of  parliament,  to  alienate  the  old 
palace  of  Holborn,  belonging  to  his  see, 
and  for  building  a  new  one  in  Dover-street, 
and  thus  he  not  only  got  rid  of  a  great  in- 
cumbrance, but  added  an  annual  revenue  of 
5000/.  to  repair  and  maintain  his  palace. 
He  died  1781,  leaving  a  son,  who  was  mem- 
ber for  Cambridge,  and  a  daughter. 

Keill,  John,  an  eminent  mathematician, 
born  at  Edinburgh,  Dec.  1st,  1671.     After 
studying,  and  taking  the  degree  of  M.A.  in 
his  native  city,  he  followed  his  friend  and  tu- 
tor David  Gregory,  to  Oxford,  and  in  1694, 
entered  at  Baliol  as  a  Scotch  exhibitioner. 
Here  he   soon  acquired   celebrity,  as  being 
the  first  who  taught  Newton's  principles  by 
proper  experiments,  and  soon  became  better 
known    by  his  "  Examination   of  Burnet's 
Theory  of  the   Earth"  to  which  were  sub- 
joined "  Remarks  on  Whiston's  new  Theo- 
ry."    In  1700  he  was  appointed  deputy  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy  at  Oxford,  by 
Dr.    Millington,     and  the   next    year    he 
published  his   famous  treatise,  called  "  In- 
troductio  ad  Veram   Physicam,"  which  has 
been  considered  as  a  most  able  introduc- 
tion to   Newton's  Principia.     He  was  next 
elected  member  of  the  Royal  Society,  to 
whose  transactions   he  was  a  respectable 
contributor.     In  1709  he  was  made  trea- 
surer to    the  Palatines  going  to  settle  in 
New- England,  and   after   his   return,   the 
next  year,   he  was  appointed  Savilian  pro- 
fessor of  astronomy,  at  Oxford.     In  1711 
he  was  engaged  in  a  controversy  with  Leib- 
nitz,   and   ably  defended  the   claim  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  to  the  invention  of  fluxions, 
in  which  his  efforts  were  seconded  and  ap- 
proved by  the   Royal   Society,  against  the 
violent  attacks  of  the  foreign    philosopher. 
The  same  year  he  was  made  decipherer  to 
the  queen,  and  two  years  after  was  honour- 
ed with  the  degree  of  M.D.  by  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford.     His  edition  of  Comman- 
dinus'  Euclid,  appeared  1715,  and  171S  his 
Introductio  ad  Verani  Astronomiam,  trans- 
lated  by  himself  into    English,   at   the  re- 
quest of  the  dutchess  of  Chandos.     He  was 
carried  off  by  a  fever,  1st  Sept.  1721,  in  his 
.50th  year,  highly  respected.     He  was  mar- 
ried 1717. 

Keill,  James,  younger  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  27th 
March,  1673.  He  applied  himself  to  me- 
dical studies,  and  particularly  to  anatomy, 
and  had  for  his  merit,  the  degree  of  Al.D. 
conferred  upon  him  by  the  university  of 
Cambridge.  He  settled  at  Northampton, 
J703,  as  a  physician,  and  he  died  there  from 
15ft 


that  painful  disorder,  a  cancer  in  the  roof 
of  his  mouth  16th  July,  1719,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Giles's  church,  where  a  monu- 
ment was  erected  by  his  brother.  He  pub- 
lished an  account  of  Animal  Secretion— 
the  Quantity  of  Blood  in  the  Human 
Heart,  and  Muscular  Motion — Medicina 
Statica — Anatomy  of  the  Human  Body, 
8vo. — an  Account  of  the  Dissection  of 
John  Bayles,  aged  130 — a  Translation  of 
Lemery's  Chymistry,  and  papers  in  the 
philosophical  transactions. 

Keith,  James,  field-marshal  of  Prussia, 
the  younger   son   of  William  Keith,    earl 
marshal  of  Scotland,  was  born  1696.     He 
was  educated  under  Ruddiman,  and  intend- 
ed for  the  law,  but  the  breaking  out  of  the 
rebellion  showed  the  military  bent  of  his 
genius.     He  joined  the  Pretender,  and  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Sheriffmuir,  and 
then  fled  to  France,  where  he  applied  him- 
self to   mathematics,  and  the  studies  of  a 
military    life.      After    travelling    through 
Italy,  he  became  in  I7l7,  acquainted  with 
the  Czar  Peter,  but  he  refused  to  enter  into 
the   Russian  service,  and  went  to  Madrid, 
where  he  obtained  a  commission   in   the 
Irish  brigade.     He  afterwards  accompanied 
his   friend   and  patron,  the  duke  of  Lyria, 
in  his  embassy  to  Russia,  and  there  he  en- 
gaged in   the  service  of  the  Czarina,  was 
made    lieutenant-general,    and    honoured 
with  the  black  eagle.    Here  he  distinguish- 
ed  himself  in  the  wars  against  the  Turks 
and  the  Swedes,  as  well  as  in  negotiations  j 
but   dissatisfied   with   the   politics   of   the 
court,  and  the  servility  which  attended  his 
situation,  he  left  Russia,  and  came  to  Ber- 
lin, where  the   king  of  Prussia  raised  him 
to  great  honours,  and   made  him  governor 
of  his  capital,  and  field-marshal  of  his  ar- 
mies.   He  gained  so  strongly  the  confidence 
of  that  monarch,   that  he  was  his  counsel- 
lor in  the  cabinet,  and  his  companion  in  his 
relaxations,  and  he   attended   him   in   his 
travels    through    Germany,    Poland,    and 
Hungary.       After   distinguishing    himself 
as  a  warrior  and  a  politician  in  the  service 
of  his  new  master,   he  was  unfortunately 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Hohkerchen,  175S. 

Keith,  Sir  William,  governor  of  Penn- 
sylvania, entered  on  the  oflice  in  1717,  and 
exercised  an  administration  favourable  to 
the  colony  till  1726,  when  he  was  displaced 
through  the  influence  of  James  Logan.  He 
had  before  held  the  oflice  of  surveyor-gene- 
ral of  the  customs  in  America.  After  his 
return  to  England,  he  published  a 
History   of    Virginia.     He  died  in    1749. 

ICF-L. 
Keller,  James,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born  at 
Sekingen,  1568.  He  was  counsellor  to 
Albert  of  Bavaria,  and  the  confidential 
friend  of  the  emperor  Maximilian.  He 
died  at  Munich,  1631.  He  wrote  various 
Iwoks   under    fictitious    names;    but    his 


KEN 


iMysteria  Politica,  1035,  in  4to!  Iroui  its 
contents,  was  exposed  to  the  censures  of 
the  Sorbonnc,  arui  burnt  publicly. 

Kellet,  Edward,  a  famous  necroman- 
cer, born  at  Worcester,  1553,  and  educated 
at  Oxford,  which  he  left  w  ithout  a  degree. 
For  some  ill  conduct  in  Lancashire,  he  lost 
both  his  ears  at  Lancaster,  but  afterwards 
became  an  active  associate  to  Dr.  Dec,  and 
travelled  with  him  abroad,  and  ably  support- 
ed him  in  his  pretended  intercourse  with 
familiar  spirits.  By  his  celebrity,  and  his 
art  of  commuting  metals  into  gold,  he  re- 
commended himself  to  the  notice  of  the 
emperor  Rodolphus  IL  who  knighted  him, 
but  afterwards  dissatisfied  with  his  impos- 
tures, sent  him  a  prisoner  to  Prague.  Kel- 
icy  endeavoured  to  extricate  himself  from 
confinement,  but  he  fell  from  the  window 
of  his  apartment,  and  broke  both  his  legs, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  died  soon  after, 
1595.  His  works  were  a  poem  on  Chyinis- 
try — on  the  Philosopher's  Stone — a  Rela- 
tion of  what  passed  between  Dr.  Dee,  and 
certain  Spirits. 

Kelly,  Hugh,  an  Irishman,  who  from  a 
stay-maker,  became  a  hackney  writer  to  a 
lawyer  in  London,  and  then  turned  author. 
He  possessed  great  application,  and  wrote 
"vvith  fluency  and  success.  He  died  1777. 
His  works  are  Thespis,  a  poem,  after 
Churchill's  manner — False  Delicacy — a 
Word  to  the  Wise — School  for  Wives,  co- 
medies— Clementina,  a  tragedy — the  Ro- 
mance of  an  Hour,  a  comic  entertainment 
— the  Memoirs  of  a  Magdalen,  a  novel,  and 
some  periodical  works. 

Kellt,  John,  a  divine,  was  born  in  the 
Isle  of  Man,  in  1750.  Bishop  Hildesley 
employed  him  in  the  translation  of  the 
Bible  into  the  Manks  tongue  ;  after  which 
he  was  ordained  as  minister  of  the  episco- 

Eal  congregation  of  Ayr,  in  Scotland,  where 
e  was  engaged  by  the  duke  of  Gordon  to 
superintend  the  studies  of  the  marquis  of 
Huntley.  Through  this  patronage  he  ob- 
tained the  vicarage  of  Ardleigh,  and  next 
the  rectory  of  Copford,  in  Essex  ;  on 
which  he  entered  at  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  proceeded  to  the  de- 
gree of  doctor  of  laws  in  1799.  In  1803 
he  published  a  Grammar  of  the  Manks 
Language  ;  and  he  also  had  nearly  comple- 
ted a  Dictionary  of  the  Celtic  Tongue, 
when  the  sheets  were  destroyed  in  the  fire 
of  Mr.  Nichols,  the  printer.  Dr.  Kelly 
died  in  1S09.— IK.  B. 

Kemp,  John,  LL.D.  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  Columbia  college,  New-York, 
■was  born  at  Achlossan,  North  Britain, 
April  10th,  1763,  and  obtained  the  degree 
of  Master  of  Arts  at  Aberdeen,  in  1781, 
with  great  reputation  for  mathematical 
talents  and  knowledge.  About  the  close  of 
the  war  of  the  revolution  he  came  to  ^  ir- 
arinia;  and  not  long  after-  removed  to  New- 


York,  where,  in  17H5  he  waa  appointed 
teacher  of  mathematics  in  the  college,  and 
the  next  year  professor  of  that  department. 
He  also  instructed  in  Natural  Philosophy. 
In  1795,  he  was  appointed  profe«Bor  like- 
wise of  Geography,  History,  and  Chrono- 
logy ;  and  discharged  the  duties  of  ihoHC 
appointments  with  distinguished  tHletits  and 
fidelity.  He  died  November  1 5th,  l'il2, 
in  his  51st  year.  ]l-^''  L. 

Kemi'is,  Thomas,  a  famous  theologian, 
born  at  Kempen,  in  the  diocess  of  Cologne, 
13S0.  He  was  educated  at  Devciiler,  and 
afterwards  entered  among  the  mcml>ers  of 
the  monastery  of  Mount  St.  Agnes.  He 
here  displayed  great  piety,  patience,  and 
Bclf-mortification,  and  besides  transcribing 
books  of  devotion,  as  the  rest  of  his  bre- 
thren,he  composed  several  works  of  divinity, 
much  admired  by  the  jiapists.  He  died 
1471,  in  his  92d  year.  The  largest  edition 
of  his  works,  consisting  of  sermons,  pious 
treatises,  &.c.  is  in  3  vols,  folio,  Cologne, 
1680.  His  famous  book,  De  Imitationc 
Christi,  which  has  been  translated  into  all 
languages,  has  been  by  some  writers  ascri- 
bed to  Gerson,  a  Benedictine  monk.  This 
has  consequently  occasioned  not  a  little 
controversy. 

Ken,  Thomas,  an  English  prelate,  de- 
scendedfrom  anancient  Somersetshire  fami- 
ly, was  born  at  Berkhamstead,  Herts,  July, 
1637.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester,  and 
New  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became 
fellow,  1657.  He  was  patronised  by  bishop 
Morley,  and  afterwards  went  to  Holland, 
as  chaplain  to  the  princess  of  Orange.  In 
1683  he  went  with  lord  Dartmouth,  against 
Tangier,  and  on  his  return,  was  made  chap- 
lain to  the  king.  In  his  character  he  dis- 
played great  firmness  and  consistency  of 
conduct,  and  far  from  ofiending  his  royal 
master,  by  refusing  admittance  into  his 
house,  to  Eleanor  Gwyn,  the  favourite  mis- 
tress, he  received  higher  marks  of  esteem, 
and  was  nominated  to  the  vacant  see  of 
Bath  and  Wells.  Before  he  was,  however, 
admitted,  Charles  was  taken  ill,  and  was 
attended  by  his  faithful  chaplain,  whose  de- 
vout services  were  much  interrupted  by  the 
interference  of  popish  priests.  On  James's 
accession,  Ken  was  settled  in  his  see,  but 
though  attempts  were  made  to  render  him 
favourable  to  the  projected  alteration  of  the 
national  religion,  he  remained  steady  to  his 
principles,  and  was  one  of  the  seven  bi- 
shops sent  to  the  tower.  At  the  revolution 
he  was  unwilling  to  take  the  oaths  of  alle- 
giance to  the  new  monarch,  and  therefore 
retired,  and  was  deprived  of  his  bishopric. 
He  devoted  the  rest  of  his  life  to  literaiy 
and  piou^  pursuits,  and  was  so  much  re- 
spected for  his  steady  principles,  that  queen 
Anne  granted  him  a  pension  of  200/.  per 
annum.  He  died  at  Longleat,  the  seat  of 
the  Tbvnnes.  in  ^Vi!t«hire.  of  an  ulcer  in  his 

151 


KEN 


^EN 


kidneys,  19th  March,  1710-11.  He  wish- 
ed always  to  be  impressed  with  such  a 
sense  of  mortality  that  he  continually  car- 
ried his  shroud  in  his  portmanteau.  His 
works  were  published  4  vols.  1721,  and 
consist  of  hymns,  pious  manuals,  an  epic 
poem  in  13  books,  called  Edmund,  ser- 
mons, &c.  Hi.«  nephew,  Hawkins,  prefix- 
ed an  account  of  his  life.  Though  accused 
of  popish  principles,  he  died  in  the  faith  of 
the  church  of  England. 

Kendal,  George,  a  native  of  Dawlish, 
Devonshire,  educated  at  Exeter  college, 
Oxford,  and  made  by  bishop  Brownrigg, 
prebendary  of  Exeter,  and  in  1647,  rector 
of  Blissland,  Cornwall.  He  afterwards  re- 
moved to  a  benefice  in  London,  and  took 
his  degree  of  D.D.  1654.  Though  he  re- 
covered his  prebend  at  the  restoration,  he 
lost  it  and  all  his  preferment  in  1662  for 
nonconformity.  He  was  author  of  a  Vin- 
dication of  the  Doctrine  of  Grace  and  Spe- 
cial favour  to  the  Elect,  &c.  fol. — the  Doc- 
trine of  the  Perseverance  of  the  Saints, 
against  John  Goodwin,  fol.  &c. 

Kennedy,  John,  M.D.  a  Scotch  physi- 
cian, who  resided  for  some  years  at  Smyr- 
na, and  died  26th  Jan.  1760.  His  valua- 
ble collections  of  Greek  and  Latin  coins 
and  pictures,  were  sold  by  auction,  and  af- 
terwards came  into  the  possession  of  Dr. 
Hunter.  In  his  dissertation  on  the  coins 
of  Carausius,  Dr.  Kennedy  asserted  that 
Oriuna  was  the  emperor's  guardian  goddess, 
an  opinion  which  excited  a  violent  contro- 
versy between  him  and  Dr.  Stukely,  who 
supported  that  Oriuna  was  the  wife  of  Ca- 
rausius. 

Kennedy,  John,  rector  of  Bradley,  Der- 
byshire, was  author  of  Scripture  Chronolo- 
gy, 8vo.  1751 — Jackson's  Chronological 
Antiquities  Examined,  8vo.  1753,  &c. 

Kennedy,  James,  second  son  of  sir  W. 
Kennedy  by  Margaret,  daughter  of  Robert 
HL  king  of  Scotland,  was  educated  at  Paris 
and  Rome,  and  became  Regent  during  the 
minority  of  James  IL  He  was  archbishop 
of  St.  Andrew's,  and  the  founder  of  St. 
Mary's  college  there.  He  died  chancellor 
of  Scotland  1472,  aged  63. 

Kennet,  White,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Dover,  lOth  August,  1660.  His 
father  was  vicar  of  Postling  in  Kent,  and 
from  his  mother's  father,  a  wealthy  ship- 
wright, he  derived  the  name  of  White.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  school,  and 
entered  at  Edmund  hall,  Oxford,  where  he 
applied  himself  with  unusual  perseverance 
to  study,  and  published  his  letter  from  a 
student  concerning  the  approaching  parlia- 
ment, a  political  pamphlet  which  highly  of- 
fended the  wliig  party.  He  also  published 
at  this  time  his  "  Ballad,"  a  political  poem, 
and  in  1684  appeared  his  translation  of 
Erasmus'  Moriae  Encomium.  That  year 
he  took  his  degree  of  M.A.  a.nd  was  then 
152 


presented  t6  the  living  of  Ambrosden,  Ox- 
fordshire.  In  1689,  whilst  shooting,  his  gun 
burst,  and  wounded  his  skull  so  severely 
that  he  was  trepanned,  and  was  ever  after 
obliged  to  wear  a  black  patch  on  the  injured 
part.  He  distinguished  himself  at  Oxford 
as  an  eloquent  and  popular  preacher,  and 
as  an  active  tutor  in  his  hall,  and  in  1693 
he  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Shottes- 
brook,  in  Berkshire.  In  1699,  he  took  his 
degree  of  D.D.  and  the  next  year,  unsoli- 
cited, was  appointed  minister  of  St.  Bo- 
tolpb,  Aldgate,  London.  In  1701  he  be- 
came archdeacon  of  Huntingdon,  and  that 
year  engaged  with  Dr.  Atterbury  in  a  con- 
troversy about  the  rights  of  convocation. 
In  1705  he  preached  Dr.  Wake's  consecra- 
tion sf-rmon,  which  was  much  applauded, 
particularly  by  judge  Holt,  and  some  time 
after  was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  queen. 
His  sermon  at  the  funeral  of  the  duke  of 
Devonshire  in  1707,  notwithstanding  the 
censure  of  some  wits,  proved  very  agreea- 
ble to  the  next  duke,  who  recommended 
him  to  the  deanery  of  Peterborough.  The 
opposition  which  he  showed  to  Sacheve- 
rell  for  some  time  exposed  him  to  obloquy, 
and  when  the  ministry  were  changed  he 
was  represented  as  an  enemy  to  the  queen 
and  her  government.  The  imputation  was 
industriously  circulated,  and  with  such  ma- 
lignity that  in  an  altar  piece  painted  for 
Dr.  Welton,  rector  of  WTiitechapel,  Judas 
was  represented  in  the  number  of  the  12 
apostles  at  the  last  supper,  with  the  coun- 
tenance of  Dr.  Kennet,  and  more  strongly 
to  point  the  resemblance,  the  black  patch 
appeared  on  his  head.  The  picture  was 
viewed  and  condemned  by  the  sober  spec- 
tator, and  the  bishop  of  London  at  last  or- 
dered the  scandalous  piece  to  be  removed 
from  the  church.  His  popularity,  how- 
ever, was  not  diminished,  he  was  some  time 
after  promoted  to  the  see  of  Peterborough, 
which  he  enjoyed  ten  years.  He  died  in 
St.  James's  street,  London,  19th  Dec. 
1728.  He  had  begun  to  make  a  large  col- 
lection of  maps,  papers,  &c.  to  write  a  full 
history  of  the  propagation  of  Christianity  in 
the  English  American  colonies,  which  ne- 
ver was  completed.  He  wrote  the  third 
volume  of  "  a  Complete  History  of  Eng- 
land," published  by  the  booksellers  1706, 
besides  a  Vindication  of  the  Church — a 
Letter  to  the  Editors  of  Somner's  treatise 
of  the  Roman  Posts,  &c. — Sermons,  &c. 
His  valuable  MSS.  collection  was  purcha- 
sed by  the  earl  of  Shelburne,  and  a  curious 
MS.  diary  by  him  is  also  preserved  in  the 
noble  lord's  library. 

Kennet,  Basil,  younger  brother  of  the 
bishop,  was  born  21st  Oct.  1674,  at  Post- 
ling.  He  was  educated  at  Corpus  Christi 
college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow 
1697.  In  1706,  by  his  brother's  interest, 
he  was  made  chaplain  to  the  English  facto- 


KEN 


KEN 


ly  at  Leghorn,  but  so  violent  was  the  oppu- 
sition  wliicli  ho  met  from  the  papists, 
when  he  reached  Italy,  that  he  escaped 
with  ditficulty  the  horrors  of  the  inquisition. 
On  his  return  to  Oxford,  1714,  he  took  the 
degree  of  D.D.  but  died  very  soon  after  of 
a  slow  fever,  the  seeds  of  which  he  had 
brought  with  him  from  Italy.  Basil  Ken- 
net  was  distinguished  in  private  life  as  an 
amiable  and  benevolent  man,  and  as  an  au- 
thor his  works  are  suHicient  proof  of  his 
great  abilities.  He  published  in  1696,  Ro- 
mae  Antiquae  Notitia,  in  two  parts,  a  valua- 
ble book  addressed  to  the  duke  of  Glouces- 
ter— the  Lives  and  Characters  of  the  An- 
cient Greek  Poets,  8vo.  1697,  also  inscribed 
to  the  duke,  to  whom  it  was  expected  he 
was  to  be  appointed  sub-preceptor — an  Ex- 
position of  the  Apostle's  Creed  after  Dr. 
Pearson,  1705 — an  Essay  towards  a  Pa- 
raphrase on  the  Psalms,  &c.  8vo.  1706 — 
Sermons,  &c.  on  various  occasions,  1715, 
8vo. 

Kenneth  II.  the  69th  king  of  Scotland, 
succeeded  his  father  Alpin,  823.  He  made 
Avar  against  the  Picts  and  conquered  them, 
and  he  brought  the  famous  stone  chair  to 
Scone,  in  which  the  kings  of  Scotland  were 
crowned,  till  carried  to  England  by  Edward 
1.     He  died  854. 

Kenneth  III.  son  of  Malcolm,  obtained 
victories  over  the  Danes,  and  also  over  the 
English  at  Strathcluyd.  He  was  assassina- 
ted by  his  subjects  994,  for  attempting  to 
alter  the  right  of  succession  in  favour  of 
his  family. 

Kennicott,  Benjamin,  a  celebrated  He- 
brew scholar,  born  atTotness,  Devonshire, 
1718,  where  his  father  was  parish-clerk. 
His  talents  were  displayed  at  school  with 
such  success  that  by  the  liberal  contribu- 
tions of  some  gentlemen,  friendly  to  infant 
merit,  he  was  sent  to  Exeter  college,  Ox- 
ford. Here  he  devoted  himself  to  study 
with  so  much  assiduity,  that  by  the  publi- 
cation of  two  popular  dissertations — on  the 
Tree  of  Life — and  on  the  oblations  of  Cain 
and  Abel — he  obtained  the  degree  of  B.A. 
from  the  university,  gratis,  and  before  the 
statutable  term.  His  excellent  sermons 
next  recommended  him  to  public  notice, 
but  about  1753,  he  began  to  digest  the  plan 
of  his  great  and  national  labour,  the  publi- 
cation of  the  Hebrew  text  of  the  Bible  col- 
lated from  various  MSS.  In  this  arduous 
undertaking,  too  expensive  for  the  re- 
sources of  a  private  man,  he  was  nobly  sup- 
ported by  the  munificence  of  learned  bo- 
dies, and  even  of  sovereign  princes  ;  and 
to  accelerate,  and  indeed  remunerate  his 
labours,  he  was  made  canon  of  Christ 
Church,  and  keeper  of  the  IladelitTe  library. 
After  indefatigable  patience,  and  the  most 
laudable  perseverance,  he  completed  his 
great  undertaking.  The  compendious  hi§- 
*ory  of  the  Hebrew  t^xt,  from  the  closing 

Vol.  ir.  90 


ol  the  canon  to  thi;  invention  of  j>rinting, 
with  an  account  of  103  MSS.  appeared 
first;  in  17G()  the  proposals  for  collecting 
the  MSS.  at  home  and  abroad  were  laid 
before  the  public  ;  in  1776  the  fir»t  volume 
was  published,  and  in  17S0  his  hbours  were 
brought  to  a  conclusion  in  ihc  Slh  volume. 
After  thus  contributing  largely  to  the  im- 
provement of  Hebrew  literature  and  sacred 
criticism,  this  worthy  man  began  to  pub- 
lish some  remarks  on  select  passages  of  the 
Old  Testament,  but  died  before  the  com- 
pletion at  Oxford,  in  1783.  He  left  a  wi- 
dow, but  no  children.  He  was  vicar  of 
Culham,  Oxfordshire. 

Kenuick,  William,  a  native  of  Watford 
Herts,  wlio  from  the  humble  occupation  oi' 
a  rule  maker,  became  a  popular  writer.  He 
went  to  Leyden  to  improve  himself,  and  at 
his  return  in  1759  he  published  his  epistles, 
philosophical  and  moral,  in  verse.  In  1766 
appeared  his  "  FalstafT's  Wedding,"  a  co- 
medy, an  admirable  imitation  of  Shak- 
speare,  and  which  he  at  first  intended  to 
impose  on  the  world  as  the  production  of 
that  great  bard.  For  some  time  he  wrote 
in  the  Monthly  Review,  but  in  consequence 
of  a  dispute  with  the  principal,  he  set  up 
the  London  Review,  which  did  not  much 
answer.  He  was  equally  unsuccessful  in 
the  newspaper  which  he  began  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  Morning  Chronicle,  which, 
after  conducting  some  years,  he  aban- 
doned from  a  similar  quarrel.  He  trans- 
lated Rousseau's  Emilius  and  Eloisa — Mi- 
lot's  History  of  England,  and  other  works, 
and  produced  besides  various  dramatic 
pieces,  which  if  not  all  successful,  yet  pos- 
sessed merit.     He  died  1779. 

Kent,  William,  a  n?itive  of  Yorkshire, 
who  abandoned  the  business  of  coach  pain- 
ter for  the  superior  branches  of  the  profesr 
sion.  By  the  liberality  of  some  friends  he 
was  enabled,  in  1710,  to  go  to  Rome,  and 
improve  himself;  but  the  patronage  and 
confidence  of  Lord  Burlington  raised  him 
to  consequence  and  independence.  On  his 
return  to  London,  he  was  employed  in  va- 
rious works,  but  he  possessed  little  genius 
as  a  painter.  His  talents,  however,  dis- 
played themselves  soon  as  an  ingenious  and 
able  architect,  and  his  temple  of  Venus  in 
Stowe  gardens,  Holkham  house,  Norfolk, 
and  other  buildinys  are  monuments  of  his 
genius.  By  the  i.ifluence  of  lord  Burling- 
ton and  other  friends,  he  obtained  the  place 
of  master  carpenter,  architect,  painter, 
keeper  of  the  pictures,  &c.  to  the  king,  with 
a  salary  altogether  worth  600/.  per  ann. 
He  died  of  an  inflammation  in  his  bowels, 
at  Burlington-house,  r2th  April,  1748,  aged 
03.  He  may  be  deservedly  considered,  as 
Walpole  observes,  the  father  of  nxodern 
gardening  in  England. 

Kentigern,  or  St.  Mungo,  a  Scotch- 
man, educated,  according  to  Camden,  at 


KEP 


Ktl? 


Oxford,  and  made  bishop  of  Glasgow.  He 
■was  the  pupil  of  Palladius,  and  founded  St. 
Asaph  monastery  in  the  sixth  century. 

Kenyon,   Lloyd  lord,  an  English  judge, 
eldest  son  of  Lloyd  Kenyon   of   Briyno, 
Esq.  was  born  1733  at  (Jredington,  Flint- 
shire, and  on  leaving  Ruthin  school,  Den- 
bighshire, he  became  an  articled  clerk   to 
Tomlinson,  attorney  at  Nantwich,  Cheshire. 
On   leaving   Cheshire   he   entered  at  Lin- 
colns'-ii;n,   and  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
176L  Though  known  as  an  able  lawyer  and 
a  good  conveyancer,  and  much  employed 
in  chancery,  he  did  not  rapidly  rise  to  emi- 
nence till  in  1780  he  was  called  upon  with 
Erskine   to  defend  lord   George    Gordon. 
Distinguished  on  this  memorable  occasion, 
he  was  in  1782  made  attorney-general  and 
chief  justice  of  Chester,  and  elected  mem- 
ber of  parliament  for  Hindon,  Wilts.      He 
was  in  March,  1784,   made  master  of  the 
rolls,  and  on  lord  Mansfield's  resignation 
in  1788  he  was  by  the  recommendation  of 
lord   Thurlow  raised   to  succeed   him   as 
chief  justice  of  the  King's  bench,  with  the 
dignity  of  the  peerage.     In  this  elevated 
office  lord  Kenyon  endeared  himself  to  the 
people  of  England,   as  an  upright  and  im- 
partial judge,  as  the  friend  of  his  country, 
the  supporter  of  her  constitution,  the  advo- 
cate of  virtue,   and  the  unshaken  punisher 
of  vice,  however  great  or  powerful  the  of- 
fender.    Though  warm  in  his  temper  he 
never  suffered  justice  to  yield  to  prejudice 
or  passion,  but  regarded  the  strict  execu- 
tion of  the  law  as  the  firmest  bulwark  of 
national  honour.     The  death  of  his  eldest 
son,  a  young  man  of  promising  abilities,  in 
a  decline,  is  supposed  to  have  hastened  his 
dissolution,  by  producing,   in   consequence 
of  his  broken  spirits,  the  black  jaundice,  of 
ivhich  he  died  at  Bath,  2d  April,  1802,  aged 
C9.     He  left  two  sons,   George  his  succes- 
sor in  the  title,  and  Thomas. 

Kepler,  John,  a  celebrated  astronomer, 
born  27th  Dec.  1571,  at  Wiel,  in  the  dutchy 
of  Wirtemberg.     His  family  was  respecta- 
ble, though   his  father  was  reduced  from 
high  military  offices  to  the  humble  occupa- 
tion of  an  inn-keeper.     His  earliest  years 
tvere  not  improved  by  education,  but  on 
his  father's  death  he  went  to  Tubingen  uni- 
versity, where  he  studied  philosophy  and 
mathematics    with    great    attention,    and 
made  such  progi'css  that  in   1593  he  was 
invited  to  a  mathematical  chair  at  Gratz, 
in  Styria.     In  1597  he  married,   and  three 
years  after,  in  consequence  of  the  confu- 
sion which  prevailed  in  religion  and  poli- 
tics,  he  left  Styria  and  went  to  settle  in 
Bohemia   where   the   friendship  of  Tycho 
Brahc    bad    invited    him.      Tycho  intro- 
duced his  friend  to  the  emperor  Kodolphus, 
but  the  intimacy  which  it  was  fondly  ex- 
pected was   calculated   to   contribute  not 
onlv  to  the  advancement  of  science,  but  to 


mutual  comfort,  proved  the  source  of  dis- 
satisfaction and  distrust.     Kepler  was   of- 
fended with  the  reserve  of  his  friend,  and 
Tycho  did  not  communicate  all  the  know- 
ledge which  honour  and  promise  would  have 
dictated.     These  rising  dissensions,  how- 
ever, were  stopped  by  the  death  of  Tycho, 
and  Kepler  left  to  the  exertii-n  of  his  own 
powers,  was   directed  to  finish   the  tables 
begun  by  his  friend,  which  he  dedicated  to 
his  imperial  patron  under  the  title  of  Ro- 
dolphine    Tables.     But   though    appointed 
mathematician  to  the  emperor  for  life,  and 
though  respected  for  his  learning  and  abili- 
ties, Kepler  had  to  struggle  with  the  hor- 
rors of  poverty  through  the  jealousy  or  ma- 
lice of  the  imperial  ministers,  who  paid  him 
his  pension  with  a  very  sparing  hand,  so 
that  he  removed  from  Prague  to  Lintz,  and 
in  1613  assisted   at  the  assembly  at  Ratis- 
bon,  and  was  particularly  consulted  in  the 
reformation  of  the  calendar.     He  went  iri 
1630  to  Ratisbon  to  solicit  the  payment  of 
the  arrears  of  his  pension,  and  whilst  there 
he  was  seized  with  a  fever,   occasioned,  it 
is  said,  by  hard   riding,   and  fell  a  victim 
to  the  disease  in  Nov.  of  the  same  year. 
His  works  were,  besides   Ephemerides — 
Physica  Coelestis  Tradita  Commentarius  de 
Motibus  Stellae  Martis — Epitome  Astrono- 
micae    Copernicae — Somnium    Astronomi- 
cum  de    Astronomia    Lunari — Prodromus 
Dissertationum  Cosmographicarum,  &c.  a 
work  which  the  author  considered  as  his 
best  performance,  and  which  he  valued  so 
much  that  he  declared  he  would  not   ex- 
change the  glory  of  the  discoveries  which 
he  had  made  to  become  elector  of  Saxony. 
As   an   astronomer  Kepler  was  a  man  of 
high  celebrity,   whose  genius  and  discove- 
ries have  been   deservedly  commended  by 
Des   Cartes,    Newton,    Gregory,    Horrox, 
and   other  astronomers.     He  first  proved 
that  the  planets  do  not  move  in  circles,  but 
in  ellipses,  and  that  in  their  motions  they 
describe  equal  areas  in  equal   times,  and 
that  the  squares  of  their   periodical    times 
are  e(iual  to  the  cubes  of  their  distances. 
Yet  though  thus   the  worthy  precursor  of 
the  great   Newton,   he  maintains   puerile 
absurdities,  and  foolishly  imagines  that  the 
earth   has  a  sympathy   with    the   heavens, 
and  that  the  globe  is  a  huge  animal  which 
breathes  out  the  winds  through  the  holes 
of  the   mountains,  as  through  its  mouth 
and  nostrils.    After  his  death  his  wife  mar- 
ried  again.     His  son  Lewis  was  a  physi- 
cian  at  Konig.-iberg,   in  Prussia,  and  pub- 
lished his  father's  Somnium  Astronomicum, 
and  died  at  Konigsberg  1663. 

Keppel,  Augustus  Viscount,  second  son 
of  the  earl  of  Albemarle,  was  distinguished 
as  an  able  admiral.  He  accompanied  An- 
son round  the  world,  and  when  raised  to 
the  highest  honours  of  his  profession  he 
was  placedTTt  the  head  of  the  EHgli<^h  Chan" 


tim 


KCT 


3»d  fleet,  aiKl  on  the  12th  July,  1/78,  he 
engaged  the  French  <lcet,  uiuler  d'()rvil- 
liers,  ofl'Ushaut,  but  the  action  was  par- 
tial, and  the  next  day  when  the  admiral 
wished  to  renew  the  engagement  he  found 
it  impossible.  This  encounter  spread 
great  discontent  Ihrongh  the  nation,  and 
the  admiral  was  tried  at  Portsmouth,  on 
the  accusation  of  Sir  Hugh  Palliser,  the 
second  in  command,  and  honourably  ac- 
quitted. The  charge  was  retorted  by  the 
admiral,  and  Sir  Hugh  Palliser  was  cen- 
sured by  the  sentence  of  a  court-martial. 
In  17S2  the  admiral  was  made  a  peer,  and 
under  two  administrations  was  twice  made 
first  lord  of  the  admiralty.  He  was  an 
able  officer,  and  a  man  of  great  respecta- 
bility in  private  life,  and  it  is  much  to  be 
lamented  that  a  political  difference  be- 
tween him  and  the  second  in  command 
prevented  that  exertion  of  British  valour 
which  might  have  ensured  a  most  brilliant 
victory  to  the  fleet.     He  died  1786. 

Kerckchore,  Joseph  Van  der,  a  painter 
of  Bruges,  who  died  1724,  aged  55.  His 
council  of  the  Gods,  preserved  in  Ostend 
town-hall,  is  much  admired. 

Kerckrikg,  Thomas,  a  physician,  who 
lived  at  Hamburgh,  as  the  grand  duke  of 
Tuscany's  resident.  He  was  member  of 
the  London  Royal  Society,  and  obtained 
some  celebrity  in  his  profession.  He  died 
at  Hamburgh,  1693.  His  chief  works  are 
Spicelegium  Anatomicum,  4to. — and  x\n- 
thropogeniae  Ichnographia,  in  which  he 
supported  the  doctrine  of  an  ovary  in  the 
human  female. 

Kerguelin  de  Tremara,  Yves  Joseph, 
author  of  a  relation  of  a  voyage  in  the 
North  Sea,  4to.  1768 — naval  events  of  the 
war  between  France  and  England,  1778, 
&c.  was  a  naval  French  commander  of 
merit,  and  died  1797. 

Keri,  Francis  Borgia,  a  learned  Jesuit 
of  Hungary,  author  of  a  history  of  the  em- 
perors of  the  East,  from  Constantine  to  the 
fall  of  Constantinople,  and  of  the  Ottoman 
princes,  their  successors.  He  was  also 
an  able  astronomer,  and  made  some  im- 
provements in  the  telescope.  He  died  at 
Buda,  1769. 

Kerkherdere,  John  Gerard,  historio- 
graplier  to  the  emperor  Joseph  I.  was  born 
near  Maestricht,  1678,  and  died  1738.  He 
published  some  Latin  poems,  besides  a 
Commentary  on  Daniel,  and  a  Treatise  on 
the  Situation  of  the  Earthly  Paradise, 
which  he  placed  above  Babylon. 

Kersaint,  Armand  Guy  Simon,  count 
of,  a  native  of  Paris,  who  served  with 
credit  in  the  French  navy,  and  on  the 
breaking  out  of  the  revolution  took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  the  measures  of  the  national 
assembly.  He  was  attached  to  the  party 
the  Girondists,  and  therefore  in  the  conven- 
tion he  opposed  boldly  the  violent  mea- 


sures of  the  sanguinary  tcrrori'sts.  On  tht 
day  of  the  condemnation  uf  Lewis  XVI.  he 
had  the  magnanimity  to  resign  his  seat  in 
the  bloody  assembly,  iirid  when  called  to 
their  bar  he  with  undaunted  countenance 
defended  his  conduct.  So  much  virtue 
could  not  pass  unpunished  in  those  day:* 
of  slaughter.  He  was  discovered  in 
his  retreat,  and  dragged  before  the  re- 
volutionary tribunal,  and  condemned  to 
die,  5th  December,  1793.  He  was  then 
aged  52. 

Kersey,  John,  author  of  an  excellent 
book  in  folio,  called  "  the  Elements  of  Al- 
gebra"— of  an  English  Dictionary — and  of 
an  Edition  of  Wingate's  Arithmetic,  was 
born  at  Bodicott,  near  Banbury,  Oxford- 
shire, and  died  about  1690,  aged  74. 

Kervillars,  John  Marin  de,  a  Jesuit, 
who  translated  Ovid's  Fasti  and  Elegies  into 
French,  and  assisted  in  the  Memoires  de 
Trevoux.     He  died  at  Paris  1745. 

Kessel,  John  Van,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
born  1626.  His  flowers,  birds,  and  in- 
sects, executed  according  to  the  sea-sons  of 
the  year,  possessed  great  merit,  and  arc 
now  very  scarce.  His  portraits  were  after 
the  manner  of  Vandyk.  His  son  Ferdi- 
nand, who  was  also  eminent,  though  infe- 
rior to  his  father  in  the  execution  of  his 
pieces,  was  patronised  by  John  Sobieski  at 
Warsaw.  A  nephew  of  Kessel  also  settled 
at  Antwei'p,  and  acquired  celebrity  by 
painting  after  the  manner  of  Teniers'  Con- 
versations, &c. 

Ketel,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
came  to  England  and  painted  Elizabeth  and 
her  nobility.  On  his  return  to  Holland  he 
made  himself  ridiculous  by  his  attempting 
to  paint  with  his  fingers,  and  even  with  his 
toes.     He  died  1602. 

Kett,  William,  a  tanner  of  Norfolk, 
who  raised  and  headed  an  insurrection  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  VL  His  followers 
amounted  to  above  20,000  men,  and  by  in- 
veighing against  enclosures,  and  the  op- 
pression of  the  nobility,  he  increased  his 
influence  among  the  deluded  multitude.  He 
took  Norwich,  and  defeated  lord  Northamp- 
ton, but  was  after^vards  routed  by  Jord 
W^arwick,  and  hanged  with  some  of  his  as- 
sociates on  the  tree  which  he  had  called 
the  tree  of  reformation,  and  where  he  ad- 
ministered justice  and  issued  orders  to  his 
followers,  1549. 

Kettlewell,  John,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  North  Allerton,  Yorkshire,  lOth 
March,  1653.  After  an  education  in  his 
native  town,  he  entered  at  Edmund  hall, 
Oxford,  and  five  years  after  was  elected 
fellow  of  Lincoln,  where  he  became  an 
able  tutor.  By  his  publication  of  "  Mea- 
sures of  Christian  Obedience,"  1631,  he 
acquired  great  reputation,  and  was  patro- 
nised by  the  duchess  of  Bedford  and  by 
lord  Digbv,   who  gave  him  the  living  of 

155 


KH£ 


KIL 


Coleslull,  Warwickshire.  At  the  revolu- 
tion he  refused  to  take  the  oaths  of  allegi- 
ance, in  consequence  of  which  ho  was  de- 
prived of  his  living,  and  went  to  settle  in 
London,  where  he  was  respected  as  an  able 
Tvriter  and  good  divine.  He  died  of  a  con- 
sumption in  Gray's-Inn-lane  12th  April, 
1695,  and  was  buried  in  the  grave  which 
once  contained  Laud's  remains  at  Barking. 
He  is  represented  by  Nelson,  who  knew 
him  well,  as  an  amiable  man  in  private 
life,  benevolent,  learned,  and  humble.  His 
■works,  which  consisted  of  Religious  tracts, 
besides  tracts  upon  "  New  Oaths,"  the 
duty  of  Allegiance,  &c.  were  collected 
into  2  volumes,  folio,  1718,  with  his  life 
prefixed. 

Keulen,  Janssen  Van,  a  portrait  painter 
of  Dutch  extraction,  born  in  London,  and 
for  some  time  the  favourite  of  Charles  L 
and  of  the  English  court  before  the  intro- 
duction of  Vandyk.  Though  he  fell  in 
the  public  estimation  by  the  celebrity  of 
his  rival,  he  yet  had  the  good  sense  of 
Jiving  with  him  on  the  most  intimate  terms, 
and  died  1665. 

Keysler,  John  George,  a  German  anti- 
quary, fellow  of  the  London  Royal  Society, 
was  born  at  Thournau,  1689.  He  was  care- 
fully educated  at  the  university  of  Halle, 
and  then  travelled  as  tutor  to  the  two  sons 
of  count  Giech-Buchau,  and  visited  the 
chief  cities  of  Germany,  France,  and  the 
Netherlands  with  the  eyes  and  the  judgment 
of  a  philosopher.  He  afterwards  under- 
took the  care  of  the  t^vo  grandsons  of 
baron  Bernstorf,  minister  of  state  to  the 
elector  of  Hanover,  and  after  viewing  in 
their  company  the  chief  places  on  the  con- 
tinent, he  came  to  England,  where  he  was 
received  with  all  the  respect  due  to  learn- 
ing and  eminent  virtue.  He  was  admitted 
fellow  of  the  London  Royal  Society,  and 
deserved  it  by  his  explication  of  Stone- 
Henge,  which  he  called  an  Anglo-Saxon 
monument,  and  by  a  dissertation  on  the 
mistletoe  of  the  Druids.  He  spent  the 
rest  of  life  in  tranquil  and  honourable  re- 
tirement, under  the  patronage  of  his  pupils, 
and  died  20th  June,  1743,  aged  54,  of  an 
asthma.  As  he  was  an  able  antiquarian,  he 
published  Antiquitates  Selectae  Septentrio- 
nales  et  Celticae,  &c.  Hanover,  12mo.  1720 
— besides  Travels  through  Germany,  Bo- 
hemia, Hungary,  &c.  translated  into  Eng- 
lish, 1756. 

Kheraskof,  Michael,  a  Russian  poet  of 
the  iSth  century,  made  vice-president  of 
the  college  of  mines,  counsellor  of  state, 
and  curator  of  Moscow  university.  -  He 
wrote  a  poem  on  the  Utility  of  Science — 
some  tragedies — Pindaric  odes,  fables, 
idyls,  satires — Ariadne  and  Theseus,  a  ro- 
mance— Numa  Pompilius,  a  poem  in  four 
cantos,  besides  "  Rossiada,"  an  epic  poem 
in  12  cantos,  which  celebrates  in  animated 
and  sublime,  though  occasionally  in  unhar- 
1 56 


monious  verse,  the  conquest  of  Casan  by 
Ivan  Vassilevitch  H. 

Khilhof,  Prince,  a  Russian  nobleman, 
ambassador  to  Charles  XIL  of  Sweden,  and 
ungenerously  thrown  into  prison  when  that 
monarch  undertook  war  against  Russia. 
After  18  years'  confinement,  he  died  in  the 
prison  of  Westeras,  just  as  he  was  going  to 
be  restored  to  liberty,  1718.  During  his 
imprisonment  he  wrote  the  Kernel  of  the 
Russian  History,  in  seven  books,  to  his 
own  times,  which,  though  an  abridgment, 
possesses  considerable  merit,  and  was  pub- 
lished in  1770  by  Muller  in  8vo. 

Kick,  Cornelius,  a  painter  of  Amster- 
dam, of  great  merit.  His  flowers  were  re- 
presented with  such  brilliancy  that  they  ex- 
hibited all  the  freshness  and  beauty  of  na- 
ture.    He  died  1675,  aged  40. 

Kidder,  Richard,  a  learned  prelate,  born 
in  Suffolk,  or  as  Wood  says,  in  Sussex.  In 
1649,  he  entered  at  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  obtained  from  that  society  the 
living  of  Stanground,  Hun^'.ngdonshire, 
from  which  he  was  ejected  in  1662,  for 
nonconformity.  He,  however,  afterwards 
conformed,  and  obtained  from  lord  Essex 
the  rectory  of  Raine  in  Essex,  and  in  1674 
the  living  of  St.  Martin  Outwhich,  London. 
In  1681,  he  was  made  piebendary  of  Nor- 
wich, and  in  1698  dean  of  Peterborough. 
On  the  deprivation  of  Ken  for  refusing  to 
take  the  oaths  of  allegiance  to  William  and 
Mary,  1691,  he  was  appointed  in  his  place 
to  the  see  of  Bath  and  Wells.  He  was  un- 
fortunately killed  in  his  bed  with  his  lady, 
by  the  fall  of  a  stack  of  chimnies  in  his  pa- 
lace at  Wells,  in  the  great  storm  which 
happened  in  the  night  between  the  26th 
and  27th  Nov.  1703.  He  was  privately 
buried  in  the  cathedral.  Dr.  Kidder  was 
an  elegant  and  learned  writer,  and  a  most 
able  divine.  His  publications  were  ser- 
mons preached  at  Boyle's  lectures,  and  in- 
serted in  "  Demonstration  of  the  Messias," 
in  three  parts — a  commentary  on  the  five 
books  of  Moses,  &c.  2  vols.  8vo.  besides 
some  controversial  tracts,  &c. 

Kien-Long,  emperor  of  China,  died  at 
the  end  of  the  18th  century,  after  a  reign 
of  60  years,  at  the  age  of  90.  When  lord 
Macartney  appeared  at  his  court,  he  gave 
him  some  of  his  verses  to  be  presented  to 
the  English  king.  In  his  character  he  ap- 
peared to  be  a  popular,  sensible,  and  bene- 
volent monarch. 

Kierings,  Alexander,  a  Dutch  painter 
of  Utrecht,  who  died  1646,  aged  56.  His 
landscapes  were  much  admired  for  correct- 
ness, so  that  even  the  fibres  of  trees  were 
distinctly  seen  in  his  pieces. 

KiLBURN,  Richard,  author  of  a  survey  of 
Kent,  published  1659  in  4to.  in  his  54tB 
year,  was  a  native  of  Kent. 

KiLBTE,  Richard,  a  native  of  Radcliffe, 
Leicestershire,  was  fellow  of  Lincoln  col- 
lege, Oxford,  1577,  and  was  elected  rector 


KIL 


KLL 


in  1 590.  He  was  afterwards  Hebrew  pro- 
fessor in  the  university,  and  obtained  a  pre- 
bend in  Lincoln  cathedral,  and  was  one  of 
the  translators  of  the  present  Bible.  He 
was  also  author  of  some  sermons,  and  died 
1620. 

KiLBTE,  Richard,  a  minister  of  All-hal- 
lows, in  Derby,  who  wrote  the  Burden  of  a 
Loaded  Conscience,  often  reprinted,  and 
died  1617. 

KiLiAN,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Brabant, 
for  fifty  yeai's  corrector  of  the  press  to  Plan- 
tin.  He  published  Etymologicon  Lingua; 
Teutonics: — some  Latin  poems — an  apolo- 
gy for  correctors  of  the  press,  against  au- 
thors.    He  died  1607. 

KiLLEN,  William,  chancellor  of  Dela- 
ware, a  native  of  Ireland,  came  to  America 
in  early  life,  and  settled  at  Wilmington, 
where,  after  having  gained  a  respectable 
knowledge  of  the  classics,  and  studied 
law,  he  became  an  attorney  and  soon  gain- 
ed distinction  in  the  profession.  Soon  af- 
ter the  separation  of  the  colonies  from 
Great  Britain,  he  was  appointed  chief-jus- 
lice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Delaware,  and 
in  1793  became  chancellor  of  that  state. 
He  held  that  office  with  a  high  reputation 
for  ability  and  integrity  till  1801,  when  he 
resigned.  He  died  on  the  3d  of  October, 
1805.  IC?"  L. 

KiLLiGREW,  Catharine,  daughter  of  Sir 
Anthony  Cook,  was  born  about  1530,  at 
Giddy-hall,  Essex,  and  married  Mr.  Henry 
Killigrew,  who,  for  his  services  as  ambas- 
sador, was  knighted.  To  a  great  genius 
she  joined  an  extensive  knowledge  of 
Greek,  Hebrew,  and  Latin,  and  wrote 
verses  with  elegance.  She  died  about 
1600. 

Killigrew,  William,  son  of  Sir  Robert 
Killigrew,  was  born  at  Hanworth,  Middle- 
sex, 1605,  and  after  three  years'  residence 
at  St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  he  travelled 
abroad.  At  his  return,  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  Pendennis  castle  and  Falmouth 
haven,  Cornwall,  and  gentleman-usher  of 
the  privy  chamber  to  Charles  L  He  suf- 
fered severely  during  the  civil  wars,  for  his 
attachment  to  the  royal  cause,  but  at  the 
restoration  he  was  again  taken  into  favour 
and  made  vice-chamberlain  to  the  king,  an 
office  in  which  he  continued  twenty-two 
years.  He  died  1693,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster-abbey.  He  wrote  four  plays, 
the  siege  of  Urbin,  Selindra,  Ormasdes,  or 
Love  and  Friendship,  Pandora,  published 
at  Oxford,  1666,  in  folio,  besides  Mid- 
night and  Daily  Thoughts  in  prose  and 
verse  " 
Thou 
Svo 

Killigrew,  Thomas,  brother  to  the 
preceding,  page  to  Charles  L  and  groom 
of  the  chamber  to  Charles  H.  was  born 
1611^   He  visited  Spain,  France,  and  Italy. 


,      Svo. — The      Artless 
hts  of  a  Gentleman  at  Court,  &,c 
to. 


Midnight 


and  for  some  time  was  English  resident  ut 
Venice.  He  wrote  11  plays,  collected  into 
one  folio  volume,  1(164,  besides  other 
things.  He  was  twice  married,  and  died 
1682,  and  was  buried  in  Wc-tiiiinHt(  r-ab- 
bey.  He  was  a  man  of  gnat  « it,  -.md  in 
his  facetious  company  CharlcH  II.  passed 
many  a  vacant  hour  in  the  lu(;li(  st  familia- 
rity. Though  remarkably  jocular  in  con- 
versation, his  writings  display  little  of  that 
vein  of  humour. 

Killigrew,  Henry,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  1612.  He  was  of  Christ 
church,  Oxford,  and  then  became  chaplain 
in  the  king's  army,  and  in  1642  was  created 
D.D.  and  made  chaplain  to  the  duke  of 
York  and  prebendary  of  Westminster.  Af- 
ter suflering  during  the  civil  wars,  he  was, 
at  the  restoration,  reinstated  in  his  prebend, 
and  made  master  of  the  Savoy  hospital, 
and  rector  of  Wheatamstead,  Hertford- 
shire. He  wrote  at  the  age  of  17  the  Con- 
spiracy, a  tragedy,  afterwards  altered  into 
Pallantus  and  Eudora,  1652.  He  also 
published  some  sermons,  &.c.  and  died 
about  1690. 

Killigrew,  Anne,  called  by  Wood  "  a 
grace  for  beauty,  and  a  muse  for  wit,"  was 
daughter  of  Henry  just  mentioned.  To  a 
highly  finished  education  she  added  great 
skill  in  painting,  and  drew  the  picture  of 
the  duke  of  York,  and  of  the  dutchess  to 
whom  she  was  maid  of  honour.  This  ex- 
cellent woman,  admired  for  piety  and  be- 
nevolence, as  well  as  learning,  died  of  the 
small-pox,  June,  1685,  and  she  had  the  fe- 
licity of  having  her  merits  celebrated  by  the 
energetic  muse  of  Dryden.  In  1686  ap- 
peared her  *'  poems"  in  4to. 

Killigrew,  Margaret,  known  as  the 
writer  of  13  folio  volumes,  was  daughter  of 
Thomas  Lucas,  and  second  wife  of  W.  Ca- 
vendish, duke  of  Newcastle.  The  life  of 
this  her  husband  is  the  best  of  her  works, 
and  it  has  been  translated  into  Latin.  She 
died  1673. 

KiLWARDEN,  Arthur  Wolfe  lord,  an 
Irish  judge.  Though  born  of  an  obscure 
family,  he  received  a  liberal  education,  and 
after  some  residence  at  Trinity  college, 
Dublin,  he  was  called  to  the  bar  1766.  His 
abilities  gradually  recommended  him,  he 
became  king's  counsel,  was  chosen  member 
of  parliament,  and  in  1787  made  solicitor- 
general,  and  in  1789  attorney-general. 
The  death  of  Lord  Clonmel  opened  his  way 
to  the  dignity  of  chief-justice  of  the  king's 
bench,  in  which  high  office  all  his  measures 
were  conducted  with  wisdom, integrity,  and 
justice.  The  moderation  and  impartiahty 
of  his  public  life,  and  his  private  virtues, 
however,  were  not  proof  against  the  vio- 
lence of  a  blood-thirsty  mob.  During  a 
popular  insurrection  in  the  streets  of  Dub- 
lin, he  was  met  by  an  armed  multitude,  as 
he  returned  from  the  country,  and  his  car- 

157 


KYS 


KIN 


jfiage  was  iaimediately  surrounded  by  tLe 
ferocious  rabble,  and  he  and  his  nephew, 
the  Rev.  Richard  Wolfe,  were  dragged 
away  and  piked  to  death  in  Thomas-street, 
Dublin,  23d  July,  1803.  His  daughter, 
■who  was  with  him  in  the  coach,  was  spared 
by  the  murderers,  one  of  whom  courteous- 
ly protected  her,  and  conveyed  her  to  a 
place  of  safety.  The  last  words  of  the  ex- 
|)iring  judge  were,  that  no  viohnt  punish- 
ment should  be  inflicted  on  his  murdereis, 
but  that  they  might  be  impartially  tried  by 
the  law. 

KiMBER,  Isaac,  a  native  of  Wantage, 
Berks,  known  as  a  dissenting  divine,  and 
eminent  as  the  author  of  the  life  of  Oliver 
Cromwell,  8vo. — History  of  England,  4 
vols.  8vo. — Life  of  Bishop  Beveridge,  pre- 
fixed to  his  works — Tiventy  posthumous 
sermons,  &c.  He  was  also  for  some  years 
engaged  in  the  London  magazine,  and  died 
in  London,  1758,  aged  66. 

KiMBER,  Edward,  son  of  the  preceding, 
left  the  trade  of  a  bookseller  for  the  army, 
and  served  with  credit  in  America.  He 
was,  after  his  father,  editor  of  the  London 
Magazine,  and  wrote  a  history  of  England, 
10  vols.  Svo. — the  Pocket  Peerage  of  Eng- 
land, Scotland,  and  Ireland — besides  Joe 
Thompson,  a  novel,  and  other  works.  He 
died  1769,  aged  50. 

KiMCHi,  David,  a  Jewish  rabbi  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  13th  century,  born  in  Spain. 
His  commentary  on  the  Old  Testament  is 
much  valued,  as  well  as  his  Hebrew  dic- 
tionary, best  edited  1506,  folio,  and  Gram- 
mar, 1545.  He  was,  in  consequence  of 
his  learning  and  eloquence,  appointed 
1232,  to  settle  the  disputes  between  the  sy- 
nagogues of  France  and  Spain,  about  the 
works  of  Maimonides.  His  brothers  Jo- 
seph and  Moses  were  likewise  eminent  in 
literature. 

KiNASTON,  Francis,  son  of  Sir  Edward, 
was  born  in  Shropshire,  and  educated  at 
Oriel  college,  Oxford.  He  took  his  mas- 
ter's degree  at  Cambridge,  and  when  intro- 
duced at  court  was  knighted.  He  transla- 
ted into  Latin  Chaucer's  Troilus  and  Cres- 
sida,  and  also  published  in  1636  the  consti- 
tutions of  the  Musaeum  Minervae,  a  learned 
society,  of  which  he  was  the  first  president. 
He  died  1642. 

King,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born  at 
Wornall,  Bucks,  1559,  and  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  Christ  church, 
Oxford.  He  became  chaplain  to  queen 
Elizabeth,  dean  of  his  college,  1605,  and 
bishop  of  London,  1611.  He  died  30th 
March,  1621.  He  was  an  eloquent  speak- 
er in  the  star  chamber,  according  to  Coke, 
and  so  eminent  as  a  preacher,  that  king 
James  called  him  the  king  of  preachers. 
He  published  lectures  on  Jonah,  besides 
sermons. 

158 


King,  Henry,  son  of  the  preceding,  waa 
born  at  Wornall,  Jan.  1591,  and  educated 
partly  at  Thame  school,  and  Westminster, 
and  admitted  student  of  Christ  church, 
1608.  He  was  chaplain  to  James  I.  and 
was  made  archdeacon  of  Colchester,  canon 
of  Christ  church,  and  in  1638  dean  of  Ro- 
chester, and  1641  bishop  of  Chichester. 
Though  suspected  with  truth  of  puritanical 
principles,  he  was  treated  with  great  harsh- 
ness during  the  civil  wars.  At  the  resto- 
ration he  r<iCovered  his  bishopric,  and  died 
Oct.  1669,  universally  esteemed  as  the 
epitome  of  all  honours  and  virtues.  He 
published  Sermons — Exposition  of  the 
Lord's  Prayer — the  Psalms  of  David  turned 
into  metre — poems,  elegies,  sonnets,  &c. 
— Latin  and  Greek  poems. 

King,  John,  second  son  of  the  bishop  of 
London,  was  student,  and  afterwards  canon 
of  Christ  church,  Oxford,  and  canon  of 
Windsor.  He  was  also  public  orator  of  the 
university,  and  died  1639.  He  is  author 
of  Oratio  Panegyrica  de  Caroli  Principis  in 
Hispan.  Adventu — Gratulatio  pro  Carolo 
Reduce,  &c. — Cenotaphium  Jacobi,  &c. — 
besides  sermons. 

King,  Edward,  a  promising  young  man, 
fellow  of  Christ's  college,  Cambridge,  1633^ 
He  was  soon  after  drowned  as  he  was  pass- 
ing from  Chester  to  Ireland,  a  melancholy 
circumstance  which  gave  birth  to  the  beau- 
tiful poem  of  Lycidas,  by  his  friend  Milton. 
A  collection  of  his  poems  has  been  publish- 
ed, which  does  credit  to  his  abilities  as  a 
favourite  of  Apollo. 

King,  William,  a  humourous  English 
writer,  born  in  London,  16G3,  and  educated 
at  Westminster  school,  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  student.  In  1688 
he  appeared  before  the  public  as  the  defend- 
er of  Wickliffe  against  the  calumnies  of 
Varillas,  in  a  manner  strongly  expressive 
of  his  wit  and  learning,  and  at  the  same 
time  he  determined  to  follow  the  law  as  his 
profession.  He  took  his  degree  of  LL.D. 
1692,  and  by  the  favour  of  Tillotson,  the 
primate,  was  admitted  to  plead  in  the  courts 
of  civil  and  ecclesiastical  law.  In  1694 
his  Animadversion  on  Molesworth's  pre- 
tended Account  of  Denmark,  which  had  of- 
fended the  Danes,  was  so  much  approved, 
that  he  was  appointed  secretary  to  the 
princess  Anne  of  Denmark.  In  1697  the 
literary  world  was  engaged  in  the  contro- 
versy about  the  epistles  of  Fhalaris,  and 
Dr.  King  published  on  the  occasion,  two 
letters  addressed  to  Mr.  Boyle,  for  which 
he  was  severely  handled  by  Dr.  Bcntley. 
Though  fully  qualified  to  shine  as  an  advo- 
cate, as  he  evinced  in  the  case  of  lord  An- 
glesea's  divorce,  yet  he  shrunk  from  the  la- 
borious fatigues  of  active  busine&s,  better 
pleased  with  the  character  of  a  polite  wri- 
ter, whose  powers  were  occasionally  called 
into  action  by  a  spirit  of  satire,  or  the  wi-sli 


KIJS 


KIN 


to  umuse  by  facetious  sallies.    By  degtees, 
however,  a  comfortable  independence  was 
dissipated  in  pleasure  and  iiuloleiiee  ;    and 
Dr.  King  was,  b}  tbe  interest  of  his  friends, 
lords  Rochester  and  Pembroke,  appointed, 
al)out  1702,  judge  of  the  high  court  of  the 
admiralty  in  Ireland,  sole  commissioner  of 
prizes,  keeper  ol    the  records  in    Birming- 
ham tower,  and  vicar-general  to   the  pri- 
mate.    These  honouralile  and  lucrative  of- 
fices, however,  could  not  tix  the  giddy  at- 
tention of  Dr.  King  ;   he  preferred  wit  and 
the  muses  to  active  life  and  independence, 
and  resigned  all  his  employments,  and  re- 
turned to  London  about  17U8.     In  1710  he 
was  engaged  with  Swift,  Oldsworth,  Mrs. 
Manley,   and  others  in  the  publication  of 
the  Examiner,  in  vindication  of  the  queen's 
measures,  and  of  the  new  ministry  ;  and  at 
the  trial  of  Sacheverell,   he  employed   his 
pen  in  the  happiest  vein  of  satire   against 
the  Whigs.     In  1711  he  was,  hy  the  friend- 
ship of  Swift,  appointed  to  the  office  of  ga- 
zetteer, worth  250/.  per  annum.     But  such 
was  the  indolence  of  his  disposition,   and 
the  fickleness  of  his  mind,  that  oppressed 
with  the  idea  of  sitting  up  occasionally  till 
three  or  four  o'clock,  to  correct  the  press, 
he  resigned  the  appointment  the  midsum- 
mer, next  year.     He  soon   after  found  his 
health  decline,  and  shutting  himself  up  for 
some   time  against  all  society,  he  died  at 
some   lodgings   opposite    Somerset-house, 
provided  him  by  his  friend,  lord  Clarendon, 
25th  Dec.  1712.     He  was  interred   in  the 
north  cloisters  of  ^^  estminster-abbey.  This 
singular  man,  though   apparently   charge 
able  with  levity,  was  in  his  real  character, 
virtuous  and  religious,  in  his  dealings  con- 
scientious, and  though  fond  of  trifles,  en- 
tertaining in  his  conversation,  sincere  and 
benevolent  in  his  disposition,  and  so  tender- 
hearted that  tears  would  often  flow   pro- 
fusely on  the  least  moving  occasion.     Be- 
sides  the   pieces    already   mentioned,   he 
wrote.    Historical    Account    of    Heathen 
Gods  and  Heroes,  for  the  use  of  Westmin- 
ster school — the  life  of  M.  A.  Antoninus, 
from  Madame    Dacier — Dialogues  of  the 
Dead — a  Journey  to  London,  after  the  man- 
ner  of    Lister — the    Transactioueer — the 
Art  of  Love — the  Art  of  Cookery — Rufinus, 
&e. — Britain's    Palladium.      His  original 
works  in  verse  and  prose  were  published, 
3  vols.  8vo.  1776. 

King,  William,  archbishop  of  Dublin, 
was  born  at  Antrim,  1st  Dec.  1650,  and 
educated  at  the  school  of  Dungannon,  after 
which  he  entered  at  Trinity  college,  Dub- 
lin. He  was  patronised  by  archbishop  Par- 
ker, of  Tuam,  and  soon  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  abilities  as  a  writer  in  defence 
of  the  i)rotestant  cause  in  Ireland.  He  en- 
tered the  lists  against  Manby,  dean  of  Lon- 
donderry, who  had  lately  become  a  eon- 
vert  to  the  catholic  faith,  and  who  vindi- 


cated his  conduct  in  a  pamphlet.     His  ex- 
ertions in  this  controversy  appeared  so  rm- 
ritoriou.i  that  he  was  madi;  dean  of  St.  Pa- 
trick, and  became  a  mo><t  active  and  inde- 
fatigable supporter  of  the  revolution,  though 
exposed  to  personal  danger  and  constant 
persecution  in  conse(|uen<.e  of  the  tempora- 
ry success  of  the  catholics,  and  o(  the  cause 
of  James  U.    in  Ireland.     After  the  battle 
of  the  Boyne,  he  was  promoted  to  the  sec 
of   Derry.     In    16'J1    he    published,   "  the 
State  of  the  Protestants  in  Ireland,  under 
James  II."   and  afterwards  applied   hinij+elf 
sedulou.-ly  to  promote  union   and  concord 
in  his  diocess.     In  1702  appeared  in  4to. 
his  celebrated  work,   "  Dc  Origine  Mali," 
in  which   he  supports  that  the  evils  which 
exist  in  the  world  are  not  inconsistent  with 
the  goodness  of  God.     This  able  perform- 
ance,  though  well   received   at  home,  ex- 
cited the  censure   of  foreign  critics,   and 
among  others  was  opposed  by   Bayle  and 
Leibnitz.     The  work  was  translated  into 
English  by  Edfti.  Law,  afterwards  bishop  of 
Carlisle,  with  notes,  &.c.  and  a  refutation  of 
the  several  opinions  which  militated  against 
the  doctrine  of  the  author.  The  third  edition 
of  the  translation,  2  vols.  8vo.   appeared 
1739.     In   1702  he  was  translated  to  the 
see  of  Dublin,  and  at  three  difterent  times 
was  one  of  the  lords  justices  of  Ireland. 
He  died  at  Dublin,   8th   May,  1729.     His 
other  works  were,  a  Discourse  concerning 
the  Inventions  of  Men  in  the  Worship  of 
God,  1694,  which  engaged  him  in  a  contro- 
versy with  Boyce,  one  of  the  dissenters  of 
his  diocess — sermons,  &c. 

King,  Peter,  chancellor  of  England,  was 
born  at  Exeter,  1669.  His  father,  who 
was  a  grocer  and  salter,  intended  him  for 
an  assistant  in  his  business  :  but  the  son, 
after  being  engaged  some  years  in  the  shop, 
at  last  broke  from  the  obscurity  of  an  hum- 
ble trade.  He  had  devoted  his  leisure 
hours  to  laborious  study,  and  he  was  ad- 
vised by  his  maternal  uncle,  Mr.  Locke, 
who  left  him  half  his  library  at  his  death, 
to  improve  himself  further  by  studying  at 
Leyden,  and  afterwards  he  entered  at  the 
Inner  Temple.  Here  his  superior  abili- 
ties and  his  unceasing  application,  raised 
him  soon  to  eminence,  and  after  distin- 
guishing himself  at  the  bar,  he  obtained  a 
seat  in  the  House  of  Commons  in  1699,  for 
Beeralston,  Devon.  But  though  raised  to 
consequence  by  the  practice  of  the  law,  he 
did  not  forget  literary  pursuits;  his  "In- 
quiry into  the  Constitution,  Discipline, 
Unity,  &c.  of  the  Primitive  Church,"  ap- 
pealed in  1692  ;  and  in  1702  he  published 
the  History  of  the  Apostle's  creed,  with 
critical  observations  on  its  several  articles, 
two  works  of  great  merit  and  extensive  po- 
pularity. In  1708  he  was  made  recorder 
of  London,  and  knighted  by  queen  Anne  . 
the  next  vear  he  was  one  of  the  maiia^ei-i 

1 S9 


laN 


KIP 


of  the  House  of  Commons  in  the  atiair  of 
Sacheverell  ;  and  at  the  accession  of 
George  I.  he  was  raised  to  the  office  of 
chief-justice  of  the  Common  Pleas.  In 
1725  he  was  created  a  peer,  and  immedi- 
ately succeeded  lord  Macclesfield  as  lord 
chancellor.  Though  his  abilities  were 
great,  yet  it  is  said  the  public  expectation 
was  disappointed  by  his  conduct  in  chance- 
ry, as  more  of  his  decrees  were  repealed 
by  the  lords  than  had  been  known  for  the 
short  time  he  presided  in  the  court  of  equi- 
ty. He  resigned  the  seals  in  1733;  and, 
•weakened  by  a  paralytic  disorder,  died  at 
his  seat,  at  Ockam,  Surrey,  July  92, 
1734,  leaving  four  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters, and  a  widow,  daughter  of  Richard 
Seys,  of  Boverton,  Glamorganshire,  esq. 

King,  William,  an  English  writer,  son 
of  the  Rev.  Peregrine  King,  was  born  at 
Stepney,  Middlesex,  1685.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Salisbury,  and  Baliol  college,  Ox- 
ford ;  and  in  171S,  was  made  principal  of 
St.  Mary  hall,  by  lord  Arran,  the  chancel- 
lor, to  whom  he  was  secretary.  In  1722 
he  resigned  his  headship  upon  becoming 
candidate  to  represent  the  university,  but 
was  defeated  by  Dr.  Clarke,  and  then  went 
to  Ireland.  While  in  that  kingdom,  he 
^vrote  his  "  Toast,"  an  epic  poem,  convey- 
ing much  satire,  which  he  did  not  publish, 
but  dispersed  among  his  friends.  At  the 
dedication  of  the  Radcliffe  library  in  1749, 
be  spoke  a  Latin  oration  in  the  Oxford  the- 
atre, and  was  universally  applauded,  and 
deserved  the  high  encomiums  of  T.  War- 
ton,  in  his  Triumphs  of  Isis.  Dr.  King,  in 
bis  political  principles,  was  a  strenuous 
lory,  and  not  much  affected  to  the  Hanove- 
rian succession  ;  and  in  those  times  of  vio- 
lent party,  he  did  not  escape  the  abuse  of 
the  hirelings  of  ministry.  He  published 
about  1754,  an  "  Apology,"  in  4to.  in  which 
he  boldly  attacked  his  adversaries,  and  re- 
futed their  frivolous  and  malevolent  ac- 
cusations. He  published  the  first  five  vo- 
lumes of  South's  sermons,  and  was  es- 
teemed for  his  wit  and  learning,  and  for 
great  independence  of  spirit.  He  died 
1763. 

King,  sir  Edmund,  a  surgeon  and  chy- 
mist,  esteemed  by  Charles  II.  who  is  said 
to  have  spent  much  time  in  his  laboratory-. 
He  attended  the  king  in  his  last  illness,  and 
was  ordered  lOOO/.  by  the  privy  council, 
which  he  never  received.  Some  of  his 
papers  on  ants,  on  the  transfusing  of 
blood  from  a  calf  to  a  sheep,  and  on  ani- 
malcules in  pepper,  are  found  in  the  philo- 
sophical transactions.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  unknown. 

King,  John  Glen,  D.D.  a  native  of  Nor- 
folk, educated  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge. 
He  was  chaplain  to  the  English  factory  at 
Petersburg,  and  was  appointed  medallist  to 
'he  empress  of  Russia,  at  whoso  request 
160 


he  undertook  a  work  on  medals,  but  died 
1787,  before  its  completion.  He  publish- 
ed, the  Rites  and  Ceremonies  of  the  Greelf 
Church,  with  an  account  of  its  Doctrines, 
Worship,  and  Discipline — Observations  on 
the  climate  of  Russia,  &c.  with  a  View  of 
the  Flying  Mountains,  near  Petersburg — 
Observations  on  the  Barberini  Vase, 

King,  Edward,  a  learned  antiquary,  was 
born  in  Norfolk,  in  1735.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Clare-hall,  Cambridge,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  Lincoln's  Inn,  was 
called  to  the  bar,  and  became  recorder  of 
Lynn.  In  1767  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and,  in  1770,  a  member 
of  that  of  Antiquaries,  of  which  last  he  be- 
came president,  on  the  death  of  dean 
Milles,  in  1784  ,  but  being  set  aside  at  the 
next  election,  he  withdrew  from  the  socie- 
ty. He  died  April  16,  1807.  Mr.  King 
published — 1.  An  Essay  on  the  English 
Constitution.  2.  Hymns  to  the  Supreme 
Being.  3.  Proposals  for  a  Marine  Schooh 
4.  Morsels  of  Criticism,  4to.  and  3  vols. 
8vo.  5.  Considerations  on  the  National 
Debt.  6.  Remarks  concerning  Stones  said 
to  have  fallen  from  the  Clouds,  4to.  7. 
Vestiges  of  Oxford  Castle,  fol.  8.  Muni- 
menta  Antiqua,  3  vols.  fol.  9.  Remarks 
on  the  Signs  of  the  Times,  4to.  This  was 
answered  by  bishop  Horsley. —  W.  B. 

KiNSET,  James,  LL.D.  was  a  delegate 
from  New-Jersey  to  the  first  congress  in 
1774,  but  resigned  his  seat  in  Novem- 
ber of  the  following  year.  He  was  active 
in  the  cause  of  the  revolution,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  committee  of  correspondence  for 
Burlington  county.  In  November,  1789, 
he  was  appointed  chief-justice  of  New  Jer- 
sey, and  died  at  Burlington,  January  4th, 
1802,  aged  70.  ICPL. 

Kippingius,  Henry,  a  native  of  Rostock, 
educated  in  the  university  there,  where  he 
took  the  degree  of  M.  A.  He  was  pressed 
for  a  soldier,  and  served  in  the  army  ;  but 
when  observed  by  a  Swedish  counsellor 
with  a  Latin  book  in  his  hand,  his  fortunes 
and  his  merits  became  known,  and  he  was 
made  the  librarian  of  the  noble  inquirer, 
by  whose  interest  also  he  procured  the  place 
of  sub-rector  of  Bremen  university.  He 
wrote  a  supplement  to  the  History  of  John 
Pappus — treatises  on  the  Creation — on 
Roman  Antiquities,  &c.  and  died  1678. 

Kippis,  Andrew,  eminent  as  a  biogra- 
pher, was  born  in  1725,  at  Nottingham,  and 
educated  under  Dr.  Doddridge,  at  North- 
ampton. He  first  settled  as  a  dissenting 
teacher  at  Boston,  Lincolnshire,  1746,  and 
four  years  after  removed  to  Dorking,  Sur- 
rey, and  in  1753  became  the  minister  of 
the  congregation  of  Princes-street,  West- 
minster. In  1763,  he  engaged  as  philolo- 
gical tutor  in  Coward's  academy,  for  the 
education  of  dissenting  ministers,  and  af- 
terwards acquired  such  eminence  as  a  wri* 


KIK 


kill 


ter,  that  he  was  created  D.D.  by  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  admitted  fellow 
of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  societies  in 
London.  Dr.  Kippis  died  1795,  in  West- 
minster, and  was  buried  in  Bunhill-fields' 
burying  ground.  The  best  known  of  his 
works  is  the  Biographia  Britaiinica,  of 
which  he  began  to  publish  a  new  edition  in 
1777,  and  of  which  five  volumes  appeared, 
and  a  sixth  was  nearly  ready  for  the  press 
before  his  death.  He  published,  besides,  a 
Vindication  of  Protestant  Dissenting  Min- 
isters in  their  application  to  parliament, 
1773,  which  created  a  controversy,  though 
in  amicable  terms,  between  him  and  Dean 
Tucker — the  Life  of  Captain  Cook,  4to. 
1788 — the  Life  of  Dr.  Lardner  prefixed  to 
ihe  edition  of  his  works,  1788 — several  ser- 
nons,  and  tracts :  and  he  was  also  con- 
derned  for  some  years  in  the  Monthly  Re- 
view, and  afterwards  in  the  Library,  a  pe- 
riodical work  in  1761,  which  did  not  suc- 
ceed ;  and  he  also  wrote  the  History  of 
Knowledge,  &c.  which  so  much  recom- 
mended the  sale  of  the  new  Annual  Regis- 
ter. The  style  of  Dr.  Kippis  was  clear, 
elegant,  and  pleasing,  and  from  his  great 
application,  and  extensive  reading,  he 
was  a  man  of  intelligence,  learning,  and 
judgment. 

Kirch,  Mary  Margaret,  a  native  of  Leip- 
sic,  daughter  of  Matthias  Winkelraan,  a 
Lutheran  divine.  She  married,  in  1692, 
Godfrey  Kirch,  an  astronomer  of  eminence 
of  Luben,  in  Lower  Lusatia,  who,  when 
appointed  royal  astronomer,  in  1700,  in 
the  newly  established  academy  of  sciences 
at  Berlin,  found  in  his  wife  an  intelligent 
assistant,  and  an  able  calculator.  She  dis- 
covered, in  1702,  a  comet,  on  which  she 
and  her  husband  published  some  observa- 
tions, and  in  1707  she  observed  that  re- 
markable aurora  borealis  which  the  astrono- 
mers of  Europe,  and  particularly  the  Paris 
academy  of  sciences  noticed  in  their  me- 
moirs. The  husband  died  1710,  and  the 
following  year  his  wife  published  a  Dis- 
course on  the  approaching  conjunction  of 
Jupiter,  Saturn,  &c.  This  respectable  wo- 
man, equally  eminent  for  her  private  vir- 
tues, died  at  Berlin,  1720,  aged  50.  Her 
son.  Christian  Frederic,  acquired  some  ce- 
lebrity by  his  writings,  and  as  astronomer 
to  the  Berlin  academy  of  sciences,  and  died 
there  1740,  aged  46. 

KiRCHER,  Athanasius,  a  Jesuit,  born 
1601,  at  Fulda,  in  Germany,  taught  at 
Wirtzburg,  in  Franconia,  and  then  went  to 
settle  in  the  Jesuits'  college  at  Avignon, 
1635,  and  from  thence  passed  to  Rome, 
where  he  was  professor  of  mathematics 
and  Hebrew.  He  died  at  Rome  1680.  His 
works  are  very  numerous,  but  rather  curi- 
ous than  useful,  amounting  to  22  vols.  fol. 
11  in  4to.  and  3  in  8vo.  He  is  described  as 
ridiculously  fond  of  hierofflyphical  charac- 

VOL.  IL  ^ '  21 


ters  and  inscriptions.  The  chief  of  his 
works  are,  (Kdipus  ^^gvptiacus,  &c.  4  vols, 
fol.— Ars  M:ign.-sia — Liiigm  vTlgvptiaca 
Restituta— Muiidus  Subterrancus,'  &c. — 
Organon  Mathematicum,  &o. — Ars  Magn.t 
Sciendi,  &c. 

KiRCHER,  Conrad,  of  Augsburg,  is 
known  by  his  Greek  concordance  of  the 
Old  Testament,  Frankfort,  1»>02,  contain- 
ing the  Hebrew  words  in  alpbahctiral  order, 
With  the  corresponding  Greek  words  placed 
under. 

KiRCHMAN,  John,  a  learned  German 
born  at  Lubeck,  1 575.  He  studied  at  Frank- 
fort, Jena,  and  Strasburg,  and  after  ac- 
quiring celebrity  as  a  scholar,  he  was  in- 
vited by  the  magistrates  of  Lubeck,  in 
1613,  to  undertake  the  office  of  rector  of 
their  college,  which  he  executed  with  great 
reputation.  He  died  20th  March,  1643. 
He  wrote  "  de  Funeribus  Romanorum" — 
de  Annulis,  &c.  • 

KiRCHMAN,  N.  an  eminent  professor  of 
philosophy  at  Petersburg,  who  was  unfor- 
tunately killed  by  a  ball  of  fire,  while  he 
was  making  experiments  on  electricity,  and 
endeavouring  to  draw  down  the  electric 
fluid  from  the  clouds,  6th  Aug.  1753. 

KiacHMATER,  John  Gasper,  professor  of 
logic  at  Wittemberg,  was  born  at  Uffen- 
heim  in  Franconia,  and  died  1700,  aged 
65.  He  was  a  learned  man  and  published 
some  valuable  commentaries  on  Corn.  Ne- 
pos,  Tacitus,  Cicero,  Sallust,  and  Pliny — 
Orations  and  Poems — a  treatise  de  Balsa- 
mo,  &c. 

Kirk,  Colonel,  an  English  officer  in  the 
service  of  James  H.  who  disgraced  himself 
by  his  cruelties  in  the  west  of  England 
against  the  unfortunate  abettors  of  Mon- 
mouth's rebellion  in  1685.  To  the  most 
wanton  barbarity,  it  is  said  that  he  added 
lust  of  the  most  offisnsive  nature,  though 
some  are  inclined  to  doubt  the  truth  of  his 
barbarities  mentioned  in  Pomfret's  poem. 
It  is  said  that  James,  in  his  wish  to  make 
converts  to  the  catholic  religion  solicited 
this  monster,  who  rudely  replied,  that  when 
quartered  at  Tangier  he  had  promised  the 
dey,  when  he  changed  religion  he  would 
become  a  Mahometan.  Kirk  was  in  the 
army  under  King  William.  The  year  of 
his  death  is  unknown. 

KiRKLAND,  Thomas,  a  physician  of  emi- 
nence who  died  at  Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 
Leicestershire,  1798,  aged  77.  He  was 
member  of  the  medical  societies  of  Edin- 
burgh and  London,  and  acquired  some  ce- 
lebrity as  an  intelligent  writer  and  a  popu- 
lar practitioner.  He  wrote  an  inquiry  into 
the  state  of  Medical  Surgery,  2  vols.  8vo. — 
Observations  on  Pott's  Remarks  on  Frac- 
tures— Commentary  on  Apoplectic  and 
Paralytic  Affisctions,  8vo. — Treatise  on 
Childbed  Fevers,  8vo. — Thoughts  on  Am- 
putation. 

161 


m.L 


KLE 


KiRKLAND,  Samuel,  an  American  mis- 
sionary to  the  Indians,  was  a  native  of 
Norwich,  Connecticnt,  and  graduated  at 
the  college  of  New- Jersey  in  1765.  After 
having  spent  some  time  among  the  Seneca 
Indians  to  learn  their  language,  he  was,  in 
1766,  ordained  a  missionary,  and  devoted 
his  attention  to  the  Oneida  tribe,  among 
■whom  he  laboured  for  more  than  40  years. 
He  died  at  Paris,  New-York,  where  here- 
sided,  in  1808,  in  the  sixty-seventh  year  of 
his  age.  fCZP  L. 

KiRSTENius,  Peter,  professor  of  physic 
at  Upsal,  and  in  the  service  of  queen  Chris- 
tina, was  born  at  Bresiaw  in  Silesia,  25th 
Dec.  1577.  He  applied  himself  assiduous- 
ly to  literature,  and  to  botany  and  philoso- 
phy, and  after  studying  for  fourteen  years 
at  Leipsic,  Wittemberg,  and  Jena,  he  visit- 
ed the  Low  Countries  and  France,  and  af- 
terwards extended  his  travels  to  Italy, 
Greece,  and  Asia.  Ho  had  for  some  time 
the  management  of  the  school,  and  of  the 
university  of  Bresiaw,  but  he  resigned  it 
for  the  practice  of  physic,  and  the  study  of 
Arabic.  He  accompanied  Oxenstiern  to 
Sweden,  and  was  in  1 636  chosen  professor 
of  physic  at  Upsal,  but  he  died  ISth  April, 
1640.  He  was,  according  to  his  epitaph, 
well  acquainted  with  26  languages.  His 
principal  works  are,  Grammatica  Arabica 
— Tria  Specimina,  &c. — Decas  Sacra,  &c. 
Vitaj  quatuor  Evangelistarum  ex  antiquis- 
simo  Codice  M.S.  Arabico  erutae,  folio. — 
Notae  in  S.  Matthaum. 

KmsTBNius,  George,  a  native  of  Stettin, 
in  Pomerania,  eminent  as  a  botanist,  who 
died  in  Sweden  1660,  aged  48.  He  was 
author  of  Disquisitioncs  Philologicee,  4to. — 
Adversaria  et  Animadvcrsionos  in  AgricolaB 
Commentaria,  &c.  4to. 

Klapuoth,  Martin  Honry  Von,  profes- 
sor of  chymistry  at  Berlin,  died  there  Jan. 
1,  1817,  at  a  very  advanced  age,  having 
been  a  distinguished  writer  on  that  science 
above  forty  years.  He  was  the  discoverer 
of  uranium,  the  zirconio,  and  Mellitic  acid. 
He  also  made  interesting  experiments  on 
copal,  and  completed  the  discovery  of  tellu- 
rium and  titanium.  His  works  in  German 
make  six  volumes  octavo. — W.B. 

Kleber,  I.  B.  a  celebrated  French  gene- 
ral, born  at  Strasbui^,  1750.  He  was  early 
devoted  to  architecture,  and  to  improve  his 
talents  he  was  sent  to  Paris  to  refine  his 
taste  by  the  instmction  of  the  well-known 
Chalgrin.  Here  by  accident  he  saw  some 
foreigners  insulted  in  a  coffee-house,  and 
with  noble  indignation  he  defended  them 
against  their  opponents,  and  thus  secure  in 
their  gratitude  and  friendship  he  was  pre- 
vailed to  accompany  them  to  Munich.  In 
this  new  situation  he  obtained  from  Kau- 
nitz,  the  son  of  the  imperial  prime  minister, 
a  lieutenancy  in  his  regiment,  but  after 
eight  years  of  honouratl'?  servlc<j  in  the 
^     162 


Austrian  army  he  returned  to  Prance.  He 
was  now  appointed  inspector  of  the  public 
buildings  of  Upper  Alsace  by  Galaisiere,  and 
for  six  years  devoted  himself  to  the  peace- 
ful labours  of  his  profession.  The  French 
revolution  recalled  him  to  a  military  life, 
and  he  obtained  from  Wimpfen  the  place  of 
adjutant  major  in  Custine's  army.  For  his 
great  and  meritorious  services  at  the  taking 
of  Mayence  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
general  of  brigade  ;  but  when  faction  so- 
licited enemies  to  Custine,  whom  the  revo- 
lutionary tyrants  already  doomed  to  the 
scaffold,  Kleber  had  the  courage  not  only 
not  to  accuse  him,  but  to  speak  favourably 
of  his  conduct.  In  la  Vendee  he  directed 
the  attack  of  the  island  of  Noirmoutier,  but 
the  cruelties  exercised  on  the  innocent 
royalists  were  too  shocking  for  his  benevo- 
lent mind  ;  he  solicited  his  recall,  and  was 
permitted  to  go  to  the  army  of  the  North. 
The  defeat  of  the  Austrians  at  Merber-le- 
Chateau,  and  at  Marchiennes,  was  rapidly 
followed  by  the  fall  of  Mons,  the  evacuatioa 
of  Louvaine,  and  the  siege  of  Maestricht, 
which  in  10  days  opened  its  gates  to  the 
conqueror.  These  victories  followed  by 
the  submission  of  Dusseldorf,  of  Frankfort, 
and  the  battle  of  Butzbach,  instead,  how- 
ever, of  serving  the  gallant  Kleber,  ren- 
dered him  suspected  to  the  Directory,  and 
he  retired  in  discontent  to  the  solitude  of  a 
country-house  near  Paris.  Here  he  em- 
ployed himself  in  digesting  memoirs  of  his 
military  life  when  Buonaparte  going  to 
Egypt  called  him  away  to  follow  his  stand- 
ard and  share  his  glories.  At  the  siege  of 
Alexandria  as  he  was  scaling  the  walls  he  was 
wounded  on  the  head,  but  he  did  not  retire 
from  the  field  of  danger.  When  Buona- 
parte advanced  against  Cairo  he  left  his 
faithful  friend  commander  in  Alexandria, 
and  when  he  afterwards  quitted  Egypt  to 
return  to  Europe  he  appointed  him  his  suc- 
cessor with  full  powers.  Though  victori- 
ous on  all  sides,  Kleber  listened  to  a  propo- 
sal of  peace,  and  he  signed  the  treaty  of 
El-Arisch  with  Sir  Sidney  Smith,  which 
permitted  the  French  to  return  with  their 
arms  and  baggage  to  Europe.  This  armis- 
tice was  not  approved  by  the  English  go- 
vernment, and  after  he  had  delivered  some 
of  his  fortresses  into  the  hands  of  the 
Turks,  Kleber  was  informed  by  lord  Keith 
tliat  the  treaty  of  El-Arisch  was  void.  Un- 
dismayed at  his  situation,  the  general  with 
great  presence  of  mind  provided  against 
every  imminent  danger ;  he  recovered  the 
strong  holds  which  had  been  given  up,  and 
he  marched  at  last  to  the  attack  of  a  Turk- 
ish army  at  the  obelisk  of  Heliopolis,  and 
defeated  them  with  great  slaughter,  though 
ten  times  more  numerous  than  his  own  sol- 
diers. After  this  victory  he  subdued  the 
spirit  of  insurrection  which  had  burst  forth 
at  Cairo  and  in  other  place,  and  be  now 


k'NA 


K'NO 


formed  jilans  lor  the  peaceful  govcmiucjit 
t»f  (he  country,  and  for  a  reg;ular  intercourse 
between  the  various  towns  of  Egypt,  when 
he  was  suddenly  attacked,  while  walkinj;-  in 
Ilia  garden,  by  Solynian,  a  Turk,  who  des- 
patched him  with  four  blows  with  a  dapj;;er, 
1800.  In  his  appearance  Kleber  was  pleas- 
ing and  comely,  his  stature  was  six  feet, 
>vell  proportioned  ;  his  features  were  mild, 
but  his  eyes  were  expressive,  and  in  the 
field  of  battle  his  voice,  otherwise  soft 
and  melodious,  spoke  with  the  terror  of 
thunder. 

Kleist,  Ewald  Christian  de,  a  native  of 
Zeblin,  in  Pomerania,  distinguished  as  an 
officer  in  the  Prussian  service,  and  as  a 
poet.  The  battle  of  Kunnersdorfl',  between 
the  Russians  and  Prussians,  August,  1759, 
proved  fatal  to  him  as  he  was,  as  major,  lead- 
ing his  men  of  Haussen's  regiment  into  the 
thickest  of  the  fight.  His  idyls,  after  the 
manner  of  Gesner,  are  much  admired  for 
their  elegance  and  simplicity,  and  his 
moral  treatises  also  possess  merit.  He 
"wrote  besides  Reflections  on  the  INIilitary 
Art,  1759. 

Klingstadt,  a  painter,  born  at  Riga, 
1657.  He  died  at  Paris,  aged  77.  His 
miniatures  for  snuff-boxes  were  much  ad- 
mired, though  generally  very  licentious. 
His  larger  pieces  were  rare,  but  exquisitely 
finished,  and  for  some  of  them  he  exacted 
as  much  as  500/.  sterling. 

Klocker,  David,  a  painter,  born  at  Ham- 
burg. After  improving  himself  in  Italy,  he 
settled  at  Stockholm,  where  the  king  libe- 
rally patronised  him.  His  pieces,  which 
are  chiefly  historical  and  possess  merit, 
are  preserved  in  Sweden.  He  died  1698, 
aged  79. 

Klopstock,  Frederic  Tbeophilus,  was 
born  at  Quedlinburg  in  1724.  After  a 
liberal  education  at  his  native  place,  he  was 
sent  to  study  theology  at  Jena,  where  he 
"ivrote  a  great  part  of  his  "  Messiah,"  which 
he  published  in  1747  at  Leipsic.  Though 
this  poem  was  censured  by  some,  it  was 
admired  by  more  ;  and  Bodmer,  wnth  the 
Swiss  in  general,  were  loud  in  its  praises. 
Klopstock  was  invited  into  that  country, 
from  whence  he  was  called  to  Copenhagen 
by  the  most  flattering  promises,  which  were 
amply  fulfilled.  In  1771  he  went  to  reside 
at  Hamburgh,  as  Danish  legate,  and  coun- 
sellor of  the  Margrave  of  Baden,  who  al- 
lowed him  a  pension.  He  died  there 
March  14,  1803.  The  character  of  Klop- 
stock as  a  writer  is  that  of  a  poet  of  fervid 
imagination  ;  but  though  rich  in  imagery, 
and  lofty  in  sentiment,  he  is  frequently 
obscure,  perplexed,  and  turgid.  His  wife 
■»vas  an  amiable  and  very  ingenious  woman. 
She  corresponded  in  English  with  Richard- 
son, the  novelist. —  W.  B. 

Knapton,  George,  a  portrait  painter  in 
crayoDs,  the  pirpil  of  Richprd>;on,  and  the 


kccpCT  of  the  king's  picture.-.  uicH  at  Ken- 
sington, 1778,  aged  80. 

Knellku,  Sir  Godfrey,  an  tminrnt 
painter,  boru  at  Luhtc,  n;i8.  He  wai  <  du- 
cated  at  Lcydcn,  and  was  intended  for  the 
miUtary  profession,  but  hi»  genius  directed 
him  to  the  drawing  of  figures  ;  and  after 
making  rapid  progress  in  the  art,  under  the 
instruction  of  Kembrandt  at  Amstfrdum,  he 
went  to  Rome.  Here  he  .^tudit^d  under 
Carlo,  Marat,  and  Bernini,  and  then  went 
to  Venice,  and  afterwards  came  to  Eng- 
land, Avherc  his  reputation  quickly  recom- 
mended him  to  the  notice  of  Charles  II. 
and  of  the  court.  He  continued  in  favour 
with  the  succeeding  monarch^,  and  ac- 
quired such  celebrity  that  he  drew  no  less 
than  ten  crowned  heads,  besides  electors 
and  princes.  William  III.  was  particularly 
sensible  of  his  abilities,  he  knighted  him, 
and  made  him  a  gentleman  of  his  privy 
chamber,  and  George  I.  honoured  him  with 
the  title  of  baronet.  He  was  also  created  a 
nobleman  and  knight  of  the  holy  Roman 
empire  by  Leopold,  and  received  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  from  the  university  of  Oxford. 
Kneller  deserved  these  honours  :  no  painter 
surpassed  him  in  the  outline  and  graceful 
disposal  of  his  figures,  and  his  likenesses 
were  always  considered  as  remarkably 
striking,  though  expressed  in  a  flattering 
manner.  Kneller,  honoured  by  princes, 
and  flattered  by  poets  and  wits,  was  not  a 
little  ostentatious  of  his  consequence,  he 
lived  in  great  splendour  at  his  house  at 
Whitton,  near  Hampton-court,  but  though 
accused  of  vanity,  his  manners  arc  repre- 
sented as  blameless.  He  died  Oct.  27th, 
1723,  and  was  buried  at  Whitton,  and  a 
monument  by  Rysbrach,  with  a  partial  in- 
scription by  Pope,  was  erected  to  his  honour 
in  Westminster  abbey. 

Knight,  Samuel,  a  native  of  London, 
educated  at  St.  Paul's  school  and  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge.  He  held  two  livings, 
and  was  prebendary  of  Ely,  and  arch-dea- 
con of  Berks,  and  also  chaplain  to  George 
II.  He  published  the  lives  of  Colet,  and 
of  Erasmus,  8vo.  and  died  l6th  Dec.  1746, 
aged  72,  and  was  buried  in  his  church  at 
Bluntisham,  Huntingdonshire. 

KsoLLES,  Richaid,  a  native  of  North- 
amptonsliirc,  educated  at  Oxford.  After 
being  some  time  fellow  of  Lincoln  college, 
he  was  elected  master  of  Sandwich  school, 
where  he  became  celebrated  as  a  public 
teacher,  and  where  he  died,  1610.  He 
wrote  Grammatica;  Latina?,  GraccGB,  et  He- 

braicai      Compendium History    of    the 

Turks,  1010,  folio,  a  valuable  book,  often 
reprinted  and  improved,  especially  by  Ri- 
caut,  IGSO,  folio — the  Lives  and  Conquests 
of  the  Ottoman  Kings  and  Emperors,  to 
1610. — a  brief  Discourse  of  the  Greatness 
of  the  Turkish  Empire,  Sec. 

Knolces.  Sir  Robert,  a  native  ef  Chesh- 

1<33 


KNO 


IvNO 


I're,  known  as  a  warrior  in  the  wars  of  Ed- 
ward II!.  in  France.  From  a  common  sol- 
flier,  he  became  a  general,  and  acquired 
both  celebrity  and  opulence  by  his  conquests 
in  France.  With  the  spoils  of  castles, 
cities,  and  monasteries,  which  he  had  de- 
stroyed, he  built  Rochester  bridge,  as  a 
monument  of  his  exploits.  He  died  at  his 
estate  in  Kent,  1407,  aged  90. 

Knollis,  Francis,  an  English  statesman. 
He  was  born  at  Grays,  Oxfordshire,  and 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  when  introduced 
at  the  court  of  Edward  VI.  he  was  distin- 
guished for  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  refor- 
mation. During  Marj^'s  reign,  he  retired 
to  the  continent,  but  on  Elizabeth's  acces- 
sion, he  obtained  the  office  of  vice-cham- 
berlain of  the  household,  and  of  privy 
counsellor,  and  afterwards  was  made  trea- 
surer of  the  household,  and  knight  of  the 
garter.  His  abilities  were  employed  on 
■various  occasions  by  the  court,  and  he  was 
©ne  of  those  commissioners  who  sat  at  the 
trial  of  the  unfortunate  Mary,  queen  of 
Scots.  He  was  author  of  a  treatise  against 
the  Usurpation  of  Papal  Bishops,  1608,  8vo. 
and  a  General  Survey  of  the  Isle  of  Wight, 
never  printed,  and  he  died  1596. 

Knorr  Von  Rosenrot,  Christian,  a 
learned  German,  who  died  1689,  aged  53. 
He  is  supposed  to  be  the  author  of  Kabbala 
Denudata,  seu  Doctrina  Hebraeorum  Trans- 
cendentalis,  &c.  Opus  Antiquissimae  phi- 
losoph.  &c.  ex  Hebraeo,  Sultzbach,  1677, 
and  3  vols,  folio,  1684,  Frankfort. 

Knott,  Edward,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Pegs- 
worth,  near  Morpeth,  Northumberland. 
His  real  name  was  Matthias  V*'i[son,  and 
he  entered  among  the  Jesuits,  1606,  and 
was  professor  of  divinity  in  the  English 
college  at  Rome.  He  was  afterwards  pro- 
vincial of  England,  and  died  in  London, 
4th  Jan.  1655-6,  aged  75,  and  was  buried  at 
St.  Pancras.  He  was  a  great  disciplina- 
rian, and  possessed  of  extensive  learning. 
His  writings  against  the  protcstants,  gave 
rise  to  Chillingworth's  famous  book,  called 
the  Religion  of  Protestants. 

Knowlbr,  William,  an  English  divine, 
the  learned  translator  of  Chrysostom's 
Comment  on  St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Gala- 
tians.     He  died  1767,  aged  68. 

Knowles,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Ely,  edu- 
cated at  Ely  school,  and  Pembroke-hall, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow. 
He  was  made  lecturer  of  Bury  St.  Ed- 
mund's, and  prebendary  of  Ely  cathedral, 
and  died  at  Bury,  1802.  He  was  an  able 
divine,  and  wrote  the  Scripture  Doctrine  of 
the  Existence  and  Attributes  of  a  God,  12 
sermons,  8vo. — Answer  to  Bishop  Clayton's 
Essay  on  Spirit,  for  which  he  was  made 
P.D.  by  Seeker — Lord  Hervey's,  and  Dr. 
Middleton's  Letters  on  the  Roman  Senate 
— Dialogue  on  the  Test  Act — Observations 
on  the  Tithe  Bill— JPrjnjitive  Christianity. 
1«.4 


in  Defence  of  the  Trinity — Advice  to  a 
young  Divine,  in  six  Letters — The  Passion, 
a  sermon — Observations  on  the  divine  Mis- 
sion of  Moses — On  Charity  and  Sunday 
Schools — A  discourse  on  Confirmation. 

Knowlton,  Thomas,  an  English  bota- 
nist. He  was  in  the  service  of  Dr.  Sher- 
rard,  and  afterwards  of  lord  Burlington,  at 
Lanesborough,  Yorkshire,  and  died  1782, 
aged  90.  His  obserrations  on  the  situation 
of  the  ancient  Delgovicia,  and  on  two  men  of 
extraordinary  size,  and  on  large  deer's  horns 
found  in  Yorkshire,  appeared  in  the  philo- 
sophical transactions,  in  letters  to  Mr. 
Catesby.  He  also  discovered  in  Walleng- 
fenmere,  the  moor  balls,  or  globe  conferva, 
called  by  Linnaus,  Conferva  ^gagrophila. 

Knox,  John,  the  famous  reformer  of 
Scotland,  was  born  1505,  at  Gifford,  East 
Lothian,  and  educated  at  the  university  of 
St.  Andrews,  under  the  celebrated  John 
Major.  He  applied  himself  sedulously  to 
the  study  of  divinity,  but  the  conversation 
of  Wishart,  the  English  commissioner  in 
Scotland,  as  well  as  the  writings  of  Jerome 
and  Austin,  opened  his  mind  to  the  gross 
impositions  of  popery.  He  embraced  pub- 
licly the  tenets  of  the  protestants,  and  then 
retired  from  persecution,  into  Germany, 
but  some  time  after  returned  to  St.  An- 
drews. Here  he  boldly  began  to  preach 
against  the  pope,  and  afterwards  passed 
over  to  England,  where  he  became  chaplain 
to  Edward  VI.  and  might  have  obtained  a 
bishopric,  had  he  not  been  an  enemy  to  the 
liturgy  and  the  established  form  of  episco- 
pacy. At  the  accession  of  Mary,  he  went 
over  to  the  Continent,  and  after  visiting 
Frankfort  and  Geneva,  and  profiting  by  the 
counsels  of  Calvin,  he  determined  to  return 
to  Scotland,  1555.  The  reformation  was 
already  gaining  ground,  even  in  the  absence 
of  her  able  supporter,  and  Knox  by  his  elo- 
quence, and  his  manly  undaunted  appeals 
to  the  leading  men  of  the  country,  increased 
the  number  of  his  converts.  In  1556  he 
again  visited  Geneva,  but  in  his  absence  his 
enemies  accused  him  of  heresy,  pronounced 
sentence  of  death  against  him,  and  burnt 
him  in  effigy  at  Edinburgh.  He  heard  of 
the  violence  of  his  persecutors,  and  wrote 
from  Geneva,  "  An  Appellation  against  the 
unjust  sentence  pronounced  against  him," 
&c.  and  also  the  **  First  Blast  of  the  Trumpet 
against  the  monstrous  Regiment  of  Wo- 
men," directed  against  the  tyrannical  mea- 
sures of  Mary  of  England,  and  of  Mary  of 
Lorraine,  queen  regent  of  Scotland.  In 
1559,  he  again  returned  to  Scotland,  and 
began  cflTectually  to  establish  the  reforma- 
tion. The  kingdom  was  divided  into  12 
districts,  and  Edinburgh  as  the  most  im- 
portant was  intrusted  to  Knox.  Regardless 
of  the  power  of  the  queen,  he  publicly  de- 
clared from  the  pulpit,  that  the  mass 
establL«!hed  in  her  chapel  was  more  fright- 


k'KO 


KOE 


(n\  than  10,000  enemies,  and  wlien  bonour- 
ed  with  a  conference  with  his  royal  inis- 
Iress,  he  offended  her  with  the  freedom  and 
boldness  of  his  address,  and  violently  in- 
veighed against  her  marrying  the  popish 
earl  of  Darnley.  Notwithstanding  these 
measures  so  hostile  to  the  government, 
Knox  was  respected  in  his  person,  and  in 
1567  he  preached  the  sermon  at  the  corona- 
tion of  James  VI.  He  met,  however,  with 
some  opposition  from  his  followers,  who 
wished  to  establish  in  his  church  a  sort  of 
episcopacy,  which  proved  very  repugnant  to 
his  feelings,  and  was  rejected  with  great 
indignation.  He  died  Nov.  24,  1572,  not 
a  little  afflicted  at  the  intelligence  of  the 
bloody  massacres  just  perpetrated  at  Paris. 
He  was  buried  at  Edinburgh,  and  his  fune- 
ral was  attended  by  many  nobles,  particu- 
larly Morton,  the  regent,  who  respected  his 
abilities,  and  commended  his  zeal.  His 
publications  are  not  numerous,  though  it  is 
to  be  lamented  that  he  appeared  as  the  de- 
fender of  the  violent  and  atrocious  mea- 
sures pursued  at  Edinburgh,  and  especially 
of  the  murder  of  cardinal  Beatoun,  once  his 
persecutor.  His  History  of  the  Reforma- 
tion in  Scotland  was  published  after  his 
death,  and  the  fourth  edition  of  it  in  folio, 
1732,  contains  all  his  other  pieces.  Knox 
was  twice  married,  and  had  children  by 
both  his  wives.  Two  of  his  sons  by  his  first 
wife  became  fellows  of  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  where  they  had  received  their 
education. 

Knox,  John,  a  London  bookseller,  known 
as  the  planner  of  a  herring  fishery,  and  of 
a  settlement  on  the  north-east  coast  of 
Scotland.  He  published  a  Systematic  View 
of  Scotland,  and  died  1790. 

Knox,  Hugh,  D.D.  was  a  native  of  Ire- 
land, and  born  about  the  year  1730.  He 
came  to  America  in  early  life,  and  was  em- 
ployed for  several  years  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  Maryland,  in  the  instruction  of  youth  ; 
after  which  he  entered  the  college  of  New- 
Jersey,  then  located  at  Newark,  under  the 
presidency  of  Mr.  Burr,  and  received  the 
degree  of  Batchelor  of  Arts  in  1754.  He 
was  a  popular  minister  in  the  presbyterian 
church,  and  early  in  life  settled  in  the  Island 
of  St.  Croix,  where  he  spent  the  remainder 
of  his  days,  honoured  and  useful,  and  died 
at  a  very  advanced  age.  He  was  a  man  of 
excellent  talents  and  of  distinguished  lite- 
rary and  theological  attainments  as  a  testi- 
mony of  which,  he  received  from  the  uni- 
versity of  Glasgow  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Divinity.  He  made  a  number  of  publica- 
tions, which  are  exceedingly  creditable  to 
Lis  memorj-.  They  are  chiefly  "  Sermons 
on  Select  Subjects."  |C3^  L. 

Knox,  Henry,  majoi-general  in  the  army 
of  the  United  States,  was  a  native  of  Bos- 
ton, born  25th  July,  1750,  and  received  his 
edncation  at  the  schools  in  that  town.    He 


had  displayed  something  of  bis  militur^ 
talents,  as  an  oflicer  of  militia,  antecedent 
to  the  revolution,  and  in  consequence  on 
his  entering  the  army  at  the  eominence- 
ment  of  hostilities,  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  artillery,  in  which  stution  he  served 
during  the  whole  war  with  the  highest  re- 
putation, for  valour,,  talents,  and  activity, 
and  rendered  the  most  essential  services  to 
the  country.  Before  entering  on  tht;  duties 
of  that  appointment,  he  justified  tlic  confi- 
dence reposed  in  him  by  making  an  irrup- 
tion at  the  head  of  a  small  party  into  ('ana- 
da,  and  capturing  all  the  ordnance  and 
military  stores  deposited  at  St.  Johns.  The 
efficiency  of  the  artillery  and  ordnance  de- 
partment during  the  whole  war,  was  owing 
much  to  bis  talents  and  attention.  He 
contributed  much  to  the  victory  gained  at 
the  battle  of  Monmouth,  and  to  the  capture 
of  Cornwallis  ;  soon  after  which,  he  re- 
ceived the  commission  of  major-general. 
In  1785,  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  war, 
and  enjoyed  the  same  office  after  the  organi- 
zation of  the  present  government,  till 
1794,  when  he  resigned  and  retired  to  pri- 
vate life.  He  settled  at  Thomastown,  in 
Maine,  where  be  lived  greatly  respected  for 
bis  uprightness,  frankness,  and  public  spirit, 
as  well  as  for  his  military  services.  He 
died  October  25th,  1806,  aged  56. 

Knupper,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Leipsic, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  He  died  1660,  aged 
57.  His  battles  and  conversations  possess- 
ed peculiar  merit. 

Knuzen,  Matthias,  a  celebrated  atheist, 
born  at  Holstein.  He  was  very  zealous  in 
making  proselytes,  and  his  followers,  who 
were  numerous  in  some  of  the  cities  of  the 
continent,  and  even  in  England,  were  called 
conscienciaries,  as  they  regarded  con- 
science, learning,  and  reason,  as  the  only 
guides  of  man.  They  maintained  that 
there  was  no  God,  no  after-life,  and  they 
rejected  religion,  priests,  and  magistrates, 
as  impositions  on  the  world.  This  wild 
enthusiast  died  at  the  end  of  the  17th  cen- 
tury. His  Latin  letter,  and  his  two  dia- 
logues in  defence  of  his  opinions,  were  re- 
futed by  Musa;u?,  a  Lutheran  professor. 

Knuzen,  Martin,  a  native  of  Konigs- 
bcrg,  professor  of  philosophy  there.  He 
wrote  various  works,  but  the  chief  is  his 
Defence  of  the  Christian  Religion.  He 
died  1751,  aged  38. 

Kntghton,  Henry,  author  of  a  chroni- 
cle of  the  English  historj",  from  950,  to 
1395,  and  of  a  History  of  the  Deposition 
of  Richard  II.  both  preserved  in  the  collec- 
tion of  English  historians,  published  1652, 
was  a  canon  regular  of  Leicester. 

KoEBKRGER,  Winccslaus,  a  native  of 
Antwerp,  eminent  as  a  painter.  His  Mar- 
tyrdom of  St.  Sebastian,  is  his  best  piece, 
which  is  still  viewed  with  admiration  in. 

165 


KOE 


kOK 


the  cliurcli  of  Notre  Dame,  at  Antwerp. 
He  died  1604,  aged  70. 

KoEMPFER,  Engelbert,  a  German  physi- 
cian, born  at  Lemgow,  in  Westphalia,  l6th 
Sept.  1651.  After  improving  himself  in 
the  universities  of  Dantzic,  Thorn,  Cra- 
cow, and  Konigsberg,  he  visited  Upsal,  and 
recommended  himsejf  to  the  notice  of 
Charles  XI.  of  Sweden,  and  accepted  the 
place  of  secretary  to  the  embassy,  sent  in 
1683  to  the  Sophi  of  Persia.  During  this 
employment,  he  had  various  opportunities, 
ivhich  he  gladly  improved,  of  visiting  the 
curiosities  natural  and  artificial,  in  passing 
through  Russia,  in  Georgia,  and  on  the 
banks  of  the  Caspian  sea.  For  two  years 
he  resided  at  Ispahan,  but  when  the  ambas- 
sador prepared  to  return,  he  obtained  per- 
mission to  go  further  into  the  east,  and  he 
engaged  himself  as  surgeon  to  the  Dutch 
East  India  fleet.  In  his  way  he  examined 
the  ruins  of  Persepolis,  and  afterwards 
visited  Gamron,  Arabia  Felix,  the  coast  of 
Malabar,  Ceylon,  Bengal,  and  Batavia.  In 
1690,  he  accompanied  the  annual  embassy 
of  the  Dutch  to  the  court  of  Japan,  and 
after  staying  two  years  in  that  distant 
country,  he  prepared  to  return  to  Europe. 
He  quitted  Batavia,  Feb.  1693,  and  after 
touching  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
reached  Amsterdam  in  October.  In  1694, 
he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  at  Leyden,  but 
the  popularity  which  he  acquired  as  physi- 
cian, prevented  the  immediate  arrange- 
ment of  his  valuable  papers  and  observations 
on  subjects  of  natural  history,  botany,  and 
mineralogy.  Wliiist  he  promised  himself 
length  of  life,  he  found  that  his  constitution 
was  shattered  by  fatigues,  in  distant  cli- 
mates, and  some  family  difficulties  hasten- 
ed his  dissolution.  He  died  2d  Nov.  1716. 
His  MSS.  and  drawings  were  purchased  of 
his  executors,  by  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  and  his 
history  of  Japan  appeared  in  London,  2 
vols.  fol.  1727.  His  Amocnitatcs  Exoticae, 
a  valuable  work,  was  published  1712. 

KoENiG,  Daniel,  a  Swiss,  who  transla- 
ted into  Latin,  Arbuthnot's  Tables  of  An- 
cient Coins,  published  at  Utrecht,  by  pro- 
fessor Reitz,  1756.  He  died  at  Rotter- 
dam, in  consequence  of  the  severe  treat- 
ment which  he  received  from  the  mob  at 
Franeker,  who  mistook  him  for  a  spy,  be- 
cause he  spoke  French.     He  was  only  22. 

KoENiG,  Samuel,  brother  to  the  prece- 
ding, was  professor  of  philosophy,  and 
natural  law  at  Franeker,  and  afterwards 
became  librarian  to  the  prince  of  Orange, 
at  the  Hague.  He  was  an  able  mathema- 
tician, and  was  engaged  in  a  quarrel  with 
Maupertuis,  and  in  consequence  of  his 
"  Appeal"  written  on  the  subject,  he  en- 
larged his  reputation,  and  the  number  of 
his  friends.  He  wrote  various  works,  and 
ilied  1757. 

KoERTEN,  Joanna,  a  native  of  Amster- 
166 


dam,  whose  great  ingenuity  and  rcfmeu 
taste  in  embroidery,  in  drawing,  in  water 
colours,  in  wax  models,  in  artificial  orna- 
ments, &c.  was  universally  admired,  and 
drew  strangers  to  behold  and  commend  the 
eflects  of  her  singular  genius.  Peter  the 
Great,  of  Russia,  was  one  of  those  who 
complimented  her  on  her  abilities.  The 
figures  and  landscapes  which  she  cut  with 
scissors,  out  of  paper,  were  much  celebra- 
ted, and  the  fine  exhibition  of  groups  of 
trees,  arms,  eagles,  crowns,  &c.  which  she 
presented  to  the  consort  of  Leopold,  was 
liberally  rewarded  with  4000  guilders. 
She  also  executed  a  portrait  of  the  empe- 
ror in  the  same  style.  She  died  1715,  aged 
65. 

KoETs,  Roelof,  a  native  of  ZwoU.  His 
abilities  as  a  painter  were  universally 
known,  and  William  III.  of  England  paid 
particular  attention  to  him.  His  portraits, 
it  is  said,  amounted  to  5000,  and  all  in  a 
very  superior,  and  highly  finished  style. 
He  died  1725,  aged  70. 

KoLLocK,  Henry,  D.D.  presbyterian  mi- 
nister of  Savannah,  Georgia,  was  born  at 
New  Providence,  New-Jersey,  December 
14,  1778,  and  graduated  at  Princeton 
college  in  1794.  In  December,  1800,  he 
was  ordained  to  the  pastoral  charge  of  the 
presbyterian  church  in  Elizabethtown, 
New-Jersey,  and  after  a  popular  ministry 
there  of  three  years,  was  in  December, 
1803,  appointed  professor  of  theology  in 
the  college  at  which  he  graduated,  and  in 
connexion  with  that  office  also  undertook 
the  care  of  the  church  in  Princeton.  His 
talents,  learning,  and  eloquence,  happily 
qualified  him  for  his  station  in  that  insti- 
tution, and  he  discharged  its  duties  with 
distinguished  ability  and  acceptance.  In 
1806  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  pastoral  care 
of  the  presbyterian  church  in  Savannah, 
where,  after  employing  himself  in  the  la- 
bours of  his  office  about  thirteen  years,  he 
died  on  the  19th  of  December,  1819,  in  the 
42d  year  of  his  age.  A  collection  of  his 
sermons  in  4  volumes  has  been  published 
since  his  death.  ICJ**  L. 

KoNic,  George  Matthias,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, born  at  Altdorf,  in  Franconia,  where 
he  became  professor  of  poetry,  and  of 
Greek,  and  also  librarian.  He  was  an 
able  scholar,  and  was  author  of  a  biogra- 
phical dictionary,  called  Bibliotheca  Vetus 
ct  Nova,  4to.  1678,  which  though  censured 
by  some,  is  yet  possessed  of  merit.  He 
died  Dec.  29, 1699,  aged  S3. 

KoNiG,  Emanuel,  a  physician  of  Basil, 
Avhcre  he  died  1731,  aged  73.  He  pub- 
lished various  works  on  medicines  highly 
esteemed  in  Switzerland. 

KoRNMANN,  Henry,  a  German  lawyer  in 
the  beginning  of  the  17th  century,  author 
of  some  treatises.  De  Miiaculis  Vivorum — 


KOT 


KOC 


Do  Miraculis  Morluonim — Dc  VirginitaUs 
Jure — De  Linea  Amoris. 

KoRTHOLT,  Christian,  professor  of  di- 
\inity  at  Keil,  was  born  15th  Jan.  1633,  at 
Burg,  in  the  island  of  Femeren.  He  stu- 
died at  Burg,  Sleswick,  Stettin,  and  Ros- 
tock, Jcua,  Leipsic,  and  VVitteniberg.  In 
1662  he  was  made  Greek  professor  at  Ros- 
tock, and  in  1665  removed  to  Keil,  where 
he  enjoyed  the  favour  and  the  patronage  of 
the  duke  of  Holstcin,  and  became  vice-chan- 
cellor of  the  university.  He  died  Slst  March, 
1694,  greatly  lamented.  He  wrote  vari- 
ous works,  De  Veracitate,  &c. — De  Na- 
ture Philosophiae,  &c.  and  a  valuable  work 
on  Christ,  as  God  and  Man. 

KoRTHOLT,  Christian,  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  was  professor  of  theology  at 
Gottingen,  and  died  in  the  flower  of  his 
age,  1751.  He  published,  "Leibnitz's 
Latin  Letters,"  4  vols,  and  his  French  Let- 
ters in  one  volume. 

Kosciusko,  Thaddeus,  a  Polish  general, 
was  born  of  a  respectable  family,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  military  school  of  Warsaw  ; 
after  which  he  went  to  France,  and  next  to 
America,  where  he  served  as  aid-de-camp 
to  Washington.  On  his  return  home  he 
was  made  major-general,  and  distinguish- 
ed himself  greatly  in  the  war  of  1792,  but 
without  effect.  Two  years  afterwards  the 
Poles  again  took  up  arms,  and  were  head- 
ed by  Kosciusko  ;  but  all  his  exertions 
were  fruitless,  and  he  was  made  prisoner 
by  the  Russians,  who  treated  him  with 
great  respect ;  and  the  emperor,  Paul,  gave 
him  an  estate.  Kosciusko  now  visited 
America  the  second  time  ;  and  in  1798  re- 
turned to  Europe,  and  settled  in  France, 
where  Buonaparte  endeavoured  in  vain  to 
tempt  him  into  his  service.  He  died  at 
Soleure,  in  Switzerland,  Oct.  IG,  1817. — 
W.  B. 

KoTTBR,  Christopher,  a  fanatic,  who 
lived  at  Sprottow.  In  1616  he  began  his 
enthusiastic  career,  and  threatened  the 
princes  and  nations  of  Europe  with  terri- 
ble judgments,  according  to  the  directions, 
as  he  said,  of  an  angel.  He  was  pillored 
in  the  emperor's  dominions,  and  afterwards 
banished,  and  he  then  retired  to  Lusatia, 
where  he  died  1647,  aged  62.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Comenius,  and  his  reveries  with 
those  of  two  others,  were  published  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1657,  and  called,  Lux  in  Tenebris. 

KoTZEBUE,  Augustus  Vou,  was  born  at 
Weimar,  May  30,  1761.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  he  was  sent  to  the  college  of  Jena, 
and  from  thence  to  Duisburg,  where  he  or- 
ganized a  company  of  juvenile  performers. 
In  1779  he  returned  to  Jena,  to  study  the 
law,  instead  of  which  most  of  his  time  was 
devoted  to  the  play-house.  In  1781  he 
became  secretary  to  general  Bauer,  whom 
he  accompanied  to  Petersburg,  where  he 
produced  a  tragedy,  calletl    "  Demetrius, 


Czar  of  Muscovy."  Here  he  married  a 
Russian  lady,  and  was  appointed  president 
of  the  civil  government  at  Revel.  After 
this  ho  wrote  a  number  of  dramas  ;  some 
of  which  obtained  great  popularity  on  the 
continent  and  in  England,  In  178*J  he  lost 
his  wife,  on  which  he  went  to  Paris,  and 
next  to  Vienna,  where  he  became  superin- 
tendent of  the  imperial  theatre  ;  but  re- 
signed that  place,  and  returned  to  Russia. 
He  had  scarcely  entered  that  country,  be- 
fore he  was  arrested  by  the  orders  of  Paul, 
and  sent  to  Siberia,  but  did  not  remain  long 
in  exile  ;  and  on  his  arrival  at  Petersburg, 
was  taken  into  the  emperor's  favour.  In 
1813  he  was  appointed  consul-general  at 
Konigsberg  ;  but  the  climate  disagreeing 
with  him,  he  resigned  the  situation,  and 
went  to  Manheim,  where  he  was  assassi- 
nated, March  23,  1819,  by  a  fanatical  stu- 
dent of  Jena,  named  Sand,  who  then  stab- 
bed himself ;  but  recovered  from  his  wound, 
and  was  beheaded.  The  works  of  Kotze- 
bue  are  too  numerous  to  be  specified. — 
W.B. 

KoucK,  Peter,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
after  travelling  to  Constantinople,  settled 
at  Antwerp,  and  became  principal  painter 
to  Charles  V.  and  died  1550,  aged  50.  His 
views  of  Constantinople,  &.c.  are  highly 
valued. 

KouLi  KiiAV,  Thamas,  or  Nadir,  a  cele- 
brated warrior,  born  1687,  in  a  village,  in 
the  province  of  Chorasan,  in  Persia.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  shepherd,  but  he  quitted 
the  humble  occupation  of  his  youth,  and  by 
selling  some  of  his  father's  sheep,  he  col- 
lected a  number  of  desperate  followers, 
who,  attached  to  him,  shared  his  dangers 
and  his  booties  in  plundering  caravans,  and 
attacking  defenceless  travellers.  By  de- 
grees he  saw  himself  at  the  head  of  6000 
brave  adherents,  and  became  so  formida- 
ble, that  his  assistance  was  solicited  by  the 
Schah  Thamas,  whose  throne  was  usurped 
by  Eschref,  the  chief  of  the  Aghwans. 
With  the  most  impetuous  valour,  Kouli  at- 
tacked the  enemy,  and  soon  routed  them, 
and  then  seated  his  master  on  the  throne 
of  his  ancestors  at  Ispahan.  Thus  victo- 
rious, he  pursued  the  flying  Aghwans  to 
Candahar,  and  after  carrying  terror  and 
desolation  before  him,  and  obtaining  an 
immense  booty,  he  returned  to  Ispahan. 
Instead,  however,  of  finding  Thamas  en- 
g-aged  in  a  Turkish  war,  as  he  had  recom- 
mended, he  saw  him  lulled  into  effeminate 
security,  and  therefore,  displeased  Avith  his 
conduct,  he  boldly  seized  his  person,  and 
proclaiming  his  son,  an  infant,  six  months 
old,  Sophi  of  Persia,  he  declared  himself 
regent  of  the  kingdom.  Eager  after  mili- 
tary fame,  Kouli  immediately  made  war 
against  the  Turks,  with  the  most  astonish- 
ing success,  displayin<i;  every  where  in  his 
conduct,  valour,  prudence,  and  heroism.  On 

167 


KEA 


KUN 


tLe  death  of  the  young  king,  1737,  he  sig- 
nified his  intention  of  resigning  his  ho- 
nours ;  but  the  nobles,  excited  by  his  pri- 
vate intrigues,  interfered,  and  invested  him 
■with  the  sovereign  power,  and  seated  him 
on  the  throne  of  Persia.  Now  elevated  to 
the  height  of  his  ambition,  he  wisely  saw 
that  war  was  the  only  support  of  his  great- 
ness, and  therefore  with  a  numerous  army, 
devoted  to  him  by  his  liberality,  and  by  his 
personal  valour,  he  marched  against  India. 
The  Mogul  empire  was  rapidly  conquered, 
200,000  men  were  put  to  the  sword,  and  a 
booty  of  145  millions  rewarded  the  victor 
at  the  taking  of  Delhi.  To  the  possession 
of  the  Mogul  dominions,  was  soon  added 
the  conquest  of  the  Usbec  Tartars,  and  the 
capture  of  Buchara,  their  chief  city  ,  and 
on  all  sides,  wherever  he  turned  his  arms, 
he  found  no  power  able  to  withstand  his 
attacks.  Such  astonishing  successes  re- 
quired wisdom  and  decision  to  cement 
them,  but  unfortunately,  when  his  abilities 
■were  wanted  to  give  stability  to  his  im- 
mense dominions,  Kouli  became  capricious, 
proud,  and  tyrannical.  With  iryudicious 
violence  he  attempted  to  introduce  the  re- 
ligion of  Omar  among  his  subjects,  and  to 
render  his  decrees  more  terrible,  he  put  to 
SI  cruel  death  the  priests  who  opposed  his 
measures,  and  even  sacrificed  his  own  son 
to  his  ferocious  measures.  This  conduct 
revolted  the  attachment  of  the  Persians, 
and  the  nobles  who  foresaw  in  the  capri- 
cious cruelty  of  their  master  their  own  de- 
struction, conspired  against  him,  and  assas- 
sinated him,  8th  June,  1747,  after  he  had 
reigned  20  years  over  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensive and  powerful  empires  of  the  world. 

Kracheninnikow,  Stephen,  a  Russian 
naturalist,  educated  at  Petersburg.  He 
was  engaged  10  years  in  making  observa- 
tions on  the  natural  productions  of  Kam- 
echatka,  and  the  neighbouring  country,  and 
on  his  return,  in  1743,  he  was  made  asso- 
ciate of  the  academy,  and  in  1753,  profes- 
sor of  botany  and  natural  history.  His 
travels,  &c.  were  published  in  Chappe  d'- 
Auteroche's  Account  of  Siberia.  He  died 
1755,  aged  42. 

Krantz,  Albert,  a  famous  historian  and 
divine,  born  at  Hamburgh.  He  became 
professor  of  philosophy  and  divinity  at  Ros- 
tock, 1482,  and  in  1498  was  elected  dean 
of  the  chapter  of  Hamburgh,  where  he  died 
1517.  The  best  known  of  his  learned  works 
are.  Chronica  Regnorum,  Aquiloniorum 
Daniae,  Sueciae,  &c. — Saxonia  sive  de  Sax- 
onicae  Gentis  Origine,  &c.  lib.  13.  ad  ann. 
1501 — Vandalia,  sive  de  Vandalorum  Ori- 
gine, &c. — Metropolis,  sive  Historia  Ec- 
clesiastica  Saxoniae,  and  other  works. 

Krause,  Francis,  a  native  of  Augsburg, 
the  disciple  of  Piazetta,  and  eminent  as  a 
historical  painter.  Though  his  pieces  pos- 
ing 


sessed  merit,  he  died  poor,  after  a  rcsi* 
dence  of  some  years  in  France,  1754,  aged 
48. 

Kresa,  Father,  a  native  of  Moravia, 
confessor  to  the  king  and  queen  of  Bohe- 
mia, where  he  died  1715,  aged  67.  He 
was  well  acquainted  with  Hebrew,  Greek, 
Latin,  French,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Por- 
tuguese, and  wrote  Analysis  Speciosa  Tri- 
gonometriae  Sphericae,  &.c. 

Kruger,  John  Christian,  author  of  pO' 
ems  and  comedies,  and  translator  of  Mari- 
vaux's  Theatre  into  German,  acquired  also 
some  reputation  as  an  actor,  and  died  at 
Hamburgh,  1750,  aged  28. 

KuHLMAN,  Quirinus,  a  famous  fanatic, 
born  at  Breslaw  in  Silesia,  1651.  While 
his  learning  promised  the  fairest  fruits,  he 
was  attacked  at  the  age  of  18,  by  a  violent 
illness,  from  which  he  recovered  with  diffi- 
culty. But  with  returning  health,  he  dis- 
played the  wildest  manners,  and  pretending 
to  have  held  converse  with  departed  spirits 
and  aerial  beings,  he  set  up  for  a  prophet. 
He  went  to  Holland,  where  the  reading  of 
Behmen's  works  increased  the  extrava- 
gance of  his  reveries.  Though  seemingly 
devoted  to  spiritual  affairs  exclusively,  he 
had  some  respect  for  the  things  of  the 
world  ;  he  kept  some  concubines,  and  ex- 
torted money  from  the  credulous,  by 
threatening  terrible  and  approaching  ven- 
geance if  they  did  not  satisfy  his  wants. 
After  wandering  over  England,  France,  and 
the  East,  he  was  at  last  stopped  at  Mos- 
cow, and  burnt,  3d  Oct.  1689,  on  account 
of  some  prophecies  which  were  interpreted 
as  improper  and  seditious.  He  published 
Prodromus  Quinquennis  Mirabilis,  1674, 
and  other  things. 

KuHNius,  Joachim,  a  learned  native  of 
Gripswalde,  Pomerania,  who  after  studying 
at  Stade  and  Jena,  became  principal  of  the 
college  of  Octingen,  in  Swabia,  and  three 
years  after,  in  1676,  was  elected  Greek 
professor  of  the  university  of  Strasburg. 
The  professorship  of  Hebrew  was  after- 
wards added  to  his  other  appointments, 
and  he  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his  pub- 
lications, and  in  the  number  of  his  pupils. 
He  died  11th  Dec.  1697,  aged  50.  He 
published  excellent  editions  with  notes,  of 
iElian,  Diogenes,  Pausanias,  besides  other 
works. 

KuicK,  John  Van,  a  painter  of  Dordt, 
who  was  accused  of  heresy  by  the  Jesuits, 
in  consequence  of  some  offence  which  he 
had  given  to  the  fraternity,  and  cruelly 
burnt  to  death,  1572,  aged  42. 

KuNCKETT,  John,  an  able  chymist,  and 
ingenious  philosopher,  born  in  the  dutchy 
of  Sleswic,  1630.  He  died  1702.  He 
published  at  London  Observationes  Chy- 
micae,  1678,  12mo.  and  discovered  the 
phosphorus  of  urine,  and  introduced  several 


hib6 


K'int 


^ascful  improvements  in  the  arts,  autl  plii- 
losopl^. 

KuNZE,  John  Christopher,  D.D.  a  learn- 
ed and  distinguished  clergyman,  was  four- 
teen years  minister  of  the  German  Lu- 
theran church  in  Philadelphia,  Pennsylva- 
nia, and  was  also  a  professor  in  the  college 
in  that  city.  In  1781  he  removed  to 
New-York,  where  he  was  twcnty-tliree 
years  minister  of  the  Lutheran  church. 
He  was  also  professor  of  Oriental  lan- 
guages in  Columhia  college.  He  was  born 
in  1744,  and  died  Senior  of  the  German 
Lutheran  church  in  New-York,  July  24th, 
1807.  His  large  and  valuable  cabinet  of 
roins  and  medals  was  presented  after  his 
death  to  the  New- York  Historical  Society. 

ICPL. 

KupiESKi,  John,  a  painter  of  Bohemia, 
born  1667,  who  studied  in  Italy,  and  ac- 
quired such  reputation  as  to  deserve  and 
enjoy  the  patronage  of  the  emperor 
Charlesjn.  of  the  Czar  Peter,  and  other 
princes. 

KusTER,  Ludolf,  a  learned  critic,  born 
at  Blombcrg,  in  Westphalia,  1670.  The 
abilities  which  he  early  displayed  recom- 
mended him  as  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the 
Prussian  prime  minister,  and  his  services 
were  rewarded  by  the  promise  of  a  profes- 
sorship in  the  university  of  Berlin.  In  the 
mean  time  he  travelled  over  Holland,  Ger- 
many, France,  and  England,  where  at  last 
he  produced,  after  four  years'  laborious  in- 
vestigation, his  edition  of  Suidas,  in  3  vols, 
folio,  at  Cambridge.  The  work  was  ho- 
nourably received  by  the  university,  the 
editor  was  complimented  with  the  degree 
of  doctor,  and  advantageous  offers  were 
made  to  him  to  settle  there.  He,  how- 
ever, declined  them  all,  to  take  possession 
of  his  Berlin  professorship,  which,  together 
with  the  place  of  king's  librarian,  he  soon 
after  relinquished  with  capricious  indif- 
ference, and  went  to  Amsterdam,  where  he 
published  his  Aristophanes,  in  1710,  and  an 
edition  of  Mills's  Greek  Testament.  From 
Amsterdam  he  went  to  Rotterdam,  and 
then  to  Antwerp,  where  he  was  prevailed 
upon  by  the  Jesuits  to  renounce  the  pro- 
testant  tenets  for  the  catholic  faith  in  1713. 
This  dereliction  of  his  religion,  or  his  ser- 
vices to  literature,  recommended  him  to 
the  French  king,  who  granted  him  a  pen- 
sion of  2000  livres,  and  appointed  him  asso- 
ciate of  the  academy  of  inscriptions.  Kus- 
ter  did  not  long  enjoy  his  honours  at  Paris. 


He  died  the  Hith  Oct.  1716,  oi  an  abscfcb* 
in  the  pancreas,  u^ed  only  46.  His  other 
works  were  an  cdifion  of  JuniblicuH's  life 
of  Pythagoras— Historia  Crilicu  liomeri-- 
Bibliotheca  Novorum  Librorum  :ib  16'J7, 
usque  1699,  5  vols.— l)e  V  ero  Lsu  Verbo- 
rum  Mediorum  apud  Gracos,  a  valuable 
book,  &c. 

KuTP,  Jacob,  a  landscape  painter  of  emi- 
nence, who  founded  the  academy  of  paint- 
ing at  Dordt,  1643.  His  son,  Albert,  rose 
superior  to  his  lather  in  fame,  and  ex- 
celled him  in  the  delicacy  of  his  colour- 
ing, and  the  variety  and  correctness  of  his 
pieces. 

Kyd,  Thomas,  a  writer  in  the  uga  oi' 
Elizabeth.  He  published  1595  Pompey 
the  Great,  a  play,  translated  from  the 
French  of  Gamier. 

Ktdermynster,  Richard,  abbot  and 
historian  of  the  Benedictine  convent  of 
Winchcombe,  Gloucestershire,  was  bom  at 
Worcester.  Besides  the  History  of  his 
Convent  in  5  books,  he  wrote  some  pieces 
against  the  Reformation,  &.c.  and  died  at 
his  abbey,  1531. 

Ktnaston,  John,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Chester,  5th  Dec.  1728,  and  educated  at 
Brazen-nose  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he 
became  fellow,  1751.  He  gained  great  re- 
putation in  the  university  by  his  oration, 
"  De  Impietate  C.  Corn.  Tacito,  falso  ob- 
jectatEi,"  on  the  foundation  of  Sir  Franci-s 
Bridgman,  delivered  in  the  chapel  of  his 
college,  1761,  and  published.  He  wrote 
some  other  things,  and  died  in  consequence 
of  breaking  his  left  arm  very  near  the  shoul- 
der, June,  1783. 

Ktnwelmarsh,  Francis,  a  native  of 
Essex,  who  studied  the  law  at  Gray's-Inn, 
and  assisted  Gascoigne  in  his  translation  of 
Euripides's  tragedy  of  Jocasta.  He  wrote 
some  poetry  of  coniSiderable  merit,  which, 
together  with  the  poetical  trifles  of  his  bro- 
ther Anthony,  are  preserved  in  the  Para- 
dise of  Dainty  Devices,  1576. 

Ktrle,  John,  the  celebrated  man  of  Ross, 
immortalized  by  the  muse  of  Pope,  and 
more  by  his  own  beneficent  actions.  With 
an  estate  of  only  500/.  a  year,  he  was  the 
blessing  of  his  native  county  of  Hereford  ; 
he  built  a  church,  endowed  hospitals,  and 
had  the  good  fortune  to  be  seconded  in  his 
charitable  works  by  the  liberality  of  his 
opulent  neighbours.  He  died  1721,  aged 
90,  but  "  no  monument,  inscription,  stone," 
as  the  poet  observes,  mark  his  remains. 


LAB 


LAB 


JUABADIE,  John,  a  famous  enthusiast,  affirm  that  he  was  disgracefully  expelled 

born  10th  Feb.  1610,  at  Bourg,  in  Guienne.  for  his   irregularities  and  hypocrisy.     He 

He    was    educated    among  the  Jesuits  of  came  to  Paris,  where  as  an  itinerant  preach- 

Bourdeaux,  but  quitted  their  society,  when  er  he  acquired  celebrity,  and  was  presented 

his  studies  were  completed  :  though  some  bv  Conm^rtin.    brshop  of  Amiens,   to   a 
Vnu  II.                                                   2=?  T^^ 


LAB 


LAB 


t-anumy  iii  his  cathedral.     At  Amicii:^  the 
singularity  of  his  doctrines  soon  collected, 
a  number  of  devotees  around  him  ;    but 
when  his  intrigues  ivith  the  nuns  produced 
his  disgrace,  he  retired  to  Bazas,  and  after- 
wards to  Toulouse.  There  his  opinions  had 
guch  effect  upon  the  nuns  that  they  were 
persuaded  to  Usten  to    his    spiritual  ha- 
rangues, with    their   person   stark   naked, 
while  in  thus  imitating  Adam  and  Eve,  they 
aspired  to  superior  mental  purity  j  but  these 
indecorous  meetings  were  no  sooner  men- 
tioned to  the  archbishop  than  Labadie  was 
dismissed   in  disgrace.     He   next  excited 
the  public   attention    at    Montauban,  and 
then  passed  to  Orange,  and  next  to  Geneva, 
where  he  resided  some  years.     In  1066  he 
went  to  Middleburg,  where  his  followers 
became  very  numerous.    He  afterwards  re- 
tired to  Erfurt,  but  soon  left  it  in  conse- 
quence of  the  war,   and  took  up  his  resi- 
dence at  Altona,  in  Holstein,  where  a  vio- 
lent colic  carried  him  off"  in  1674,  in  his 
64th  year.     In  his  manners  Labadie  was 
austere,  with  a  mixture  of  candour,  piety, 
and  hypocrisy,  and  he  had  the  art  of  insinu- 
ating his  principles  with  such  eflScacy  that 
the  most  learned  and  the  most  virtuous  be- 
came converts  to  his  Vvild  opinions.  Among 
his  warmest  admirers  were  Mademoiselle 
Schurman,  Madame  Bourignon,  Elizabeth 
princess   Palatine,    and  others.     With  an 
air  of  gravity  and  of  affected  sanctity,  he 
imposed  upon  the  credulity  of  his  pupils, 
and  after  beginning  with  ghostly  advice, 
and  the  most  serious  exhortations  to  mental 
innocence  and  bodily  purity,  he  often  end- 
ed   with    the    grossest    sensualities.     His 
mystical  opinions,  which  once  were  very 
prevalent,  and  procured  to  his  followers  the 
appellation  of  Labadists,   are  no  longer  re- 
garded.    In  his  particular  tenets  he  main- 
tained that  God  might   deceive,  that  the 
Holy    Scriptures   were    not   necessary   to 
Salvation,    that   the    Old    Testament  was 
i-arnal,    and    that     the    New,     regarding 
bnly  the  state  of  the  spirit,  made  all  men 
free  ;  that  the  observati9n  of  the  Sabbath 
was  unnecessary  ;  that  the  church  was  di- 
vided into  two  parts,  the  degenerate  and 
the  regenerate,  or  his  followers,  and  that 
self-denial    and    the    mortification   of  the 
.senses,  cherished  and  improved  by  mental 
prayer,  would  raise  man  to  the  possession 
of  God,  and  to  a  familiar  conversation  with 
him.     The  propagation  of  these  heteroge- 
neous   and    inconsistent    doctrines   for  a 
while  had  an  astonishing  influence  on  the 
multitude,  and  almost  excited  civil  war  in 
some  of  the  provinces  of  Holland. 

Labat,  John  Baptist,  a  Dominican  of 
Paris,  professor  of  philosophy  at  Nancy. 
He  went  in  1693  as  missionary  to  America, 
and  returned  in  1705  to  France.  He  was 
for  some  time  at  Boulogne,  and  died  at 
Paris,  6th  January,  1738.  He  published 
^ouvcau  Voyage  aux  Isles  de  I'Amerique, 
170 


6  vols.  Sro. — Voyages  en  Espagne  etltalie, 
8  vols.  12mo. — Nouvelle  Relatioii  de 
I'Afrique  Occidentale,  5  vols.  12mo.  com- 
piled from  others — Voyage  du  Chevalier 
Marchais  en  Guin6e,  4  vols.  12mo. — Rela->^ 
tion  Historique  de  I'Ethiopie  Occidentale, 
from  Cavazzi's  Latin  works,  4  vols.  ISmo^ 
Labbe,  Philip,  a  Jesuit  of  Bourges,  of 
great  learning,  prodigious  memory,  and  in- 
defatigable application.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1667,  aged  60,  highly  respected  as  an  able 
critic,  and  an  excellent  private  character. 
His  works  are,  de  Byzantinae  Historiae 
Scriptoribus,  folio — Nova  Bibliotheca  MS. 
2  volumes,  foho — Bibliotheca  Biblicarum, 
fol. — Concordia  Chronologica,  5  volumes, 
folio — Concordia  Sacrae  et  Profanae  Chro- 
nologiae,  &c.  l2mo.— Le  Chronologue 
Francois,  6  vols.  12mo. — Bibliotheca  Ante- 
Janseniana,  4to. — Notitia  Dignitatum  Im- 
perii Rom.  l2mo. — De  Scriptoribus  Eccles. 
Dissertatio,  2  vols.  8vo. — Coneiliorum  Col- 
lectio  Maxima,  17  vols.  fol. — Lives  of  learn- 
ed Jesuits,  &.C.  and  some  valuable  works  on 
grammar  and  Greek  poetry. 

Labbe,  Louisa,  a  poetess,  called  the  fair 
rope-maker,  because  she  married  a  rich 
rope-maker  of  Lyons,  who  at  his  death  left 
her  all  his  property.  For  some  time  she 
aspired  to  distinction  in  aiTns,  and  conduct- 
ed herself  courageously  at  the  siege  of  Per- 
pignan,  in  men's  clothes.  Her  attachment 
to  literature  was  also  very  great,  and  whilst 
as  a  courtezan  she  extorted  a  high  premium 
for  the  possession  of  her  charms,  she  was 
more  condescending  to  men  of  letters,  and 
admitted  them  to  her  favours  gratis.  Her 
works,  in  prose  and  verse,  were  printed  at 
Lyons,  1555  and  1762,  12mo.  and  are  con- 
sidered as  possessing  high  merit.  She  died 
1566,  aged  40. 

Labeo,  Quintus  Fabius,  a  Roman  con- 
sul, who  possessed  great  hterary  talents,  and 
is  said  to  have  assisted  Terence  in  the  com- 
position of  his  plays. 

Labeo,  Antistius,  a  Roman  lawyer,  who 
opposed  the  government  of  Augustus,  and 
refused  the  consulship  when  oflTered  to  him 
by  the  emperor.  His  father  was  one  of 
Cesar's  murderers,  and  patriotism  and  op- 
position to  tyranny  were  hereditary  in  the 
family.  A  tribune  of  that  name  caused  the 
condemnation  of  Metellus,  B.C.  148. 

Lab  ERICS,  Decimus,  a  Roman  knight, 
who  excelled  as  a  writer  of  satirical  pro- 
ductions, or  mimes,  for  the  stage.  Caesar  to 
disgrace  him  obliged  him  to  repeat  one  of 
his  pieces  on  the  stage,  and  the  poet  with 
great  presence  of  mind  spoke  with  censo- 
rious humour  against  the  oppressor  of  his 
country.     He  died  44  B.C. 

Laboureur,  John  le,  a  native  of  Mont- 
morency, who  from  the  humble  occupation 
of  a  gentleman's  servant,  rose  to  some  con- 
sideration, and  became  an  abb^  prior  of  Ju- 
vigne,  and  almoner  to  the  king,  and  com- 
mander of  the  order  of  Saint  Michael.    He 


LAC 


LAJ# 


died  1676,  aged  52.  He  publislwid  the  Col- 
lection ol"  Monuments  of  illustrious  Persons 
buried  in  the  Celestines'  Cluirih  at  Piiris, 
4to.  lG42 — the  History  of  Marshal  tiuc- 
briant,  with  the  Genealogy  of  Budos  and 
other  families  in  Britanny — the  Memoirs 
of  Michael  Castelnau,  and  other  works.  His 
brother  Lewis  wrote  some  poetry,  and 
died  1679,  and  his  uncle  Claude,  who 
was  an  ecclesiastic,  published,  in  1643, 
notes  and  corrections  on  the  Breviary  of 
Lyons,  &c. 

Lacarry,  Giles,  a  French  Jesuit,  who 
died  1684,  aged  79.  Though  much  em- 
ployed as  a  professor  of  philosophy  and 
theology,  he  wrote  some  useful  works,  His- 
toria  Galliarum  sub  Prajfectis  Praitoris  Gal- 
liarum,  4to. — Historia  Coloniarum  a  Gallis 
in  Externas  Nationes  Missarum,  4to. — 
de  Regibus  Francice  et  Lege  Salica — Histo- 
ria Komana,  4to. — Notitia  Provlnciaruni 
Imperii  Utriusquc  cum  notis,  4to. — besides 
editions  of  Veil.  Paterculus,  and  Tacitus  de 
Germ. 

La  Colon  IE,  John  Martin  dc,  a  native 
of  Perigord,  who  died  at  Bourdeaux,  1759, 
aged  85.  He  served  in  the  Austrian 
army,  and  obtained  the  rank  of  marshal. 
He  wrote  military  memoirs,  published 
Frankfort  1730,  and  Brussels  1739,  2  vols. 
12mo.  and  also  a  History  of  Bourdeaux,  3 
vols.  12mo. 

Lacombe,  James,  a  French  historian, 
born  at  Paris  1724.  He  is  author  of  some 
popular  works,  Abrege  Chrouologique  de 
I'Histoire  Ancienne — de  IHistoire  du  Nord 
— Revolutions  de  la  Russie — Histoire  de 
Christine,  Reine  de  Suede,  Sac. 

Lacombe  de  Prezel,  Honorc,  brother 
10  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Paris,  1725. 
He  is  author  of  several  Dictionaries — de 
Jurisprudence — de  Citoyen — dc  Portraits 
et  d'Anecdotes  des  Hommes  Celebres,  &c. 
— Another  of  the  same  name  wrote  a 
useful  dictionary  of  old  French,  7  vols. 
Svo.  1765. 


Lacydas,   a  Greek  phdosopUcr  oi    Cj 
rone,  successor  to  Arccsilaus  in  the  second 
academy.     His  grief  at  the  loss  of  n  favour- 
ite goosft  was   ridiculous.      H»-  dird    I{  C 
212. 

Ladislaus  L  sonofBcIti  I.  succeeded  to 
the  Hungarian  throne  after  his  brother  Gei- 
sa,  1077.  He  was  an  able  politician  and  a 
warlike  general,  and  after  defeating  the  Bo- 
hemians, Russians,  Tartars,  auil  Bulga- 
rians, and  driving  away  the  Huns  from 
Hungary,  he  marched  against  Dalniatia  and 
Croatia,  where  his  sister  was  cruelly  treate  1 
by  her  husband  Zuonimir,  and  he  addeH 
those  provinces  to  his  empire.  To  valour 
in  the  field  he  also  added  piety  at  home,  and 
deserved  for  his  great  sanctity  to  be  canon- 
ized by  Celestinus  HL  in  1198.  He  died 
30th  July,  1095. 

Ladislaus  lU.  king  of  Hungary  after  his 
father  Stephen  V.  was  cruel  and  licentious. 
He  divorced  his  wife  to  be  more  unrestrain- 
ed with  his  concubines,  and  so  offended  his 
subjects  by  his  oppression  and  immoral  con 
duct,  that  he  was  assassinated,  1290,  in  the 
18th  year  of  his  reign. 

Ladislaus  IV.  grand  duke  of  Lithuania, 
and  king  of  Poland  since  1434,  was  made 
king  of  Hungary  in  1440,  on  the  death  of 
Albert  of  Austria.     He  made  war  against 
the  Turks  and  defeated  their  sultan  Amu- 
rath  II.  by  the  valour  of  his  general  Huni- 
ades  ;  but  after  making  a  solemn  peace  witli 
his   enemy  he  was  prevailed  upon  by  the 
pope's  ambassador  to  violate  it.     In  conse- 
quence of  this,  Amu  rath  hastened  to  give 
his  aggressor  battle,  and  proved  victorious 
in  the  dreadful  fight  near  Varnes,  11th  Nov. 
1444.     Ladislaus  was  slain,  but  though  his 
head  was  carried  in  triumph  through  the 
Turkish  camp,  the  conqueror  honoured  his 
remains  with  a  most  magnificent  funeral. 

Ladislaus  V.  son  of  Albert  of  Austria, 
succeeded  Ladislaus  IV.  under  the  protec- 
tion of  Huniades.  It  is  said  that  he  was 
poisoned   by  the  Hussites,  against  whose 


Lactantius,  Lucius  Cailius  Firmianus,     sect  he  behaved  with  great  rancour 


a  Latin  father  of  the  church,  said  to  have 
been  born  in  Africa,  or  according  to  some 
at  Fermo  in  Italy.  His  abilities  recom- 
mended him  to  the  notice  of  Constantino, 
who  made  him  tutor  to  his  son  Crispus. 
His  style  is  much  in  the  manner  of  Cicero, 
possessing  force,  elegance,  and  purity.  Of 
his  works  the  best  edition  is  that  of  Paris, 
2vols.  4to.  1748. 

Lact,  John,  an  excellent  actor  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  with  whom  he  was  a 
great  and  familiar  favourite.     He  wrote  the 


Ladislaus  VI.  son  of  Casimir  king  of 
Poland,  was  raised  to  the  throne  of  Ilun- 
gary  after  Matthias  Corvinus,  1490,  in  pre- 
ference to  his  own  brother  Albert,  to  Max- 
imilian of  Austria,  and  to  John  the  natural 
son  of  the  late  king.  He  made  war  against 
the  Turks  and  other  nations,  and  died  aller 
a  very  turbulent  reign,  1516. 

Ladislaus,  or  Launcelot,  the  liberal 
and  victorious,  was  count  of  Provence  and 
succeeded  his  father  Charles  Duras  as  kinjr 
of  Naples,  133G.     His  elevation  was  op- 


Dumb  Lady — the  Old  Troop,  or  Monsieur  posed  by  Lewis  II.  duke  of  Anjou,  and  by 

Ragou — Sir  Hercules  Buflbon,  three  tragc-  pope  John  XXIII.  and  this  excited  dread 

dies.     There  was  an  English  gentieman  of  ful  civil  wars.     In  1403  he  seized  the  crown 

that  name,  who  favoured  the  French  impos-  of  Hungary,  during  the  imprisonment  of 

tors  who  called  themselves  prophets,  at  the  king   Sigismund,  who   soon    after  obliged 

beginning  of  the  eightcentlj  century,  and  him  to  retire  into  Italy,  and  afterwards  he 

was  imprisoned  for  some  of  his  publickfion«:.  was   defeated  bv  his  rival  LcavIs  on  tlio 

J71 


LAD 


LA^ 


banks  of  the  Garigliano,  in  1411.  In  the 
mean  time,  though  defeated,  he  had  the  art 
to  reconcile  the  pope  to  his  interest ;  but 
ai  the  moment  that  the  pontifl'  promised 
himself  tranquillity,  Ladislaus  marched 
against  him  and  seized  Rome,  and  after- 
■\vards  turned  his  victorious  arms  against 
the  Florentines,  to  Avhom  he  dictated  terms 
of  peace,  1413.  ^N'hilst  promising  himself 
greater  successes,  Ladislaus  died  suddenly 
at  Naples,  16th  Aug.  1414,  aged  38.  It  is 
said  that  his  mistress,  the  daughter  of  a 
physician,  had  been  pi'evailed  on  by  the  vin- 
dictive Florentines  to  administer  poison  to 
him,  so  that  he  expired  in  the  greatest  ago- 
nies. He  had  been  three  times  married, 
but  left  no  issue. 

Ladislaus  I.  king  of  Poland,  son  of  Ca- 
simir  I.  succeeded  his  brother  Boleslaus  II. 
1081.  He  was  fond  of  peace,  but  yet  brave 
in  war,  as  he  defeated  in  three  battles  the 
Prussians  and  Pomeranians  who  wished  to 
invade  his  kingdom.  He  died  26th  Julv, 
1102. 

Ladislaus  II.  king  of  Poland,  after  his 
father  Boleslaus  III.  1139,  made  war  against 
his  brothers,  and  was  at  last,  after  various 
successes,  banished  from  his  throne.  His 
brother  Boleslaus  IV'.  succeeded  him,  and 
granted  him  Silesia  at  the  request  of  Fred- 
eric Barbarossa.  He  died  at  Oldenburg, 
1159. 

Ladislaus  III.  king  of  Poland  in  1296, 
proved  so  oppressive  in  his  conduct  towards 
the  clergy  and  the  people,  that  his  subjects 
revolted  and  placed  Wenceslaus  on  the 
throne.  Now  a  fugitive,  Ladislaus  learned 
wisdom  in  adversity,  and  on  the  death  of 
his  successor,  by  the  influence  of  the  pope, 
lie  was  again  placed  on  the  throne,  and 
showed  his  gratitude  by  the  mildness,  jus- 
tice, and  popularity  of  his  government.  He 
defeated  the  revolted  Pomeranians  with  the 
assistance  of  the  Teutonic  knights ;  but 
when  these  warriors  had  seized  Dantzic  as 
the  reward  of  their  exertions,  the  offended 
kin2;  marched  against  them  and  cut  to  pieces 
their  army  consisting  of  20,000  men.  He 
died  soon  after,  lOth  March,  1333,  highly 
and  deservedly  respected. 

Ladislaus  V.  surnamed  Jagellon,  grand 
duke  of  Lithuania,  obtained  the  crown  of 
Poland,  1386,  by  his  marriage  with  Hed- 
wige,  daughter  of  Lewis  king  of  Hungary. 
Hedwige  had  been  placed  on  the  throne  of 
Poland,  provided  she  took  for  her  husband 
the  person  whom  her  subjects  approved, 
and  consequently  Ladislaus,  honoured  with 
the  affection  of  the  queen,  left  the  super- 
stitions of  paganism,  and  was  baptized  and 
raised  to  the  sovereignty.  His  reign  was 
mild  but  vigorous,  he  defeated  the  Teutonic 
tnights  in  frequent  battles,  and  added  Li- 
thuania to  his  Polish  dominions,  but  refused 
the  crown  of  Bohemia,  which  was  offered 
^ohim  by  the  Hussil'^*.     Ik". died  31st  Mav, 


1434,  aged  80,  universally  and  deservedly 
respected  for  his  probity,  his  integrity,  and 
all  those  virtues  which  should  grace  a 
throne. 

Ladislaus  VI.  king  of  Poland,  son  of 
Ladislaus  V.  was  duke  of  Lithuania  and  king 
of  Hungary,  as  already  mentioned. 

Ladislaus,  Sigisraund,  VII.  king  of  Po- 
land and  Sweden  after  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther Sigismund  III.  1632,  had  displayed 
great  bravery  before  his  elevation,  in  his 
wars  against  the  Turks,  150,000  of  whom 
he  had  slain  in  various  battles.  When 
raised  to  the  throne  he  governed  with  great 
moderation,  but  without  forgetting  the  in- 
terests of  hU  people,  as  he  attacked  the 
Russians  who  threatened  him,  and  obliged 
them  to  make  peace.  He  died  without  is- 
sue 1648,  aged  52. 

L'advocat,  John  Baptist,  a  Jesuit,  He- 
brew professor,  doctor  and  librarian  of  the 
Sorbonne,  was  born  in  the  diocess  of  Toul, 
1709.  He  died  at  Paris  1765.  He  wrote 
a  Geographical  Dictionary,  8vo. — an  Histo- 
rical Dictionary,  2  vols.  8vo.  abridged  from 
Moreri,  but  since  much  enlarged — a  He- 
brew Grammar — a  Tract  on  Councils — a 
Dissertation  on  the  67th  Psalm — a  Cri- 
tique on  some  new  Translations  of  Scrip- 
ture, &c. 

L'Advocat,  Louis  Francis,  author  of  a 
treatise  on  a  new  system  of  morals  and  phy- 
sic, was  dean  of  the  chamber  of  accounts  at 
Paris,  and  died  there,  1735,  aged  91. 

LjELius,  Caius,  a  Roman  consul,  distin- 
guished for  his  abilities  as  an  orator  and  a 
man  of  learning.  He  was  the  friend  of  young 
Scipio,  and  is  said  to  have  assisted  Terence 
in  his  plays.  Another  of  the  same  name 
was  the  friend  of  the  elder  Alricanus,  and 
assisted  in  his  victories  over  Asdrubal  and 
Syphax. 

Laer,  Peter,  a  Dutch  painter,  surnamed 
from  his  deformity  Bamboche.  Some  of 
his  pieces  which  were  elegant,  but  on  trifling- 
subjects,  were  in  the  Orleans  collection. 
He  was  an  amiable  and  facetious  man,  and 
died  1675. 

Laet,  John  de,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  di- 
rector of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company. 
He  died  at  Antwerp,  1640,  and  was  author  of 
some  useful  works — HistoriaNaturalis  Bra- 
siliae,  folio — Novus  Orbis,  folio,  1633 — de 
Regis  Hispaniae  Regnis  et  Opibus,  8vo. — 
Respublica  'Belgarum — Gallia — Turcici  Im- 
perii Status — Perfici  Imperii  Status — Vi- 
truvius,  printed  by  Elzivir,  fol.  1649. 

L.i^viNus,  Torrentinus,  commonly  called 
A  under  Bcken,  or  Torrentin,  %vas  a  native 
of  Ghent,  and  studied  at  Louvainc.  He 
made  the  tour  of  Italy,  and  on  his  return 
was  appointed  canon  of  Liege.  He  went 
as  ambassador  to  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  who 
rewarded  his  services  by  making  him  bishop 
of  Antwerp.  From  Antwerp  he  was  trans- 
lated to  the  archbi^'hoprie  of  Mechlin,  wher^ 


LA4^ 


LAI 


he  died,  1595.  He  founded  the  college  ol 
Jesuits  at  Louvaiiie,  and  by  the  elegance  of 
his  Latin  poetry  deserved  to  be  called  the 
prince  of  l.yric  poets.  He  a'ao  edited  Sue- 
tonius, with  notes. 

L^vius,  a  Roman  poet,  author  of  Love 
Games,  and  other  poems  now  lost. 

Lafitao,  Joseph  Francis,  a  French  Je- 
suit, missionary  among  the  Iroquois.  He 
published  a  Comparison  of  the  Manners  of 
the  Americaiis,with  those  of  Ancient  Times, 
2  vols.  4to. — the  Discoveries  of  the  Portu- 
guese in  the  New  World,  4  vols.  4to. — Re- 
marks on  Ginseng,  l2mo.     He  died  1755. 

Lafitau,  Peter  Francis,  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Bourdeaux.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  preacher  and  a  ne- 
gotiator, and  became  such  a  favourite  by 
his  wit  and  facetiousness  with  pope  Cle- 
ment IX.  that  he  made  him  bishop  of  Siste- 
ron.  He  died  1764,  aged  79.  He  was  au- 
thor of  History  of  the  Constitution  Unige- 
nitus,  2  vols.  12rao. — History  of  Clement 
II.  2  vols. — Sermons,  4  vols. — Spiritual 
Letters,  &c. 

Lagalla,  Julius  Cxsai',  a  native  of  Pa- 
duUa,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  He  stu- 
died at  Naples,  and  when  only  18  was  made 
physician  to  the  pope,  and  professor  of 
logic  at  Rome,  where  he  died  1623,  aged 
47.  He  was  a  very  learned  man,  and  wrote 
Disputatio  de  Ccelo  Animato,  &c. 

Lagerloof,  Peter,  professor  of  elo- 
quence at  Upsal,  was  employed  by  the  king 
of  Sweden  to  write  the  Histories,  ancient 
and  modern,  of  northern  Europe.  His 
Latin  is  considered  as  very  correct  and  ele- 
gant.    He  died  1599,  aged  51. 

Lagnt,  Thomas  Fantet  sieur  de,  a  native 
of  Lyons,  brought  up  to  the  bar,  a  profession 
•which  he  relinquished  for  his  favourite  stu- 
dy of  mathematics  and  philosophy.  By  the 
liberal  support  of  the  duke  de  Noailles  he 
studied  at  Paris,  and^was  made  member  of 
the  academy  of  sciences.  After  a  residence 
of  16  years  as  hydrographer  to  the  king  at 
Rochefort,  he  was  invited  to  Paris,  to  be- 
come librarian  to  Lewis  XIV.  v,'ith  a  liberal 
pension.  He  was  author  of  New  Methods 
for  the  Extraction  arid  Approximation  of 
Roots,  4to. — la  Cubature  de  la  Sphere — 
Elements  of  Arithmetic  and  Algebra,  l2mo. 
— Analysis  of  Problems,  4to. — besides  se- 
veral papers  in  the  memoirs  of  the  academy. 
He  died  1734,  aged  74. 

Lagrange,  Joseph  Lewis,  a  mathemati- 
cian, was  born  at  Turin  in  1736.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen  he  became  a  teacher  in  the 
voyal  school  of  artillery,  where  he  formed 
an  association,  which  afterwards  rose  to 
the  rank  of  an  Academy  of  Sciences.  Here 
he  made  many  important  discoveries,  parti- 
cularly in  calculating  the  motion  of  fluids, 
.and  the  theory  of  vibrations.  He  commu- 
lucated  to  the  society  a  number  of  papers, 
and  .«»ome  to  the  actidcmv  of  Paris,  of  which 


he  was  ehoacn  aforeicin  member.  In  l?6t> 
he  removed  to  Berlin,  wh.re  he  was  ap- 
pointed director  of  the  academy,  the  tranh- 
actions  of  which  contain  ii  number  of  his 
memoirs.  In  17S7  he  setlU-d  at  Pari^  and 
became  successively  professor  of  the  Nor- 
man-school and  Polytechnic-school.  He 
died  April  10,  1813.  His  separate  worka 
are,  1.  "  Mecanique  Analytique."  2.  Fonc- 
tions  Analytiques.  "i.  Lecons  sur  k-  cab  ule. 
4.  Traitc  de  resolution  numerique  des  Equa- 
tions.—  W.  B. 

Laguna,  Andrew,  a  physician,  born  at 
Segovia,  1499.  He  was  about  the  person 
of  Charles  V.  with  whom  he  was  a  lavour- 
ite,  and  died  1560.  He  wrote  Annotations 
on  Dioscorides — Epitome  of  the  works  of 
Galen — a  treatise  of  Weights  and  Mea- 
sures. 

Laharpe  des  Utins,  N.  a  native  of 
Vaux,  driven  from  his  country  for  his  at- 
tachment to  French  principles.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  French  army  in  Ita- 
ly, under  Bonaparte,  and  was  killed  neai- 
Fombio,  April,  1796. 

Lahate,  William  Nicholas  de,  a  French 
engraver  of  great  merit,  born  1725.  More 
than  1200  maps,  charts,  ike.  are  mentioned 
as  finely  executed  by  him.  He  died  at  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century. 

Laidlie,  Archibald,  D.D.  was  bom  at 
Kelso,  Scotland,  in  1720,  and  was  educated 
at  the  university  of  Edinburgh.  He  was 
settled,  in  1760,  in  a  church  at  Flushing, 
Zealand,  and  in  1763  was  called  to  the 
care  of  the  reformed  Dutch  church  in  New- 
York,  where  he  arrived  in  1764,  and  wa5 
the  first  who  officiated  in  English  in  that 
church.  He  died  at  Redhook  in  1778,  du- 
ring an  exile  from  the  city  occasioned  by  the 
war.  He  was  an  able  theologian,  a  power- 
ful speaker,  and  was  eminently  useful  in  his 
ministry.  ICJ^  L. 

Lainez,  Alexander,  a  French  poet,  born 
1650,  at  Chimay,  in  Hainault,  and  educated 
at  Rheims.  He  travelled  over  Greece,  the 
Archipelago,  Constantinople,  Asia  Minor, 
Palestine,  Egypt,  Malta,  Sicily,  Italy,  Swit- 
zerland, and  France  ;  but  on  his  return  to 
his  native  town,  he  found  himself  reduced 
to  poverty.  Two  years  after,  the  Abbe 
Faultrier,  after  suspecting  him  improperly 
of  seditious  measures,  extended  his  protec- 
tion towards  him,  and  enabled  him  to  settle 
at  Paris,  in  possession  of  a  comfortable 
competence.  In  this  situation  he  was  the 
soul  of  company,  courted  by  the  learned, 
the  gay,  and  the  optdent,  but  though  given 
much  to  the  plea^^mes  of  the  table,  yet  fond 
of  learning:.  He  died  April  18th,  1710,  at 
Paris.  His  poetical  pieces,  which  possess 
great  vivacity  and  elegance,  are  all  short, 
as  the  eflusions  of  the  moment  and  not  of 
laborious  study.  They  were  collected  and 
published,  1753,  in  Svo. 

L.MNEZ,  James,  a  Spaniard,  the  frien<^ 

173 


LAI 


LAL 


and  successor  of  Loyola,  as  general  of  the 
Jesuits,  in  1558,  was  at  the  council  of  Trent, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  as  the  zeal- 
ous supporter  of  papal  power.  His  ser- 
vices %vere  warmly  acknowledged  by  pope 
Paul  IV.  who  not  only  granted  him  power  of 
altering  and  modifying  the  laws  of  his  socie- 
ty, and  of  making  contracts  and  agreements 
without  their  knowledge,  but  permitted  him 
to  have  prisons  independent  ot  the  secular 
power.  Though  ambitious,  he  refused  a 
cardinal's  hat,  and  died  at  Rome,  1565, 
aged  53. 

Laing,  Malcolm,  a  historian,  was  born 
in  1762,  at  Stryorey,  in  Orkney,  and  edu- 
cated at  Kirkwall,  from  whence  he  removed 
to  Edinburgh,   after  which  he  studied  the 
law,  and  was  called  to  the  bar,  but  had  little 
practice.     On  the  death  of  Dr.  Henry  he 
was  employed  to  complete  an  unfinished 
volume  of  that  writer's  history  of  England  ; 
in  which  he  gave  little  satisfaction  to  the 
public.     After  this  he  published  "A  His- 
tory of  Scotland,"  4  vols,  remarkable  only 
for  its  partiality,  and  attack  upon  the  cha- 
racter of  the  unfortunate  Mary.     During 
the  Foxite  administration,  to  which  he  was 
attached,  he  was  elected  into  parliament  for 
the  county  of  Orkney.     His  last  literary 
undertaking  was  an  edition  of  Ossian's,  or 
Macpherson's  poems,  the  authority  of  which 
lie  demolished  by  a  preliminary  dissertation. 
He  died  in  1819.— fT.  B. 

La  IRE,  Francis  Xavier,  a  native  of  Va- 
dans,  near  Gray,  distinguished  for  his  learn- 
ing, and  knowledge  of  bibliography.  He 
wrote.  Memoirs  for  the  history  of  some 
great  men  of  the  1 5th  century,  with  a  Sup- 
plement to  Mattaire's  Annals  of  Typogra- 
phy, 4to. — Specimen  Historicum  Typrogra- 
phiae  Romanae,  &c.  8vo. — Epistola  ab  Ab- 
bate  Ugolini,  Svo. — the  Origin  and  Pro- 
gress of  Printing  in  Franche  Comte,  12mo. 
— Index  Libror.  ab  Inventa  Typographia 
ad  1500,  2  volumes  Svo. — the  edition  of 
Aldini,  l2mo.  &c.  He  died  at  Sens,  1800, 
aged  61. 

Lairesse,  Gerard,  a  Flemish  painter, 
born  at  Liege,  1640.  He  studied  under  his 
father,  who  was  also  a  painter  ;  but  he  soon 
surpassed  him  in  execution,  and  acquired 
fame  by  painting  some  historical  pieces  for 
the  electors  of  Cologne  and  Brandenburg. 
His  gallantries  reduced  him  to  indigence  ; 
but  one  of  his  pictures  falling  into  the  hands 
of  a  Dutch  merchant,  he  was  persuaded  to 
go  and  settle  at  Amsterdam,  where  his 
merits  were  soon  known  and  rewarded. 
His  pictures  were  so  highly  finished,  that 
the  Hollanders  called  him  their  best  his- 
tory painter,  and  their  second  Raphael.  In 
his  old  age  he  lost  his  sight,  and  died  at 
Amsterdam,  1711,  aged  71.  His  best  piece 
is  said  to  be  a  Moses,  when  a  child,  tramp- 
ling on  Pharaoh's  crown.  He  was  also 
*^minent  as  a  muf^ician  and  an  engraver,  and 
174 


wrote  a  work  on  the  Principles  of  Painting, 
translated  into  English.  He  left  three 
sons,  two  of  whom  were  painters.  Of  hb 
three  brothers,  Ernest  and  John  were  emi- 
nent for  painting  animals,  and  James  ex- 
celled as  a  flower  painter. 

Lais,  a  celebrated  courtezan  of  Hyccara, 
in  Sicily,  who  chiefly  resided  at  Corinth, 
where  she  sold  her  favours  so  high,  that  non 
cuivis  homini  contingit  adire  Corinthumy 
became  proverbial.  Diogenes,  the  cynic, 
was  one  of  her  admirers.  She  is  said 
to  have  been  stoned  in  Thessaly  by  the 
women,  jealous  of  her  power  over  their 
husbands. 

Lake,  Arthur,  a  native  of  Southampton, 
educated  at  Winchester,  and  New  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  became  fellow.  He  was 
in  1608  made  dean  of  Worcester,  and  in 
1616  raised  to  the  see  of  Bath  and  Wells. 
He  died  1626,  respected  as  an  amiable 
man,  and  an  exemplary  prelate.  A  folio 
volume  of  his  sermons  appeared  after  his 
death. 

Lalande,  Michael  Richard  de,  a  musi- 
cian, born  at  Paris,  1657.  The  pleasing 
powers  of  voice  which  he  possessed  when 
chorister  of  the  church  of  St.  Germain 
I'Auxerre,  were  unfortunately  lost  when  he 
reached  to  manhood  ;  but  when  refused,  by 
Lulli,  to  appear  as  a  violin  player  at  the 
opera,  he  broke  his  instrument  with  indig- 
nation. Under  the  patronage  of  the  duke 
of  Noailles,  he  studied  the  organ,  and  be- 
came instructer  to  two  of  the  princesses  in 
music,  composer  to  Lewis  XIV.  and  mas- 
ter of  his  chapel.  His  compositions  ap- 
peared in  2  vols.  fol.  deservedly  admired. 
He  died  at  Versailles,  1726. 

Lalande,  Joseph  Jerome  Francis,  was« 
born    at    Bourg,    in    the    department    of 
L'Ain,  July  11,    1732.     He  was  intended 
for  the  law,  but  relinquished  that  pursuit  to 
study  mathematics ;  and  so  great  was  his 
progress,  that,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  he 
was  deputed  by  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
to  go  to  Berlin,  to  make  observations  for 
determining  the  parallax  of  the  moon,  and 
its  distance  from  the  earth.     In  1759  he 
published  an  edition   of  Halley's  Tables  ; 
and  the  year  following  he  began  the  "  Con- 
noissance  des  Temps."    In  1764  appeared 
his   "  Traits  Astronomique  ;"  and  his  re- 
putation being  now  established,  he  was  em- 
ployed in  the  Encyclopedic.     He  was  also 
appointed   professor   of  astronomy  in  the 
college  of  France  ;  and  it  is  only  to  be  la- 
mented that  with  so  much  science  he  should 
have   taken  a  decided    part    in    the    san- 
guinary revolution,  and  more   so  that  ho 
should  Lave  avowed  atheistical  sentiments. 
He  died  April  4,  1807.     Besides  the  works 
already  mentioned,  he  published — 1.  "  Voy- 
age d'ltalie."    2.  Traite  des  Canaux.     3. 
Bibliographie  Astronomioue-      4.   Abr6go 


LAM 


LAM 


<3e  Navigation.     5.  An  edition  of  Montu- 
tla's  History  of  Mathematics. —  W.  B. 

Lalli,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Orsia.  He  was  employed  in  civil 
aflfairs  under  the  pope,  and  the  duke  of  Par- 
ma, and  died  1637,  aged  64.  He  wrote 
Domiziano  Moscheida — il  Mai  Francese — 
besides  the  Destruction  of  Jerusalem,  the 
iEneid  travestied,  and  other  miscellaneous 
poems. 

Lallt,  Thomas  Arthur,  count,  an  Irish- 
man, in  the  service  ol  France.  His  family 
had  followed  the  fortunes  of  James  II.  He 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Fon- 
tenoy  ;  and  in  1756  was  sent  as  governor- 
general  to  the  French  possessions  in  the 
East  Indies.  After  taking  Gondalore  and 
Fort  St.  David,  he  was  defeated  before 
Madras,  and  obliged  to  retreat  to  Pondi- 
cherry,  which  he  surrendered,  after  an  ob- 
stinate siege,  to  the  English,  1761.  On 
bis  return  to  Europe  he  was  accused  of 
selling  Pondicherry  to  the  English,  and  was 
condemned  by  the  parliament  to  lose  his 
head.  The  sentence  was  executed  in 
1766,  but  his  son,  Lally  de  ToUendal,  ob- 
tained, in  1783,  a  reversion  of  the  cruel 
sentence,  and  was  restored  to  his  father's 
possessions  and  honours. 

Lamballr,  Marie  Therese  Louise  of 
Savoy  Carignan,  princess  of,  was  born  at 
Turin,  8th  Sept.  1749,  and  married  the 
duke  of  Bourbon  Penthievre,  by  whom  she 
was  left  a  widow,  young,  beautiful,  and 
amiable.  When  appointed  intendant  of  the 
royal  household  of  Marie  Antoinette,  she 
gained  and  desex'ved,  by  her  good  conduct, 
the  confidence  and  friendship  of  her  mis- 
tress. On  the  flight  to  Varennes,  Madame 
Lamballe,  by  another  road,  quitted  France, 
and  from  Dieppe  came  to  England,  where 
she  might  have  lived  happy  ;  but  she  no 
sooner  heard  of  the  imprisonment  of  her 
royal  friend,  than  she  hastened  back  to 
Paris  to  share  her  sorrows,  and  soothe  her 
miseries  in  the  Temple.  This  attachment 
was  too  noble  to  escape  the  notice  of  her 
tyrants.  She  was  dragged  to  the  prison  of 
la  Force,  and  on  the  fatal  3d  of  September, 
1 792,  she  was  summoned  to  appear  before 
a  self-created  and  bloody  tribunal.  When 
questioned  about  the  queen  by  these  fero- 
cious murderers,  she  answered  with  firm- 
ness and  dignity  ;  but  when  some  seemed 
to  express  pity  for  her  misfortunes,  and  to 
applaud  her  innocence,  the  others  stabbed 
her  with  their  sabres,  and  after  cutting  oft" 
the  head  and  the  breasts,  they  tore  out  her 
still  palpitating  heart.  Not  satisfied  with 
this,  the  diabolical  monsters  went  in  pro- 
cession with  the  bleeding  head  and  the 
heart,  at  the  top  of  a  pike,  to  expose  them 
to  the  view  of  the  unfortunate  queen  and 
her  wretched  family  ;  while  the  mangled 
body,  w^ith  fresh  insults,  was  drag2:ed  tri- 
nmphantly  tlurough  the  streets.    This  illu-'- 


Irious  female  was  one  of  the  most  innocent 
victims  of  the  revolution  ;  her  name  was 
never  attacked  with  revolutionary  !«:\rcaims 
or  libellous  invectives  ;  and  though  her 
tyrants  cut  her  oft"  !ty  u  horrid  aM»a.><Hina- 
tion,  they  never  dared  to  asperse  her  cha- 
racter. 

Lambecius,  Peter,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Hamburgh,  1628.  He  studied  in 
Holland  and  Paris,  and  at  the  age  of  19 
obtained  great  reputation  by  his  essay  on 
Aulus  Gellius,  published  1647.  In  lGo2  he 
was  appointed  history  professor  of  Ham- 
burgh, and  in  1660  rector  of  the  university. 
In  this  situation  he  found  himself  exposed 
to  great  vexation  from  the  censures  of 
critics,  and  from  the  disobedience  of  his 
students  ;  and  when  he  attempted  to  repair 
his  shattered  fortune  by  marrying  an  old 
but  rich  woman,  he  found  himself  more  bit- 
terly exposed  to  persecution.  His  wife's 
temper  was  so  intolerable,  that  within  a 
fortnight  of  the  celebration  of  his  nuptials, 
he  left  Hamburgh,  determined  never  to  re- 
turn to  it.  He  repaired  to  Rome,  where  he 
renounced  protestantism,  by  publicly  pro- 
fessing the  catholic  faith,  and  afterwards 
returned  to  Vienna,  where  he  was  appoint- 
ed librarian  to  the  emperor,  and  also  coun- 
sellor, and  historiographer.  He  died  of  a 
dropsy  at  Vienna,  1680.  He  wrote  Ori- 
gines  Hamburgenses,  from  the  year  808 
to  1292,  2  volumes,  4to. — a  catalogue  of 
the  MSS.  of  the  Vienna  Librarj',  8  vols, 
folio. 

Lambert,  Anne  Therese,  marquise  de, 
an  ingenious  lady,  born  at  Paris,  1647. 
She  married  Henry  Lambert,  marquis  of 
St.  Bris,  in  1666,  and  he  died  20  years 
after.  Her  house  became  the  general  ren- 
dezvous of  the  learned,  the  polite,  and  the 
elegant.  She  died  1733,  aged  86,  univer- 
sally respected.  Her  works  have  been  col- 
lected into  2  vols.  12mo.  and  display  an 
elegant  taste,  great  sense,  and  the  eftusions 
of  a  virtuous  heart.  Her  advice  of  a  Mo- 
ther to  a  Son  and  Daughter  ;  Reflections 
on  Women  ;  treatise  on  Old  Age  ;  and  the 
Female  Hermits,  are  much  admired. 

Lambert,  John,  a  lawyer,  who  during 
the  civil  wai's,  di.stinguished  himself  at  the 
battles  of  Naseby  and  Fife,  and  was  made  a 
major-general.  He  favoured  the  elevation 
of  Cromwell  to  the  protectorate,  but  oppo- 
sed his  assuming  the  title  of  king.  At  the 
restoration  he  was  excluded  from  the  in- 
demnity act,  and  was  therefore  tried  and 
condemned  to  death.  He  was,  however, 
reprieved,  and  sent  in  exile  to  Guernsey, 
where  he  died. 

Lambert,  Claude  Francis,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, who  became  a  writer  for  the  book- 
sellers, and  died  1765  at  Paris.  He  was 
author  of  New  Telemachus,  3  vols.  ;  Me- 
moirs of  a  Woman  of  Quality,  3  vols. ;  His* 

17S 


LAM 


LAISl 


•to^y  of  all  Nations,  14  vols.  ;  Literary  His- 
tory of  Lewis  XIV. 

Lambert,  George,  a  landscape  painter, 
Tvho  died  Feb.  1st,  1765.  He  imitated  the 
manner  of  VVooton,  and  afterwards  tliat  of 
Gaspar,  and  executed  some  admired  scenes 
for  tlie  play-houses,  and  some  large  pictures 
for  the  East  India  company,  stili  preserved 
in  Leadenhall-street. 

Lambert,  George  Heiu'y,  an  able  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Mulnausen,  in  Alsace, 
1728.  His  treatises  on  the  Orbits  of  the 
Comets — on  the  properties  of  Light — on 
Perspective,  &.c.  were  much  admired.  He 
died  at  Berlin  of  a  consumption,  1777. 

Lambert  of  Schawemburg,  a  German 
Benedictine,  who  went  to  Jerusalem  in 
1058, and  published  on  his  return,  a  dry  chro- 
nicle from  Adam  to  the  year  1077,  printed 
Basil,  1669,  folio.  The  work  is  little  else 
but  a  compendious  history  of  Germany- 

Lambin,  Denys,  professor  of  belles  let- 
tres  at  Paris,  was  born  at  Montrevil,  in 
Picardy.  His  commentaries  on  Plautus, 
Lucretius,  Cicero,  and  Horace,  and  his 
Latin  translations  of  Aristotle's  Morals 
and  Politics,  and  of  some  of  the  orations  of 
Demosthenes  and  iEschines,  do  credit  to 
Lis  abilities  as  a  critic  and  a  scholar.  He 
died  1672,  of  grief  for  the  death  of  his 
friend,  Peter  Ramus,  who  had  been  mur- 
dered at  the  massacre  of  Bartholomew, 
a  melancholy  fate,  which  he  dreaded  for 
himself. 

Lambrun,  Margaret,  a  Scotch  heroine. 
The  tragic  fate  of  Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  so 
affected  her  husband,  who  was  in  her  con- 
fidential service,  that  he  died  of  a  broken 
heart ;  and  Margaret  therefore  determined 
to  avenge,  by  one  fatal  blow,  the  death  of 
her  beloved  mistress,  and  of  her  affectionate 
husband.  Thus  roused  to  revenge,  she  as- 
sumed a  man's  dress,  and  came  to  England, 
and  appeared  in  the  presence  of  Elizabeth. 
Her  eagerness,  however,  to  reach  the  queen, 
made  her  drop  one  of  her  pistols,  and  this 
circumstance  immediately  occasioned  her 
aiTest.  ^\'hen  brought  before  the  queen 
and  intenogated,  she,  with  undaunted 
countenance,  declared  herself  to  be  not  a 
man  but  a  woman,  and  that  she  was  deter- 
mined to  avenge  the  deaths  of  her  mistress, 
who  had  been  so  iniquitously  murdered,  and 
of  her  husband,  who  had  fallen  a  sacrifice 
to  his  sorrow.  Neither  reason  nor  force, 
added  she,  can  hinder  a  woman  from 
vengeance,  when  she  is  impelled  by  love. 
Elizabeth  heard  this  with  calm  dignity,  and 
replied,  "  You  then  persuade  yourself  that 
in  assassinating  me  you  have  done  your 
duty  in  satisfying  your  love  for  your  mis- 
tress and  your  husband  ;  what  think  you 
now  to  be  my  duty  towards  you  ?"  On  her 
asking  whether  she  made  this  question  as  a 
judge,  or  as  a  queen,  Elizabeth  replied,  as 
4  queen,  then,  rcioinfd  Marsraret.  von 
176 


ought  to  grant  me  a  pardon.  What  assij.- 
ranee  have  I,  answered  Elizabeth,  you  will 
not  repeat  the  attempt  ?  Madam,  replied 
Margaret,  a  favour  granted  under  restraints 
is  no  longer  a  favour,  and  in  so  doing  you 
would  act  against  me  as  a  judge.  The  ad- 
dress and  the  unyielding  firmness  of  the 
assassin,  had  due  weigLt  with  the  magnani- 
mous queen.  Margaret  received  an  uncon- 
ditional pardon,  and  at  her  request  she  was 
conducted  out  of  the  kingdom,  and  landed 
on  the  coast  of  France. 

Lami,  Bernard,  a  philosopher,  born  of  a 
noble  family  at  Mons,  1645.  He  was  so 
warm  an  admirer  of  the  principles  of  Des 
Cartes,  that  he  was  in  consequence  exposed 
to  persecution,  and  deprived  of  his  profes- 
sorship at  Saumur,  and  of  all  his  ecclesias- 
tical preferments.  He  died  at  Rouen  1715. 
His  writings  were  esteemed.  They  were, 
Elements  of  Geometry,  &c.  2  vols.^  12mo. 
— Discourses  on  the  Sciences,  &.c.  trea- 
tise on  Perspective — Demonstration  of  the 
Holiness  and  truth  of  Christian  Morality, 
5  vols.  12mo. — Apparatus  Biblicus,  a  va- 
luable book,  4to. — de  Tabernaculo  Foede- 
ris, &c.  folio — Harmonia  Evangelica,  2 
vols.  4to.  —the  Art  of  Speaking,  with  re- 
flections on  Poetry,  12mo. 

Lami,  Dom.  Francis,  a  writer,  born  at 
Montyreau,  in  the  diocess  of  Chartres. 
From  a  soldier  he  became  an  ecclesiastic, 
and  distinguished  himself  against  Spinoza. 
He  died  at  St.  Denys,  much  regretted, 
1711,  aged  75.  His  book  on  Self  Know- 
ledge, 6  vols.  12mo.  is  greatly  esteemed. 
He  wrote  besides.  Philosophical  Letters — 
a  treatise  on  the  Effects  of  Thunder — and 
other  pieces,  in  a  pure  and  elegant  style. 

Lami,  John,  ecclesiastical  professor  at 
Florence,  is  well-known  as  the  careful  edi- 
tor of  the  works  of  Meursius,  in  12  vols, 
folio.  His  book  on  the  Trinity  was  cen- 
sured by  the  Jesuits,  and  defended  by  him- 
self. He  was  a  very  facetious  and  agree- 
able companion.  He  died  at  Florence 
1774. 

Lamia,  a  Greek  courtezan,  concubine  to 
Ptolemy,  king  of  Egypt,  and  afterwards  to 
Demetrius  Poliorcetes. 

Lamoignon,  Christian  Francis  de,  an 
able  lawyer,  son  of  the  marquis  de  Bas- 
ville,  born  at  Paris  1644.  His  learning, 
intelligence,  and  great  powers  of  oratory, 
recommended  him  to  the  notice  and  par- 
tiality of  Lewis  XIV.  and  he  became  ad- 
vocate-general, and  president  of  the  par- 
liament of  Paris.  He  died  in  1709,  highly 
respected  not  only  by  the  court,  but  by  the 
people,  by  whom  his  virtues  and  abilities 
were  deservedly  admired.  He  was  author 
of  le  Plaidoyer — a  Letter  on  the  Death  of 
Bourdaloue,  &c.  His  father,  who  was  a 
man  of  great  literary  merit,  and  president 
of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  died  1677. 

liAMPR.  Frederir  Adolphn<=,  professor  af 


LIN" 


r.Ai 


iiicolo;yy,  and  rector  of  the  university  of 
Bremen,  died  there,  1729,  aged  46.  He 
wrote  an  admired  treatise,  de  Cymbalis 
Veteruni,  12mo. — besides  History,  Sarred, 
and  Ecclesiastical,  4to.  Commentary  on 
St.  John's  Gospel,  &c. 

Lampluoh,  Thomas,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  was  fellow  1642.  He  followed 
the  torrent  during  the  civil  wars,  but  at  the 
restoration  conformed,  and  was  made  head 
of  Alban  hall,  and  rector  of  St.  Martin  in 
the  fields.  In  1672,  he  was  raised  to  the 
deanery  of  Rochester,  and  four  years  after 
to  the  see  of  Exeter.  On  William's  land- 
ing, he  exhorted  the  people  to  adhere  to 
the  fortunes  of  James,  but  soon  after  fled 
to  London,  and  reconciled  himself  to  the 
conqueror,  on  whose  head  he  placed  the 
crown,  and  by  whom  he  was  made  arch- 
bishop of  York.  He  died  at  Thorp  castle, 
1691,  aged  76. 

Lampridius,  iElius,  a  Roman  historian, 
author  of  the  Lives  of  Commodus,  Antoni- 
nus, &c.  edited  in  the  Historiae  Augustae 
Scriptores,  2  vols.  8vo.  1671. 

Lampridius,  Benedict,  a  Latin  poet  of 
Cremona,  who  taught  Greek  and  Latin  at 
Rome  under  Leo  X.  In  1521,  he  went  to 
Padua,  and  some  time  after  to  Mantua, 
where  hei>ecame  tutor  to  the  son  of  Frede- 
ric Gonzaga.  His  Greek  and  Latin  epi- 
grams, and  his  lyric  verses  are  elegant,  but 
far  inferior  to  the  stjie  of  Pindar,  which  he 
imitated.     He  died  1540. 

Lana,  Francis  de,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Bres- 
cia 1637.  From  his  Magisterium  Naturae 
ct  Artis,  published,  Brescia  3  vols,  folio,  it 
appears,  that  he  first  had  an  idea  of  aeros- 
tation, and  in  support  of  his  prior  claim, 
before  Montgolfier,  the  inventor  of  air 
balloons,  a  work  called,  Navis  Volans, 
extracted  from  his  works,  was  published  at 
Naples  17S4. 

Lancaster,  James,  an  English  naviga- 
tor. He  went,  in  1591,  with  a  squadron 
to  the  East  Indies,  where  he  visited  Ceylon 
and  Sumatra,  and  after  destroying  some  of 
the  enemy's  ships  not  without  loss,  he  sail- 
ed back  to  England.  Unfavourable  winds 
drove  him  on  the  African  coast,  and  while 
on  shore,  his  crew  cut  the  cables  and  set 
sail,  leaving  him  on  an  island,  from  which 
he  escaped  by  means  of  a  French  ship,  and 
landed  at  Rye,  1594.  In  another  expedi- 
tion he  coasted  along  the  Brazils,  and  took 
the  town  of  Fernambuco,  and  returned 
1595,  loaded  with  immense  booty.  He 
was  afterwards  sent  to  the  East  Indies  by 
the  East  India  Company,  and  he  obtained 
advantageous  settlements  at  Achen,  and 
at  Bantam  from  the  native  princes,  and 
50on  after  returned  to  England,  where  he 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  ease  and 
independence.     He  died  about  1620. 

Lancaster,  Nathaniel,  D.D.   a  native 

Vol.  II.  23 


of  Cheshire,  patronised  by  lord  Cbolmoie 
dcley.  He  became  rector  of  6lnmfor«1 
Rivers,  near  Ongar,  Essex,  and  dic<l  20th 
June,  1775,  aged  75,  lea\ing  two  daiigH- 
ters.  His  E«say  on  Delicacy,  published 
1748,  was  much  admired.  He  wrote  also, 
Public  \  irtue,  or  the  Love  of  our  Country, 
a  sermon — the  Old  Serpent,  or  Melliudism 
Triumphant,  a  long  poem,  &lc. 

Lancelot,  Claude,  a  native  of  Paris, 
tutor  to  the  prince  of  Conti,  and  aflcnvdrds 
a  Benedictine  monk,  in  the  abbey  of  St. 
Cyran,  from  whicti  he  was  banished,  in 
consequence  of  some  private  quarrels,  to 
Ruimperlay,  Lower  Brittany,  where  he 
died  1659,  aged  79.  He  was  the  able  author 
of  Nouvelle  Methode  pour  apprcndre  la 
Langue  Latine,  1644 — et  le  Gree,  1656, 
translated  into  English  by  Nugent,  under 
the  title  of  Port-royal  Grammars.  He 
published  also,  Delectus  Epigrammatum,  2 
vols.  l2mo. — Life  of  St.  Cyran — Observa- 
tions on  Sacred  Theology,  kc. 

Laxcelotti,  John  Paul,  a  native  of  Pe- 
rugia, eminent  as  a  canonist,  whose  a'oili- 
tics  were  employed  by  pope  Paul  IV .  in 
compiling  the  institutions  of  canon  law,  iu 
imitation  of  Justinian's  civil  institutions. 
He  wrote  some  other  things,  and  died 
1591,  aged  80. 

Lancjran,  Rp.mi,  the  most  eminent  of 
Vandyek's  pupils,  was  a  native  of  Brussels. 
His  subjects  are  generally  religious,  and  fi- 
nished in  a  very  superior  style. He  diedl67l . 

Lancisi,  John  Marca,  a  physician,  born 
at  Rome,  26th  Oct.  1654.  He  distinguish- 
ed himself  early  for  his  abilities  as  a  medi- 
cal man  and  a  philosopher,  and  in  1G63 
was  made  physician  to  pope  Innocent  XI. 
He  was  in  the  same  office  with  his  success- 
or Clement  XI.  and  gained  universal  repu- 
tation by  his  writings,  and  the  excellence 
of  his  private  character.  He  died  21st 
Jan.  1720.  He  gave  in  his  lifetime,  his 
noble  library,  of  more  than  20,000  volumes, 
to  the  hospital  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  for  the 
use  of  students,  &c.  He  wrote  several 
books  on  his  profession. 

Lancret,  Nicholas,  a  French  painter, 
brought  up  under  Jellot  and  "Watteau.  He 
strongly  imitated,  but  not  with  success, 
the  manner  of  Watteau  :  his  pieces,  how- 
ever, are  agreeable.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1743,  aged  53. 

Lancrinck,  Prosper  Hcnricus,  a  Ger- 
man painter,  born  at  Antwerp  about  1628. 
He  lost  hi.-i  father  when  vct7  young,  but 
having  a  strong  genius  for  painting,  he  im- 
proved himself  by  studying  the  manner  of 
the  most  eminent  masters  of  Europe  in  the 
collection  of  Van  Lyan.  He  came  over 
into  England,  where  he  was  liberally  pa- 
tronised by  the  nobility  ;  but  unfortunately 
the  most  finished  of  his  pictures  were 
burnt  in  the  house  of  his  friend,  Sir  Wil- 
liam Williani*:.  His  landscapes  were  much 

177 


LAN 


LAN 


iiednired.  He  fell  a  sacriticc  to  his  in- 
temperance, and  died  in  August,  1692. 
There  still  remains  a  valuable  collection  of 
pictures,  drawings,  prints,  antique  heads, 
&c.  most  of  which  he  brought  from  abroad. 

Landa,  Catherine,  a  learned  lady, 
author  of  an  elegant  Latin  letter  to  Peter 
Bembo  1526.  She  was  sister  to  count  Au- 
gustin  Landa,  and  wife  of  count  John 
Fermo  Trivulcio. 

Landen,  John,  a  self-taught  mathema- 
tician, born  in  Northamptonshire.  He 
obtained  the  patronage  of  Lord  Fitz-Wil- 
liam,  to  whom  he  was  agent :  and  in  1766 
he  was  chosen  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  died  1790,  aged  71.  Besides  interest- 
ing papers  in  the  philosophical  transac- 
tions, he  published.  Mathematical  Lucu- 
brations, 1755 — Mathematical  Memoirs, 
in  2  vols,  very  abstruse,  but  very  curious 
and  valuable. 

Landini,  Christopher,  a  learned  Vene- 
tian of  the  15th  century,  author  of  a  trans- 
lation of  Pliny's  Natural  History  into 
Italian — of  some  notes  on  Dante — and  of 
Commentaiies  on  Horace. 

Lando,  Hortcnsio,  a  physician  of  the 
16th  century,  born  at  Milan.  He  is  author 
of  several  works  under  fictitious  names. 
He  wrote  Philoctetes,  a  dialogue  reflecting 
en  Erasmus — and  two  others,  called  Cice- 
so  Relegatus — and  Cicero  Revocatus,  as- 
cribed falsely  to  cardinal  Alcander. 

Lando,  Baseiano,  a  physician  of  Padua, 
axithor  of  some  medical  works.  He  was 
assassinated  by  a  robber,  1562. 

Landri,  bishop  of  Paris,  and  founder  of 
the  hospital  called.  Hotel  de  Dieu,  was 
known  for  his  great  charity  and  benevo- 
lence during  the  famine  of  Paris.  He 
died  about  1660. 

Lane,  Jane,  an  English  woman,  to 
whose  great  heroism  and  presence  of  mind 
Charles  H.  was  indebted  for  his  escape. 
The  royal  fugitive,  after  his  concealment 
in  Boscobel  tree,  rode  before  her  in  the 
livery  of  her  servant,  from  her  father's 
house,  Bentley-hall,  Staffordshire,  to  the 
house  of  Mr.  Norton,  near  Bristol,  from 
whence  he  proceeded  to  Brighton,  and  es- 
caped to  France.  At  the  restoration  she 
was  amply  rewarded,  and  married  Sir 
Clement  Lister,  hart,  of  Packington  hall, 
Warwickshire. 

Lanfrakc,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
was  a  native  of  Puvia.  After  studying  at 
Bologna,  he  came  to  France,  and  taught  at 
Avranchcs,  from  whence  he  came  to  Bee 
abbey,  where  he  was  elected  prior  1044. 
He  afterwards  visited  Rome,  and  com- 
plained to  the  pope  of  the  doctrines  of 
Berenger,  and  soon  after  his  return  he  was 
made  abbot  of  St.  Stephen  at  Caen,  by 
William  of  Normandy.  When  that  prince 
had  conquered  England,  he  raised  Lan- 
franc  to  the  see  of  Canterbtn^v,  vacarit  by 
176 


tiic  deposition  of  Stigand.  The  new  pri' 
mate  repaired  to  Rome  to  obtain  the  pall 
from  the  hands  of  the  pope,  who  treated 
him  with  great  respect ;  but  he  showed 
throughout  a  firm  and  becoming  opposition 
against  the  encroachments  of  the  holy  see. 
He  died  28th  May,  1089.  He  rebuilt  the 
cathedral  of  Canterbury,  and  founded  some 
hospitals,  and  repaired  several  churches 
and  religious  houses.  In  his  character  he 
was  esteemed  as  an  able  politician.  His 
writings,  including  his  piece  against  Be- 
renger, were  published  in  1648,  by  Dom. 
d'  Acheri,  a  Benedictine  monk  of  St.  Maur. 

Lanfranc,  John,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Parma,  15S1.  As  he  was  poor,  he 
was  placed  in  the  service  of  count  Horatio 
Scotti,  who  observing  his  genius  by  his  va- 
rious drawings  in  coal  on  the  walls,  placed 
him  under  the  care  of  Augustus  Caracci. 
He  afterwards  studied  under  Annibal, 
whom  he  assisted  in  the  execution  of  some 
of  his  finest  pieces.  He  assisted  also  in 
the  adorning  of  St.  Peter's  church  at  Rome 
with  such  taste  and  success,  that  Urban 
VIII.  knighted  him.  He  was  a  great  imi- 
tator of  the  manner  of  Corregio,  but  such 
was  the  impetuosity  of  his  genius,  that  he 
frequently  forgot  the  rules  of  his  art,  and 
substituted  boldness  for  con'ectness.  He 
chiefly  excelled  in  painting  domes,  and  in 
painting  in  fresco,  and  in  drawing  figures 
above  the  natural  proportion.  He  died  at 
Rome,  1647,  aged  66,  leaving  a  widow  and 
several  children,  respectable  in  life,  and 
possessed  of  great  genius,  and  many  ac- 
complishments. 

Lanfranc,  a  physician  of  Milan.  His 
abilities,  and  the  success  which  he  displayed 
in  restoring  surgery  to  a  regular  and  res- 
pectable system,  procured  him  enemies  in 
his  profession,  and  he  removed  to  France, 
where  he  died,  1 300.  His  Chirurgia  Magna 
et  Parva  appeared  at  Venice,  fol.  1490,  and 
Lyons,  1 553. 

Lang,  John  Michael,  author  of  Philolo- 
gia  Barbaro-Graeca,  1708,  Nurimb.  4to. — 
Dissertationes  Botanicae-Theologicae,  1705^ 
Altorf,  4to. — De  Fabulis  Mohammedicis, 
1697,  4to.  was  professor  of  divinity  at  Al- 
torf, and  died  1731,  aged  67. 

Langaliere,  Philip  de  Gentils,  marquis 
de,  first  baron  of  Saintonge,  distinguished 
himself  in  the  sei'vice  of  France,  during  20 
years, and  in  32  campaigns,but  his  merits  did 
not  prevent  his  disgrace  by  the  intrigues  of 
his  enemy,  Chamillar  the  minister.  He  was 
afterwards  in  the  service  of  the  emperor, 
and  of  the  king  of  Poland,  but  at  last  he  was 
suspected  of  secret  intrigues  with  the  Turks, 
and  was  arrested  by  the  direction  of  the 
emperor,  as  he  was  going  to  Hamburgh. 
He  died  of  a  broken  heart,  in  prison,  at 
Vienna,  June,  1717,  aged  66.  The  French 
Memoirs,  published  under  liis  name,  in  8vo. 
1708,  are  fictition<!. 


LAN 


I.A.N 


Langbaine,  Gerard,  an  Engliiib  wriicr 
born  at  Hatronkirkc,  Wcstinorciaiid,  edu- 
cated at  Bleiicow  school,  and  removed  to 
Queen's  college,  Oxford.  He  became  fel- 
low of  his  house,  and  acquired  literary  cele- 
brity by  his  edition  of  Loiigiims,  and  by 
other  publications,  so  that  he  was  elected 
keeper  of  the  archives  in  1614,  and  the  next 
year  provost  of  the  college.  He  died  10th 
Feb.  1657-H,  and  was  buried  in  the  college 
chapel.  During  the  civil  wars  he  remauied 
unmolested  in  the  cultivation  of  literature  in 
his  college,  and  in  familiar  correspondence 
with  Usher,  Selden,  and  other  learned  men. 

Langbaine,  Gerard,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  at  Oxford,  15th  July,  1656. 
In  his  younger  years,  he  was  imprudent  and 
extravagant,  but  afterwards  applied  himselt 
to  dramatic  compositions.  He  was  elected 
senior  beadle  of  the  university,  and  publish- 
ed, about  1 690,  an  appendix  to  a  catalogue 
of  all  the  graduates  of  the  university.  He 
died  June,  1692.  He  is  also  author  of  a 
new  CataJogue  of  English  Plays — an  Ac- 
count of  English  dramatic  poets. 

Lang  DALE,  Marmaduke,  an  Englishman 
of  great  courage.  In  the  civil  wars  he 
warmly  espoused  the  royal  cause,  and  rais- 
ing a  troop,  he  defeated  Fairfax,  raised  the 
siege  of  Pontefract  castle,  and  seized  Ber- 
wick and  Carlisle.  On  the  final  triumph  of 
the  republicans,  he  retired  to  Flanders,  and 
was,  in  reward  of  his  gallant  services,  crea- 
ted a  baron  by  Charles  II.     He  died  1681. 

Langdon,  Samuel,  D.D.  president  of 
Harvard  college,  was  a  native  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  and  graduated  in  1740,  at 
the  seminary  over  which  he  afterwards  pre- 
sided. In  1747  he  was  settled  in  the  mi- 
nistry at  Portsmouth,  New-Hampshire, 
where  he  remained  till  his  appointment,  in 
1774,  to  the  presidency  of  the  college.  A 
want  of  dignity  and  energy  soon  rendering 
him  unpopular  in  that  station,  in  1780,  he 
resigned  it,  and  the  following  year  settled  at 
Hampton-falls,  New-Hampshire,  where  he 
rendered  himself  highly  useful  both  as  a 
minister,  and  as  a  member  of  the  convention 
of  that  state,  assembled  to  deliberate  on  the 
federal  constitution,  in  which  he  did  much 
by  his  talents  and  zeal  to  procure  its  adop- 
tion.    He  died  November  29th,  1797. 

iCP'L. 

Langdon,  John,  LL.D.  governor  of  New- 
Hampshire,  distinguished  himself  by  his 
activity  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  during  the 
progress  of  the  revolution.  He  was  a  prin- 
cipal leader  of  the  company  which,  in  De- 
cember, 1774,  attacked  fort  William  and 
Mary,  at  Portsmouth,  and  captured  a  quan- 
tity of  military  stores.  In  1775  he  was 
chosen  a  delegate  to  congress.  In  1780 
and  1781  he  was  a  member  of  the  state  le- 
gislature, and  speaker  of  the  house  of  re- 
presentatives. In  1785  he  was  elected  in 
the  place  of  Mr.  Wcare,  president  of  the 


Slate,  and  conlnmcd  in  that  oftice  until  1738. 
In  that  year  he  was  a  delegate,  to  congress, 
and  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
framed  the  constilutiun  of  the  United  Slates. 
Under  this  constitution  he  was  appointed  one 
of  the  first  senators  from  the  slate  of  New- 
ilainpshire.  Mr.  Shi-alle  succeeded  him  in 
1800.  in  1805  he  was  elected  govtrnor, 
and  continued  in  office  three  year«.  In 
1810  he  was  again  elected,  as  the  .successor 
of  governor  Smith.  He  died  at  Portsmouth, 
Sept.  18th,  1819,  aged  79.  ^i:^^  L. 

Lange,  Joseph,  (ireek  professor  of  Fri- 
burg,  in  1600,  published  Elementale  Malhe- 
maticum,  reprinted  1625,  and  he  edited  Po- 
lyanthea,  2  vols,  folio,  kc.  He  turned,  in 
the  latter  part  of  his  life,  catholic. 

Lange,  Charles  Nicholas,  a  Swiss  natu- 
ralist, author  of  Historia  Lipidum  Fi^'urato- 
rum  Helvetiae — Origo  Eorundem — Metho- 
dus  Testaceae  Marinai  distribuendae,  1722, 
4to.  &.C. 

Jjange,  Rodolphus,  canon  of  Munster, 
studied  Greek  and  Latin  in  Italy,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  poet.  His  Taking 
of  Jerusalem,  a  poem,  is  mentioned  with 
approbation.     He  died  1519,  aged  81. 

Langelande,  Robert,  an  old  English 
poet,  one  of  the  first  disciples  of  Wickliffe. 
He  is  the  author  of  **  the  \'isions  of  Pierce 
Plowman,"  a  poem  in  20  parts,  replete  with 
spirit  and  humour,  and  severely  satirical 
against  the  various  occupations  of  life,  but 
particularly  against  the  clergy.  To  the  ob- 
scurity of  an  obsolete  style  in  this  once  ad- 
mired poem,  is  to  be  added  an  ungrateful 
alliteration,  so  harrassing  to  the  ear  of  the 
reader,  and  so  inimical  to  the  freedom  of  the 
poet. 

Langham,  Simon,  an  English  bishop, 
and  a  cardinal,  successively  abbot  of  West- 
minster, bishop  of  Ely,  and,  in  1366,  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.  He  was  made  trea- 
surer of  England  by  Edward  III.  and  cardi- 
nal legate  by  Urban  VIII.  He  died  at  Avig- 
non, 1376. 

Langhorne,  John,  D.D.  an  English  poet 
and  divine,  born  at  Kirby  Stephen,  West- 
moreland, son  of  a  clergyman.  When  in 
orders  he  became  tutor  to  the  sons  of  Mr. 
Cracroft,  of  Lincolnshire,  whose  daughter 
he  married,  and  whose  early  death  he  la- 
mented pathetically  with  his  friend  Mr. 
Cai'twright,  in  his  poem  called  Constantia. 
Besides  the  living  of  Blagden,  Somerset- 
shire, he  was  prebendary  of  Wells,  and  jus- 
tice of  the  peace.  He  died  1st  April,  1779. 
He  wrote  sermons,  2  vols. — Plutarch's 
Lives  translated— Poems,  2  vols.  12mo. — 
Letters  of  Theodosius  and  Constantia,  2 
vols.  12mo. — Solyman  and  Almena,  a  tale 
— Frederic  and  Pharamond — Eflusions  of 
Fancy,  2  vols. — Fables  of  Flora,  in  verse, 
&c.  besides  critiques  in  the  Monthly  Review. 
Langius,  John,  of  Lawenbm-g,  in  Silesia, 
studied  phvsic  at  Pisa,  where  he  took  his 

179 


LAN 


LAN 


degrees,  and  afterwards  pyactised  at  Hei- 
delberg, and  was  physician  to  four  succes- 
sive electors  palatine.  He  died  at  Heidel- 
berg, 1565,  aged  80.  He  published  Medi- 
cal Epistles,  Basil,  1554,  in  4to.  a  curious 
work. 

Langland,  John,  a  native  of  Henley, 
Oxon,  educated  at  Magdalen  college.  He 
successively  became  principal  of  Magdalen- 
hall,  dean  of  Salisbury,  canon  of  Windsor, 
bishop  of  Lincoln,  and,  in  1532,  chancellor 
of  Oxford.  He  was  a  popular  and  benevo- 
lent man,  and  favoured  strongly  the  king's 
divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragon.  He 
died,  May  7th,  1547, and  had  his  body  buried 
at  Eton  college,  his  heart  at  Lincoln,  and 
his  bowels  at  Woburn.  His  works  were 
published  in  folio,  1532,  London. 

Langle,  John  Maximilian,  a  native  of 
Evreux,  for  25  years  the  minister  of  the  re- 
formed church  of  Rouen.  He  wrote  a  De- 
fence of  Charles  L  of  England — 2  vols,  of 
sermons — the  Whole  Duty  of  Man,  trans- 
lated from  the  English,  and  died  1674, 
aged  84. 

Langle,  Samuel  de,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  in  London,  but  carried  to 
France  when  only  one  year  old.  From  the 
ministry  of  Rouen  reformed  church  he  re- 
moved to  Charenton  ;  but  on  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  he  came  over 
to  England,  where  he  obtained  a  W^estrains- 
ter  prebend,  and  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
Oxford  university.  He  died  1699.  His 
Letter  on  the  Differences  between  the 
church  of  England  and  the  dissenters,  was 
published  by  Stillingfleet. 

Langlet,  Batty,  an  English  architect, 
author  of  some  useful  books  on  the  prices 
of  work,  and  of  materials,  as  the  builder's 
Jewel — and  Builder's  Price  Book,  and  other 
treatises  for  bricklayers,  masons,  carpen- 
ters, kc.     He  died  1751. 

Langton,  Stephen,  an  Englishman,  edu- 
cated at  Paris.  He  became  chancellor  of 
Paris,  and  a  cardinal  of  Rome,  and  after- 
wards was  made  archbishop  of  Canterburj-, 
by  the  pope,  who  refused  to  admit  the  can- 
didate nominated  by  the  monks  of  that 
city.  King  John  resisted  tbis  appoint- 
ment ;  but  the  pope,  armed  with  the  spiri- 
tual power,  put  the  monarch  and  his  people 
under  an  interdict,  if  they  refused  to  obey. 
The  timid  monarch,  alarmed  by  the  prepa- 
rations of  France  to  invade  his  kingdom, 
submitted  at  last  to  the  papal  decrees,  re- 
ceived Langton  as  archbishop,  and  accept- 
ed absolution  from  his  hands.  Langton 
afterwards  became  obnoxious  to  the  pope's 
displeasure  at  Rome,  for  resisting  the  ex- 
tension of  his  power  in  England,  and  for 
refusing  to  excommunicate  the  rebellious 
barons  ;  but  was  reconciled  to  the  holy  see, 
and  died  in  peace  in  England,  9th  July, 
1228,  after  bemg  22  years  at  the  head  of 
the  church.  He  was  a  man  of  t;r^at  abilt^ 
IPa 


ties  as  a  writer,  and  as  a  politician.  His 
works  are  mentioned  by  Bayle  and  Tan- 
ner. 

Langton,  John,  an  English  Carmelite 
monk,  who  was  at  the  council  of  Basil,  and 
wrote  an  English  chronicle. 

Languet,  Hubert,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Viteaux,  1518.     He  was  minister 
of  state  to  the  elector  of  Saxony,  and  from 
a  catholic   became  a  strong,  protestant,  by 
reading  the   works,    and    frequenting  the 
company,  of  Melancthon.     After  making 
the  tour  of  Italy,  of  Livonia,  and  Laponia, 
and  enjoying  the  confidence   of  Gustavus, 
king  of  Sweden,  Languet  was  employed  as 
envoy  to    France,  by  Augustus,  elector  of 
Saxony,    1565.     He   was    afterwards  en- 
gaged in  negotiations  at  Heidelberg,  Colog- 
ne, Spires,  and  Stettin,  and  in   his  second 
embassy  to  France  he  was  nearly  sacrificed 
in  the  horrid  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
though  he  had  the   good   fortune   to  save 
life   of  his  friend,  Philip   de   Mornay,  and 
of  the  learned  Wechelius,  in  whose  house  he 
lodged.     In  1574  he  was  envoy  at  Vienna; 
but  in  the  controversy  which  took  place  in 
Saxony,  between   the   Lutherans   and  the 
Zuinglians,  about  the  eucharist,  he  was  vio- 
lently suspected   of  favouring   the   latter, 
upon  which  he   retired   from  the  court  of 
the  elector   to  Prague,  where   he  entered 
into  the  service  of  John  Casimir,  count  Pa- 
latine.     He   next   was  employed   by   the 
prince   of  Orange,   at  Antwerp,   but    his 
health  did  not  permit  him  to  display  those 
active  services  which  he  had  shown  in  the 
affairs  of  other  princes.     He  died  at  Ant- 
werp, 20th  Sept.  1581,  and  was  honoured 
at   his   funeral  by  the  attendance  of  the 
prince  of  Orange.     He  was  a  man  of  great 
political    knowledge,   and    deservedly   es- 
teemed by  the  wisest  and  most  eminent 
men  of  his  age,  particularly  Thuanus,  Mor- 
nay, &c.     Mornay  says  of  him,  with  feel- 
ing and  truth.  Is  fuit  quaUs   niulti  videri 
volunt,  is  vixit  qualis  optimi  mori  cupiunt. 
His  letters  in  Latin  to  the  elector  of  Saxo- 
ny, were  printed,  Halle,  4to.    1699.      Be- 
sides  letters   to    Sir  Philip  Sidney,  12mo. 
1046,  and  other  things. 

Languet,  John  Baptist  Joseph,  a  rela- 
tion of  the  above,  born  at  Dijon,  June  6th, 
1675.  He  studied  at  Paris,  and  became  a 
doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  and  vicar  of  St. 
Sulpice,  after  being  curate  of  the  place  for 
some  years.  He  rebuilt  his  church,  and 
rendered  it  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world 
for  architecture  and  ornaments.  He  began 
the  work  vvith  little  money,  but  his  zeal, 
and  the  emulation  which  he  excited  among 
his  parishoners,  Avhose  number  amounted 
to  150,000,  surmounted  every  obstacle,  and 
the  consecration,  in  1745,  was  attended 
with  such  splendour,  that  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia, with  his  own  hand,  thanked  the  public 
spirited  vicar  for  the  success  and  po^^ularity 


LAN 


I.AK 


ef  his  greai  exertion?.  Ho,  also  lounded 
the  house  of  the  infant  Jesus,  divided  into 
two  parts,  one  of  which  was  for  the  siipport 
of  35  poor  ladies,  an(i  the  other  of  more 
than  400  poor  women,  who  are  usefully 
employed  in  spinning,  and  in  the  working 
of  cloths  and  linens.  'I'his  noble  institu- 
tion, in  1741,  contained  more  than  1400 
women  and  girls,  engaged  in  industrious 
labours,  and  encotiraged  in  habits  of  virtue, 
by  example  and  precept.  The  whole  life 
of  this  tndy  great  man  was  spent  in  deeds 
of  humanity,  so  that  it  is  said,  he  expend- 
ed annually  little  less  than  a  million  of  livres 
in  charity.  His  popularity  commanded  not 
only  the  public  esteem,  but  the  favour  of 
the  great ;  but  he  refused  all  the  high  ec- 
clesiastical promotions  and  bishoprics  to 
which  cardinal  Fleury,  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
Lewis  XIV.  and  XV.  wished  to  raise  him. 
He  died  Hth  Oct.  1760,  aged  75,  at  the 
abbey  de  Bernay. 

Languet,  John  Joseph,  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  bishop  of  Soissons,  and  in 
1731  archbishop  of  Sens,  where  he  died 
1753.  He  was  a  polemical  divine,  and 
translated  the  Psalms,  and  was  esteemed 
for  his  benevolence  and  piety. 

Lamer,  a  painter  whom  Charles  I.  em- 
ployed abroad  to  make  a  collection  of  pic- 
tures for  him.  Such  pieces  as  he  brought 
ever,  were  distinguished  by  a  particular 
mark,  which  now  points  them  out  to  the 
curious.  No  further  account  is  known  of 
him. 

Lannoy,  or  Launoy,  Charles  de,  an 
able  general  in  the  service  of  the  empe- 
ror, Charles  V.  He  took  Francis  I.  pri- 
soner, at  the  battle  of  Pavia,  and  conduct- 
ed himself  with  great  humanity,  and  be- 
coming respect  towards  the  captive  mo- 
narch. When  Francis  was  restored  to 
liberty,  Lannoy  was  commissioned  by  the 
emperor,  to  conduct  him  back  in  safety  to 
his  dominions.  He  died  at  Gazette, 
1527. 

Lansberghe,  Philip,  a  learned  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Ghent,  1561,  and  minis- 
ter of  Antwerp,  which  he  left  for  Holland 
when  that  city  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards. 
He  died  at  Middleburgh,  1632,  leaving  be- 
hind him  Sacred  Chronology,  published 
1626 — Essays  on  Astronomy,  on  Geome- 
trical Triangles,  on  Measuring  the  Heav- 
ens, on  the  Motion  of  the  Earth,  &c. 
His  son  James  was  also  an  able  mathema- 
tician, and  defended  his  father  against  the 
attacks  of  Fromond,  of  Louvain,  who  pre- 
tended that  the  earth  stood  still.  He  died 
1657. 

Lanzano,  Andrea,  a  painter  born  at 
Milan.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Carlo  Marat- 
ti,  and  excelled  for  the  correctness  and  ele- 
gance of  his  figures,  and  the  beauty  of  his 
colouring.     He  died  1712. 

I*ANzi,  Lewis,  an  Italian  antiquary,  was 


born  in  1732,  near  Mnreratn.     He  became 
a  member  of  the  order  of  Jesuits,  and,  on 
the  suppression  of  the  society  wa«  appoint- 
ed sub-director  of  the  gallery  at  Florence. 
He   published   a  guide   to   that    gallery  in 
1782  ;    which   was  followed  by  an   "  Essay 
on    the   Tuscan    Language,"   li  vols.  8vo.  ; 
but  his  greatest  work   is  "  A   History  of 
Painting  in  Italy,"  G  vols.  8vo.     His  other 
publirations     are    "  Dissertations    on    the 
Etruscan    Vases  ;"    and   a   translation    of 
"  Hesiod."     He  died  at  Florence  in  1810. 
—  W.  B. 

Lanzoni,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Ferrara, 
who  restored  the  academy  there,  of  which 
he  became  secretary,  and  medical  profes- 
sor. Eminent  as  a  physician  he  was 
equally  great  as  a  man  of  letters,  and  an 
antiquarian.  He  published  various  works 
collected  in  3  vols.  4to.  in  Latin,  1738.  He 
died  1730,  aged  67. 

Laparelli,  Francis,  a  native  of  Corto- 
na,  eminent  as  an  architect,  a  mechanic, 
and  an  engineer.  His  abilities  recommend- 
ed liim  to  Cosmo  I.  duke  of  Tuscany,  and 
he  was  employed  by  Pius  IV.  in  the  forti- 
fications and  defence  of  Civita  Vecchia. 
He  was  in  1565  employed  in  the  fortifica- 
cation  of  Malta,  against  the  power  of 
Solyman  and  his  Turkish  army,  and  under 
his  judicious  eye  the  city  of  Valette  was 
planned.  He  afterwards  was  in  the  service 
of  the  Venetians,  and  died  of  the  plague 
while  befoie  Candia  1570,  aged  49.  He 
assisted  Michael  Angelo  in  the  completion 
of  his  designs  for  the  erection  of  St.  Pe- 
ter's church  at  Rome. 

Lapide,  Cornelius,  a  French  Jesuit,  au- 
thor of  10  vols.  fol.  in  Explanations  and 
Commentaries  on  the  Scriptures.  He  died 
at  Rome  1637,  aged  71. 

Lapo,  Arnulphus  di,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, known  as  an  able  architect.  He  re- 
stored the  genuine  art  of  architecture, 
and  in  his  edifices,  displayed  taste,  ele- 
gance, and  solidity.  The  cathedral  of  Flo- 
rence and  other  public  buildings  are  monu- 
ments of  his  genius.  He  died  1300,  aged 
68. 

Larcher,  Peter  Henry,  an  ingenious 
writer,  was  born  at  Dijon  in  1726.  He 
studied  in  the  college  of  Laon,  at  Paris  ; 
and,  in  1750,  published  his  translation  of 
the  Electra  of  Euripides,  which  met  with 
indifferent  success.  In  1758  appeared  his 
translation  of  "  Chereas  and  Callirrhoe," 
from  the  Greek  ;  after  which  he  had  a 
violent  quarrel  with  \oltaire,  who  was, 
however,  the  aggressor.  Larcher  now  un- 
dertook a  translation  of  Herodotus,  which 
did  not  come  out  till  1786.  The  best  edi- 
tion is  in  nine  volumes  octavo.  His  other 
works  arc  "  Memoire  sur  Venus  ;"  and  a 
translation  of  Xenophon.  He  died  Dec. 
22,  1812.— ir.  B. 

Lardner,  Nathaniel,  a  dissenting  mi- 

X8l 


Liat 


LAb 


iiibter  born  at  Hawkhurst  in  Kent,  16S4. 
He   was  educated   in  London,  and  then 
Tvent  to  Utrecht,  where  he  improved  him« 
self  under  Graevius  and  Burman,  and  after- 
wards he  studied  at  L^yden.     In  1713  he 
was  engaged  as  tutor  to  the  younger  son  of 
lady  Treby,   widow  of  the  chief  justice  of 
common  pleas,  with   whom   he   travelled 
orer   France,  Holland,   and  the    Nether- 
lands.    In   1723   he   was  employed   with 
others  in  a  course   of  lectures   at  the  Old 
Bailey  ;  but  though  his  abilities  were  great 
and  universally  acknowledged,  he  did  not 
obtain  a  settlement  among  the  dissenters 
till  the  45th  year  of  his  age,  when  in  1729, 
he  became  assistant  minister   at  Crutched 
Friars.     His  literary  labours  had  now  so 
distinguished  him,  that  the  college  of  Aber- 
deen conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  D.D. 
This  learned  man,  so  well  skilled  in  Scrip- 
tural  erudition  and  ecclesiastical  history, 
died  at  Hawkhurst,  where  he  had  a  small 
estate,  in  1768,   of  a  decline.     The  best 
known  of  his  works  are  his  "  Credibility 
of  the   Gospel  History,"   in   five   volumes 
completed  in  1743,  a  work  of  great  merit, 
and  so  highly  respected  abroad  that  it  was 
translated  into  Dutch  and  Latin — Letters 
on  the  Logos — a  Vindication  of  three  of 
our  Saviour's  Miracles,  against  the  petulant 
cavils  of    Woolston — Supplement    to   the 
Credibility,  &c.     All  his  works   were  col- 
lected by  Dr.  Kippis  in  11  large  vols.  Svo. 
to  which  his  life  Is  prefixed. 

Largilliere,  Nicholas  de,  a  French 
painter,  born  at  Paris,  1656.  He  studied 
under  Gobeau,  and  then  came  to  England, 
where  he  was  noticed  by  Lely,  and  recom- 
mended to  the  patronage  of  Charles  II. 
He  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  enjoyed 
the  friendship  of  Vander  Mulen  and  Le 
Brun,  and  was  made  historical  painter  to 
the  French  academy.  On  the  accession  of 
James  II.  he  again  visited  England,  and 
painted  that  monarch  and  his  queen  ;  but 
he  soon  after  returned  to  France,  where 
he  was  made  director  of  the  academy  as 
a  reward  for  his  great  merit.  He  died 
1705.  His  best  piece  is  the  crucifixion  of 
Christ. 

Laroon,  Marccllus,  a  painter,  born  at 
the  Hague,  1653.  He  came  to  England 
with  his  father,  and  displayed  such  abili- 
ties, that  Kneller  employed  his  pencil  in 
finishing  the  drapery  of  his  pictures.  He 
possessed  the  art  of  copying  with  great  suc- 
cess and  astonishing  correctness,  the 
pieces  of  the  first  masters.  He  died  1705, 
aged  52. 

Larret,  Isaac  de,  a  Calvinist  born  at 
Lintot  near  Bolbec.  At  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes  he  fled  to  Holland,  and 
became  historiographer  to  the  States.  He 
died  1719.  His  works  are  a  History  of 
England,  4  vols.  fol.  valuable  for  its  in- 
trinsic merit,  as  well  as  its  excellent  por- 
1?3 


traits— History  of  Lewis  XIV.  '6  vols.  4to. 
— a  History  of  Augustus,  Svo. — a  History 
of  the  Seven  Wise  Men,  2  vols.  Svo. 

Larroque,  Mathew  de,  a  French  pro- 
testant,  born  at  Leirac,  in  Germany,  1619. 
His  popularity  was  such,  that  after  being 
27  years  minister  of  Vitre  in  Brittany,  by 
the  favour  of  the  dutchess  of  Tremouille, 
he  was  invited  by  the  churches  of  Montau- 
ban,  Bourdeaux,  and  Rouen,  and  in  conse* 
quence  of  the  honourable  testimonies  ac- 
cepted the  oflers  of  the  last.  He  died  at 
Rouen  1684.  His  works  are,  a  History  of 
the  Eucharist,  4to. — an  Answer  to  Bos- 
suet,  Bishop  of  Meaux  on  the  Communion 
of  two  Kinds,  l2mo. — a  treatise  on  the  Re- 
gale, &c. 

Larroque,  Daniel  de,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Vitre,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  came  to  England,  and  afterwards 
visited  Copenhagen  and  Amsterdam.  He 
came  to  Paris,  determined  to  become  a 
catholic  ;  but  the  satire  which  he  wrote  on 
Lewis  XIV'.  on  account  of  the  famine  of 
1693,  threw  him  into  the  prison  of  the  Cha- 
telet  for  five  years.  At  his  release  he  obtain- 
ed a  pension  from  the  ministry,  and  died 
1731.  He  wrote  the  Life  of  the  historian 
Mezeray — and  translated  Echard's  Roman 
History — and  Prideaux's  Life  of  Mahomet, 
&c. 

Lascaris,  Constantino,  one  of  the  learn- 
ed Greeks,  who  upon  the  sacking  of  Con- 
stantinople by  the  Turks  in  1453,  fled  to 
Italy.  He  taught  Greek  and  polite  litera- 
ture at  Milan,  and  afterwards  at  Messina^ 
where  his  great  abilities  and  high  reputa- 
tion drew  crowds  of  respectable  disciples, 
and  among  them  Bembo.  He  died  at 
Messina,  when  very  old,  at  the  close  of 
the  l5th  century,  and  left  his  library  to  the 
senate.  He  published  a  Greek  grammar 
at  Milan  1476,  4to.  and  other  things. 

Lascaris,  John,  surnamed  Rhyndace- 
nus,  was  of  the  imperial  family.  He  was 
employed  by  Laurence  de  Medicis  to  make 
a  collection  of  books  in  Greece,  and  he 
was  so  fortunate  as  to  be  permitted  by  the 
grand  signior  to  examine  all  the  libraries 
of  Constantinople  and  in  Greece,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  he  greatly  enriched  the 
collections  of  Italy.  He  was  afterwards 
ambassador  from  Lewis  XII.  of  France  to 
Venice,  and  on  the  election  of  Leo  X.  he 
went  to  Rome,  where  he  became  di- 
rector of  the  Greek  college.  He  was  an 
admirable  scholar,  and  brought  again  into 
use  the  capital  letters  of  the  Greek  alpha- 
bet, and  wrote  some  epigrams  and  mo- 
ral sentences  in  that  language.  He  died 
1535. 

Lasci  or  Lasko,  John  de,  a  learned 
Pole,  made  provost  of  Gresna,  and  bishop 
of  Vcsprim  in  Hungary.  He  had  shown 
such  partiality  for  ZuingUus  at  Zurich.  tha< 


LAT 


l.AT 


iie  now  boldly  declared  in  favour  ol'  the  vc- 
formation  ;  in  consequence  of  which  he 
was  dismissed  from  his  bishopric,  and  re- 
tired in  1542,  to  East  Fricsland,  where  he 
became  minister  of  the  church  of  Embden. 
He  afterwards  came  to  England,  and  was 
held  in  great  esteem  by  the  clergy,  thou<;h 
he  ventured  to  write  a  pamphlet  against 
the  habits  and  ceremonies  of  the  English 
church  ;  but  in  tlie  reign  of  Mary  he  was 
obliged  to  (ly  from  the  country.  He  after- 
wards was  reconciled  to  Sigismond,  king 
Poland,  and  employed  by  him  in  aflairs  of 
trust  and  importance.  He  died  13th  Jan. 
1560.  He  wrote  some  controversial  tracts, 
&.C.  and  was  highly  esteemed  by  Erasmus 
and  others. 

Lasena  or  Lascena,  Peter,  a  learned 
Italian,  born  at  Naples,  25th  Sept.  1590. 
He  settled  at  Rome,  and  under  the  protec- 
tion of  cardinal  Barberini,  and  other  learn- 
ed men  he  cultivated  literature.  His  in- 
tense application  proved  at  last  fatal  to 
him,  he  fell  into  a  fever  of  which  he  died 
30th  Sept.  1636.  He  wrote  Nepenthes 
Homeri,  sen  de  abolendoLuctu — Cleombro- 
tus — a  tract  on  the  Sports,  Shows,  &c.  of 
Naples,  &c. 

Lassels,  Richard,  a  native  of  Yorkshire, 
educated  at  Oxford  and  at  Douay,  where 
he  embraced  the  catholic  religion.  He 
wrote  Travels  in  Italy,  2  vols.  8vo.  and 
died  at  MontpelUer  1768,  aged  65.  A 
person  of  his  name  and  family  was  very 
instrumental  in  the  escape  of  Charles  II. 
from  the  fatal  battle  of  Worcester.  He 
Tvas  then  a  cornet  in  the  king's  army. 

Lathrop,  Joseph,  D.D.  congregational 
minister  of  West  Springfield,  Massachu- 
setts, was  born  at  Norwich,  Connecticut, 
October  20th,  1731,  and  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1754.  He  was  ordained  pastor 
of  the  church  in  West  Springfield,  August 
25th,  1756,  and  after  a  ministry  there  of 
sixty-four  years,  died  December  31st,  1820, 
in  the  90th  year  of  his  age.  He  was  one 
of  the  most  eminent  in  talents  and  excel- 
lence of  character  among  his  cotempo- 
raries.  His  perceptions  were  rapid  and 
clear,  his  invention  uncommonly  fertile, 
and  his  views  marked  by  great  originality. 
He  was  amiable  in  his  manners,  pleasing 
and  instructive  in  conversation,  and  re- 
markable for  good  sense  and  a  keen  dis- 
cernment of  character.  He  was  eminently 
pious  and  profoundly  versed  in  theology, 
and  a  dignified  and  popular  preacher,  and 
by  his  publications  became  extensively 
known  in  Great  Britian  as  well  as  America. 
He  was  in  1793  elected  to  the  profx?ssor- 
ship  of  theology  in  Yale  college,  but  de- 
clined the  appointment.  He  published 
five  volumes  of  sermons  which  have  had 
an  extensive  circulation,  and  prepared  a 
sixth  which  has  been  given  to  the  public 
sinee  his  death.  fCIp  L. 


Lathrop,  John,  an  American  poet,  was 
born  in  Boston,  Massafhu«<Ltts,  in  January, 
1772,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1789.     He  employed  himscU  for  some  Imie 
in  the  practice  of  law  in   Boston,  but  from 
his  devotion  to  literary  pursuits  did  not  en- 
joy extensive   patronage.     He    was    u  co- 
temporary  and  an   associate   of  Paine  and 
Prentiss,  and  the  rival  of  the  lormer,  with 
whom  he  for  a  lung  time  earned  on  a  war 
of  wit  in   the  public  papers.       In    i7\}'j  l.t 
embarked  for  India  to  improve  his  fortune, 
and  spent  ten  years  at   Calcutta  as  an    in- 
structer.     He  continued   his   literary   em- 
ployments during  that  period,  and  publish- 
ed  his  principal   poem   "  The   Speech    of 
Canonicus."      His   writings   were   chiefly 
for  the    newspapers.      He    returned    to 
America  in  1809,   and  taught  a  school  for 
several  years  in  Boston,  and  delivered  lec- 
tures  on  natural   philosophy.     He   after- 
wards removed   to   Washington   and   pur- 
sued the  same   employment,  and   was   at 
length  appointed  to  a  place    in    the  post- 
office.     He  died   in  January,    1S20.     He 
possessed  a  superior  genius, and  his  writings 
were  spirited,   classical,  and  elegant.     He 
was  amiable,  generous,  and  frank,  but  was 
too  desultory  in  his  habits  to  succeed  in 
a    profession.     His   writings    have   never 
been  collected  for  publication.    IC3^  L. 

Latimer,  Hugh,  an  illustrious  prelate, 
born  at  Thurcaston,  in  Leicestershire  1470. 
His  father,  who  was  rather  an  industrious 
than  rich  farmer,  educated  him  at  a  gram- 
mar-school, and  as  his  abilities  were  of  su- 
perior order  he  sent  him  to  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  degTees.  Young  Lati- 
mer, when  admitted  into  the  church,  was  a 
warm  supporter  of  the  established  religion, 
against  the  innovations  of  Luther  and  Me- 
lancthon  ;  but  by  degrees  his  prejudices  in 
favour  of  the  pope  disappeared  in  the  con- 
versation of  his  friend  Bilney,  a  man  of 
pious  character  and  of  deep  learning,  who 
even  laid  down  his  life  in  the  support  of  the 
doctrines  of  the  reformation.  With  his 
usual  warmth  the  new  convert  zealously 
devoted  himself  to  propagate  those  tenets 
which  lately  he  had  censured  as  impious 
and  heretical,  and  so  great  was  his  in- 
fluence, and  so  powerful  his  eloquence,  that 
he  was  regarded  as  the  head  of  his  party. 
His  severe  trials,  and  successful  efforts 
against  the  papists  at  last  recommended 
him  to  the  notice  of  lord  Cromwell  and  of 
Henry  VIII.  during  the  time  of  his  intend- 
ed divorce  ;  and  in  reward  for  his  services 
in  the  cause  of  the  king  and  of  the  re- 
formation, Latimer  was  nominated  to  the 
see  of  Worcester.  In  this  new  office  he  be- 
haved with  his  usual  spirit,  yet  not  without 
moderation.  In  the  convocation  of  1536 
he  ably  opposed  the  measures  of  the  popish 
party,  and  was  happily  instnimental  in  the 
recommendation  of  tlie  English  translation 


LAT 


LAU 


of  the  Bible  to  general  penisal.  But  while 
he  expected  the  final  triumph  of  his  party, 
he  found  the  influence  of  Gardiner  too 
powerful,  and  the  enactment  of  the  famous 
act  called  the  six  articles  in  the  parliament 
of  1539,  proved  so  disagreeable  to  his  feel- 
ings that  he  refused  any  longer  to  hold  his 
bishopric,  but  preferred  a  life  of  retire- 
ment and  privacy.  His  enemies,  however, 
were  not  inactive,  and  not  batislied  to  see 
him  stripped  of  his  honours,  they  procured 
his  imprisonment  in  the  tower  for  the  last 
six  years  of  Henry's  reign.  The  acces- 
sion of  Edward  VI.  restored  Latimer  to 
favour  and  to  liberty  ;  but  while  his  friends 
solicited  him  to  resume  his  episcopal  func- 
tions, he  repeatedly  refused,  and  retired  to 
Lambeth  palace,  where  he  lived  on  the 
bounty  and  in  the  friendship  of  Cranmer. 
Here  his  abilities  were  called  into  action  ; 
he  assisted  his  learned  friend  in  the  com- 
position of  the  Homilies,  and  frequently 
preached  before  the  king,  and  displayed 
those  powers  of  eloquence,  and  that  strong 
vein  of  humour  which  the  manners  of  the 
time  allowed  to  be  used  in  the  pulpit.  On 
the  restoration  of  popery  in  the  reign  of 
Mary  the  venerable  Latimer  was  marked 
for  destruction  by  the  sanguinary  Gardiner. 
He  was  seized,  and  from  the  tower  was 
sent  to  Oxford,  where  he  with  Cranmer  and 
Ridley  were  appointed  to  hold  a  dispute 
with  some  popish  divines.  This  disputa- 
tion was  artfully  intended  to  expose  these 
champions  of  the  reformation  to  the  se- 
verest punishments  of  a  partial  and  preju- 
diced tribunal,  and  therefore  when  Latimer 
and  his  revered  associates  rejected  all  the 
popish  doctrines,  except  they  rested  on  the 
clear  authority  of  Scripture,  sentence  of 
death  was  passed  upon  them.  Latimer  and 
Ridley  were  consequently  burned  at  Ox- 
ford 1554,  in  the  midst  of  the  insults  of 
the  monks,  and  as  they  recommended  their 
souls  to  God,  while  the  fatal  flames  spread 
around  them,  the  venerable  Latimer  com- 
forted his  fellow-suflerer,  exclaiming,  Wc 
shall  this  day,  my  lord,  light  such  a  can- 
dle in  England  as  shall  never  be  extin- 
guished. His  sermons  have  often  been 
printed. 

Laud,  William,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, was  born  7th  Oct.  1573,  at  Reading, 
where  his  father  was  a  clothier.  He  was 
educated  at  the  free-shool,  Reading,  and  in 
1589  he  was  removed  to  St.  John's  college, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow  in  1593. 
He  aftenvards  took  orders,  and  in  1601 
was  ordained  priest ;  but  his  chapel  exer- 
cises against  the  puritans,  whose  doctrines 
he  censured  and  refuted,  drew  upon  him 
the  displeasure  of  Abbot  the  primate,  then 
chancellor  of  the  university.  Though  viru- 
lently attacked  by  the  puritan  party  in  the 
university,  his  learning  and  his  abilities 
procured  him  friends  ;  he.  in  1607  obtained 
184 


the  vicai-age  of   Stanford,   Northamptou* 
shire,  and  the  next  year  the  living  of  North 
Kilworth,  Leicestershire.     In  1608  he  took 
the  degree  of  D.D.  and  became  chaplain  to 
bishop  Neile,  and  exchanged  Kilworth  for 
Tilbury  rectory  in  Essex,  in  1609.     In  161 0 
he   succeeded   to   the   living  of  Cukstone, 
Kent,  and  resigned  his  Oxford  fellowship  ; 
but  the  next  year  he  %vas  elected  president 
of  his  college,  by  the  assistance  of  his  pa- 
tron Neile,  who  exerted  all  his  influence  to 
counteract  the  partial  misrepresentation  of 
Abbot,  and  of  chancellor  Ellesmere,  with 
the  king.     He  was  next  appointed  chaplain 
to  the   king,  and   in   1616  made  dean  of 
Gloucester,  and  the  next  year  he  accom- 
panied the  king  to  Scotland,  to  endeavour 
to  persuade  the  Scotch  clergy  to  conform 
with  the  rites  and  the  liturgy  of  the  English 
church.     In  1617  he  was  made  rector  of 
Ibstock,   in  1621  prebendarj'  of  Westmin-~ 
ster,  and  soon  after  raised  to  the  see  of  St. 
David's.     In  1622  he  held  his  famous  con- 
ference with  Fisher,  the  Jesuit,  in  the  pre- 
sence of  the   duke  of  Buckingham  and  his 
mother,  who  were  wavering  in  the  protes- 
tant  faith,  and  he  had  the  good  fortune  not 
only  to  fix  his  opinions,  but  to  obtain  his 
future  friendship.     He  officiated  as  dean  of 
Westminster  in  1626,  at  the  coronation  of 
the  first  Charles,  and  the  same  year  he  was 
translated  to  Bath  and  Wells,  and  two  years 
after  to  London.     In  1630  he  was  elected 
chancellor  of  Oxford,  and  in  this  dignified 
situation    he   contributed    most    liberally, 
during  the  whole  of  life,  to  adorn  and  im- 
prove his  favourite  university.     He  not  only 
built  the  inner  quadrangle  of  his  college, 
and  improved  the  foundation  by  various  do- 
nations, but  he  raised  that  elegant  building 
now  called  the  Convocation  house,  and  the 
library   above,    and   enriched    the    public 
collection     by   the  munificent    present  of 
1300  valuable   MSS.    in   Hebrew,  Syriac, 
Chaldee,     Egyptian,    and    other     ancient 
and  modern   languages,  procured  at  great 
expense,   and  with    infinite   labour.      The 
death  of    Buckingham   raised    him  to  the 
dangerous  situation  of  prime  minister,  and 
in  1633  he  succeeded  Abbot  as  primate.    In 
these  high  offices  he  laboured  strenuously 
to  repress  the  fanatical  spirit  of  the  times, 
but  his  attempts  to  produce    a  uniformity 
between  the  churches  of  England  and  Scot- 
land,  not  only  proved  unavailing,  but  ex- 
posed him  to  great  obloquy.     His  attention 
to  the  independence  of  the  Irish  clergy  was 
highly  commendable,  as  he  obtained  from 
the  king,  in  their  favour,  a  gi-ant  of  all  the 
impropriations  remaining    in    the   crown. 
But  the  purest  of  his  motives  in  these  tur- 
bulent times  were  unfortunately  misrepre- 
sented, because  he  was  connected  with  the 
court,  and  had  a  share  in  the  prosecutions 
of  the  Star  chamber  against  the  obstinate 
pTiritans.     He  was  hrRnded  with  tlje  name 


LAt 


LAb 


•i"  incendiary  because  he  exhorted  his  cler- 
gy to  contribute  to  the   raising  of  an    iiruiy 
against  the  Scots,  and  when  the  parliament 
of  lG3y    was   abruptly    dissolved,    all     the 
odiuui  of  the  violent   measure  was  heaped 
upon  him  by  the  factions  of  the  times,   and 
his  palace  at    Lambeth  was  attacked  by  an 
unprincipled    mob    of  above   5000  rioters. 
Thus  unpopular  in  the  nation,  and  suspect- 
ed by  the  commons,    he  was  particularly  at- 
tacked in  the  next  parliament.     The  fate  of 
StaHbrd   was   the  forerunner  of  his  own, 
and  on  the  accusation  of  Sir  Henry  Vane, 
he  was  seized  and  conveyed  to  the  tower, 
Ist    March,    1610-1.     During    the    three 
years  which  preceded  his  trial  he  was  ex- 
posed to  every  indignity,  his  revenues  were 
confiscated,   he  was  fined  20,000/.  for  his 
connexion  with  the  Star  chamber,  and  every 
article   of  comfort  which  might  cheer  his 
hours  of    solitude  was   carefully  removed, 
and  even  t!ie  papers  which  he  had  prepared 
for   his  defence  were   rudely  seized,  and 
never  returned.     His  trial  began  12th,  and 
finished  July  29th,  1644  ;  but  though  no- 
thing treasonable  could  be  proved,  such  was 
the  virulence  of  the  commons,  that  a  bill  of 
attainder  was  passed  the  following  Novem- 
ber   against   him,   and   the  peers    in    the 
next  January  were  forced  by  the  threats  of 
the  mob   to  pronounce  against  him.     His 
defence,  firm,  eloquent,  undaunted,  and  pa- 
thetic, could   not  avail  before  a  prejudiced 
tribunal,   and  he   was   sentenced  to  be  be- 
headed.    He  suffered  on  Tower-hill,  10th 
Jan.   aged  71,  maintaining  to  the  last  the 
composure  of  innocence,   and  the  resigna- 
tion of  piety.     His  body  was  deposited  in 
All-Hallows  church.  Barking,  and  1663  re- 
moved to  St.  John's  college.     In  his  cha- 
racter. Laud  was  a  man  of  integrity,  zea- 
lously attached  to  the  rites  of  the  church, 
-sincere  and  ardent,  but  too  often  indiscreet 
and   obstinate,   and  eager  to  sacrifice  his 
fame  and  the  interests  of  his  master  even 
for  the  sake  of  trifles.     The  severe  prose- 
cutions  of  the   Star  chamber  and  of  the 
high   commission  courts  were  invidiously 
attributed  to  him,  and  in  his  zeal  to  unite 
the  three   kingdoms  in  the  same  form  of 
worship,  he  exposed  himself  to  the  fury  of 
the  puritanical  party,  whose  designs  were 
the  demolition  of  the  throne.     Though  un- 
happily tinctured  with  too  high  notions   of 
divine  right  and  of  unlimited  prerogative 
for  times  of  turbulence  and  civil  dissension, 
it  does  not  appear  that  he  was  inclined  to 
favour  the  tenets  of  the  church  of  Rome, 
though  they  might  more   powerfully  have 
supported   the   measures   of    an  arbitrary 
court.     He  was  a  man  of  extensive  know- 
ledge, and  as  Clarendon  observes,  his  learn- 
ing, piety,  and  virtue,  have  been  attained  by 
very  few,  and  the  greatest  of  his  infirmities 
are  common  to  all,  even  the  best  of  men. 
He  tvrote  "seven    Sermons"  on    several 
Vol,  II.  24 


occasions — Annotations  on  the  Death  of 
kingJames— Answer  to  the  liemonstrance 
of  the  House  of  Commons— Diary  publish- 
ed by  VVarton,  with  oilier  piercH,  inc.— 
Summary  of  Devotions— Uemain^,  fol.— 
Private  Devotions,  ite,— Letters,  iic. 

Lauuku,  William,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
who  studied  in  the  university  of  Edinburgh, 
and  taught  Latin  there.  He  piil)li.,htd  ill 
1739  an  edition  of  Johnston's  psalms,  and 
in  1742  was  appointed  master  of  Dundee 
school.  He  afterwards  came  to  London, 
and  1747  began  to  publish  in  the  Geutle- 
man's  Magazine  his  forgeries  on  Milton, 
which  in  1751  he  collected  together  undci- 
the  name  of  an  Essay  on  Milton's  Use  and 
Imitation  of  the  Moderns  in  his  Paradise 
Lost,  8vo.  His  quotations,  though  for  some 
time  supposed  to  be  genuine,  were  soon 
after  proved  to  be  forgeries  from  Grotius 
and  others,  by  Dr.  Douglas,  afterwards 
bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  the  wretched  pla- 
giarist, overwhelmed  with  confusion,  sub- 
scribed a  confession  of  his  offence,  dictated 
by  Dr.  Johnson,  and  acknowledged  the 
baseness  of  his  conduct.  Thus  lost  in  the 
public  opinion  he  went  to  Barbadoes, 
where  he  kept  a  school,  but  with  little  re- 
putation.    He  died  at  Barbadoes,  1771. 

Laudohn,  or  Loudon,    Gideon    Ernest, 
a  celebrated  Austrian  general,    descended 
from  a  Scotch  family,  and  born  at  Tootzan, 
1716.     He  was  in  1731  engaged  in  the  Rus- 
sian  service,  but  despairing  of  preferment 
he  entered  into  the  Austrian  army,  and  ob- 
tained the  rank  of  captain  in  1742.     After 
the  peace  of  1748  he  rose  to  the   rank  of 
major,  and  was  afterwards  made  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  Croats  ,  but  his  genius  and  abi- 
lities   displayed   in    the  seven   years    war 
against  the  brilliant  evolutions  of  the  great 
Frederic,  soon  called  him  to  higher  honours. 
He  was  made  major-general  and  a    knight 
of  the  military  order  of  Maria  Theresa  iu 
1757,  and  the  confidence  placed  in  his  valour 
and  judgment  was  soon  evinced  in  the  great 
victory  of  Hochkerchen,  and  that  of  Kun- 
nersdorff.     The  Prussians  were  afterwards 
defeated   at   Landshut,  and   the   gates   of 
Glatz  opened  to  the  victorious  general.    At 
the  peace  of  1763  his  services  were  reward- 
ed with  the  dignity  of  a  baron,  and  a  pen- 
sion, and  three  years  after  he  v^as  appoint- 
ed member  of  the   Aulic  council,   and   iii 
1778   made   field-marshal  of  the   empire. 
In  the  war  which  took  place  between  Tur- 
key and  Austria,  he  had  fresh  opportunities 
of  distinguishing  himself,   the  Turks  were 
routed,    and    Belgrade    was    taken    17S9. 
This  illustrious  chief  died  l4th  July,  1790. 

Laugier,  Mark  Antony,  a  Jesuit,  born 
at  Monosque,  in  Provence,  1713.  He  quit- 
ted the  Jesuits  upon  some  private  dispute, 
and  applied  himself  to  the  arts.  He  died 
1769.  He  is  author  of  Essay  on  Archi- 
tecture— History- of  Venice,  12  vols.  12mo- 

1S5 


LAU 


LAG 


— History  of  the  Peace  of  Belgrade,  2  vols      ije  was  appointed  president  of  the  assembly 


l2rao. — Apology  for  French  Music,  &c. 

Launat,  Francis  de,  a  French  advocate 
of  eminence,  author  of  Remarks  on  the 
Roman  and  French  System  of  Jurispru- 
dence— and  Commentaries  on  Laysel's  In- 
stitutes, &c.     He  died  1693,  aged  81. 

Launoi,  John  de,  a  learned  French  wri- 
ter, well  skilled  in  the  discipline,  rights  and 


of  South  Carolina,  and  in  the  following 
year,  on  the  establishment  of  a  temporary 
constitution,  was  chosen  vice  president  of 
the  state.  In  1777,  being  a  member  of  the 
continental  congress,  he  was  on  the  resig- 
nation of  Hancock  appointed  its  president. 
In  1780  he  was  appointed  ambassador  to 
the  Netherlands,  for  the  purpose  of  form- 


privileges  of  the  Galilean  church,  which  he    ing  a  treaty  with  those  provinces,  and  to  ne 


ably  defended  against  the  encroachments 
of  the  see  of  Rome.  He  was  also  a  vio- 
lent and  determined  enemy  against  legends, 
traditions,  and  saints,  and  showed  himself 
so  disinterested,  that  he  refused  benefices, 
satisfied  with  the  independence  of  a  humble 
situation.  He  died  at  Paris  1678,  aged  75. 
His  writings,  which  are  very  numerous, 
are  enumerated  by  Niceron. 

Launot,  Charles  de,  a  French  general. 
Vid.  Lannot. 

Laur,  Pbilippo,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Rome,  1623.  He  studied  under  his 
elder  brother  Balthasar,  who  died  at  the 
early  age  of  25,  and  under  Angelo  Coro- 
selli,  and  soon  acquired  some  celebrity. 
His  large  pictures  for  churches  were  ad- 
mired, but  particularly  his  historical  sub- 
jects, with  excellent  landscapes  in  the  back 
ground.  His  chief  pieces  were  metamor- 
phoses and  bacchanals,  in  which  he  dis- 
played great  taste  and  judgment.     He  was 


gotiate  a  loan  ;  he  was  captured  on  his 
passage,  and  carried  to  England,  where  he 
was  confined  in  the  tower  as  a  criminal, 
and  treated  with  great  severity.  The  mi- 
nistry were  deterred  from  executing  their 
threats  of  capital  punishment,  by  the  feav 
of  retaliation,  and  in  December,  1781,  re- 
stored him  to  liberty.  He  passed  into 
France,  and  in  the  following  year,  with 
Franklin,  Adams,  and  Jay,  signed  the  pro- 
visional articles  of  peace,  and  in  1782,  the 
definitive  treaty.  He  returned  to  the  Uni- 
ted States  in  1784,  and  died  in  South 
Carolina  in  1792,  in  his  seventieth  year. 

ICX^L. 
Laurens,  John,  lieutenant-colonel  in 
the  American  army,  was  the  son  of  Henry 
Laurens,  of  South-Carolina,  and  born  in 
1755.  He  was  educated  in  England.  He 
entered  the  army  in  1777,  and  reniiered 
himself  conspicuous  by  his  brilliant  talents 
and  daring  bravery.     In   1781   he  was  dC" 


of  a  cheerful  disposition,  and  died  at  Rome     puted  by  congress  to  France  to  solicit  a 

loan  of  money,  and  procure  military  stores. 
He  returned  the  same  year,  and  received 
the  thanks  of  congress  for  his  success.     He 


1694,  aged  71,  leaving  a  considerable  for- 
tune to  his  great  nephews. 

Laura,  the  mistress  of  Petrarch,  was 
the  wife  of  Hugo  de  Sades.  She  died  of 
the  plague  in  1348,  aged  38.  Vid.  Pe- 
trarch. 

Laurati,  Peter,  a  native  of  Sienna,  ce- 
lebrated as  a  painter.  He  was  the  disciple 
of  Giotto,  and  particularly  excelled  in  his 
draperies,  which  were  finished  in  such  ex- 
quisite taste  that  the  delicate  proportions  of 
the  human  limbs  became  visible  through 
them.  He  flourished  in  the  15th  century, 
and  chiefly  resided  at  Sienna  and  Arezzo. 

Laurens,  or  Larentius,  Andrew,  a 
native  of  Aries,  professor  of  medicine  at 
Montpellier,  and  physician  to  Henry  IV. 
He  died  16th  August,  1609.     His  anatomi- 


immediately  re-joined  the  army,  and  on 
the  27th  August,  1782,  received  a  mortal 
wound,  while  opposing  a  foraging  party 
near  the  Combabee,  in  South  Carolina, 
and  died  at  the  age  of  twenty-six.  Colonel 
Laurens  was  distinguished  for  the  excel- 
lence of  his  education,  and  the  engaging- 
ness  of  his  manners,  as  well  as  for  his 
talents  and  courage.  He  was  highly  po- 
pular in  the  army,  and  enjoyed  the  high 
respect  of  general  Washington,  whom  he 
served  as  an  aid.  IC3^  L. 

Laurent,  Peter  Joseph,  a  native  of 
Flanders,  famous  for  his  astonishing  me- 
chanical powers.     When  only  eight  years 


cal  works,  more  elegant  than  correct,  were  old  he  constructed  a  hydraulic  machine  oi 

printed  at  Paris,  folio,  1600.  great  ingenuity,  and  when  matured  by  time 

Laurens,  Honorus,  brother  to  the  pre-  and  by  education,  he  was,  at  the  age  of  21, 

ceding,  was  advocate  of  the  parliament  of  appointed  superintendent  of  various  public 


Paris,  and  a  strong  friend  of  the  league, 
and  afterwards  became  by  the  favour  of 
Henry  IV.  archbishop  of  Embrun.  He 
wrote  the  edict  of  Henry  III.  to  reunite 
the  protestants  and  catholics,  and  died 
1612. 

Laurens,  Henry,  president  of  the  Ame- 
rican congress,  was  a  native  of  South  Ca- 
rolina, He  took  an  early  part  in  resisting 
the  arbitrary  claims  of  the  British  govern- 
mpnt  which  led  to  the  revolution.  In  1775 
186 


works,  and  of  the  canals  of  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, and  of  Hainault.  The  junction  of 
the  Scheldt  with  the  Somme,  though  pre- 
senting great  difficulties,  was  effected  by 
his  persevering  genius,  by  the  means  of  a 
subterraneous  canal  of  three  leagues  ex- 
tent ;  and  other  works  were  effected  in 
Flanders,  which,  by  removing  the  obstacles 
of  natiue,  secured  comfort  and  communica- 
tion to  the  inhabitants  of  ValencienncF, 
Lisle,  &c.     This  ingenious  man  was  hct- 


LAV 


L.-^W 


poured  with  the  order  of  St.  Michael  by 
Vhe  French  king,  and  died  1775,  respected 
ill  private  life. 

I^AURENTio,  Nicholas,  a  remarkable  cha- 
racter in  the  history  of  modern  Rome. 
Thoui^h  but  the  son  of  a  vintner  and  a 
laundress,  he  rose  by  his  intrigues  and  elo- 
<]uence  to  notice,  and  prevailed  upon  the 
Roman  populace  to  expel  their  nobles,  and 
intrust  the  sovereign  power  into  his  hands. 
His  usurpation  was  the  cause  of  war,  and 
at  last  he  was  defeated  ;  but  a  second  time 
he  rose  to  the  supreme  authority,  and  might 
have  long  continued  absolute,  had  he  not 
been  cruel  in  his  punishments.  The  popu- 
lace, irritated  against  him,  set  his  palace 
on  fire,  and  he  was  run  through  the  body 
in  his  attempts  to  escape,  and  stabbed  by 
a  thousand  wounds.  His  body  hung  by 
the  heels  in  public  derision,  was  at  last 
taken  down  and  buried  by  the  Jews. 

Lavater,  Lewis,  an  ecclesiastic,  known 
for  his  abilities  as  a  controversialist  in  fa- 
vour of  the  protestants.  He  wrote  Com- 
mentaries— Homilies,  &c. — and  a  treatise 
de  Spectris,  a  curious  %vork.  He  died  ca- 
non of  Zurich,  17th  July,  1596,  aged  50. 

Lavater,  John  Caspar  Christian,  a  ce- 
lebrated writer,  born  at  Zurich,  1741.  He 
was  pastor  of  the  church  of  St.  Peter's  at 
Zurich,  and  as  a  minister  he  acquired  great 
reputation  both  by  his  eloquent  discourses 
and  his  exemplary  life.  He  was  wounded 
by  a  French  soldier  when  Zurich  was  taken 
by  storm  under  Massena  in  1799,  and  died 
there  in  consequence  of  it,  12th  Jan.  1801. 
He  acquired  deserved  celebrity  as  a  physi- 
ognomist, and  his  writings  on  the  subject, 
possessing  great  merit,  ingenious  remarks, 
and  truly  original  ideas,  have  been  transla- 
ted into  all  the  languages  of  Europe.  His 
works  are.  Poems — Solomon — Jesus  Mes- 
siah, 4  vols. — Nathaniel,  8vo. — Letters 
Paternelles — treatise  on  Physiognomy — 
Journal  of  a  Self  Observer,  8vo. — Prose 
Works — Letters  supposed  to  be  written  by 
Paul  before  his  conversion,  &c. 

Lavington,  George,  a  native  of  Heavi- 
tree,  Devonshire,  educated  at  Exeter  col- 
lege where  he  took  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
He  afterwards  obtained  a  prebend  at  Wor- 
cester, a  canon  residentiaryship  at  St. 
Paul's,  and  the  see  of  Exeter.  He  wrote 
the  Enthusiasm  of  Methodists  and  Papists 
compared,  a  curious  work — a  Tract  on  the 
Moravians — Single  Sermons,  &c.  and  died 
1762,  aged  79.  He  was  buried  in  Exeter 
cathedral. 

Lavirotte,  Lewis  Anne,  a  native  of 
Nolay  in  the  diocess  of  Autun,  eminent  as 
a  physician  and  as  the  translator  of  Mac- 
laurin's  Account  of  Newton's  Discoveries  ; 
he  wrote  also  Observations  on  the  Hydro- 
phobia and  other  medical  works,  and  died 
1759,  aged  34. 

J*4vnisiF,R,  Antonv  Laurence,  a  relebra- 


ted  chymist,  bom  at  Paris,  26th  Au;?.  1745. 
At  the  age  of  23  he  oiitaincd  from  tbc  aca- 
demy of  sciences  a  golcb^ii  nu-dal  for  a  me- 
moir on   the   best    method  of  lighting  the 
streets  with  economy  and    eflicacy.       In 
1768  he  was  chosen  mcnib«,r  of  the  acade- 
my, and  enriched  its  memoirs  by  above  40 
valuable  dissertations  on  sulyects  of  chy- 
mistiy  and  political  economy,  the  result  of 
deep  and  laborious  experiments.     His  new 
system   of  chymistry  was    received   with 
great  applause  in  France  and  over  the  con- 
tinent, though  it  militated  against  the  pre- 
valent doctrine  of  phlogiston  adopted  and 
supported  by  the  experin»ents  of  Dr.  Priest- 
ley.    He  was   treasurer   of  the   academy 
after  BufTon   and   Tillet,   and  successively 
was  appointed  farmer-general,  register  of 
powder  and  saltpetre,  and  commissary  of 
the  national  treasury,  and  in  these  offices 
he  laboured  assiduously  with  the  most  con- 
scientious integrity,  to  advance  the  inter- 
ests of  the  nation  as  well  as  to  promote  the 
improvement  of  science  and  natural  his- 
tory.    These  services  deserved  the  highest 
rewards  of   national    gratitude  ;    but    the 
revolution  came  to  shorten  his  days.     His 
abilities  and  virtues  were  too  conspicuous 
to  escape  the  notice  of  the  sanguinary  ty- 
rants of  France.     He  was  dragged  before 
the  I'evolutionary  tribunal,   but   when  he 
demanded  the  suspension  of  his  sentence 
for  fourteen  days,  that  he  might  finish  some 
experiments  serviceable  to  the  public,  the 
blood-thirsty  judge  replied  that  France  was 
not  in  want  either  of  learned  men  or  chy- 
mists,  and  immediately  Lavoisier  walked 
with  composure  to  the  fatal  spot,  and  was 
guillotined,   6th  April,   1794.      He  wrote 
Chymical  and  Physical  works,  2  vols.  8vo. 
1773 — Nouvelles  Recherches  sur  le  Fluide 
Elastique,  a  valuable  work,  1775 — Report 
on    Animal    Magnetism,    8vo. — Methode 
de  Nomenclature  Chymique — Elementary 
treatise  on  Chymistry,  2  vols.  Svo.  1789 — 
Instruction  on  the  making  of  Saltpetre,  &c. 
Svo. — de  la  Reprodution  et  de  la  Consom- 
mation  comparees  a  la  Population,  Svo.  &lc. 
Fourcroy  pronounced  his  eulogy  at  the  Ly- 
ceum, and  la  Lande  has  painted  his  cha- 
racter in  the  liveliest  colours,  and  represent- 
ed him  as  he  was,  a  man  of  great  virtue  and 
benevolence,  endued  with  all  the  amiable 
qualities  of  the  heart,  and  the  amplest  re- 
sources of  the  mind. 

Law,  John,  a  celelnated  projector,  born 
at  Edinburgh,  16th  April,  1671.  He  early 
applied  himself  to  the  study  of  arithmetic, 
geography,  mathematics,  and  algebra,  but 
his  prospects  were  all  at  once  clouded  by 
his  unfortunate  conduct.  He  debauched 
the  daughter  of  a  gentleman  in  London, 
and  killed  her  brother  who  interfered  in 
vindication  of  her  character,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  this  he  was  condemned  to  bo 
hancfed.  but  escaped  from  the  hands  of  iu^- 

187 


LAW 


LAW 


tice  and  fled  to  Holland,  and  then  to  Italy. 
He  returned  to  his  country  in  1 700  nnder 
the  protection  of  the  duke  of  Argyle,  and 
proposed  to  the  parliament  various  plans  of 
finance,  which  were  disapproved,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  he  left  the  kingdom  to 
seek  encouragement  and  protection  in  fo- 
reign courts.  He  visited  Brussels,  Venice, 
and  Genoa,  and  at  last  he  gained  the  con- 
fidence of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  the  regent 
of  France,  and  settled  at  Paris.  He  there 
established  a  bank  in  1716,  and  soon  it  be- 
came the  general  bank  of  the  kingdom,  to 
which  were  united  the  interests  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi company.  The  hopes  of  immense 
gain,  and  the  love  of  novelty,  gradually 
brought  all  thp  specie  of  the  kingdom  under 
his  control,  and  his  paper  rose  to  full 
twenty  times  its  original  value,  and  in  1719 
was  calculated  as  worth  more  than  eighty 
times  the  circulating  coin  of  the  whole  na- 
tion. Thus  while  France  considered  itself 
'as  rapidly  rising  into  opulence  and  power, 
and  while  theinlatuated  projector  purchased 
vast  possessions,  and  united  in  his  person 
the  oflfices  of  comptroller  and  financier,  the 
real  sources  of  the  kingdom  were  gradually 
diminishing,  extravagance  took  place  of 
economy,  and  the  love  of  glory  and  distinc- 
tion was  disregarded  for  the  sudden  acqui- 
sition of  riches.  At  last  the  bank  was 
found  incapable  of  answering  the  demands 
made  upon  it,  and  of  paying  for  its  paper, 
and  though  the  decrees  of  the  regent  for  a 
tvhile  supported  its  tottering  credit,  soon 
the  eyes  of  the  nation  were  opened,  and 
each  individual  discovered  that  in  parting 
with  his  gold  and  silver,  he  had  received  in 
return  only  paper  which  was  of  no  value. 
The  dissatisfaction  became  general,  the 
people  without  bread  and  without  money, 
besieged  in  vain  the  avenues  of  the  bank,  and 
afterwards  carrying  before  the  gates  of  the 
regent  the  bodies  of  three  men  who  had 
unhappily  been  trampled  to  death  in  the 
tumultuous  crowd,  they  exclaimed,  behold 
the  fruit  ef  your  system.  At  last  the  un- 
fortunate Law,  now  become  odious  in  the 
eyes  of  suffering  France,  fled  in  disgrace 
from  a  counti'y  which  he  had  promised  to 
raise  to  affluence  and  prosperity,  and  after 
wandering  over  Germany,  Denmark,  Hol- 
land, and  England,  he  settled  at  Venire, 
•where  he  died  1729.  He  wrote  a  small 
treatise  on  money  and  paper  credit.  He 
was  in  his  person  well  proportioned,  of  a 
dignified  and  commanding  aspect,  but  in  his 
conduct  he  was  so  immoderately  attached 
to  play,  that  he  did  not  hesitate  to  venture 
his  all  on  the  chance  of  a  die. 

Law,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Westmore- 
land, educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  afterwards  fellow  of 
Christ's  college,  and  was  one  of  the  mem- 
bers of  that  society,  in  thp  university,  for 
IPS  ' 


a  time  celebrated  under  the  name  of  Zo- 
diac. In  1739  he  obtained  the  living  of 
Graystock,  and  soon  after  Salkeld,  and  in 
1755  was  made  head  of  Peterhouse.  In 
1767  he  was  presented  to  a  prebendal  stall 
at  Durham,  and  two  years  after  raised  to 
the  ?ee  of  Carlisle,  over  which  he  presided 
with  great  dignity,  and  with  truly  pastoral 
care.  He  was  author  of  the  Theory  of  Re- 
ligion, 8vo. — Archbishop  King's  Origin  of 
Evil,  with  notes,  8vo. — a  View  of  the  Con- 
troversy concerning  an  Intermediate  State, 
12mo. — Sermons,  &c.  and  he  died  1787, 
aged  84. 

Law,  William,  an  able  divine,  born  at 
King's  Cliff,  Northamptonshire,  1686.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
degrees,  but  did  not  enter  into  orders,  as 
he  had  some  scruples  with  respect  to  the 
necessary  oaths,  and  thus  could  not  obtain 
some  valuable  preferment  which  was  m- 
tended  for  him.  He  wrote  a  Serious  Call 
to  a  devout  and  holy  Life — a  treatise  on 
Christian  Perfection,  &c.  besides  some 
tracts  against  Bishop  Hoadley,  and  the 
works  of  Jacob  Behmen,  whose  extrava- 
gant opinions  he  adopted  in  the  latter  part 
of  his  life.  He  died  1761,  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, at  the  house  of  Mrs.  Hesther 
Gibbon,  the  aunt  of  the  famous  historian, 
where  he  had  for  several  years  found  a 
hospitable  asylum.  As  a  preacher  among 
the  dissenters  he  possessed  influence,  and 
his  doctrines  were  powerfully  enforced  by 
the  meekness  and  sanctity  of  his  life,  and 
by  his  inoffensive  manners. 

Law,  Jonathan,  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut, was  born  at  Milford  in  that  state,  Au- 
gust 6th,  1674,  and  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1695.  He  soon  after  en- 
tered on  the  practice  of  law  in  his  native 
town,  and  in  1710  was  appointed  chief 
judge  of  the  county  court,  and  in  1715  was 
transferred  to  the  bench  of  the  supreme 
court,  a^  an  associate  judge,  where  he  con- 
tinued with  the  exception  of  one  year  till 
1725.  He  was  in  1717  an  assistant,  and 
in  1725  was  chosen  licTitenant-governor, 
and  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  superior 
court,  which  offices  he  continued  to  hold 
till  his  election  as  governor  in  1742.  He 
remained  in  that  station  till  his  death,  No- 
vember 6th,  1750,  in  his  77th  year.  A  La- 
tin funeral  oration  was  delivered  on  the 
occasion  at  Vale  College,  by  Mr.  Stiles, 
afterwards  president  of  that  institution. 
Governor  Law  was  distinguished  for  ta- 
lents, learning,  and  amiableness  of  cha- 
racter. fCSP'  L. 

Law,  Richard,  LL.D.  judge  of  the  dis- 
trict court  of  the  United  States,  was  the 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  born  at  Milford, 
March  l7th,  1733.  He  was  educated  at 
Yale  college,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1 751 .     He  established  himself  in  the  prac- 


LAW 


LEA 


tice  of  law  at  New-London,  Connecticut, 
and  soon  rose  to  the  highest  eounence  in 
the  profession.  After  a  lucrative  practice 
of  several  years,  the  decline  of  his  health 
induced  him  to  accept  a  seat  as  chief  judge 
on  the  bench  of  the  county  court,  which  he 
continued  to  occupy  till  17S4,  when  he  was 
appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court, 
and  in  1786  chief  judge,  in  which  ottice 
he  continued  until  the  adoption  of  the 
federal  constitution  in  1789,  when  he 
received  his  appointment  as  United  States 
district  judge.  He  continued  in  that  office 
till  his  death,  January  '26, 1806,  in  his  73d 
year.  ICJ^  L. 

Lawes,  Henry,  an  English  musician, 
born  at  Salisbury  about  1600.  He  was  in 
the  service  of  Charles  I.  and  in  1653  pub- 
lished his  "  Ayres  and  Dialogues,"  in  folio, 
with  commendatory  verses  by  the  poets, 
Milton,  Philips,  Waller,  &c.  He  set  to 
music  the  Comus  of  Milton,  and  performed 
in  it,  when  it  was  represented  at  Ludlow 
castle,  1634.  He  was  long  patronised  by 
the  family  of  the  earl  of  Bridgewater,  and 
was  the  friend  of  Milton  and  other  learned 
men.  He  died  October  21,  1662,  and  was 
buried  in  Westminster  abbey. 

Lawes,  William,  brother  to  the  prece- 
ding, was  also  an  excellent  musician.  He 
was  commissary  to  general  Gerard,  and 
was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Chester.  Two 
large  MS.  volumes  of  his  works  are  pre- 
served at  Oxford. 

Lawrence,  Stringer,  an  English  general 
in  the  service  of  the  East  India  company. 
He  died  1775,  aged  78,  and  his  services 
were  honourably  acknowledged  by  the  com- 
pany, who  erected  to  his  memory  a  hand- 
some monument  in  Westminster  abbey. 

Lawrence,  James,  captain  in  the  navy 
of  the  United  States,  was  born  at  Burling- 
ton, New- Jersey,  Oct.  1,  1781.  His  father 
designed  him  for  the  bar,  and  gave  him  a  re- 
spectable education,  but  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen he  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman, 
under  Captain  Tingey.  He  afterwards 
served  as  a  lieutenant  in  the  Tripoline  war, 
and  assisted  Decatur  in  destroying  the  fri- 
gate Philadelphia.  He  spent  several  years 
in  the  Mediterranean,  having  the  command 
at  first  of  the  schooner  Enterprise,  and  af- 
terwards of  a  gxm-boat.  He  then  became 
the  first  lieutenant  of  the  Constitution,  and 
successively  had  command  of  the  Vixen, 
the  Wasp,  the  Ar^s,  and  the  Hornet.  In 
the  last  vessel,  while  returning  from  a  cruise 
on  the  coast  of  South  America,  he  fell  in 
with  the  British  brig  Peacock,  near  Dema- 
rara,  on  the  24th  of  February,  1813,  and 
succeeded  in  capturing  her  after  a  battle  of 
fifteen  minutes.  He  was  received  with 
great  distinction  on  his  return  to  the  United 
States,  and  soon  appointed  to  command  the 
frigate  Chesapeake,   then  Iving  at  Boston. 


He  sailed  in  that  vessel  on  the  morning  oi' 
the  1st  of  June,  and  at  4  in  the  afternoon 
commenced  a  battle  with  the  Briliuh  frigute 
Shannon,  which  had  been  wuitiriK  for  him, 
and  after  a  desperate  contest  of  a  few  min- 
utes, during  which  he  was  mortally  wound- 
ed, his  vessel  was  surreruiered.  He  died 
on  the  4th  day  after,  and  was  conveyed  to 
Halifax,  and  thence  to  New-York,  where 
he  was  interred.  FCl*'   L. 

Lawson,  sir  John,  a  native  of  Hull,  who 
from  an  obscure  origin  rose  in  the  navy, 
and  became  captain  of  a  ship  under  the  par- 
liament. Though  by  principle  a  republican, 
he  joined  Monk  in  effecting  the  restora- 
tion, and  for  his  services  was  thanked  by 
the  houses  of  parliament.  He  ser\ed  as 
rear  admiral  under  the  duke  of  York,  and 
in  a  battle  fought  against  the  Dutch  on  the 
3d  June,  16G5,  he  was  wounded  by  a  mus- 
ket-shot in  the  knee,  of  which  he  died. 

Latard,  Charles  Peter,  an  English  di- 
vine, son  of  a  physician  of  Greenwich,  was 
educated  at  Westminster  school,  and  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge.  He  obtained  in 
1773  and  1775,  the  Seatonian  prize,  and 
was,  by  the  strong  recommendation  of  his 
friends,  appointed  minister  of  C'xendon  cha- 
pel, and  librarian  to  Tenison's  librarj-,  St. 
Martin's  parish.  He  was  promoted  in 
1800  to  the  deanery  of  Bristol,  and  died 
1803.  He  published  some  single  sermons, 
and  since  his  death  a  subscription  has 
been  raised,  by  the  publication  of  a  vo- 
lume of  his  sermons,  for  the  benefit  of  his 
family. 

Lazarelli,  John  Francis,  a  native  of 
Gabio,  author  of  sonnets,  odes,  and  satiri- 
cal poems  of  merit,  often  printed.  He  died 
1694,  aged  80. 

Leake,  Richard,  master  gunner  of  Eng- 
land, was  born  at  Harwich,  1629.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  various  engagements, 
especially  against  Van  Tronip,  1673,  when 
the  Royal  Prince,  the  ship  in  which  he  was, 
after  the  loss  of  her  masts,  and  of  400  of 
her  crew  killed  and  wounded,  was  attacked 
by  a  man  of  war  and  two  fire  ships.  In  this 
distressing  situation  the  English  admiral 
Rooke,  made  a  signal  for  the  ship  to  strike 
her  colours,  but  Leake,  animating  his  com- 
panions, declared  the  Royal  Prince  should 
never  be  given  up  while  he  lived,  and  thus 
boldly  seconded  by  his  two  sons  and  an 
obedient  crew,  he  brought  ott'  the  ship  safe 
to  Chatham,  though  he  had  the  misfortune 
to  see  his  son  Henry  fall  by  his  side.  In 
consequence  of  this  braveiT  he  was  made 
master-guiuier  of  all  England,  and  store- 
keeper of  Woolwich  ordnance.  He  first 
contrived  to  fire  of^'a  mortar  by  the  blast  of 
a  piece,  a  method  still  used,  and  he  display- 
ed great  ingenuity  in  the  composition  of 
fire-works.     He  died  1696. 

Leake,  sir  John,  son  of  the  above,  wt»«; 

180 


LEA 


LEG 


born  at  Rotherhithe,  Surrey,  1656.  He  was 
educated  in  naval  knowledge  under  his  fa- 
ther, and  was  with  him  at  the  memorable 
fight  of  1673.  He  was  afterwards  in  the 
merchants'  service,  but  at  last  preferred  ad- 
vancement in  the  navy.  He  was  made  mas- 
ter gunner  of  the  Neptune,  1675,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  situation  till  1688,  when  he 
was  appointed  to  the  Drake  fire  ship,  against 
the  intended  invasion  from  Holland.  He 
afterwards  joined  the  party  of  the  prince  of 
Orange,  and  was  very  serviceable  in  rescu- 
ing Londondt  rry  from  the  power  of  James 
II.  In  1692  he  was  one  of  the  heroes  of 
the  battle  ofl'  Cape  la  Hogue,  and  till  the 
peace  of  Rysvvick,  in  1697,  he  continued  to 
distinguish  himself  as  an  active  and  enter- 
prising officer.  In  1 702  he  was  sent  on  the 
Newfoundland  station,  and  he  drove  the 
French  totally  from  the  place,  and  thus  ac- 
quired both  reputation  for  the  celerity  of  his 
measures,  and  opulence  from  the  value  of 
the  prizes  which  he  made.  On  his  return 
he  was  made  rear  admiral  of  the  blue,  and 
soon  after  knighted,  and  he  then  assisted 
sir  George  Rooke  in  the  reduction  of  Gib- 
raltar, and  afterwards  relieved  that  fortress, 
1705,  when  besieged  by  the  French  by  sea, 
and  the  Spaniards  by  land.  That  same 
year  he  again,  a  second  time,  relieved  the 
fortress,  with  the  co-operation  of  the  prince 
of  Hesse,  and  defeated  the  French  fleet, 
and  reduced  Barcelona.  In  1706,  he  again 
appeared  before  Barcelona,  and  relieved  it 
so  effectually  that  king  Philip  abandoned 
the  siege,  rendered  memorable  at  the  mo- 
ment by  a  total  eclipse  of  the  sun,  which 
spread  consternation  among  the  enemy, 
whose  device  was  a  sun.  From  Barcelona, 
sir  John  proceeded  to  the  reduction  of  Ali- 
cant  and  Ivica,  and  the  island  of  Majorca, 
and  then  i-eturned  to  England  to  receive 
the  rewards  of  the  queen  and  the  congra- 
tulations of  the  people.  On  Shovel's  death 
he  was  made  admiral  of  the  white  and  com- 
mander of  the  fleet,  in  which  high  office  he 
convoyed  the  new  queen  of  Spain  to  her 
consort  Charles,  and  then  reduced  Sardi- 
nia and  Minorca  to  the  obedience  of  the 
allied  monarchs.  In  1708  he  was  elected 
member  for  Rochester,  and  the  next  year 
became  one  of  the  lords  of  the  admiralty, but 
refused,  on  the  resignation  of  lord  Orford, 
to  accept  the  place  of  first  lord.  In  1712 
lie  was  at  the  head  of  the  expedition  to  take 
Dunkirk,  and  his  various  services  were  ac- 
knowledged by  his  being  appointed  a  fifth 
time  admiral  of  the  fleet.  The  change  of 
ministry  at  the  accession  of  George  I.  re- 
duced him  to  a  private  station,  and  he  spent 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  retirement,  between 
Greenwich  and  Beddington,  in  Surrey, 
where  he  had  two  seats.  He  had  an  only 
son,  whose  ill  conduct  in  the  first  part  of 
his  life,  embittered  his  moments,  and  whose 
190 


death  in  March,  1719,  afflicted  him  so  s&. 
verely  that  his  senses  were  clouded  at  in- 
tervals. This  brave  man  died  at  his  house, 
Greenwich,  1st  Aug.  1720,  aged  65,  leaving 
his  p  operty  to  his  wife's  sister's  husband, 
captain  Martyn. 

Leake,  Stephen  Martyn,  son  of  captain 
Martyn,  rose  in  the  herald's  college  to  the 
office  of  Garter.  His  work  on  English 
coins,  called  "  Nummi  Britannici  Historia," 
8vo.  was  twice  edited,  and  is  valuable.  In 
1750  he  published  the  life  of  Admiral  Sir 
John  Leake,  who  had  bestowed  bis  estates 
upon  him  as  being  the  son  of  lady  Leake's 
sister.  Of  this  work  only  50  copies  were 
printed,  and  also  50  of  the  statutes  of  the 
order  of  the  garter,  4to.  He  died  at  Mile- 
end,  Middlesex,  24th  March,  1773,  and 
was  buried  at  Thorp,  in  Essex. 

Leake,  John,  founder  of  the  Westmin- 
ster lying-in-hospital,  was  a  physician  of 
reputation  both  as  to  practice  and  learning. 
He  wrote  various  tracts  on  female  diseases, 
midwifery,  &c.  and  died  1792. 

Leapor,  Mary,  an  ingenious  woman, 
obscurely  born,  and  educated  as  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  gardener,  in  the  house  of  judge 
Blencowe,  at  Marston,  Northamptonshire. 
In  her  24th  year  she  was  seized  with  the 
measles,  and  after  a  short  life  of  unaffected 
modesty,  and  practical  piety,  she  fell  a  vic- 
tim to  the  disease,  1735,  a  few  days  after 
her  mother.  On  her  death-bed  she  gave  her 
father  some  papers,  which  were  published 
in  2  vols.  8vo.  and  contained  original  poems 
of  great  merit,  especially  the  Temple  of 
Love,  a  Dream,  and  the  Unhappy  Father,  a 
Tragedy. 

Lebid,  an  Arabian  poet,  whose  abilities 
were  employed  by  Mahomet  to  answer  the 
satirical  works  written  against  him.  He 
died  at  the  age  of  140,  and  his  poems  were 
so  much  esteemed  that  they  were  affixed  on 
the  gates  of  the  temple  of  Mecca. 

Le  Blanc,  Marcel,  one  of  the  14  Jesuits 
whom  Lewis  XIV.  sent  to  Siam.  He  was 
taken  by  the  English  as  he  was  going  to 
China,  to  convert  the  people  to  Christiani- 
ty, and  he  died  in  1693,  at  Mosambique,  at 
the  age  of  40.  He  is  author  of  a  valua- 
ble History  of  the  revolutions  of  Siam,  2 
vols.  l2mo. 

Leclair,  John,  a  native  of  Lyons,  who 
excelled  as  a  player  on  the  violin.  His  com- 
positions, consisting  of  sonatas,  duets,  trios, 
concertos,  Scylla  and  Glaucus,  an  opera, 
&c.  are  highly  and  deservedly  esteemed. 
He  was  assassinated  in  the  night,  at  Paris, 
23d  Oct.  1764,  aged  67. 

Lectius,  James,  a  learned  Genevese, 
four  times  syndic  of  his  native  city.  He  is 
known  as  the  editor  of  "  Poetae  Grseci  Ve- 
teres,"  2  vols,  folio.  He  was  also  a  poet 
and  critic,  and  died  1611,  aged  53. 

Lrdesma,   Alphonsus,  a  Spanish  poet, 


LEE 


LEt 


who  died  1623,  aged  71.  He  received  the 
cpilbet  of  divine,  more  from  the  sacred 
subjects  which  exercised  his  muse,  than  the 
sublimity  of  his  compositions. 

Ledyard,  John,  an  enterprising  traveller, 
was  a  native  o(  (jroton,  in  Connecticut.  Af- 
ter studying  at  Dartmouth  college,  in  New- 
Hampshire,  he  came  to  London,  and  em- 
barked as  a  marine  with  Captain  Cooke  on 
his  second  voyage.  At  his  return  he  re- 
solved to  explore  the  Arctic  circle  on  foot ; 
and,  afier  enduring  many  dithculties,  ar- 
rived at  Petersburg  in  1787.  From  thence 
he  travelled  through  Siberia,  and  proceed- 
ed to  Oczakow  ;  but  at  Yakutz  he  was  ar- 
rested by  order  of  the  government,  and 
conveyed  to  the  Polish  frontiers,  where  he 
was  told  that  if  he  returned  to  Russia  he 
should  be  hanged.  He  now  made  the  best 
of  his  way  to  England,  and  was  employed 
by  the  African  association  upon  a  journey 
to  trace  the  source  of  the  Niger.  In  this 
enterprise  he  died  at  Cairo,  in  August, 
1788. 

Lee,  Samuel,  a  native  of  London,  edu- 
cated at  Wadham  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  his  master's  degree.  He  was,  in 
1662  ejected  from  his  living  of  Bishopsgate, 
London,  for  nonconformity,  and  in  1686 
embarked  for  North  America.  The  report 
of  the  revolution  roused  him  with  a  wish 
to  return  to  England,  but  in  his  passage,  he 
was  taken  by  a  French  ship,  and  died  in 
prison,  aged  64.  He  wrote  a  Description 
of  Solomon's  Temple,  fol. — Discourse  on 
the  Ten  Tribes — Israel  Redux — the  Life  of 
John  Rowe,  &c. 

Lee,    Nathaniel,  an  English  dramatist, 
son  of  a  clergyman.     He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  under  Busby,  and  went 
to  Trinity  college,   Cambridge,   where  he 
took  his  degree  of  B.A.  1668,  but  failed  in 
his   application    for  a   fellowship.      Upon 
quitting  the  university  he  came  to  London, 
and  in  1672  exhibited  himself  as   Duncan, 
in  the  tragedy  of  Macbeth,  but  without 
success,  and  therefore  he  had  rfecourse  to 
his  pen  for  support.     His  first  tragedy  was 
"  Nero,  emperor  of  Rome,"  in  1675,  and  it 
was  received  with  such  approbation  that  he 
every  year,  till  1681,  produced  a  tragedy. 
His  indigence  at  last,  and  the  wild  enthusi- 
astic turn  of  his  imagination,  deprived  him 
of  his  reason,  in  1684,  and  for  four  years 
he   was  confined  in  Bedlam.     Afterwards 
his  senses  recovered,  so  that  he  wrote  two 
plays,  the  princess   of  Cleves,    1689,   and 
the  Massacre  of  Paris,  1690.     His  only  in- 
come was  now  only  ten  shillings  a  week 
from  the  theatre,  as  a  pitiful  reward  for  his 
services,  but  his  reason  was  at  times  cloud- 
ed, and  he  was  found  dead  one  night  in  the 
street,  after  a  drunken  frolic,  1690.     He 
"wa-  buried  in  the  churchyard  of  St.  Clf» 
ments  Dane?,  in  the  Strand.  His  plays  are 


eleven  in  number,  and  though  the  language 
is  frequently  bombastic,  yet  they  possess 
strength,  fire,  and  pathos  ;  and  he  was,  as 
Addison  has  obsj;rved,  the  fir«t  of  modern 
tragedians,  if  he  had  known  how  to  check 
the  impetuosity  of  bis  genius.  His  Rival 
Queens,  and  Theodosms,  are  still  favour- 
ites on  the  stage. 

Lee,  Thomas,  succeeded  president  Ro- 
binson ill  the  administration  of  the  (govern- 
ment of  V  irginia,  in  1749.  His  influence 
and  connexions  in  England  rendered  it 
probable  that  he  would  ha\e  been  appointed 
governor  had  his  life  continued,  but  be  died 
suddenly  in  1750,  when  Lewis  Burwell  suc- 
ceeded him  as  president  of  the  council. 

IC3^  L. 
Lee,  Charles,  major-general  in  the  Ame- 
rican army,  was  a  native  of  Wales.  He 
received  a  classical  education,  and  gained 
by  travelling  on  the  continent,  a  knowledge 
of  the  principal  modern  languages.  He  en- 
tered the  army  at  an  early  age,  and  served 
under  general  Abercrombie  in  America,  in 
the  campaign  of  1758,  and  four  years  after 
under  general  Burgoyne,  in  Portugal, 
when  he  held  a  colonelcy.  He  afterwards 
spent  some  time  in  the  Polish  service,  but 
in  1773  came  to  America,  and  oettled  in 
Virginia.  On  the  commencement  of  the 
war  of  the  revolution  in  1775,  he  was  ap- 
pointed major-general,  and  repaired  with 
general  Washington  to  the  army  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  remained  there  till  the  follow- 
ing year,  when  he  was  despatched  to  New- 
York  to  defend  it  against  the  British,  and 
discharged  the  duty  with  great  proniptness 
and  energy.  Not  long  after  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  command  the  forces  in  the 
southern  states,  and  rendered  the  most 
important  services  by  exciting  the  soldiery 
to  resolution  and  ardour.  In  October, 
1776,  he  rejoined  the  army  under  Washing- 
ton, and  was  soon  after  captured  by  the 
British,  while  reconnoitring;  and  remained 
in  their  hands,  suffering  the  most  severe 
treatment,  till  the  spring  of  1778,  when  he 
was  released  and  returned  to  his  command. 
Soon  after  he  was  intrusted  with  a  division 
of  the  army  at  the  battle  of  Monmouth, 
and  for  disobedience  of  orders,  and  disre- 
spect to  the  commander-in-chief  on  that  oc- 
casion, %vas  suspended  from  his  command, 
and  retired  to  private  life.  He  lived  on 
his  farm  in  Virginia  till  17S2,  when  he  re- 
moved to  Philadel|>liia,  and  soon  after 
died,  apparently  of  chagrin  at  his  loss  ofre- 
putation.  He  was  clownish  in  his  dress, 
and  rude  in  his  manners,  impious  in  his 
principles,  and  profligate  in  his  habits. 
Irascible,  addicted  to  sarcasm,  vindiitive, 
and  ambitious,  he  often  incurred  the  dislike 
of  those  around  him,  and  seems  never  to 
have  enjoyed  much  respect  except  in  his 
ofticial  character  in  the  armv,  where  he  oh-» 

191 


LEE 


LEE 


tained  the  reputation  of  talents,  activity, 
and  courage.  rdP  L. 

Lee,  Richard  Henry,  president  of  the 
American  congress,  was  a  native  of  Virgi- 
nia, and  devoted  his  eminent  talents  to  the 
service  of  his  country.     He  had  the  honour 
of  being  one  of  the  first  in  exciting  resist- 
ance to  the  encroachments  of  the  British 
on  the  rights  of  the  colonies  by  the  stamp 
act,  in  1765,  and,  in  1773,  procured,  in  the 
house  of  Burgesses  of  Virginia,  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  committee  of  correspondence  for 
the  purpose  of  disseminating  and  obtaining 
information,  and  exciting  the  colonies  to 
the  defence  of  their  liberties.     He  was  a 
member  of  the  congress  in  1774,  and  1776, 
and  was  the  first  who  proposed  to  that  body 
the  declaration  of  independence.     He  was 
again  elected   a  member   of  congress   in 
1784,  and  appointed  its  president,  and   on 
the  organization  of  the  present  government 
in  1789,  was  chosen  a  senator,  and  held  the 
appointment  till   1792,   when  he  resigned, 
and  two  years  after  died  in  the  sixty-ihird 
year  of  his  age.      Mr.    Lee   was    one  of 
the  most  distinguished  of  those  statesmen 
by  whom  the  independence  of  his  country 
was  accomplished.     His  endowments  were 
of  a  superior  order,  and  he  cultivated  them 
by  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  clas- 
sics, with  philosophy,  and  politics.  He  pos- 
sessed a  chaste  and  lofty  eloquence,  which 
gave  him  great  influence  in  the  councils  of 
the  nation,  was  ardent  in  his  patriotism, 
and  inflexible  in  his  integrity.    ICF'  L. 

Lee,  Arthur,  LL.D.  minister  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  to  France,  was  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  brother  of  Richard  Henry  Lee. 
He  received  his  education  at  the  university 
of  Edinburgh,  where  he  also  studied  medi- 
cine. He  returned  to  Virginia  and  prac- 
tised physic  at  Williamsburgh  several  years, 
but  then  went  again  to  England,  and  enter- 
ed on  the  study  of  law  in  the  Temple. 
\Vhile  residing  there  he  rendered  important 
services  to  his  country,  by  transmitting  the 
earliest  intelligence  of  the  designs  of  the 
ministry  respecting  it.  He  visited  Virginia 
again  about  the  year  1769,  and  published 
the  Monitor's  letters  in  defence  of  the 
rights  of  the  colonies.  But  he  again  re- 
turned to  London  where  he  was  employed 
as  the  agent  of  Virginia,  and  in  1775  pre- 
sented the  second  petition  of  Congress  to 
the  king.  In  1776  he  was  appointed  minis- 
ter to  France  in  conjunction  with  Doctor 
Franklin  and  Mr.  Deane,  and  assisted  in 
negotiating  the  treaty  with  that  nation.  In 
1779  he  was  recalled  in  consequence  of 
false  accusations  which  Mr.  Deane  had  cir- 
culated respecting  his  conduct,  and  which, 
on  his  arrival  in  America  the  following 
year,  he  immediately  repelled,  and  regain- 
ed the  public  confidence.  In  1784  he  was 
employed  to  negotiate  a  treaty  with  the  six 
IP? 


Indian  nations.  In  February,  1790,  he  was 
admitted  a  counsellor  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States.  He  died  Dec.  14th, 
1792.  He  possessed  a  vigorous  understand- 
ing, was  ardent  in  his  passions,  plain  in  his 
manners,  and  eminently  patriotic  and  up- 
right, ic^^  L. 

Lee,  Francis  Lightfoot,  one  of  the  sign- 
ers of  the  declaration  of  American  inde- 
pendence, was  a  member  of  the  committee 
of  safety  of  V  irginia,  in  1775,  and  the  same 
year  elected  a  delegate  to  Congress  in  the 
place  of  Mr.  Bland.  He  had  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  house  of  Burgesses  in  1768,  and 
one  of  the  committee  for  preparing  the  me- 
morial and  remonstrance  to  parliament  re- 
specting taxation.  He  was  a  brother  of 
Arthur  Lee,  and  died  at  Richmond,  April, 
1797,  aged  63.  ICJ='  L. 

Lee,  Thomas  Sim,  governor  of  Mary- 
land, succeeded  Johnson  in  1779,  and  con- 
tinued in  office  until  1783,  when  he  took 
his  seat  in  Congress  as  one  of  the  deleg-ates 
of  that  state.  He  was  afterwards  member 
of  the  convention  which  framed  the  consti- 
tution of  the  United  States,  and  was  a  se- 
cond time  governor  of  Marjiand  in  1792. 
He  early  withdrew  from  public  life  to  in- 
dulge his  taste  for  agricultural  pursuits,  and 
died  at  Needwood.  in  Frederick  county, 
November  9th,  1819,  aged  75.    |CJ=^  L. 

Lee,  Charles,  attorney-general  of  the 
United  States,  was  appointed  to  succeed 
Mr.  Bradford  in  1795.  He  was  an  emi- 
nent lawyer,  a  member  of  the  legislature  of 
Virginia,  and  was  appointed  by  President 
Jefierson,  chief-justice  of  the  circuit  court 
of  the  United  States  for  the  fourth  circuit, 
but  declined  accepting  the  office.  He  died 
in  Farquhar  county,  Virginia,  June,   1815. 

IICP  L. 

Lee,  Ezra,  an  officer  in  the  army  of  the 
American  revolution,  who,  for  his  intrepi- 
dity, was  selected  to  navigate  the  marine 
Turtle  constructed  in  the  harbour  of  New- 
York  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  the  Bri« 
tish  ship  Asia.  He  was  prevented  from  at- 
taching the  instrument  to  the  ship  by  her 
copper — but  by  exploding  it  in  the  vicinity, 
alarmed  the  enemy  so  that  they  immediate- 
ly removed  the  fleet  to  the  Hook.  He 
fought  in  several  of  the  most  important  bat- 
tles of  the  war,  and  enjoyed,  in  a  high  de- 
gree, the  respect  of  his  superior  officers.  In 
private  life  he  was  distinguished  for  amia- 
bleness,  integrity,  and  benevolence.  His 
death  took  place  at  Lyme,  Connecticut,  in 
1821,  in  his  73d  year.  fCP  L. 

Leechman,  William,  D.D.  principal  of 
Glasgow  university,  was  author  of  2  vols, 
of  Sermons,  and  an  Essay  on  Prayer, 
which  possess  great  merit.  He  died  1785, 
aged  78. 

Lbepe,  John  Anthony  Vander,  a  painter 
of  Bruges.    His  landscapes,  painted  after 


LEG 


Liri 


nature,  bis  sea  view«,  &c.  were  greatly  ad- 
mired.    He  died  1720,  aged  56. 

Lkkse,  Anna,  founder  of  the  sect  of  Sha- 
kers, was  horn  in  Kngiand,  of  low  parentage, 
and  procured  subsistence  at  the  expense  of 
her  cliaracter.  She  first  made  her  extra- 
ordinary pretensions  iu  1770,  and  collected 
a  few  followers,  but  her  meetings  were 
suppressed  as  disorderly.  She  came  to 
New- York  in  1774,  and  two  years  after 
settled  with  eleven  proselytes  near  Albany. 
She  gave  out  that  she  was  the  woman 
clothed  with  the  sun,  mentioned  in  Revela- 
tion, the  dispenser  of  the  divine  influences, 
the  judge  of  the  dead,  and  that  she  was 
not  herself  liable  to  death,  and  instituted  a 
worship  made  up  chiefly  of  grimace,  mutter- 
ing, and  dancing.  She  received  a  conside- 
rable accession  to  her  followers  in  17S0, 
and  died  in  1784.  iCj^  L. 

Leete,  William,  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut, was  a  native  of  England,  where  he  stu- 
died law,  and  served  some  time  as  a  clerk 
in  the  bishop's  court,  but  gave  up  the  place 
from  aversion  to  the  tyranny  he  saw  prac- 
tised there.  He  came  to  New-England  in 
1638,  in  company  with  governor  Eaton, 
and  settled  at  Guilford,  Connecticut.  He 
was  soon  chosen  a  magistrate,  and  in  1658 
deputy  governor  of  the  colony  of  New-Ha- 
ven. Three  years  after  he  was  elected  go- 
vernor. He  rendered  himself  obnoxious 
to  the  British  by  furnishing  the  regicides, 
Whalley  and  Goflfe,  an  asylum  from  the 
king's  officers  who  were  sent  to  arrest 
them.  On  the  union  of  the  two  colonies 
of  Connecticut,  he  was  at  first  appointed  a 
magistrate,  and  from  1669  to  1676,  deputy 
governor.  He  was  then  placed  in  the  chair 
of  the  chief  magistrate.  He  died  in  1683. 
He  was  rigidly  puritanical  in  his  religion, 
and  a  stern  republican  in  his  politics.  His 
administration  was  characterized  by  great 
uprightness  and  prudence.  tCJ^  L. 

Leeuro,  Gabriel  Van  der,  a  native  of 
Dordt,  who  excelled  in  the  painting  of  ani- 
mals, of  herds  of  oxen,  sheep,  &c.  He 
died  1688,  aged  45.  His  brother  Peter 
was  also  eminent  in  the  same  line  of  the 
profession. 

Legge,  George,  lord  Dartmouth,  an 
able  naval  officer,  brought  up  under  admi- 
ral Spragge.  He  displayed  such  gallantry, 
that  at  the  age  of  21  he  was  made,  in  1667, 
by  Charles  11.  captain  of  a  ship.  In  1672 
he  distinguished  himself  in  a  battle  against 
the  Dutch,  and  the  next  year  was  appoint- 
ed governor  of  Portsmouth,  master  of  the 
horse,  and  gentleman  to  the  duke  of  York. 
In  1682  he  was  raised  to  the  peerage,  and 
the  next  year  was  sent  to  Africa,  as  gover- 
nor of  Tangier,  with  orders  to  destroy  the 
works  of  that  fortress,  and  bring  ofl'  the 
English  garrison,  whose  situation  had  been 
rendered  perilous  by  the  frequent  attacks  of 
the   Moors.     He  successfully  effected  this. 

Vol.  II..  '  25 


and  was  rewarded  by  the  kin:;  witli  tcji 
thousand  pounds.  On  James'a  acccsHion, 
he  was  muster  of  the  horse,  general  of  the 
ordnance,  and  constable  of  th«;  tower,  and 
when  the  prince  of  Orange  meditated  the 
invasion  of  the  country,  h»;  sailed  a;;ainit 
him  as  admiral  of  the  tlect,  but  the  failure 
of  the  wind  prevented  the  mei  ting  of  the 
two  squadrons.  As  he  was  strongly  at- 
tached to  James,  he  became  suspected  at 
the  revolution,  and  was,  in  consequence, 
sent  a  prisoner  to  the  tower,  where  he  died, 
25th  Oct.  1691,  aged  44. 

Leguano,  Stefano  Maria,  a  historical 
painter,  the  pupil  of  Cignani,  and  Carlo 
Maratti.  His  pieces  are  masterly,  and  in 
the  judicious  diflusion  of  light  and  shade, 
and  in  the  display  of  a  correct  taste,  and 
strong  genius,  he  is  particularly  eminent. 
He  was  born  near  Bologna,  and  died  1715, 
aged  55. 

Leibnitz,   William   Godfrey,   baron  of, 
a  celebrated  philosopher,    born    23d    June, 
1646,  at  Leipsic,  where  his  father  was  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy,   and  secretary 
to  the  university.     Though  he  lost  his  fa- 
ther at  the  early  age   of  six,  his  education 
was  not  neglected,  but  the  strong  powers 
of  his  mind  Avere  assiduously  cultivated  at 
his  native  university,  where  at  the   age  of 
20,  he   took  his  degree  of  master  of  arts. 
Not  only  here,  and  at  Jena,   his  studies 
were   directed  to  the  acquisition  of  what- 
ever could  be  reaped  in  mathematics  and 
literature,  from  learned  professors,  but  the 
contents   of  his    father's  valuable   library 
were    perused  with   avidity   and  success. 
The  law  was  the  profession  to  which  he 
particularly    directed    his   attention,    but 
when  he  was  refused  the  degree  of  doctor 
in  that  faculty,  at  Leipsic,  because  he  spoke 
with  disrespect  of  the  principles  of  Aristotle, 
he  repaired  to  Altorf,  where  his  Thesis  de 
Casibus  Perplexis,   ensured  him  not  only 
the  academical  honours  he  solicited,    but 
the  applauses  of  the  learned  students,  and 
the  liberal  offer  of  a  professor's  chair.  De- 
clining  this  honourable  offer,  he  went  to 
Nuremberg,  where  he  became  acquainted 
with  the  minister  of  the  elector  of  Mentz, 
who  prevailed  upon  him  to  enter  into  tho 
service  of  his  master.     Leibnitz  accepted 
the  offer  with  joy,  and  to  prove  his  attach- 
ment, to  his  new  sovereign,  he  wrote  a  trea- 
tise to  recommend  the  elevation  of  the  elec- 
tor to  the  vacant   throne   of  Poland.     He 
afterwards  went  to  Paris  in  1672,  on  the  af- 
fairs of  his  friend,  the  prime  minister,  and 
in  this  journey,  he  not  only  formed  a  con- 
nexion   with    the    most    learned    men   of 
France,  but  he  applied  himself  more  pai'ti- 
cularly   to  mathematical   knowledge.      la 
1673  he  visited  London,  and  there  received 
from    John  Collins,   the    secr«-tary   of  the 
Royal  Society,  some  hints  about  the  inven- 
tion of  fluxionsjby  Newtoiv,  to  which  he  af- 

193 


LEI 


LEI 


(o'wartls  laid  claim,  but  on  \evy  slight  and 
doubtful  grounds.  The  death  of  his  patrons, 
the  elector  and  his  minister,left  him  in  nar- 
row circumstances, but  he  found  in  the  duke 
of  Brunswick  Lunenburg,  anew  friend, who 
not  only  favoured  his  views  in  his  literary- 
pursuits,    but  settled  a  pension  on  him, 
with  the  appointment  of  counsellor.     The 
next  duke,  afterwards  George  I.  proved  an 
equally  favourable   patron,  and  prevailed 
upon  him  to  write  the  History  of  the  House 
of  Brunswick.     In    1700   he   was   elected 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Pa- 
ris, and  on  the  erection  of  the  Berlin  aca- 
demy that  year,  he  was  liberally  nominated 
by  the  king  of  Prussia,  perpetual  president, 
and  though  not  resident  there,   he  largely 
contributed   by  his   papers   to  enrich   the 
memoirs  of  that  learned  body.     He  about 
this  time  devoted  much  of  his  attention  to 
invent  "  a  universal  language,"  which  might 
become  the  common  language  of  the  whole 
"world.      The  plan  had  once  been  underta- 
ken by  D'AIgarmc,  and  by  Dr.  Wilkins,  but 
not  on  so  broad  a   foundation.      Leibnitz 
proposed  characters,    which,  like  those  in 
algebra,  might  not  only  be  simple,  but  ex- 
pressive, and  enable  men  of  all  nations  to 
converse   familiarly   together,  but   though 
above  13  years  were  employed  in  this  ex- 
traordinary design,   the  death  of  the  philo- 
sopher prevented  its  final  completion.     In 
1711  Leibnitz  was  made  Aulic  counsellor 
to  the  emperor,  and  privy  counsellor  to  the 
Prussian  court,  with  a  salary  ;  but  the  mul- 
tiplicity of  his  engagements  prevented  him 
from   finishing  his   History   of    Hanover. 
He  was  employed  by  Caroline,  afterwards 
queen  of  England,  to  undertake   a  contro- 
versy against  Dr.  Clarke,  on  the  subject  of 
free-will,  the  reality  of  space,  and  other  phi- 
losophical subjects.    He  proposed  the  erec- 
tion of  a  learned  academy  at  Vienna,  under 
the  patronage   of  the   emperor,  but  death 
prevented  the  completion  of  his  plans.    He 
died  14th  Nov.  1716,  of  those  complicated 
disorders,  the  gout  and  the  stone,  aged  70. 
In  his  temper,  Leibnitz  was  passionate,  he 
possessed  great  strength  of  mind,  a  most  re- 
tentive memory,  and  strong  eagerness  after 
knowledge.   He  was  in  his  character,  avari- 
cious, and  at  his  death,  such  a  quantity  of 
money  was  found  in  his  house,  hoarded  in 
sacks,  that  the  wife  of  his  nephew, who  inhe- 
rited his  property, died  with  excessive  joy  at 
the  sight  of  so  unexpected  a  sum. He  had  in 
his   life  the  singular  felicity  of  being  es- 
teemed as  the  greatest  and  most  learned 
man  in  Europe,   and  he   did  not  belie  the 
public  opinion.     He   was  in  his  principles 
a  strict  Lutheran.    He  was  never  married, 
though  it  was  said  he   left  a   natural  son. 
His  works  are  Scriptores  Rerum  Brunsw. 
3  vols.  fol. — De  Jure  Suprematus  et  Lega- 
tionis  Principum  German,  under  the  ficti- 
Hous  name  ofFurstener — Codex  Gentium 
lft4 


Diplomaticus,  2  vols.  fol. — Miscellanea 
Berolinens. — Notitia  OpticaePromotae — De 
Arte  Combinatoria — Essays  of  Theodicia, 
on  the  Goodness  of  God  and  Liberty  of 
Man,  2  vols.  12mo. — Metaphysical  Tracts 
— Questions  of  Philosophy  and  Mathema- 
tics— Theoria  Motus  Abstracti  et  Motus 
Concreti  Accessiones  Historicae,  2  vols. 
4to. — De  Origine  Francorum  Disquisitio 
— Poems,  Latin,  French,  &,c. — Collecta- 
nea, kc. — Recueil,  &.c. — His  mathematical 
works  have  been  published  by  Dutens,  6 
vols.  4to.  1767. 

Leigh,  Sir  Edward,  a  learned  English- 
man, born  at  Shawell,  Leicestershire,  and 
educated  at  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford.  He 
was  member  of  the  long  parliament,  and 
of  the  assembly  of  divines,  and  also  a 
parliamentary  general.  He  was  impri- 
soned in  164S,  as  being  a  violent  presby- 
terian,  and  afterwards  employed  himself  to- 
tally in  literai-y  pursuits.  He  died  at  his 
house  called  Rushall  hall,  Staffordshire, 
June  2d,  1671.  He  wrote  Critica  Sacra — 
Annotations  on  the  New  Testament — Ob- 
servations on  the  12  Caesars — Treatises  of 
Religion,  &.c. — a  Body  of  Divinity,  &c. 

Leigh,  Charles,  an  able  naturalist,  bom 
at  Grange,  Lancashire.  He  practised  phy- 
sic, and  was  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  author  of  ''  the  Natural  Histoiy  of 
Lancashire,  Cheshire,  Derbyshire, — Histo- 
ry of  Virginia — Treatises  on  Mineral  Wa- 
ters, &c."  He  died  in  the  beginning  of  the 
18th  century. 

Leighton,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh, educated  at  the  university  there, 
where  he  became  professor  of  moral  philo- 
sophy. In  1613  he  came  to  London,  and 
by  his  two  books  called  "  Zion's  Plea,"  and 
the  "Looking  Glass  of  the  Holy  War," 
against  the  government,  he  drew  upon  him- 
self the  notice  of  the  star  chamber,  who  or- 
dered him  to  have  his  nose  slit,  and  his  ears 
cut,  and  to  be  whipped  from  Newgate  to 
Aldgate,  and  then  to  Tyburn.  This  dread- 
ful sentence  was  executed  with  barbarity, 
but  after  eleven  years  of  confinement,  he 
was  set  at  liberty  by  the  parliament,  1640, 
and  made  keeper  of  Lambeth  palace,  now  a 
state  prison.  He  died  insane,  1644,  aged  57. 

Leighton,  Robert,  a  Scotch  divine,  born 
at  Edinburgh,  son  of  the  preceding.  He 
was  minister  of  a  small  church  near  Edin- 
burgh, and  conducted  himself  with  such 
moderation,  as  offended  the  violent  parti- 
sans of  his  times.  His  amiable  character, 
however,  was  seen  and  admired  by  the  ma- 
gistrates of  Edinburgh,  who  unanimously 
appointed  him  to  preside  over  their  college, 
%vhere  for  ten  years  he  displayed  all  the 
abilities  of  a  learned  and  popular  preceptor. 
He  was  afterwards  made  bishop  of  Dum- 
blane  by  Charles  I.  but  finding  his  modera- 
tion and  humility  unable  to  stem  the  tor- 
rent of  persecuting  presbyterianism.he  came 


LEL 


LLL 


to  London,  to  resign  hn  holy  ofiice.  In- 
stead, however,  of  Jieceptincj  his  abdication, 
Cliarles  prevailed  upon  him  to  beconio  arcli- 
bisliop  of  lilasgow,  at  a  time  when  lie  hoped 
that  exemplary  piety,  and  the  most  unaf- 
fected manners,  might  recommend  the 
measures  of  the  court.  But  the  virulence 
of  party  was  so  deeply  rooted,  that  Leigh- 
ton,  about  a  year  after,  resigned  the  dan- 
gerous dignity  which  he  could  not  support 
with  comfort  to  himself,  or  advantage  to  his 
sovereign.  He  retired  to  Sussex,  and  by  a 
sudden  death,  closed  a  life  of  literary  labours 
and  of  genuine  goodness  in  16S4.  He  wrote 
a  Commentary  on  St.  Peter's  Epistles, 
besides  sermons  and  divinity  tracts. 

Leisman,  John  Anthony,  a  German 
painter,  two  of  whose  pieces  are  particu- 
larly admired ;  a  landscape,  with  rough 
mountains  and  shady  woods,  with  robbers 
darting  unexpectedly  to  attack  some  travel- 
lers— and  a  sea-port  with  elegant  buildings 
and  antiquities,  ruins,  &c.  He  died  1698, 
aged  94. 

Leisler,  Jacob,  who  headed  the  insur- 
rection in  New- York  in  1689,  had  pre- 
viously enjoyed  some  influence  among  the 
people,  but  was  totally  unqualified  for  such 
an  enterprise.  After  he  had  dispersed  the 
party  in  the  city  of  New- York  favourable  to 
king  James,  and  assumed  the  administra- 
tion, he  proceeded  to  Albany,  took  the  fort, 
and  confiscated  the  property  of  those  who 
opposed  his  authority.  On  the  arrival  of 
Sloughter  with  the  commission  of  governor 
in  1691,  he  for  some  time  refused  to  surren- 
der the  fort  at  New- York  to  him,  but 
at  length  abandoned  it,  and  was  soon 
after  seized  and  condemned  for  treason. 
Sloughter  disapproved  of  the  sentence,  but 
in  a  moment  of  intoxication  into  which  he 
was  betrayed  for  the  purpose,  was  induced 
to  sign  the  death  warrant,  and  it  was  imme- 
diately executed.  ICF^  L. 

Leland,  John,  the  first  and  last  anti- 
quary royal  of  England,  so  called  by  Henry 
VIII.  and  deservedly  named  the  father  of 
antiquaries,  was  born  in  Leland,  and  edu- 
cated at  St.  Paul's  under  Lilly.  By  the 
friendship  of  Thomas  Myles,  he,  on  the 
death  of  his  parents,  was  maintained  at 
Christ  college,  Cambridge,  from  which  he 
removed  to  All-Soul's,  Oxford.  He  im- 
proved himself  afterwards  by  studying  at 
Paris,  and  became,  in  ancient  and  modern 
languages,  and  in  literature,  the  most  ac- 
complished writer  of  the  age.  His  zeal 
for  antiquarian  research  was  happily  patro- 
nised by  the  king,  and  he  was  empowered 
in  1533,  by  his  master,  to  peruse  the  re- 
cords of  all  libraries,  and  collections  private 
and  public,  in  the  kingdom,  for  the  eluci- 
dation of  English  history.  Six  years  were 
thus  laboriously  employed  in  travelling 
through  England  and  Wales,  and  that  his 
income  might  be  adequate  to  the  expense? 


of  his  journey,  he  was  liberally  presented 
by  the  king  to  the  living  of  Popeling,  near 
Calais,  and  afterwjirds  made,  in  1542,  rector 
of  llascly,  Oxfordshire,  (-anon  of  Christ 
church,  and  prebendary  of  Sarum.  In  1545 
he  had  disgested  four  li()()k>,  a-<  the  begin* 
ning  uf  his  labours,  which  he  presented  to 
the  king,  under  the  title  of  u  New  Year's 
Gift.  To  complete  his  further  works 
he  retired  to  his  house  in  the  parish  of  St. 
Michael  le  Querne,  London  ;  but  such  is 
the  uncertainty  and  misery  of  human  hopes, 
after  six  years'  study  he  was  suddenly  de- 
prived of  his  reason,  probably  in  conse- 
quence of  his  intense  application  ;  and  so 
violent  was  the  phrenzy,  that  he  never  re- 
covered. He  died  two  years  after,  18th 
April,  1552,  and  was  interred  in  St.  Michael 
le  Querne's  church,  at  the  west  end  of 
Cheapside,  which  disappeared  at  the  great 
conflagration  of  1666.  As  to  his  character, 
England,  says  one  of  his  contemporaries, 
never  saw,  and  perhaps  never  will  see  agaui 
a  man  equally  skilled  in  the  antiquities  of 
his  country.  His  Itinerary,  and  Collecta- 
nea, were  published  by  Hearne,  and  so  ex- 
tensive are  his  resources,  that  he  is,  as  it 
were,  the  common  spring  from  which  his 
successors  and  imitators,  the  Bayles,  the 
Camdens,  the  Burtons,  the  Dugdales,  the 
Gibsons,  and  others,  have  copiously  drawn. 

Leland,  John,  a  native  of  Wigan,  in 
Lancashire.  At  the  age  of  six  he  was  de- 
prived of  the  powers  of  his  understanding 
and  memory  by  the  small-pox,  and  for 
twelve  months  continued  in  that  deplorable 
situation.  His  recollection  afterwards  gra- 
dually recovered,  and  when  his  parents  re- 
moved to  Dublin,  he  there  applied  himself 
with  unusual  diligence  and  success  to  lite- 
rary pursuits.  In  1716  he  became  assistant 
to  Mr.  Nathanael  Weld,  over  a  dissenting 
congregation  ;  but  he  acquired  greater  po- 
pularity as  a  writer  than  as  a  preacher,  res- 
pectable as  he  was.  His  view  of  the  deis- 
tical  writers  that  have  appeared  in  England, 
2  vols.  8vo. — and  his  Advantage  and  Neces- 
sity of  the  Christian  Revelation,  2  vols.  4to. 
are  the  works  of  an  able  divine,  by  the  most 
solid  and  convinch)g  arguments,  employing 
all  his  powers  to  refute  atheism  and  infide- 
lity. He  wrote  besides,  a  Defence  of  the 
Christian  Religion  against  Tindal,  8vo. — a 
volume  of  Family  Devotions,-  l-2mo.  and 
died  16th  Jan.  1766,  universally  respected. 
His  funeral  sermon  was  preached  by  Natha- 
nael Weld,  his  coadjutor. 

Leland,  Thomas,  D.D.  a  native  of  Dub- 
lin, senior  fellow  of  Trinity  college  there, 
died  17S5,  aged  S3.  He  was  a  man  of 
learning,  and  strong  powers  of  mind,  and 
wrote,  a  History  of  Ireland,  4to. — the  Life 
of  Philip  of  Macedon — Principles  of  Hu- 
man eloquence,  attacked  by  \\  arburton — 
translation  of  Demosthenes'  Orations,  &c. 

Le  Long.  James,  author  of  the  "Histo« 

195 


LEM 


tEN 


rical  Libiaiv  ot  France,"  a  curious  work, 
ivas  of  the  Oratory,  aud  died  at  his  native 
place,  Paris,  1721,  aged  6G. 

Lely,  Sir  Peter,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  in  Westphalia,  Germany,  1617.  He 
studied  his  art  at  the  Hague,  and  under  de 
Crebber ;  and  in  1641  came  to  England, 
where  his  landscapes  and  historical  compo- 
sitions recommended  him  to  notice.  He, 
however,  soon  discovered  that  portrait 
painting  was  a  more  lucrative  employment, 
and  therefore  all  his  powers  were  directed 
to  that  branch  of  the  art  in  which  he  ac- 
quired such  celebrity.  Though  unable  to 
travel  to  Italy,  he  procured  the  best  pieces 
of  that  famous  school,  and  uniting  all  their 
beauties  to  the  suggestions  of  his  own 
genius,  he  became  a  pattern  of  excellence 
to  all  other  artists.  In  the  graceful  air  of 
his  heads,  the  variety  and  interest  of  his 
postures,  and  the  easy  management  of  his 
draperies,  he  was  said  to  be  inimitable.  He 
was  deservedly  a  favourite  with  Charles  I. 
and  with  Charles  II.  who  knighted  him,  and 
made  him  his  chief  painter.  He  married  an 
English  lady,  and  died  of  an  apoplexy,  at 
London,  1680,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's 
church,  Covent-garden. 

Lemens,  Balthasar  Van,  a  native  of  Ant- 
werp, eminent  as  a  historical  painter.  His 
figures  were  very  graceful,  and  evinced  the 
man  of  genius  and  of  taste.  He  settled  in 
London,  and  died  there  1704,  aged  67. 

Lemert,  Nicolas,  a  French  chymist, 
born  17th  Nov.  1645,  at  Rouen,  and  placed 
there  as  apprentice  to  an  apothecary. 
Anxious  to  study  chymistry,  he  left  Rouen, 
and  came  to  Paris,  and  soon  after  went  to 
Montpellier,  where  he  soon  acquired  repu- 
tation under  the  instruction  of  Vernant, 
and  became  an  able  and  interesting  lecturer 
on  chymistry.  In  1672  he  returned  to  Paris, 
and  there  began  to  dissipate  those  clouds  of 
ignorance  and  prejudice  which  enveloped 
the  science  and  language  of  chymistry  :  he 
provided  himself  a  laboratory,  and  saw  his 
lectures  attended  by  numerous  and  respect- 
able classes.  As  he  was  a  protestant,  his 
religion  exposed  him  to  persecution  :  there- 
fore, after  refusing  to  accept  the  invitations 
of  the  court  of  Berlin,  he  passed  over  to 
England  in  1683,  where  Charles  II.  receiv- 
ed him  with  great  condescension.  He, 
however,  soon  after  returned  to  France,  and 
yielding  to  the  pressure  of  the  times,  he 
became  a  Roman  catholic,  that  he  might 
pursue  his  chymical  studies  without  fear  of 
persecution.  On  the  revival  of  the  academy 
of  sciences  1699,  he  was  made  associate 
ehymist,  and  became  a  pensionary.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy,  19th  June,  1715,  a^cd 
70.  His  works  are,  a  Course  of  Chymistry, 
often  edited — an  Universal  Pharmacopujia 
— a  Universal  treatise  of  Drugs — a  treatise 
of  Antimony. 

Lemeut,  Lewi"?,  son  of  the  above,  was 
196 


born  at  Paris,  1677,  and  became  physiciste 
to  the  king,  and  member  of  the  academy  of 
sciences.  He  wrote  a  useful  treatise  on 
Food,  2  vols. — another  on  the  Worms  of 
the  Human  Body — besides  several  papers  in 
the  memoirs  of  the  academy, and  died  1743. 

Lemnius,  Laevinius,  a  physician,  born  at 
Ziric-zee,  Zealand,  1504.  On  the  death  of 
his  wife,  he  took  orders,  and  became  canon 
of  Ziric-zee,  where  he  died  1568.  He 
wrote,  de  occultis  Naturae  Miracu^lis — a 
treatise  on  Astrology — an  Account  of  the 
Plants  mentioned  in  Scripture, 

Lemoine,  Francis,  a  French  painter, 
born  at  Paris.  Though  without  genius,  he, 
by  astonishing  application,  became  an  emi* 
nent  painter.  This  unfortunate  man  de- 
stroyed himself  in  a  fit  of  melancholy,  4th 
June,  1737,  aged  49.  His  chief  works  are^ 
the  Nativity  at  St.  Roche — the  Flight  into 
Egypt — a  Transfiguration — the  Conversion 
of  St.  Paul — the  Apotheosis  of  Hercules, 
at  Versailles,  the  saloon  of  which  he  took 
four  years  in  painting. 

Lemon,  George  William,  author  of  an 
Etymological  English  Dictionary,  4to. 
1789,  a  work  of  merit,  was  a  clergyman, 
and  died  1797,  aged  71. 

Le  Monnier,  Peter  Charles,  a  native  of 
Paris,  who  went  with  Maupertuis  to  mea- 
sure a  degree  of  the  meridian  towards  the 
north  pole.  He  wrote.  Astronomical  In- 
stitutions— Tables  of  the  Sun — Corrections 
for  those  of  the  Moon — Lunar  Nautical 
Astronomy,  &c.  He  was  member  of  the 
academy  of  sciences,  and  afterwards  of  the 
national  institute,  and  died  1799. 

Le  Monnier,  Lewis  William,  brother 
to  the  preceding,  was  ntember  of  the  aca- 
demy of  sciences,  of  the  national  institute, 
and  of  the  London  Royal  Society.  He 
distinguished  himself  as  an  able  physician, 
and  as  an  experimental  philosopher,  and  he 
contributed  several  valuable  articles  to  the 
French  Encyclopedic,  especially  on  electri- 
city, &c.  He  died  1799. — There  was  an 
ecclesiastic  of  that  name,  who,  besides 
fables,  tales,  and  epistles,  translated  Te- 
rence and  Persius  into  French. 

Lenclos,  Ninon  de,  a  celebrated  beauty, 
born  1615,  at  Paris,  of  a  respectable  family. 
Her  mother  wished  to  devote  her  to  the 
seclusion  of  a  convent,  but  her  father,  who 
was  a  man  of  wit  and  gallantry,  prevented 
it ;  and  the  daughter,  losing  both  her  pa- 
rents at  the  age  of  15,  soon  showed  how 
attached  she  was  to  the  pleasures  of  the 
world.  Courted  for  her  polished  under- 
standing, and  the  vivacity  of  her  wit,  but 
more  for  her  beauty,  she  rejected  the  ho- 
nourable offers  of  matrimony  ;  and  as  she 
possessed  opulence,  managed  by  economy, 
she  determined  to  enjoy  her  liberty,  and 
therefore  yielded  her  person  to  those,  who 
for  greatness  of  talents,  of  birth,  or  of 
rank,  wore  most  pleasing  to  her  licentious 


LiiN 


LLK) 


imagination.  Vet  in  these  voluptuous  en- 
joyments, she  aftected  to  preserve  the  man- 
ners of  a  woman  of  virtue,  and  so  capti- 
vating was  her  conversation,  and  dignified 
her  personal  deportment,  that  ladies  of  clia- 
racter  and  respectability  became  her  friends 
and  constant  asi^ociates.  Sensible  of  the 
charms  of  virtue,  and  well  skilled  in  the 
works  of  Montaigne  and  Charron,  she  talk- 
ed as  a  philosopher  ;  but  while  she  reasoned 
like  Socrates,  she  unfortunately  acted  the 
part  of  Lais.  Thus  long  flattered  by  the 
gay,  the  learned,  and  the  opulent,  she  pre- 
served her  beauty  almost  to  the  last,  and 
died  1706,  aged  90.  She  left  some  children 
behind  her.  One  of  her  sons,  ignorant  of 
her  relationship  to  him,  became  enamoured 
of  her ;  and  when  she,  to  check  his  passion, 
declared  herself,  by  infallible  proofs,  to  be 
his  mother,  the  unfortunate  youth,  in  de- 
spair, stabbed  himself  in  her  presence. 
Some  of  her  letters  are  preserved  in  the 
■works  of  St.  Evremond,  but  the  letters  to 
the  marquis  de  Sevigne,  published  as  her 
own,  though  entertaining,  are  spurious. 

Lenfant,  James,  a  protestant  divine, 
born  1661.  He  distinguished  himself  at 
Saumur  and  Geneva,  and  became  minister 
of  the  French  church  at  Heidelberg,  16S3  ; 
but  when  the  palatinate  was  invaded  by  the 
French,  he  retired  to  Berlin,  where  he  died 
of  a  palsy  1728,  aged  67.  This  respectable 
man  was  author  of  three  capital  works,  the 
History  of  the  Council  of  Constance  ;  of 
Basil ;  of  Pisa,  each  2  vols.  4to.  He  wrote 
besides,  the  History  of  pope  Joan  ;  Pogge- 
ana  ;  sermons  ;  the  New  Testament  trans- 
lated into  Latin  with  Beausobre. 

Lenglet,  Nicolas  du  Fresnoy,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Beauvais,  1674.  He  was 
engaged  in  embassies,  first  as  secretary  to 
the  French  minister  at  the  court  of  Cologne, 
and  was  afterwards  engaged  in  the  corres- 
pondence between  Brussels  and  Holland. 
After  reaching  his  82d  year,  he  fell  asleep 
while  reading  by  the  fire,  and  then  dropped 
into  it,  so  that  his  head  was  nearlj  burnt  off 
before  he  was  discovered,  1756.  His  "  Me- 
thode  pour  etudier  I'Histoire,"  has  been  ad- 
mired and  translated  into  English.  He 
was  a  voluminous  but  incorrect  writer. 

Lennard,  Sampson,  a  friend  of  Sir  Phi- 
lip Sidney,  with  whom  he  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Zutphen.  He  died 
about  1 630,  eminent  as  a  translator  of  some 
works  from  the  Latin  and  the  French,  and 
as  well  skilled  in  heraldry. 

Lennox,  Charlotte,  a  native  of  New- 
York,  known  as  the  learned  author  of 
Shakspeare  illustrated,  3  vols.  l2mo.  con- 
taining an  account  of  the  histories  from 
which  the  great  bard  is  supposed  to  have 
drawn  his  plays  ;  the  Female  Quixotte,  a 
novel  of  merit  ;  Memoirs  of  Harriet  Stu- 
art ;  and  of  countess  Berci ;  Henrietta,  a 
novel ;    Philander,   a    dramatic   pa?toml ; 


Sophia  ;  Euphemia,  novels ;  Sister ;  Old 
City  Manners,  two  comedies  ;  tran-^lations 
o(  Burmoy's  Lireek  Theatre  ;  and  of  Sully's 
Memoirs,  &.c.  She  was  intimate  uith 
Johnson,  Richardson,  and  other  men  of 
learning  and  wit,  and  died  in  low  circum- 
stances, 18U4. 

Lens,  Bernard,  a  miniature  painter,  and 
good  copyist  of  the  workn  of  others.  He 
was  painter  and  enameller  to  tJeorge  II. 
and  died  1741.  He  published  some  views, 
and  drawing  books  much  admirctl. 

Lentual,  William,  speaker  of  the  long 
parliament,  was  born  at  Henley  on  Thames, 
Oxfordshire,  1591,  and  educated  at  Alban 
hall,  Oxford.  He  afterwards  removed  to 
Lincoln's  inn,  and  was  regularly  called  to 
the  bar,  where  he  became  known  as  an  able 
counsellor.  He  was  elected  in  1639  mem- 
ber for  Woodstock,  and  the  next  year,  when 
the  government  were  not  popular  enough 
to  elect  Gardiner,  the  recorder  of  London, 
speaker  of  the  Commons,  Lenthal,  whom 
Clarendon  represents  as  scarce  equal  to  the 
high  office,  was  seated  in  the  chair.  In 
this  new  and  honourable  situation,  Lenthal 
consulted  his  interest  and  his  fortunes  by 
siding  with  the  republican  party,  and  while 
he  affected  respect  towards  the  unfortunate 
Charles  when  he  seated  himself  in  the 
chair  of  the  house,  and  inquired  for  the 
members  who  had  offended  him,  his  mea- 
sures tended  to  secure  the  attachment  of 
the  Commons,  and  the  good  opinion  of  the 
people.  Though  dismissed  from  office  by 
Cromwell  in  1653,  Lenthal  was  re-elected 
speaker  the  next  year,  and  continued  in  of- 
fice in  the  rump  parliament.  His  dubious 
character,  and  the  partiality  which  he  hatl 
shown  to  the  usurpation,  exempted  him,  at 
the  restoration,  from  the  general  bill  of  in- 
demnity ;  but  he  afterwards  obtained  pardon 
from  the  king.  The  support,  however, 
which  he  had  given  to  the  violent  measures 
of  the  civil  war,  and  the  influence  which  he 
had  exercised  to  prevent  the  restitution  of 
royalty,  embittered,  it  is  said,  his  moments 
of  reflection  ,  and  at  his  death  in  1663,  he 
expressed  sincere  contrition  for  his  conduct. 
Some  of  his  speeches  and  letters  have  been 
printed. 

Lentulus,  Cneius,  a  Roman  consul,  put 
to  death  by  Tiberius.  He  was  both  a  poet 
and  a  historian. 

Leo  I.  or  ancient,  succeeded  Marcianon 
the  throne  of  Constantinople,  457.  He 
was  a  Thracian,  though  the  particulars  of 
his  early  history  are  unknown.  He  con- 
firmed, in  the  beginning  of  his  reign,  the 
decrees  of  the  council  of  Chalcedon  against 
the  Eutycheans,  and  obtained  signal  victo- 
ries against  the  barbarians  ;  but  his  expedi- 
tion against  the  Vandals  was  unsuccessful 
through  the  treachery  of  Aspar,  his  general. 
Leo  punished  this  powerful  offender,  and 
destroved  him  and  all  his  familv,  471 :  bn* 

197 


LLU 


LEO 


the  Goths  resented  the  severities  exercised 
against  their  countrymen,  and  laid  waste 
the  provinces  of  the  empire,  even  to  the 
gates  of  Constantinople.  Leo  died  soon 
after,  26th  Januai-y,  474,  praised  by  some 
historians,  but  severely  censured  by  others. 

Leo  n.  or  younger  son  of  Zeno  the  Isau- 
rian,  and  Ariadne,  daughter  of  Leo  ;  suc- 
ceeded his  grandfather,  474.  Leo,  who 
had  ruined  his  constitution  by  his  de- 
baucheries, died  soon  after,  aged  16,  and 
his  father  Zeno,  who  had  governed  the 
empire  for  him,  declared  himself  his  suc- 
cessor. 

Leo  IIL  or  Isuarian,  was  the  son  of  a 
cobler.  He  served  first  in  the  army,  and 
was  made  by  Justinian  II.  one  of  his  body 
guards,  and  raised  by  Anastasius  II.  to  the 
rank  of  general,  and  in  717  he  became  em- 
peror. He  signalized  himself  against  the 
Saracens,  who  had  ravaged  Thrace,  and  at- 
tacked Constantinople  itself,  and  he  de- 
stroyed their  fleet  by  means  of  the  Greek 
fire.  Proud  of  his  victory,  he  banished 
Germanus  from  the  see  of  Constantinople, 
and  placed  Anastasius  in  his  room,  and 
waging  war  against  learned  men  and  litera- 
ture, he  impiously  set  on  fire  the  valuable 
library  of  his  capital.  Above  30,000  vo- 
lumes, besides  the  choicest  paintings  and 
curious  medals,  perished  in  this  dreadful 
conflagration.  The  popes,  Gregory  II.  and 
Gregory  III.  excommunicated  this  uncivi- 
lized barbarian ;  but  while  he  prepared  to  re- 
venge himself  against  the  anathemas  of 
Rome,  he  saw  his  invading  fleet  wrecked  by 
a  storm  on  the  coast  of  the  Adriatic  ;  and 
he  died  soon  after,  18th  June,  741,  detested 
as  a  tyrant. 

Leo  IV.  succeeded  in  775,  his  father, 
Constantine  Copronymus.  His  reign  was 
marked  by  the  violent  disputes  between  the 
Iconoclastes,  or  image  breakers  and  their 
religious  opponents,  whose  cause  he  capri- 
ciously espoused  by  turn.-.  He  was  suc- 
cessful in  his  attack  against  the  Saracens 
in  Asia,  and  died  soon  after,  780,  aged 
thirty.  He  was  the  husband  of  the  famous 
Irene. 

Leo  V.  the  Armenian,  became  a  general 
by  his  valour  in  the  Roman  armies,  but  he 
was  disgraced  and  scourged  as  a  slave  by 
Nicephorus.  Michael  Rhangabus  recalled 
him  from  exile  to  command  the  army,  and 
so  great  was  his  popularity,  that  he  prevail- 
ed on  his  troops  to  proclaim  him  emperor 
813,  and  to  depose  his  master.  He  after- 
wards obtained  a  signal  victory  over  the 
Bulgarians,  but  disgraced  himself  by  his 
cruelty.  He  was  assassinated  on  Christmas- 
day,  820. 

Leo  VI.  or  the  philosopher,  succeeded 
his  father,  Basil,  the  Macedonian,  886. 
He  made  war  against  the  Bulgarians,  Hun- 
garians, and  Saracens,  and  when  he  found 
himself  unequal  to  the  contest,  he  called  to 
198 


his  assistance  the  Turks,  who  laid  wast6 
the  country,  and  after  plundering  their  ene- 
mies, sold  their  booty  and  their  prisoners  to 
their  ally.  Leo  deposed  the  patriarch  Pho- 
tius,  and  afterwards  his  successor  Nico- 
las, because  he  presumed  to  excommuni- 
cate him  for  marrying  a  fourth  time.  He 
died  of  a  dysentery,  9th  June,  911,  in  the 
26th  year  of  his  reign.  He  was  surnamed 
the  wise,  from  the  protection  which  he  ex- 
tended to  men  of  letters.  He  wrote  some 
books  of  merit,  the  best  known  of  which 
is,  a  treatise  on  Tactics,  published  by  Meur- 
sius.  Ley  den,  1612. 

Leo  I.  pope,  surnamed  the  great,  was 
employed  in  atiairs  of  moment  and  diffi- 
culty by  pope  Celestinus  I.  and  Sixtus  III. 
the  last  of  whom  he  succeeded  in  440. 
He  pursued  vigorous  measures  to  repress 
heresy,  and  was  severe  against  the  Mani- 
cheans,  the  Pelagians,  the  Priscillianists,  and 
the  Eutycheans.  He  sent  four  legates  to 
the  council  which  Marcian  had  assembled 
at  Chalcedon,  and  afterwards  he  was  com- 
missioned, as  the  most  powerful  ambassa- 
dor, by  Valentinian,  to  meet  Attila,  who  was 
ravaging  Italy,  and  marching  to  the  gates 
of  Rome.  His  eloquence  prevailed  with 
the  fierce  barbarian,  who  was  induced  to 
make  peace,  and  to  march  back  his  forces 
across  the  Rhine.  Four  years  after,  how- 
ever, he  was  less  successful  against  Gense- 
ric,  who  ferociously  entered  the  capital  of 
Italy  455,  and  for  14  days  abandoned  it  to 
the  pillage  and  lust  of  his  uncivilized  sol- 
diers. After  a  useful  reign,  Leo  died, 
3d  November,  461.  His  works  are  pre- 
served, printed  in  2  vols.  4to.  and  also  in 
folio,  and  they  contain  96  sermons,  141 
letters,  &.c. 

Leo  II.  a  native  of  Sicily,  who  succeed- 
ed Agatho  in  the  popedom,  682.  He  was 
an  able  and  resolute  pontitf,  and  attempt- 
ed to  extend  his  power  over  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal bodies  of  the  east.  He  first  established 
the  kiss  of  peace  at  the  mass,  and  also 
the  use  of  holy  water.  He  died  3d  July, 
683. 

Leo  III.  a  Roman,  who  succeeded  Ad- 
rian I.  as  pope,  795.  In  799  a  conspiracy 
was  formed  against  him  by  the  nephews  of 
his  predecessor,  who  were  jealous  of  his 
elevation,  and  after  the  murderers  had  at- 
tempted to  stab  him,  and  to  tear  out  his 
eyes  and  his  tongue,  they  confined  him  in 
a  monastery,  from  which  he  escaped  to 
Charlemagne.  Charlemagne  espoused  his 
cause,  and  reinstated  him  in  the  pontifical 
chair,  and  in  800  went  hunself  to  Rome, 
and  received  the  imperial  crown  from  his 
hands.  In  another  conspiracy,  after  the 
emperor's  decease,  Leo  behaved  with 
greater  severity,  and  put  some  of  the  ac- 
complices to  death.  He  died  11th  June. 
816.  He  was  an  eloquent  and  popular 
pontiff,  respected  abroad,  and  beloved  b^ 


LEU 


l.KO 


his  subjects.     Thirteen   of  his   epistles  are 
preserved. 

Lko  IV.  a  Roman,  made  pope  after  Ser- 
pius  II.  Si7.  lie  was  a  wise  and  coiinigc- 
ous  pontift',  and  when  the  Saracens  ap- 
proache<l  Home,  to  piilaf>;t>  it,  he  boldly 
marched  out  to  meet  tlicni,  and  tlion;;ii  un- 
supported by  tlie  emperors  of  the  east  and 
the  west,  he  guvethem  liattlc,  and  defeated 
them  with  great  slaughter,  and  afterwards 
eniployeil  the  captives  to  adorn  and  foitify 
that  city,  which  they  intended  to  destroy. 
He  died  17th  July,  855. 

Leo  V  .  a  native  of  Andrea,  pope  after 
Benedict  IV.  903.  He  was  soon  after  ex- 
iled and  imprisoned  by  Christopher,  and 
died  of  grief. 

Leo  VI.  a  Roman,  pope  after  John  X. 
928.     He  died  about  seven  months  after. 

Leo  VII.  a  Roman,  elected  pope  in 
9.36,  after  John  XI.  He  possessed  many 
virtues,  and  died  23d  April,  939. 

Leo  VIII.  was  elected  pope  by  the  au- 
thority of  the  emperor  Otho,  on  the  depo- 
sition of  John  XII.  963,  and  in  consequence 
of  this  irregular  appointment,  he  is  called 
an  anti-pope  by  Baronius  and  others.  He 
was  a  pontift'  of  great  merit  and  respecta- 
bility, and  died  April,  965. 

Leo  IX.  Brunon,  bishop  of  Toul,  was 
elected  pope,  1048,  and  deserved  the  name 
of  Saint,  in  the  Romish  calendar.  He  ex- 
erted all  his  authority  in  the  councils  of 
Italy,  France,  and  Germany,  to  repress  the 
debaucheries  of  the  clergy,  and  the  licen- 
tious morals  of  the  laity,  and  to  check  the 
influence  of  heresy,  particularly  that  of  Pho- 
tius.  He  visited  Germany  in  1053,  to  so- 
licit the  assistance  of  the  emperor  against 
the  Normans,  but  in  his  attack  upon  these 
barbarous  invaders,  he  was  defeated  near 
Beneventum,  and  taken  prisoner.  He  was 
conducted  in  triumph  to  Rome  by  the 
conquerors,  and  died  there,  19th  April, 
1054.  His  sermons  and  other  works  are 
extant. 

Leo  X.  John  de  Medicis,  son  of  Lorenzo 
de  Medicis  was  born  1475,  at  Florence, 
and  at  the  age  of  eleven  was  made  an  arch- 
bishop by  Lewis  XL  of  France,  and  cardinal 
at  fourteen,  by  Innocent  VIII.  He  was 
employed  as  legate  by  Julius  II,  and  was  at 
the  battle  of  Ravenna,  where  the  French  ob- 
tained the  victory,  1512  ;  but  though  taken 
prisoner,  he  was  treated  with  great  respect, 
and  even  veneration  by  the  soldiers,  as  the 
representative  of  the  holy  pontiff'.  On  the 
death  of  Julius  he  had  the  good  fortune,  by 
artifice  and  intrigue,  to  secure  his  elevation 
to  the  papal  chair,  1513,  and  his  coronation 
was  conducted  with  the  most  unusual  mag- 
nificence. Educated  by  the  most  learned 
men  of  the  times,  and  allied  to  a  family 
particularly  dear  to  literature,  he  evinced 
his 'respect  for  learning,  by  the  liberal  pa- 
tronage which  he  extended  to  its  votaries. 


Though  at  the  samrr  time  attached  to  poin^i, 
and  fond  of  pleasure,  he  did  not  neglect  the 
duties  of  his  high  ofiice,  and  the  iiitertst«  of 
the  church.      He  put  an  end  to    the    diller- 
ences  which  had  existed  between  his  pre- 
decessor and  Lewis  Xll.  of  France,  and  he 
concluded  the  piotraeted    council  of  Late- 
ran,  in   1517.     The  affairs    ol    the    church 
were    intrusted  to    Bembo,     Sadolet,    an<I 
other   men  of  erdight*;ned  mind,   and    Leo 
considered  that    his   throne    was  best  sup- 
ported, and  his  fame  most  surely  extended 
by  patronising  genius   and  literary   talents, 
and   encouraging   the  line  arts.      Notwith- 
standing his  popularity,  Leo  found  enemies 
about  bis  person  ;  two  of  the  cardinals,  Pe- 
truci  and    Sauli,  prevailed    upon  his   sur- 
geon to  poison  a  wound  which  he  was  to 
cure,  but  the   conspiracy    was    timely  dis- 
covered, and    the   accomplices   punished. 
Petruci  was  strangled   in   the  prison,  and 
Sauli  purchased  his  life  by   the  sacrifice  of 
his    immense   possessions.     Ambitious    to 
distinguish  himself,  Leo  formed   two  pro- 
jects of  great   importance    and   glory  ;  he 
meditated   the    union   of  all   the  Christian 
princes,  for  the  expulsion  of  the  Turks  from 
Europe,  and  he  wished  to  complete  the  stu- 
pendous building  of  St.  Peter's  church,  be- 
gun by  his  predecessor.     To  effect  this,  he 
in  1518,  published  the  granting    of  indul- 
geneies,  by  which  the  purchasers,  for  a  sum 
of  money,  might  free  themselves  from  their 
sins.      This   extraordinary    measure   pro- 
duced a   schism  between    the    Dominican 
and  Augustine  monks  in  Germany,  and  at 
last  excited  Martin  Luther  to  preach   first 
against  the   efficacy    of  these   popish   par- 
dons, and  next  against  the  corruptions  of 
the  Roman  church.     The  opposition  of  Lu- 
ther at  last  drew  down  upon  him  the  thun- 
ders of  the  Vatician,  but  the  reformer,  se- 
cure in  his  popularity,  and  in  the  protection 
of  some  of  the   German  princes,  prevailed 
against  the  pope,   and  severed  the  fairest 
part  of   the  north  from  the  dominion   of 
Rome.     In   the    war  between  Charles   V. 
and  Francis  I.  the  support  of  the  sovereign 
pontiff  was  solicited  by    both   parties,  but 
Leo  in  pretending   to   oblige    both,  sought 
only  the  aggrandizement  of  his  family,  and 
the  extension  of  his  power  in  Italy.      It  is 
said,  that  he  died  of  a  slight  fever,  caused 
by  his  excessive  rejoicing   at   the  misfor- 
tunes of  France,  though    others   attribute 
his  death  to  the  effects  of  some  slow  poi- 
son.    He  died    1st   Dec.    1521.      Besides 
his    protection    of   poets  and  of    learned 
men,  he  showed  his  attention  to  literature, 
by  enriching  the  public   libraries  with  col- 
lections of  curiosities,  and   with    valuable 
MSS. 

Leo,  an  archbishop  of  Thcssalonica,  in 
the  ninth  century,  distinguished  as  a  mathe- 
matician, and  as  one  of  the  great  revivers 
of  Grecian  literature. 

191^ 


LEO 


LEO 


Leo,  Pilatus,  Greek  professor  at  Flo- 
rence, about  1360,  first  gave  lectures  on 
Homer  and  other  Greek  authors.  He  per- 
ished in  a  shipwreck,  as  he  returned  from 
Constantinople  to  Italy. 

Leo,  of  Modena,  a  celebrated  rabbi  of 
Venice,  author  of  an  Italian  history  of  the 
rites  and  customs  of  the  Jews — a  diction- 
ary, Hebrew  and  Italian,  published  Venice, 
4to.  1612,  and  Fadua,  1640.  He  tlourished 
in  ihe  17th  century. 

Leo,  the  grammarian,  compiled  in  the 
12th  century  a  chronicle  of  Constantinople, 
from  the  time  of  Leo  the  Armenian,  to 
Constantine  MI. 

Leo,  John,  a  native  of  Grenada,  eminent 
as  a  geographer.  After  the  ruin  of  his 
country,  1492,  he  went  to  Africa,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  he  is  sometimes  called 
the  African.  He  renounced  the  religion  of 
Mahomet,  and  was  esteemed  by  Leo  X. 
He  was  author  of  the  Lives  of  Arabian 
Philosophers — a  Description  of  Africa  in 
Arabic,  and  died  about  1526. 

Leo,  of  Byzantium,  a  pupil  of  Plato, 
who  was  employed  by  his  countrymen  as 
ambassador  to  Athens,  and  to  Philip  of 
Macedonia.  He  was  put  to  death  by  the 
treachery  of  Philip. 

Leo,  of  Orviette,  a  Dominican,  who 
•wrote  an  account  of  the  Popes — and  an- 
other of  the  Emperors  130S.  These  works, 
though  not  very  elegant,  were  edited  by 
Lami,  1737,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Leo,  Peter  Cieca  de,  a  Spaniard  who 
travelled  in  America,  and  published  an  in- 
teresting account  of  Peru,  finished  at  Li- 
ma 1550.     It  is  a  work  of  merit. 

Leone,  Arto  or  Conaria,  a  historical 
painter,  the  pupil  of  Cornelius  Engelbrecht. 
He  died  1564,  aged  66. 

Leoni,  Giacomo,  a  Venetian  architect, 
who  after  being  in  the  service  of  the  elector 
Palatine,  settled  in  England,  and  published 
a  fine  edition  of  Palladio,  1742.  He  died 
1746. 

Leonicenus,  Nicholas,  professor  of  phy- 
sic at  Ferrara,  was  the  first  who  translated 
Galen's  works,  which  he  enriched  with 
commentaries.  He  also  translated  the 
Aphorisms  of  Hippocrates,  and  besides  Lu- 
cian  and  Dio  Cassius.  He  died  1524,  at  the 
great  age  of  96. 

Leonicus  Thom^us,  Nicholas,  a  learn- 
ed Venetian.  He  studied  Greek  under  De- 
metrius Chalcondyles,  at  Florence,  and  read 
lectures  on  Aristotle,  at  Padua,  with  great 
reputation.  He  translated  Proclus's  Com- 
mentary on  the  Timaeus  of  Plato,  besides 
other  works,  and  died  at  Padua,  1531, 
aged  75. 

Leonidas,  king  of  Sparta,  was  sent  by 
his  country  to  oppose  the  invasion  of 
Xerxes.  He  met  the  enemy  at  the  pass  of 
Thermopyla;,  and  opposed  them  with  such 
T)ravp,rv,  that  had  not  treacherv  pointed  out 
<200 


a  secret  way  to  the  rear  of  the  Spartant;^ 
their  further  progress  would  have  been 
checked.  Leonidas  and  his  300  brave  com- 
panions fell,  one  only  fled  to  meet  disgrace 
at  Sparta,  B.C.  480. 

Leontium,  an  Athenian  courtezan, 
strongly  attached  to  the  philosophy  of  Epi- 
curus. She  wrote  a  book  against  Theo- 
phrastus. 

Leopold,  Saint,  succeeded  as  marquis  of 
Austria,  1096,  and  by  his  virtues  deserved 
the  surnajne  of  pious.  He  married  Agnes, 
the  sister  of  the  emperor  Henry  V.  by 
whom  he  had  eighteen  children,  eight  sons 
and  ten  daughters.  He  died  1139,  and  was 
canonized  by  Innocent  VIII.  in  1485. 

Leopold  I.  second  son  of  the  emperor 
Ferdinand  III.  and  Mary  Anne  of  Spain, 
was  born  1640,  and  was  made  king  of  Hun- 
gary, 1655,  of  Bohemia,  1656,  and  elected 
emperor,  1658.  He  waged  war  against  the 
Turks,  and  though  he  proved  successful  by 
the  valour  of  his  general  Montecuculi,  he 
made  a  disadvantageous  peace  with  them. 
Afterwards  when  engaged  to  check  the  in- 
surrections of  his  nobles  in  Hungary,  Leo- 
pold found  himself  attacked  by  the  Turkish 
forces,  which  penetrated  with  great  rapidity 
into  the  heart  of  the  empire,  and  laid  siege 
to  Vienna.  While  panic  and  terror  pre- 
vailed, and  the  emperor  saved  himself  by 
flight  to  Passau,  the  celebrated  John  So- 
bieski  came  to  the  assistance  of  his  ally,  the 
siege  of  Vienna  was  raised  and  the  Turks 
defeated.  Leopold  was  also  engaged  in  war 
with  Lewis  XIV.  and  lost  Alsace,  and  saw 
his  frontier  towns  pillaged  and  destroyed. 
The  glory  of  his  arms  was,  however,  well 
supported  by  the  valour  of  his  generals, 
especially  of  prince  Eugene,  of  Savoy  ;  but 
though  he  had  the  art  to  persuade  the  vari- 
ous princes  of  the  Germanic  constitution  to 
espouse  his  cause  in  his  quarrels  with  neigh- 
bouring princes,  he  did  not  display  that  mo- 
deration towards  his  Hungarian  subjects, 
which  wisdom  and  interest  might  have  dic- 
tated. The  nobles  were  so  dissatisfied  with 
the  severity  of  his  measures,  that  in  an  as- 
sembly they  meditated  resistance  against 
their  sovereign,  and  declared  the  kingdom 
hereditary  ;  but  the  death  of  the  emperor 
prevented  the  fatal  consequences  of  civil 
discord.     He  died  5th  May,  1705. 

Leopold  II.  Peter  Joseph,  son  of  Fran- 
cis I.  and  Maria  Theresa,  was  born  1747. 
He  was  for  25  years  grand  duke  of  Tus- 
cany, and  in  this  principality,  though  per- 
haps too  much  attached  to  trifling  forms,  he 
governed  with  wisdom  and  moderation. 
On  the  death  of  his  brother  Joseph  II.  in 
1790,  he  was  elected  emperor  of  Germany, 
and  in  this  high  dignity  he  evinced  great 
abilities  and  enlightened  conceptions.  By 
his  influence,  a  reconciliation  took  place 
between  the  Turks  and  Catherine  of  Rus- 
sia, a  treaty  was.  made  with  Pnissia,  anfl 


li:p 


leTs 


tbc  connexion  with  England  was  cemented 
by  every  liberal  mark  of  attachment  and 
sound  policy.  The  encroachnients  of 
French  ambition  had  already  irritated  him, 
and  he  prepared  to  declare  war  against 
these  lawless  republicans,  but  death  carried 
Lim  od'in  the  midst  of  his  preparations,  1st 
March,  1792.  His  death,  occasioned  by  a 
violent  diarrhoea,  was  so  sudden  that  it  was 
attributed,  by  some,  to  poison,  but  without 
truth.  lie  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
Fraiicis  II. 

Leopold,  duke  of  Lorraine,  son  of 
Charles,  the  fifth  duke,  and  of  Eleanora  of 
Austria,  was  celebrated  for  his  military  va- 
lour. At  the  peace  of  Ryswick  he  recovered 
Lorraine,  of  which  a  war  with  France  had 
dispossessed  his  father,  but  though  he  was 
not  permitted  by  the  treaty  to  fortify  his 
capital,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  happiness 
and  prosperity  of  his  country,  and  by  the 
mildness  of  his  government,  raised  around 
him  an  impregnable  bulwark  in  the  love  and 
devotion  of  his  people.  He  was  a  liberal  pa- 
tron of  aurts  and  sciences,  and  founded  the 
university  of  Luneville,  where  he  invited,  by 
the  most  liberal  promises,  professors  of  me- 
rit and  distinction.  He  died  at  Luneville, 
27th  March,  1729,  aged  50,  universally  re- 
gretted. His  son  Francis,  by  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  was  after- 
wards emperor  of  Germany. 

Leopold,  William,  archduke  of  Austria, 
bishop  of  Passau,  &.c.  was  at  the  head  of  the 
imperial  armies  in  the  30  years'  war  against 
the  Swedes  and  the  French,  and  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  valour  and  wisdom 
in  the  field  and  in  the  cabinet.  He  died  at 
Vienna,  1662. 

Leotaud,  Vincent,  a  French  Jesuit  and 
mathematician,  author  of  "  Examen  Quad- 
rature," in  which  he  proves  the  impos- 
sibility of  squaring  the  circle.  He  died 
1672. 

Leowicq,  Cyprian,  or  Leovitius,  a 
noble  Bohemian,  born  1524.  His  "  Ephe- 
merides"  was  a  collection  of  astrological 
productions,  and  incoherent  reveries,  by 
which  he  amused  and  terrified  the  supersti- 
tious. His  prophecy  that  the  world  would 
be  at  an  end  in  1584,  for  a  while  drew  the 
attention  of  his  countrymen  from  their 
pleasures  and  pursuits  to  acts  of  devotion 
and  piety.  He  held  a  conference  with 
Tycho  Brahe  in  1569,  and  died  1574. 

Lepaute,  John  Andrew,  a  French  clock 
and  watch  maker,  who  made  some  valuable 
improvements  in  the  mechanical  parts  of 
his  profession,  and  died  1802.  He  wrote  a 
Treatise  on  Clock  making,  published  1755, 
and  again  1768,  in  4to. 

Lepicier,  Bernard,  a  French  engraver, 
secretary  and  historian  to  the  royal  acade- 
my of  painting  at  Paris.  His  engravings, 
after  the  style  of  Audran,  were  much  ad- 
mired.    He  died  1755,  aged  59.     He  pub- 

Voi,.  II.  26 


lished  in  2  \oh.  4to.  a  catalognje  of  the 
French  king'o  pictiirci.  Hi«  son  Nicholas 
Bernard  died  at  Paris,  178 1,  a^cd  49,  dis- 
tinguished as  a  painter  after  the  manner  of 
Carlo  Vanloo,  and  a»  a  professor  in  the 
academy  of  painting  and  sculpture. 

Lepidus,  Marcus  i-Emilius,  one  of  the 
triumvirs  with  Augustus  and  Antony.  He 
had  Africa  for  his  share  in  the  division  of 
the  Roman  empire,  but  soon  loat  it  by 
the  intrigues  of  Augustus,  and  retired  to 
privacy. 

Leprince,  John,  a  French  musician  and 
painter,  who  in  his  way  to  Petersburg  was 
taken  by  an  English  privateer,  whose  crew 
plundered  him  of  all  his  property  except 
his  violin.  The  musician,  trusting  to  his 
powers,^seized  the  despised  instrument,  and 
played  upon  it  with  such  skill  and  effect  that 
the  astonished  sailors  restored  him  all  his 
property.  During  his  residence  at  Peters- 
burg he  was  employed  in  adorning  the  pala- 
ces and  public  buildings,  but  on  Catherine's 
accession  he  returned  to  France,  where  he 
died  1781,  aged  48,  member  of  the  acade- 
my. His  pieces,  which  are  finished  in  the 
style  of  Teniers  and  Wouvermans,  are 
much  admired. 

Le  Quien,  Michael,  a  learned  Domini- 
can, who  wrote  against  Courayer,  on  the 
validity  of  ordination  by  English  bishops. 
He  was  well  skilled  in  ecclesiastical  history-, 
and  died  1703,  aged  42. 

Lernutius,  John,  a  Latin  poet,  born  at 
Bruges.  His  "  Basia,  Oceli  et  Alia  Poe- 
mata,"  were  published  by  Elzevir.  He  died 
1619,  aged  74. 

Lesbonax,  a  philosopher  of  Mitylene,  in 
the  first  century,  some  of  whose  grammati- 
cal treatises  are  still  extant. 

Lescaille,  Catherine,  a  native  of  Hol- 
land, for  the  sweetness  of  her  poetry  called 
the  Dutch  Sappho,  and  the  tenth  muse. 
Her  poems,  which  display  great  genius, 
though  often  irregularities,  consist  of  tra- 
gedies, published  1728.  She  died  1711, 
aged  62. 

Lesley,  John,  bishop  of  Ross,  in  Scot- 
land, was  born  1527,  of  a  very  ancient  family. 
He  was  educated  at  Aberdeen,  and  obtain- 
ed a  canonry  in  the  cathedral  there  1547. 
He  afterwards  studied  in  the  universities  of 
Toulouse,  Poictiers,  and  Paris,  and  in  1554 
he  was  recalled  home  by  the  queen  regent, 
and  made  vicar-generaJ  of  Aberdeen,  and 
ordained  priest  of  the  parish  of  Une.  In 
the  dissensions  which  the  reformation  in- 
troduced in  Scotland,  Lesley,  who  was  a 
zealous  papist,  was  commissioned  by  his 
party  to  go  and  hasten  the  recall  of  queen 
Mary,  who  had  lately  lost  her  husband, 
Francis  II.  of  France,  and  after  meeting 
her  at  Vitri,  he  returned  with  her  1561, 
His  services  to  the  queen  recommended 
him,  soon  after,  to  the  see  of  Ross, 
and  he  laboriously  employed  himself,  with 

2«l 


LES 


LES 


iiftcen  others,  to  make  a  collection  of  all 
the  laws  of  the  kingdom,  which  were  pub- 
lished at  Edinburgh,  1566,  and  called  the 
black  acts  of  Parliament,  because  printed 
in  black  letter.  Upon  Mary's  flight  to 
England  he  appeared  at  York,  1568,  and 
ably  and  zealously  defended  her  cause 
against  her  accusers,  and  afterwards  went 
to  London  as  her  ambassador.  His  mea- 
sures to  procure  her  liberty,  by  a  marriage 
with  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  proved  offensive 
tp  Elizabeth,  who  regardless  of  the  sanctity 
of  his  rank,  sent  him  a  prisoner  to  the  isle 
of  Ely,  and  then  to  the  tower.  In  1573  he 
obtained  his  release,  and  then  retired  to 
the  Netherlands,  anxiously  soliciting  the 
interference  of  the  kings  of  Spain  and 
France,  the  princes  of  Germany  and  the 
pope,  in  the  favour  of  his  injured  and  cap- 
tive mistress.  In  1579  he  was  made  suffra- 
gan to  the  see  of  Rouen,  but  in  one  of  his 
visitations  he  was  rudely  seized  by  the 
Huguenots,  who  threatened  to  deliver  him 
to  the  English,  but  he  purchased  his  ran- 
som for  3000  pistoles.  Under  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.  and  of  his  successor  in  France, 
he  was  again  exposed  to  persecution ;  but 
in  1593  he  was  nominated  bishop  of  Con- 
stance. Yet  grandeur  did  not  add  to  his 
happiness,  and  when  he  found  it  impossible 
to  return  to  his  diocess  of  Ross,  by  the  pre- 
valence of  the  protestant  religion,  he  re- 
tired to  the  monastery  of  Guirtenburg,  near 
Brussels,  where  he  died  1596.  His  abili- 
ties were  acknowledged  by  friends  and  ene- 
mies to  be  very  great,  his  integrity  most 
exemplary,  and  his  attachment  to  his  un- 
happy mistress  unshaken.  Besides  several 
pieces  in  favour  of  Mary,  and  other  trea- 
tises, he  published  an  excellent  work,  "  De 
Origine,  Moribus,  et  Rebus  Gestis  Scoto- 
rum,"1578,  4to. 

Leslie,  John,  a  native  of  Scotland, 
educated  at  Aberdeen  and  Oxford.  He 
travelled  abroad,  and  acquired  such  a  know- 
ledge of  the  French,  Spanish,  Italian,  and 
Latin,  that  he  spoke  those  languages  not 
only  with  fluency,  but  with  remarkable 
elegance.  After  22  years'  residence  abroad 
he  came  back  to  England,  and  was  patro- 
nised by  Charles  I.  and  the  second.  He 
was  made  bishop  of  Orkneys,  in  Scotland, 
and  in  1633  translated  to  Raphoe,  in  Ire- 
land, where  he  built  a  palace,so  strongly  for- 
tified, that  he  was  the  last  who  surrendered 
to  the  arms  of  Cromwell.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  returned  to  England,  and  in  1661 
was  translated  to  Clogher.  He  died  1671, 
aged  above  100,  being  the  oldest  bishop  in 
the  world. 

Leslie,  Charles,  second  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  in  Ireland,  and  educated 
at  Dublin,  where  he  took  his  degree  of 
M.A.  He  afterwards  studied  the  law  at 
the  Temple,  London,  which  he  relinquished 
for  divinity.  In  1680  he  took  ori^ors,  zfiO. 
262 


in  1687  he  was  made  chancellor  of  the 
cathedral  of  Connor.  He  afterwards  ren- 
dered himself  veiy  obnoxious  to  the  papists 
of  Ireland,  he  publicly  entered  the  lists  of 
theological  disputation  against  them,  and 
made  converts  to  his  own  cause.  Respect- 
ed as  a  magistrate  and  as  a  divine  he  re- 
mained attached  to  the  king's  government ; 
and  though  he  opposed  tyranny,  he  was 
zealous  to  support  legal  authority.  In  con- 
sequence, therefore,  of  his  loyalty  to  James, 
he  lost  all  his  preferments  at  the  revolution, 
and  in  1689  he  came  over  to  England  to 
avoid  the  civil  commotions  which  began  to 
distract  his  native  country.  In  his  retire- 
ment he  usefully  employed  the  powers  of 
his  mind  in  combating  the  errors  of  tho 
enemies  of  the  church,  both  Jews  and 
Deists,  Socinians  and  Papists,  Quakers  and 
Infidels.  He  was,  however,  suspected  of 
too  familiar  an  intercourse  with  the  abdica- 
ted monarch,  and  therefore  was  obliged  to 
retire  to  France,  where  he  joined  the  Pre- 
tender at  Bar  le  Due.  He  here  exerted 
himself  by  his  writings  in  favour  of  that 
unhappy  family,  and  when  their  schemes 
of  insurrection,  in  1715,  had  failed,  he  at- 
tended them  to  Italy  ;  but  finding  his  ad- 
herence to  protestant  principles  disagreea- 
ble to  the  pretender,  he  returned  to  Ireland 
in  1721,  and  died  in  his  own  house  at  Glas- 
lough,  county  of  Monaghan,  13th  April, 
1722.  As  a  friend  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land, and  as  a  man  of  principle,  virtue,  and 
integrity,  Leslie  was  inferior  to  no  man. 
His  abilities  as  a  writer  were  of  a  superior 
cast,  and  whatever  he  sent  into  the  world 
was  read  with  avidity,  and  received  with 
deference.  His  tracts,  both  theological 
and  political,  are  very  numerous,  amount- 
ing to  near  50.  He  left  besides  two  folio 
volumes  of  theological  works,  in  which  he 
discussed  the  controversies  which  too  much 
disturb  the  Christian  church. 

Lessing,  Gotthold  Ephraim,  a  German 
poet,  whose  father,  a  man  of  literary  ta- 
lents, was  minister  of  the  congregation  at 
Kametz.  The  son  inherited  the  talents, 
and  the  application  of  the  father  ;  for  five 
years  he  studied  at  Meissen,  and  after  ob- 
taining from  his  instructers,  Klemm  and 
Grabner,  the  character  of  an  able  and  inde- 
fatigable scholar,  he  went  to  Leipsic,  where 
he  learned  to  excel  in  horsemanship,  leap- 
ing, and  fencing,  and  began  to  write  for  the 
stage.  The  liveliness  of  his  temper,  how- 
ever, exposed  him  to  calumny,  and  gave 
uneasiness  to  his  father.  With  his  friend 
Wcisse  he  translated  Marivaux's  tragedy  of 
Annibal,  and  here  he  finished  his  "  Young 
Scholar,"  a  comedy.  Afterwards  he  went 
to  Wittemburg,  and  also  to  Berlin,  where 
he  became  acquainted  with  Voltaire,  and 
published  various  things,  often  more  in 
haste  than  with  judgment.  During  the  se- 
ven years'  war  he  was,  for  a  little  time,  scr 


J/£S 


L£t 


Cieliiry  to  general  Tauenzicn,  at  Bres  aw, 
and  to  other  irregularities  added  gaming,  in 
the  indulgence  of  which  he  forgot  his  cha- 
racter, and  his  literary  pursuits.  The  abi- 
lities which  he  possessed,  he  unfortunately 
frequently  misapplied,  and  in  his  wish  to  do 
something  useful,  he  often  promised  more 
than  he  performed.  His  friend  Mendel- 
sohn, observed  of  him  alter  his  death,  that 
he  was  advanced  at  least  a  century  before 
the  age  in  which  he  lived. 

Lessius,  Leonard,  a  Jesuit^  born  near 
Antwerp.     He  was  professor  of  philosophy 


and  even   iTcatrd   with    conicmpt  by   the 
queen.     He  died  llih  Sept.  1704,  and  was 
buried   in    the   chunh   of  St.  (iilcs   in  tM 
Fields.      His  political  tracts  are  very  nume- 
rous, and  besides  these  he  translated  Jose- 
phus,    from   D'Andilly's    French— Cicero's 
OtJices — Seneca's   Morals — ii-lsop's  Fables 
— Erasmus's  Colloquies — (iuevedo's  \  isioii» 
— Bona's  Guide,  ice.     His  language,  how- 
ever, was,  as  Gordon,  the  author  of  the  In- 
dependent Whig,  observes,  coarse  and  vul- 
gar.    His  genius  tended  to  low  wit  and  li- 
centious burtoonery,  and  even  in  his  fables 
at  Douay,  and  afterwards  filled  the  divinity     he  has  made  his  beasts  jesters,  and  instead 
chair  at  Louvaine,  where  his  propositions     of  the  language  of  freedom,  he  instils  into 
on  some  scholastic  subjects  were  exposed     their  dialogue  doctrines  of  servitude,  and  a 
to  ecclesiastical  censure,  which,  however,     tame  submission  to  tyranny, 
the  pope  Sixtus  V.  in  consequence   of  an         Lethieullier,  Smart,  esq.   an   English 
appeal,  fully  reversed^    He  wrote  De  Jus-     gentleman,  born  at  Aldersbrook,  in  Essex, 


titia  et  Jure,  fol. — De  Potestate  summi 
Pontificis — Hygiasticon,  seu  Vera  Ratio 
Valetudinis — a  Treatise  on  the  Existence  of 
a  Deity,  and  on  the  Soul's  Immortality, 
which  have  appeared  in  an  English  dress. 
He  died  1623,  aged  69. 


from  an  ancient  family  which  had  left 
France  on  account  of  their  attachment  to 
the  reformation.  He  was  of  Trijiity  col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  afterwards  made  a  most 
valuable  collection  of  medals,  books,  MSS. 
and   natural   curiosities  on  the  continent. 


L'EsTRANGE,  sir  Roger,  descended  from     He  died  without  issue,  Aug.  27,  1760,  aged 
an  ancient  family,  was  born  17th  Dec.  1616,     59.     Some  of  his  curiosities  were  consigned 
at  Hunstanton-hall,  Norfolk.     Hewasedu-     by  his   executors   to  the  British  Museum, 
cated  at   Cambridge,   and   then    attended     and  his  library  was  i;old  by  auction.     He 
Charles  I.  to  Scotland,  in  1639,  and  during     wrote   some   papers   in   the   Philosophical 
the  ensuing  civil  wars,  adhered  most  firmly     Transactions,  and  in  the  Archaeologia. 
to  the  roysJ  cause.     In  1646,  however,  he         Leti,  Gregorio,   an  Italian  writer,  bom 
was  betrayed  by  two  villains,  and  tried  and     at  Milan,  1630,  and   educated  among  the 
condemned  as  a  spy  by  the  parliamentary     Jesuits.     He  travelled,  and  embraced  the 
rebels,  but  his   execution  was   delayed  at    protestant  religion  at  Lausanne,  and  for  20 
first  for  fourteen  days,  and  then  put  off  till    years  lived    at   Geneva.      He    afterwards 
lie  took  an  opportunity  of  escaping,  in  1648,     came  to  London,  but  though  patronised  by 
and  saving  himself,  into  France.     In  165i    Charles  II.  he  settled  at  Amsterdam,  where 
he  took  advantage  of  Cromwell's  indemnity     he  died,  1701,  with   the  title  of  historio- 
bill,  and  came  back  to  England,  and  was,     grapher  of  the  town.     His  daughter  mar- 
by  application  to  the  usurper,  discharged,     ried  John  le  Clerc,  and  died  1734.     As  a 
At  the  restoration,  he  was  for  a  while  ne-     historian  he  was  esteemed,  though   often 
glected,  till  he  was  appointed  licenser  of  the     incorrect.     He  wrote  the  history  of  Lewis 

XIV.— of  Philip  II.  of  Spain— of  Charles 
V. — of  Queen  Elizabeth — of  Oliver  Crom 
well — of  Pope  Sixtus  VI. — of  Geneva,  &c. 
LeTtsom,    John   Coakley,  a  physician,- 
was   born   on  a  small  island,  called  Little 
Vandyke,  near  Tortola,  in   174J.     His  fa^ 


press.  In  1663  he  published  the  Public  In- 
telligencerj  a  newspaper,  which  was  laid 
aside  when  the  London  Gazette,  first  pub- 
lished at  Oxford,  made  its  appearance,  1655. 
He  again,  in  1679,  set  up  another  paper, 
called  the  Observator,  in  defence  of  the  mi- 

nistrj',  and  of  the  character  of  the  king ;  ther  was  a  planter,  and  his  mother  was  de- 
but while  he  ridiculed  the  popish  plot,  and  seended  from  a  respectable  Irish  family, 
the  other  secret  machinations  of  the  ene-  They  were  of  the  society  of  Quakers  ;  and 
mies  of  all  order,  he  exposed  himself  to  the  young  Lettsom,  being  sent  to  England,  was 
calumny  of  some  interested  persons,  who  placed  under  the  care  of  Samuel  Fothergill, 
wished  to  represent  him  as  a  dangerous  a  celebrated  preacher  of  that  sect,  who  sent 
man   to    government.      When  James    II.     him  to  an  academy  at  Warrington.     Onar- 


came  to  the  throne  he  knighted  him,  as  he 
eaid,  in  consequence  of  his  services  and  un  • 
shaken  loyalty  to  the  crown.  In  1687  his 
Observator  ceased,  as  he  refused,  though  a 
loyal  man,  to  espouse  the  cause  of  toleration 
recommended  by  the  king.  Yet  some  failed 
not  to  accuse  him  of  being  a  papist,  espe- 


riving  at  a  proper  age  he  was  bound  appren- 
tice to  an  apothecar}-  at  Settle,  in  York- 
shire ;  after  which  he  became  a  pupil  of  St. 
Thomas's  hospital.  The  death  of  his  elder 
brother  induced  him  to  visit  his  native  is- 
land, to  look  after  his  property  ,  but  finding 
that  it  chiefly  consisted  of  slaves,  he  eman- 


cially  when  his  daughter  became  a  convert  cipated  them  all,  and  settled  at  Tortola, 
to  that  communion.  At  the  revolution  sir  His  siay  there  was  not  long,  and,  on  his  re-^ 
Roeer  was  neelccted  bv  the  ruling  powers,     turn  to  Europe,  he  took  his  doctor's  de^^ee 


LE\ 


LEV 


-ftf  Leyderu  lie  then  fixed  his  residence  iu 
J^ondon,  where,  by  the  friendship  of  Dr. 
Fothergill,  and  his  connexion  with  the  Qua- 
kers, he  attained  a  most  extensive  practice. 
Dr.  Lettsom,  hoAvever,  quitted  the  society, 
some  years  before  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened Nov.  1,  1815.  He  was  a  zealous 
philanthropist,  and  a  member  of  most  of 
the  literary  and  scientific  societies  in  Eu- 
rope and  America.  His  works  are  nume- 
rous and  well  known. — W.B. 

Leucippus,  a  philosopher  of  Abdera, 
B.C.  428.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Zeno,  and 
first  proposed  the  system  of  atoms,  from 
which  he  made  the  Avorld  to  originate. 

Leunclavius,  John,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Amclburn,  in  Westphalia,  1533. 
He  travelled  much,  and  published  a  history 
of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  from  materials 
which  he  collected  in  Turkey.  He  also 
translated  Xenophon,  Zosimus,  &c.  into 
Latin.     He  died  at  Vienna,  1593. 

Leusden,  John,  eminent  for  biblical 
knowledge,  was  born  at  Utrecht,  where  he 
became  professor  of  Hebrew,  and  where  he 
died  1699,  aged  75.  He  was  author  of 
Onomasticon  Sacrum — Clavis  Hebraica  et 
Philologica  Vet.  Testamenti — Novi  Test. 
Clavis  Graeca — Compendium  Biblic.  Vet. 
Tcstam. — Compendium  Graecum  Novi  Tes- 
tam. — Philologus  Hebraeus — et  Hebraeo 
Graecus — Notes  on  Jonah,  Joel,  Hosea,  &c. 

Leuwenhoek,  Anthony  de,  an  eminent 
physician,  born  at  Delft,  in  Holland,  1632. 
He  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his  curious 
and  astonishing  discoveries  by  the  micro- 
scope. His  letters  to  the  royal  society  of 
London,  of  which  he  was  member,  print- 
ed 1722,  4to.  and  his  Arcana  Naturae  De- 
lecta,  1714,  4  vols.  4to.  are  valuable.  He 
died  26th  Aug.  1723,  aged  91. 

Lever,  sir  Ashton,  son  of  sir  d'Arcy  Le- 
ver, knight,  of  Alkington,  near  Manchester, 
was  celebrated  as  a  judicious  collector  of  rare 
and  valuable  curiosities.  From  Corpus 
Christi  college,  Oxford,  where,  as  a  gentle- 
man commoner,  he  was  admired  for  his 
skill  in  horsemanship,  he  went  to  reside 
with  his  mother,  and  then  settled  on  his 
estate,  where  he  employed  himself  in  col- 
lecting birds,  and  forming  the  most  valua- 
ble aviary  in  the  kingdom.  Strongly  at- 
tached to  whatever  was  rare  and  astonish- 
ing in  natural  history,  he  devoted  himself  to 
the  improveni€nt  of  his  collection,  and  by 
the  favour  of  his  friends,  aj»d  his  own  inde- 
latigable  exertions,  he  soon  found  himself 
master  of  the  most  admired  private  museum 
in  the  nation.  This  curious  collection, 
which  was  formed  at  great  expense,  was 
for  some  time  exhibited  in  London,  to  the 
admiration  of  the  public,  and,  in  1785,  was 
disposed  of  l»y  way  of  lottery,  and  fell  to 
the  share  of  Mr.  Parkinson,  though  it  did 
not  repay  the  proprietor  the  fourth  part  of 
his  original  expenses-.  This  valuable  mu- 
29.1 


seam  has  lately  been  sold  in  small  separate 
lots  ;  but  while  a  few  individuals  have  thus 
been  able  to  enrich  their  private  collections, 
it  is  to  be  lamented  that  the  public  purse 
was  not  opened  to  purchase  the  whole,  and 
thus  largely  and  liberally  contribute  to  the 
enlargement  of  those  institutions  which 
display  in  so  pleasing  a  view  the  taste,  the 
genius,  the  labours,  and  the  munificence  of 
the  English  nation.  Sir  Ashton  died  in 
1788. 

Leverett,  John,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  born  in  England,  and  previously 
to  his  coming  to  New-England  served  in 
the  army,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his 
courage.  After  his  arrival  in  Massachu- 
setts he  was  employed  in  many  important 
stations.  In  1653  he  was  appointed  com- 
missioner by  Cromwell  to  raise  forces 
against  the  Dutch  at  New-York,  and  at  the 
restoration  was  employed  in  England  as  an 
agent  of  the  colony.  Having  returned  to 
Boston,  he  was,  in  1664,  appointed 
major-general,  the  next  year  one  of  the 
governor's  assistants,  in  1671  deputy 
governor,  and  at  length,  in  1673,  chief  ma- 
gistrate, and  held  the  office,  discharging  its 
duties  with  great  popularity,  till  his  deati 
in  1678.  ICJ^-  L. 

Leverett,  John,  F.R.S.  president  of 
Harvard  college,  and  a  grandson  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
and  graduated  at  the  institution  of  which 
he  was  afterwards  president,  in  1680.  He 
for  a  number  of  years  served  the  colony  as 
a  civilian,  first  as  a  member  of  the  as- 
sembly, of  which  he  was  often  chosen 
speaker,  then  in  his  majesty's  council,  and 
at  length  a^  a  judge  of  the  superior  court, 
in  which  situations  he  gained  a  high  repu- 
tation for  talents,  uprightness,  and  patriot- 
ism. He  entered  on  the  presidency  of  the 
college  in  Jan.  1708,  and  retained  the  office 
till  his  death  on  the  3d  of  May,  1724.  En- 
dowed with  talents  of  a  very  superior  order, 
and  equally  distinguished  by  the  extent  of 
his  learning,  the  correctness  of  his  judg- 
ment, and  the  firmness  of  his  resolution, 
he  was  one  of  the  greatest,  most  popular, 
and  most  useful  men  of  his  age.    ?C3^  L. 

Levesque  de  Ponilli,  Lewis,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  French  academy  of  inscriptions, 
and  governor  of  Rheims,  which  he  im- 
proved by  the  establishment  of  mathemati- 
cal schools,  and  other  valuable  institutions. 
He  wrote  the  Theorj-  of  agreeable  Sensa- 
tions, a  curious  book,  translated  into  Eng- 
lish, and  died  1746. 

Levesque,  Peter  Charles,  a  French 
writer,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1736,  and  died 
there  in  1812.  He  wrote — 1.  Le  Reves 
d'Aristobulc,  philosopbe  Grec,  suivis  d'un 
abrege  de  la  vie  de  Formose,  philosopbe 
Francais.  2.  L'Homme  Moral.  3.  L'Homme 
Pensant.  4.  Histoire  de  Russie,  5  vols. 
12mo.     5.  Histoire  des  dificrcns  pcupler 


LEW 


LtV 


seumis  a  la  domination  ties  Russics,  *2  vols. 
6.  Eloge  historique  de  I'abbo  Mably.  7. 
La  France  sous  Ics  cinq  premiers  \  alois, 
4  vols.  S.  Dictionnaire  des  arts,  de  pein- 
ture,  sculpture,  et  gravure,  5  vols.  9. 
L'etude  de  I'histoire  de  la  Grece,  4  vols. 
8vo.  He  also  translated  Thucydides  from 
the  Greek,  and  IMutarch  from  the  Italian. 

Levi,  third  son  of  Jacob  by  Leah,  was 
honoured  among  the  tribes  of  Israel,  and 
his  posterity  more  immediately  devoted  to 
the  service  of  God.  He  died  in  Egypt,  B. 
C.  1612,  aged  about  136  years. 

Levingston,  James,  a  brave  Scotchman, 
who  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of 
Bohemia,  Holland,  Sweden,  and  Germany, 
and  aftenvards  became  gentleman  of  the 
bed-chamber  to  Charles  I.  who  created 
him  lord  Levingston,  and,  in  1641,  earl  of 
Calendar.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
wars  he  sided  with  the  parliament,  but 
soon  after  he  was  reconciled  to  the  king, 
whose  forces  he  assisted  in  reducing  York. 
He  also  attempted  to  rescue  his  master 
from  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  took  Carlisle, 
where  he  found  a  large  supply  of  ammuni- 
tion and  arms.  He  died  October,  1672. 
'  Lewis,  John,  a  native  of  Bristol,  educa- 
ted at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  master's  degree.  He  obtained 
from  Tenison,  the  primate,  Minster 
vicarage  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  and  the 
mastership  of  Eastbridge  hospital,  Canter- 
bury, and  died  at  Margate,  1746,  aged  71. 
He  published  the  Life  of  Wicklifle,  8vo. — 
the  Life  of  Caxton,  8vo. — the  History  of 
Faversham  Abbey,  4to. — the  History  and 
Antiquities  of  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  4to. — His- 
tory of  the  Various  Translations  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments  into  English,  Svo. — 
"Wickliffe  s  Translation  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, folio. 

Lewis,  kings  of  France.     Vid.  LotJis. 

Lewis,  Meriwether,  governor  of  Louisi- 
ana, was  born  near  Charlotteville,  Virgi- 
nia, August  l8th,  1774.  He  received  a 
respectable  education,  and,  after  serving  as 
a  volunteer  in  the  militia  called  out  by 
Washington  to  suppress  the  insurrec- 
tion in  Pennsylvania,  was  transferred 
to  the  regular  service  as  a  lieutenant, 
and  soon  after  was  promoted  to  a  captain- 
cy. On  the  accession  of  Mr.  Jefferson  to 
the  presidency  Mr.  Lewis  became  his  pri- 
vate secretary,  and  was  selected  by  him,  in 
1803,  in  conjunction  with  captain  Clark, 
to  conduct  tbe  party  despatched  to  explore 
the  Missouri,  and  the  waters  descending  on 
the  west  side  of  the  highlands  to  the  Pacific. 
They  set  out  on  that  expedition  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1803,  and,  after  visiting  the  Pacific 
ocean  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Columbia, 
returned  to  the  United  States  in  1806,  and 
not  long  after  published  the  histoi7  o^  the 
.iourney.      Soon  after  Mr,  Lewis  returned 


to  Washington  ;  in  1807,  he  wa«  appointed 
governor  of  Louisiana,  and,  after  a  resi- 
dence there  of  about  two  years,  waji  «eizcd 
with  delirium,  while  on  a  journey  to  the 
capital  of  the  United  States,  in  September, 
1809,  and  deprived  himself  of  life.  He 
possessed  uncommon  enterprise,  courage, 
and  integrity,  and  discharged  the  duties  of 
the  several  stations  to  which  he.  waa  ad- 
vanced, with  great  judgment  and  fidelity. 

lc,r  L. 

Let,  sir  James,  sixth  son  of  Henry  Ley 
of  Jessent,  Wilts,  was  raised  by  nntrit  to 
the  ofiice  of  chief  justice  in  Ireland,  and 
afterwards  in  England,  and  aftenvards 
created  baron  Ley,  and  carl  of  Marlbo- 
rough, and  lord  high  treasurei,  by  James  I. 
Some  of  his  pieces  on  antiquity  have  been 
published  by  Hearne,  and  also  his  Reports, 
1659. 

Letbourn,  William,  originally  a  painter, 
became  a  mathematician  of  eminence.  He 
published  Cursus  Mathematicus,  folio — a 
treatise  on  Surveying,  folio,  improved  by 
Cunn — a  treatise  on  Dialling  4to. — and  also 
the  Trader's  Guide.      He  died  about  1090. 

Leydecker,  Melchior,  a  native  of  Mid- 
dleburg,  professor  of  theology  at  Utrecht, 
where  he  died  1721,  aged  69.  He  is  author 
of  a  curious  treatise  on  the  Republic  ot  the 
Hebrews,2  vols.  fol. — History  of  Jansenism 
— Analysis  of  Scripture — Continuation  of 
Hornier's  Ecclesiastical  History — Ilistorv 
of  the  Church  of  Africa,  &c. 

Letden,  Lucas  Van,  a  Dutch  painter  in 
oil,  in  distemper,  and  on  glass,  and  also  emi- 
nent as  an  engraver.  He  acquired  great 
celebrity  by  his  painting  of  the  history  of 
St.  Hubert,  which  he  finished  before  the 
age  of  1 5.  With  all  his  genius  the  propor- 
tional height  of  his  figures  to  their  distan- 
ces is  liable  to  censure.  He  died  1533, 
aged  39. 

Letden,  John,  a  physician  and  poet, 
was  born  in  1775  at  Denholm,  in  the  county 
of  Roxburgh,  where  his  father  was  a  shep- 
herd. He  received  his  education  at  the 
parish  school  of  Kirktown,  and  next  under 
a  minister  of  the  Seceders  ;  after  which  he 
w  cnt  to  Edinburgh,  where  he  wrote  several 
poems.  He  was  also  employed  as  a  private 
tutor,  and,  on  going  to  St.  Andrew's,  ob- 
tained a  license  to  preach,  but  relinquished 
that  profession  for  surgery,  in  which  capa- 
city, having  fir?t  taken  his  doctor's  degree, 
he  went  to  India.  In  1806  he  was  appoint- 
ed professor  of  the  Ilindostanec  language 
at  the  college  of  Calcutta,  and  he  also  for 
some  time  ofliciated  as  a  judge.  In  1811 
he  went  on  the  expedition  to  Java,  where 
he  died  the  same  year.  His  poetical  works 
and  memoirs  were  printed  in  one  volume  In 
1819.— jr.  B. 

Letsseks,  N.  a  native  of  Antwcq^.  He 
studied  painting  at  Rome,  and  settled  at 
Antwerp,  where  his  pious  attentions  to  an 

205 


LIB 


L\L 


aged  and  infirm  parent  were  rewarded  by 
the  respect  of  his  neighbours,  and  great 
success  in  his  profession.  He  died  at  Ant- 
werp, 1720,  aged  59. 

Lhutd,  Edward,  a  learned  Welchman, 
born  at  Llanvyrde,  Caermarthenshire,  and 
educated  at  Jesus  college,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  the  degree  of  M.A.  1701.  He  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Plot,  his  tutor,  as  keeper  of  the 
Ashmolean  museum,  and  zealously  devoted 
himself  to  study  the  antiquities  of  his  native 
country.  For  this  purpose  he  travelled  with 
the  observation  of  an  active  antiquarian, 
over  Wales,  Cormvall,Scotland, Ireland  and 
Bretagne,  but  before  he  had  completed  the 


churches  and  palaces  of  Italy,  the  bes5 
known  of  which  is  Moses  striking  the 
rock.     He  died  1677,  aged  77. 

LiBERius,  a  native  of  Rome,  pope  after 
Julius  I.  352.  He  subscribed  very  unwil- 
lingly to  the  condemnation  of  Athanasius, 
agreeable  to  the  direction  of  Constantius. 
He  died  366. 

LicETUs,  Fortunius,  a  physician,  bora 
at  Rappollo  in  Genoa,  1577,  became  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  and  physic  at  Padua 
where  he  died  1655.  He  is  author  of  some 
curious  works  on  his  profession,  especially 
"  de  Monstris."  He  was  himself  born  be- 
fore the   seventh  month  of  his   mother's 


digestion  of  his  valuable  materials  he  unfor-     pregnancy,  but  by  being  wrapped  up  in  cot- 
tunately  died,  July  1709.  He  puhlished  Ar-     ton  his  life  was  preserved. 


chaeologia  Britannica,  or  an  account  of  the 
Languages,  Histories,  and  Customs  of  the 
Ancient  Britons,  &.c.  1  vol.  fol.  1707,  and 
left  in  MS.  a  Scottish  or  Irish  English  dic- 
tionary, which  Malcolm  a  Scotch  divine 
proposed  to  publish  by  subscription  in  1732. 
Many  of  his  observations  were  communi- 
cated to  Dr.  Gibson,,  and  inserted  in  his 
edition  of  Camden's  Britannia.  His  MSS. 
amounted  to  40  vols,  folio,  10  4to.  and 
above  100  smaller,  and  were  in  the  posses- 


LicHTENDERG,  Gcorgc  Christopher, 
professor  of  philosophy  at  Gottingen,  was 
an  able  German  writer,  and  died  there 
1799. 

LiciNius,  Tegula,  a  Latin  poet  B.C. 
200.  Nothing  but  fragments  remain  of  his 
comic  compositions.  An  orator  and  poet 
of  that  name  flourished  in  the  age  of  Cicero. 

LiciNius,  C.  Flavius  Valerianus,  son  of 
a  Dalmatian  peasant,  rose  to  the  rank  of  a 
general    in  the  Roman   armies,  and  was 


sion  of  the  Seabright  family,  by  whom  they  made  assistant  emperor  by  Gralerius.  Con- 
were  communicated  to  Mr.  Pennant,  stantine,  who  knew  his  merit,  gave  him  his 
Some  of  his  letters  are  preserved  in  the  Ox-     sister  in  marriage,  but  afterwards  so  great 


ford  museum 

Lhwtd,  or  Lhutd,  Humphrey,  an  an- 
tiquarian, born  at  Denbigh.  He  studied 
physic  at  Oxford,  and  took  his  degrees  at 
Brazen-nose  college,  and  then  removed  to 
practise  physic  in  his  native  town.  He  died 
1570,  leaving  behind  him  the  character  of 
an  excellent  rhetorician,  sound  philosopher, 
and  indefatigable  and  accurate  antiquarian. 
His  publications  were  "an  Almanack,  &c. 
■ — Commentarioli  Britannicas  Descriptionis 
Fragmentum  1572,  published  again  by  Mo- 
ses Williams  1671,  4to.  and  translated  into 


an  enmity  arose  between  them  that  only 
the  death  of  Licinius  in  battle  A.D.  324, 
ended  the  contest. 

Licinius,  Caius,  a  Roman  plebeian,  tri- 
bune of  the  people,  author  of  a  law  to  forbid 
che  possession  of  more  than  500  acres  of 
land  in  any  single  individual.  He  also 
made  a  law  to  make  the  plebeians  eligible  to 
the  consulship,  and  he  was  himself  the  first 
plebeian  consul. 

LiDDEL,  Duncan,  a  native  of  Aberdeen. 
After  studying  in  his  native  town  he  went 
at  the  age  of  eighteen  to  Frankfort,  where 


English  by  Th.Twyne  under  the  title  of  the     he  applied  to  the  mathematics,  and  then  to 
Breviary  of  Britain  1753,  8vo.— De  Mona 
Druidum  Insult,  Antiquitati  sua;  Restituta 
1568 — de   Armamentario  Romano — Chro- 
nicon  Walliae  a  Rege  Cadwalladero  ad  A. 


D.  1294 — the  History  of  Cambria,  left  un- 
finished, but  afterwards  edited  by  Dr.  Pow- 
el  1584,  in  4to. 

LiBANius,  a  sophist,  born  at  Antioch,  on 
the  Orontes.     He  had  among  his  pupils  Ju-     Disputationes — Medicinales,       Helmstadt 


Helmstadt,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
M.D.  1596,  and  became  professor  of  mathe- 
matics and  medicine.  After  travelling 
through  Germany  and  Italy,  he  returned  to 
his  native  country,  where  in  gratitude  for 
the  honours  and  the  success  he  had  met 
in  the  world,  he  founded  six  scholarships  in 
Aberdeen   university.     He  was  author  of 


lian  the  apostate,  and  died  at  Antioch  390. 
He  was  a  violent  enemy  of  Christianity. 
His  works  have  appeared,  2  vols,  folio, 
1606  and  1627,  Paris. 

LiBAvius,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Hall  in 
Saxony,  who  died  at  Cobourg  in  Franco- 
nia  1616.  He  was  an  able  physician,  and 
wrote  Syntagma  Selectorum  Alchemiae  Ar- 
canorum,  2  vols,  folio. — Epistol.  Chemic. 
1595,  besides  tracts  against  Paracelsus, &:c. 

LiBERi,  Peter,  a  native  of  Padua,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter.     His  pieces  adorn  the 


1603,  4to. — Ars  Medica  succincte  et  per- 
spicue  Explicata,  Hamburg,  1607,  Svo.  and 
he  died  on  his  estate  near  Aberdeen,  1613, 
aged  52. 

LiEVENs,  John,  a  native  of  Leyden, 
1607,  eminent  as  a  historical  and  portrait 
painter.  He  came  to  England  at  the  invi- 
tation of  Charles  I.  and  painted  the  persons 
of  the  court,  and  several  of  the  nobility, 
and  after  three  years  he  returned  to  Ant- 


werp 


where  he  died. 


LiEUTArD.  Joscnb.  physician  to  Lewk 


uii 


j.u. 


XM.  aiiJ  member  of  the  academy  of  scien- 
ces in  1752,  was  born  at  Aix  iit  Provence. 
His  chief  works  are  '*  Anatomical  Kssays — 
Elements  of  Physiology — Synopsis  of  the 
Practice  of  Medicine — Historia  Anatoniico- 
Medica,  2  vols.  4to. — besides  papers  in  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy,  &c,  ^.He  died 
highly  respected  17S0. 

LiGAKius,  Quintus,  a  proconsul  of  Afri- 
ca, who  opposed  the  ambitious  views  ofCa;- 
sar,  but  afterwards  was  reconciled  to  him. 
When  accused  by  Tubero  he  was  ably  de- 
fended by  Cicero,  lie  was  afterwards  one 
of  CiEsar's  murderers. 

LiGER,  Lewis,  author  of  the  Paris  Guide, 
and  some  useful  works  on  gardening  and 
agriculture,  was  born  at  Auxerre,  and  died 
1717,  aged  59. 

LiGHTFOOT,  John,  a  most  eminent  divine, 
born  29th  Maich,  1602,  at  Stoke  on  Trent, 
Staffordshire.  He  was  educated  at  Mor- 
ton Green  school,  Cheshire,  and  in  1617 
entered  at  Christ's  college,  Cambridge, 
■where  he  soon  became  distinguished  as  an 
able  scholar  and  an  eloquent  orator.  After 
being  some  time  assistant  at  Repton  school, 
Derbyshire,  he  took  orders,  and  from  the 
curacy  of  Norton,  Shropshire,  w"as  admit- 
ted as  chaplain  into  the  family  of  Sir  Row- 
land Cotton,  of  Bellapont,  a  great  Hebraist 
in  those  days.  Under  the  patronage  of  this 
hospitable  man  he  devoted  himself  to  the 
study  of  the  oriental  languages,  and  in 
1629  published  his  "  Erubhim,  or  Miscel- 
lanies Christian  and  Judaical,"  dedicated 
to  his  friend  Sir  Rowland,  who  two  years 
after  gave  him  the  rectory  of  Ashley,  Staf- 
fordshire. Before  this  time  Lightfoot  had 
■wandered  in  quest  of  settlement  from  Lon- 
don to  Stone,  and  again  to  Hornsey  near 
London,  but  now  being  in  possession  of  a 
comfortable  independence  he  devoted  him- 
self totally  to  literary  pursuits,  till,  in  the 
troubles  of  the  times,  his  abilities  made  him 
known  to  the  ruling  powers,  and  in  1642, 
he  departed  for  London,  after  resigning  his 
living  to  his  younger  brother.  He  was  now 
nominated  one  of  the  assembly  of  divines  for 
settling  the  administration  of  the  church, 
and  in  their  meetings  he  distinguished  him- 
self as  an  eloquent,  manly,  and  indepen- 
dent speaker.  He  was  afterwards  chosen 
minister  of  St.  Bartholomew,  behind  the 
Royal  Exchange,  and  in  1653  was,  on  the 
expulsion  of  Dr.  Spurstow,  made  master  of 
Catherine  hall,  Cambridge,  and  presented 
to  the  living  of  Much-Munden,  Herts.  He 
took  his  degree  of  D.D  .  1652,  and  in  1655 
■was  vice-chancellor  of  Cambridge.  At  the 
restoration  he  offered  to  resign  to  his  pre- 
decessor Spurstow,  but  as  his  compliance 
■with  the  measures  of  the  usurpation  was 
considered  more  as  a  matter  of  quiet  resig- 
nation to  superior  authority,  than  of  disloy- 
alty to  the  exiled  monarch,  he  was,  by  the 
fciterferenre  of  Sheldon  the  primate,  and  of 


others,  permitted  to  retain  h'ui  preicrmcut. 
In  1661  he  was  one  of  the  divines  who  had 
a  conference  at  theSavoy  about  the  liluri^  ; 
but  disgusted  with  the  violence  of  his  as- 
sociates, he  retired  to  hi.s  peaceful  studies. 
He  died  6th  Dec.  1675,  and  was  buried  in 
Munden  church,  where  his  two  wives  were 
deposited  before  him.  By  the  dau;jhter  of 
W.  Crompton,  Esq.  his  fir  t  wife,  who  died 
1656,  he  hud  four  soius  and  two  <lau'hters 
and  by  the  second,  widow  of  A.  Biograve 
he  had  no  issue.  Lightfoot  in  th(  acknow- 
ledgment both  of  Englishmen  and  of  fo- 
reigners, was  one  of  the  most  eminent  men 
in  rabbinical  learning  this  country  ever  pro- 
duced, and  his  researches  and  commenta- 
ries were  the  grand  store-house  of  succeed- 
ing annotators.  Upon  his  "  Harmony,"  he 
bestowed  great  and  long  labour.  His  works 
were  collected  together  and  lirst  published 
in  1634,  2  vols,  folio,  of  which  a  second 
edition  appeared  at  Amsterdam,  1686,  to 
which  a  third  volume  was  added  in  a 
third  edition  by  J.  Leusden,  Utrecht,  1699, 
folio.  Some  more  of  his  papers  were  pub- 
lished in  1700  by  Mr.  Strype. 

LiGNAC,  Joseph  Adrian  de,  a  priest  of  the 
Oratory,  author  of  Letters  to  an  American 
on  Burton's  Natural  History,  2  vols.  12mo. 
and  other  learned  works.  He  was  a  native 
of  Poictiers,  and  died  1762. 

LiGONiER,  John,  earl  of,  an  English 
field-marshal,  who  served  under  the  great 
Marlborough,  and  in  succeeding  wars  under 
Anne,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the 
field,  and  also  in  the  cabinet.  He  died 
1770,  aged  92. 

LiGORio,  Peter,  a  Neapolitan,  distin- 
guished as  a  painter  and  architect.  Paul 
IV.  appointed  him  the  architect  of  St.  Pe- 
ter's church,  in  which  he  was  soon  after 
succeeded  by  Michael  Angelo.  His  designs 
after  the  antique  compose  30  volumes.  He 
died  1580. 

LiLBURNE,  John,  an  English  enthusiast, 
born  in  1618,  at  Thickney-Purcharden, 
Durham,  the  ancient  scat  of  his  family.  At 
the  age  of  twelve  he  was  bound  apprentice 
to  a  wholesale  clothier,  in  London ;  but 
here  he  manifested  the  independent  spirit 
of  the  times,  and  paid  more  attention  to 
puritanical  books  than  to  business.  In 
1636  he  was  prevailed  upon  by  Bast  wick, 
a  prisoner  of  the  Star  chamber,  to  go  to 
Holland,  and  to  print  there  his  "  Merry 
Liturgj,"  a  violent  pamphlet  against  the 
bishops,  and  in  consequence  of  this,  he 
was  on  his  return  taken  up  while  dis- 
tributing that  and  other  obnoxious  books, 
and  for  the  offence  he  was  whipt  at 
the  cart's  tail,  pilloried,  fined  500/. 
and  imprisoned.  These  punishments, 
he  underwent  with  such  firmness  and  tri- 
umph that  he  was  called  by  his  party  the 
saint,  but  at  last  the  parliament  interfered, 
though  he  had  published  some  virulent  pa-v 

207 


LIL 


LIL 


pels,  and  headed  a  mob,  clamouring  for  jus- 
tice against  Strafford.  His  sentence  under 
the  Star  chamber  was  deemed  tyrannical 
by  the  commons,  and  2000i.  were  voted  to 
him  by  the  lords  out  of  the  estates  of  the 
royalists,  which  sum  was  afterwards  in- 
creased, though  he  never  received  the 
whole.  In  the  civil  wars  he  gradually  rose 
to  the  rank  of  lieutenaiit-colonei,  and  be- 
haved witii  great  bravery,  especially  at  the 
battles  of  Edge-hill,  Brentford,  and  Mars- 
ton-moor ,  but  his  temper  was  so  violent 
that  he  quarrelled  even  with  his  friend  and 
patron  the  earl  of  Manchester,  and  wrote 
some  virulent  papers  against  him,  for  which 
he  was  sent  by  the  lords  to  the  tower.  lie 
petitioned  the  commons,  but  finding  them 
slow  in  listening  to  his  complaints,  he  vent- 
ed his  abuse  against  the  house,  and  de- 
clared in  his  "  Oppressed  Man's  Oppres- 
sion," that  they  were  tyrants,  and  ought  to 
be  pulled  down.  He  at  last,  however, 
procured  his  enlargement,  by  means  chiefly 
of  Cromwell,  whom  he  soon  after  abused, 
but  his  intemperance  of  language  and  con- 
duct was  such  at  last  that  the  parliament 
ordered  him  to  be  fined  7000/.  and  banish- 
ed out  of  the  kingdom.  He  escaped  before- 
hand, and  went  to  Amsterdam  where  he 
began  to  intrigue  for  the  restoration  of  the 
royal  family,  which  he  promised  to  effect 
for  the  reward  of  10,000/.  His  offers,  how- 
ever, were  regarded  as  the  measures  of  a 
disappointed  man,  so  that  at  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  long  parliament,  he  again  re- 
turned to  England,  1657,  and  was  acquit- 
ted by  a  jury.  After  this  he  escaped  Crom- 
well's resentment  by  the  interference  of  his 
friends,  and  retired  to  Eltham,  where  he 
turned  preacher  among  the  Quakers.  He 
died  at  Eltham,  29th  Aug.  1657,  aged  49, 
and  was  buried  in  the  new  burial-place, 
Moorfields.  His  writings  v/ere  numerous, 
but  all  abusive  and  political,  and  now  de- 
servedly forgotten. 

LiLiENTAL,  Michael,  a  Prussian  profes- 
sor at  Konigsberg.  He  published  various 
dissertations,  preserved  in  the  memoirs  of 
the  Berlin  academy,  besides  other  Avorks, 
and  died  1750. 

LiLLo,  George,  a  dramatic  writer,  born 
near  Moorgate,  London,  4th  Feb.  1693. 
Though  a  jeweller  by  profession,  and  a  man 
of  business,  he  cultivated  the  muses,  and 
acquired  great  celebrity.  His  subjects 
were  the  common  incidents  of  private  life, 
but  they  were  wrought  in  so  masterly  a 
manner,  and  delineated  in  such  pathetic 
characters  as  touched  the  heart  more  for- 
cibly than  the  misfortunes  of  kings  and  he- 
roes. His  "  George  Barnwell,"  Fatal  Cu- 
riosity, and  "  Arden  of  Feversham,"  have 
long  been,  and  continue  to  be,  the  admira- 
tion of  crowded  audiences,  when  the  tears 
that  are  shed  by  sympathizing  nature  bear 
a  stronger  testimony  to  the  merits  of  thft 
?0« 


author  than  the  most  pompons  descriptions 
of  language.  This  worthy  advocate  of  vir- 
tue was  a  dissenter  in  his  religious  opinions. 
He  died  Sept.  3,  1739.  He  was  lusty  in 
his  person,  not  tall,  and  had  the  use  of  only- 
one  eye.  His  works  were  edited  2  vols. 
12mo.  1775,  by  Th.  Davies  j  and  Heniy 
Fielding  who  knew  him  well,  said  in  "  his 
Champion,"  alter  his  decease,  that  he  had 
the  spirit  of  an  old  Roman,  with  the  inno- 
cence of  a  primitive  Christian. 

Lilly,  John,  a  native  of  Kent,  educated 
at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  his  degrees  in  arts.  He  afterwards 
removed  to  Cambridge  and  became  a  great 
favourite  at  court.  He  was  author  of 
Euphnes,  a  miscellaneous  description  of 
characters,  fol. — Endymion,  Campaspe, 
Midas,  played  before  queen  Elizabeth — 
Woman  in  the  Moon — the  Maid's  Meta- 
morphosis, &.C.  He  died  1600,  aged 
about  47. 

Lilly,  William,   an  English  astrologer, 
born   in    Leicestershire,    1602.     He    was 
taught  writing  and  arithmetic  at  Ashby-de- 
la-Zouch  school,  and  then  came  to  London 
1620,  and  engaged  himself  first  as  servant 
to  a  mantuamaker,  and  four  years  after  as 
book-keeper   to  a   master  of  the  Salters' 
company,   and  after  his  death  he  married 
his  widow  with  a  fortune  of  lOOO/.     Thus 
become  his  own  master,  he  began  to  fre- 
quent the  puritanical    meetings,    and   in 
1632  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  astro- 
logy under    Evans,  a    Welehman    of  de- 
bauched character.     In  this  new  character 
he  acted  with  great  precaution,  his  predic- 
tions were  generally  ambiguous,  and  if  they 
failed,  the  deception  was  ascribed  to  unto- 
ward   circumstances  or  false  representa- 
tions.    In   1637    he   settled    at   Horsham 
with  a  second  wife,  who,  unlike  his  first, 
was  violent  in  her  temper,  and  extremely 
quarrelsome,  but  in  1641   he  returned  to 
London,    where,    in    these    superstitious 
times,  his  profession  was  much  respected 
by  all  parties.     He  was  frequently  consult- 
ed by  the  parliamentary  generals,  and  his 
assurances  of  success  were  productive  of 
great  animation  in  the  soldiers.     Though 
attached  to   the  republicans,  his  services 
were  solicited  also  for  the  king,  and  Mrs. 
Whorwood  consulted  him  on  the  part  of  his 
majesty,  and  he  informed  her  he  might  con- 
ceal himself  in  Essex,  about  20  miles  from 
London,  and  when  he  was  confined  in  Ca- 
risbrook  castle,  he  provided  him  with  a  saw 
and  aquafortis,  by  which  he  might  effect 
his  escape.     The  parliament  in  the  mean 
time  patronised  him  by  a  salary  of  100/.  a 
year,  which  he  resigned  in  two  years,  and 
in  1648,  and  the  next  year  he  greatly  im- 
proved his  property  by  delivering  lectures 
on  his  art.     At  the  restoration  he  was  exa- 
mined by  the  commons  about  the  behead- 
ing of  Charles,  which  he  declared  was  done. 


LIL 


J/lAI 


by  cornet  Joyce.     After  obtaining;-  liis  par- 
don,  under  the  broad  seal  of  Kngland,  he 
returned  to   Horsham,  where  he  practised 
physic,  as  he  had,  throuj!;h  the  friendship  of 
Elias    Ashmole,    obtained    a    license  from 
archbishop   Sheldon.     He  died  of  a  palsy 
at  Horsham,  1681,  and  was  buried  in  Wal- 
ton church,  where  a  marble  was  placed  by 
Ashmole,  with  a  Latin  inscription,  written 
by  Smalridge,  afterwards  bishop  of  Bristol. 
Lilly  lost  his  second  wife  in  16r)4,  and  mar- 
ried again  the   same  year.     He  acquired 
property  by  his  publications,  and  especially 
by  his  almanacs,  and  in  1659  was   compli- 
mented with  a  gold  chain  and  medal  by  the 
king  of  Sweden,  whose  name  he  had  men- 
tioned with  particular  respect.     He  adopt- 
ed for  his  son  Coley  a  tailor,  whom  he  call- 
ed Merlin  junior,  and  to  whom  he  gave  the 
almanacs   which   for  36  successive  years 
he    had  printed  ;    but  he  left  his  estate  at 
Horsham  to  the  son  of  his  friend  Bulstrode 
Whitelock,  and  his  magical  instruments  to 
liis    astrological    successor,     Dr.    Causin. 
His  chief  works  are,  Christian   Astrology, 
4to.  1647— a  Collection  of  Nativities— Ob- 
servations on  the  Life,  &.c.  of  Charles  L — 
Annus  Tenebrosus,  or  the  Black  Year,  &c. 

Lilt,  William,  an  English  grammarian, 
born  at  Odiham,  Hants,  1466.  He  was 
educated  at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  and 
after  taking  his  bachelor's  degree  he  went 
on  a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem.  On  his  re- 
turn he  stopped  at  Rhodes,  where  he  stu- 
died Greek,  and  also  at  Rome,  where  he 
still  more  fully  improved  himself.  In  1510, 
the  year  after  his  arrival  in  England,  he 
was,  in  consequence  of  his  great  reputation 
for  learning,  made  first  master  of  St.  Paul's 
.school,  then  founded  by  dean  Colet.  For 
12  years  he  presided  with  high  celebrity 
oer  this  foundation,  and  had  among  his 
pupils  many  persons  who  afterwards  dis- 
tinguished themselves  in  the  state.  He  died 
of  the  plague  in  London,  152^2,  aged  54. 
By  his  wife  Agnes  he  left  two  sons  and  a 
daughter,  who  married  Ritwise,  his  succes- 
sor in  St.  Paul's  school,  who  died  1532. — 
Lily  is  the  author  of  a  valuable  grammar,  in 
"which  it  is  said  he  was  assisted  by  his 
friends,  Erasmus,  Colet,  and  Wolsey ;  but 
though  it  has  been  recommended  by  royal 
authority  for  general  use,  Roger  Ascham 
and  some  others  have  ventured  to  cen- 
sure it  as  very  imperfect  and  incorrect.  He 
■wrote,  besides,  "  Poemata  Varia,"  and 
other  pieces. 

Lily,  George,  eldest  son  of  the  gramma- 
rian, was  born  in  London,  and  educated  at 
Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  after  which  he 
went  to  Rome,  and  was  patronised  there 
by  cardinal  Pole.  On  his  return  to  Eng- 
land, he  was  made  canon  of  St.  Paul's,  and 
prebendary    of    Canterbury.       He    wrote 

Voir,  n  -27 


some  historical  books,  and  was  tijt-  lirsi 
who  pul)liHhed  a  correct  map  of  Britain. 
He  died  1559. 

Lilt,  Peter,  second  son  of  the  gramma- 
rian, was  a  dignitary  of  the  chiinh  of  Can* 
terbury.  His  son  Peter,  was  fdlow  of  Je- 
sus college,  Cambridge,  D.D.  prebcndar> 
of  St.  Paul's,  and  archdeacon  of  Taunton. 
He  died  1614,  and  some  ol'  his  sermon^ 
were  published  by  his  widow. 

LiMBORCH,  Philip,  a  learned  divine,  born 
at  Amsterdam,  lOtli  June,  1033.  His  edu- 
cation was  completed  under  the  first  mas- 
ters, and  after  studying  divinity  for  some 
time  at  Utrecht,  he  embraced  the  tenets  of 
the  remonstrants,  and  first  appeared  as  a 
public  probationary  preacher  at  Haerlem, 
1655.  From  Haerlem  he  went  to  Gonda  ; 
and  in  1667  he  was  invited  to  Amsterdam, 
where  he  became  deputy,  and  the  next  year 
successor  to  Pontanus,  the  divinity  profes- 
sor. But  he  acquired  popularity  not  only 
as  a  preacher,  but  as  a  writer,  and  as  the 
editor  of  the  letters  of  his  uncle  Episcopius, 
which  contained  the  regular  history  of  Ar- 
minianism.  In  1686  he  published  his  po- 
pular work,  Theologia  Christiana  ad  Prax- 
im  Pietatis,  &e.  in  fof.  which  was  well  re- 
ceived, and  quickly  passed  through  four 
editions.  In  1686  he  had  also  a  dispute 
with  I?aae  Orobio,  a  learned  Jew,  who  had 
escaped  from  the  Spanish  inquisition  at  Se- 
ville, and  practised  physic  at  Amsterdam, 
and  the  result  of  this  controversy  appeared 
under  the  title  of  Collatio  Amica  de  Veri- 
tate  Christianae  Religionis  cum  Erudito  Ju- 
da;o.  In  this  and  other  performances  he  dis- 
played great  abilities,butin  the  management 
of  his  arguments  he  was  modest  and  candid. 
He  was  employed  in  1694  to  recover  from 
Judaism  a  young  lady  of  Amsterdam,  of  the 
age  of  22,  who  had,  at  the  persuasion  of 
the  Jews,  embraced  their  religion,  and  he 
succeeded,  by  the  strength  and  solidity  of 
his  arguments,  to  remove  all  her  doubts. 
This  good,  pious,  and  active  man,  was 
seized  with  St.  Anthony's  fire  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1711,  and  died  in  consequence  oi^ 
it  the  following  30th  of  April.  His  funeral 
oration  was  spoken  by  John  Le  Clerc,  and 
he  is  described  as  a  solid  preacher,  an  able 
annotator,  a  candid  lover  of  truth,  and  in 
his  private  character  amiable  and  benevo- 
lent. He  was  greatly  esteemed  by  Locke 
and  Tillotson,  and  was  the  correspondent 
of  several  learned  men  in  Europe.  His 
History  of  the  Inquisition,  published  1692, 
folio,  was  translated  into  English  by  Sam. 
Chandler,  2  vols.  4to.  1731.  He  wrote, 
besides  other  works. 

LiMM.EUs,   John,    a  German  lawyer  of 
Jena,    known    as    the    author  of   various 
learned   works.     He  was  tutor  to  Albert, 
margrave  of  Brandcnburgh,  and  died  16G3 
aged  71. 

209 


Lirs 


LIN 


LiNACKE,  Dr.  Thomas,  a  learned  physi- 
cian descended  from  an  ancient  Derbyshire 
family,  was  born  at  Canterbury  1460. 
From  the  king's  school  in  his  native  town 
he  passed  to  Oxford,  and  was  elected  fellow 
of  All  Souls  1484,  after  which  he  travelled 
on  the  continent,  and  improved  himself  at 
Florence  and  at  Rome,  by  the  instruction 
of  those  eminent  scholars,  Demetr.  Chal- 
condyles,  Aug.  Politian,  and  Herm.  Bar- 
barus.  On  his  return  home  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  M.D.  and  Avas  made  professor  of 
physic  at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  became 
preceptor  to  prince  Arthur,  and  physician 
to  Henry  VII.  and  afterwards  to  Henry 
VIII.  In  1500,  he  abandoned  physic  for 
divinity,  and  obtained  a  prebend  in  Wells, 
and  another  in  York  cathedral,  besides 
other  preferment,  by  the  friendship  of 
Wareham,  the  primate.  He  was  also  rec- 
tor of  ^Vigan,  Lancashire,  and  prebendary 
of  Westminster.  He  was  not  only  the  best 
Grecian  and  Latinist  of  his  age,  but  he 
proved  himself  one  of  the  most  zealous  pro- 
moters of  the  revival  of  learning  in  the 
kingdom  ;  and  by  his  means  the  college  of 
physicians  was  founded,  and  of  this  excel- 
lent institution  he  became  the  first  presi- 
dent. This  good  and  worthy  man  died  of 
the  stone,  after  suffering  great  pain,  20th 
Oct.  1524,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  ca- 
thedral, where  a  Latin  inscription,  by  Dr. 
Caius,  recorded  his  meritorious  services  to 
literature  and  to  mankind.  He  published 
d  Latin  translation  of  Proclus'  Sphere, 
1499 — the  Rudiments  of  Grammar,  for  the 
Use  of  the  Princess  Mary — de  Emendate 
Structurd  Latini  Sermonis,  Libri  sex,  a 
valuable  work — and  translations  of  Galen's 
works,  in  truly  classical  language. 

LiNANT,  Michael,  a  French  poet,  the  in- 
timate friend  of  Voltaire.  He  three  times 
obtained  the  prize  of  the  French  academy, 
and  published  some  odes  and  other  poems. 
He  died  1749,  aged  41,  universally  re- 
spected. 

Lincoln,  Benjamin,  a  major-genex'al  in 
the  army  of  the  American  revolution,  was 
the  son  of  the  honourable  Benjamin  Lin- 
coln, and  born  at  Hingham,  Massachusetts, 
Jan.  2od,  1733.  His  advantages  for  educa- 
tion were  limited,  and  until  the  age  of  forty 
he  was  employed  in  the  pursuits  of  agricul- 
ture. He  was,  however,  distinguished  for 
judgment  and  intelligence,  was  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  town  in  the  provincial  as- 
sembly, a  colonel  of  the  militia,  secretary  of 
the  house  of  representatives,  and  a  member 
of  the  council.  In  February,  1776,  he  was 
appointed  a  brigadier,  and  soon  after  major- 
general  in  the  provincial  army,  and  in  Fe- 
bruary, 1777,  a  major-general  on  the  con- 
tinental establishment.  His  services  were 
conspicuous  towards  the  close  of  that  year 
in  the  northern  campaign.  He  was  second 
in  command  in  the   armv  which,    under 


general  Gates  captured  the  British  undei 
Burgoyne.     On  the  day  after  the  battle  of 
Stillwater,  he  received  a  dangerous  wound 
while  reconnoitring.  In  the  following  year 
he  was  appointed  by  congress  to  take  the 
command  in  the  southern  department  at 
the  solicitation  of  the  delegates  from  that 
portion  of  the  union.     After  a  number  of 
inferior  operations,  on  the  20th  June,  1779, 
he  made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  the  Bri- 
tish post  at  Stone-ferry.     He  afterwards 
retired  to  Charleston  and  attempted  its  de- 
fence, but  was  compelled,  on  the  12th  of 
May,   1780,   to  capitulate.      He  was   ex- 
changed in  November,  and  in  the  spring 
following  joined  the  army  on  the  North 
river.     At  the  siege  of  Yorktown  he  com- 
manded   a    central    division,  and  shared 
largely  in  the  dangers  and  triumphs  of  the 
day.     He  was  designated  to  conduct  the 
surrendering  army  to  the  field  where  their 
arms  were  deposited,  and  to  see  the  condi- 
tions of  the  capitulation  executed.     In  Oc- 
tober, 1781,  congress  appointed  him  secre- 
tary of   the    war  department,   and  after- 
wards,  on    several  occasions,   a  commis- 
sioner to  negotiate  with  the  Indians.     He 
resigned  his  ofiice  as  secretary  in  October, 
1783,  and  received,  in  a  resolution  of  Con- 
gress, a  flattering  expression  of  their  re- 
spect.    After  the  establishment  of  peace 
be   returned   to  his  native   state,  and  in 
1787  was  appointed  to  command  the  troops 
employed  for  the  suppression  of  the  insur- 
rection in  that  state.     He  was  also  one  of 
the  commissionei's  to  propose  terras  of  in- 
demnity to  the  insurgents.     In  1788,  he 
was    chosen    lieutenant-governor.       The 
following   year  he  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  ratified  the  constitution 
of  the  United   States,  and  was  appointed 
collector  of  the  ports  of  Boston  and  Charles- 
town.     This  oliicc  he  held  and  discharged 
its  duties  greatly  to  the  public  satisfaction, 
until  the  increased  embarrassments  arising 
from  the  restrictions  on  commerce  induced 
him  to  resign  in  January,  1809.     He  died 
in  the  house  in  which  he  was  born,  May 
9th,  1810,  aged  78.     General  Lincoln  was 
a  member  of  the  American  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  and  president  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Cincinnati  of  Massachusetts.     He 
published  several  letters  and  essays,  prin- 
cipally on  subjects  connected  with  natural 
history.  fC5^  L. 

Lincoln,  Levi,  attorney-general  of  the 
United  States,  was  a  native  of  Hingham, 
Massachusetts,  born  May  15th,  1749,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1772. 
In  1775,  he  commenced  the  practice  of  the 
law  at  W^orcester,  and  for  more  than  twen- 
ty years  was  at  the  head  of  his  profession 
in  that  county.  In  1787  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  delegates  of  Massachusetts  to 
congress,  but  declined  accepting  the  trust. 
In    1800   he  was  elected  a  representative 


LIN 


LLN 


lor  Worcester  district,  and  in  1801  was 
appointed  by  Mr.  Jetlerson  attorney-ge- 
neral of  the  United  States.  He  resigned 
in  1805,  having,  during  a  short  period, 
discharged  also  the  duties  of  secretary 
of  state.  In  1806  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  Massachusetts,  and 
in  1807,  lieutenant-governor  of  the  state. 
While  in  this  otiice,  the  administration 
devolved  on  him  in  consequence  of  the 
death  of  governor  Sullivan.  In  1811  he 
was  again  elected  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil, and  the  same  year  received  the 
appointment  of  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States,  to  supply 
the  place  of  Mr.  Gushing,  deceased.  This 
office,  however,  he  declined  accepting, 
and  appeared  no  more  in  public  life.  He 
died  April  14th,  1820,  aged  71.  ICT'  L. 

LiND,  James,  an  English  physician,  au- 
thor of  a  valuable  treatise  on  the  Diseases 
of  Seamen,  8vo.  and  other  works.  He 
died  1794. 

LiNDANUs,  William,  a  Dutchman,  made 
the  first  bishop  of  Ruremonde,  by  Philip  II. 
of  Spain.  He  was  in  15S8  removed  to 
Ghent,  and  died  there  that  year.  He  was 
a  native  of  Dordt,  and  wrote  some  Latin 
works  on  Theological  subjects,  and  in  de- 
fence of  the  catholic  religion. 

LiNDENBRUcit,  Frcdcric,  the  laborious 
and  learned  editor  of  Virgil,  Terence,  and 
other  classics,  and  the  author  of  "  Codex 
Legum  Antiquarum,"  folio,  a  curious  work 
— was  a  Fleming,  and  died  1638. 

Lindsay,  John,  a  learned  divine,  edu- 
cated at  St.  Mary-ball,  Oxford.  For  some 
years  he  was  the  minister  of  a  dissenting 
congregation  in  Aldersgate-street,  and  was 
also  a  corrector  of  the  press  to  Mr.  Bow- 
yer.  He  died  June  21st,  1768,  aged  82, 
and  was  buried  in  Islington  chux'chyard. 
He  wrote,  "  the  Short  History  of  the  Re- 
gal Succession" — Remarks  on  Whiston's 
Scripture  Politics,  8vo. — and  translated 
Mason's  Vindication  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, reprinted  1727. 

Lindsay,  Sir  Dovid,  a  Scotch  poet,  born 
at  the  Mount,  Fifeshire,  1496,  and  edu- 
cated at  St.  Andrews.  After  the  fatal  day 
of  Flodden-field,  he  went  over  to  France, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  battle  of 
Pavia  ;  and  on  his  return  home,  was  made 
by  James  V.  master  of  the  herald's  office. 
He  was  also  employed  in  several  embassies, 
and  wrote  some  admired  poems.  His  Sa- 
tires on  the  Viees  of  the  Clergy  were  much 
admired.  He  wrote  also  a  History  of 
Scotland,  three  vols,  now  in  MS.  in  the  ad- 
vocates' library  Edinburgh.  He  died  1557, 
aged  61. 

Lindsay,  David,  a  relation  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Pitscotbie,  Fifeshire, 
1527,  and  educated  at  St.  Andrews.  Af- 
^''r  studying  in   foreign  universities  he  re- 


turnud  to  support  the  reformed  religion 
against  queen  iVhiry.  1  le  wrote  the  History 
of  Scotland  from  14:i7  to  1542,  a  curiou- 
work,  but  often  injudicious,  and  wickedl> 
partial.  He  died  at  his  native  seal  1593, 
aged  60. 

Lin D wood,  William,  divinity  professor 
at  Oxford  in  the  reign  of  Henry  \  .  was 
ambassador  in  Spain  1422,  and  for  his  ser- 
vices was  made  bishop  of  St.  David's  1434. 
He  wrote  the  Constitutions  of  the  arch- 
bishops of  Canterbury  from  Langton  to 
Chichely,  printed  Paris  1505,  and  Oxford 
1663  ;  and  he  died  1446. 

Lingelback,  John,  a  German  painter, 
born  at  Franklbrt,  on  the  Maine,  1625.  He 
travelled  over  Holland,  France,  and  Italy, 
to  improve  himself  by  studying  foreign  mo- 
dels ;  and  on  his  return  he  exhibited  a 
highly  polished  style  of  painting.  His  pic- 
tures were  adorned  with  ruins  of  antiquity, 
his  landscapes  were  rich  and  beautiful, 
and  his  genius  proved  so  fertile,  that  the 
same  subjects  never  appeared  twice  in  his 
pieces.  He  returned  to  Amsterdam  1650, 
but  the  time  of  his  death  is  not  ascertained. 

LiNGUET,  Simon  Nicolas  Henry,  a 
French  writer,  bcrn  14th  July,  1736,  at 
Rheims.  He  went,  when  young,  into  the 
suite  of  the  French  general  who  led  an. 
army  against  Portugal ;  and  during  his  re- 
sidence in  Spain,  he  applied  himself  to  the 
language,  and  translated  some  dramatic 
pieces  into  French.  On  his  return  to 
France,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  labours 
of  the  bar,  and  by  his  application  and  the 
brilliant  powers  of  his  eloquence,  he  ac- 
quired great  celebrity,  especially  in  his 
masterly  defence  of  the  duke  of  Aiguillon, 
and  of  Morangies.  His  high  reputation 
excited  thejealousy  of  his  oratorical  rivals, 
and  by  an  unmanly  combination  they  ob- 
tained a  decree  from  the  parliament  that 
he  should  no  longer  be  permitted  to  exer- 
cise his  profession  of  pleader.  Thus  cru- 
elly robbed  of  his  honours,  t^e  disappoint- 
ed orator  had  recourse  to  his  pen,  and  pro- 
duced several  political  pamphlets,  a  periodi- 
cal journal,  and  his  celebrated  Theory  of  the 
Laws.  The  freedom  of  his  observations 
excited  against  him  the  persecution  of  the 
prime  minister,  Maurepas,  but  upon  the 
arbitrary  suppression  of  his  journal  he  fled 
to  Switzerland,  and  then  to  Holland,  and  to 
London.  From  England  he  passed  to 
Brussels,  and  from  thence  wrote  a  petition 
to  Vergennes  to  be  permitted  to  return  to 
France  in  security.  His  request  was  grant- 
ed ;  but  in  1779  some  political  delinquency 
threw  him  into  the  Bastile,  where  he  re- 
mained two  years,  and  was  at  last  liberated 
on  the  promise  of  being  moderate  and  pru- 
dent in  his  writings  and  in  his  conversa- 
tion. He  soon  after  passed  to  England, 
where  be  wrote  his  Memoirs  on   the  Ba* 

Til 


LIN 


LIN 


tile,  and  then  retired  to  Brussels,  -vvbere 
he  began  his  PoUtical  Annals.  His  obser- 
vations on  the  Freedom  of  the  Navigation 
of  the  Scheldt,  were  read  with  admiration 
by  the  people  of  Brabant ;  and  Joseph  II. 
was  so  pleased  with  his  arguments  that  he 
permitted  him  to  come  to  Vienna,  where  he 
complimented  him  with  a  present  of  1000 
ducats.  The  liberality  of  the  nionarch 
ought  to  have  roused  the  gratitude  of  Lin- 
guet,  but  regardless  of  the  kindness  of  his 
patron,  he  scrupled  not  to  defend  the  vio- 
lent measures  which  V  andernoot  and  the 
rebellious  Brabanters  were  meditating 
against  the  authority  of  their  monarch. 
Deservedly  banished  from  Germany,  Lin- 
guet  came  to  Paris,  to  share  in  the  dangers 
of  the  revolution,  and  in  1791  he  appeared 
at  the  bar  of  the  national  assembly  to 
plead  the  cause  of  the  negroes  of  St.  Do- 
nnngo,  and  to  inveigh  against  the  tyranny 
of  their  white  masters.  During  the  reign 
of  terror  he  fled  from  the  capital,  but  his 
retreat  was  discovered,  and  he  was  drag- 
ged from  the  country  before  that  bloody 
tribunal  which  paid  no  respect  either  to 
age,  to  virtue,  or  to  misfortunes.  He  was 
condemned  to  death  27th  June,  1794,  on 
pretence  of  having  disgraced  his  nation  by 
paying  the  tribute  of  respect  to  the  govern- 
ments of  London  and  Vienna.  He  walked 
to  the  scaftbld  with  great  composure,  and 
fell  with  the  resignation  of  a  good  Chris- 
tian. He  wrote  various  works,  35  in  num- 
ber, the  best  known  of  which,  besides 
those  already  mentioned,  are,  the  History 
of  the  age  of  Alexander — the  Fanaticism 
of  Philosophers — the  History  of  the  Re- 
volutions of  the  Roman  Empire,  2  vols. 
— Reflections  on  Light — History  of  the  Je- 
suits— a  Critique  on  Voltaire — Socrates,  a 
tragedy. 

LiNiERE,  Francis,  a  French  poet,  of 
great  literary  merit,  but  of  a  dissipated 
character,  and  in  opinion  an  obstinate 
atheist.  He  died  as  he  had  lived,  a  profli- 
gate, 1704,  aged  7tj.  His  verses  are  said 
to  possess  great  sweetness  and  elegance. 

Lining,  John,  M.D.  a  respectable  physi- 
cian of  South  Carolina,  was  a  native  of 
Scotland,  and  after  receiving  a  classical 
education  came  to  America  in  1730.  He  is 
known  as  the  author  of  the  first  history  of 
the  Yellow  Fever,  given  to  the  world  from 
America.  It  was  published  in  1753.  He 
had  a  taste  for  philosophical  inquiries,  and 
enjoyed  a  correspondence  with  Franklin 
on  the  subject  of  electricity.  He  made  a 
variety  of  judicious  statistical  experi- 
ments, which  were  published  in  the  trans- 
actions of  the  Royal  Society  of  London, 
and  contributed  much  to  the  literary  repu- 
tation of  his  adopted  country.     iCJ^  L. 

LiNLEV,  Thomas,  an  English  musician 
and  composer,  who   digd  1795,     He  was 


one  of  the  proprietors  of  Drury-Iane  the-' 
atre. 

Linn,  William,  D.D.  was  born  in  Penn- 
sylvania in  1752,  and  graduated  at  the 
college  of  Princeton,  New-Jersey,  in  1772. 
He  was  first  pastor  of  a  presbyterian 
church  in  the  neighbourhood  of  his  native 
place,  after  serving  in  the  revolutionary 
army  as  a  chaplain  for  some  time.  In 
1784  he  was  appointed  to  the  care  of  a  re- 
spectable academy  in  Somerset  county, 
Maryland.  In  1787  he  accepted  a  call  to 
the  pastoral  charge  of  the  presbyterian 
church  in  Elizabethtown,  New-Jersey  ;  and 
shortly  afterwards  was  invited  to  the  city  of 
New- York,  as  a  collegiate  pastor  in  the 
Dutch  presbyterian  church,  where  he  re- 
sided nearly  twenty  years,  highly  popular 
and  useful.  A  short  time  before  his  death 
he  was  induced  by  ill  health  to  resign  his 
pastoral  charge,  and  retire  from  the  active 
services  of  his  profession.  He  died  at 
Albany,  in  January,  1808,  in  the  fifty-sixth 
year  of  his  age.  He  possessed  a  vigorous 
mind,  and  was  distinguished  for  his  natural 
impressive  eloquence.  His  social  qualities 
were  peculiarly  amiable  and  attractive. 
His  chief  publications  were  two  volumes  of 
sermons.  iC3^  L. 

Linn,  John  Blair,  D.D.  minister  of  Phi- 
ladelphia, and  a  poet,  was  born  at  Ship- 
pensburgh,  Pennsylvania,  14th  March, 
1777,  and  graduated  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
at  Columbia  college,  New-York.  He  soon 
after  commenced  the  study  of  law  under 
the  direction  of  general  Hamilton,  but 
yielding  to  a  passion  for  theatrical  amuse- 
ments and  literature,  he  soon  abandoned 
the  profession.  Not  long  after  becoming 
religious,  he  engaged  in  the  study  of  theo- 
logy under  the  tuition  of  Dr.  Romeyn, 
theological  professor  at  Schenectady,  and 
in  1798  received  a  license  to  preach.  He 
Avas  soon  after  settled  in  the  first  presbyte- 
rian church  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  labour  till  his  death,  on  the  30th  of 
August,  1804.  He  published  several  poeti- 
cal works  which  gave  him  notoriety,  the  chief 
of  which  were  "on  the  death  of  Washing- 
ton," and  "  the  Powers  of  Genius."  He 
possessed  a  mind  of  vigour  and  great  sensi- 
bility, a  sprightly  and  luxuriant  fancy,  and 
had  studied  English  literature  with  great 
relish  and  assiduity.  He  also  published 
several  tracts  in  controversy  with  Dr. 
Priestley,  exhibiting  vigorous  powers  of 
argumentation,  and  extensive  knowledge. 

1G-;L. 

LlNN.^«:us,  Charles  Von,  or  Linne,  the 
father  of  modern  botany,  son  of  a  Swedish 
clergyman,  was  born  at  Roeshult,  in  the 
province  of  Smaland,  Sweden,  24th  May, 
1707.  He  was  educated  at  Lund  in  Sca- 
nia, and  at  the  university  of  Upsal,  and  he 
afterwards  studied  at  Leyden,  where  he 


LIN 


LW 


look  his  degree  of  M.D.  in  1735.  On  his 
return  to  Stockholm,  he  practised  physic 
■with  such  popularity  and  success,  that  at 
the  age  of  34  he  was  nominated  professor 
of  physic  and  botany  in  the  university  of 
Upsal.  He  was  also  appointed  physician 
to  king  Adolphus  who  in  1753  created  him 
a  knight  of  the  polar  star,  and  in  1757 
raised  him  to  the  honour  of  nobility  ;  and 
his  services  were  farther  acknowledged  by 
the  succeeding  monarch,  who  in  177tj 
doubled  his  pension,  and  settled  on  him  and 
his  family  a  valuable  portion  of  land. 
With  an  unparalleled  ardour  after  know- 
ledge, Linnaeus  undertook  to  explore  the 
barren   and   inhospitable   deserts    of  Lap 


land,  and  through   10 


degrees 


of  latitude 


he  exposed  himself,  generally  on  foot,  to 
every  sort  of  fatigue.  He  afterwards  visit- 
ed the  mines  of  Sweden,  and  extended  his 
researches  to  the  natural  productions  of 
Dalecarlia.  In  1735  he  visited  Denmark, 
Germany,  and  Holland,  and  the  following 
year  he  came  to  England.  He  was  re- 
ceived in  this  country  with  distinction,  re- 
commended by  a  flattering  letter  from 
Boerhaave  ;  but  it  has  been  observed  that 
Sir  Hans  Sloane,  to  whom  the  introduction 
■was  made,  did  not  pay  him  that  respect 
and  attention  which  his  merits  deserved, 
and  this  probably  prevented  the  intended 
settlement  of  this  immortal  philosopher 
here.  The  return  of  Linnseus  to  Stock- 
holm tvas  a  glorious  era  in  the  Swedish  an- 
nals of  literature.  He  promoted  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  royal  academy  of 
sciences,  and  became  its  first  president. 
This  great  man  was  seized  in  1776  with 
an  apoplexy,  but  it  did  not  prove  fatal,  as 
he  survived  till  1778,  when  an  ulceration 
of  the  urinary  bladder  put  an  end  to  his 
existence  11th  Jan.  in  his  71st  year.  To 
his  sagacious  discernment,  science  is  in- 
debted for  the  useful  and  familiar  division 
of  plants,  of  animals,  of  herbs,  &c.  into 
classes.  To  the  most  extensive  knowledge 
he  united  the  most  indefatigable  industry  ; 
and  before  the  publication  of  his  Genera 
Plantarum,  he  most  minutely  examined  the 
characters  of  more  than  8000  plants.  His 
■ivorks  are,  Systema  Naturae,  sistens  tria 
regna  Naturae,  1735,  fol.  and  2  vols.  Svo. 
1756— Bibliotheca  Botanica,  Svo. — Hortus 
Cliflbrtianus,  folio, — Critica  Botanica,  Svo. 
— Flora  Laponica,  Svo. — Genera  Planta- 
rum, earumque  Characteres  Natur.  Svo. — 
Flora  Suecica — Fauna  Suecica,  Svo. — Flo- 
ra Zeylanica,  4to.— Hortus  Upsaliensis, 
8vo. — Amoenitates  Acadcmica;,  5  vols. 
8vo.— Materia  Medica,  Svo. — Ani-nalium 
Specierum  in  Classes,  Svo. — Oratio  de  In- 
crementis  Telluris  Habitabilis,  Svo. — Ne- 
mesis divina — Plantae  Surinamenses.  His 
son  Charles,  the  last  surviver  of  the  family, 
died  1783,  aged  45,  professor  of  medicine 
at  UpsaV 


Lint,  Peter  Van,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
1601),  known  aa  a  historical  and  portrait 
painter.  He  studied  in  Italy,  and  painted 
there  with  great  reputation,  and  afterwards 
returned  to  Ai»twerp.  His  relation,  Hen- 
derick  Van,  was  also  a  ^ood  painter.  His 
landscapes  near  Kome  were  much  admired. 
Two  of  his  pieces  are  in  lord  Moira's  col- 
lection. 

LiNTRUSi,  Severinus,  bishop  of  Wi- 
burg,  Jutland,  professor  of  divinity  and 
eloquence  at  Copenhagen,  was  author  of 
some  theological  works  in  Latin,  and  died 
1732. 

Linus,  St.  successor  of  St.  Peter  at 
Rome,  ranks  among  the  martyrs  of  that 
celebrated  city.  Tertullian,  it  is  to  be  ob- 
served, places  St. Clement  as  next  successor 
to  Peter. 

LiOTARD,  John  Stephen,  a  crayon  paint- 
er, born  at  Geneva  1702.  He  studied  at 
Paris,  and  afterwards  at  Rome,  and  for  a 
short  time  visited  England  in  the  reign  of 
George  I.  He  then  made  a  journey  to  the 
Levant,  and  adopted  the  manners  and  ha- 
bits of  the  east,  which  he  relinquished  upon 
marrying.  He  was  in  England  in  1772, 
where  he  disposed  of  a  large  collection  of 
pictures  by  auction.  He  was  very  correct 
in  his  paintings,  but  stiffness  and  formality 
were  too  visible.  A  fine  head  of  him  is 
preserved  in  VValpole's  anecdotes.  He 
died  about  1780. 

LioTARD,  Peter,  a  French  botanist,  born 
at  Dauphiny.  From  an  obscure  peasant  he 
became  a  soldier,  but  retired  from  the  pro- 
fession inconsequence  of  a  wound  received 
at  the  siege  of  Mahon,  and  settled  with 
his  uncle,  who  was  a  herbalist  at  Grenoble. 
In  this  place  the  particular  powers  of  his 
mind  unfolded  themselves.  Though  40  he 
applied  himself , with  such  zeal  and  atten- 
tion to  botany,  that  he  was  made  director 
of  the  public  garden  of  Grenoble.  He  was 
the  friend  of  Rousseau,  and  other  learned 
men  ;  and  was  so  partial  to  Linnaeus,  that 
he  knew  the  whole  of  his  system  of  plants 
by  heart.     He  died  1796. 

Lippi,  Philip,  a  native  of  Florence,  who 
from  a  Carmelite  became  a  painter,  and 
was  surnamed  the  Old.  He  was  a  dissi- 
pated character,  and  died  1488,  aged  67. 
In  his  style  he  imitated  the  manner  of  his 
master  Massacio.  His  son  Philip  was 
also  eminent  as  a  painter,  and  died  1505, 
aged  45. 

Lippi,  Lawrence,  a  native  of  Florence. 
He  excelled  as  a  painter  in  historical  pie- 
ces and  in  portraits,  and  as  a  poet  he  pos- 
sessed merit.  His  Mulmantile  Raquistato, 
under  the  assumed  name  of  Pernoli  Zipoli, 
is  a  burlesque  performance,  printed  at  Flo- 
rence, 4to.  168S,  and  again  edited  1731, 
with  notes,  4to.  and  Paris  176S,  12mo.  He 
died  1664,  aged  5S. 

LiFPius,  Justus,  a  learned  critic,  born  at 

5H 


LIR 


I.IS 


Iscanum,  between  Brussels  and  Louvaine, 
18th  Oct.  1547.  In  his  earliest  years  he 
displayed  great  powers  of  memory  while  at 
school  at  Brussels,  at  Aeth,  at  Cologne, 
and  at  the  university  of  Louvaine,  where 
he  devoted  himself  assiduously  to  the  culti- 
vation of  belles  lettres  and  ancient  litera- 
ture. At  the  age  of  18  he  published  his 
"  Variarum  Lectionum  Libri  tres,"  which 
he  dedicated  to  the  general  patron  of  let- 
ters, cardinal  Gianvt-llan  :  and  therefore, 
when  he  visited  Rome  in  1567,  he  was 
made  secretary  to  tbat  distinguished  eccle- 
siastic, and  for  two  years  treated  with  the 
greatest  respect  and  hospitality.  After 
viewing  the  classical  remains  of  ancient 
Rome,  and  exploring  the  contents  of  her 
rich  libraries,  he  in  lo69  returned  to  Lou- 
vaine. He  afterwards  went  to  Vienna, 
and  being  prevented  from  settling  in  his 
country,  he  stopped  at  Jtna,  where  he  was 
honoured  with  a  professorship.  From 
Jena  he  determined  to  retii'e  to  solitude 
and  study  in  his  own  native  seat  of  Isca- 
num ;  but  the  tumults  of  war  drove  him 
away  again  to  Louvaine,  and  from  Lou- 
vaine he  came  to  Leyden,  where  he  lived 
13  years  till  1590.  The  remainder  of  his 
life  was  spent  at  Louvaine,  notwithstand- 
ing the  flattering  invitations  and  offers  of 
patronage  which  he  received  from  the 
pope,  from  the  cardinals,  and  from  the 
lungs  of  of  France  and  Spain,  and  there 
he  died  23d  March,  1606,  in  his  59th  year. 
Celebrated  as  a  scholar,  and  respected  as  a 
critic,  Lipsius  was,  in  his  conversation,  his 
dress,  and  his  appearance,  far  from  prepos- 
sessing, but  rather  disagreeable  and  mean. 
In  his  religious  opinions  he  was  culpably 
inconsistent,  without  faith,  and  without 
honour.  He  was  born  a  Roman  Catholic, 
but  he  became  a  Lutheran  at  Jena,  again  a 
catholic  at  Brabant,  a  Calvinist  at  Leyden, 
and  again  a  bigoted  catholic  at  Louvaine. 
His  last  days  indeed  were  clouded  by  dis- 
ease, and  weakness  of  understanding,  but 
some  parts  of  his  conduct  were  long  before 
ridiculous  and  puerile,  and  it  could  be 
scarcely  credited,  that  the  same  man  was 
at  one  time  regardless  of  religion,  and  at 
another,  so  anxious  to  obtain  the  protec- 
tion of  the  Virgin  Mary,  that  he  dedicated 
to  her  a  silver  pen,  and  a  favourite  gown, 
lined  with  fur.  His  works  were  published 
at  Antwerp,  6  vols,  folio,  1637,  the  most 
esteemed  of  which  are,  a  Commentary  on 
Tacitus,  much  admired — His  Orations,  De 
Concordi^,  and  on  the  Death  of  the  Duke 
of  Saxony — Electa — Saturnalia — De  Mili- 
ti&  Romana — Satira  Menippaea — De  Am- 
phitheatris — De  Recta  Pronunciatione  Lin- 
guae Latinae,  &c. 

LiRON,  John,  a  Benedictine  of  the  con- 
gregation  of  St.  Maur,  born  at   Chartres, 
and  died  at  Mans,  1749,  aged  84.     He  was 
author  of  Bibliotheque  de^  Auteurs  Char- 
n4 


trains—Les  Annaies  de  la  Critique-^Lei 
Singularites  Historiques  et  Literaires,  4 
vols.  12mo.  works  of  great  merit. 

Lis,  John  Van  der,  a  painter,  born  at 
Oldenburgh.  His  pieces  were  generally 
on  Scriptural  subjects,  and  on  moral  sports, 
and  possessed  great  merit.  He  died  1629, 
aged  59.  Another  painter  o  that  name, 
eminent  in  historical  representations,  was 
born  at  Breda,  and  the  disciple  of  Corne- 
lius Poelemberg. 

Lisle,  Claude  de,  a  native  of  Vaucou- 
leurs,  in  Lorraine,  bred  to  the  law,  which 
he  quitted  to  study  geography.  He  excel- 
led as  a  teacher  of  geographical  knowledge, 
and  had  among  his  pupils,  Orleans,  after- 
wards regent  of  France.  He  wrote  Histo- 
rical Relation  of  Siam,  12mo. — Introduc- 
tion to  Geography,  with  a  treatise  on  the 
Sphere,  2  vols.  12mo— an  Abridgment  of 
Universal  History,  7  vols.  12mo.  He  died 
at  Paris,  1720,  aged  76. 

Lisle,  William  de,  a  French  geographer, 
son  of  Claude,  was  born  at  Paris,  1675. 
His  map  of  the  world,  published  in  16&9, 
recommended  him  so  strongly,  that  he  was 
elected  into  the  academy  of  sciences.  He 
was  afterwards  appointed  geographer  to 
the  king,  and  instructed  Lewis  XV.  him- 
self in  geography,  and  wrote  several  works 
for  his  use.  Scarcely  any  respectable  pub- 
lication appeared  without  being  decorated 
with  his  maps.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy, 
1726,  when  preparing  a  map  ol  Malta  for 
Vertot's  History. 

Lisle,  Joseph  Nicholas  de,  an  able  as- 
tronomer, brother  to  William.  He  was 
born  ai  Paris,  and  became  by  his  celebrity, 
member  of  all  the  learned  academies  in 
Europe.  He  was  in  England  1724,  and 
obtained,  as  he  deserved,  the  friendship 
and  admiration  of  Newton  and  Halley.  In 
1726  he  was  invited  to  Russia,  and  there 
he  contributed  greatly  to  the  advancement 
of  astronomy  and  geography,  at  the  head 
of  the  observatory.  At  the  age  of  18  he 
made  valuable  obsei'vations  on  a  total 
eclipse  of  the  sun,  but  his  greatest  work  is 
his  Memoirs  of  the  History  of  Astronomy, 
2  vols.  4to.  He  returned  from  Petersburg 
in  1747,  and  died  at  Paris  1768,  aged  80. 

Lisle,  Sir  George,  son  of  a  London 
bookseller,  learned  the  art  of  war  in  Flan- 
ders, and  distinguished  himself  in  the  civil 
wars.  At  the  last  battle  of  Newbury, 
when  it  grew  dark,  he  fought  in  his  shirt, 
to  render  his  person  more  conspicuous  to 
his  men,  and  in  consequence  of  his  valoui* 
he  was  knighted  by  the  king  in  the  field  of 
battle.  He  bravely  defended  Colchester, 
in  1648,  and  when  the  town  surrendered, 
he  was  inhumanly  ordered  to  be  shot  by 
the  victorious  republicans.  He  suffered 
with  great  intrepidity,  28th  Aug.  1648. 

LisoLA,  Francis  de,  a  native  of  Besan- 
rort.  for  four  years  ambassador  in  Eneland. 


LLl' 


LIT 


iVom  ibe  emperor  Ferdinand  III.  and  after- 
wards envoy  cxtniordimiry  at  Madrid. 
His  work  "  Bouclier  d'Ktat  ct  de  Justice," 
on  till)  unibitious  views  of  Lewis  XIV.  was 
hiplily  oftensivc  to  the  French.  He  died 
1677.  Some  of  his  letters  and  memoirs 
have  also  been  published,  l2mo. 

I^isTEK,  Matthew,  president  of  the  col- 
lege of  physicians,  was  born  at  Thornton, 
Yorkshire,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  where 
he  became  fellow  of  Oriel  college.  He  stu- 
died physic  abroad,  and  took  his  degree  of 
M.D.  at  Basil,  and  afterwards  became  phy- 
sician to  Anne,  James's  queen,  and  to 
Charles  I.  who  kni^jhted  him.     He  was  a 


don,  Berks,  a  MS.  by  John  Little,  which 
records  various  intereKtiiig  and  curious 
particulars,  conccrninj;  thr  abbey,  and  the 
history  of  that  town. 

LiTTLKBURT,  Isaac,  an  Knglish  divine, 
who  published  a  translation  of  Herodotus. 
The  work  is  well  and  faithfully  executed, 
but  without  notes.  The  second  edition  in 
2  vols.  8vo.  appeared  in  172U. 

Littleton,  or  Littleton,  Thomas,  an 
English  Judge,  born  at  Frankley,  Worces- 
ter. After  a  liberal  education,  he  entered 
at  the  Inner  Temple,  and  so  ably  distin- 
guished himself,  that  Henry  VI.  appointed 
him  steward  of  the  court  of  the  palace,  and 


great  sufferer  during  the  civil  wars,  and  died     in  1455,   king's  sergeant,  and  a  judge  on 


near  Louth,  Lincolnshire,  1657,  aged  92. 

Lister,  Martin,  nephew  of  Sir  Matthew, 
was  born  in  Buckinghamshire,  about  1638, 
and  educated  under  his  uncle,  who  sent 
him  to  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  became  fellow,  1660.  He  stu- 
died physic,  and  travelled  abroad,  and  at 
his  return  home,  1670,  he  settled  at  York, 
where  he  acquired  great  reputation.  He 
also  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the  study 


the  northern  circuit.  The  troubles  of  the 
time  did  not  lessen  the  public  opinion  of 
his  integrity,  Edward  IV.  granted  him  a 
pardon,  and  continued  him  in  his  offices, 
and  afterwards  made  him  one  of  the  judges 
of  the  common  pleas.  In  1745  he  was 
created  knight  of  the  bath,and  died  in  a  good 
age,  23d   Aug.  1481.     He  was  buried 

He    left  three 
and     Thomas. 


old  age,  23d  Aug.  1481. 
in  Worcester  cathedral, 
sons,    William,    Richard, 


of  antiquities  and  natural  history,  and  for     The  eldest  son  lived  in  splendour  at  Frank- 


his  many  valuable  communications  he  was 
elected  fellow  of  the  royal  society.  In  1684 
he  removed  to  London,  and  in  1698  attend- 
ed the  earl  of  Portland,  when  ambassador 
to  the  court  of  France.  He  published  an 
account  of  his  journey  to  Paris,  which  was 


ley,  and  died  1508.  From  him  the  present 
ennobled  family  are  descended.  The  se- 
cond was  a  lawyer  of  eminence,  and  it  was 
for  his  use  and  instruction,  that  his  father, 
in  his  old  age,  wrote  his  famous  treatise  on 
tenures  and  titles,   first  printed  1477,  and 


ridiculed  by  Dr.  King's  Journey  to  London,     often  i-epublisbed  with  Coke's  commentary. 


He  was  made  physician  to  queen  Anne, 
1709,  and  died  Feb.  1711-12.  His  other 
publications  are  about  eight  in  number, 
on  natural  history,  on  shells,  &c. 

LiTHGOw,  William,  a  Scotchman,  who 
travelled  on  foot  over  Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa,  where  he  met  with  various  adven- 
tures, of  which  he  has  given  a  cui-ious  but 
marvellous  relation.  At  Malaga  he  was 
tortured  by  the  inquisition,  and  on  his  re- 
turn was  presented  to  king  James  and  his 
court,  so  mangled  that  he  was  cai'ried  on 
a  feather  bed  into  the  royal  presence.  He 
applied  to  the  Spanish  ambassador  Gonda- 
mar,  and  when  deceived  by  him,  he  insult- 
rd  him,  and  even  struck  him  in  the  king's 
chamber,  for  which  he  was  sent  a  prisoner 
for  nine  months,  to  the  Marshalsea.  His 
travels  are  now  a  scarce  book.  He  in- 
forms his  reader,  that  he  has  walked  on 
toot,  more  than  30,000  miles.  The  better 
part  of  his  travels    appears  in   Morgan's 

"Phoenix  Britannicus." 

Little,  William,  an   English  historian, 

born  at  Bridlington,  Yorkshire,  1136.    He 


The  third  son,  Thomas,  was  knighted  by 
Henry  VII.  for  apprehending  Lambert 
Simnel,  the  pretended  earl  of  W^arwick. 

Littleton,  John,  a  descendant  of  the 
Worcestershire  Littletons,  was  known  as 
an  active  member  of  parliament  for  his  na- 
tive county,  in  the  27th  year  of  Elizabeth, 
but  his  attachment  to  Essex  proved  un- 
fortunate. He  was  seized  when  that  fa- 
vourite was  discarded  from  the  protection 
of  the  queen,  and  being  fined  and  con- 
demned as  a  conspirator,  he  was  saved 
with  difficulty  by  the  interference  of  Sir 
Walter  Ralciji^h,  to  whom  he  wrote  an  ex- 
cellent letter.  He  died  in  pri^on,  1600. 
Several  of  his  letters  appeared  in  the  Bio- 
graphia  Britannica. 

Littleton,  Edward,  a  native  of  Shrop- 
shire, related  to  the  Worcestershire  family. 
He  removed  from  Christ-church,  Oxford, 
to  the  Inner  Temple,  and  in  1628,  distin- 
guished himself  in  parliament  as  one  of  the 
members  that  appeared  before  the  lords 
with  the  bill  of  rights.  He  was  afterwards 
one  of  the  managers   in  the  impeachment 


is  often  called  Naubrigensis,  as  he  was  a     of  Buckuigham,  but  notwithstanding    hi 


monk  of  Newborough  abbey.  His  History 
of  England,  from  the  invasion  of  William 
the  Conqueror,  to  1197,  in  five  books,  is 
highly  esteemed  for  accuracy,  judicious  ar- 
rangement, and  veracity.  There  is  prc- 
^rrved   in  Christ-church  hospital.  Abina:- 


opposition  to  the  court,  he  was  made,  in 
1639,  chief  justice  of  the  common  picas, 
and  the  following  year  lord  keeper  of  the 
great  seal,  and  a  peer  by  the  title  of  Lord 
Littleton.  In  those  turbulent  times  his 
partial  adherence  to  the  republican  factions 

''in 


LIV 


LIV 


procured  his  dismissal  from  office,  and  he 
died  at  Oxford,  1645. 

Littleton,    Adam,   a  learned  divine, 
born  at  Hales  Owen,  Shropshire,  8th  Nov. 
1627.     He  was  educated  at  Westminster, 
under  Busby,  and  in  1647  went  as  student 
to  Christ-church,  from  which  he  was  eject- 
ed the  next  year.     Soon  after  he  was  usher 
at  Westminster,  and   in    1658  was  elected 
second  master.     In  1670  he  was  honoured 
with  the  degree  of  D.D.  by  the  university, 
in  consequence  of  his  merit,  and  four  years 
after  was  made  rector  of  Chelsea,  and  about 
that  time  obtained  a  grant  from  Charles  II. 
to    succeed    Dr.   Busby     in    Westminster 
school,  to  which,  however,  he  did  not  suc- 
ceed.    He  died  30th  June,  1694,  aged  67, 
and  was  buried  in  his    church,    Chelsea, 
where  a  monument  records  his  services  to 
literature.     He  was  in  his  private  charac- 
ter a  woi'thy  and  amiable  man,   and  as  a 
philologist  and  grammarian,   he  had   few 
equals.     He  published  "  A  Latin  Dictiona- 
ry"— Elementa  Religionis,  &c. — Sixty-one 
sermons — Seldon's    Jani    Anglorum,    &c. 
translated,  and  other  works.     He  began, 
but  did  not  live  to  complete,  a  Greek  Lexi- 
con. 

Littleton,  Edward,  an  amiable  divine 
and  poet,  educated  at  Eton,  under  Dr. 
Snape.  In  1716  he  went  to  king's  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
as  a  scholar  and  a  man  of  genius.  In  1720 
he  was  made  assistant  at  Eton,  and  seven 
years  after  was  elected  one  of  the  fellows 
of  the  college,  and  presented  to  the  living 
of  Maple  Durham,  Oxfordshire.  In  1730 
he  took  the  degree  of  LL.D.  and  became 
chaplain  to  the  king.  He  died  1734,  and 
"was  buried  at  Maple  Durham,  leaving  a 
widow  and  three  daughters.  He  was  not 
ambitious  of  appearing  as  an  author.  His 
"  Discourses,"  2  vols,  were  published  for 
the  benefit  of  his  family,  and  his  poems 
have  occasionally  been  printed  in  miscella- 
nies, particularly  in  Dodsley's.  His  poem 
on  the  spider  is  much  admired. 

LiviA,  wife  of  Tiberius  Claudius  Nero, 
afterwards  married  Augustus,  and  prevailed 
upon  him  to  adopt  her  children.  Some  au- 
thors assert  that  she  poisoned  Augustus,  to 
make  room  for  her  son  Tiberius,  who  treat- 
ed her  with  the  highest  disrespect.  She 
died  A.D.  29. 

Livingston,  John,  a  Scotch  presbyter, 
e.ducated  at  Glasgow,  where  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  M.A.  1621.  He  was  banished, 
1663,  from  Scotland,  because  he  refused  to 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance,  on  account  of 
his  intolerable  religious  opinions  ;  and  he 
went  to  Holland,  where  he  officiated  at  the 
Scot's  chapel,  Rotterdam.  He  died  Aug. 
9th,  1672,  aged  69.  He  wrote  letters  from 
Leith  to  his  parishioners  at  Ancrum,  and 
other  works, 

Livingston,  Philip,  a  distinguished  mem- 


ber  of  the  memorable  American  congress  in 
1776,  was  born  in  Albany,   January  15th, 
1716,   and  graduated  at   Yale   college    in 
1737.     He  settled  in  the  city  of  New- York, 
and  devoted  himself  to  merchandise.     In 
1759  he  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  the  pro- 
vincial assembly,  and  was  for  many  years 
one  of  the  most  able  and  influential  mem- 
bers of  that  body.     In  1774  he  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  general  congress,  and  took 
a   distinguished   part    in   its   deliberations 
during  the  four  succeeding  years.    He  bold- 
ly advocated  the  separation  of  the  colonies 
from  the  parent  country,  and   signed  the 
declaration  of  independence.    In  1776  con- 
gress appointed  him  a  member  of  the  board 
of  the  treasury,   and  in  the  following  year 
one  of  the  marine  committee  ;  he  was  also 
during  this  period  a  member  of  the  legisla- 
ture of  New- York,   one  of  the  convention 
which  in   1777  formed  a  constitution  for 
that  state,  and  on   the   organization  of  the 
new  government  was  appointed  to  a  seat  in 
the   senate.      He   died  June    12th,    1778, 
while   attending  the   session  of  congress. 
He  possessed  a  strong  and   discriminating 
mind,  was  profoundly  acquainted  with  hu- 
man nature,  and  exhibited  in  his  public  and 
private  life  the  virtues  of  a  sincere  and  en- 
lightened Christian.  ICJ^  L. 

Livingston,  William,  LL.D.  governor  of 
New-Jersey,  was  a  member  of  a  respecta- 
ble family  of  that  name  in  New- York,  and 
was  born  in  that  city  about  the  year  1723, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1741.  He 
studied  law,  and  possessing  an  understand- 
ing of  great  energy,  a  brilliant  imagination, 
and  a  retentive  memory,  and  devoting  him- 
self assiduously  to  the  cultivation  of  his 
mind,  he  soon  rose  to  distinction  in  the  pro- 
fession. He  early  exhibited  himself  an 
able  and  zealous  advocate  of  civil  and  reli- 
gious liberty,  and  employed  his  pen  in  vin- 
dicating the  rights  of  the  colonies  against 
the  arbitrary  claims  of  the  British.  After 
enjoying  several  important  offices  in  New- 
York  he  removed  to  New-Jersey,  and  as  a 
representative  of  that  state  was  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  of  the  congress  of  1774. 
On  the  formation  of  a  new  constitution  for 
that  state  in  1776  he  \vas  appointed  the  first 
governor,  and  was  annually  re-elected  to 
the  office  till  his  death  in  1790.  He  was 
characterized  by  simplicity  in  his  manners, 
and  ease,  amiableness,  and  wit  in  his  social 
intercourse.  His  writings  display  uncom- 
mon vigour,  keenness,  and  refinement,  and 
are  often  eloquent.  He  devoted  himself 
during  the  revolution  ardently  to  the  cause 
of  his  country,  and  did  much  by  the  shrewd- 
ness and  severity  of  his  writings  both  to 
encourage  his  countrymen  and  exasperate 
the  British.  ICT'  L. 

Livingston,  Robert  R.  chancellor  of 
New-York,  and  minister  of  the  United 
States  to  France.  wa«  boni  in  <he  city  of 


LIV 


LLO 


New-York,  September  2(1,  1747,  and  edu- 
cated at  King's  college,  where  he  was  gra- 
duftted    in     1765.     He    studied    law,    and 
commenced  its  practice  in  New- York,  but 
was  soon  after  appointed  recorder  of  that 
city,  and  held  the  office  till  near  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  when  he  was 
dismissed  by  governor  Tryon,  on  account  of 
his  attachment  to  liberty.    Mr.  Livingston 
boldly  advocated  the  cause  of  his  countr)' 
at  that  crisis,  was  elected  to  a  scat  in  the 
first  congress,   and   was  one    of  its  ablest 
and  most  influential   members.      He  was 
one  of  the  conmiittee  which  drew  up  the 
declaration   of  independence,   and  on  the 
establishment  of  the  executive  departments 
in  17S0  was  appointed  secretary  of  foreign 
affairs,  and  held  the  place  till  1783.     He 
was  chosen  in  1777  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention which  formed  the  constitution  of 
New-York,  and  on   its  adoption  was  ap- 
pointed chancellor  of  the  state,  and  conti- 
nued in  that  office  till  he  went  to  France  in 
1801.     It  was  in  that  capacity  that  he  ad- 
ministered the  oath  of  office  to  president 
Washington  on  his  first  inauguration.     In 
1768  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
of  New- York,  which  assembled  to  consider 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States,   and 
was  a  principal  instrument  in  procuring  its 
adoption.     He  was  appointed  minister  to 
France  in  1801,  and  rendered  the  most  im- 
portant services  to  his  country  while  resi- 
ding there,  by  negotiating  the  purchase  of 
Louisiana,  and  procuring  x'edress  for  the 
numerous  spoliations  by  the  French  on  the 
commerce  of  the   United   States.     While 
at  Paris  he  cultivated  an  acquaintance  with 
his  distinguished  countryman,  Robert  Ful- 
ton, then  residing  in  that  city,   and  en- 
couraged him,   by  furnishing  one-half  the 
requisite  capital,  to  pursue  those  experi- 
ments which  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  a 
successful  method  of  employing  the  steam- 
engine  in  navigation.     He  returned  to  the 
United  States  in  1805,  and  though  not  af- 
terwards employed  in  public  life,  continued 
to  be  eminently  useful,  by  pi'omoting  the 
progress  of  the  arts  and  agriculture.     He 
made  some   attempts  to   employ  steam  in 
navigation,   which  were,  however,  unsuc- 
cessful, but  on  the  return  of  Mr.  Fulton  to 
New-York    he    formed    a    co-partnership 
with  him,  and  by  contributing  capital  ena- 
bled him  to  carry  his  discoveries  into  ellect. 
He  did  much  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture, 
by  introducing  the  use  of  gypsum,  and  the 
merino  race  of  sheep.     He  was  a  principal 
founder  and  the  president  of  the  New- York 
Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  and  also  of  the  So- 
ciety for  the  promotion  of  agriculture.     He 
died  in  Christian  hope  on  the  15th  of  Fe- 
bruary, i8i3,  in  his  sixty-seventh  year,  la- 
mented as  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
among  his  countrymen  in  talents,  learning, 
public  spirit,  and  usefulness.    He  possessed 
>'oi,.  II.  28 


au  active  and  vigorous  mind,  «jnconimon 
quickness  of  perception,  was  a  profound 
lawyer  and  statesman,  and  ranked  amonf; 
the  first  Americans  in  eloquence.  JO^"  I- 
Livingston,  Brockholst,  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  was 
the  son  of  VV'illiam  Livingston,  governor  of 
New-Jersey,  and  was  born  in  the  city  of 
New-York,  November '25th,  1757.  He  en- 
tered Princeton  college,  but  in  1770  left  it 
for  the  field,  and  became  one  of  the  family  of 
general  Schuyler,  commander  of  the  north- 
ern army.  He  was  afterwards  attached  to 
the  suite  of  general  Arnold,  with  the  rank 
of  major,  and  shared  in  the  honours  of  the 
conquest  of  Burgoyne.  In  1779  he  accom- 
panied Mr.  Jay  to  the  court  of  Spain  as  his 
private  secretary,  and  remained  abroad 
about  three  years.  On  his  return  he  de- 
voted himself  to  law,  and  was  admitted  to 
practice  in  April,  1783.  His  talents  were 
happily  adapted  to  the  profession,  and  soon 
raised  him  into  notice,  and  ultimately  to 
eminence.  He  was  called  to  the  bench  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  state  of  New- 
York,  .January  8th,  1802,  .and  in  Novem- 
ber, 1806,  was  transferred  to  that  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States,  the 
duties  of  which  station  he  discharged  with 
distinguished  faithfulness  and  ability  until 
his  death,  which  took  place  during  the  sit- 
tings of  the  court  at  Washington,  March 
18th,  1823,  in  the  66th  year  of  his  age.  He 
possessed  a  mind  of  uncommon  acutc- 
ness  and  energy,  and  enjoyed  the  reputa- 
tion of  an  accomplished  scholar,  an  able 
pleader  and  jurist,  an  upright  judge,  and  a 
liberal  patron  of  learning.  fC?'  L. 

LiviNius,  or  LiviNEUS,  John,  Latin 
translator  of  some  of  the  works  of  Gregory 
Nazianzen,  of  Chrysostom,  and  other  fa- 
thers, and  editor  of  Panegyrici  Veteres, 
8vo.  1599,  was  a  native  of  Dendermonde. 
He  studied  at  Cologne,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  Grecian.  He  was  canon  of 
Antwerp,  and  he  died  there  1599. 

Livius,  Andronicus,  a  Roman  comic 
poet,  whose  plays  arc  lost.  He  flourished 
240  B.  C. 

Livius,  Titus,  a  celebrated  Latin  histo- 
rian, born  at  Padua,  and  patronised  by  the 
emperor  Augustus,  who  intrusted  to  him  the 
education  of  his  grandson  Claudius.  He 
died  at  Padua,  A.D.  17,  aged  67.  The  best 
edition  of  his  valuable  history,  which  has 
not  descended  whole  to  modern  times,  is 
by  Crevier,  1735,6  vols.  4to.  It  has  been 
translated  into  English  by  Mr.  Baker,  in  6 
vols.  8vo. 

Li.oTD,  William,  an  English  prelate,  born 
1627,  at  Tilehurst,  Berks,  where  his  father 
was  rector.  He  was  educated  under  his 
father,  and  in  1638  entered  at  Oriel  col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  the  next  year  removed  to 
a  scholarship  at  Jesus,  where  he  became 
fellow,  1646.     He  was  afterwards  for  some 

217 


LLO 


L(JB 


years  tutor  to  the  children  of  Sir  John 
Backhouse,  and  at  the  restoration  was 
made  prebendary  of  Rippon,  Yorkshire.  In 
1666  he  was  made  king's  chaplain,  and  suc- 
cessively promoted  to  a  prebend  of  Salis- 
bury, the  vicarage  of  St.  Mary's,  Reading, 
the  archdeaconry  of  Merioneth,  deanery  of 
Bangor,  prebend  of  St.  Paul's,  and  the 
vicarage  of  St.  Martin  in  the  fields.  In 
1680  he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  St.  Asaph, 
and  was  one  of  the  seven  bishops  sent  to 
the  tower  in  1688,  for  refusing  to  permit 
the  publication  of  the  royal  declaration  for 
liberty  of  conscience.  He  was  a  zealous 
promoter  of  the  revolution,  and  in  1692 
was  translated  to  Lichfield  and  Coventry, 
and  in  1699  to  Worcester.  He  died  at 
Hartlebury  castle,  Aug.  30th,  1717,  aged 
91,  and  was  buried  in  Fladbury  church, 
near  Evesham,  where  his  son  was  rector. 
His  publications  were  numerous,  they  con- 
sist of  Tracts  against  Popery — Sermons — 
the  History  of  the  Government  of  the 
Church  of  Great  Britain — a  Dissertation  on 
Daniel's  70  Weeks — a  System  of  Chrono- 
logy— a  Harmouy  of  the  Gospel — a  Chro- 
nological Account  of  the  Life  of  Pythago- 
ras, and  other  theological  works. 

Lloyd,  Robert,  an  English  poet,  educa- 
ted at  Westminster  school,  where  his  fa- 
ther, Dr.  Picrson  Lloyd,  was  second  mas- 
ter, and  from  thence  elected  to  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  mas- 
ter's degree.  He  was  for  some  time  usher 
of  Westminster  school,  and  during  that 
time  published  "the  Actor,"  1760,  a  poem 
of  great  merit.  His  irregularities,  how- 
ever, obliged  him  to  resign  his  situation 
in  the  school,  and  he  now  depended  for 
subsistence  on  the  exertions  of  his  pen.  At 
last  his  impiudcnce  aiid  his  debts  lodged 
him  in  the  Fleet-prison,  where  he  lived  sup- 
ported chiefly  by  the  bounty  of  his  steadfast 
friend  the  poet  Churchill.  The  death  of 
this  liberal  benefactor  overwhelmed  him 
with  sorrow,  and  in  less  than  a  month  he 
followed  him  to  the  grave.  He  died  15th 
December,  1764.  He  was  the  author  of 
the  *'  Capricious  Lover,"  a  comic  opera, 
Svo.  and  four  other  dramatic  works.  A 
partial  collection  of  his  v.orks  by  Dr.  Ken- 
rick,  appeared  2  volumes,  8vo.  1774. 
His  imitation  of  Theocritus  has  been  much 
admired. 

Lloyd,  Nicholas,  an  English  divine,  au- 
thor of  a  Historical,  Geographical,  and  Po- 
etical Dictionary,  printed  Oxford,  1670, 
folio,  and  in  4to.  1695,  a  work  to  which 
Hoffman,  Moreri,  ofher  succeeding  lexico- 
graphers, are  much  indebted.  This  active 
and  indefatigable  scholar  died  1680,  aged 
49,  and  was  buried  at  St.  Mary's,  Newing- 
ton,  Surrey,  where  he  was  rector. 

Lloyd,    Thomas,    succeeded    Penn  as 
deputy  governor  of  Pennsylvania,   on  his 
return  to  England  in  1684.     He  resigned 
218 


in  1688.  In  1689  the  administration 
again  devolved  on  him  as  president  of 
the  council.  He  was  of  an  ancient  fami- 
ly of  Whales,  and  educated  at  Oxford, 
but  embracing  the  principles  of  the  Quakers 
he  lost  all  hopes  of  preferment  in  England, 
and  accompanied  William  Penn  to  America* 
He  was  one  of  the  most  intimate  and  con- 
fidential friends  of  the  proprietor,  and  a 
valuable  acquisition  to  the  province.  He 
died  July  10th,  1694,  aged  54.     ICF'  L. 

Llywarch  ap  Llywelyn,  a  Welsli 
bard,  whose  poetical  effusions  possessing 
merit  are  preserved  in  the  Welsh  Archaeo- 
logia.     He  flourished  from  1160  to  1220. 

Llywarch  hen,  a  Welsh  poet,  distin- 
guished also  as  an  able  defender  of  his 
country  against  the  Saxon  invasion,  in 
which  it  is  said  he  lost  24  sons.  He  flou- 
rished about  630,  and  died  in  a  cell  at 
Llanvor,  near  Bala,  aged  150.  His  poems, 
&c.  have  been  collected  by  Mr.  Owen. 

Llwelyn  ap  Grufydd,  a  Welsh  prince, 
who  heroically  resisted  the  invasion  of 
Edward  I.,  of  England,  but  at  last  fell 
under  the  power  of  his  superior  antagonist, 
1282,  after  a  reign  of  28  years.  The  inde- 
pendence of  his  country  perished  with  him. 

Llywelyn  ap  Jorwerth,  king  of 
North  Wales,  after  the  deposition  of  his 
tyrannical  uncle,  David  Owen.  He  was  a 
wise,  active,  and  warlike  prince,  and  died 
1240,  after  a  reign  of  46  years. 

Llywelyn  ap  Sitsylt,  a  Welsh  prince, 
sovereign  of  South  Wales  and  Powys,  998. 
He  fell  bravely  fighting  in  battle  1021,  after 
defeating  Aulaff,  the  Scotch  invader,  sup~ 
ported  by  the  treacherous  assistance  of 
Hywill  and  Merenydd,  sons  of  Edwin  ap 
Einion. 

Llywelyn  Vardd,  a  Welsh  poet,  son 
of  Cyrwryd.  Some  of  his  pieces  are  pre- 
served in  the  W^elsh  Archaeology.  He 
flourished  between  1130  and  1180. 

Llywelyn  o  Langewydd  or  Llywelyn 
SioN,  a  Welsh  bard  of  Glamorgan,  who 
died  1616.  His  collections  of  the  System 
of  Bardism  are  valuable,  as  he  was  not  only 
eminent  himself,  but  frequently  presided  at 
the  meetings  of  the  bards. 

Llywelyn,  Thomas,  author  of  a  His- 
tory of  the  different  editions  of  the  Welsh 
Bible,  in  which  he  evinced  great  learning 
as  a  divine,  and  much  judgment  as  a  critic, 
died  1796. 

LoBB,  Theophilus,  a  native  of  London, 
where  his  father  was  a  dissenting  minister. 
He  was  eminent  as  a  physician,  and  wTote 
some  medical  as  well  as  theological  tracts, 
and  died  1763,  aged  87. 

LoBEL,  Matthias,  a  native  of  Lisle,  who 
fetudied  at  Montpellier,  and  devoted  himself 
attentively  to  botany.  After  travelling 
through  Switzerland,  Germany,  Italy,  &c. 
he  came  to  England  about  1 570,  and  after- 
wards was  nominated  physician  and  bota- 


]-ot 


i.oc 


ni^l  10  James  I.     In  the   cultivation  of  his 
Hrt  he  superintended   lord   Zouch's  botani- 
cal garden  at  Hackney,  and  he  wrote  Stir- 
pium  Adversaria,  London,  1570 — Ohscrva- 
tiones,   sen   Stirpinni    llistoria;,   &c.  folio, 
1576 — Diiiieidse   Simplicium    Medicament. 
Explicationes,  &e.    He  died  1616,  aged  73. 
LoBiNEAU,  Guy  Alexis,  a  Freneh  Bene- 
dictine monk,  born  at  Rennes,  1667.     He 
is  eminently  known  by  his  works,  the  His- 
tory of  Britany,  2  vols,  folio — of  the  Con- 
quest of  Spain   by  the  Moors,  12mo. — a 
History  of  Paris,  5  vols,  folio — the  Saints  of 
Britany,   folio — a  translation  of  Polybius. 
He  died  1727.     He  also  translated  some  of 
the  plays  of  Aristophanes. 

LoBKOwiTZ,  Boleslaus  de  Hassenstein, 
baron  dc,  a  Bohemian  nobleman,  who  af- 
ter visiting  various  countries,  and  distin- 
guishing himself  as  a  negotiator  and  as  a 
warrior,  entered  the  ecclesiastical  profes- 
sion, and  died  1510.  His  Latin  poems 
appeared  at  Prague,  1563  and  1570,  and 
possess  merit. 

LoBo,  Jerome,  a  Jesuit  of  Lisbon,  who 
went  as  a  missionary  to  the  east.  He  wrote 
a  very  interesting  account  of  his  travels 
into  Abyssinia,  in  Portuguese,  translated 
into  French  by  Le  Grand,  and  from 
French  into  English  by  Dr.  Johnson.  Lo- 
bo  at  his  return  was  made  rector  of  the 
•college  of  Coimbra,  Portugal,  .and  died 
1678,  aged  85. 

LoBo,  Rodrigues  Francis,  a  Portuguese 
poet,  born  at  Leiric,  in  Estramadura.  His 
"  Euphrosyne,"  a  comedy,  is  very  popular 
in  Portugal.  He  wrote  besides  other 
poems,  printed  1721,  in  folio. 

LocKART,  Alexander,  a  lawyer,  born  at 
Carnwath,  near  Edinburgh.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Scotch  parliament,  and  vio- 
lently opposed  the  union,  and  also  the 
Hanoverian  succession,  after  which  he  re- 
tired to  his  country  house,  and  wrote  his 
Memoirs  of  Scotland,  published  1714,  Lon- 
don.    He  fell  in  a  duel,  1732,  aged  57. 

Locke,  John,  an  illustrious  philosopher, 
born  1632,  at  Wrington,  near  Bristol,  of  a 
respectable  family.  He  was  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  in  1651  was  elect- 
ed to  Christ  church,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
regularly  his  degrees  in  arts.  Already  dis- 
tinguished by  his  great  proficiency  in  polite 
literature,  he  now  applied  himself  to  phy- 
sic, but  though  he  obtained  some  reputa- 
tion at  Oxford,  he  soon  found  his  constitu- 
tion inadequate  to  the  fatigues  of  the  pro- 
fession, and  gladly  accepted  the  oflice  of 
secretary  to  Sir  William  Swan,  sent  envoy 
to  the  elector  of  Brandenburg,  1664.  Two 
years  after  he  became  acquainted  with  lord 
Ashley,  afterwards  earl  of  Shaftesbury,  and 
not  only  by  curing  him  of  a  dangerous 
abscess  in  the  breast,  but  by  the  intelligence 
of  his  conversation,  and  the  great  powers 
of  his  mind,  he  deserved  and  obtained  his 


lusting  friendship.  At  the  recommcnda 
tion  of  this  nol>l('  patron  he  relinquished 
medicine  for  the  study  of  politics,  and  o( 
civil  and  ecclesiastical  history,  and  .soon 
after  employed  himself  in  drawing  up  con- 
stitutions for  the  government  of  Carolina, 
of  which  his  friend,  now  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  and  other  lords,  had  obtained  a 
grant  from  the  crown.  In  1672,  on  the  ele- 
vation of  Shaftesbury  to  the  office  of  lord 
chancellor,  Locke  was  made  his  secretary  of 
the  presentations,  but  on  the  disgrace  of  his 
patron  the  next  year  he  lost  his  appoint- 
ment, though  he  still  continued  secretary  to 
the  board  of  trade,  where  the  earl  was  a 
commissioner,  and  enjoyed  it  with  an  an- 
nexed salary  of  500/.  per  year  till  the  dissolu- 
tion of  the  commission  in  1674.  Soon  after 
he  went  to  Montpellier,  for  the  benefit  of 
his  health,  as  he  was  apprehensive  of  a 
consumptive  attack,  and  here  he  devoted 
himself  partly  to  medical  pursuits,  and  to 
the  composition  of  his  Essay  on  Human 
Understanding,  till  in  1679  his  patron 
raised  to  be  president  of  the  council  recall- 
ed him  home.  His  prospects  of  prefer- 
ment were  transitorj-,  the  earl  in  six  months 
was  disgraced  and  imprisoned,  and  in  1692 
escaped  for  fear  of  being  prosecuted  for 
high  treason,  to  Holland,  where  Locke, 
equally  faithful  to  him  in  adversity  as  in 
pro.sperity,  followed  him.  There,  by  his 
intercourse  with  some  suspected  person 
after  the  death  of  his  patron,  the  exiled 
philosopher  drew  upon  himself  the  resent* 
ment  of  the  government ;  he  was  not  only 
removed  from  his  studentship  at  Christ 
church,  which  he  had  hitherto  kept  as  an 
honourable  literaiy  retreat,  but  he  was  ac- 
cused by  the  English  envoy  before  the 
States  General,  and  his  person  claimed  a.s 
guilty  of  treasonable  correspondence  in 
favour  of  Monmouth's  invasion.  Thus 
persecuted,  Locke  concealed  himself  for  12 
months,  devoting  his  time  to  literary  la- 
bours, and  two  yeai-s  after,  when  he  return- 
ed to  England  in  consequence  of  the  revo- 
lution, he  published  his  celebrated  essay, 
which  had  engaged  him  nine  years  in  the 
composition.  As  he  was  considered  a 
sufferer  for  political  opinions  he  was  re- 
warded with  the  place  of  commissioner  of 
appeals,  worth  200/.  a  year,  and  he  was 
offered  the  honourable  office  of  envoy  to 
some  foreign  courts,  but  this  he  declined, 
ambitious  only  after  that  tranquillity  and 
retirement,  which  he  found  in  the  friendly 
invitations  of  Sir  Francis  and  lady  Masham 
at  Oates.  In  1695  he  was  prevailed  upon 
to  accept  the  place  of  commissioner  of  trade 
and  plantations,  for  which  he  was  so  well 
qualified  by  information  and  knowledge, 
but  this  he  resigned  five  years  after,  on  ac- 
count of  the  delicate  state  of  his  health, 
which  did  not  permit  him  wrth  safety  to 
breathe  the  air  of  the  capital.    The  lattct 

919 


LOG 


LOE 


pavt  of  lite  was  usefully  employed  in  the 
exertion  of  his  talents  on  political  subjects, 
and  also  in  reading  and  commenting  with  all 
the  zeal  and  humility  of  a  true  Christian 
on  the  holy  Scriptures.     With  nothing  to 
disturb  the  serenity  of  his  mind,  he  found 
himself  happy  in  the  retirement  which  he 
had  chosen,   and  in  the   society   of  lady 
Masham,  a  woman  of  superior  virtue,  of 
great  information,   and  of    contemplative 
habits  of  mind,  whose  son  had  the  happi- 
ness to  be  educated  and  improved  under 
the  eye,  and  in  the  principles  of  her  illus- 
trious friend.     Thus  situated  in  the  hospi- 
table  mansion  of  Gates,   as  if  in  his    own 
house,   he   saw   the  gradual   approach    of 
death     with     calmness     and    resignation. 
Seeing  his   legs  swell,  he  became  sensible 
that  dissolution  was  not  distant,  and  after 
receiving  the  sacrament  with  fervour  and 
piety,   he  told  his  sorrowing  friend,  lady 
Masham,  that  he  had  lived  long  enough, 
that  he  thanked  God  for  having  passed  his 
days  so  happily,  and  that  life    appeared  to 
him  mere  vanity.     He   expired  with  little 
pain,  28th  Oct.  1704,  in  his  73d  year,  and 
was  buried  in  the  church  at  Gates,  where  a 
decent    monument,    with    an    inscription 
written  by  himself,  marks   the  spot.     His 
works  are,  besides  the  Essay  in  2  vols.Svo. ; 
Letters  on  Toleration,  4to.  ;    treatise  on 
Civil   Government,   8vo.  ;    Thoughts  con- 
cerning Education,  12mo. — Considerations 
on  lowerir.g  the  interest,  andraisingthe  Value 
of  Money  ;  Reasonableness   of  Christian- 
ity, Svo.  ;  Posthumous  works,  &c. ;  Para- 
phrase on  St.  Paul's   Epistles,  4to.  ;  Let- 
ters, &c.   all  which  have  been  edited  to- 
gether, 3  vols,   folio,  and  9  vols.  Svo.     On 
the  character  of  this   great  and  good  man 
little  need  be  said.     The  virtues  and  the 
charities  of  human  nature  he  possessed  in 
the  highest  degree,  and  as  a  philosopher,  a 
Christian,  a  politician,  and  a  man,  he  claims 
the  first  rank  in  the  admiration  and  in  the 
homage  of  posterity.     With  judicious  taste 
and  becoming  simplicity,  queen  Caroline 
erected  in  her  pavilion  at   Richmond,  his 
bust  with  those  of  Bacon,   Newton,   and 
Clarke,  as  the  four  principal  philosophers 
of  which  England  may  boast  with  real  pride 
and  satisfaction  when  she  enumerates  her 
departed  heroes. 

Locke,  Samuel,  D.D.  president  of  Har- 
Tard  college,  Massachusetts,  was  graduated 
at  that  institution  in  1755,  and  two  years 
after  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Sherburne, 
ivhcre  he  continued  till  advanced  to  the 
presidency  of  the  college  in  March,  1770. 
He  resigned  the  station  in  December,  1773. 
He  possessed  uncommon  powers  of  mind, 
was  an  acomplished  preacher.     Idp'  L. 

LocKEK,  John,  an  English  gentleman  of 

a  respectable   family  in   Middlesex.      He 

^as  educated    at    Merchant-tailors',  and 

Merton  college,  Oxford,  and  then  entered 

220 


at  Gray's  Inn,  -where  he  occupied  the  same 
chambers  which   lord   Bacon    once    had. 
When  called  to  the  bar  he  became  a  com- 
missioner  of   bankrupts,  and   held   other 
offices.     He  devoted  much  of  his  time  to 
the  cultivation  of  literature,  and  he  waa  a 
perfect  master  of  the   Greek,  and  also  of 
the   modern   Greek,  which  he  acquired  by 
the   conversation  of  a  poor  native  of  the 
Morea,  whom   he  found  by  accident  desti- 
tute and  begging  in  the  streets  of  London, 
and  whom  he  and  Dr.  Mead  liberally  pa- 
tronised.    He  was  an  enthusiastic  admirer 
of  lord  Bacon,  some   of  whose  papers  he 
carefully  collected   for  publication,  which 
he   communicated  to   Dr.  Birch,  and   Mr. 
Mallet.     He  wrote  a  preface  to  Voltaire's 
Charles  XH.  and  translated  the  two  first 
books,   and  Dr.  Jebb   the  rest.     He   died 
much   regretted,  May,  1760,  nearly  a  year 
after  the  death  of  his  lady,  a  descendant  of 
bishop  Stillingfleet,  by  whom  he  had  nine 
children. 

LocKMAN,  John,  author  of  Rosalinda,  a 
musical  drama,  1740,  and  of  David's  La- 
mentations, an  oratorio,  was  one  of  the 
compilers  of  the  General  Dictionary,  and 
also  concerned  in  "  Blainville's  Travels." 
He  died  2d  Feb.  1771,  much  respected. 

LocKTER,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Somer- 
setshire, chaplain  to  Cromwell,  and  provost 
of  Eton  under  his  usurpation.  As  he  was 
a  nonjuror  he  waa  ejected  at  the  restoration 
from  this  provostship,  and  the  livings  of  St. 
Benet's  Sheerhog,  and  St.  Pancras,  Soper- 
lane.  He  wrote  some  theological  tracts, 
and  died  1684. 

LoDBROG,  Regner,  a  celebrated  king  of 
Denmark,  at  the  beginning  of  the  9th  cen- 
tury. He  was  a  warrior,  and  also  a  poet, 
but  his  poems  breathe  nothing  but  wild  fa- 
naticism and  religious  phrenzy. 

Lodge,  Thomas,  a  learned  physician, 
educated  at  Oxford,  according  to  Wood. 
He  afterwards  studied  medicine  at  Avignon, 
where  he  took  his  doctor's  degree,  and  at 
his  return  was  incorporated  at  Cambridge. 
He  settled  in  London,  where  he  acquired  an 
extensive  practice,  especially  among  the 
Roman  catholics,  of  whose  persuasion  he 
was.  He  died  1625,  much  respected.  He 
wrote  Wounds  of  Civil  AVar,  a  tragedy, 
1594,  4to. — Looking-Glass  for  London  and 
for  England,  a  tragi-comedy,  1598,  in 
which,  and  in  other  pieces  attributed  to 
him,  he  is  said  to  have  been  assisted  by 
Robert  Green. 

Loewendal,  Ulric  Frederic  W^oldemar, 
count  de,  a  native  of  Hamburgh,  distin- 
guished as  an  officer  in  the  service  of  Po- 
land, and  afterwards  of  Denmark  against 
Sweden.  He  next  entered  into  the  impe- 
rial army,  and  displayed  his  bravery  at  the 
battle  of  Peterwaradin,  the  sieges  of  Temes- 
war,  and  Belgrade,  and  in  the  other  ex- 
ploits of  that  celebrated  war.     Augustus 


LOG 


UJl. 


kin"-  of  Poland,  sensible  of  bis  merits, 
made  him  field-marshal  and  inspector-ge- 
neral of  the  Saxon  infantry,  and  he  after- 
wards obtained  the  chief  command  of  the 
Russian  forces.  From  Russia  he  passed 
into  the  French  service,  and  was  particularly 
distinguished  at  the  battle  of  Fontcnoy 
1745,  and  at  the  taking  of  Bergen-op-Zoom, 
16th  Sept.  1747,  hitherto  regarded  as  im- 
pregnable. The  French  king  acknow- 
ledged his  meritorious  services  by  raising 
him  to  the  rank  of  field-marshal.  He  died 
1755,  aged  55. 

Logan,  Frederic,  baron  de,  a  German 
poet  of  considerable  merit,  whose  epigrams 
and  other  pieces  have  been  edited  by  Les- 
sing  and  Ramler.  He  died  1655,  aged 
51. 

Logan,  John,  a  native  of  Mid-Lothian, 
in  Scotland,  educated  at  Edinburgh,  and 
made  minister  of  South  Lcith  1770.  He 
distinguished  himself  as  a  writer  and  as  a 
poet,  and  died  in  London  1788,  aged  about 
40.  His  works  are  the  Philosophy  of  His- 
tory from  his  lectures  delivered  at  Edin- 
burgh 1781 — Runnamede,  a  tragedy,  re- 
fused at  Covent-gardcn,  on  account  of 
some  political  allusions  to  the  times,  but 
acted  with  great  applause  at  Edinburgh — 
Poems,  of  which  the  second  edition  appear- 
ed in  1782 — and  Review  of  the  Principal 
Charges  against  Mr.  Hasting?,  for  which 
his  publisher  in  London,  Stockdale,  was 
tried  and  acquitted. 

Logan,  James,  distinguished  for  his 
Teaming  and  president  of  the  council  of 
Pennsylvania,  was  of  Scotch  descent,  but 
born  in  Ireland,  in  1674.  He  was  well 
educated  in  the  sciences  and  the  various 
branches  of  polite  literature.  In  1699,  he 
came  to  America  with  William  Penn,  in 
whose  religious  creed  he  was  a  believer, 
■and  was  soon  introduced  by  him  into  seve- 
ral public  employments,  and  at  length  in 
1701,  appointed  secretary  of  the  province 
and  clerk  of  the  council.  He  afterAvards 
was  advanced  to  the  offices  of  commission- 
er of  property,  chief  justice,  and  president 
of  the  council,  and  was  for  some  time  un- 
popular by  attaching  himself  to  the  inter- 
ests of  the  proprietary,  in  opposition  to 
these  of  the  people.  On  the  death  of  the 
governor  in  1736,  the  government  for  two 
years  devolved  on  him  as  president  of  the 
council,  and  he  exercised  an  administration 
highly  acceptable  to  the  people.  Several 
of  the  last  years  of  his  life  he  spent  in  re- 
tirement in  literary  pursuits.  He  was  well 
versed  in  ancient  and  modern  learning,  and 
fond  of  mathematics,  philosophy,  and 
natural  history,  and  published  several  valu- 
able tracts  on  those  subjects.  His  large 
and  choice  library  he  bequeathed  to  the 
t;itizens  of  Philadelphia.  sCJ^  L. 

Logan,  a  distinguished  Indiari  Chief  of 
♦be  Cayuga  nation,  who  lived  on  the  Ohio, 


and  whose  misfortunes  and  eloquence  arc 
commemorated  by  Mr.  Jefferson  in  his 
Notes  on  Virginia.  He  was  gifted  with 
superior  talents,  was  brave,  and  strongly 
attached  to  the  white  people,  till  in  1774, 
a  party  of  whites  under  the  command  of  a 
captain  Cresap,  without  provocation,  mur- 
dered all  his  family  ;  a  war  of  retaliation 
ensued,  in  which  great  numbers  of  the 
whites  were  put  to  death,  till  at  length  the 
Indians  being  defeated  in  a  general  battle 
sued  for  peace,  and  Logan,  disdaining  (o 
appear  among  the  supplicants,  sent  to  lord 
Dunmore,  governor  of  Virginia,  the  speech 
recorded  by  Mr.  Jefferson,  in  which  he  re- 
counts his  wrongs.  His  calamities  threw 
him  into  melancholy,  and  occasional  deli- 
rium, which  he  attempted  to  relieve  by 
intoxication.  He  was  at  length  murdered 
on  his  way  to  Miami  from  Detroit,  where 


he  had  lived  for  some  time. 


ICT-L. 


Loges,  Mary  Bruneau,  a  French  lady  of 
the  protestant  persuasion.  She  was  much 
admired  for  her  wit  and  genius,  not  only  by 
Balzac,  Malherbe,  and  other  learned  men  ; 
but  the  king  of  Sweden,  the  duke  of  Or- 
leans, &c.  She  had  by  her  husband,  who 
was  a  gentleman  of  the  king's  bed-cham- 
ber, nine  children,  but  though  called  the 
tenth  muse,  and  a  divinity  on  earth,  she 
left  none  of  her  poetical  productions  be- 
hind her. 

LoHENSTEiN,  Daniel  Gaspard  de,  a  learn- 
ed German,  born  at  Nimptsch,  Silesia.  He 
wrote  some  dramatic  pieces — Arminius,  a 
historical  romance,  2  vols.  4to. ;  Poetical 
Reflections  on  Isaiah's  53d  chapter,  &c. 
He  died  1683,  aged  45. 

Loir,  Nicholas,  a  painter  born  at  Paris 
1624.  He  was  disciple  to  Le  Brun,  but 
though  possessed  of  genius,  he  did  not 
excel  in  any  particular  branch.  He  paint- 
ed landscape.^,  figures,  &c.  and  assisted  in 
the  completion  of  the  paintings  of  the  pa- 
lace of  the  Thuilleries.  He  died  professor 
of  the  academy  of  painting.  His  son 
Alexis  was  an  able  engraver. 

Lokman,  an  Abyssinian  prophet,  said  to 
have  been  sold  as  a  slave  among  the  Israel- 
ites in  the  reign  of  David  and  Solomon. 
His  wisdom,  and  the  good  sense  and  strik- 
ing morality  of  his  fables  are  so  like  those 
of  iEsop,  that  he  is  considered  by  some 
authors  as  the  same  personage.  He  has 
been  esteemed  by  the  ancients  as  an  extra- 
ordinary character,  so  that  Mahomet  has 
inserted  a  chapter  in  the  Koran,  with  his 
name,  where  he  introduces  God  saying,  we 
heretofore  bestowed  wisdom  on  Lokman. 
He  is  said  to  have  lived  300  years,  and  to 
have  been  buried  near  Jerusalem.  A  trans- 
lation of  his  fables  was  published  by  Gal- 
land,  at  Paris,  1724. 

Lollard,  Walter,  the  founder  of  the 
sect  of  the  Lollards,  was  according  to 
some,  an  Englishman.     His  opinions  were 

221 


J.OM 


LOM 


first  disseminated  in  Germany,  1315,  and 
afterwards  were  preached  by  him  in  Pied- 
mont and  in  England.  He  was  burnt  as  a 
heretic  at  Cologne,  1322.  The  followers 
of  Lollard  believed  that  mass,  baptism,  and 
extreme  unction  were  superfluous,  they  re- 
nounced obedience  to  civil  and  ecclesiasti- 
cal magistrates,  and  persuaded  themselves 
that  God  did  not  punish  faults  committed  on 
the  earth. 

LoM,  Jossu  Van,  a  physician  born  at  Bu- 
ren,  Guelderland,  1500.  He  practised  at 
Tournay  and  Bruges,  and  died  1562.  His 
works  written  in  elegant  and  polished 
Tiatin,  all  on  medical  subjects,  were  pub- 
lished at  Amsterdam,  3  vols.  12mo.  1745. 

LoMAzzo,  John  Paul,  a  native  of  Milan, 
known  as  an  ingenious  landscape  and  por- 
trait painter.  He  also  wrote  an  Italian 
treatise  on  Painting,  4to.  1585;  and  Idea 
del  Tempio  della  Pittura,  1590,  4to.  and 
died  159S,  aged  40. 

Lombard,  Peter,*  called  Master  of  the 
Sentences,  was  born  at  Novara,  in  Lombar- 
dy,  and  educated  at  Paris.  He  was  for 
some  time  tutor  to  Philip,  son  of  Lewis  le 
Gros,  king  of  France,  and  so  universally 
yespected,  that  upon  the  death  of  the  arch- 
bishop of  Paris  he  was  placed  in  his  room. 
He  died  four  years  after  1164.  His  work 
of  the  Sentences  is  divided  into  four  books, 
and  has  been  ably  commented  upon  by  suc- 
ceeding divines.  He  wrote  also  Commen- 
taries on  the  Psalms,  and  on  St.  Paul's 
Epistles. 

Lombard,  John  Lewis,  a  native  of  Stras- 
burg,  bred  up  to  the  law,  but  by  nature 
formed  for  military  affairs.  He  became  in 
1748,  professor  of  artillerj^,  at  the  military 
school  of  Metz,  and  afterv.-ards  in  1759,  at 
Auxonne,  and  died  1st  April,  I794jaged71. 
He  wrote  Table  du  Tir  des  Cannons  et 
Hes  Obusiers,  8vo.  ;  Memoire  al'Usagedes 
Officiers  d'Artillerie  de France,  2  vols.  Svo.; 
Traite  du  Mouvement  des  Projectiles,  Svo.; 
Instruction  sur  la  Manoeuvre  and  le  Tir  du 
Cannon  de  Batille,  Svo.  ;  besides  Robins' 
Principles  of  Gunnery  translated  into 
French. 

Lome  ART,  Lambert,  a  native  of  Liege, 
who  studied  painting  in  Germany,  France, 
and  Italy,  and  afterwards  settled  in  his  na- 
tive country,  vdiere  he  acquired  reputation, 
and  died  1565,  aged  59.  He  excelled  also 
as  an  architect.  His  life  was  published  by 
Hubert  Goltzius. 

LoMENiE,  Henry  Augustus,  count  de 
Brienne,  son  of  Anthony  Lomenic,  for 
some  time  French  ambassador  to  England, 
and  secretary  of  state,  who  died  1638,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  honours  of  his  father  in  the 
service  of  Lewis  XIV.  He  died  1666,  aged 
71,  and  his  memoirs  were  published  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1719,  3  vols.  12mo. 

LoMENiE,  Flenry  Lewis,   count  de   Bri- 
enne, son  of  the  above,  was  also  his  succes- 
222 


sor  in  his  high  offices.  The  loss  of  his  wife, 
whom  he  tenderly  loved,  had  such  effect 
upon  his  understanding  that,  to  the  pru- 
dence and  sagacity  of  the  statesman  unhap- 
pily succeeded  the  extravagance  of  a  de- 
ranged lunatic.  He  was  consequently  dis- 
missed from  power  and  confined.  Du- 
ring his  confinement  and  lucid  intervals,  he 
wrote  Memoirs  of  his  own  Life^  3  vols.  fol. 
— Satires  and  Odes — an  account  of  his 
Travels,  and  other  things.  He  died  much 
respected  and  lamented  1698,  aged  56. 

LoMENiE  DE  Brienne,  Stephen  Charles 
de,  a  French  prelate  of  tlie  same  family, 
born  at  Paris  1727.  He  was  in  1760  made 
bishop  of  Condom,  archbishop  of  Tolouse 
1764,  and  then  removed  to  Sens.  Respect- 
ed as  a  prelate,  hostile  to  abuses,  and 
friendly  to  reform,  he  became  by  the  in- 
trigues of  Vermont,  whom  he  had  re- 
commended as  confessor  to  the  queen,  a 
cardinal,  and  the  prime  minister  of  Lewis 
XVI.  but  the  expectations  formed  of  his 
abilities  were  unhappily  disappointed.  He 
caused  the  disgrace  of  Calonne,  but  follow- 
ed his  steps  of  government,  and  politics, 
and  his  weakness,  and  his  impotent  dis- 
putes with  the  parliament  of  Paris,  rapidly 
contributed  to  the  French  revolution.  He 
quitted  at  last  a  station  to  which  he  was 
unequal,  and  by  sending  back  his  cardinal's 
hat  to  the  pope,  at  the  beginning  of  the  re- 
volution, he  acquired  a  little  popularity. 
He  died  at  Sens,  16th  Feb.  1798. 

LoMONOzoF,  a  Russian  poet  of  merit, 
born  171L  He  was  son  of  a  fishmonger  at 
Kolmogori,  but  despising  this  humble  oc- 
cupation, and  inflamed  with  the  love  of  li- 
terature by  reading  the  Song  of  Solomon 
in  the  translation  of  Pototski,  he  fled  from 
the  protection  of  his  father  to  a  monastery 
of  Moscow,  where  he  studied  the  learned 
languages.  He  so  distinguished  himself, 
that  he  was  in  1736  sent  at  the  expense  of 
the  imperial  academy  of  sciences,  to  Mar- 
burg, in  Hesse  Cassel,  where  for  four  years 
he  applied  himself  to  grammar,  rhetoric, 
and  philosophy,  under  Wolf,  and  afterwards 
studied  chymistry  under  Henckel,  at  Frey- 
berg.  In  1741  he  returned  to  Russia,  and 
became  professor  of  chymistry  in  the  impe- 
rial academy.  In  1744  he  was  raised  by 
the  empress  to  the  rank  of  counsellor  of 
state,  but  unfortunately  died  that  year, 
April  4th,  aged  54.  As  a  writer,  Lomono- 
zof  is  deservedly  esteemed  by  his  country- 
men as  the  polisher  of  their  language.  His 
poetical  compositions  are  particularly  va- 
luable for  their  originality,  sublimity  of 
sentiment,  and  their  animated  diction.  As 
the  respectable  imitator  of  Pindar,  he  ranks 
very  high,  and  the  appellation  of  father  of 
Russian  poetry  is  becomingly  bestowed 
upon  him.  His  works  have  been  published 
in  3  vols,  containing  ten  sacred  and  nine- 
teen .panegyric  odes    and  other  poetical 


LON 


LOS 


pieces,  idyls,  tragedies,  &c.  besides  pas- 
sages translated  from  Cicero,  Luciaji,  Eras- 
mus," JVAion,  Homer,  Ovid,  Virgil,  and 
others,  besides  treatises  on  philosophical 
subjects.  He  published  also,  "  Annals  of 
the  Russian  Sovereigns,"  and  Ancient  His- 
tory of  Russia,  from  the  origin  of  the  na- 
tion to  1504. 

LoNDE,  Francis  Richard  de  la,  a  French 
poet  of  considerable  merit,  born  at  Caen. 
He  wrote  also  some  pieces  on  history, 
morals,  and  antiquity,  and  died  1765, 
aged  80. 

London,  John  Campbell,  earl  and  baron 
of  London,  succeeded  his  father  Hugh 
Campbell  in  1732.  He  arrived  in  Virginia 
in  1756,  with  a  commission  as  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  British  forces  in  America, 
in  which  office  he  succeeded  general  Aber- 
crombie,  who  again  assumed  it  on  the  re- 
turn of  London  to  England  the  following 
year.  He  was  appointed  majoi'-general  in 
1756,  and  lieutenant-general  in  1758,  and 
commanded  in  the  campaigns  against  the 
French  in  Canada  in  1756  and  1757.  He 
had  also  the  appointment  of  governor  of 
Virginia  as  the  successor  of  the  earl  of  Al- 
bemarle in  1756.  Mr.  Dinwiddle,  however, 
continued  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the 
office,  and  lord  London  had  little  concern 
with  the  civil  administration.  He  gained 
little  reputation  in  America,  but  was 
charged  with  arrogance  and  indiscretion  in 
his  general  deportment,  and  with  indeci- 
sion and  delay  as  a  military  commander. 

iCP  L. 

Long,  James  le,  a  priest  of  the  oratory, 
born  at  Paris  1665.  He  was  professor  in 
several  colleges,  and  was  elected  librarian 
of  St.  Honore,  at  Paris,  where  he  died 
1721.  He  was  well  skilled  in  ancient  and 
modern  languages,  and  in  mathematics  and 
philosophy.  His  chief  works  are  Biblio- 
theca  Sacra,  2  vols,  folio,  1723 — Biblio- 
theque  Historique  de  la  France,  folio — a 
Historical  Discourse  on  the  Polyglott  Bible, 
8vo. 

Long,  Roger,  D.D.  master  of  Pembroke 
hall,  Cambridge,  Lowndes'  professor  of  as- 
tronomy and  rector  of  Cherry  Hinton, 
Huntingdonshire,  and  Bradwell,  Essex, 
was  a  native  of  Norfolk.  He  is  celebrated 
as  an  able  astronomer,  as  his  "  Treatise  on 
Astronomy,"  2  vols.  4to.  fully  proves.  He 
wrote  besides  an  answer  to  Dr.  Gally's 
pamphlet  on  "  Greek  Accents,"  and  some 
sermons.  He  also  invented  a  curious  ma- 
chine, which' represented  the  zodiac,  the 
jneridians,  and  other  circles,  and  all  the 
constellations  and  stars  visible  at  Cam- 
bridge, on  plates  of  iron.  The  machine  is 
in  the  form  of  a  globe,  eighteen  feet  in  dia- 
meter, in  which  thirty  persons  may  con- 
veniently sit,  and  is  easily  turned  by  means 
of  a  winch.     Dr.  Long,  equally  known  as 


a  pleasant  and  facetious  companion,  died 
Dec.  IGth,  1770,  aged  'Jl.  He  was  vice- 
chancellor  of  Cambridge,  1737. 

Long,  Thomas,  B.  D.  an  able  divine, 
born  at  Exeter,  and  educated  at  Exeter 
college,  Oxford.  He  was  author  of  a  his- 
tory of  Donatists,  8vo. — Exaniination  .of 
Hale's  Treatise  on  Schism,  8vo. — History 
of  Popish  and  Fanatical  Plots  and  Conspi- 
racies, 8vo. — Life  of  Julian,  8vo.  indi- 
cation of  Charles's  Claim  to  be  the  author 
of  the  Eikon  Basiliee,  &c.  He  obtained  a 
prebend  in  Exeter  cathedral,  but  lost  it  at 
the  revolution,  for  refusing  to  take  the 
oaths  to  king  William.  He  died  1700, 
aged  about  79. 

Long,  Edward,  an  ingenious  gentleman, 
was  the  son  of  Samuel  Long,  Esq.,  of  the 
island  of  Jamaica,  and  born  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Blaize,  in  Cornwall,  in  1734.  He 
was  brought  up  to  the  law,  and  on  the 
death  of  his  father,  went  to  the  West  In- 
dies, where  he  became  a  judge  of  the  vice- 
admiralty  court,  but  returned  to  England, 
in  1769,  and  died  in  1813.  He  wrote  a 
"  History  of  Jamaica,"  in  3  vols,  4to.  ;  and 
some  other  works. — W.  B. 

Longbeard,  William,  a  priest'^of  great 
abilities,  which  he  employed  against  the  go- 
vernment. By  his  eloquence  he  assembled 
a  large  mob  in  the  reign  of  Richard  L  and 
by  calling  himself  the  saviour  of  the  poor, 
he  threatened  the  royal  authority  with  des- 
truction. After  for  some  time  heading  a 
lawless  populace,  he  fled  for  refuge  into 
St.  Mary-le-bonne  church,  where  he  was 
at  last  overpowered,  and  then,  with  nine  of 
his  associates,  torn  to  pieces  by  horses  and 
hung  on  a  gallows,  1196. 

Longepiere,  Hilary  Bernard  de,  a  learn- 
ed Frenchman,  born  at  Dijon,  1658.  He 
translated  into  verse,  Auacreon,  Theocri- 
tus, Sappho,  Bion  and  Mosehus,  and  was 
autlior  of  some  idyls,  and  of  tragedies  after 
the  Greek  model,  such  as  Medea,  Electra, 
and  Sesoatris,  the  two  first  of  which  ap- 
peared on  the  stage.     He  died  1727. 

LoNGiNus,  Dionysius,  a  native  of 
Athens,  celebrated  as  a  philosopher  and 
critic.  After  teaching  philosophy  and  rhe- 
toric at  Athens,  he  was  invited  to  become 
tutor  to  the  children  of  Zenobia,  queen  of 
Palmyra.  When  the  fortunes  of  Zenobia 
were  ruined,  the  conqueror  Aureliau 
cruelly  ordered  the  philosopher  to  be  put  to 
death,  273  A.D.  His  valuable  treatise  on 
the  Sublime  was  best  edited  by  Toup, 
1778,  and  translated  by  Dr.  Smith. 

LoNGLAND,  John,  a  native  of  Henley, 
Oxfordshire,  educated  at  Magdalen  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  was  in  1505  appointed 
principal  of  Magdalen  hall,  in  1514  made 
dean  of  Salisbury,  and  seven  years  after 
bishop  of  Lincoln.  It  is  said  that  he  re- 
commended and  enforced  the  necessitv  of 

223 


LON 


LOR 


a  divorce  between  Henry  YIII.  and  Catha- 
rine of  Arragon.  He  died  1547.  His 
ivorks  appeared  in  fol.  1532. 

LoNGOMONTANUS,  Christian,  the  son  of 
a  poor  labourer,  who  became  an  eminent 
astronomer,  and  was  born  at  Longomonta- 
num,  in  Denmark,  1562.  His  genius  was 
seen  and  fostered  by  the  minister  of  his 
parish,  and  after  spending  his  time  in  deep 
study,  and  in  following  the  plough,  he 
went  without  the  knowledge  of  his  friends, 
to  Wiburgh,  at  the  age  of  15,  and  there 
maintained  himself  by  his  labour,  that  he 
might  enjoy  more  independently  the  oppor- 
tunity of  study.  He  was  afterwards  at 
Copenhagen,  and  then  became  the  compa- 
nion, and  the  friend  of  Tycho  Brahe  for 
eight  years.  In  1600  he  left  this  beloved 
master,  and  after  visiting  the  spots  where 
Copernicus  had  made  his  observations  on 
the  stars,  he  came  to  Copenhagen,  and  was 
inl605  nominated  professor  of  mathematics 
in  the  university,  where  he  died,  1647.  He 
published  "  Astronomia  Danica,"  folio — 
Systema  Mathematicum,  8vo. — Problema- 
ta  Geometrica,  4to. — Disputatio  Ethica  de 
Animae  Humanae  Morbis,  4to. 

LoNGUEiL,  Gilbert  de,  a  physician  of 
Utrecht.  He  wrote  Remarks  on  Plautus, 
Ovid,  Nepos,  Cicero,  Valla,  &c.  4  vols. 
8vo. ;  a  Greek  and  Latin  Lexicon  ;  a  Dia- 
logue on  Birds,  with  their  Greek,  Latin, 
and  German  Names  ;  besides  translations 
of  some  of  Plutarch's  lesser  works.  He 
died  1543,  aged  36. 

LoNGUEiL,  Christopher  de,  an  able  scho- 
lar, born  at  Malines,  1490.  He  was  highly 
favoured  by  Lewis  XIL  of  France,  and  by 
pope  Leo  X.  who  engaged  him  to  write 
against  Luther.  He  wrote  besides  Latin 
Commentaries  on  Pliny's  Plants,  Observa- 
tions on  the  Civil  Law,  Sec.  He  died  at 
Padua,  1522,  aged  34. 

LoNGUERUE,  Lewis,  Dufour  de,  a  French 
abbe,  born  at  Charleville,  1652.  He  was 
so  early  distinguished  for  application,  that 
at  the  age  of  four  he  was  seen  and  admired 
by  Lewis  XIV.  as  he  passed  through  Char- 
leville. This  very  learned  and  amiable  man 
died  1732,  aged  80.  He  wrote  a  Latin 
Dissertation  on  Tatian,  8vo.  1700  ;  a  His- 
torical Description  of  France,  folio,  1719  ; 
Annales  Arsacidarum,  4to.  1732  ;  Remarks 
on  Wolsey's  Life ;  a  Dissertation  on 
Transubstantiation,  &c. 

LoKGTJEVAL,  Jamcs,  a  French  Jesuit, 
bord  at  Peronne.  He  studied  at  Amiens 
and  Paris,  and  wrote  History  of  the  French 
Church,  10  vols.;  Dissertation  on  Miracles; 
a  Treatise  on  Schism,  &c.  He  died  at  Pa- 
ris, 1735,  aged  55. 

LoNGUS,  a  Greek  sophist,  author  of  four 
pastorals,  and  of  the  Loves  of  Daphnis  and 
Chloe,  edited  1660,  4to. 

Loxi,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Florence, 
eminent  as  a  painter.     He  imitated  with 
224 


success  the  style  of  his  master  Carlo  Dolce, 
and  died  1702,  aged  47. 

LoNicERUs,  John,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Orthern,  Germany.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  languages  at  Marpurg,  where  he 
died  1569,  aged  70.  He  compiled  a  Greek 
and  Latin  Lexicon,  begun  by  Melancthon 
and  Camerarius,  and  published  Diosco- 
rides,  and  other  Greek  writers. 

LoNicERUS,  Adam,  son  of  the  above, 
was  a  sagacious  physician,  who  died  at 
Frankfort,  1586.  He  was  author  of  Metho- 
dus  Rei  Herbariae,  4to  ;  Historia  Naturalis 
Plantarum,  Animalium  et  Metallorum,  2 
vols.  fol. ;  Explicatio  Corporis  Humani 
Aftectuum  ;  Hortus  Sanitatis,  &c. 

Loon,  Theodore  Van,  a  native  of  Brus- 
sels, whose  excellent  paintings  adorn  the 
churches  and  public  buildings  of  Rome, and 
of  Venice.     He  was  born  1630. 

LoREDANO,  John  Francis,  a  senator  of 
Venice,  learned  and  ingenious,  author  of  a 
Life  of  Adam  ;  History  of  the  Kings  of 
Cyprus  ;  some  comedies,  &c.  collected  in 
six  vols.  12mo.  He  was  born  1606,  but 
the  time  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

LoRENZETTi,  Ambrogio,  a  painter  of 
Sienna,  a  disciple  of  Giotto,  and  the  first 
who  painted  with  success,  rain,  storms,  and 
the  effect  of  winds.  He  died  1350,  aged  83. 

LoRENziNi,  Lawrence,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, eminent  as  a  mathematician.  He 
was  the  pupil  of  the  Viviani,  and  was  re- 
commended for  his  abilities  to  the  service 
of  Ferdinand,  son  of  the  grand  duke  Cos- 
mo III.  but  some  unfortunate  circumstance 
in  his  conduct  procured  his  imprisonment 
in  the  tower  of  Volterra.  During  his  con- 
finement of  twenty  years,  he  devoted  him- 
self to  his  mathematical  studies,  and  wrote 
his  twelve  books  on  conical  and  cylindrical 
sections,  in  Latin.  He  died  1721,  aged  69. 

LoRiT,  Henry,  or  Glareanus,  from 
Glaris  in  Switzerland,  where  he  was  born, 
studied  at  Cologne,  Basil,  and  Paris.  He 
was  the  friend  of  Erasmus,  and  laboured 
much  for  the  advancement  of  literature. 
He  died  1563,  aged  75.  He  wrote  various 
dissertations,  notes,  &c.  on  classical  sub- 
jects, and  on  ancient  authors. 

LoRME,  Philibert  de,  master  of  the  works 
to  the  French  king,  was  born  at  Lyons.  He 
is  the  architect  of  the  palaces  of  the  ThuiU 
leries  and  Le  Louvres,  and  other  public 
buildings,  which  he  adorned  with  great 
taste  and  judgment.  Though  exposed  to 
the  satire  of  the  poet  Ronsard,  he  long  en- 
joyed the  patronage  of  the  French  court, 
and  died  1557.  He  wrote  ten  books  of  ar- 
chitecture, folio,  &c. 

LoRME,  John  de,  a  French  physician, 
born  at  Moulins,  1544.  He  studied  at 
Montpellier,  where  he  tookhis  degrees,  and 
practised  at  Forez,  and  afterwards  became 
physician  to  Louisa  of  Lorraine,  wife  of 
Henry  III.  and  to   Mary  de  Medicis,  and 


LOT 


LOT 


other  branches  of  the  royal  family.  He 
was  universally  esteemed,  and,  in  his  old 
a^e,  retired  to  his  native  place,  where  he 
died,  1634,  aged  90. 

LoRME,  Charles  de,  son  of  the  above, 
was  born  1587,  and  became  physician  to 
Lewis  XIIL  He  was  fond  of  literature, 
which  he  cultivated  with  success,  and  he 
spared  no  expense  to  discover  the  truth  in 
bis  experiments  and  researches.  He  ac- 
quired great  celebrity  and  equal  opulence, 
and  died  much  respected,  1678,  aged  91. 
He  was  the  promoter  of  a  particular  ptisan, 
called  "  red  broth,"  which  proved  of  great 
service  to  thousands.  He  published  "  Lau- 
reae  Apollinaris,"  Svo. 

Lorraine,  Robert  le,  an  eminent  sculp- 
tor, born  at  Paris,  November,  1666.  His 
chef-d'oeuvre  is  his  Galatea,  which  he  com- 
posed when  admitted  into  the  academy  of 
sculpture,  1701.  He  died  governor  of  the 
academy,  June  1st,  1743.  He  was  the  in- 
timate friend  of  the  learned  of  his  time,  and 
his  statues  adorned  the  gardens  of  Ver- 
sailles, Marii,  &c. 

Lorraine,  Charles  of,  cardinal  and  arch- 
bishop of  Rheims,  son  of  the  first  duke  of 
Guise,  was  bom  1525.  His  great  abilities 
were  meanly  prostituted  to  the  worst  pur- 
poses of  ambition,  the  love  of  power  and 
of  money.  His  influence,  in  the  reigns  of 
Henry  U.  and  of  Francis  H.  was  almost 
unlimited,  and  to  his  intrigues  the  war  of 
Italy  is  totally  attributed.  He  was  a  man 
of  great  eloquence,  which  he  displayed  at 
the  council  of  Trent,  and  at  the  conference 
atPoissy.     He  died  1574. 

LoRRis,  William  de,  author  of  the  "  Ro- 
mance of  the  Rose,"  in  imitation  of  Ovid's 
Art  of  Love,  and  other  things,  was  a  poet 
of  considerable  merit.  He  died  about  1 620. 
The  best  edition  of  the  Romance  is  Leng- 
let's,  Amsterdam,  1736,  3  vols.  12mo. 

Lorry,  Anne  Charles,  a  French  physi- 
cian, born  at  Crosne,  near  Paris.  He  is 
well  known  for  his  Latin  Treatises  on  Me- 
lancholy, and  its  Affections,  2  vols.  Svo. 
and  on  the  Use  of  Aliments^  He  wrote 
besides  a  treatise  on  Cutaneous  Dis- 
eases, 4to.  and  edited  Dr.  Mead's  works, 
&c.     He  died  1783,  aged  58. 

LosA,  Isabella,  a  native  of  Cordova,  so 
illustrious  for  her  knowledge  of  Greek,  La- 
tin, and  Hebrew,  that  she  was  honoured 
with  the  degree  of  D.  D.  When  she  became 
a  widow  she  took  the  habit  of  St.  Clair,  and 
went  to  Italy,  and  founded  there  the  hospi- 
tal of  Loretto,  where  she  ended  her  days 
in  the  bosom  of  devotion  and  benevolence, 
5th  March,  1546,  aged  73. 

Lot,  son  of  Haran,  was  the  nephew  of  A- 
braham,  with  whom  he  was  brought  up,  and 
from  whom  he  separated  on  account  of  the 
number  of  their  respective  flocks,  and  the 
quarrels  which  arose  between  their  shep- 
herds. He  settled  at  Sodom,  from  whence 
Vor.  II,  29 


he  was  carried  away  captive  by  the  kmg  ol 
Edom,  till  Abrahum  ^t  liim  and  all  his  pos- 
sessions at  liberty.  Uhen  Sodom  was 
about  to  be  destroyed,  God,  (mt  «»(■  nurcy 
to  Abraham,  spared  Lot,  and  sent  an  angel 
to  remove  him  from  th(!  siiiHil  liiy.  Lot, 
with  his  wife  and  two  daughters,  lell  .Sodom 
before  it  was  destroyed,  but  his  wife,  by 
looking  back,  contrary  to  the  command  of 
God,  was  changed  into  a  pillar  of  salt.  His 
two  daughters,  by  intoxicating  him  in  a 
cave,  where  they  had  taken  refuge,  defiled 
him,  and  from  this  incestuous  intercourse; 
they  had  the  one  Moab,  and  the  other  Am- 
mon,  the  progenitors  of  those  two  nations 
which  proved  so  inimical  to  the  Israelites. 

LoTEN,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  who  lived 
in  England.  His  landscapes  were  much 
admired,  especially  where  he  represented 
storms  and  showers  of  rain,  with  trees  torn 
up,  and  cattle  running  for  shelter.  His 
Views  of  the  Alps,  and  his  craggy  rocks, 
had  also  great  beautv.  He  died  in  London, 
1681. 

LoTHAiRE  I.  son  of  Lcwis  the  Debon- 
naire,  was  partner  on  the  throne  of  Germa- 
ny with  his  father,  817,  and  made  king  of 
Lombardy  three  years  after.    Ungrateful  for 
the  confidence  and  kindness  of  his  father,  he 
revolted  against  him,  and,  seizing  his  per- 
son, confined  him  in  a  monastery  at  Sois- 
sons.     This  cruel  conduct  roused  against 
him  his  brothers,  Charles  and  Lewis,  but 
though  a  reconciliation  took  place  after  the 
death  of  the  old  emperor,  the  three  brothers 
appeared  in  arms  against  each  other.     The 
bloody  battle  of  Fontenai,  841,   in  which 
100,000  men  are  said  to  have  perished, 
seemed  indecisive,  but  at  last  a  truce  was 
effected  between  the  unnatural  brothers, 
and  the  treaty  of  Verdun,  in  843,  settled 
their  respective  rights.     Lothaire  obtained 
the  empire,  Italy,   and  the  provinces  be- 
tween the  Rhine,  the  Rhone,  the  Saone, 
the  Maese,  and  the  Scheldt,  whilst  the  rest 
of  the  French  dominions  was  partitioned 
between  Lewis  and  Charles.     Ten  years 
after  this  settlement,  Lothaire,  dissatisfied 
with  the  cares  of  government,  abdicated  the 
crown  to  retire  to  a  monastery  in  Ardennes, 
where  he  died,  six  days  after  his   assump- 
tion of  the  monkish  habit,  28th  September, 
885.     He  was  buried  at  Prum.     He  left  , 
three  sons,  Lewis,  Charles,  and  Lothaire, 
among  whom  he  divided  his  possessions. 

Lothaire  II.  duke  of  Saxony,  son  of 
Gerhard,  count  of  Supplemberg,  was  elect- 
ed king  of  Germany,  1125,  after  the  death 
of  Henry  IV.  and  crowned  emperor  at 
Rome,  1135.  As  he  kissed  the  feet  of  In- 
nocent II.  who  crowned  him,  the  popes  as- 
sumed in  consequence  a  sovereign  right 
over  the  German  empire.  He  died  4th 
Dec.  1137,  at  Bretten,  near  Trent,  leaving 
no  issue. 
Lothaire,  king  of  France,  sou  of  Leiyi^ 

2-25 


LOU 


LOU 


IV.  succeeded  his  father,  954.  .  He  inade 
war  against  the  emperor  Otho  II.  and  per- 
mitted him  to  hold  Lorraine  as  a  fief  of  the 
French  crown.  He  died  at  Compiegne, 
2d  March,  966,  in  consequence  of  poison, 
said  to  be  administered  by  his  wife  Emma, 
daughter  of  Lothaire,  king  of  Italy. 

LoTHAiRE,  king  of  Lorraine,  son  of  the 
emperor  Lothaire  I.  abandoned  his  wife 
Thietberga,  to  many  his  mistress,  Val- 
dradc.  Though  this  measure  was  counte- 
nanced ami  approved  by  the  councils  of 
Mentz  and  of  Aixla  Chapelle,  yet  the  pope 
Nicholas  I.  had  the  spirit  to  interfere  in  fa- 
vour of  the  injured  queen,  and  compelled, 
by  the  intluence  of  his  spiritual  power,  the 
obedient  Lothaire  to  quit  his  favourite  mis- 
tress, for  his  lawful  wife.  Lothaire  after- 
wards assisted  his  brother  Lewis  I.  and 
pope  Adrian  II.  against  the  Saracens  in 
Italy,  in  hopes  of  obtaining  a  divorce  from 
his  wife,  but  he  was  unsuccessful.  He  died 
at  Placentia,;of  a  violent  fever,  7th  Aug. 
S69. 

Louis  I.  surnamed  the  Debonnaire  or 
Feeble,  son  of  Charlemagne  and  Hilde- 
garde,  was  born  778,  and  proclaimed  king 
of  France  and  Emperor  of  the  West,  814. 
Instead  of  strengthening  his  power  by 
union,  he  weakened  it  by  division,  and  by 
making  his  eldest  son  Lothaire  his  asso- 
ciate in  the  empire,  and  the  two  others, 
Pepin  and  Louis,  "kings  of  Aquitaine  and 
Bavaria,  he  permitted  <lifferent  interests  to 
prevail  in  his  dominions.  Bernard  king  of 
Italy,  the  illegitimate  son  of  Pepin,  eldest 
son  of  Charlemagne,  displeased  with  the 
jelevation  of  Lothaire  to  the  throne,  took 
up  arms  in  818,  and  was  immediately  met 
in  the  field  by  Louis,  but  instead  of  fighting, 
the  Italian  troops  fled,  and  their  unfortunate 
leader  threw  himself  at  the  feet  of  his  con- 
queror. Louis  refused  to  spare  his  sup- 
pliant, and  he  caused  his  eyes  to  be  put 
out,  an  operation  which  proved  fatal.  This 
cruel  punishment,  inflicted  also  on  some  of 
the  partisans  of  the  unhappy  Bernard,  so 
offended  the  clergy  and  the  people,  that 
Louis  was  restored  to  the  good  opinion  of 
his  subjects  only  by  doing  public  penance. 
His  sons  afterwards,  too  sensible  of  his 
weakness,  rebelled  against  him  and  suc- 
ceeded in  withdrawing  all  his  troops  from 
his  standard,  so  that  the  deserted  monarch 
threw  himself  into  the  power  of  his  unna^ 
tural  children  in  the  plains  of  Rotleub. 
Here,  instead  of  compassion,  he  met  with 
indignity;  he  was  not  only  imprisoned  in 
a  monastery,  but  obliged  to  perform  public 
penance  at  Soissons  as  a  most  atrocious  de- 
linquent. In  sharing  the  spoils,  however, 
the.  new  kings  quaiTcUed,  and  Louis,  by 
artother  revolution,  was  drawn  from  his 
confinement  again  to  fill  the  throne,  but  he 
died  soon  after,  in  an  island  of  the  Rhine, 
above  Mentz,  20th,. lime,  840,  aged  6^. 
225 


Louis. II.  the  Young,  eldest  son  of  !&» 
thaire  I.  was  made  king  of  Italy,  844,  and 
in  855  succeeded  to  the  imperial  throne. 
He  was  a  virtuous  and  benevolent  monarch, 
brave,  yet  not  fond  of  war,  and  only  anxious 
to  maintain  the  dignity  of  the  throne,  the  pub- 
lic prosperity,  and  the  due  execution  of  the 
laws.  He  died  without  male  issue,  13th 
Aug.  875. 

Louis  III.  surnamed  the  Blind,  was  son 
of  Boson,  king  of  Provence,  by  Ermen- 
garde  daughter  of  Louis  the  Younger,  and 
he  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  his  father, 
890,  at  the  age  of  10,  He  twice  defeated 
Berenger,  who  disputed  with  hiin  the  suc- 
cession to  the  empire,  and  was  crowned  at 
Rome  by  Benedict  IV.  but  soon  after  he  suf- 
fered himself  to  be  surprised  by  his  rival  at 
Verona,  who  cruelly  put  out  his  eyes,  and 
sent  him  to  Provence,  where  he  died,  934. 

Louis  IV.  called  the  Child,  succeeded 
his  father  the  emperor  Arnold  in  900,  though 
only  seven  years  old.  His  reign  was  a 
^cene  of  desolation  and  civil  war.  His  do- 
minions were  invaded  by  the  Hungarians, 
whose  violence,  though  repeatedly  repress- 
ed by  large  sums  of  money,  at  last  obliged 
the  timid  monarch  to  fly.  He  died  at  Ra- 
tisbon,  21st  Jan.  911.  He  was  the  last 
emperor  of  Germany,  of  the  Carlovingian 
race,  and  though  the  laws  had  settled  the 
succession  in  the  descendants  of  Charle- 
magne, such  is  the  effect  of  revolutions,  the 
imperial  crown  afterwards  became  elective. 

Louis  V.  called  the  Fourth, by  those  who 
exclude  the  short  reign  of  the  infant  Louis 
from  the  list  of  emperors,  was  son  of  Louis 
the  Severe,  duke  of  Bavaria,  by  Matilda, 
daughter  of  Rodolphus  I.  and  he  was  elect- 
ed emperor  at  Frankfort,  1 314.  His  eleva- 
tion was  disputed  by  some  of  the  electors, 
who  declared  Frederic  the  Fair,  son  of  Al- 
bert I.  emperor,  and  consecrated  him  at 
Cologne,  and  this  unhappy  division  pro- 
duced a  civil  war.  After  various  skirmish- 
es, however,  Louis  proved  victorious,  and 
Frederic,  after  an  imprisonment  of  three 
years,  renounced  his  claims  to  the  throne,  to 
recover  his  liberty.  This  decision  dis- 
pleased the  pope,  John  XXII.  who  declared 
the  empire  vacant,  but  Louis  no  way  inti- 
midated, appealed  from  the  pontiff  to  a  ge- 
neral council,  and  at  last,  retoi'ting  injury 
for  injury,  he  caused  Peter  de  Corbiere  to 
be  elected  pope  in  the  room  of  his  enemy. 
These  divisions  were  still  fomented  by  the 
conduct  of  five  of  the  electors  who,  at  the 
instigation  of  Clement  VL  the  new  pope, 
chose  Charles  of  Luxemburg,  marquis  of 
Moravia,  to  fill  the  throne  ;  but  when  a 
new  civil  war  threatened  the  happiness  of 
Germany,  Louis  was  killed  by  a  fall  from 
his  horse  in  hunting,  11th  Oct.  1347. 

Louis  I.  king  of  France.  Vid.  Louis  I. 
the  Debonnaire. 

LoTTis  IT.  the  Stammerer,  was  son  of 


LOU 


I.OL 


(Jharlcs  the  Bald,  ami  succeeded  as  kinj;  ol 
Aquitaine  in  867,  and  to  his  father  as  king 
of  France,  877.  He  was  a  weak  prince, 
and  to  ensure  tranquillity  he  yielded  up 
Provence  to  Boson,  who  created  himself 
king.  He  died  at  Compiegnc,  lOih  A|)ril, 
879,  aged  35,  leaving  three  sons,  Louis  and 
Carloman  who  divided  his  kingdom  among 
themselves,  and  Charles,  a  posthumous  son, 
called  afterwards  Charles  the  Simple. 

Louis  HL  son  of  Louis  H.  shared  the 
kingdom  witli  his  brother  Carloman,  with 
whom  he  lived  in  perfect  union,  and  ably 
defended  himself  against  the  attacks  of 
his  enemies.  Hugh  the  Bastard,  son  of 
Lothaire,  was  defeated.  Boson  was  check- 
ed in  his  plans  of  aggrandizement,  and  the 
Normans  were  routed  in  the  famous  battle 
of  Vimeu.  Louis  died  4th  Aug.  882,  with- 
out children,  and  Carloman  became  sole 
monarch. 

Louis  IV.  surnamed  TransiViariue,  be- 
cause he  resided  13  years  in  England,  was 
son  of  Charles  the  Simple,  and  succeeded 
RsLoul  as  king  of  France  936.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  war  with  Richard  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, and  was  taken  prisoner,  but  the 
year  after  restored  to  liberty  on  condition 
of  leaving  his  antagonist  in  peaceful  pos- 
session of  Normandy,  and  of  yielding  Laon 
to  Hugh  le  Blanc.  In  a  subsequent  war 
Laon  was  recovered,  but  the  king  soon 
after  was  killed  by  a  fall  from  his  horse 
while  hunting.  He  died  10th  Sept.  954, 
aged  38,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Lo- 
thaire. 

Louis  V.  surnamed  the  Lazy,  succeeded 
bis  father  Lothaire,  986.  He  seized  upon 
Rheims,  and  was  vigorously  preparing  to 
march  against  the  Saracens,  to  the  relief 
of  the  count  of  Barcelona  when  he  was 
perfidiously  poisoned  by  his  queen  Blanche, 
21st  May,  987.  He  was  the  last  of  the 
second  race  of  the  Carlovingian  kings,  and 
though  the  crown  at  his  decease  belonged 
to  his  uncle  Charles  duke  of  Lower  Lor- 
raine, he  was  on  account  of  his  unpopu- 
larity among  the  French,  rudely  disposses- 
sed, and  Hugh  Capet  the  most  powerful 
of  the  French  dukes  was  elected  king. 

Louis  VI.  called  the  Big,  son  of  Philip 
I.  and  Bertha,  succeeded  to  the  throne, 
1108.  His  reign  was  disturbed  by  war, 
and  not  only  foreign  enemies  invaded  his 
dominions,  but  he  had  much  to  dread  from 
the  ambition  and  the  factious  spirit  of  his 
nobles  who  each  wished  to  establish  them- 
selves into  independent  princes.  His  quar- 
rels with  Henry  I.  of  England  were  nume- 
rous and  frequent,  about  the  possession  of 
Normandy,  but  these  differences  did  not 
prevent  his  attention  to  the  interests  of  his 
kingdom.  He  died  at  Paris,  1st  Aug. 
11 37,  aged  57.  He  was  a  wise  and  popular 
monarch,  benevolent  as  a  man,  and  im- 
partial as  a  publrc  masristxate.     His' nidi 


eioubHnii  humane  regulations  in  the  goveru- 
inent  of  the  people  were  suggested  and  im- 
proved by  the  advice  of  his  faithful  minister 
Suger. 

Louis  VII.  the  Voung,  son  and  successor 
of  the  preceding,   was   early   engaged  in  a 
quarrel  with  the   pope,   about  the  investi- 
ture   to    French  bishoprics,   for  which   be 
was  cxcomm>inicated  by  the  incensed  pon- 
tiff" Innocent  11.  and  his  kingdom  laid  under 
an    interdict.      Regardless    of    the    papal 
thunders,   Louis  turned    his   arms   against 
Theobald  III.   count  of  Champag:ie,  w!io 
favoured  the  cause  of  the  pope,  and  in  1  Hi 
he  laid  one  of  his  towns   \'itri,  in  ashes. 
This  violence  was  represented  by  St.  Ber- 
nard in  such  odious  colours  before  the  eyes 
of  the  superstitious  monarch,  that  he  was 
persuaded  to  take  up  the  cross,  and  with  an 
army  of  80,000  men,  he,  accompanied  by 
his  wife  Eleanor,  marched  into   Palestine. 
He  was  defeated' -by  the   Saracens,   and  in 
1147  obliged  to  raise  the  siege  of  Damas- 
cus, and  on  his  return  to  Europe  he  had  the 
misfortune  to  be  seized  by  the  Greeks  and 
delivered  into  the  hands  of  Roger,  king  of 
Sicily.     Restored  to   liberty  l*ft  found  his 
domestic  happiness  destroyi^di,;  byithe  con- 
duct of  his  queen,  who  had  disgraced  her- 
self by  an  illicit  amour  with  her  uncle  Ray- 
mond,  of   Antioch,    and   with    Saladin  a 
young  Turk,  and   to  wipe  away  the  disho- 
nour he  obtained  a  divorce,  and  married 
Alice  the  daughter  of  Theobald  his  ancient 
enemy.     Eldanorjsfx  weeks  after  took  for 
her  husband  Henry  IL  of  England,  and  as 
she  was  the  heiress  of  Poitou  and  Gulcnne, 
her  dominions  became  the  property  of  her 
new  lord,  and  created  great  dissensions  and 
long  wars   between  the    English    and  the 
French.     Louis  died  at  Paris   iSth  Sept, 
1180,  aged  60.  .\  ' 

-  Louis  VIII.  surnameil  the  Lion,  son  of 
Philip  Augustus  and  of  Isabella,  succeeded 
his  father  1223^.  He  was' distinguished  by 
his  valour  in  his  father's  life-time,  and 
when  he  ascended  the  throne  he  waged  sue* 
cessful  war  against  the  English,  from  whom 
he  conquered  Limousin,  Pcrigord,  Aunis, 
Sec.  and  afterwards  he  turned  his  arms 
against  the  Albigenses,  and  laid  siege  to 
Avignon.  Though  successful  he  lost  the 
greatest  part  of  his  army  by  disease,  and 
be  himself  was  attacked  by  the  contagious 
com;)Iaint,  and  died  soon  after  at  Mont- 
pensier  in  Auvcrgne,  Sth  Nov.  1226,  aged 
39.  By  his  wife  the  beautiful  Blanche 
of  Castile,  he  had  11  children,  of  whom 
only  five  sons  and  one  daughter  survived 
him. 

Louis  IX.  called  Saint,  was. son  of  Louis 
VIII.  and  Blanche,  and  succeeded  in  1226. 
His  minority  was  protected  bv  his  mother, 
with  wisdom  and  \igoUr,  and  when,  he  at- 
tained the  age  oi  manhood  he  pursued  the 
j!?me  course  of  pmcleut  Eovernment,  easrcr 


LOU 


L9L 


to  maintain  the  dignity  of  the  cioun  and 
ensure  the  happiness  of  the  subject.  He 
made  war  against  Henry  III.  of  England 
who  supported  his  revolted  nobles,  and  he 
twice  defeated  their  confederated  forces, 
and  at  last  made  an  honourable  and  advan- 
tageous peace.  During  an  illness  with 
which  he  was  atacked  in  1244,  Louis  made 
a  vow  that  if  he  recovered  he  would  under- 
take a  crusade,  and  after  a  vigorous  pre- 
paration of  four  years,  he  set  out  on  this 
romantic  expedition,  leaving  the  reins  of 
government  in  the  hands  of  his  mother. 
He  landed  in  Egypt,  took  Damietta,  and 
crossed  the  Nile  in  sight  of  the  Saracens, 
but  though  victorious,  disease  and  famine 
came  to  thin  his  ranks.  As  he  attempted 
to  retreat  to  Damietta  in  hopes  of  supplies, 
be  was  defeated  in  a  terrible  battle,  and 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  In  his 
prison  he  agreed  to  ransom  his  army  with 
a  large  sum  of  money,  and  to  give  up  Da- 
mietta in  exchange  for  his  person,  after 
ivhich  he  passed  into  Palestine,  and  remain- 
ed there  four  years.  On  his  return  to 
France  he  devoted  himself  to  the  happiness 
of  his  people,  justice  was  administered 
with  impartiality,  profaneness  and  immo- 
rality were  repressed,  and  honest  industry 
encouraged.  The  rights  of  the  church 
were  confirmed  in  1269  by  a  pragmatic 
sanction,  and  religion  supported  by  the 
wisest  decrees.  After  thus  promoting  the 
public  good,  Louis  again  embarked  in  1270 
for  another  crusade,  and  laid  siege  to  Tu- 
nis, in  Africa,  but  the  contagious  disorder 
which  was  so  fatal  to  his  troops  proved 
equally  fatal  to  himself.  This  great  and 
good  man  died  in  his  camp,  25th  Aug. 
1270.  His  remains  were  conveyed  to  Pa- 
ris, and  he  was  canonized  by  Boniface  VIII. 
1297. 

Louis  X.  called  Hutin,  was  king  of  Na- 
varre, in  right  of  his  mother  Jane,  and  he 
succeeded  his  father  Philip  the  Fair,  1314, 
as  king  of  France.  He  recalled  the  Jews 
into  his  kingdom,  and  made  war  against 
the  count  of  Flanders,  but  was  unsuccess- 
ful. He  died  at  Vincennes  8th  June,  1316, 
aged  26.  He  was  twice  married ;  by  his 
first  wife  he  left  one  daughter  who  succeed- 
ed to  the  throne  of  Navarre,  and  his  post- 
humous son  by  the  second  wife  died  soon 
after  his  birth.  He  was  succeeded  in  France 
by  Philip  the  Long. 

Louis  XL  son  of  Charles  VII.  and  Mary 
of  Anjou,  was  born  at  Bourges  1423.  In 
his  youth  he  displayed  his  valour  against 
the  English,  whom  he  obliged  to  retire 
from  the  siege  of  Dieppe  1443,  but  his 
conduct  towards  his  father  tarnished  all 
his  glory.  He  not  only  rebelled  against 
him,  but  showed  such  animosity,  that  the 
aged  monarch,  afraid  of  being  poisoned  by 
his  son,  starved  himself,  and  Louis  on  his 
cTcath  ascended  the  throne  in  14GI.  So 
228 


ungrateful  a  child  did  not  promise  a  vir- 
tuous monarch.     Louis  regarded  his  sub- 
jects as  conquered  slaves,  and  provided  he 
could  command  their  obedience  he  little  re- 
garded   their    hatred.       His    oppressions 
therefore  excited   the  people    against  his 
government,    and   a    league  was    formed 
against  him,  supported  by  the  dukes  of  Ber- 
ry, Britany,  Calabria,  and  other  dissatisfied 
nobles,  and  an  indecisive  battle  was  fought 
at  Montlheri,  1465.  Louis  purchased  peace 
by  granting  to  the  insurgents  all  their  de- 
mands, by  the  treaty  of  Conflans,  but  with 
the  intention  of  not  executing  his  part. 
Another  war  now  threatened  the  country, 
but  Louis  by  artifice  averted  the  blow,  and 
he  caused  his  own   brother,  the  duke  of 
Berry,  whom  he  had   lately  made  duke  of 
Guienne,  to  be  poisoned.  The  unsuspecting 
prince,  while  courting  the  daughter  of  the 
duke   of    Burgundy,  was  presented  with 
a  beautiful  peach,  by  his  almoner,  and  in 
sharing  the  fruit  with  his  intended  bride 
he   prepared  his   own  destruction.      The 
princess  died  almost  immediately,  and  the 
duke  survived  six  months.     The  duke  of 
Burgundy,  who  some  time  before  had  com- 
pelled Louis  to  make  a  very  disadvantageous 
treaty,    now    determined    to    avenge   the 
death  of  his  daughter,  and  he  ravaged  by 
fire  and    sword  the   provinces  of  Picardy 
and  Normandy.     Though  for  a  few  months 
the  treaty  of  Bou vines  stopped  the  carnage, 
a  new  alliance  between  the  dukes  of  Bur- 
gundy and  Britany,  and   Edward  IV.  of 
England,  threatened  to  increase  the  mise- 
ries of  France.     Louis,  however,  had  the 
art  to  intrigue  with   his  formidable  ene- 
mies ;  he  jj;ained  the  king  of  England  by 
bribing  his  ministers,  and  promising  him  a 
pension  ;  the  duke  of  Britany  was  recon- 
ciled by  similar  means,   and   the  duke  of 
Burgundy,  left  without  protectors,  joined 
in  the  general  peace  at  Amiens   and  Ver- 
vins.     The  death  of  the  duke  at  the  siege 
of  Nancy,   1477,  might  have  stopped   all 
further  differences,  but  Louis  imprudently 
refused  to  marry  his  own  son  to  the  heiress, 
whose  subsequent  union  with  Maximilian 
of  Austria,  son  of  Frederic   III.  laid   the 
foundation  of  war  between  the  French  and 
the   Austrians.      This  new  dispute,   after 
some  battles,  was  settled  by  the   peace  of 
Arras,  1482,  and  cemented  by  the  marriage 
of  the  Dauphin  with  Margaret,  daughter 
of  Mary   of  Burgundy.      Soon  after,  the 
ambitious  monarch  was  seized  with  a  deep 
melancholy,  and  afraid  of  death  he  retired 
to   the   castle  of  Plessis-lestours,    where 
none    were    permitted    access     to    him. 
Death  at  last  delivered  him  from  the  hor- 
rors of  his  terrified  imagination,  30th  Aug. 
1483,  in  his   60th  year.     Louis  has  been 
deservedly  called  the  Tiberius  of  France, 
as  in  cruelty,  malice,  and  perfidy  he  equal- 
led the  Roman  tvrant. 


L«L 


Lon 


Louis  XII.  suniamed  the  Just,  was  son 
of  Charles,  duke  of  Orleans,  and  Mary  of 
Clevcs,  and  he  succeeded  Charles  VIII.  on 
the  throne  of  France.  He  took  up  arras 
during  the  weak  reign  of  Charles  VIII. 
supported  by  other  dissatisfied  nobles ; 
but  the  battle  of  St.  Aubin,  in  1488,  proved 
fatal  to  his  hopes,  and  he  was  made  pri- 
soner, and  confined  with  tyrannical  severity. 
The  tears  and  entreaties  of  his  wife  Jane, 
at  last  procured  his  deliverance,  and  in 
1498,  he  obtained  the  crown,  and  with  he- 
roic magnanimity  forgave  all  the  persecu- 
tors and   enemies    of  his    former  privacy 


him  in   the   possession   of  bis    dominions. 
On  his  return  to  France,  Louis  found  him- 
self exposed  to  the  intrigues  of  his  brother 
Gaston  of  Orleans,  who  was  jealous  of  the 
influence  of  Richelieu,  but  the  projects  of 
this  powerful  subject  were  defeated  at  Cas- 
tclnaudari,  and  Montmorency  the  governor 
of  Languedoc  who  had  supported  him  was 
tried  and  beheaded  at  Toulouse.     A  new 
war  soon   after  broke   out  against  Spain, 
and  the  emperor,  and  for  many  years  deso- 
lated the  kingdom  without   enriching  the 
monarch,  or  enlarging  his  dominions.     But 
while    Richelieu   excited   discontent    and 


After  wise  regulations  at  home,  he  directed     discord  in  Europe   more   for  views  of  am- 


bition than  to  serve  bis  master,  a  sudden 
attack  hurried  him  and  Louis  to  their 
grave.  The  cardinal  died  on  the  4th  Dec. 
1642,  and  Louis,  4th  May  following,  aged 
42. 

Louis  XIV.  surnamed  the  Great,  was 
son  of  Louis  XIII.  by  Anne  of  Austria, 
and  was  born  5th  Sept.  1638,  after  the 
sterility  of  the  queen  for  22  years.  He  was 
only  four  years  old  when  he  succeeded  his 
father,  and  his  minority  was  governed  by 
his  mother,  who  received  all  her  advice 
and  instructions  from  her  favourite  cardi- 
nal Mazarin.  The  war  was  continued 
against  the  emperor,  and  the  Spaniards, 
and  Louis  saw  his  arms  victorious  at  Ro- 
croy,  under  the  duke  of  Enghefn,  and  in 
Catalonia  under  la  Mothe.  The  campaign 
of  1644  added  Thionville,  Barlemont,  Phi- 


his  arms  to  foreign  conquests,  and  rapidly 
subdued  the  Milanese,  Genoa,  and  Naples, 
and  made  the  king  of  Naples  prisoner ; 
but  the  successes  of  Gonsalvo  of  Corduba 
turned  the  tide  of  affairs  and  affected  the 
expulsion  of  the  French  from  Italy,  1503. 
He  afterwards  rallied  his  forces,  and  again 
defeated  the  Genoese  and  the  Venetians, 
and  took  possession  of  Cremona,  Padua, 
and  other  towns ;  yet  victory  again  de- 
clared against  him,  and  in  three  months  his 
conquests  vanished,  and  the  battle  of  Nova- 
ro,  1513,  ruined  the  French  influence  in 
Italy.  Instead  now  of  conquering  abroad, 
Louis  had  to  defend  his  own  dominions,  as 
Maximilian  the  emperor,  Henry  VIII.  and 
the  Swiss,  confederated  together  against 
him,  and  in  various  encounters  obliged 
him  to  sue  for  disadvantageous  terms  of 
peace.  This  amiable  monarch  who,  though  lipsburg,  Mayence,  Worms,  Manheim,  and 
unfortunate  in  his  foreign  expeditions,  was  other  towns  to  the  French  dominions,  and 
beloved  by  his  subjects,  and  revered  as  a  in  1645,  fresh  conquests  awaited  Lonis  in 
father,  died  1st  Jan.  1515,  aged  53.  Flanders,  Artois,  Lorraine,  and  Catalonia. 

Louis  XIII.  surnamed  the  Just,  son  of  The  Swedish  general  Tortstenson  in  al- 
Henry  IV.  and  Mary  de  Medicis,  ascended  liance  with  France  defeated  the  Imperialists 
the  throne  1610,  in  the  ninth  year  of  his  in  Bohemia,  Turenne  took  Treves,  and 
age,  under  the  guardianship  of  his  mother.  d'Enghien  after  the  battle  of  Nortlingen 
The  kingdom  weakened  by  the  imprudent  made  himself  master  of  Fumes,  Dunkirk, 
measures  of  the  queen  regent,  saw  little  and  Ypres,  and  defeated  the  archduke  in 
prospect  of  better  times  when  the  young  1648,  in  the  plains  of  Lens.  These  glo- 
king  took  the  reins  in  his  own  hands.  He  rious  events,  crowned  by  the  defeat  of  the 
was  governed  by  the  counsels  of  Marechal  Spanish  fleet  on  the  coast  of  Italy,  were 
d'Ancre,  a  proud  and  ambitious  favourite  ;  stopped  by  the  peace  of  Munster,  between 
but  after  his  death,  which  happened  1617,  France,  the  emperor,  the  Swedes,  and  the 
he  showed  more  vigilance  and  was  recon-  German  states,  and  Louis  saw  added  to  his 
ciled  to  his  mother  who  had  been  banished,  domains  by  this  treaty,  Metz,  Toul,  >'er- 
This  was,  however,  but  a  momentary  calm,  dun,  Alsace,  Brisach,  and  Pignerol. 
the  queen  took  up  arms  against  her  son,  Though  victorious  abroad,  however,  Louis 
while  on  the  other  hand  the  Huguenots  was  unpopular  at  home,  in  consequence  of 
were  leagued  on  pretence  of  religion  against  the  general  odium  excited  against  the 
the  throne.  Guided  now  by  the  advice  of  queen-mother  and  Mazarin,  and  he  was 
the  bishop  of  Luqon,  the  celebrated  Riche-  obliged  lo  fly  from  the  capital  to  avoid  that 
lieu,  Louis  evinced  vigour  in  his  measures,  factious  spirit  which  the  arts  of  the  duke  of 
and  Rochelle,  though  relieved  by  the  Eng-  Beaufort  and  Condc  had  kindled.  The 
lish  and  defended  by  the  heroic  conduct  of  Spaniards  in  the  mean  time  profiting  by 
the  brave  mother  of  the  duke  of  Rohan,  at  this  dissension  invaded  Champagne,  Lor- 
last  yielded  and  ruined  the  hopes  of  the  pro-  raine,  and  Catalonia,  though  repulsed  by 
testant  insurgents.  From  Rochelle  Louis  the  arms  of  the  French.  In  1651,  Louis 
marched  to  the  assistance  of  the  duke  of  declared  himself  of  age,  and  the  flight  of 
Mantua,  and  by  a  successful  campaign,  and  Mazarin  seemed  to  promise  the  restoration 
the  treaty  of  Susa,  1631,  be  established    of  tranquillity,  but  bis  return  to  power  th*- 

299 


LOU 


LOtl 


tieKt  year  again  raised  a  ferment  in  the 
kingdom,  and  his  enemy  Conde  ventured 
to  attack  the  royal  army  which  he  defeated 
under  d'Hocquincouit  at  Bleneau,  though 
soon  after  be  was  taken  prisoner.  In  the 
midst  of  these  civil  broils  the  archduke 
Leopold  took  Gravelines  and  Dunkirk, 
John  of  Austria  seized  Barcelona,  and  the 
duke  of  Mantua  Casal,  but  the  restoration 
of  internal  tranquillity  soun  tended  to  the 
recovery  of  these  places,  and  in  1654,  Tu- 
rennne  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Uuesnoy, 
and  raised  the  siege  of  Arras.  Success 
continued  to  attend  the  French  arms,  and 
Bourbourg,  Mardick,  Dixniude,  and  other 
towns  were  conquered,  tiil  at  last  in  1659, 
the  treaty  of  the  Pyrenees  restored  peace 
to  the  two  nations,  and  as  one  of  the  arti- 
cles of  the  reconciliation  made  the  infant 
Maria  Theresa  queen  of  France.  The 
death  of  Mazarin  in  1661,  now  changed  the 
face  of  affairs  ;  and  Louis,  who  had  hither- 
to paid  little  attention  to  business,  took 
the  reins  into  his  own  hands.  A  new  order 
of  things  began  therefore  to  appear ;  the 
superintendent  Fouquet  was  banished  for 
peculation,  and  Colbert,  a  man  of  vast 
powers  of  mind,  was  called  to  direct  the 
destinies  of  France.  Under  his  adminis- 
tration commerce  began  to  flourish,  the 
arts  were  patronised,  industry  every  where 
"was  encouraged,  and  the  academies  of 
painting,  of  sculpture,  and  of  the  sciences, 
were  erected  to  improve  the  taste  of  the 
nation.  Colonies  were  planted  in  Mada- 
gascar and  at  Cayenne  ;  and  while  disci- 
pline was  restored  to  the  armies,  and  sub- 
ordination in  the  marine,  the  extremities  of 
the  world  were  visited  by  men  of  talents  in 
search  of  science  ;  and  the  learned  of 
foreign  nations  found  in  Louis  and  in  his 
virtuous  minister  a  patron  and  a  friend. 
In  the  war  between  England  and  Holland 
Louis  supported  the  cause  of  his  allies  the 
Dutch,  but  the  peace  of  Breda  in  1667  re- 
stored tranquillity  to  the  continent.  On 
the  death  of  Philip  IV.  father  of  his  queen, 
Louis  laid  claim  to  his  dominions,  and  es- 
pecially to  the  Low  Countries,  which  he  in- 
vaded with  an  army.  The  chief  places  of 
the  Netherlands  soon  submitted  to  his 
power,  but  the  rapidity  of  his  conquests 
alarmed  the  powers  of  Europe,  and  Eng 
land,  Sweden,  and  Holland  soon  combined 
to  oppose  his  career.  The  peace  of  Aix- 
la-Chapelle  in  1668  gave  to  Spain  Franche 
Compt6,  but  assured  to  France  her  con- 
quests in  the  Low  Countries.  Though  cm- 
ployed  in  fortifying  his  frontier  towns,  as 
well  as  in  encouraging  learning  and  indus- 
try among  all  his  subjects,  Louis  did  not 
lay  aside  the  plans  of  his  ambitious  heart. 
In  1679  he  attacked  Holland,  and  after 
taking  above  40  places  on  the  Rhine  he 
crossed  that  river,  and  seized  upon  Guel- 
(Ires  and  Utrecht,  but  his  conquests  yyeve 


Slopped  by  the  inundation  with  whicb  the 
territied  Dutch  overwhelmed  their  country. 
The  states  of  Europe  too  were  indignant  at 
his  gigantic  schemes,  and  the  empire,  Prus- 
sia, and   Spain,    united  to  arrest  his  pro- 
gress ,  but  the  treaty  of  Nimeguen  check- 
ed the  victories  of  the  great  Turenne,  and 
restored  peace  to.  the  continent.     Proud  of 
his  triumphs,  and  flattered   by  the  title  of 
Great,  which  his  subjects  bestowed  on  him 
in  1680,  Louis  again  directed  his  attention 
to  the  iinprovement  of  his  kingdom  ;  the 
canal  of  Languedoc  was    completed,    the 
ports   of  Toulon,  ^rest,  Dunkirk,  Havre- 
de-Grace,  and   Rochefort.  were  enlarged 
and  beautified  ;  and  by  the  establishment 
of  cadets,  the  foundations  of  future  mili- 
tary glory  were  laid.      Algiers,  whose  cor- 
sairs had   insulted  the  French   commerce, 
was  bombarded  in    1684,  by   Du  Quesne, 
and  reduced  to  submission  ;  and  the  Ge- 
noese, who  had  sold  powder  to  the  pirates 
and  supported  them,  claimed  forgiveness  by 
sending  their  doge  and  four  senators  to  Ver- 
sailles.    But  these  glorious  measures  were 
tarnished  by  the  imprudence  and  cruelty  of 
the  monarch,  who  in  a   thoughtless   hour 
revoked    the    edict  of  .Nantes,    by  which 
Henry  IV.  had  granted  toleration  to  protesi- 
tants  ;  and  thus  by  one  strolie  of  the  pen 
he  banished  50,000  families  from  his  king- 
dom into  foreign  countries,  and  with  them 
the  arts,  the  manufactures,  and    the  trea- 
sures of  France..     The  league  of  Augsburg 
in  1687  was  formed  between   the  duke  of 
Savoy,  the  electors  of  Bavaria  and  Bran- 
denburg,   and   the   prinCe   of    Orange,  to 
which  the  emperor  and  the  king  of  Spain 
were  soon  united.     Though  Louis  opposed 
this  formidable  confederacy  by  a  powerful 
army  under  the  dauphin,  bis  son,  who  took 
Philipsburg,  and  reduced   every  place   be- 
tween  Basil  and  Coblentz,  yet  the  enemy 
soon  poured  superior  numbers  into  the  field, 
and  made  the  French  retreat.      The  cam- 
paign  of    1690  was   more   successful  for 
Louis.      Marshal  Luxemburg  defeated  the 
prince  of  Waldeck  at  Fleurus,  Catinat  con- 
quered  Nice,  Susa,  and  Villefranche,  and 
routed  the   trpops  of  Savoy,  and   the  fol- 
lowing year  Mons,  Valencia,  Carmagnole, 
and  Montmelian  were  added  to  the  French 
conquests.      In   1692  the    defeat    of   the 
French    fleet  under  Tourville,  off"  Cape  la 
Hogue,  by  admiral   Russel,  was  counter- 
balanced on  land  by   the   fall  of  Namur, 
which  Louis  took  in  person.  Luxembourgh 
afterwards  gained  the  battle  of  Steinkerque, 
and  the  next  year  that  of  Nerwinden.     In 
1695  Casal  fell,  and  the  next  year  the  duke 
of  Savoy,  tired  of  the   war,  and  terrified 
at  the  approach  of  Catinat,  who  was  only 
six  miles  from   Turin,  made  peace  with 
France  ;  and  the  following  year  hostilities 
ceased  among  all  the  confederates  by  the 
treaty  of  Rvswick.     The  death  of  Charl'^'^ 


LOU 


LOG 


U.  of  Spain  without  children,  unhappily  re- 
newed  again   hostilities ;    and    when     the 
duke,   of  Aigou,   grandson    of  the  French 
monarch,  assumed  the  title  of  king,  agreea- 
ble to  the  will  of  the  Spanish  prince,  under 
the  name  of  Philip   V.  the  powers  of  Eu- 
rope  rose  up  to  defend   the  claims  of  the 
archduke   Charles   to   the   vacant   throne. 
Eugene,  at  the  head  of  the  imperial  forces 
in  Italy  in  1702,  conquered  the  country  be- 
tween the  Adige  and  the  Adda ;  and  in  the 
North,    Marlborough   in   1704  gained   the 
great  battle  of  Hochstet,  and  totally  cut  in 
pieces  the  French  army  under  Tallard  and 
Marchin.     In  1705  France  conquered  Nice 
and  Villefranche,  and  defeated  Eugene   at 
Cassano,  while  on  the  other  hand  Barcelona 
and  Gironne  submitted  to  the  allies.    Ville- 
Toy   lost   the   battle   of    Ramilies    against 
Marlborough,  and    Ghent,    Ostend,    Ant- 
werp, and  other  towns  were  snatched  from 
the  French  dominions.     Success  continued 
to  attend  the  allies  ;  Alcantara  and  Madrid 
fell  into  their  hands,  and  the  Milanese  and 
Modena  were   subdued;  but  in    1707    the 
battle  of    Almanza   was    gained    by     the 
French,  and  the  squadrons   of  Forbin  and 
Duguay    Trouin   were   successful   at  sea. 
The  campaigns  of  1708  and  1709  were  disas- 
trous to   the   French  arms  ;  the  victory  of 
Oudenarde   was   followed   by   the   fall    of 
Tournay,    and    the   battle   of  Malplaquet ; 
and  Louis,  disheartened  by  his  misfortunes, 
sued  for  peace,  and  even  offered  nloney  to 
the    allies  to  enable  them  to   dethrone  his 
grandson.      The   pride   of  the  allies   con- 
tinued the  war,  and  the  success  of  Villiers, 
who  forced  the  camp  of  Denain,  and  the 
taking  of  Douay,  Quesnoy,  and  Bouchain, 
reanimated   the  French   monarch,    whose 
spirits  domestic  calamities,  as  well  as  pub- 
lic disasters,  had  broken  down.     The  treaty 
of  Utrecht  was  at  last  signed   1713  with 
the  allies,  and  proved  more  favourable  to 
France  than  she  expected  ;    and   the   fol- 
lowing year  peace  was  concluded  with  the 
empire  at  Radstadt.     Louis  died  soon  after, 
1st  Sept.  1715,  aged  77,  in  the  73d  year  of 
his  reign  ;  during  which  he  had  seen  four 
kings  in   Sweden,  four  in  Denmark,   five 
in  Poland,  five  in  Portugal,  three  in  Spain, 
four  in  England,  three  emperors,  and  nine 
popes.     Louis,  by  his  first  wife,  had  one 
son,  the  dauphin,   who  died   1711,  leaving 
three  sons,  Louis,  Philip,  and  Gaston,  and 
by  his   mistresses  he  had   several  natural 
children.     The   character  of  this  monarch 
is   entitled    to  praise.      Though    fond    of 
military  glory,  and  too  often  awake  to  the 
voice  of  flattery,   he   yet   had  the  sagacity 
to  discern   merit,   and  to  patronise   virtue. 
His  reign  is  as  illustrious  for  great  names  in 
literarj  pursuits  and  in  science,  as  for  able 
characters  in  the  field  and  in  the  cabinet. 
Though  unhappily  too  much  given  to  sen- 
•nlaJ  pleasures  in  the  midst  of  a  voluptuotts 


court,  yet  Louis  sought  for  fricndHhip,  and 
the  reciprocity  of  kindncHS  ;  and  m  the  last 
part  of  his  life  he  becHnic  penitent,  f^erious, 
and  devout,  by  the  intluence  of  his  mis- 
tress, Madame  de  Maintcnon,  whom,  it  is 
said,  he  privately  married. 

Louis  XV.  son  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy, 
was  born  15th  Feb.  1710,  and  in  1715  .suc- 
ceeded  his  great-grandfather,   Louis  XIV. 
as   king  of  France.     Philip,   duke  of  Or- 
leans, wa.s  appointed  his  guardian,  and  he 
laboured  earnestly  to  restore  the  impaired 
finances  of  the  kingdom,  but  the  schemes 
of    Law,    and    the    Mississippi     projects 
brought    desolation  and  ruin  upon   above 
100,000  families  in  France.     In  1723  the 
king  was  declared  of  age,  and  the  affairs  of 
the  kingdom,  after  passing  into  the  hands 
of  Dubois,  uere  intrusted,    after  Orleans' 
death,  to  the  care  of  the  duke  of  Bourbon, 
as  prime  minister.     In  1725  the  king  mar- 
ried Mary,  the  daughter  of  Stanislaus,  no- 
minal king  of  Poland,  and  cardinal  Fleury 
succeeded  to  the  disgraced  and  unpopular 
Bourbon   in   the  management  of  public  af- 
fairs.    The  death  of  Augustus,  king  of  Po- 
land, in  1733,  was  fatal  to  the  peace  of  Eu- 
rope ;    Louis  supported  the  pretensions  of 
his  father-in-law,  and  was  opposed  by  the 
emperor  of    Germany,    who    upheld    the 
claims   of  the    elector    of    Saxony.     The 
French  troops  were  successful  in  Italy,  but 
in  1738  a  treaty  restored  tranquillity  ;  and 
while  Stanislaus  renounced  the  throne  of 
Poland,  he  was  permitted  to  retain  the  title 
of  king,  and  to  become  duke  of  Lorraine 
and  Bar,  which,  after  bis  death,  were  to 
descend  to  France.     On  the  death  of  the 
emperor,  Charles  VI.  in  1740,  new  dissen- 
sions arose,  and  Louis,  who  had  guaran- 
teed the  pragmatic  sanction,  and  the  suc- 
cession of  Maria  Theresa,  very  dishonoura- 
bly united  with  Prussia  and  Poland  to  place 
the  duke  of  Bavaria,   Charles  Albert,  on 
the  imperial  throne.     Thus  protected,  the 
new  monarch   quickly  seized  Passau  and 
Prague,  and  caused  himself  to  be  crowned 
king  of  Bohemia,  and  emperor  ;  but  his  tri- 
umph w  as  of  short  duration  ;  the  conquer- 
ed towns  were  recaptured,  and  the  battle 
of  Dettinge^,  in  1743,  gained  by  the  allies, 
shattered  all  his  hoped.     Though  Louis  ap- 
peared at  the  head  of  his  armies  in  1744, 
and  took  Courtray,  Menin,  Yprcs,  and  Fri- 
burg,  and  witnessed  the  defeats  of  Fonte- 
noy  and   Lawfeld,  and  the    conquests  of 
Ghent,  Ostend,  Brussels,  Brabant,  Bergen- 
op-Zoom,  and  other  places,  yet  he  found 
reverses  in  Italy  and  Provence.     His  com- 
merce was  ruined  by  the  English,  and  the 
peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  in  1748,  was  wel- 
comed by  all  the  powers  of  Europe.     In 
1755  a  new  war  was  kindled  between  Eng- 
land and  France  about  their  possessions  in 
Canada,  and  while  Prussia  supported  the 
English,  the  emperor  declared  hinself  in 


LOU 


LOU 


favour  of  Louis.  At  the  first  the  French 
were  very  successful ;  Portmahon  surren- 
dered to  their  arms,  Galissonniere  obtain- 
ed some  advantage  over  the  English  fleet, 
the  duke  of  Cumberland  was  defeated  at 
Hastenback,  and  the  English  army  submit- 
ted to  a  disgraceful  capitulation  at  Closter- 
seven.  The  conquest  of  Hanover,  however, 
■was  followed  by  the  defeat  of  the  French 
forces  at  Rosbach,  by  the  king  of  Prussia, 
in  1757,  and  they  experienced  another  loss 
at  the  battle  of  Crevelt,  in  1758.  The  next 
year  Broglie  defeated  the  allies  at  Bergen, 
near  Frankfort ;  but  after  various  disasters 
on  both  sides,  the  rival  powers  grew  tired 
of  the  war ;  and  though  the  famous  family 
compact,  joining  in  one  bond  of  union  all 
the  branches  of  the  house  of  Bourbon, 
seemed  to  promise  much,  it  contributed 
little  to  the  glory  of  France  ;  and  Spain  lost 
Havanna,  Cuba,  and  the  Philippines.  At 
last  a  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  in  1763, 
by  which  England  acquired  great  additions 
to  her  colonies  ;  and  the  succeeding  years 
presented  little  interesting  in  the  history 
of  France,  except  the  conquest  of  Corsica, 
and  the  final  banishment  of  the  Jesuits 
from  the  country.  In  May,  1774,  Louis 
was  attacked  a  second  time  by  the  small- 
pox, which  proved  fatal  on  the  10th  of  that 
month.  He  was  then  65  years  old,  and 
had  reigned  upwards  of  59.  Louis  was  a 
weak  character,  and  though  possessed  of 
some  good  qualities  of  heart,  he  suffered 
himself  too  patiently  to  be  governed  by  his 
favourites  and  his  mistresses.  He  wrote  a 
book  on  the  course  of  the  principal  Rivers 
of  Europe,  8vo.  He  had  two  sons  and 
eight  daughters  by  his  wife. 

Locis  XVL  son  of  the  dauphin,  and  of 
Mary  Josephine,  of  Saxony,  the  daughter 
of  Frederic  Augustus,  king  of  Poland,  was 
born  23d  August,  1754,  and  in  consequence 
of  the  death  of  his  father,  1765,  he  ex- 
changed the  title  of  duke  of  Berry  for  that 
of  oauphin,  and  ascended  the  throne  of 
France  on  the  death  of  his  grandfather, 
1774.  His  union  with  Marie  Antoinette, 
of  Austria,  in  1770,  was  attended  by  the 
unfortunate  death  of  above  4000  persons, 
who  had  assembled  to  behold  the  public 
rejoicings  at  Paris.  On  the  day  of  his  eleva- 
tion to  the  crown,  the  young  monarch,  as 
if  foreboding  the  miseries  which  awaited 
him,  exclaimed,  0  my  God,  how  unfortu- 
nate for  me  !  Nevertheless,  to  repair  the 
misconduct  of  his  predecessors,  and  to 
meet  the  exigencies  of  an  exhausted  trea- 
sury, a  ruined  commerce,  a  shattered  ma- 
rine, and  the  discontents  of  a  nation  loaded 
with  taxes,  the  new  king  called  around  him 
ministers  of  credit  and  ability.  Vergennes 
took  the  charge  of  foreign  affairs,  Turgot 
presided  over  the  finances,  Malesherbes  be- 
came counsellor  of  state,  Sartine  directed 
the  affairs  of  the  marine,  and  Maurepas 
232 


was  made  prime  minister.  The  first  act  of 
hb  reign  endeared  Louis  to  his  people,  and 
he  nobly  remitted  the  tribute  which  was 
expected  on  the  accession  of  a  new  mo- 
narch. Already  abuses  began  to  be  re- 
dressed, the  exiled  parliament  was  recall- 
ed, and  commerce  and  industry  began  to 
recover  their  usual  activity,  but  unfortu- 
nately the  American  war  broke  out.  Eager 
to  humble  England  by  assisting  her  revolt- 
ed colonies,  the  ministers  of  Louis  pursued 
a  course  which  was  to  prove  fatal  to  their 
master,  and  disastrous  to  Europe.  By  sup- 
porting the  Americans,  they  kindled  a 
dreadful  war  against  England,  which,  while 
it  separated  the  colonies  from  the  mother 
country,  increased,  in  a  more  intolerable 
degree,  the  debts  of  France,  and  the  mise- 
ries of  her  subjects.  To  repair  the  ruined 
finances  proved  too  mighty  a  labour  for  the 
abilities  of  Colonne,  and  the  cardinal  de 
Brienne,  wishing  to  gain  by  violence  what 
his  predecessor  sought  by  persuasion,  laid 
severe  imposts,  which  the  poverty  of  the 
people,  and  the  dissatisfaction  of  the  great, 
could  not  discharge.  The  parliament  of 
Paris  was  exiled  to  Troyes,  for  refusing  to 
register  these  unpopular  taxes  ;  and  when 
recalled  by  the  fatal  moderation  of  the  mo- 
narch, they,  instead  of  complying,  called 
for  the  meeting  of  the  states  general  of  the 
kingdom,  to  assist  in  the  difficulties  of  the 
government.  Obedient  to  the  general 
voice  of  the  people,  Louis  convoked  the 
states  general,  which  met  at  Versailles,  5th 
May,  1789.  But  while  the  three  orders,  the 
nobles,  the  clergy,  and  the  commons,  dis- 
puted which  should  be  exempted  from  con- 
tributing to  the  burdens  of  the  state,  dis- 
sension arose  between  them,  and  instead  of 
labouring  earnestly  all  for  the  public  good, 
each  sought  the  aggrandizement  of  his  own 
order,  and  listened  to  the  voice  of  the  fac- 
tious and  the  intriguing.  The  troops  which 
surrounded  Paris  gave  offence  to  the  depu- 
ties ;  and  at  the  voice  of  the  hypocritical 
democrat,  Mirabeau,  the  people  of  Paris 
arose,  and  on  the  14th  July,  1789,  they 
seized  the  Bastile,  and  after  the  most  atro- 
cious barbarities,  bid  defiance  to  the  go- 
vernment. Though  the  mild  character  of 
the  monarch,  and  the  hesitating  measures 
of  his  ministers,  seemed  to  promise  every 
concession,  the  factious  leaders  of  the  po- 
pulace determined  to  attempt  new  crimes. 
On  the  5th  of  October  following,  an  armed 
multitude,  with  women  of  the  most  aban- 
doned and  ferocious  character,  set  out  from 
Paris  for  Versailles.  The  guards  of  the 
palace  were  murdered,  the  doors  of  the 
apartments  were  broken  open,  and  the  bed, 
from  which  the  unhappy  queen  scarce  could 
escape,  was  pierced  through  with  a  thou- 
sand stabs.  The  monarch,  surrounded  by 
his  terrified  family,  was  with  diflSculty 
55pare(l,  but  it  was  to  suffer  new  indignities. 


LOU 


l.OV 


lie  was  immediately  hurried  to  Paris,  pre- 
ceded  by   tiie  insulting  cavalcade  ;    uhilc 
around   his  carriage    were    presented    on 
pikes,  with  the  grossest  exclamations,   the 
heads  of  his  faithful  servants  who  had  been 
murdered  in  defence  of  his  person.   Placed 
as  a  prisoner  in  the  palace  of  the  Thuillc- 
lies,  he  made  every  sacrifice  which  could 
restore  tranquillity  ;    and  on  the  14th  Feb. 
1790, 'ho  gave  his  assent  to  the  new  consti- 
tution, which  reduced  his  power  to  a  mere 
shadow.     Notwithstanding  these  humiliat- 
ing concessions,   he    was  still    insulted  ; 
murder  and  insurrection  still  continued,  or 
rather  were  encouraged  ;   and  at  the  last, 
tired  of  a  situation  which  left  him  no  pros- 
,pect  of  liberty,   the  monarch  escaped  pri- 
vately from  Paris,  21st  June,   1791,   and 
nearly  reached  the  frontiers  of  France.  His 
i)erson,  however,  was  recognised  at  Va- 
rennes,  and  he  was  brought  back  to  Paris 
to  endure  fresh  indignities.    Though  treat- 
ed with  seeming  respect  by  the  national  as- 
sembly,  the  insults  of   the  populace  were 
not  checked,   and  on  the  20th  June,  1792, 
a  ferocious  mob  forced  its  way  to  the  pa- 
lace, and  threatened  the  destruction  of  the 
royal  family.    Louis,  undismayed,  present- 
ed himself  to  these  barbarians,  and  for  two 
hours,  disarmed  them  of  their  murderous 
fury,  till  Petion,  with  hypocritical  marks  of 
respect,  came  to  liberate  the  monarch  from 
this  perilous  situation.     The  events  of  this 
ilay  warned  Louis  of  his  approaching  fate, 
and  it  is  said,  that  now  he  began  to  write 
his  will,  and  to  prepare  himself  for  death. 
The  declaration  of  war  by  the  emperor  and 
Prussia  against  France,  and  the  threats  of 
the  duke  of  Brunswick,  and  his  invasion  of 
Champagne,  roused  more  powerfully  the 
resentment    of   the    mob,    as    they  were 
taught,  by  their  flagitious  leaders,  that  these 
measures  were  dictated  by  their  imprison- 
ed monarch.    In  the  midst  of  these  events, 
with  a  victorious  enemy  approaching   the 
capital,    and    an    ungovernable   multitude 
thirsting  for  blood,  the  10th  of  August,  still 
more  terrible  than  all  other.?,  came  ;  the 
tocsin  Avas  sounded,  the  Thuilleries  attack- 
ed, and  the  faithful  Swiss  guards  murdered 
in  every  avenue  of  the  palace.  Already  the 
cannon  was  pointed  against  the  apartments 
of  the  monarch,  when  he  was  persuaded  to 
fly  for  safety  to  the  hall  of  the  assembly, 
and  though  often  interrupted  by  the  sight 
of  heaps  of  slain,  by  the  shrieks  of  the  dying, 
and  by  the  outrageous   insults  of  the  mob, 
he   reached  this  spot,  where  he  hea.d  his 
name  treated    with   studied  indignity,  his 
power  suspended,   and  his  sentence  of  im- 
prisonment pronounced.     Confined  in  one 
of  the  towers  of  the  Temple,  he  for  some 
time  was  permitted  to  enjoy  the  soothing 
company  of  his  family  ;  but  as  his  tyrants 
increased  in  power,  they  decreased  in  coin- 
i«a>sion   ana  humaitiiv.      The  convention 
\  01..  I).  Mt 


succeeiiod  the  assembly,  and  t'.iey  not  only 
ilccreed  the  abolition  of  royally  in  France, 
but  they  prochumed  the  necessity  of  trying 
their  fallen    monarch.      Depicted,   in    thr, 
speeches  of  this  vile   assembly,  as  a  tyrant 
and  a  traitor,  Louis  had  no  mercy  to  expect 
from  such  perjured  judges.     Though  depri- 
ved of  pen  and  paper,  and  of  every  meant 
by  which  he  might  have  prepared   himseli", 
he  appeared  with  his  usual  serenity   befor.; 
this  murderous  tribunal,  and  in  his  answers 
to  interrogatories,  he  maintained  the  digni- 
ty of  the  monarch,  and  the  tirmness  of  thii 
Christian.   Though  thus  insulted,  yet  an  ap- 
parent show  of  candour  in  the  convention, 
permitted    his    faithful    ministers,    Male- 
sherbes,  Tronchet,  and  Deseze,  to  appear 
at  their  bar  as  his  defenders  ;   but  neither 
the  tears   nor  the  venerable  appearance  of 
these  aged   and    illustrious   men,   nor  the 
present  misfortunes  of  the  past  greatness, 
and  the  well   known   innocence  of  Louis, 
could  avail.     On  the    17th  Jan.  1793,  hi: 
was  condemned  to   death,  but  only  by  a 
majority  of  five  voices.     He  heard  of  his 
fate  with  composure  and  resignation  ;    but 
his  parting  with  the  queen  and  with  his  fa- 
mily, was  tender  and  alfecting  beyond  the 
potver  of  description.     On  the  21st  he  was 
conveyed  to  the  scafiblJ,  attended  by  M. 
Edgeworth,   a  catholic  priest,  and  on  the 
fatal  spot  he  attempted  to  address  the  mul- 
titude which  surrounded  him,  but  the  beat- 
ing of  drums  drowned  his  voice.     As  he 
placed  himself  on  the  machine,  his  confes- 
sor fervently  exclaimed,  0  son  of  St.  Louis, 
ascend   to  heaven,   and   that  moment  his 
head  was  severed  from  his  body.     His  re- 
mains were  conveyed  to  the  churchyard  oC 
St.   Magdalen,  and  immediately  consumetl 
in  quicklime.     He  left  a  son,  who  in  his- 
tory bears  the  name  of  Louis  XVH.  and  as 
if  to  offer  new  indignity  to  a  throne   that 
had  crumbled  to  the  dust,  this  young  prince, 
aged  eight,  was  intrusted  to  the  care  of  Si- 
mon, a  shoe-maker,  and  died  soon  after 
from  the  rude  treatment  he  received,  or  a-f 
some  suppose,  from  poison.     His  daughter, 
after  seeing  the  murder  of  her  parents,  and 
of  her  aunt,  was  exchanged  with  Austria 
for  the  deputies  detained  by  the  imperial- 
ists, and  she  married  her  cousin,  the  duke 
of  Angouleme.     Louis,  regarded  as  a  mo- 
narch,  but  not  contemplated  with  the  mis- 
fortunes which  closed  his  life,  must  be  ac- 
knowledged to  be  a  virtuoiis  and  amiable 
man.     His  letters  display  the  goodness  of 
a  benevolent   heart,   attached  to  religion, 
anxious  to  do  good,  and  eager  to  maintain 
integrity  and  uprightness.  If  as  a  monarch 
he  had  possessed  greater  resolution,  and 
more    firm    consistency   of    chai-acter,    he 
might   have   averted    the   miseries   whicli 
awaited  him  ;   and  instead  of  marching  to 
a  scaffold,  he  might  have  upheld  the  honour 
of  Ihe  throne,  repressed  insurrection,  anc^ 

23:{ 


LOU 


LOV 


restored  the  kingdom  to  tranquillity,  hop- 
piness,  and  prosperity. 

Louis  L  called  the  Pious,  king  of  Germa- 
ny, was  third  son  of  Louis  the  Debonnaire, 
and  was  proclaimed  king  of  Bavaria,  S17. 
He  joined  his  brother  Charles  the  Bald,  and 
at  the  battle  of  Fontenai  defeated  his  half 
brother  Lothaire,  841,  and  rendered  him- 
self poAverful  and  formidable  to  his  neigh- 
bours. He  died  at  Frankfort,  28th  Aug. 
876,  aged  70. 

Louis  n,  son  of  the  preceding,  and  his 
successor  on  the  throne  of  Germany,  de- 
feated his  uncle  Charles  the  Bald,  and  died 
«t  Frankfort,  20th  Jan.  882. 

Louis  IIL  king  of  Germany,  vid.  Louis 
IIL  emperor. 

Louis  1.  of  Anjou,  king  of  Hungary  and 
Poland,  succeeded  Charles  H.  1342,  and 
after  expelling  the  Jews  from  his  kingdom, 
he  made  war  against  the  Transylvanians, 
the  Croats,  Tartars,  and  Venetians,  and 
was  elected  king  of  Poland,  after  his  uncle 
Casimir,  1370.  He  died  at  Tirnau,  12th 
Sept.  1382,  aged  57,  leaving  two  daughters, 
one  of  whom,  Mary,  inherited  Hungary, 
and  the  other,  Hedwige,  married  Ladislaus, 
king  of  Poland. 

Louis  n.  was  king  of  Hungary  after  his 
father  Ladislaus,  1516,  and  was  defeated 
hy  the  Turks  under  Solvman,  at  Mohatz, 
1526.  He  was  drowned  in  a  marsh,  as  he 
fled  from  the  field  of  battle,  29th  August, 
aged  22. 

Louis,  prince  of  Tarentum,  nephew  of 
Robert,  king  of  Sicily,  married  Jane,  the 
queen  of  Naples,  and  after  the  invasion,  and 
the  defeat  of  the  Hungarians,  was  crowned 
king  of  Naples,  1352.  He  died  25th  May, 
13G2. 

Louis  L  duke  of  Anjou,  second  son  of 
John,  king  of  France,  was  regent  of  the 
kingdom  during  the  minority  of  his  nephew 
Charles  VL  He  afterwards  attempted  to 
gain  possession  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples, 
left  him  by  the  will  of  queen  Jane,  but  could 
not  succeed.  He  died  of  a  broken  heart  in 
ponsequence  of  the  ill  success  of  his  mea- 
sures, at  Paris,  20th  Sept.  1384. 

Louis,  Antony,  secretary  of  the  academy 
of  surgeons  at  Paris,  and  member  of  that 
of  sciences,  became  one  of  the  most  intelli- 
gent anatomists  of  Europe.  He  was  born 
at  Metz,  and  died  of  a  dropsy,  20th  May, 
1792,  aged  69.  He  was  a  man  of  great  in- 
tegrity, as  well  as  of  extensive  knowledge 
in  the  medical  profession.  He  wrote  a 
Course  of  Practical  Surgery  on  Gunshot 
Wounds,  4to. — Essay  on  the  Nature  of  the 
Soul  and  its  Union  with  the  Body,  12mo. — 
(observations  on  Electricity,  and  its  Effects 
on  the  Animal  Economy,  12mo. — Observa- 
tions on  the  Effects  of  the  Cancerous  Virus, 
l2mo. — Refutations  of  Combalusier — Posi- 
tiones  Anatomico-chirurgica?  de  Capit.e, 
4to. — dc  Partiuin  Externanmi  Generar 
234 


ratione  in  Mulieribus,  4to. — Eloges  de  Bas- 
suel,  Molaval,  et  Verdier— Dissertatio  de 
Apoplexia  curanda,  and  other  medical 
works. 

Love,  James,  an  actor,  whose  realnam^ 
was  Dance,  the  son  of  Mr.  Dance,  the  city 
surveyor,  and  the  ungraceful  architect  of 
the  London  mansion-house.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  and  Cam- 
bridge, but  took  no  degree.  He  expected 
patronage  from  Walpole,  in  consequence  of 
his  answering  an  attack  against  the  minis- 
ter, but  was  disappointed,  and  at  last  turn- 
ed his  thoughts  to  the  stage.  He  was  on 
the  Dublin  and  Edinburgh  theatres,  and 
appeared  at  Drury-lane,  1762.  His  Falstaff 
was  much  admired,  till  eclipsed  by  the  bet- 
ter acting  of  Henderson.  He  died  1774. 
He  wrote  Pamela,  a  comedy,  1742,  and 
some  other  dramatic  pieces. 

Love,  Christopher,  rector  of  St.  Anne's, 
Aldersgate,  and  St.  Laurence,  Jewry,  and 
author  of  3  vols,  of  sermons,  was  accused 
of  correspondence  with  the  king  against 
CromweU's  government.  He  was  con- 
demned, and  lost  his  bead,  July,  1651, 
though  several  parishes,  and  54  ministers 
interested  themselves  in  his  behalf. 

Lovelace,  Richard,  an  English  poet, 
born  at  Woolridge,  in  Kent,  1618,  and  edu- 
cated at  the  Charter-house,  and  Gloucester 
hall,  Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
M.A.  1636.  He  embraced  the  cause  of 
the  king  during  the  civil  wars,  and  was  a 
great  sufferer  for  his  loyalty.  The  perse- 
cutions which  he  endured,  and  the  poverty 
to  which  he  was  reduced,  at  last  brought  on 
melancholy,  and  produced  a  consumptiouo 
He  died  in  a  very  poor  lodging.  Gunpowder- 
alley,  Shoe-lane,  1658,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Bride's  church.  His  poetry  was  very 
spirited  and  elegant.  He  wrote,  besides 
poems,  two  plays,  the  Scholar,  a  comedy — - 
and  the  Soldier,  a  tragedy. 

Lovelace,  Francis,  governor  of  New- 
York,  under  the  duke  of  York,  succeeded 
Richard  Nicholls  in  May,  1667.  He  con- 
tinued in  office  until  the  surrender  of  the 
colony  to  the  Dutch  in  1673,  when  he  was 
ordered  to  depart  from  the  province,  and 
return  to  England.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
moderation,  and  his  administration  was 
quiet  and  happy,  but  was  distinguished  by 
no  transaction  of  great  importance.  The 
most  memorable  act  which  took  place  under 
it  was  the  purchase  of  Staten-Island  from 
the  natives.  fC3^  L. 

Lovelace,  John,  lord  baron  of  Hurley, 
governor  of  New- York,  arrived  in  the  colo- 
ny in  December,  1708,  as  the  successor  of 
lord  Cornbury.  He  died  on  the  5th  of 
May  following.  He  was  succeeded  in  the 
barony  of  Hurley  by  Navil,  his  son,  who 
dying  July  28,  1736,  the  title  became  ex- 
tinct. He  had  a  daughter  married  into  the 
fnmilv  of  the  earl  of  Strafl'ord.     |CP  L. 


l.OU 


i.OW 


LoMBOND,  Edward,  an  Ei.t;li.sh  pod, 
born  in  Middlesex,  and  educated  at  King- 
ston school.  Besides  an  elegant  collection 
ol' poems,  published  1785,  he  contributed 
several  papers  to  the  periodical  newspaper, 
called  the  World,  and  he  died  at  his  house 
near  Hampton,  1775. 

Loui'TiERE,  John  Charles  dc  Relongue 
de  la,  of  the  Arcadian  academy  at  Rome, 
was  born  at  Louptiere,  in  the  diocess  of 
Sens,  and  died  17S4,  aged  57.  He  wrote 
a  collection  of  poems,  2  vols.  8vo.  which 
possess  spirit,  ease,  and  delicacy  ;  besides 
the  six  first  parts  of  the  journal  des  Dames, 
1761. 

LorvET,  Peter,  a  native  of  Reinville, 
near  Beauvais,  was  master  of  lequests  to 
queen  Margaret,  and  died  1646.  He  wrote 
the  History  and  Antiquities  of  Beauvais,  2 
vols.  8vo. — Nomenclatura  et  Chronologia 
Renmi  Ecclesiast.  Dioc.  Bellovae,  8vo. — 
Remarques  sur  la  Noblesse  Beauvoisine  et 
plusieurs  Families  de  la  France,  8vo.  in  a 
style  not  very  elegant. — A  physician  of 
Beauvais  bore  also  that  name,  and  was 
professor  at  Montpellicr,  1680.  He  wrote 
various  works  on  the  history  of  Provence 
and  Languedoc,  &c.  possessing  little  merit. 

l\.ouvET  DE  CouvRAT,  John  Baptist,  a 
native  of  Poitou,  author  of  a  licentious 
work,  the  Amours  of  Faublas.  During  the 
revolution  he  was  an  active  member  of  the 
convention,  and  though  proscribed  in  1793 
he  had  the  art  to  escape  the  guillotine.  As 
the  editor  of  the  Sentinelle,  he  acquired 
popularity  with  the  vulgar  ;  and  he  soon 
had  the  boldness  to  accuse  Robespierre,  sur- 
rounded with  his  satellites,  and  by  his 
firmness  to  overturn  the  tyrant.  He  is 
praised  for  the  steadiness  of  his  principles  ; 
and  Madame  Roland  says  of  him,  that  he 
was  courageous  as  a  lion,  and  simple  as  a 
child.  He  died  at  Paris,  25th  Aug.  1797, 
of  an  asthmatic  disorder,  as  he  was  going 
consul  to  Palermo.  Besides  his  Faublas, 
and  his  Sentinelle,  he  wrote,  Paris  justi- 
fic,  8vo.  1789 — Emilie  de  Vannont,  ou 
le  Divorce  necessaire,  3  vols.  12mo.  1794 
— Notice  pour  le  Recit  de  mes  Dangers, 
1795,  8vo. 

LouviLLE,  Eugene  d'Allonviile,  Cheva- 
lier de,  a  native  of  Beauce,  of  a  noble  fa- 
mily, who  served,  as  colonel  of  dragoons, 
Philip  V.  of  Spain.  At  the  peace  of 
Utrecht  he  devoted  himself  to  mathematics 
and  astronomy,  and  after  making  observa- 
tions at  Marseilles,  he  came  to  London, 
1715,  to  see  with  greater  efi'ect,  the  total 
eclipse  of  the  sun.  While  in  England  he 
was  made  member  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
London,  as  he  had  before  been  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences,  at  Paris.  He  after- 
wards fixed  his  residence  near  Orleans,  and 
devoted  himself  to  astronomical  pursuits. 
He  died  there,  of  a  fever,  at  the  end  of 
1732,  ased  61.     He  wrote  various  curious 


dissertations,  inserted  in  the  nicmous  of  the 
academy,  &,c. 

Lowe,  Peter,  a  Srolrh  .surgeon,  who  for 
22  years  wa.s  in  fon-ign  ^«•^vi^•l•,  ui  Flanders 
and  France.  He  afterwards  sellLed  at  (ilai- 
gow,  1612,  and  was  enipowcrccl  l)y  ihe  kin;; 
to  examine  all  persons  who  wislicii  lu  prac- 
tise surgery  in  the  western  part.-j  of  thf; 
kingdom.  He  wrote  some  books  on  bin 
profession. 

Lowell,  John,  LL.D.  judge  of  the  Uni- 
ted States'  circuit  court,  was  born  at  New- 
bury, in  1744,  and  graduated  at  ll.irv.irj 
college  in  1760.  He  studied  law,  and  soon 
after  entering  on  its  practice,  rose  by  his 
superior  abilities  and  integrity  to  distinc- 
tion. In  1761  he  removed  to  Boston,  and 
distinguished  himself  as  a  representative  of 
the  town  in  the  general  court,  and  in  the 
convention  which  formed  the  constitution, 
by  his  political  knowledge  and  eloquence. 
In  1781  he  was  elected  a  member  of  con- 
gress, and  the  next  year  appointed  by  that 
body  a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals  from 
the  courts  of  admiralty  of  the  states  ;  and 
on  the  establishment  of  the  federal  govern- 
ment a  judge  of  the  United  States'  circuit 
court,  in  which  situations  he  was  highly 
respected  for  his  legal  knowledge,  candour, 
and  dignity.  He  died  on  the  6th  of  May, 
1802.  ICCF-L.' 

LowEN,  John  Frederick,  a  native  of 
Klansthal,  who  wrote  a  collection  of  poems, 
printed  at  Hamburgh,  1765 — Romances, 
printed  at  Leipsic,  1774,  a  valuable  work. 
He  died  at  Rostock,  1773,  aged  44. 

Lower,  Sir  William,  a  loyalist,  under 
Charles  I.  born  at  Tremare,  in  Cornwall. 
When  his  master's  affairs  were  ruined,  he 
retired  to  Holland,  and  applied  himself  to 
literature.  He  formed  the  plan  of  the  four 
of  the  six  plays  which  he  has  written  in  the 
manner  of  Corneille  and  Quinault,  his  fa- 
vourite authors.     He  died  1662. 

Lower,  Richard,  son  to  the  above,  was 
a  physician,  educated  at  Westminster 
school,  and  Christ  church,  and  instructed 
in  medical  and  anatomical  knowledge,  by 
Dr.  Willis.  He  settled  in  London,  and 
practised  with  great  reputation.  His  books, 
"  De  Corde,"  "  Et  dc  Motu  et  Colore  San- 
guinis, et  Chyli  in  Eum  Transitu,"  are  much 
admired.  He  practised  the  transfusion  of 
blood  from  one  animal  to  another.  He 
died  1691.  Some  of  his  papers  appear  in 
the  philosophical  transactions. 

LowMAN,  Moses,  for  upwards  of  40  years 
dissenting  minister  of  a  conaregation  at 
Clapham,  Surrey,  was  well  skilled  in  Jew- 
ish history  and  antiquities.  He  died  175?, 
aged  72.  He  wrote  a  valuable  book  on 
Revelation — a  tract,  now  scarce,  provinj; 
mathematically  the  Unity  and  Perfection  of 
God  a  priori — and  after  his  death  appeared 
his  three  treatises  on  the  Shechinah  and 
Logos. 

235- 


T.OW 


LOV 


Lon'NDEs,  William,  LL.D.  a  native  of 
South  Caroliii?,  %vas  lor  several  years  a  re- 
presentative from  that  state  in  congress, 
s*nd  one  of  the  most  eloquent  and  influen- 
tial members  of  that  bodv.  He  sustained 
no  other  appointment  of  importance,  but 
his  splendid  talents,  wisdom,  moderation, 
eloquence,  and  devotedness  to  the  duties  of 
his  station,  gave  him  a  rank  among  the 
most  able  and  useful  statesmen  of  the  na- 
tion. In  private  life  he  was  amiable,  mo- 
dest, and  blameless.  Owing  to  the  decline 
of  his  health  he  resigned  his  seat  in  con- 
gress in  1822,  and  embarked  for  Europe, 
but  died  on  his  passage,  Oct.  27th,  1(3^ I-" 

LowTH,  William,  B.D.  a  learned  divine, 
born  in  St.  Martin's  parish,  Ludgate,  Lon- 
don, 11th  Sept.  1661.  He  was  first  educa- 
ted under  his  grandfather,  the  rector  of 
Tilehurst,  Berks,  and  then  sent  to  Mer- 
chant-tailors' school,  where  he  so  distin- 
guished himself,  that  at  14  he  was  elected 
to  St.  John's,  Oxford.  His  great  merit 
recommended  him  to  bishop  Mew,  of 
Winchester,  who  made  him  his  chaplain, 
and  gave  him  a  prebend  in  his  cathedral, 
and  the  rectoi'y  of  Buriton,  with  the  chapel 
of  Petersfield,  Hants.  This  worthy  and 
exemplary  clergyman  died  1732,  and  was 
buried  in  the  churchyard,  Buriton,  leaving 
three  daughters  and  two  sons.  He  is  the 
author  of  Commentaries  on  all  the  Pro- 
phets, first  published  4to.  afterwards  folio 
— a  Vindication  of  the  Divine  Authority 
and  Inspiration  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments, 12mo.  in  answer  to  Le  Clerc — Di- 
rections for  the  profitable  reading  of  the 
Scriptures — sermons,  &.c. — the  character 
of  an  Apostolical  Church,  &c.  which  en- 
gaged him  in  a  controversy  with  a  dis- 
senting minister  of  Porstmouth,  called 
Norman. 

LowTii,  Robert,  a  learned  prelate,  son  of 
the  above,  born  in  the  Close,  Winchester, 
?th  Dec.  1710.  He  was  educated  at  Vv'in- 
thester  school,  and  passed  to  New  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  soon  began  to  display  the 
native  powers  of  his  ardent  mind.  In  1741 
he  was  elected  Hebrew  professor  of  poetry, 
and  in  that  character  delivered  his  admira- 
ble lectures,  '*  De  Sacra  Poesi  Hebraeo- 
lum,"  published  4to.  afterwards  in  8vo.  and 
tdited  with  additions,  by  Michaelis,  in  Ger- 
many. His  great  reputation  recommended 
Iiim  to  the  duke  of  Devonshire,  who  a],- 
pointed  him  tutor  to  his  son,  marquis  Ilart- 
ington,  and  with  whom  he  made  the  tour  of 
Europe.  In  1750  he  was  appointed  arch- 
deacon of  Winchester,  by  bishop  Hoadly, 
and  in  1754  he  was  honourably  created  by 
diploma  D.D.  by  the  university  of  Oxford. 
In  1755  he  went  as  chaplain  to  his  pupil, 
now  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and  there 
soon  obtained  the  bishopric  of  Limerick, 
which  he  afterwards  exchanged  for  a  pre- 
bend of  Durham.  His  "Life  of  William 
236 


of  Wykchani,"  appeared  in  1758.  In  1766 
he  was  made  bishop  of  St.  David's,  two 
months  after  ti'anslated  to  Oxford,  and  in 
1777  to  London.  On  the  death  of  Corn- 
wallis,  the  primate,  1783,  he  was  offered 
the  archiepiscopal  chair,  which  his  infirmi- 
ties obliged  him  to  decline.  His  domestic 
peace  had  been  deeply  wounded  by  the 
death  of  his  eldest  daughter,  in  1768,  on 
whose  grave  at  Cuddesdon  he  inscribed 
those  beautiful  and  pathetic  verses,  begin- 
ning with  "  Cara,  vale,"  &c.  and  his  other 
daughter  died  suddenly,  1783,  while  presi- 
ding at  his  tea-table,  and  in  conversation 
with  bishop  Newton.  This  truly  venerable 
prelate  and  most  amiable  man  died  3d  Nov. 
1787,  aged  nearly  77.  He  published,  be- 
sides "  Isaiah,"  translated  from  the  He- 
brew, a  most  masterly  performance — an 
English  Grammar,  universally  esteemed — a 
Poem  on  the  Genealogy  of  Christ — some 
Controversial  Papers  with  Warburton — Oc- 
casional Sermons,  &c. — His  father's  life, 
for  the  Biogr.  Britan. 

LoYER,  Peter  le,  a  native  of  Anjou,  au- 
thor of  a  curious  History  of  Spectres,  4to. 
— Edom,  or  the  Idumean  Colonies  in  Eu- 
rope and  Asia,  8vo.  and  other  works,  in 
verse  and  prose.  He  died  at  Angers,  1634, 
aged  84. 

Loyola,  Ignatius  of,  the  founder  of  the 
order  of  the  Jesuits,  was  born  of  a  respect- 
able family  at  Loyola  in  the  province  of 
Guipuscoa,  in  Spain,  1401.  The  early  part 
of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  military  service, 
and  in  a  conspicuous  manner,  but  when  his 
leg  was  broken  by  a  cannon-ball,  at  the 
siege  of  Pampeluna,  1521,  he  made  a  vow 
to  renounce  the  world,  to  make  a  pilgrim- 
age to  Jerusalem,  and  to  devote  himself  to 
the  service  of  God.  He  dedicated  his  arms 
to  the  Virgin  at  Montserrat,  and  hanged 
them  on  her  altar,  and  began  his  career  of 
devotion  by  the  most  severe  mortifications. 
He  embarked  at  Barcelona,  and  after  ob- 
taining the  pope's  blessing  at  Rome,  he  pro- 
ceeded to  Jerusnlem,  and  after  many  ex- 
traordinary visions,  and  miraculous  adven- 
tures, he  returned  to  Barcelona.  In  1524, 
he,  it  is  said,  began  to  study  the  rudiments 
of  Latin  grammar,  but  the  wise  rules  con- 
tained in  the  Enchiridion  of  Erasmus,  were 
soon  laid  aside  for  the  reveries  of  Thomas 
h.  Kcmpis.  He  now  became  so  popular 
among  his  followers,  that  he  was  thrown 
into  the  prison  of  the  inquisition,  and  esca- 
ped only  upon  promise  of  not  publishing 
his  opinions  for  four  years.  From  Spain 
he  passed  to  Paris,  1528,  and  there  gained 
some  converts,  but  the  number  of  those 
who  wished  to  bind  themselves  to  the  aus- 
terities of  a  new  mode  of  life,  amounted 
only  to  seven,  and  afterwards  to  ten.  These 
religious  men  at  last  met  one  another  from 
various  quarters,  at  Venice,  1537,  and  there 
bound  themselves  bv  five  rules,  which  in- 


1. 1  i; 


LLii 


culcated  tbc  duties  of  seh-moiiilicauou, 
and  of  charity,  aiul  enforced  the  precepts 
and  practice  of  virtue,  and  laboured  assi- 
duously without  the  hope  of  reward,  for 
the  glory  of  CJod.  They  called  thcuiselves, 
therefore,  the  Society  of  Jesus,  and  soon 
their  zeal  was  increased  by  the  sanction  of 
Paul  III.  who  confirmed  the  order  in  1540, 
on  condition  that  tlieir  members  should  not 
exceed  GO,  and  in  1543,  without  restric- 
tion. Loyola  was  deservedly  created  gene- 
ral of  this  new  order,  and  his  companions 
quickly  spread  themselves  over  the  world 
to  convert  inlidels  and  heretics,  and  to  pro- 
mote the  cause  of  virtue  and  piety.  His  or- 
der was  again  confirmed  1550  by  Julius  III. 
and  he  then  wished  to  resign  his  oilice  as 
general,  but  was  prevented  by  the  afiection 
of  his  followers.  He  died  31st  July,  155G, 
aged  66,  35  years  after  his  conversion,  and 
16  after  the  foundation  of  his  society.  Be- 
fore his  death  he  had  the  satisfaction  to 
know  that  his  zealous  associates  were  re- 
spected all  over  the  world,  and  gave  laws 
wherever  they  appeared.  He  was  canoni- 
zed 1609,  and  then  all  the  miracles  of  the 
apostolic  ages  were  said  to  have  been 
wrought  by  the  influence  of  his  superior 
sanctity.  In  1622  his  name  was  inserted  by 
Gregory  XV.  among  the  saints,  and  greater 
honours  were  decreed  to  his  memory  by  In- 
nocent X.  and  Clement  IX.  The  Jesuits, 
so  inconsiderable  in  their  origin,  grew  to 
an  astonishing  number :  at  the  death  of 
their  founder,  1556,  they  amounted  to 
10,581,  and  in  1679  to  17,655.  The  causes 
which  contributed  to  their  increase  were, 
besides  the  great  patronage  of  Rome,  of 
Spain,  and  Portugal,  the  wish  to  convert  the 
newly  discovered  territories  of  America  to 
the  Christian  faith,  and  in  Europe,  to  op- 
pose the  progress  of  Lutheranism,  and  no 
order  of  men  for  zeal,  for  ability,  for  perse- 
verance, were  more  capable  of  undertaking 
the  arduous  task.  After,  however,  long 
2;iving  secret  laws  to  the  world,  and  influen- 
cing the  afTections  of  men  by  their  exter- 
nal piety  and  discipline,  the  Jesuits  have 
fallen  into  disrepute.  They  not  only  pro- 
moted the  cause  of  religion,  but  they  fre- 
quently encouraged  plots  and  machinations 
against  existing  governments,  and  there- 
lore,  in  1773,  Clement  XIV.  was  obliged  to 
yield  to  the  representations  of  the  house  of 
Bourbon,  and  on  the  21st  July,  to  issue  a 
?jull  for  the  suppression  of  this  famous  or- 
der. Their  last  general  was  L.  Ricci,  who 
died  in  confinement  that  same  year.  The 
Jesuits  of  late  years  have  again  met  en- 
couragement ;  they  are  tolerated  in  Rus- 
sia, and  maintain  a  secret  influence  in 
other  countries. 

LuciENETSKi,  Theodore,  a  native  of 
Cracow,  eminent  as  a  painter  in  portraits, 
and  in  history.    He  died  17 16,  aged  63. 


His  brother  Clirislophcr  was  equally  kuowii 
as  an  able  artist. 

LuniE.vicTSKi,  Stanislaus  Lubieniecius, 
a  Socinian  divine,  born  at  Cracow,  in  Po- 
land, of  a  noble  family,  1623.  He  studied 
at  Thorn,  and  afterwards  visited  Prance 
and  Holland,  as  a  IravtUing  tutor,  and  in 
1648,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  returned 
to  Poland.  He  was  highly  favoured  by  the 
king  of  Sweden,  while  he  was  in  Poland, 
but  he  exerted  his  influence  in  vain  with 
that  monarch,  that  the  Unitarians  might  be 
included  in  the  general  amnesty  granted  to 
all  those  who  dissented  from  popery.  In 
consequence  of  this  disappointment  he 
went  to  Copenhagen,  1660,  and  was  there 
honourably  received  by  the  Danish  king, 
who  granted  him  a  pension.  The  Lutheran 
divines,  however,  saw  with  jealousy  the 
influence  he  had  acquired,  and  the  new  fa- 
vourite yielding  to  the  general  odium,  reti- 
red to  Hamburg,  1662,  where  he  held  a 
conference  with  queen  Christina.  In  1667, 
he  again  returned  to  Copenhagen,  and  from 
thence  to  Fredericksburg,  but  persecution 
followed  him  every  where,  and  another 
time  he  attempted  to  find  an  asylum  at 
Hamburg.  Here  he  did  not  long  enjoy 
tranquillity  ;  he  was  ordered  by  the  ma- 
gistrates to  leave  the  city,  but  before  he 
removed,  the  unfortunate  man  was  poison- 
ed by  his  maid  servant.  May  iSth,  1675. 
His  two  daughters  had  fallen  victims,  two 
days  before,  to  the  same  diabolical  mea- 
sures, and  his  wife  with  difficulty  recover- 
ed from  the  eftects  of  the  poison.  His 
death  prevented  his  completion  of  the  His- 
tory of  the  Reformation  in  Poland.  Of  the 
many  books  which  he  wrote,  a  few  have 
been  printed.  He  is  regarded  by  the  Socl- 
njans,  as  a  martyr  to  their  tenets.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  is  "  Theatrum 
Cometicum,"  1667,  folio,  which  contain? 
an  account  of  comets,  from  the  flood  ta 
1665. 

LuBiN,  Eilhard,  a  learned  protestani. 
born  at  Wcsterstcd,  in  Oldenburg,  24th 
March,  1556.  He  studied  at  Leipsic  and 
Cologne,  and  other  universities,  ajid  in 
1595  was  made  professor  of  poetrj  at  Ros- 
tock, and  ten  years  after  raised  to  the  divi- 
nity chair.  He  died  of  a  tertian  ague,  June. 
1621.  To  his  extensive  knowledge  of  Greek 
and  Latin,  he  added  the  graces  of  poetry 
and  oratory,  and  was  also  a  good  mathe- 
matician and  divine.  His  publications  arc 
13,  containing  notes  on  Anacreon,  Juve- 
nal, and  Persius — a  Translation  of  the  An- 
thologia — Clavis  Graecae  Lingua;,  &c.  be- 
sides a  curious  Treatise,  called  "Phospho- 
1  us,  &c."  in  which  he  maintained  two  co- 
eternal  principles,  God  and  Nothing,  of 
which  he  considered  God  as  the  good  prin- 
ciple, and  Nothing,  as  the  evil  principle 
He  supposed  tliat  sin  was  only  a  tendcncv 

237 


LUC 


LLC 


towards  nothing,  and  that  sin  was  neces- 
sary to  make  known  the  nature  of  good. 
By  his  first  wife  he  had  no  children,  by  his 
second,  nine. 

Ldbin,  Augustin,  an  Augustine  friar, 
geographer  to  the  French  king,  was  born 
at  Paris,  29th  Jan.  1624.  He  applied  him- 
self to  ecclesiastical  history  and  wrote  the 
Geographical  Mercury — Present  State  of 
Abbeys  in  France,  and  in  Italy — a  Descrip- 
tion of  Lapland, — Notes  an  Plutarch's 
Lives,  and  other  works.  He  died  at  Paris, 
17th  March,  1695. 

LucA,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Venosa, 
in  the  Neapolitan  territory.  He  quitted 
the  profession  of  the  law  for  the  church, 
and  became  a  cardinal.  He  died  1683,  aged 
66.  The  best  known  of  his  numerous 
works  is  an  Analysis  of  the  Civil  Law,  4 
vols.  4to. — a  composition  of  great  merit, 
and  properly  called  the  Philosophy  of  Ju- 
risprudence. 

LucAN,  Marcus  Anneeus,  a  Latin  poet 
born  at  Cordova,  A.  D.  39.  He  was  the  fa- 
vourite of  Nero,  but  afterwards  offended 
and  joined  Piso's  conspiracy  against  the 
tyrant.  He  was  obliged  to  destroy  himself 
and  was  suffocated  in  a  bath,  65.  The  best 
edition  of  his  Pharsalia  is  that  of  Straw- 
berry-hill, 1760,  4to. 

Lucas,  Tudensis,  bishop  of  Tudae  or 
Tuy  in  Gallicia,  in  the  13th  century,  was 
author  of  an  History  of  Spain  from  Adam 
to  the  vcar  1236 — the  Life  of  Isidorus  of 
Seville — a  work  againSt  the  Albigenses, 
1612. 

Lucas,  Van  Leyden,  a  painter  and  en- 
graver, born  in  1494.  His  works  procured 
him  celebrity,  and  Albert  Durer  visited 
Holland  merely  to  see  him.  The  last  six 
years  of  his  life  he  spent  in  his  bed,  pre- 
tending that  he  had  been  poisoned.  His 
time,  however,  was  devoted  to  his  pencil, 
and  he  said  that  his  bed  should  still  be  a 
bed  of  honour.  He  died  1533.  Though  his 
figures  abound  in  expression,  yet  the  whole 
wants  correctness. 

Lucas  Brugensis,  Francis,  dean  of  St. 
Omer,  was  a  learned  orientalist,  and  the 
author  of  Critical  Notes  on  the  Scriptures 
— Commentaries  on  the  New  Testament, 
3  vols,  folio. — Concordance  of  the  Bible, 
&c.   He  died  1619,  aged  67. 

Lucas,  Richard,  a  learned  divine  born 
at  Presteign,  Radnorshire,  1648.  He  was 
educated  at  Jesus  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  the  degree  of  D.  D.  He  was  for 
some  time  master  of  Abergavenny  free- 
school,  but  afterwards  obtained  the  vi- 
carage of  St.  Stephens,  Coleman-street, 
and  the  lectureship  of  St.  Olave,  South- 
wark,  and  in  1696  became  prebendary  of 
Westminster.  He  died  June  1715,  after 
having  been  afflicted  for  some  years  with 
blindness,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster 
abbey.  He  was  author  of  some  valuable 
238 


compositions, — Practical  Christianity— ail 
Inquiry  after  Happiness,  2  vols.  Svo.— 
5  vols  of  Sermons,  Svo. — the  Morality  of 
the  Gospel,  &c. 

Lucas,  Paul,  a  French  traveller,  born  at 
Rouen,  1664.  He  several  times  visited 
the  Levant,  Egypt,  Turkey,  and  other  coun- 
tries, where  he  made  a  valuable  collection 
of  curiosities,  which  he  presented  to  the 
French  king,  who  in  1714  appointed  him 
his  antiquary.  He  extended  his  travels  to 
Spain,  and  died,  after  an  illness  of  eight 
months,  at  Madrid,  1737.  His  travels, 
though  not  very  accurate,  are  yet  interest- 
ing.    They  have  appeared  in  7  vols.  12mo. 

Lucas,  Charles,  an  Irishman,  who,  from 
an  apothecary  became  a  physician,  and  af- 
terwards obtained  a  seat  in  the  House  of 
Commons,  where  he  displayed  his  zeal  in 
his  opposition  to  the  measures  of  govern*- 
ment.  He  died  1771,  aged  58,  and  his  re- 
mains were  honoured  by  the  attendance  of 
the  Dublin  corporation,  who  liberally  con* 
ferred  a  pension  on  his  widow.  He  pub- 
lished some  Medical  Tracts,  &c. 

LuccHEsiNi,  John  Vincent,  a  historian^ 
born  of  a  noble  family  at  Lucca.  He  was 
educated  at  Sienna  and  at  Pisa  universities, 
and  became  secretary  to  the  pope,  and  ca- 
non of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome.  He  died  1744, 
aged  84.  Besides  a  Latin  translation  of 
Demosthenes,  1712,  much  and  deservedly 
commended  by  Rollin,  he  wrote  Historia 
sui  Temporis,  published  1738,  3  vols.  4to; 
a  work  of  merit. 

LuciAN,  a  Greek  writer,  born  at  Samo- 
sata.  He  left  the  business  of  sculpture  for 
the  life  of  an  author,  and  became  the  favour- 
ite of  M.  Aurelius,  who  appointed  him  re-* 
gistrar  of  Egypt.  His  satires  are  very 
severe  on  heathen  religion,  but  often  ob- 
scene and  profane.  He  died  180  A.  D. 
aged  90.  His  works  were  well  edited  by 
Reitzius,  Amsterd.  4  vols.  4to.  1743. 

Lucifer,  bishop  Cagliari,  in  Sardinia, 
refused  to  admit  the  apostate  Arian  bishops 
to  communion,  according  to  the  decree  of 
the  council  of  Alexandria,  362.  Rather 
than  to  yield  in  opinion  he  resigned  his  see, 
and  became  the  author  of  a  new  schism, 
whose  supporters  were  called  Luciferians. 
He  died  370.  His  works  appeared  at  Ve- 
nice, 1779. 

LuciLius,  Caius,  a  Roman  satirist,  who 
was  with  Scipio  in  his  expedition  against 
Numantia.  He  died  103  B.C.  Fragments 
of  his  poetry  remain. 

Lucius  I.  pope  and  saint,  was  elected 
253,  after  Cornelius,  and  the  next  year  suf- 
fered martyrdom. 

Lucius  II.  Gerard  de  Caccianemici,  a  na* 
tive  of  Bologna,  elected  pope  after  Celesti-* 
nus  II.  1144.  He  died  25th  Feb.  the  next 
year,  in  consequence  of  a  blow  from  a  stonS 
in  a  popular  commotion. 

L'JCRs  III.  Humbaldo  Allineigoli,  a  na-- 


LUb 


LUD 


live  of  Lucca,  succeeded  pope  Alexander 
III.  1181.  He  was  obliged  in  a  popular  tu- 
mult to  fly  from  Rome  to  V  crona,  but  he 
afterwards  returned,  supported  by  the 
princes  of  Italy,  and  he  punished  the  sedi- 
tious disturbers  of  (he  public  peace.  Ano- 
ther commotion  afterwards  again  occasion- 
ed his  flight,  and  he  died  at  Verona,  25th 
Nov.  1185.  He  established,  with  the  em- 
peror Frederic,  constitutions  for  the  punish- 
ment of  heresies,  which  may  be  considered 
as  the  origin  of  the  inquisition. 

LucRETiA,  a  celebrated  Roman  lady, 
wife  of  Collatiuus.  Violence  was  ollered 
to  her  person  by  Sextus  the  son  of  Tarquin, 
and  in  consequence  of  this  she  stabbed  her- 
self after  she  bad  related  the  horrid  indig- 
nity to  her  father  and  husband.  Her  death 
was  avenged  by  the  expulsion  of  the  Tar- 
quin:i  from  Rome,  and  the  establishment  of 
the  consular  government,  A.U.C.  244. 

Lucretius,  Titus  Carus,  a  Roman  poet, 
educated  in  the  epicurean  school  of  Zeno 
and  Phsedrus.  He  wrote  a  beautiful  poem, 
De  Rerum  Natura,  founded,  however,  on 
the  atheistical  doctrine  of  Atoms.  It  is 
supposed  that  he  became  mad  by  drinking 
a  philter  given  him  by  his  mistress  Lucilia. 
He  died  B.C.  54,  aged  42.  The  best  edi- 
tion is  that  of  Wakefield,  4  vols.  4to.  The 
work  has  been  translated  into  English  verse 
by  Creech. 

LucuLLUs,  Lucius  Licinius,  a  Roman 
general,  celebrated  for  his  conquests  over 
Mithridates  in  Bithynia  and  Armenia.  Af- 
ter the  honours  of  a  triumph  he  retired  to 
privacy,  and  patronised  learned  men.  He 
died  aged  68. 

Ludlow,  Edmund,  a  republican  chief  in 
the  civil  wars,  born  at  Maiden  Bradley, 
Wilts,  1620.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  first  de- 
gree in  1636,  and  then  removed  to  the  Tem- 
ple to  study  the  law,  but  on  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war,  by  the  advice  of  his 
father,  who  was  representative  in  the  long 
parliament,  for  Wiltshire,  he  became  a  vo- 
lunteer in  lord  Essex's  life  guards.  He 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Edge- 
hill,  and  in  the  siege  of  Wardour  castle,  of 
which  he  was  made  governor,  and  after- 
wards he  was  made  by  the  parliament  high 
sheritf  of  his  native  county.  He  was  at  the 
second  battle  of  Newbury,  and  in  1643  suc- 
ceeded, on  his  father's  death,  as  represen- 
tative for  Wiltshire,  but  while  he  opposed 
on  the  one  hand  the  dark  designs  of  Crom- 
well, he  on  the  other  voted  for  the  a!)olition 
of  royalty,  and  for  the  establishment  of  a 
pure  commonwealth.  With  these  princi- 
ples it  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  he  was 
one  of  the  unfortunate  king's  judges,  and 
that  he  concurred  in  voting  the  house  of 
peers  not  only  useless  but  dangerous.  He 
ivas  employed  by  Cromwell  as  lieutenant 


general  of  horse  in  Ireland,  and  on  Ire- 
ton's  death  he  succeeded  him  in  the  chief 
command  of  the  island.  The  elevation  of 
Cromwell  to  the  protectorate  was  particu- 
larly displeasing  to  him,  but  hin  attempts  to 
oppose  it  rendered  him  su-j)«;rtcd  to  the  ty- 
rant, who  at  last  ensured  his  traiKpiillity, 
by  seizing  his  person,  and  then  obliging  him 
to  give  a  security  not  to  act  against  the  go- 
venuiient.  Thus  bound  to  inactivity,  he 
lived  in  Essex  till  the  death  of  the  usurper, 
and  then,  under  Richard,  appeared  in  par- 
liament, and  was  violent  in  the  disturbed 
state  of  aflairs  for  the  restoration  of  the 
rump  parliament.  By  the  influence  of 
the  Wallingford  house  party  he  was  pre- 
vailed upon  to  resume  the  chief  command 
in  Ireland,  but  here  he  met  with  some  op- 
position, and  on  his  return  to  England  soon 
after  he  found  himself  accused  of  various 
misdemeanors.  Sensible  that  the  nation, 
and  the  army  headed  by  Monk,  had  deter- 
mined to  restore  the  king,  be  left  the  king- 
dom by  the  advice  of  his  friends,  and  retired 
to  Dieppe.  A  reward  of  300/.  was  offered 
by  proclamation  for  his  apprehension,  but 
he  escaped  his  pursuers,  and  flying  to  Ge- 
neva, he  at  last  settled  at  Vevay  in  Switz- 
erland. At  the  revolution  he  ventured  to 
return  to  London,  but  though  he  was  re- 
garded as  a  proper  person  to  reduce  Ireland 
from  the  power  of  the  papists,  some  of  the 
commons  moved  an  address  to  W^illiam  to 
seize  him,  in  consequence  of  which  he  re- 
tired again  to  Vevay,  where  he  died,  1693, 
aged  73.  A  monument  was  erected  over 
his  body  by  his  widow.  After  his  death 
appeared  his  "  Memoirs,"  in  2  vols.  8vo. 
1698,  to  which  another  was  added  on  the 
following  year.  This  work  is  curious  and 
valuable,  and  in  communicating  important 
particulars  concerning  the  civil  wars,  exhi- 
bits the  author  as  a  stern,  unshaken  repub- 
lican, not,  like  Cromwell,  turning  every 
accident  to  his  own  views  and  interest,  but 
regarding  the  democratical  government, 
pure  and  uncornapted,  as  the  most  perfect 
system  of  political  union. 

Ludlow,  Roger,  a  native  of  the  west  of 
England,  came  to  Dorchester,  Massachu- 
setts, in  1630,  and  was  immediately  elected 
a  magistrate  of  the  colony,  and  four  years 
after  deputy  governor.  Soon  after,  re- 
moving to  Fairfield,  Connecticut,  he  was 
appointed  a  number  of  years  to  the  same 
offices  there,  and  rendered  the  most  im- 
portant services  to  the  colony,  by  assisting 
in  forming  its  civil  constitution,  for  which 
he  was  happily  fitted  by  an  extensive  know- 
ledge of  jurisprudence.  He  compiled  the 
first  code  of  laws  of  Connecticut,  printed 
in  1672.  In  1648  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies, 
and  repeatedly  aftenvards.  But  becoming 
disipleased  with  the  conduct  of  the  people, 

939 


LUD 


LUI 


iii  the  war  with  the  Dutch,  he  left  the  colo- 
ny in  1654,  and  went  to  Virginia. 

ICP  L. 
LuDOLPH,  Job,  the  well-known  Etbiopic 
historian,  was  born  at  Erfurt  in  Thuringia, 
15th  June,  1624.  Though  his  countrymen 
were  unfortunately  engaged  in  military  af- 
fairs, he  devoted  himself  to  studious  pur- 
suits, and  at  the  age  of  20  was  a  perfect 
master  of  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin,  and 
then  employed  himself  assiduously  in  the 
study  of  the  Ethiopic  language,  of  which 
he  wrote  a  grammar.  He  studied  also  the 
law  under  the  famous  professor  MuUer,  and 
after  spending  about  six  years  in  travelling, 
and  visiting  France,  Holland,  Rome,  and 
the  residence  of  Christina,  the  celebrated 
patroness  of  learning  in  Sweden,  he  return- 
ed to  Erfurt,  and  gained  applause  in  the 
office  of  counsellor  of  state.  After  18  years 
devoted  to  the  public  service  he  returned  to 
Frankfort,  with  the  intention  of  cultivating 
literature,  but  the  elector  Palatine  placed 
him  at  the  head  of  his  administration,  and 
twice  employed  his  abilities  as  negotiator  in 
France.  The  last  years,  however,  of  his 
life,  were  spent  in  the  perfecting  of  his 
works.  He  died  universally  lamented,  8th 
April,  1704,  nearly  80  years  old.  It  is 
said  that  he  was  well  versed  in  25  lan- 
guages. His  character  in  private  life  was 
as  respectable  as  his  public  fame  as  a  scho- 
lar and  a  politician.  He  wrote  Historia 
Ethiopica,  fol.  1631 — Commentaries  in 
Hist.  Ethiopic.  folio — Dissertatio  de  Lo- 
custis,  folio — Grammatica  Amharicae  Lin- 
gua;, &c.  fol. — Grammatica  Linguae  Ethio- 
pic. folio,  and  other  learned  publications. 

LuDOLPH,  Henry  William,  nephew  to  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Erfurt,  1655.     He 
was  secretary  to  the  Danish  envoy  in  Lon- 
don, and  afterwards  filled  the  same  office 
near  the  person  of  George  of  Denmark, 
who   married    queen   Anne.      He  visited 
Russia,  and  was  presented  to  the  Czar,  who 
expressed  astonishment  at  his  great  know- 
ledge of  music  and  of  various  languages, 
and  in  gratitude  for  the  civilities  which  he 
had  received,  he  wrote  a  grammar  of  the 
Russian   language,  which  was  printed  at 
Oxford,  1696.     In  1698  he  determined  to 
Iravel  into  the  East  to  see  the  state  of  the 
Christian  church  in  those  remote  regions. 
He  visited  Smyrna,  Jaffa,  Jerusalem,  Cai- 
ro, and  Alexandria,  and  returned  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  laws,  manners,  and  reli- 
gion of  those  countries.     He  wished  the 
establishment  of  a  Christian  college  at  Je- 
rusalem, and,  to  disseminate  the  knowledge 
of  pure  Christianity,  he  zealously  under- 
took the  impression  of  the  New  Testament 
into   modern   Greek,   which  was   happily 
completed  by  the  assistance  of  the  bishop 
of  Worcester,  and  other  learned  and  chari- 
table persons.     This  benevolent  man  died 
:^5th  Jan.  1710,  aged  51.     His  other  works 
240 


are,  Meditations  on  Retirement  from  the 
World — Reflections  on  the  Present  State  of 
the  Church,  &c. 

LuDWELL,  Philip,  governor  of  the  Caro- 
linas,  succeeded  Sothel  in  South  Carolina 
in  1692,  but  incurring  the  displeasure  of 
the  proprietors,  Thomas  Smith  succeeded 
him  in  1693,  when  Ludwell  returned  to 
Virginia,  where  he  continued  to  reside  du- 
ring most  of  his  administration  in  Carolina. 
In  North  Carolina  he  was  four  years  go- 
vernor, although  he  continued  but  a  short 
time  in  the  colony.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Thomas  Harvey,  as  deputy  governor. 

ICF-L. 

LuDWiG,  John  Peter,  professor  of  law, 
chancellor  of  Magdeburg,  and  privy  coun- 
sellor to  the  king  of  Prussia,  died  1743, 
aged  73.  He  wrote  Scriptor.  Rerum  Grer- 
manicai-um,  2  vols. — Manuscripta  Omnis 
^vi,  Diplomata  et  Monumenta  inedita,  12 
vols.  8vo. — Lives  of  Justinian  and  Tribo- 
nian — Miscellaneous  Works,  2  vols.  &c. 

Lugo,  John,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  born  at 
Madrid,  2Sth  Nov.  1533.  He  studied  at 
Pampeluna,  Salamanca,  and  Seville,  and 
taught  divinity  at  Valladolid.  He  after- 
wards went  to  Rome,  where  he  filled  the 
theological  chair  for  20  years  with  great 
popularity,  and  was,  in  1643,  made  a  car- 
dinal by  pope  Urban  VIII.  This  honour  he 
was  willing  to  decline ;  he  regarded  the 
coach  sent  for  him  as  his  coffin,  and  con- 
sented at  last  in  submission  to  the  pope's 
commands.  In  this  new  dignity  he  did 
not  display  the  pomp  or  pride  of  a  cardinal, 
he  was  meek  in  his  conduct,  and  charita- 
ble in  the  highest  degree.  He  died  at 
Rome,  20th  Aug.  1660,  and  was  buried  at 
the  feet  of  Loyola,  the  founder  of  his  order. 
He  was  the  first  who  introduced  bark  into 
general  use  in  France,  in  1650.  He  was 
not  only  an  able  divine,  but  an  expert  phi- 
losopher and  mathematician.  His  works 
aje  on  theological  subjects,  and  fill  up  7 
vols,  folio. 

Lugo,  Francis,  elder  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Madrid,  1580,  and  be- 
came a  Jesuit  at  Salamanca,  1600.  He 
went  as  missionary  to  the  Indies,  and  was 
promoted  to  the  divinity  chair  at  Mexico 
and  Santa  Fe.  He  returned  to  Spain,  and 
was  afterwards  employed  on  ecclesiastical 
affairs  at  Rome.  He  was  made  rector  of 
two  colleges  in  Spain,  and  died  1652.  He 
wrote  commentaries  on  Thomas  Aquinas, 
2  vols,  folio — On  the  Sacraments,  &.c. 

LuisiNO,  or  LuisiNi,  Francis,  an  eminent 
scholar  of  Udino  in  the  Venetian  states. 
He  taught  Greek  and  Latin  at  Reggio,  and 
was  afterwards  secretary  to  the  duke  of 
Parma,  and  died  1568,  aged  45.  He  wrote 
Illustrations  of  Obscure  Passages  in  An- 
cient Authors,  found  also  in  Gruter's  Fax 
Artium — a  Commentary  on  Horace's   Art 


LtiL 


J.UT 


ot  Poetry — a  treatise  dc  Coraponeiidis  Aiu- 
lai  Affectibus,  Hvo. 

LuisiNUs,  Aloysius,  a  Venetian  phyai- 
.  ian,  who  published  "  dc  Morbo  Ciallico," 
&.C.  1566,  republished  by  Boerhaave,  1728, 
folio. — the  Aphorisms  of  Hippocrates  in 
Latin  verse,  8vo. 

LuiTPRAND,  a  king  of  Lombardy  after 
his  father  Ansprand,  712.  He  is  known 
for  his  conquests  in  Italy,  and  for  the  code 
of  laws  which  he  digested  for  his  kingdom. 
He  died  744. 

LuiTPRANDUS,  a  Lombard  historian,  born 
at  Pavia.  He  was  bred  up  at  the  court  of 
the  Italian  kings,  and  was  in  948  sent  by 
Berengarius  H.  as  ambassador  to  Constan- 
tine  Porphyrogenitus.  He  was  afterwards 
disgraced  by  his  master,  and  fled  to  the 
emperor  Otho,  who  avenged  his  cause  by 
dethroning  Berengarius,  and  making  him 
bishop  of  Cremona.  In  968  he  went  again 
as  ambassador  to  Constantinople  from 
Otho,  but  he  was  rudely  treated  by  Nice- 
phorus  Phocas,  the  emperor  of  the  East, 
and  thrown  into  prison  because  he  defend- 
ed the  right  of  his  master  to  the  title  of 
emperor  of  the  West.  The  time  of  his 
death  is  unknown.  He  wrote,  in  a  harsh 
but  vehement  style,  the  History  of  his  own 
Times,  in  six  books,  printed  Antwerp,  fol. 
1640,  a  valuable  work,  found  among  Mu- 
ratori's  Rerum  Italicaium  Scriptores. 

Luke,  St.  the  evangelist,  was  a  physician 
of  Antioch  in  Syria,  converted  to  the 
Christian  faith  by  Paul,  of  whom  he  after- 
wards became  the  faithful  associate.  Be- 
sides his  gospel  which  is  composed  in  very 
pure  language,  he  wrote  the  Acts  of  the 
Apostles.  He  lived  according  to  Jerome 
to  his  83d  year.  Some  have  called  him 
falsely  a  painter. 

Lulle,  Raymond,  a  learned  native  of 
Majorca,  called,  on  account  of  his  great 
abilities.  Doctor  Illuminatus.  After  ex- 
celling as  a  divine,  he  applied  himself  to 
physic  and  chymistry,  that  he  might  be 
enabled  to  cure  the  cancer  of  a  young  wo- 
man, of  whom  he  was  enamoured.  He 
afterwards  went  as  a  missionary  to  Mau- 
ritania, where  the  barbarian  natives  stoned 
him  to  death,  March,  1315,  at  the  age  of 
80.  His  remains  were  brought  back  to 
Majorca,  where  he  was  regarded  as  a  mar- 
tyr. His  works  on  theology,  history,  me- 
dicine, law,  philosophy,  were  collected  to- 
gether, and  lately  published  at  Mentz,  but 
they  are  very  obscure  and  in  a  barbarous 
style. 

LuLLi,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  musi- 
cian, born  at  Florence,  1634.  At  the  age 
of  10  he  became  page  to  Mad.  de  Mont- 
pensier,  niece  to  Louis  XIV.  but  from  the 
meanness  of  his  appearance  he  was  remov- 
ed to  be  under  scullion  in  the  kitchen. 
His  fondness  for  music,  however,  soon  dis- 
tinguished him ;  he  received  instructions 
Vol.  IL  31 


irum  a  master,  and  was  soon  so  gfcai  a 
proficient  on  tlui  violin  that  the  kin;?  noticed 
him,  and  made  him  .sup.;rintendent  of  mu- 
sic in  the  royal  chambm-.  He  became  now 
eminent  as  a  composer,  and  was  employed, 
on  the  recovery  of  Louis  from  his  indispo- 
sition, to  compose  a  Te  Deum,  which  iu 
the  performance  proved  fatal  to  him,  a.s  he 
struck  the  end  of  his  foot,  and  thus  pro- 
duced a  gangrene,  of  which  he  died  •22d 
March,  1687.  He  is  deservedly  esteemed 
as  the  master  who  brought  French  music 
to  perfection.  His  great  operas,  in  five 
acts,  such  as  Cadmus,  Alceste,  Theseus, 
Psyche,  &c.  are  highly  admired,  as  well  as 
his  pastorals,  ballets,  &c.  He  composed 
also  the  music  for  Moliere's  plays,  and  was 
in  his  private  character  a  witty  and  face- 
tious companion. 

LuMLEY,  Joanna  lady,  eldest  daughter 
of  Henry  Fitz- Allan,  earl  Arundel,  mar- 
ried John  lord  Lumley.  She  was  very 
learned,  and  translated  into  Latin,  from 
the  Greek,  three  of  the  orations  of  Isocrates, 
of  which  the  MS.  is  still  preserved  in 
Westminster  library.  She  also  translated 
into  English  Euripides'  Iphegenia,  and  died 
1620,  about  11  years  after  her  husband. 

LuNEAU  DE  BoisjERMAiN,  Peter  Joseph 
Francis,  a  voluminous  French  writer,  who 
died  suddenly  at  the  end  of  1802.  He 
wrote  a  course  of  History  and  Geography, 
2  vols.  12mo. — True  Principles  of  Reading 
and  Orthography,  4  vols.  8vo. —  Course  of 
the  Italian  Language — Course  of  the  Eng- 
lish Language,  2  vols.  8vo. — Racine's 
Works,  edited  7  vols.  Svo. — Musical  Al- 
manac, &c. 

LusiGNAN,  Guy,  a  celebrated  French 
warrior,  during  the  crusades.  He  espous- 
ed, in  the  Holy  Land,  Sibylla,  daughter  of 
Amaury  king  of  Jerusalem,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded in  the  kingdom.  He  afterwards 
resigned  his  regal  honours  to  Richard  I.  of 
England,  and  assumed  in  return  the  title  of 
king  of  Cyprus.     He  died  1194. 

LussAN,  Margaret  de,  a  female  writer, 
born  1682.  Her  father  was  coachman  to 
cardinal  Fleury.  Her  abilities  were  early 
seen  and  improved  by  bishop  Huet,  and 
she  in  consequence  excelled  as  a  writer  of 
history  and  of  romances.  She  wrote  for 
her  support,  and  therefore  wrote  much, 
yet  though  often  in  want,  her  character 
was  charitable,  virtuous,  and  benevolent. 
She  died  175S,  aged  75.  Her  works  are 
very  numerous.  The  best  known  are  An- 
ecdotes of  the  Court  of  Philip  Augustus,  6 
vols.  12mo. — les  Veillees  de  la  Thessalie, 
4  vols.  &c. 

Luther,  Martin,  the  celebrated  re- 
former, was  born  at  Isleben  in  Saxony,  10th 
Nov.  1483.  Though  but  the  son  of  a  mi- 
ner, he  rose  from  obscurity,  and  received 
a  good  education  at  Magdeburg,  and  at 
Evsenach  in   Thuringia,  Avhich  he  quitted 

241 


LUT 


LtFT 


in  1501,  for  the  university  of  Erfurt,  where 
he  studied  logic  and  philosophy,  and  paid 
particular  attention  to  the  writings  of  Ci- 
cero,  Virgil,  Livy,   and    other  illustrious 
classics.     His  parents  wished   him  to  de- 
vote himself  to  the  labours  of  the  bar,  but 
an  extraordinary  accident  diverted  his  pur- 
pose.    As  he  walked  one  day  in  the  fields 
with  a  fellow  student  he  was  struck  down 
by  lightning,  and  his  companion  killed  by 
his  side,  and  this  had  such  efi'ect  upon  his 
mind  that  without  consulting  his  Iriends  he 
retired  from  the  world,  into  the  order  of 
the  Augustines.     In  this  seclusion  he  found 
by  accident  a  Latin  Bible,  which  he  never 
before  had  seen,  and  in  perusing  it  he  was 
astonished  at  the  little  knowledge  of  Scrip- 
ture and  of  Christianity  which  the  clergy 
then  imparted  to   the   people.     From  the 
convent   of   Erfurt  he    was    removed    to 
"VVittemberg   university,    just   founded   by 
Frederic  the  elector  of  Saxony,  and  here  he 
read  lectures  on  philosophy  for  three  years 
to   numerous   and  applauding  audiences. 
In  1512,  he  went  to  Rome  to  settle  some 
disputes  which  seven  convents  of  his  order 
had  with  their  vicar  general,  and   on  his 
return  he  was  created  D.D.  at  the  request 
of  the  elector   of  Saxony.     Employed  as 
professor  of  divinity,    he  explained  with 
clearness  and  ease  the  Psalms  and  the  epis- 
tles   to    the   Romans,   and  supported  his 
celebrity  by  the  most  rigid   morality,  and 
the  most  exemplary  conduct.     The   com- 
pletion  of  St.  Peter's  church  at  Rome  at 
this  time  required  extraordinary  sums,  and 
the  pope,  Leo  X.  to  fill   his  coffers  with 
greater    facility,   published  general   indul- 
gences for  the  forgiveness  of  sins  to  such 
as   would   contribute  to  the  pious   work. 
The  Dominicans  were  intrusted  with   the 
selling  of  these   indulgences   in  Germany, 
and  in  paying  their   money  the  good  friar 
Tetzel  informed    the  superstitious  people 
that  they  might  release  themselves  not  only 
from  past,  but  also  future  sins.     This  pious 
imposition  did  not  escape  the  discerning 
eye  of  Luther,  he  published  in  1517  a  the- 
sis, containing   95  propositions  on  indul- 
gences, and  challenged  opposition.     Tetzel 
was  not  silent  on  the   occasion,  but  while 
he  with  the  voice  of  authority   called  his 
opponent  a  damnable   heretic,  and  whilst 
he  burnt  the  thesis  with  all   possible  igno- 
miny, Luther  asserted  boldly  the  inefficacy 
of  indulgences,  and  regarded  penitence  and 
works  of  mercy  and  charity  alone  capable 
of  forming  a  reconciliation    with   heaven. 
This  seemingly  trifling  dispute  between  two 
obscure   monks  led   to  great  events,  and 
created  a  revolution  in  the  religious  opi- 
nions  of  mankind.     Though   attacked  by 
numbers,  Luther  had  the   satisfaction   to 
see  his   sentiments  embraced   with  eager- 
ness by  the  body  of  the  people  ;  and  when 
•summoned  by  the  pone  to  appear  at  Rome 
242 


10  answer  for  his  conduct,  he  had  the  hrm- 
ness  to  refuse,  though  he  at  the  same  time 
in  the  most  submissive  manner  exculpated 
himself,  and  deprecated  the  resentment  of 
the  supreme  pontiff.     Maximilian  the  em- 
peror was  anxious  to  support  the  cause  of 
Rome,  but  Luther  happily  found  a  protector 
and  friend  in  the  elector  of  Saxony,  and 
upon  an  assurance  of  personal  safety,  he 
did  not  refuse  to  appear  at  Augsburg  before 
the  papal  legate  Cajetan.     Here  when  ex- 
horted in  three  propositions  to  retract  his 
errors,  and  to  submit  to  the  authority  of  the 
pope,  he  declared  that  he  was  not  guilty  of 
any  errors,  and  that  while  he  paid  defer- 
ence to  the  head  of  the  church,   he  yet  as- 
serted that  he  had  advanced  nothing  which 
was  contrary  to   the  Scriptures,  or  to  the 
doctrines  of  the  fathers.     The  conference 
thus  ended  by  the  refusal  of  Luther  to  sub- 
mit implicitly  to  the  pleasure  of  the  papal 
see  ;  but  when  the  pope  in  a  brief  declared 
himself  as  the   vicar  of  Christ,  authorized 
to  forgive  sins  by  the  power  of  indulgences, 
and  that  whosoever  opposed  this  doctrine 
was  excommunicated  as  a  heretic,  the  re- 
former published  an  appeal  from  the  preju- 
diced pontiff'  to   a  general  council.     The 
pope,  however,  finding  that  violence  could 
not  destroy  the  obstinacy  of  Luther,  had 
recourse  to  milder  means,  and   his  agent 
Miltitius  was  employed  to  visit  the  reform- 
er, to  argue  with  him,  and  to  offer  terms  of 
reconciliation.      Luther  was   struck  with 
the  civilities  and  the  temper  of  the  papal 
missionary,  but  instead  of  making  submis- 
sion, he  was  roused  to  greater  opposition 
by  the  exhortations  of  the  Bohemians,  and 
the    able  support  of    Malancthon,    Caro- 
lostadius,  and  other  learned  men.     In  1519 
he  was  engaged  in  a  personal  controversy 
at  Leipsic  with  Eccius,  divinity  professor 
at   Ingolstadt,  but   it  tended   only  to  sow 
greater  enmity   and   deeper  variance  be- 
tween the  disputants.     The  same  year  his 
book  against  indulgences  was  censured  by 
the  divines  of  Louvain  and    Cologne,  but 
Luther  disregarded  their  opinions,  and  ap- 
pealed for  protection  to  the  new  emperor 
Charles  V.     Though  he  had  written,  at  the 
suggestion  of  Miltitius,  a  letter  to  the  pope, 
not  indeed  of  submission,  but  rat  er  of  ex- 
culpation, in  language  bold  and  energetic, 
he  was  in   1 520  formally  condemned   by  a 
bull  from  Rome,  which  after  enumerating 
41  of   his    heretical  opinions,   denounces 
against  him  the  vengeance  of  the  church, 
and  excommunication,  if  within  sixty  days 
he  did  not  make  a  due  submission.     This 
violent  conduct  Luther  answered  by  "  the 
cajitivity  of  Babylon,"  a  book  in  which  he. 
inveighed  bitterly   against  the    abuses  of 
Rome,  and  then  calling  the  students  of  Wit- 
temberg  together,  he  flung  into  the  fire  the 
offensive  decree  which  he  called   the  exe- 
crable bull  of  antichrist.     In  1521  he  was 


LLT 


LLT 


siinjnioned  to  appear  before  the  emperor  at 
the  diet  oi  Worms,  with  a  promise  of  pro- 
tectiou,  and  though   his  friends   dissuaded 
him,  and  told  him  that  as  his  opponents  had 
burned   his   writings,   so   they  wouUl  treat 
him,  after  the  manner  of  iluss,  he  declared 
%vith  fearless  voice,  If  I  knew  there  were  as 
many  devils  at  Worms  as  tiles  on  the  houses, 
I  would  go.    At  Worms  he  was  required  by 
Eccius  to  retract  his  opinions,  but   he  de- 
clared that  except  what  he  advanced  could 
be  proved  contrary  to  Scripture  he  neither 
could  nor  would   recant,      ilis  obstinacy 
proved  ortensive  to  the  emperor,  but  as  he 
had  promised  him  his   protection,  he  per- 
mitted him  to  depart.  On  his  return  to  Wit- 
temberg,  however,  the  reformer  was  attack- 
ed in  a   wood  by  a   number  of  horsemen, 
and  violently  taken  away,  and  what  became 
of  him  remained  unknown  to  the  public. 
In  the   mean    time   Charles  published  his 
edict  against   him  and  his  adherents,  and 
placed  him  under  the  ban  of  the  empire. 
Luther,  however,   remained  secure  under 
the  protection  of  the  elector,  who  had  thus 
effected  his   deliverance,  and  in  the  castle 
of  Wittemberg  which  he  denominated  his 
hermitage  and  his  Patmos,  he  held  a  secret 
correspondence  with  his  friends,  or  com- 
posed books  in  defence  of  his  opinions.  At 
the  end  of  ten  months,  when  the  emperor 
was  departed  for  Flanders  he  again  appear- 
ed publicly  at  Wittemberg,  and  had  the  sa- 
tisfaction   to  find  that    instead  of   being 
checked,  his  doctrines  had  gained  ground, 
and  were    universally  embraced    through 
Germany.    He  next  attacked  Henry  VIII. 
who  had  defended  the  seven   sacraments, 
and  he  treated  his  book  and  his  person  with 
such  contempt,  that  the  monarch  complain- 
ed of  it  to  the  princes  of  Germany.  In  1522 
he  published  in  conjunction  with  Melanc- 
thon,  a  Latin  translation  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament, and  the  work  was  read  with  avidi- 
ty by  the  German  nation.    In  1524  he  had» 
to  contend  with  Erasmus,  a  man  who  had 
apparently  adopted  his  sentiments,  though 
he  had  not  the  manliness  to  acknowledge 
them,  and  he  now  found  in  him  an   able 
antagonist  enlisted  in  defence  of  the  pope. 
The  subject  of  their  dispute  was  free  will, 
and  it  is  to  be  lamented  that  it  was  attended 
with  great  asperity  of  language,  between 
men    who    respected   and   admired    each 
other.    In  1 524  Luther  threw  aside  the  mo- 
nastic habit,  and  the  next  year  he  married 
Catherine  de  Bore,  a  nun  who  had  escaped 
from  a  convent,  and  though  he  was  ridicu- 
led by  his  enemies,  and  censured  as  incon- 
tinent for  taking  a  young  Avife  of  26,  when 
he  himself  had  reached  his  42d  year,  he 
defended   his  conduct  by  Scriptural  texts, 
ajid  again  set  at  nought  the  authority  of 
Rome  and  the  cavils  of  her  advocates.  In 
1525  the  emperor  called  a  diet  at  Spires, 
in  consequence  of  the  war  with  the  Turks, 


as  well  as  the  troubled  stale  ol  Gerraau> 
in  consequence  of  religious  dispute)*,  and 
in  the  sitting  of  the  next  year  he  proposed 
that  the  edict  of  Worms  should  be  duly  (en- 
forced, the  catholic  religion  supported,  and 
heretics    punished.     The    new    doctrines 
though   thus  openly  attacked  by  the  head 
of  the  empire  were  ably  defended  by  the 
electors  of  Saxony,  and  Brandenburg,  the 
landgrave  of   Hesse,  the  prince  of  Anhalt, 
and  others  ;  and  in  another  diet  held  again 
at  Spires,   these  dissentient   princes  pro- 
tested against  the  measures  of  the  empire, 
and  were  consequently  called  Protestants. 
This  celebrated  union,  published  19th  April, 
1529,  was  joined  by  14  cities,  Strasburg, 
Ulm,   Constance,   Nuremburg,    Retlingen, 
&c.    In  the  midst  of  the  confusion  of  Ger- 
many, a  Confession  of  Faith  was  drawn  up 
by  Melancthon,  the  mildest  and  most  mo- 
derate of  Luther's  followers,  and  as  it  was 
presented  to  the  emperor  at  Augsburgh,  it 
has  been  called  the  Augsburgh  Confession. 
Thus    the    opposition  raised    against   the 
mighty  empire  of  spiritual  Rome  by  an  ob- 
scure monk,  was  supported  by  intelligent 
princes  and  powerful  nations,  and  Luther, 
now  regarded  as  the  champion  of  the  faith 
through  Germany,  had  nothing  to   appre- 
hend from  his  persecutors,  but  had  only  to 
labour  earnestly  to  confirm  what  had  been 
so  happily  established.    His  German  trans- 
lation of  the  Bible  appeared  in    1535,  and 
was  received  with  grateful  raptures  by  the 
Germans.  In  1 537  he  and  Melancthon  were 
present  at  the  assembly  held  at  Smalkald 
on  religious  matters,  and  it  was  here  that 
he  was  attacked  with  a  severe  disorder  and 
a  stoppage  of  urine,  which  seemed  for  11 
days  to  threaten  his  life  ;  but  by  travelling 
he  recovered.   He  was  again  attacked  in 
1546,  as  he  was  visiting  his  native  coun- 
try, where  he  was  i-eceived  with  much  ho- 
nour, and  he  died  at  Isleben,  18th  Feb.  1546, 
aged  63,  and  his  body,  which  his  friends 
wished  to  deposite  in  his  native  town,  was 
conveyed  by  order  of  the  elector  of  Saxony 
to  Wittemberg,    and    interred  with   great 
ceremony.    This  illustrious  man  engaged, 
as  Atterbury  has  observed,  against  the  uni- 
ted forces  of  the  papal   world,  stood   the 
shock  with  bravery  and  success.    He  was 
a  man  of  high  endowments  of  mind,   and 
great  virtues  :  he  had  a  vast  understanding 
which  raised  him  to  a  pitch  of  learning  un- 
known in  the  age  in  which  he  lived.    His 
knowledge  of  Scripture  was  admirable,  his 
elocution  manly,  and  his  way  of  reasoning 
was  argumentative,  powerful,  and  convin- 
cing.   He  had  no  ambition  but  in  the  ser- 
vice of  God  ;  he  was  of  a  temper  averse  to 
covetousness,  or  any  base  sin,  and  charita- 
ble  even   to  a  fault.   When  religion  was 
concerned,  he  regarded  not  whose  love  or 
hatred  he  incuned.    He  treated  the  pope's 
bulls  and  the  emperor's  edicts  with  cqua 

243 


LYC 


LYD 


harshness,  and  while  he  laboured  to  resiore 
religion  to  its  original  purity,  he  spared 
neither  friends  nor  foes.  His  works  collect' 
ed  after  his  death  appeared  at  Wittem- 
berg,  in  7  vols.  fol.  By  his  wife  who  sur- 
vived him  till  20th  Dec.  1 552,  and  was  bu- 
ried at  Torgau,  he  had  three  sons,  whose 
descendants  arc  still  respected  in  Germany. 
LuTTi,  Bendetto,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Florence  1666.  He  studied  at  Rome 
and  acquired  such  celebrity  that  the  em- 
peror knighted  him,  and  the  elector  of 
Mentz  sent  him  a  cross  set  with  diamonds. 
He  was  slow  in  his  work,  but  his  touch  was 
tender  and  delicate,  and  his  pieces  exhibit- 
ed harmony  and  correctness  in  the  highest 
degree.  The  best  of  his  paintings  is  his 
miracle  of  St.  Pio,  in  the  Albani  palace  at 
Rome.  His  Magdalen,  at  Naples,  his 
Isaiah,  and  his  Anthony  of  Padua,  at 
Rome,  are  also  much  admired.  He  died  at 
Rome  1724,  aged  58,  of  chagrin  in  conse- 
quence of  a  dispute  about  finishing  a  pic- 
ture of  Eusebius  bishop  of  Vercelli,  for  the 
people  of  Turin. 

Luxembourg,  Francis  Henry  de  Mont- 
morency  duke  of,  a  famous  general   and 
marshal  of  France,  the  posthumous  son  of 
Montmorency  count   of    Bouteville,  who 
was  beheaded  for  fighting  a  duel   under 
Lewis  XIII.  He  was,  though  but  15,  at  the 
battle  of  Rocroi,  1643,  under  the  famous 
Conde,  whose  fortunes  he  followed,  and 
whose  genius,  abilities,  coolness  and  ardour 
he   seemed  to  possess.    He  distinguished 
himself  at  the  conquest  of  Franche  Comte, 
1668,  and  in  the  Dutch  campaigns  of  1672, 
and  completed  the  expedition  by  a  bold  and 
unprecedented  retreat  with  20,000  men,  in 
face  of  an  army  of  70,000.   In  1675,  he  was 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  marshal,  and  in  the 
war  against  the  allied  powers,  again  ren- 
dered his  name  illustrious  by  the  battle  of 
rieurus,    over  prince   Waldeck,  1690.   In 
1691  he  gained  the  battles  of  Leusen,  Stein- 
kirk,  and  Nerwinde,  and  continued  to  dis- 
tinguish himself  in  the  field  though  opposed 
by  William  III.   He  performed  another  fa- 
mous retreat  to  Tournay,  1694,  and  died 
the  next  year,  aged  67. 

LuTKEN,  John,  a  Dutch  engraver,  born 
at  Amsterdam.  His  plates  illustrative  of 
the  Scriptures,  and  a  theatre  of  martyrs  are 
among  the  rest  of  his  works  particularly 
admired.    He  died  1712,  aged  63. 

LuTTS,  John,  a  native  of  North  Holland, 
professor  of  mathematics  and  philosophy  at 
Utrecht,  where  he  died  1721,  aged  66.  His 
works  are  Astronomica  Institutio,  4to.  in 
which  he  refused  to  admit  the  Copernican 
System — Introductio  ad  Geographiam  No- 
vam  et  Veterem,  4i:o, 

Ltcophron,  son  ofPeriander  of  Corinth, 

B.  C.  628,  resented  the  fate  of  his  mother 

Melissa,  who  had  been  cruelly  put  to  death 

hr  his  father,  and  hp  refused  to  speak  to 

9dA 


him.  The  father  afterwards  wished  to  be 
reconciled  to  his  son,  whom  he  had  banish- 
ed into  Corcyra,  and  offered  to  resign  his 
crown  to  him  ;  but  the  Corcyreans  afraid 
of  changing  masters  murdered  the  young 
prince. 

Ltcophron,  a  Greek  poet  of  Chalcis  in 
Euboea,  author  of  Alexandra,  a  very  ob- 
scure poem,  which  has  been  rendered  more 
intelligible  by  the  learned  notes  of  Tzetzes. 
Lycophron  was  slain  by  an  arrow,  B.C.  304. 

Ltcurgus,  a  celebrated  lawgiver  of 
Sparta.  He  refused  to  take  possession  of 
the  kingdom,  at  the  invitation  of  his  sister- 
in-law,  and  preferred  the  character  of  a 
faithful  guardian  to  his  nephew  the  young 
king.  During  the  popular  tumults  which 
agitated  his  country  where  the  monarchs 
and  the  people  each  aspired  to  unlimited 
power,  he  was  called  upon  by  the  general 
voice  to  establish  a  system  of  laws  to  re- 
strain the  violence  of  each  order  of  the 
state.  After  the  institution  of  his  salutary 
but  severe  law^,  Lycurgus  retired  from 
Sparta,  and  is  supposed  to  have  died  in 
Crete  in  a  good  old  age,  B.  C.  870. 

Ltcurgus,  an  Athenian  orator,  B.  C 
408.  He  studied  under  Plato  and  Isocra- 
tes,  and  was  the  friend  of  Demosthenes. 
One  of  his  orations  is  preserved. 

Ltde.    Vid.  Joiner. 

Ltdgate,  John,  an  Augustine  monk  of 
St.  Edmundsbury,  Suffolk,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VI.  He  was  the  disciple  of  Chau- 
cer, whom  he  excelled,  according  to  some, 
in  the  graces  of  versification.  He  travelled 
abroad,  and  died  1440,  aged  60,  and  was 
buried  in  his  convent,  Bury.  He  was  also 
a  philosopher  and  divine  ;  but  he  is  chiefly 
known  as  a  poet,  and  his  eclogues,  odes, 
satires,  &c.  are  said  to  possess  merit,  and 
to  have  been  written  in  such  smooth  style 
that  his  wit  as  his  contemporaries  observed, 
^  was  fashioned  by  the  muses. 
♦  Ltdiat,  Thomas,  an  English  chronolo- 
ger,  born  at  Okerton,  Oxfordshire,  1572, 
and  educated  at  Winchester  school,  and 
New  college,  Oxford,  where  he  became  fel- 
low, 1591.  He  devoted  himself  early  to  li- 
terature, and  was  cosmographer  and  chro- 
nologer  to  Henry,  son  of  James  I.  and  in 
1609,  went  to  Ireland,  and  was  two  years 
at  the  college  of  Dublin,  under  the  patron- 
age Usher.  On  his  return  to  England,  he 
accepted,  in  1612  the  rectory  of  Okerton, 
which  some  years  before  he  had  refused  in 
consequence  of  his  difliculty  of  utterance. 
His  engagement  to  pay  the  debts  of  a  near 
relation  brought  him  afterwards  into  great 
diihculties,  and  he  was  for  some  time  im- 
prisoned at  Oxford,  and  in  the  king's 
bench,  till  liberated  by  the  contributions  of 
his  friends.  He  petitioned  the  king  to  be 
permitted  to  travel  into  Turkey,  Ethiopia, 
and  Abyssinia,  in  search  of  MSS.  but  w^as 
unsuccessful ;  and  in  tUo  civil  wars-  v^hv^'Q. 


L\N 


L\^ 


desolated  the  country,  he  was  a  severe  suf- 
ferer for  his  loyalty.  He  died  very  poor, 
3d  April,  1646,  and  was  buried  in  his 
church,  Okcrton.  He  was  an  able  scholar 
and  deservedly  esteemed  by  the  learned  of 
♦he  times,  Usher,  Newton,  Brij^gs,  Turner, 
&.C.  He  wrote  de  Variis  Annorum  Formis, 
1605,  8vo.  which  he  afterwards  defended 
against  Scaliger  and  Clavius — On  the  Ori- 
gin of  Fountains,  8vo. — Various  treatises  on 
philosophical  and  astronomical  subjects,  &c. 

Lte,  Edward,  a  learned  linguist,  born  at 
Totneso,  Devonshire,  1704,  and  educated 
under  his  father,  and  afterwards  at  Hart- 
hall,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree  of 
M.  A.  1732.  He  devoted  himself  to  the 
study  of  antiquities,  and  published  the  Ety- 
mologicum  Anglicanum  of  Francis  Junius 
from  the  MS.  in  the  Bodleian.  He  after- 
wards employed  himself  in  the  compilation 
of  his  great  work,  the  Anglo-Saxon  and 
Gothic  Dictionary,  which  received  the 
finishing  hand  of  its  author  before  his 
death,  but  was  published  in  1772,  by  the 
Rev.  Owen  Manning,  2  vols,  folio,  with  a 
grammar  of  the  two  languages.  Lye  was 
in  1750,  presented  by  lord  Northampton, 
to  the  living  of  Yardley  Hastings,  where 
he  died  1767. 

Ltllt,  or  Lilly,  John.    Vid.  Lilly. 

Lynde,  sir  Humphry,  an  English  writer, 
born  in  Dorsetshire  1579.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Westminster  school,  and  Christ 
church,  Oxford.  In  1613  he  was  knighted 
by  James  I.  and  was  member  of  the  house 
of  commons  in  several  parliaments.  He 
died  14th  June,  1636,  and  was  buried  in 
Cobham  church,  Surrey.  He  wrote  various 
books  against  popery,  the  best  known  of 
which  is  "  Via  Tuta,"  often  reprinted,  and 
translated  into  Dutch,  French,  and  Latin. 

Lynde,  Benjamin,  chief  justice  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, was  descended  from  an  ancient 
family  in  Dorsetshire,  England,  and  was 
born  at  Salem  in  1666.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1681,  and  after  com- 
pleting his  studies  in  law,  during  which  he 
resided  several  years  at  the  Temple,  re- 
turned to  America,  and  settled  in  his  na- 
tive town.  In  1712,  he  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  superior  court,  and  in  1729, 
chief  justice.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
council  from  1723  to  1737,  a  period  of  four- 
teen years,  when  he  resigned.  He  died 
March  28th,  1745.  fCy  L. 

Lynde,  Benjamin,  chief  justice  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, was  the  son  of  the  preceding, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1718. 
He  was  elected  into  the  council  in  1737, 
and  continued  in  it  for  many  years.  In  1739 
he  was  appointed  a  justice  of  the  Essex 
county  court,  and  subsequently  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  province,  but  resigned  the  office 
in  1772.  idp'  L. 

Lyndon,  Josias,  governor  of  Rhode-Is- 
hnd»  in  1768,  -<vas  a  member  of  the  Bao- 


tist  society  in  Providence,  to  which  he  ieil 
his  mansion  house  and  other  property  at 
his  death  in  1778,  aged  74.         {Lj^  L. 

Lyonnet,  Peter,  a  native  of  Maestricht, 
born  22d  July,  1707.  He  possessed  great 
abilities,  and  was  not  only  acfjuainted  with 
nine  languages,  but  well  skilled  in  music, 
in  painting,  in  sculpture,  and  engraving.  He 
quitted  the  study  of  divinity  for  the  law, 
and  was  appointed  secretary  to  the  States 
of  Holland,  and  also  interpreter  for  the 
French  and  Latin  languages.  He  after- 
wards turned  his  attention  to  natural  His- 
tory, and  examined  the  insects  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  Hague,  and  made  a 
collection  of  curious  shells.  His  abilities 
and  reputation  procured  him  admission  to 
the  learned  academies  of  London,  Rouen, 
Berlin,  Vienna,  Petersburg,  &c.  After  b 
life  devoted  to  science,  this  learned  man, 
equally  respectable  in  private  life,  died  at 
the  Hague,  10th  Jan.  1789,  aged  81.  He 
wrote  Observations  on  Insects — Theologie 
des  Insectes,  &c. 

Lyons,  Israel,  son  of  a  Polish  Jew,  who 
was  a  silversmith,  and  taught  Hebrew  at 
Cambridge,  was  born  at  Cambridge  1739, 
He  early  displayed  great  abilities,  and  dis 
tinguished  himself  as  a  mathematician  and 
botanist.  In  1758  he  published  a  treatise 
on  Fluxions,  inscribed  to  his  friend  and  pa- 
tron. Dr.  Smith,  master  of  Trinity  college, 
and  in  1763,  appeared  his  Fasciculus  Planta- 
rum  circa  Cantabrigiam  Nascentium,  8vo. 
About  1762  he  read  lectures  on  botany,  at 
Oxford,  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Banks,  and 
afterwards  received  a  salary  of  100/.  per 
ann.  for  calculating  the  Nautical  almanac. 
In  1773  he  was  sent  by  the  board  of  longi- 
tude with  captain  Phipps,  now  lord  Mul- 
grave,  to  the  north  Pole  and  after  his  re- 
turn he  married,  but  died  about  1775,  of 
the  measles.  His  father  was  the  author  of 
a  Hebrew  Grammar — and  of  Observations 
and  Inquiries  on  Various  Parts  of  Scrip- 
ture History,  1761. 

Lysander,  a  famous  Spartan  general, 
who  made  an  alliance  with  Cyrus  the 
younger,  and  defeated  the  Athenian  fleet  at 
the  battle  of  ^gospotamos,  which  put  an 
end  to  the  Peloponnesian  war,  after  a  dura- 
tion of  27  years.  He  aimed  at  the  sove- 
reignty at  home  and  became  unpopular.  He 
fell  in  battle  at  Haliartus,  B.  C.  396. 

Lyserus,  Polycarp,  an  able  theologian, 
born  at  Winendeen  in  Wittemberg,  1552. 
He  was  educated  at  Tubingen,  and  became 
minister  of  Wittemberg  1577.  He  died 
minister  of  Dresden  1601.  He  is  author 
of  several  learned  Commentaries  on  the 
Scriptures,  &c. 

Lyserus,  John,  a  protestant  divine  of  the 
same  family  as  the  preceding.  He  was  &. 
man  of  great  learning,  but  deformed  in  his 
person,  thin  and  pale.  He  wrote  sonie 
books  under  fictitious  names,  and  was  f"- 

245 


LYt 


LIT 


mous  fbr  his  works  in  defence  of  polygamy. 
He  died  at  Paris,  1684. 

Lysias,  an  Athenian  orator,  known  for 
iiis  eloquence  and  integrity.  He  died  B.C. 
378,  aged  81.  Of  his  orations  34  are  ex- 
tant, best  edited  by  Taylor,  8vo.  1740. 

Lysimachus,  one  of  Alexander's  gene- 
rals, who,  after  his  master's  death  obtained 
Thrace,  and  afterwards  Macedonia.  He 
was  killed  in  battle  by  Seleucus,  281  B.C. 

Lysippus,  a  tireciaui  sculptor  of  Sicyon, 
who  alone  had  the  privilege  of  making  a 
statue  of  Alexander.  His  best  piece  was 
the  representation  of  a  man  wiping  himself 
after  bathing. 

Lysis,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher,  the 
master  of  Epaminondas.  The  golden 
verses  of  Pythagoras  are  attributed  to  him, 
S.C.  o8o. 

Lysons,  Daniel,  gentleman  commoner  of 
Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  became  fellow  of 
All-Souls,  and  took  his  degree  of  LL.B. 
1755,  and  that  of  doctor  four  years  after. 
He  afterwards  studied  medicine  and  took 
his  doctor's  degree  1764.  He  settled  at 
Gloucester,  and  afterwards  went  to  Bath, 
where  he  acquired  considerable  eminence, 
and  where  he  died  1800.  He  was  author 
of  an  Essay  on  tte  Effects  of  Camphire 
and  Calomel  in  Fevers,  8vo. — Practical 
Essays  on  Intermitting  Fevers,  Dropsies, 
Diseases  of  the  Liver,  Epilepsies,  Cholic, 
Dysenteric  Fluxes,  and  the  Operation  of 
Calomel,  8vo. — Further  Considerations  on 
Camphire  and  Calomel,  8vo.  &c. 

Lysons,  Samuel,  an  antiquary,  was  the 
son  of  a  clei'gjman,  and  born  at  Rodmar- 
ton,  in  Gloucestershire,  in  1763.  He  was 
educated  at  Bath,  and  afterwards  entered 
as  a  student  of  the  Middle  Temple,  where 
lie  was  called  to  the  bar.  On  the  death  of 
Mr.  Astle,  he  was  appointed  keeper  of  the 
records  in  the  Tower.  He  died  April  10th, 
1819.  His  works  are — 1.  The  Antiquities 
of  Gloucestershire,  fol.  2.  The  Roman 
Remains  discovered  by  him  at  Woodches- 
ter.  3.  Collection  of  Roman  Remains. 
4.  Magna  Britannia  ;  in  conjunction  with 
his  brother. —  W.B. 

Lyte,  Henry,  a  native  of  Somersetshire, 
educated  at  Oxford.  He  travelled  abroad 
to  improve  his  knowledge  of  botany,  and 
at  his  return  he  settled  on  his  estate  and 
established  one  of  the  most  valuable  and 
best  arranged  gardens  of  botany  in  Eng- 
land. He  was  author  of  a  translation  of 
Dodoen's  Herbage,  Antwerp,  4to.  1578, 
Avith  additions  and  figures,  afterwards  re- 
printed in  England,  but  without  plates. 
He  died  1607,  aged  78.  His  son  formed  a 
genealogy  for  James  L  with  which  the  king 
was  so  pleased  that  he  presented  him  his 
picture  in  gold  set  with  diamonds. 

Lyttleton,  Edward,  keeper  of  the  great 
seal  under  Charles  L  was  the  descendant 
'>46 


of  judge  Littleton,  by  a  collateral  brancU.. 
Vid.  Littleton. 

Lyttelton,  George  lord,  an  able  writer, 
eldest  son   of    Sir  Thomas  Lyttleton,  of 
Hagley,   Worcestershire,   was  born  1709. 
He  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Christ  church, 
Oxford,  where  he  distinguished  himself  as 
a  polite  scholar  and  a  good  poet.     In  1728 
he  began  his  travels,  and  visited  Italy  and 
France.     On  his  return  home  he  obtained 
a  seat  in  parliament,  and  became  a  popular 
opponent  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole.     In  1737 
he  was  made  secretary  to  the  prince  of 
Wales,  who  now  extended  his  patronage  to 
opposition,  and  by  his  means  the  heir  ap- 
parent acquired  popularity  in  his  protec-' 
tion  of  Pope,  Mallet,  Thomson,  and  other 
learned  men.     In  1741  he  married  Lucy, 
sister  of  lord  Fortescue,  whom  after  a  few 
years  of  connubial  felicity,  he  lost  in  child- 
bed 1747.     He  lamented  her  loss  in  a  pa- 
thetic   "Monody,"    and   in    1749   sought 
again  the  happiness  which  he  had  lost,  but 
it  is  said  unsuccessfully,  by  marrying  the 
daughter  of  Sir  Robert  Rich.     In  1744,  on 
the  fall  of  Walpole,  he  was  made  one  of 
the  lords  of  the  treasury,  in  1754  was  ap- 
pointed cofferer  and  privy  counsellor,  and 
the  next  year  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
a  responsible  situation  for  which  his  abili- 
ties  were  not  fully  calculated.     In   1757, 
when  his  friends  were  turned  out  of  power, 
he  was  raised  to  the  peerage,  and  thus  re- 
tired  from   political   turbulence.      In   his 
honourable  retirement  his  time  was  usefully 
employed.     In  1764,  he  published  his  ela- 
borate History  of  Henry  II.  which  had  en- 
gaged  his   attention   for  20   years.     The 
work  came  from  the  press  with  the  charac- 
ter of  great  accuracy,  so  that  the  whole  was 
printed  twice,    some  of  the  sheets  four  or 
five  times,  and  for  this  affectation  of  cor- 
rectness his  lordship  lost  above   lOOOZ.  as 
the  printer  paid  only  for  the  first  impression 
which  was  destroyed.     The  Avork  was  be- 
gun 1755  ;  3  vols,  appeared  1764,  a  second 
edition  1767,  a  third  next  year,   and  the 
conclusion  1771.     When  the  third  edition 
appeared,  Reid,  who  corrected  and  printed 
the  first,  was  dead,  and  his  place  was  so  ill 
supplied  by  Dr.  Saunders,  originally  a  comb- 
maker,  that  a  list  of  errata  of  19  pages  A\-as 
annexed   to  the   work.     Lyttleton   in  the 
former  part  of  life  had  been  a  skeptic,  but 
his   rnature.   age  viewed  with   concern   the 
levities  and  dangerous  tenets  of  dissolute 
companions,  and  after  a  studious  applica- 
tion, he  produced  in  1747,  Observations  on 
the  Conversion  and  Apostleship  of  St.  Paul, 
a  valuable  book,  which  infidelity  will  never 
be  able  to  answer.     His  father  whom  he 
succeeded  in  1751,  read  the  book,  and  in 
the  overflowings   of  a  pious   heart  called 
down  for  blessings  on  his  head,  and  thank- 
ing God  that  he  had  given  him  so  good  ff 


LYV 


LYT 


ion,  prayed  that  he  might  but  be  found  wor- 
thy to  be   eye-witness  of  that  happinLss  no 
doubt  reserved  for  so  able  an  advocate  for 
Christianity.     His  lordship  died  Aug.  22d, 
1773,  aged  64.     On  his   death-bed    he  dis- 
played all  the  calmness  and   resignation  of 
a  great  mind.      He  again  reminded  his  phy- 
sician, Dr.  Johnson,  that  he  died  a  sincere 
Christian,   and  with   composure   giving  his 
blessings  to  thos>;  around  him,   he  told  lord 
Valentia,  who  with  his  lady  was  at  his  bed- 
side, witli  a  voice  of  solemn  affection,   "be 
good,  be  virtuous,  my  lord,  you  must  come 
to  this."     He  was  buried  at  Hagley  by  the 
remains  of  his  lady.     This  great  and  wor- 
thy peer  wrote  besides,  "  Dialogues  of  the 
Dead," — Persian  Letters — poems,  &c.     By 
his  first  wife  he  had  a  son  and  two  daugh- 
ters. 

Ltttelton,  Thomas  lord,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  remarkable  for  his  dissipa- 
ted conduct,  which  unhappily  obscured  his 
^eat  powers  of  mind.  His  death,  which 
happened  in  1779,  when  he  was  35  years 
old,  is  said  to  have  been  very  extraordinary. 
He  supposed  that  he  saw  in  a  dream  a 
vision  of  a  young  woman  dressed  in  white, 
who  told  him  that  his  dissolution  would 
t^kt  place   in  three  days.     The  third  day 


arrived,  and  hia  lordship  engaged  in  a  con-  ■ 
vivial  party  of  friends,  obserNtd  jocularly 
that  he  thought  he  should  jockey  the  ghost, 
a  few  minutes  alter  which  he  was  seized 
with  a  sudden  faintness,  and  hcing  removed 
to  his  bed,  never  rose  again. 

Lytt ELTON,  Charles,  an  Kngliah  prelate, 
third   son    of  Sir  Thomas,   and   brother   to 
tieorge   lord   Lyttclton.      He  was  educated 
at  Kton  and   University  college,   and  after- 
wards went  to  the  Inner  Temple,  where  be 
became   a   barrister.     He    soon,    however, 
relinquished  law  for  divinity,  and  wa.^  col- 
lated to   Alve-church   rectory,  Worcester- 
shire, by  bishop    Hough.     In  1745  he  took 
the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1747  became  king's 
chaplain,  the  next)  ear  dean  of  Exett  r,  and 
in  1762  he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Carlisle. 
In  J  765  he   succeeded  lord  VVilloughby  of 
Parham    as  president   of   the  Antiquarian 
society,  to  whose  learned  memoirs  he  made 
some  valuable  contributions,  and  whose  use- 
ful labours  in  historical  research  he  in  some 
degree   rewarded  by  the  bequest  of  choice 
printed   books    and   of    MSS.     This  good 
man,  much  respected  in  private  life,  and  de- 
servedly praised  by  his   lear:  ed   successor 
dean  Milles,  died  unmarried  22d  December^ 
1768. 


MAB 

iVlAAS,  Dirk,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose 
battles  and  landscapes  were  much  admired. 
He  was  bom  at  Haerlem,  1656.  ^ 

Ma  AS,  Arnold,  a  Dutch  painter,  whose 
abilities  were  displayed  in  the  happiest  re- 
presentation of  conversations. 

Maas,  Nicholas,  a  Dutch  portrait  painter 
of  eminence,  v/ho  died  1693,  aged  61. 

Mabillon,  .John,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  23d  Nov.  1632,  at  Pierre-mont  on  the 
frontiers  of  Champagne.  He  was  educated 
at  Rheims,  and  took  the  Benedictine  habit 
at  St.  Remi,  1653.  He  was  for  one  year 
employed  in  showing  to  the  public  the 
treasures  and  the  monuments  of  the  king  of 
France  at  St.  Dennis,  and  afterwards  assist- 
ed father  d'Acheri,  in  the  completion  of  his 
"  Spicilegium."  He  next  was  engaged  by 
the  congregation  of  St.  Maur  in  publishing 
the  works  of  St.  Bernard  which  appeared 
in  1667,  2  vols.  fol.  and  nine  8vo.  and  after- 
wards he  undertook  an  edition  of  the  "  Acta 
Sanctorum"  of  the  Benedictine  order,  9 
vols.  fol.  a  work  which  displayed  great 
merit  in  learned  notes  and  valuable  disqui- 
sitions. In  1682  he  went,  by  the  direction 
of  Colbert,  into  Burgundy,  and  the  year 
following  to  Germany,  to  make  researches 
about  the  history  of  the  church,  and  of  the 
French  monarchy.     Of  this  employment  he 


MAB 

published  an  interesting  account.  In  1685 
he  visited  Italy  in  the  same  historical  re- 
search, and  enriched  the  king's  library  with 
above  3000  valuable  and  rare  books,  printed 
and  in  MS.  This  truly  learned  but  very 
modest  man,  to  whom,  says  Du  Pin,  it 
would  be  difficult  to  give  all  the  praises  he 
deserves,  died  1707,  of  a  suppression  of 
urine.  His  other  works  were  Analecta,  4 
vols.  8vo. — de  Re  Diplomatica,  2  vols,  folio, 
a  most  valuable  work — Musaeura  Italicum, 
2  vols.  4to. 

Mably,  Bonnot  de,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
born  1709  at  Grenoble.  He  lived  chiefly  at 
Paris,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  literary- 
pursuits.  He  died  1785  much  respected. 
He  wrote  a  Parallel  between  the  Romans 
and  the  French,  2  vols.  l2mo. — the  Public 
Rights  of  Europe,  2  vols.— Entertainments 
of  Pbocion,  &.c.  2  vols,  a  work  which  ob- 
tained a  prize  at  Berne  ;  Observations  ou 
the  Greeks  ;  on  the  Romans  ;  on  the  His- 
tory of  France,  kc.  ;  Discourses  on  His- 
tory, translated  into  English. 

Maboul,  James,  a  native  of  Paris,  who 
distinguished  himself  as  an  eloquent 
preacher,  and  on  account  of  his  merit  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  Aeth,  where  he  died 
21st  May,  1723.     His  Oraisons  Funebre!* 

247 


^AC 


:^Ac 


have  been  published  in  12mo.  and  display 
his  powers  of  oratory  to  great  advantage. 

Mabuse,  John,  a  Hungarian  painter,  so 
called  from  the  place  of  his  birth .  He  tra- 
velled into  Italy,  and  died  1562.  He  was 
in  the  latter  part  of  life  much  addicted  to 
wine.  Some  of  his  pictures  are  preserved  at 
Amsterdam,  the  best  of  which  is  said  to  be 
the  decapitation  of  St.  John. 

Mac  Ardell,  James,  an  English  mez- 
zotinto  engraver.  His  portraits  exhibit 
great  correctness,  ease,  and  expression. 
He  also  executed  some  fine  prints  after 
Rembrandt,  and  other  masters,  and  died 
1765. 

Macarius,  St.  the  elder,  a  native  of 
Alexandria,  who  from  a  baker  became  a 
hermit,  and  passed  sixty  years  of  his  life  in 
a  monastery  on  mount  Sceta.  He  died 
391.  Fifty  of  his  homilies  in  Greek  were 
published,  2  vols.  8vo.  Leipsic,  1698. 

Macarius,  St.  the  younger,  a  friend  of 
the  former,  born  also  at  Alexandria.  He 
presided  over  5000  monks,  and  died  394. 
He  was  banished  by  the  Arians  to  a  hea- 
then island,  all  whose  inhabitants  he  con- 
verted to  Christismity. 

Macartney,   George,  earl,  only  son  of 
George  Macartney,  of  Auchinleck,  in  Scot- 
land, was  born  in  Ireland,  1737.     He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  where 
he  took  the  degree  of  M.A.  1759,  and  af- 
terwards he  attended  the  two  sons  of  the 
late  lord  Holland  in  their  European  travels. 
He  went  in  1764  as  envoy  extraordinary  to 
the  empress  of  Russia,  and  three  years  af- 
ter he  was  named  ambassador  extraordina- 
ry, and  in  1766  he  was  made  knight  of  the 
white  eagle  by  the  king  of  Poland.  In  1769 
he  was  secretary  to  lord  Townshend,  in 
Ireland,  in  1772,  he  was  made  knight  of 
the  bath,  and  three  years  after  appointed 
governor  of  Grenada,  Tobago,  and  their  de- 
pendencies. On  the  capture  of  those  islands 
by  the  French,  in  1779,  he  was  taken  pri- 
soner, and  conveyed  to  France  ;  but  the 
next  year  he  was  nominated  governor  of 
fort  St.  George,  and  in  1785  declared  go- 
vernor-general  of    Bengal,  a  high   office, 
which  he  modestly  declined,  though  he  ac- 
cepted   from    the   company   a   pension   of 
15001.  per  annum,  in  reward  for  his  meri- 
torious services.     In  1792  he  was  selected 
as  the  ambassador  extraordinary  of  Great 
Britain  to  the  emperor  of  China,  and  this 
mission,  which  engaged  much  of  the  atten- 
tion of  the  world,  was  completed  in  about 
three  years,  but  brought  little  advantage  to 
the  commercial  interests  of  the  country.  Sir 
George  sat  in  the    English   parliament  in 
1767,  for  Cockermouth,  and  in  the  Irish  for 
Armagh,  and  again  in  the  English  for  Ayr, 
&c.  1774,  and  in  1776  he  was  created  an 
Irish  baron,  and  in   1792  advanced  to  the 
dignity  of  an  earl.     He  married  in  1768 
lord  Bute's  daughter,  and  died  31st  March, 
54ft 


1806,  leaving  no  issue.  His  remains  werp 
interred  privately  at  Chiswick,  and  a  ceno- 
taph, with  an  elegant  Latin  epitaph,  by  the 
pen  of  Mr.  Glasse,  perpetuates  his  memory 
in  Lissanoure  church,  in  the  county  of 
Leitrim.  An  interesting  account  of  his 
embassy  was  published  in  1797,  in  3  vols. 
4to.  with  plates,  by  Sir  George  Staunton. 
For  the  distinction  which  he  held  in  the 
world  lord  Macartney  was  principally  in- 
debted to  his  connexion  with  the  family  of 
lord  Holland,  though  it  must  be  acknow- 
ledged that  he  possessed  virtues  which  qua- 
lified him  for  the  most  eminent  situation  in 
the  service  of  his  country. 

Macaulay,  Catherine,   a  female  histo- 
rian, and  political  writer,  daughter  of  John 
Sawbridge,  Esq.  of  OUantigh,  in  Kent.    In 
1760  she  married   Dr.  George  Macaulay,  a 
physician  of  some  reputation,  and  after  his 
death  she  took  for  her   second  husband, 
1778,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Graham,  brother  to  the 
celebrated  empiric  of  that  name.    Her  con- 
duct was  often  romantic,  so  that  in  1785 
she  passed  over  to  America  to  become  ac- 
quainted with  the  great  Washington,  who 
continued  one  of  her  regular  correspond- 
ents.    She  died  23d  June,  1791.    She  pub- 
lished the  history  of  England  from  James  I. 
to  the  Brunswick  line,  8  vols.  8vo.  once  a 
popular  work,   but   now  acknowledged  a 
virulent  attack  on  the  Stuarts,  and  sinking 
fast  into   oblivion — Remarks    on   Hobbes' 
Rudiments    of   Government,    &c.    8vo. — 
Thoughts  on  the  Causes  of  the  present  Dis- 
contents, 1770— a  Modest  Plea  for  the  Pro- 
perty of  Copy  Right,  8vo.  1774 — History  of 
England  from  the  Revolution  to  the  present 
Time,  in  a  series  of  letters  to  Dr.  Wilson, 
prebendary  of  Westminster,  8vo. — Address 
to  the  People  of  England — Letters  on  Edu- 
cation, 8vo. — Observations  on  Mr.  Burke's 
Pamphlet    on    the   French   Revolution — a 
Treatise   on   the    Immutability   of   Moral 
Truth,  8vo.  &c.    Her  friend  Dr.  Wilson  so 
much  admired  her  enthusiasm  in   favour 
of  liberty,  that  he  set  up  a  statue  to  her  in 
that  character,  in  the  chancel  of  his  parish 
church   of  Walbrook,   which   unbecoming 
mark  of  homage  was  properly  removed  by 
the  next  incumbent. 

Macbeth,  a  tyrannical  usurper  of  Scot- 
land in  the  11th  century,  who  obtained  the 
kingdom  by  the  murder  of  his  relation 
Duncan,  at  Inverness.  Banquo  and  Mac 
Gill  shared  the  fate  of  their  sovereign,  and 
Mac  Duff,  another  powerful  baron,  escaped 
only  by  flying  into  England  ;  but  his  wife 
and  children  suffered  all  the  vengeance  of 
the  tyrant,  and  were  murdered.  Macbeth 
afterwards  retired  into  the  Highlands  upon 
the  invasion  of  the  English,  headed  by 
Malcolm,  son  of  the  murdered  Duncan,  and 
at  last  fell  in  battle  by  the  hand  of  Mac 
Duff.  His  history  is  become  very  familiar 
and    interesting  to    Englishmen,    by    the. 


MAC 


M  \r 


«ublimc  delineations  of  Shalcspearc's  tragic 

muse. 

Macbridb,  David,  a  native  of  Ballymo- 
iiy,  in  Ireland,  descended  from  an  ancient 
Scotch  family.  He  studied  medicine  at 
ijlusgow,  and  for  some  years  was  employed 
as  a  surgeon  in  the  navy.  He  settled  in 
1749  in  Dublin,  and  acquired  celebrity  as  a 
^practitioner,  and  as  a  man  of  letters,  and 
of  general  information.  He  turned  his 
thoughts  also  to  chymical  and  philosophical 
subjects,  and  regardless  of  private  emolu- 
ment, he  nobly  communicated  to  the  public 
the  result  of  his  important  discoveries.  He 
published  a  valuable  Treatise  on  the  Sea 
Scurvy,  and  a  Methodical  Introduction  to 
,the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine,  a 
work  of  singular  merit ;  and  he  made  some 
ingenious  improvements  in  the  mode  of 
tanning  leather.  This  respectable  man, 
amiable  in  his  private  character,  and  de- 
servedly beloved  by  his  relatives  and 
friends,  fell  a  prey  to  a  nervous  fever,  which 
proved  fatal,  Dec.   1788,  in  his  62d  year, 

Maccabees,  seven  brothers,  Jews,  who 
were  cruelly  put  to  death  one  after  the 
other,  with  their  mother  and  the  aged 
Eleazer,  at  Antioch,  during  the  persecu- 
tion of  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  B.C.  168. 
/  There  were  chief  men  among  the  Jews  of 
the  same  name  who  bravely  supported  the 
-honour  of  their  country.  Their  names 
were  Judas,  Simon,  Matthias  Maccabaeus. 

Macdiarmid,  John,  an  ingenious  wi'iter, 
was  born  in  1779,  at  Weem,  in  the  county 
of  Perth,  of  which  parish  his  father  was 
minister.  He  was  educated  for  the  church, 
but  relinquished  that  pursuit ;  and,  on 
coming  to  London,  became  editor  of  the  St. 
James's  Chronicle.  In  1083  he  published 
*'  An  Inquiry  into  the  System  of  Military 
Defence,"  2  vols.  8vo. ;  which  was  followed 
by  "  An  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  of  Civil 
and  Military  Subordination."  His  last 
work  was  entitled  "  Lives  of  British  States- 
men," 4to.     He  died  in  1808.— FT.  B. 

Mace,  Francis,  a  writer  of  the  Sorbonne, 
who  died  at  Paris,  1721.  His  best  Avorks 
are  Chronological  Abridgment  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testament,  2  vols.  4to. — a  Moral 
History,  called  Melania — the  History  of 
the  Four  Ciceros,  12mo.  a  curious  work — 
an  analysis  of  St.  Augustine's  works. 

Mace,  Thomas,  an  English  musician, 
born  1613.  He  was  one  of  the  clerks  of 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and  is  known 
by  his  work  called  "  Music's  Monument," 
or  a  Remembrancer  of  the  best  practical 
Music,  &c.  The  book  was  printed  1676, 
when  he  was  63.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
unknown.     He  had  a  wife  and  children. 

Macedo,  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  l)orn  at  Co- 
imbra,  in  Portugal,  1596.  He  quitted  his 
order  for  that  of  the  Cordeliers,  and  went 
in  the  employment  of  his  patron,  the  duke 
of  Bragajiza,  to  Rome,  where  he  gained  the 

Viu.   IT.  '  35 


friendship  ol  Alexander  Ml.  AAer  bcin<; 
promoted  to  oftires  of  inist  and  importance 
he  fell  out  with  IIm-  pope  and  ntin-d  to  Ve- 
nice, and  afterwards  IxMimie  professor  of 
moral  philosophy  at  Padua.  By  his  inter- 
ference in  the  state  aH'airs  of  Venire,  he 
otiended  the  magisti^ates,  and  was  thrown 
into  prison,  where  he  died  1691,  aged  85. 
It  is  said  in  the  "  Bibliotheqne  Portugaise," 
that  he  published  109  difl'erent  works,  most 
of  which  are  now  forgotten.  He  possessed 
abilities  and  a  very  great  memory,  as  he 
boasts  some  where  that  he  had  written  or 
pronounced  150,000  verses  extempora- 
neously. His  brother  Anthony  was  also  a 
Jesuit,  in  the  confidence  of  Christina  queen 
of  Sweden,  as  to  him  were  intrusted  her  in- 
tentions of  renouncing  the  protestant  faith. 
Among  other  things  he  wrote  Lusitania  In- 
sulata  et  Purpurata,  4to. 

Macedonius,  Arian,  bishop  of  Constan- 
tinople, in  341,  in  opposition  to  Paul.  He 
was  deposed  by  a  council  359,  after  causing 
great  troubles  in  his  diocess  by  his  ambi- 
tion, as  well  as  his  opinions.  In  conse- 
quence of  his  disgrace  he  became  the  foun- 
der of  a  new  sect,  which  supported  that  the 
Holy  Ghost  was  a  mere  creature,  only  a 
little  superior  to  the  angels. 

Macer,  iEmilius,  a  Latin  poet  of  Vero- 
na, in  the  age  of  Augustus.  He  wrote 
poems  on  birds,  herbs,  serpents — on  the 
ruin  of  Troy,  &c.  now  lost. 

Macer,  Lucius  Claudius,  a  proprastor  of 
Africa,  who  declared  himself  emperor  on 
Nero's  death.  He  was  put  to  death  by  Gal- 
ba's  order,  A.D.  68. 

Macfarlane,  Henry,  a  Scotch  "vvritoi-.. 
educated  at  Edinburgh.  He  came  to  Lon- 
don early  in  life,  and  acquired  some  cele- 
brity as  an  accurate  reporter  of  the  parlia- 
mentary speeches.  He  was  afterwards  en- 
gaged in  the  care  of  a  school  at  Waltham- 
stow,  and  died  1804.  He  wrote  a  History 
of  the  Reign  of  George  III.  in  4  vols.  Svo. 
and  also  published  aTraisslation  of  Ossian's 
Poems  into  Latin. 

Macham,  Robert,  an  Englishman,  in  the 
age  of  Edward  III.  It  is  said  that  he 
eloped  for  France  with  his  mistress,  Anne 
Dorset,  a  lady  of  quality,  against  the  consent 
of  her  parents,  and  that  the  ship  in  which 
they  were,  long  driven  out  by  unfavourable 
winds,  stopped  at  an  island,  which  was  called 
Madeira.  The  crew  escaped  to  the  coast 
of  Morocco,  where  in  a  state  of  slavery 
they  related  their  adventures  to  Morales,  a 
Spaniard,  and  after  his  return  to  Europe, 
ships  were  sent  to  the  newly  discovered 
island,  where  the  remains  of  the  unfortu- 
nate Macham  and  his  mistress  were  found 
buried  at  the  foot  of  a  tree. 

Machault,  John  dc,  a  Jesuit,  rector  of 
tlie  Jesuits'  college  at  Rouen,  and  after- 
wards of  that  of  Clermont  at  Paris.  He 
died  1619,  aared  5S,    He  wrote  Latin  notes> 

249 


MAC 


MAC 


on  tbc  History  of  Thuanus,  ivbich  ivere 
pronounced  seditious,  and  burned  by  the 
hands  of  the  hangman.  Two  other  Jesuits 
bore  his  name,  and  were  able  writers,  John 
Baptist,  who  died  1640,  and  James,  who 
died  1680,  and  was  author  of  de  Missioni- 
bus  Paraguaviae  et  Americ.  &c. — de  Rebus 
Japonicis — de  Provinciis  Goannae — de  Reg- 
no Cochinchin — de  Missione  Religiosorum, 

Machet,  Gerard,  a  native  of  Blois,  dis- 
tinguished as  an  ecclesiastic.  He  became 
principal  of  the  college  of  Navarre,  confes- 
sor to  Charles  VII.  and  bishop  of  Castres. 
He  died  at  Tours,  144S,  aged  68.  He  was 
one  of  those  who  revised  the  trial  of  the 
raaid  of  Orleans,  and  declared  in  favour  of 
that  unfortunate  heroine. 

Machiavel,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  wri- 
ter, born  of  a  noble  family  at  Florence, 
1469.  His  first  efforts  were  a  comedy 
called  Nicias,  which  proved  so  popular  on 
account  of  its  satire  at  Florence,  that  Leo 
X.  sent  for  the  actors  to  exhibit  it  to  a  Ro- 
man audience.  Machiavel  acquired,  how- 
ever, greater  fame  by  his  political  writings. 
By  the  influence  of  the  Medicis,  and  to  re- 
compense the  sufferings  which  he  endured 
on  the  rack,  on  suspicion  of  conspiracy 
with  the  Soderini,  against  Julius,  after- 
wards Clement  VII.  he  was  made  secretary 
and  historiographer  to  the  republic  of  Flo- 
rence. He  died  in  1530,  of  a  medicine  which 
he  had  taken  by  way  of  prevention.  The 
latter  part  of  his  life,  it  is  said,  was  spent  in 
poverty  in  the  character  of  a  profane  scoffer 
and  atheist.  He  declared,  it  is  said,  that 
he  would  rather  be  sent  into  hell  after  death 
tiian  to  paradise,  because  he  should  find 
nothing  in  heaven  but  beggars,  poor  monks, 
hermits,  and  apostles  :  but  in  hell  he  should 
live  with  popes,  cardinals,  kings,  and 
princes.  Besides  Nicias,  he  wrote  Man- 
dragola  and  Clitia,  two  plays — the  Golden 
Ass,  in  imitation  of  x\puleius  and  Lucian — 
a  History  of  Florence,  4to. — a  Discourse 
on  the  first  Decade  of  Livy — a  Treatise  on 
the  Militarj'  Art — the  Life  of  Castruccio 
Castracani — a  Treatise  on  the  Emigration  of 
the  Northern  Nations — but  of  all  his  works 
his  treatise  called  "  the  Prince,"  is  the  most 
famous.  This  book,  Avhich  describes  the 
j»rts  of  government,  as  usually  exercised  by 
wicked  governors  and  by  tyrants,  is  still  a 
cause  of  dispute,  and  while  some  suppose 
that  he  merely  exposed  the  arts  of  politi- 
cians to  excite  abhorrence  of  tyranny,  and 
a  love  for  genuine  libei'ty,  others  imagine 
that  he  prescribed  rules  for  governing,  and 
tlie  only  method  by  which  mankind  could  be 
managed,  so  that  Machiavelism  and  tyranny 
are  synonymous  expressions.  It  is  remark- 
able, however,  that  among  those  who  com- 
mend him,  he  has  Bacon,  Clarendon,  and 
Harrington,  who  consider  him  as  an  able 
and  ingenious  writer,  and  an  enemv  to  tv- 
2^.0 


ranny  and  injustice,  and  as  frankly  warning; 
us  against  what  men  do,  that  we  may  be 
the  better  able  to  guard  against  their  insi- 
dious conduct.  The  book,  first  published 
1515,  and  long  patronised  by  popes  and 
great  men,  to  whom  it  was  dedicated,  was 
at  last  censured  under  the  pontificate  of 
Clement  VIII.  by  the  insinuations  of  the 
Jesuit  Possevin,  and  of  Bozius.  His  works 
were  translated  into  English,  with  notes, 
&,c.  by  Mr.  Farneworth,  1761,  2  vols.  4to. 
and  republished,  1775,  8vo. 

M'Kean,  Thomas,  LL.D.  governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  was  born  in  Delaware,  of  an 
Irish  family,  and  educated  at  Philadelphia, 
under  Dr.  Allison.  As  early  as  1762  he 
was  a  representative  from  the  county  of 
Newcastle,  and  previous  to  the  revolution, 
speaker  of  the  assembly  of  Delaware,  and 
in  1765  was  a  delegate  to  the  congress 
which  met  at  New- York.  On  the  approach 
of  the  revolution,  he  appeared  among  the 
first  to  espouse  the  cause  of  his  country, 
and  held,  during  the  whole  period  of  the 
important  struggle,  a  high  rank  in  the  pub- 
lic councils.  In  1773  he  was  a  member  of 
the  committee  of  correspondence  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  Delaware,  and  of  the  congress 
which  convened  in  May,  1775.  When  the 
question'  was  proposed  to  be  decided  re- 
specting the  declaration  of  independence, 
Mr.  Reed,  one  of  the  delegates  from  Dela- 
ware, opposed  the  measure,  Mr.  Rodney 
was  absent,  but  through  the  exertions  of 
Mr.  M'Kean,  his  casting  vote  was  procured 
in  its  favour.  During  a  short  time,  he 
commanded  a  regiment  in  the  army,  but 
the  various  important  civil  offices  to  which 
he  was  called  led  to  the  relinquishment  of 
his  military  command.  In  1776  he  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  Delaware.  That  instru- 
ment was  drawn  up  by  him,  and  under  it 
he  was  appointed  the  fn*st  governor  of  the 
state.  In  1773  he  was  one  of  the  conven- 
tion which  framed  the  articles  of  confede- 
ration, and  from  July  to  October,  1781, 
was  president  of  congress.  In  1789  he 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  of  Penn- 
sylvania which  ratified  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States,  and  of  that  which 
framed  the  constitution  of  Pennsylva- 
nia. In  addition  to  these  offices,  he 
held  that  of  chief  justice  of  Pennsylvania 
from  1776  to  1799,  a  period  of  23  years, 
at  the  close  of  which  he  was  elected  go- 
vernor of  that  state,  as  the  successor  of  ge- 
neral Mifflin,  and  held  the  office  till  1808. 
The  character  of  govei'nor  M'Kean  was 
marked  by  great  energy  and  decision,  and 
a  warmth  of  feeling  which  sometimes  be- 
trayed him  into  acts  of  rashness  and  eccen- 
tricity, but  not  less  often  led  to  those  of  be- 
nevolence. He  was  a  profound  lawyer, 
attoched  to  the  system  and  forms  of  pro- 
ceeding established  in  England,  and  unde- 


MAC 

uaiin2;ly  upright.     The  iiidcpcmience   he 
rnaiiitaiiicd    during    tlw.   party   animosities 
Hhich  prevailed  towards  the  close   oC  his 
administration  as    governor,  created   him 
many  enemies,  and  led   the   legislature  to 
threaten   his  impeachment,  but  the  design 
was  relinquished,   and  when  from  his  re- 
moval   from   oflire   passion    subsided,    he 
again    became    the    object  of  esteem  and 
veneration.       He  died   June  24th,    1817, 
aged  84.  icj^  L. 

M'Kean,  Joseph,  D.D.  LL.D,  Boylston, 
Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  Oratory  in  Har- 
vard University,  Massachusetts,  succeeded 
Mr.  John  Quincy  Adams  in  that  office,  and 
was  inaugurated   Oct.  31,  1809.     He  was 
born  at  Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  April  19, 
1776.     His   father  was  a  native  of  Glas- 
gow, and  came  to  America  in  1 763.     Dr. 
M'Kean  was  educated  at  Cambridge,   and 
graduated  in  1794.     His  studies  in  divinity 
were  commenced  under  Dr.  Dana,  of  Ips- 
wich,  and  completed  under  Dr.  Eliot,  of 
Boston.     He  was  settled  over  the  church  at 
Milton,  in   November,  1797.     In  1804  in 
consequence  of  ill  health,  he  obtained  a  dis- 
mission.    After  six  years  assiduous  atten- 
tion to  his  duties  as  professor  of  rhetoric, 
his  health   began  rapidly  to  decline.     He 
went   to  Havanna  and  there  died,  March 
17,  1818.     He  held  a  high  rank  among  the 
learned  men  of  his  country,  was  one  of  the 
most  active  members  of  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  and  also  a  member  of 
the  Historical  Society  of  New- York,  and 
one  of  the  American  academy.     He  wrote 
a  continuation  of  Goldsmith  and  Wood's 
History  of    England,   from  the   treaty  of 
Amiens  to  that  of  Ghent,  published  in  Bos- 
ton in  1815.  iCIP'  L 

M'Keen,  Joseph,  D.D.  first  president  of 
Bowdoin  college,  Maine,  was  a  native  of 
Londonderry,   New-Hampshire,  and  born 
in  1757.      He   received  his  education   at 
Dartmouth,    where   he  was  graduated  in 
3  774.     After  spending  several  years  as  a 
school   teacher,   he  studied  theology,  and 
was  settled  at   Beverley,   in    May,    1785, 
where  he  remained  seventeen  years,  highly 
respected.     He  then  received  his  appoint- 
ment to  the  presidency  of  the  college,  and 
was  inaugurated  September  2d,  1802.     He 
retained  the  office  till  his  death,   July  15, 
1807.     He  possessed  a  strong  mind,  amia- 
ble  manners,    and   respectable   leainino-  • 
and  was  much  esteemed  aiid  highly  useful' 


MAL 

prcssions  uhilc  defending  the  cause  of  the 
marquis    of    Argyje,    impea.hrd    for    high 
treason,  upon  which  he  (juicklv  and  smart- 
ly replied  that,  "  it  was  impossible  t.)  plead 
foratraitor  without  speaking  trcxson."  He 
was  afterwards  made  a  judge  in  the  erimi- , 
nal  court,  king's  advocate  in  l»;74,  and  one 
of  the  lords  of  the  privy  council  for  Scot- 
land.    On  the  abrogation  of  the  penal  laws 
by  James  II.  sir  George  resigned  his  office, 
but  was  soon  after  reinstated  by  the  kin^! 
At  the  revolution,  however,  he  again  quit- 
ted   his  situation,  and  unable  to  apjirove 
public  measures,  he  retired  to  Oxford,  1689, 
where  he  proposed  to  end  his  davs  in  lite- 
rary ease  and  tranquillity.  He  died  in  Lon- 
don,  May  2d,    1691,   and  was  carried  to 
Edinburgh,  where  he  was  buried  with  great 
pomp  and  solemnity.      As   a  writer,    sir 
George  was   very  respectable.     He  wrote, 
Aretino,  a  serious  romance — Religio  Stoici 
—Moral  Essays,   &c.— a  Defence  of  the 
Antiquity  of  the  Royal  Race  of  Scotland— 
Cfflia's  Country-House  and  Closet,  a  poem 
— some  pieces  on  the  laws  of  Scotland,  &c. 
Though  censured  by  Burnet  as  a  superficiai 
man,  and  though  blamed  by  some  as  a  se- 
vere judge,   sir  George  is  represented  by 
Wood  as  a  man  of  great  abilities,  of  un- 
shaken integrity,  the  friend  of  his  country, 
and  of  religion   and  virtue.     He  founded 
the  advocates'  library  in  Edinburgh. 

Mackey,  John,  an  Englishman,  who  fol- 
lowed the  fortunes  of  James  II.  in  his  exile. 
He  proved,  however,  unworthy  of  his 
master's  confidence,  as  he  dishonourably 
betrayed  all  his  secrets  to  William  III. 
He  wrote,  Picture  of  the  court  of  St.  Ger- 
main,   1691— Memoirs   of   the    Court   of 


iC3^  L. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  George,  a  Scotch  ad- 
vocate of  eminence,  born  at  Dundee,  1636 
and  educated  at  the  universities  of  St  An- 
drews and  Aberdeen.  He  travelled  abroad 
and  studied  at  Bourges  ;  and  in  1656  was 
ca  led  to  the  bar,  where  he  soon  acquired 
celebrity.  In  1661  he  was  reprimanded  by 
the  court  for  dropping  some  unwary  ex- 


England  in  the  reigns  of  William  and 
Anne,  published  at  the  Hague,  1733,  works 
curious  and  interesting,  and  he  died  at 
Rotterdam,  1726. 

Macklin,    Charles,  a  dramatic   writer 
and  comedian,  born  in  the  north  of  Ireland. 
May,  1690.     He  altered  his  name  of  Mac 
Laughlin  to  the  more  agreeable  sound  of 
Macklin  ;  and  after  various  adventures  in 
Ireland,   appeared  on   the   Lincoln's    Inn 
theatre,  1725,  as  Alcander  in  (Edipus.  Na- 
ture, it  seems,   had  been  unfriendly  to  the 
actor,  as  Quin,  with  his  usual  humour,  ob- 
served at  the  sight  of  his  harsh  forbidding 
features,    "  if  God  writes  a  legible  hand, 
that  fellow  is  a  villain."     He  was  unfortu- 
nately engaged  in  a  quarrel  with  a  fellow 
comedian,   whom   he  killed   in  the  heat  of 
passion,  for  which  he  was  tried  and  found 
guilty  of  manslaughter.     He  became,    by 
degrees,  a  popular  actor  ;  but  his  chief  cha- 
racter was  Shylock,  which  he  performed  to 
such   advantage,  that  Pope  honoured  his 
exertions  with  these  two  quaint  lines  ; 

This  is  the  Jew 

That  Shakspearc  drew. 

25  J 


MAC 


JAiAe 


INlacklin,  long  a  favourite  with  the  public, 
at  last  retired  from  the  stage  ;  but  to  im- 
prove a  little  more  his  narrow  income,  and 
to  take  a  last  farewell  of  the  public,  he  was 
prevailed  upon  to  appear  once  more,  for  his 
benefit,  10th  Jan.  1790,  at  Covent-Garden. 
The  character  was  his  favourite  Shylock, 
but  the  efforts  required  were  too  great  for  the 
powers  of  an  exhausted  old  man.  He  found 
his  memory  fail  him,  and  unable  to  sup- 
port his  part,  he  retired  amid  the  plaudits 
of  a  commiserating  audience.  He  died  in 
a  very  great  age,  11th  July,  1797.  He  is  au- 
thor of  two  comedies,  Love-a-la-Mode,  and 
the  Man  of  the  World,  which  are  still 
favourites  with  the  town,  but  which  re- 
flect with  severity  upon  the  conduct  of 
courtiers,  and  particularly  of  Scotch  sy- 
cophants. 

M'Knight,  Charles,  physician,  was  born 
at  Cranbury,  New- Jersey,  October  lOth, 
1750,  and  graduated  at  Princeton,  in  1771. 
He  studied  Medicine  under  Doctor  Ship- 
pen  of  Philadelphia,  and  entered  the  army, 
where  his  abilities  soon  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  the  commander-in-chief,  and  pro- 
cured his  appointment  to  the  office  of  se- 
nior surgeon  of  the  flying  hospital  of  the 
middle  department,  the  duties  of  which  he 
discharged  with  distinguished  ability.  At 
the  conclusion  of  the  war,  he  settled  in 
New- York,  and  became  one  of  the  most 
eminent  of  the  profession  in  that  city,  par- 
ticularly as  a  surgeon.  He,  for  some  time, 
delivered  a  course  of  lectures  to  a  class  on 
anatomy  and  surgery.  He  died  in  his  forty- 
first  year.  ICp'  L. 

Macknight,  James,  a  learned  divine, 
was  born  at  Irvine,  in  Argyleshire,  in  1721, 
and  educated  at  Glasgow,  after  which  he 
went  to  Leyden.  In  1753,  he  was  ordain- 
ed minister  of  Maybole,  where  he  continued 
sixteen  years,  and  produced  his  "  Harmo- 
ny of  the  Gospels  ;"  and  "  A  new  Transla- 
tion of  the  Epistles."  In  1763  he  publish- 
ed "  The  truth  of  the  Gospel  History  ;" 
for  which  the  university  of  Edinburgh  con- 
ferred on  him  the  degree  of  doctor  in  divi- 
nity. In  1769  he  removed  to  the  living  of 
Jedburgh,  and  three  years  afterwards  he 
became  one  of  the  ministers  of  Edinburgh, 
where  he  died  in  1800.— fT.  B. 

Maclaine,  Archibald,  an  able  divine, 
born  at  Monaghan,  where  his  father  was  a 
dissenting  minister.  He  was  intended  for 
his  father's  profession,  and  was,  therefore, 
sent  to  Glasgow  university,  after  which  he 
went  to  Holland,  as  assistant  minister  to 
his  uncle.  Milling,  the  pastor  of  the  English 
church  at  the  Hague.  He  succeeded  his 
uncle,  and  married  at  the  Hague  the 
daughter  of  Mr.  Chais,  the  minister  ef  the 
French  protestant  church,  by  whom  he  had 
four  children.  He  continued  the  zealot's 
and  active  pastor  of  his  church,  till  the  trou- 
bles of  1796,  when  he  came  over  to  Eng- 
252 


land,  and  retired  to  Bath,  where  he  dietf, 
1804.  He  is  known  not  only  as  an  ex- 
emplary and  pious  minister,  but  as  the 
intelligent  author  of  Letters  to  Soame 
Jenyns,  on  his  View  of  the  Internal  Evi- 
dence of  Christianity.  He  also  publish- 
ed some  sermons,  and  gave  to  the  public  » 
valuable  translation  of  Mosheim's  Ecclesi- 
astical History. 

Maclaurin,  Colin,  an  able  mathemati- 
cian and  philosopher,  born  at  Kilmoddan, 
in  Scotland,  Feb.  1698.  He  was  educated 
at  Glasgow,  where  he  early  distinguished 
himself  by  his  genius,  and  by  his  great 
application  :  and  in  1717  he  honourably 
obtained  the  professorship  of  mathematics 
in  the  Mareschal  college  of  Aberdeen.  In 
1719  he  came  to  London,  where  he  became 
acquainted  with  the  great  literary  charac- 
ters of  the  age.  Bishop  Hoadley,  Newton, 
Clarke,  and  sir  Martin  Folkes;  and  in 
1722  he  went  abroad  as  tutor  to  the  eldest 
son  of  lord  Polwarth.  On  the  death  of  his 
pupil  at  Montpellier,  he  returned  to  his  pro- 
fessorship at  Aberdeen,  and  was  soon  after, 
by  the  interest  of  his  friends,  and  the  re- 
commendation of  sir  Isaac  Newton,  elected 
assistant  professor  of  mathematics  in  Edin- 
burgh, to  James  Gregory,  whose  infirmi- 
ties rendered  him  incapable  of  lecturing. 
In  1745  he  was  very  active  in  fortifying 
Edinburgh  against  the  rebels,  and  this  ren- 
dered him,  for  some  time,  unpopular,  so 
that  he  fled  to  England,  and  found  an  ho- 
nourable asylum  with  Herring,  archbishop 
of  York.  The  fatigues,  the  troubles,  and 
uneasiness  which  he  had  endured,  however, 
proved  too  strong  for  his  delicate  constitu- 
tion, and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  dropsy  in 
the  abdomen,  of  which  he  died  14th  June, 
1746,  aged  48.  The  best  known  of  his 
works  are.  System  of  Fluxions,  2  vols.  4to. 
1742 — Geometria  Organica,  or  the  Per- 
cussion of  Bodies,  which  obtained  the  prize 
of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  1724 — 
a  treatise  of  Algebra — an  Account  of  sir 
Isaac  Newton's  Philosophical  Discoveries, 
4to.  and  Svo. — and  various  valuable  com- 
munications, published  in  the  philosophical 
transactions.  His  abilities  were  very  great 
and  universal,  and  in  the  perfecting  of  ma- 
chines, the  working  of  mines,  the  improving 
of  manufactures,  and  in  hydraulic  experi- 
ments, and  in  all  public  works  of  utility 
and  science,  he  was  ever  willing  to  lend 
his  ingenious  and  powerful  assistance. 
If  his  life  had  been  longer  he  would  have 
favoured  the  world  with  a  course  of  prac- 
tical mathematics.  Of  seven  children,  two 
sons  and  three  daughters,  with  his  widow, 
survived  him. 

Maclean,  John,  M.D.  was  the  son  of 
an  eminent  surgeon  of  the  same  name,  in 
the  city  of  Glasgow,  Scotland,  where  he 
was  born  in  March,  1771.  After  pursuing 
his  literary,  philosophical,  and  medical  stn* 


MAC- 


MAC 


difs  Micccjisivcly  at  Glasgow,  Edinbm-gb, 
London  and  Paris,  he  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  surgery  at  Glasgow,  in  1791.  In  1795 
he  came  to  America  ;  and  in  the  same  year 
was  appointed  professor  of  chymistry  and 
natural  history  in  the  college  of  New-Jer- 
sey, at  Princeton.  Two  years  afterwards, 
he  was  chosen  professor  of  natural  philoso- 
phy and  mathematics  in  the  same  institu- 
tion, the  duties  of  which  oflice  he  continued 
to  discharge  with  great  reputation  to  him- 
self, and  advantage  to  the  college  until  the 
yiear  1812,  when  he  resigned  his  office  at 
Princeton,  in  consequence  of  being  ap- 
pointed professor  of  natural  philosophy  and 
chymistry  in  the  college  of  William  and 
Mary  in  Virginia.  Here,  however,  he  re- 
mained but  a  few  months.  His  health  de- 
clining, he  returned  to  Princeton,  where 
he  died  in  February,  1814,  in  the  forty- 
third  year  of  his  age.  As  a  physician,  a 
surgeon,  a  natural  philosopher,  a  mathema- 
tician, and  above  all,  as  a  chymist,  Doctor 
Maclean  was  very  eminent.  As  a  college 
oflficer  he  was  uncommonly  popular  and 
useful.  He  received  the  degree  of  M.D. 
from  the  university  of  Aberdeen,  in  1797. 
His  principal  publication  bore  the  title  of 
*'  Lectures  on  Combustion,"  intended  to 
support  the  Lavosierian  system  of  chymis- 
try, in  opposition  to  Doctor  Priestley.  Be- 
sides this  he  wrote  several  other  papers  in 
controversy  with  Dr.  Priestley,  which  were 
published  in  the  New- York  Medical  Repo- 
sitory. ICT^  L. 

Macon,  Anthony  le,  a  native  of  Dauphi- 
ny,  who  translated  the  Decameron  of  Bo- 
tace,  to  please  Margaret  of  Valois,  queen  of 
Naples,  to  whom  he  was  private  secretary. 
He  wrote  also  the  Loves  of  Phydias  and 
Gelasine. 

Macpherson,  James,  a  Scotch  writer, 
"born  in  1738.  He  first  claimed  general  no- 
tice 1762,  by  the  publication  of  some  poems, 
attributed  to  Ossian,  the  son  of  Fingal, 
which,  though  beautiful  and  deservedly  ad- 
mired, soon  excited  a  violent  controversy 
about  their  authenticity.  Dr.  Johnson,  with 
forcible  arguments,  attacked  them,  and 
\vhen  censured  in  an  angry  and  menacing 
letter  by  Macpherson,  he  returned  that  ce- 
lebrated reply  preserved  by  Boswell.  The 
poems,  however,  were  ably  defended  by  Dr. 
Hugh  Blair,  and  though  for  some  time  it 
appeared  rather  a  national  question,  in  fa- 
vour of  Scotland,  Mr.  WHiitaker,  among  the 
English  writers,  has  warmly  espoused  the 
cause  of  their  authenticity.  In  1773  Mac- 
pherson published  a  translation  of  the  Iliad, 
in  heroic  prose,  which  is  no  longer  held  in 
t'steera.  His  introduction  to  the  History 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  appeared  in 
1771,  and  his  History  of  Great  Britain 
from  the  Restoration  to  the  accession  of 
the  house  of  Hanover,  was  published  1773, 
in  2  vols.  4to.     In  1775  he  supported  the 


nkcasurcs  of  lord  North,  by  his  "Rights 
of  Groat  Britain  over  her  Colonies  assert- 
ed," and  was  rewarded  by  the  ministers 
with  a  seat  in  the  House  of  Commons,  in 
1780,  and  the  lucrative  oHice  of  agent  to 
the  nabob  of  Arcot.  He  died  in  Scotland, 
17th  Feb.  1796,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster-abbey. 

Macpherson,  sir  John,  bart.  governor- 
general  of  India,  was  bom  in  the  Isle  of 
Sky,  about  the  year  1767,  and  was  educat- 
ed at  Aberdeen.  He  embarked  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  East  India  company,  and  sig- 
nalized himself  at  the  capture  of  Monga- 
lon.  In  1781  he  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  supreme  council  of  Bengal,  and  in 
1785,  the  charge  of  the  office  of  governor- 
general  of  India  was  devolved  on  him  as  the 
senior  member  of  that  body,  and  he  dis- 
charged its  duties  two  years.  He  spent 
the  latter  part  of  his  life  in  England,  and 
died  Jan.  12,  1821.  fcj^  L. 

Macquart,  James  Henry,  a  native  of 
Rheims,  eminent  as  a  physician.  He  trans- 
lated into  French,  Haller's  Medical  Thesis, 
5  vols.  l2mo.  and  died  universally  respect- 
ed, at  Paris,  1768,  aged  46. 

Macquer,  Philip,  a  French  lawyer,  de- 
scended from  a  Scotch  family,  who  follow- 
ed the  fortunes  of  the  house  of  Stuart.  He 
wrote  an  abridgment  of  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory, 3  vols.  8vo. — Roman  Annals,  8vo. — 
Abridgment  of  the  History  of  Spain  and 
Portugal,  2  vols  8vo.  all  after  the  manner  of 
Henault.  He  died  at  Paris,  27th  Jan.  1770, 
aged  50. 

Macquer,  Peter  Joseph,  brother  to  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Paris,  9th  Oct.  1718, 
and  was  made  professor  of  physic  in  the 
royal  gardens,  and  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences.  He  published  Elements  of 
Chymistry,  Theoretical  and  Practical,  3 
vols. — a  Dictionary  of  Chymistry,  2  vols. 
— Formulae  Medicament.  Magistral. — and 
other  works,  and  died  at  Paris,  16th  Feb. 
1784. 

Macret,  Charles  Francis  Adrian,  an 
engraver  of  eminence,  born  at  Abbeville. 
He  died  of  a  slow  fever,  Dec.  1783,  aged 
33,  in  consequence  of  the  lamented  death 
of  an  amiable  wife.  His  engravings  are 
highly  esteemed. 

Macrianus,  Titus  Fulvius  Julius,  an 
Egyptian,  who,  from  a  private  soldier,  be- 
came a  general;  and  on  the  captivity  of  Va- 
lerian, declared  himself  emperor,  258.  He 
was  defeated  and  put  to  death  by  Gallienus, 
262. 

Macrincs,  Marcus  Opilius  Severus,  an 
African,  who  rose  from  the  obscurest  situa- 
tion to  the  dignity  of  Emperor  on  the  death 
of  Caracalla,  217.  He  was  put  to  death  bv 
his  soldiers,  218. 

Macrincs,  John,  a  Latin  poet,  whose 
real  name  Avas  Salmon.  He  died  1557,  at 
an   advanced  age,  at  Loudon,  his  native 

25-5 


MAD  MAD 

place.      Uia   hymns,   Naeniae,   and    other  and  manufactures,  or  excelled  in  painting 

pieces,  were  much  admired  ;  so  that  he  was  and  in  sculpture  ;  a  noble  example,  which 

called  the  French  Horace.  His  son  Charles,  was  copied  by  the  English   nation  in  the 

was  equally  eminent  as  a  poet.     After  as-  establishment  of  the  society  for  the  encou- 

sisting  in  the  education  of  Catherine  of  Na-  ragement  of  arts  and  sciences  in  London, 

varre,  sister  to  Henry  IV.  he  was  sacrificed  This  truly  worthy,  benevolent,  and  virtuous 

at  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew.  man,  after  thus  proving  himself  the  bene- 

Macrobius,  Ambrosius  Aurel.  Theodos.  factor  of  Ireland,  died  there  30th    Dec. 

a  Latin  writer  in  the  fourth  century,  author  1765.     He  had  some  valuable  church  pre- 

of  a  Commentary   on  Cicero's   Somnium  ferment,  and  was  a  man  of  property.     He 

Scipionis— and  of  Saturnalia,  or  Miscella-  wrote  1732,  Memoirs  of  the  twentieth  cen- 

nies,  best  edited  1694,  8vo.  tury,  being  original  letters  of  state  under 

Macwhorter,  Alexander,  D.D.  pres-  George  VI.  &c.  6  vols.  8vo.  which  it  ap- 
byterian  minister  of  Newark,  New-Jersey,  pears  was  printed  with  great  despatch  by 
was  a  native  of  Delaware,  and  born  in  1734.  three  printers,  and  four  days  after  the  pub- 
He  received  his  collegial  education  at  Prince-  lication,  of  the  1000  copies  issued  out,  890 
ton,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1757  ;  and  were  recalled  and  suppressed  by  the  author, 
having  studied  theology  with  the  reverend  He  published  also  in  1743  or  4,  a  long 
William  Tennent,  was  settled  in  the  mi-  poem,  called,  Boulter's  Monument, 
nistry  at  Newark  in  1759.  He  left  his  Maddersteg,  Michael,  a  native  of  Am- 
people  in  1778,  and  became  chaplain  to  sterdam,  eminent  as  a  painter.  He  was 
general  Knox's  brigade,  and  in  the  follow-  the  pupil  of  Ludolph  Backhuysen,  and  his 
ing  year  removed  to  North  Carolina,  and  sea  pieces  were  deservedly  admired.  He 
settled  at   Charlotte,  but  in  1781  returned  died  1709,  aged  50. 

to  Newark,  where    he  continued  till  his         Maddox,  Isaac,  an  English  prelate,  born 

death  in  1807.     He  was  highly  respectable  in  London,  27th  July,  1697.     His  parents 

for  the  vigour  and  soundness  of  his  mind,  were  very  humble,  and  he  lost  them  both 

and  the  extent  of  his   learning,  and  was  early,  upon  which  he  was  placed  by  an  aunt 

very  successful  in  his  ministry.     |C3^  L.  with  a  pastry-cook,  who  refused   to  keep 

Madan,  Martin,  an  eminent  preacher,  him  because  he  paid  more  attention  to  his 
born  about  1726.  He  was  brought  up  to  the  books  than  his  business.  He  afterwards 
bar,  but  through  the  conversation  of  Jones  was  sent  to  a  Scotch  university,  but  disli- 
and  Romaine,  two  ministers  of  influence  king  their  tenets,  he  entered  Queen's  col- 
among  the  Methodists,  he  took  orders.  He  lege,  Cambridge,  under  the  patronage  of 
had  the  care  of  the  patients  of  the  Lock  bishop  Gibson,  and  obtained  a  doctor's  de- 
hospital,  and  by  his  strenuous  exertions,  a  gree  at  Lambeth.  He  obtained  the  rectory 
chapel  was  built  for  the  institution,  and  of  St.  Vedast,  Foster-lane,  London,  and 
opened  in  1761,  with  a  sermon  from  him.  in  1729  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  closet 
In  1767  he  exposed  himself  to  much  oblo-  to  the  queen,  in  1733  dean  of  Wales,  bishop 
quy  by  advising  his  friend  Mr.  Haweis,  to  of  St.  Asaph  1736,  and  translated  to  Wor- 
retain  the  rectory  of  Aldwinckle,  against  cester  1743.  In  1733  he  published  a  Vin- 
his  solemn  engagements.  He  was,  in  his  dication  of  the  Church  of  England,  against 
opinions,  a  strong  Calvinist,  and  published  Neal's  history  of  the  Puritans  ;  and  pub- 
some  occasional  sermons — a  Comment  on  lished  besides,  14  single  sermons,  preach- 
the  39  Articles — Letters  to  Dr. Priestley — a  ed  on  various  occasions.  He  was  a  great 
translation  of  Juvenal  and  Persius,  2  vols,  benefactor  to  several  hospitals  ;  he  encou- 
Svo. — Thoughts  on  Executive  Justice.  His  raged  the  British  fisheries,  and  promoted 
work,  however,  in  3  vols.  8vo.  1781,  called  the  erection  of  the  Worcester  infirmary. 
Thelyphthora,  excited  universal  attention.  He  died  27th  September,  1759,  and  of  one 
and  drew  upon  him  severe  animadversions,  son  and  two  daughters,  only  one  daughter 
In  this  book  the  author,  by  some  acute  ar-  survived  him. 

gumentation,  supports  polygamy  ;  and  con-        Madison,  James,  D.D.  president  of  the 

sidering  the  first  cohabitation  with  a  woman  college  of  William   and  Mary,  and  bishop 

a  virtual  marriage,  he  thus  wishes  to  re-  of  the   episcopal  church  in  Virginia,  was 

move  or   lessen   the  causes  of  seduction,  born  about  the  year  1749.     He  enjoyed 

He  died  after  a  short   illness,  May,  1790,  the  advantages   of  a  fine  education,   and 

aged  64.  early  became  distinguished  for  talents  and 

Madden,  Samuel,  D.D.  a  name  which,  learning.     He  was   appointed  a  professor 

according  to  Dr.  Johnson,  "  Ireland  ought  in  the  college  of  William  and  Mary  about 

to  honour,"  was  of  French  extraction,  and  the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  and 

was  educated  at  Dublin.     In  1731   he  ap-  not  long  after  president  of  that  institution, 

peared  as  a  benefactor  to  Dublin  college,  in  which  office  he  continued  till  his  death 


by  offering  premiums  for  the  promotion  of  and  was  highly  useful  and  popular.     As  a 

learning  ;  and  in  1740  he  appropriated  the  minister  he  was  enlightened,  candid,  cour- 

yearly  sum  of  lOOZ.  as  a  proffered  premium  teous  to  other  sects,  devout,  and  a  rich 

to  such  natives  of  Ireland  as  improved  arts  blessing  to  the  church  over  which  he  prc^ 
254 


MAK 


MAI" 


s^ided.     lie  died   March  6th,  1812,  in  his 
C3d  year.  tC^Jp*  L- 

Madison,  Gcort;c,  governor  of  Ken- 
tucky, was  the  son  olbit^hop  Madison.  At 
tlie  age  of  seventeen  he  volunteered  as  a 
soldier,  and  accompanied  the  Urcen-Briar 
nulitia  to  the  defence  of  the  western  fron- 
tier. He  was  engaged  in  several  l)attlcs 
with  the  Indians,  and  was  wounded  in  St. 
Clair's  defeat.  In  the  war  of  1812  he  was 
an  oflicer  in  the  Inittlc  of  Raisin.  He  had 
been  twenty  years  auditor  of  the  jwiblic  ac- 
counts, when  he  was  called  to  the  ollice  of 
governor,  in  1816.  His  death  took  place 
soon  after  at  Paris,  Kentucky,  and  he  was 
buried  at  Frankfort.  ICP"  L. 

Madog,  son  of  Owen  Gwynedd,  a  Welsh 
prince,  who  is  said  to  have  sailed  with  10 
ships  and  300  men,  about  the  year  1170, 
and  never  to  have  returned.  Some  authors 
imagine  that  he  went  to  the  American  con- 
tinent, as  they  report  that  a  tribe  of  White 
Indians,  speaking  the  Welsh  language,  now 
inhabit  the  country  about  the  northern 
branches  of  the  Mississippi. 

Madox,  Thomas,  a  famous  antiquarian, 
and  historiographer-royal.  He  was  most 
indefatigable  in  the  study  of  the  laws  and 
constitutions  of  the  country,  and  in  1702 
distinguished  himself  under  the  patronage 
of  lord  Somers,  by  the  publication  of  his 
"  Collection  of  Antique  Charters  and  In- 
struments of  divers  kinds,  taken  from  the 
originals,  from  the  Norman  conquest,  to 
the  end  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII."  In 
1711  he  published  the  History  and  Anti- 
quities of  the  Exchequer,  from  the  Norman 
conquest  to  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Edward 
II.  folio,  dedicated  to  queen  Anne,  and  re- 
printed 1769,  4to.  His  last  work  was, 
Firma  Burgi,  or  Historical  Essay  concern- 
ing the  cities,  towns,  and  boroughs  of  Eng- 
land, inscribed  to  George  I.  This  most 
active  and  laborious  historian  was  prevent- 
ed by  death  from  completing  other  valuable 
works.  His  Collection  of  Transcripts  in 
94  folio  and  quarto  volumes,  the  labour  of 
30  years,  was  presented  by  his  widow,  to 
the  British  Museum. 

M.tCENAS,  Caius  Cilnius,  the  friend  of 
Augustus,  is  particularly  known  as  the  pa- 
tron of  Virgil  and  Horace,  and  of  the  other 
learned  men  of  his  age.  From  this  liberal 
protection  afforded  to  learning,  all  patrons 
of  literature  have  deservedly  received  the 
name  of  Ma?cenas.  This  illustrious  Ro- 
man was  distinguished  at  the  battles  of 
Mutina  and  Philippi,  and  in  the  civil 
government  of  Rome ;  but  his  chief 
pleasure  was  literary  retirement,  in  the 
company  of  his  learned  friends.  He  died 
eight  years  B.C. 

Maes,  Godfrey,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
inco,  eminent  as  a  historical  painter.  He 
was  director  of  the  academy  of  painting  at 
Antwerp. 


M.*:STi.iNus,  Michael,  a  German  astro- 
nomer, born  in  the  duchy  of  VVirtemburg, 
and  educated  in  Italy.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  Tubingen,  and  had 
among  his  pupils  the  great  Kepler.  Ho 
published  several  very  vulual)lc  workn  ia 
astronomy  and  mathemalies,  and  deserved, 
for  his  learning  and  genius,  the  unreserved 
commendations  of  Tyclio  lirahe  and  Kep- 
ler.     He  died  1590,  aged  48. 

Mai  FF.i,  Vegio,  a  Latin  poet,  born  at 
Lodi,  in  Lombardy,  1407.  He  studied  ju- 
risprudence, and  was  profe'3sor  of  law  at 
Pavia,  after  which  he  went  to  Rome,  where 
he  was  made  chancellor  under  Martin  V. 
where  he  died  1459.  His  prose  works  are, 
Dialogus  de  Misei'iaet  Felicitate — de  Edu- 
catione  Liberorum,  4to. — Disputatio  inter 
Solem,  Terram,  &c. — de  Perseverentia 
Religionis — besides  many  admired  poetical 
pieces,  and  epigrams,  and  the  13th  book, 
or  continuation  of  the  vEneid,  translated 
into  English  burlesque  by  Mr.  John  Ellis. 
Jul.  Scaliger  and  Ger.  Vossius  highly  com- 
mend him. 

Maffei,  Bernavdin,  author  of  a  Com- 
mentary' on  Cicero's  Epistles — and  a  trea- 
tise on  Medals  and  Inscriptions,  was  a  car- 
dinal, and  died  at  Rome,  1558,  aged  40. 

Mafff-i,  Raphael,  a  learned  author,  who 
died  at  Volaterra,  1521,  very  old. 

Maffei,  John  Peter,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Bergamo,  1536.  He  wrote,  the  Life  of  Igna- 
tius Loyola — History  of  the  Indies — trans- 
lation of  some  letters,  &.c.  in  Latin,  and  died 
atTivoli,  1603,  much  esteemed  by  the  pope. 

Maffei,  Francis  Scipio,  marquis,  an 
Italian  nobleman,  born  at  Verona,  1075. 
He  distinguished  himself  at  Verona,  on  a 
thesis  on  love,  where  the  umpires  were  la- 
dies, and  afterwards  displayed  great  valour 
in  the  army  at  the  battle  of  Donawcrt, 
1704.  He  returned,  however,  to  litera- 
ture ;  wrote  an  able  treatise  "  on  Duelling," 
and  then  produced  "  Merope,"  a  tragedy, 
and  "  Ceremonia,''  a  comedy,  which  were 
represented  with  applause,  and  by  their 
delicacy,  and  purified  language,  seemed  to 
correct  and  reform  the  licentious  extrava- 
gance of  the  stage.  In  1732  he  travelled 
through  France,  and  after  visiting  England, 
Holland,  and  Germany,  and  receiving  eve- 
ry where  the  respect  and  attentions  due  to 
his  rank,  his  merits,  and  his  virtues,  he  re- 
turned to  Italy,  to  the  cultivation  of  his  fa- 
vourite studies.  He  died  1755,  and  car- 
ried with  him  the  regret  and  the  aflections 
of  the  Veronese,  who  honoured  his  remains 
with  the  most  solemn  obsequies,  and  pro- 
nounced an  oration  over  him  in  their  ca- 
thedral. This  amiable  writer  published 
besides,  History  of  the  Diplomatic  Science 
— Musaeum  Veronense,  folio — Verona  H- 
lustrata,  folio — a  translation"  of  the  first 
book  of  the  Iliad — a  selection  of  Italian 
tragedies,  3  vol?.  8vo.  and  other  works. 


MAG 


MAG 


Magalotti,  Lorenzo,  count,  a  native 
of  Florence,  member  of  the  academies  of 
Crusca  and  Cimento.  He  was  an  elegant 
poet,  and  possessed  merit  as  a  curious  natu- 
ralist. He  died  1712,  aged  75.  The  best 
known  of  his  works  is,  Canzonette  Ana- 
creontiche,  8vo.  published  under  his  Arca- 
dian name  of  Lindoro  Elateo. 

Maganza,  John  Baptist,  a  historical 
painter  of  Vicenza,  in  Italy,  who  died 
1617,  aged  40. 

Magelhaens,  John  Hyacinth  de,  a  Por- 
tuguese ecclesiastic,  member  of  the  royal 
London  society,  and  other  learned  bodies. 
He  was  author  of  some  valuable  works  in 
natural  and  experimental  philosophy,  and 
died  1790,  in  London,  where  he  had  been 
settled  for  many  years. 

Magellan,  Ferdinand,  a  celebrated  Por- 
tuguese navigator,  who  served  with  dis- 
tinction under  Albuquerque,  in  the  con- 
quest of  the  Indies.  On  his  return  home, 
his  services  were  neglected,  and  his  active 
mind  therefore  sought  protection  and  em- 
ployment at  the  court  of  Charles  V.  who 
sent  him  in  1519,  with  a  fleet,  on  a  voyage 
of  discovery.  Magellan  passed,  in  his 
expedition,  through  those  straits  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  America  which  still 
bear  his  name,  and  advanced  through  the 
south  seas  to  the  Ladrone  islands,  of  which 
he  took  possession  in  the  name  of  the 
Spanish  monarch.  Here  he  was  slain  in 
1520,  either  by  the  natives,  or,  as  some  ac- 
counts say,  by  his  own  rebellious  crew. 
One  of  his  ships  only,  with  18  men,  esca- 
ped, and  after  sailing  round  the  world, 
reached  Seville,  8th  Sept.  1521. 

Maggi,  Charles  Maria,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Milan,  1630.  He  was  secretary  to 
the  senate  of  his  native  town,  and  died 
there  1699.  He  may  be  styled  one  of  the 
most  active  restorers  of  elegant  taste  in 
Italy,  after  the  frivolities  and  barbarisms  of 
the  school  of  Marini.  Ilis  works  have 
been  published,  with  an  account  of  his  life, 
byMuratori,  4  vols.  12mo.  Milan,  1700. 

Maginus,  John  Anthony,  a  native  of 
Fadua,  mathematical  professor  at  Bologna, 
and  author  of  Astronomical  tables — Ephe- 
merides — and  otherworks.  He  died  1617, 
and  it  is  reported  that  he  ascertained  the 
time  of  his  death  by  the  accuracy  of  his  as- 
trological calculations. 

Magistris,  Simon  de,  a  native  of  Serra, 
who  died  at  Rome,  6th  Oct.  1802,  aged  75. 
He  was  well  known  for  his  deep  acquaint- 
ance with  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin, 
and  his  services  to  literature  were  liberally 
rewarded  by  Pius  VI.  who  made  him  bishop 
of  Cyrene.  He  published  a  Greek  edition 
of  Daniel,  folio,  1772 — and  also  edited  Acta 
Martyrum,  &c. — and  Dionysii  Alexandr. 
fjiifp  supersunt,  &c. 

JMagius,  or  Maggi,  Jerome,  a  learned 
2.76 


Italian,  born  at  Anghiari,  in  Tuscany.  He 
was  eminent  in  the  circle  of  the  sciences, 
and  was  sent  by  the  Venetians  as  judge- 
martial  to  the  isle  of  Cyprus,  where  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  an  active  engineer, 
in  the  defence  of  the  town  of  Famagusta 
against  the  Turks.  When  at  last  his  efforts 
failed,  he  was  in  1571  thrown  ignominious- 
ly  into  prison,  where,  however,  his  mental 
resources  soothed  his  sufferings,  and  ena- 
bled him  to  write  two  treatises,  upon  bells, 
and  upon  the  wooden  horse,  which  he  de- 
dicated to  the  ambassadors  of  the  emperor, 
and  of  the  French  king.  These  learned 
labours,  however,  hastened  his  end  ;  for  no 
sooner  did  the  ambassadors  interfere  for 
his  release,  than  the  bashaw  Mahomet  or- 
dered him  to  be  strangled  in  prison,  1572 
or  3.  Magius  wrote  besides,  de  Mundi 
Exitio  per  Exustionem,  Libri  quinque, 
1562,  folio — Vitae  Illustrium  Virorum, 
jEmilio  Auctore,cum  Commentariis — Com- 
mantarii  in  quatuor  Institutionem  Civilium 
Libros,  Svo. — Miscellanea,  &c. 

Magius,  Bartholomew,  brother  to  the 
above,  was  a  physician,  and  died  at  Bolog- 
na, 1552.  He  was  author  of  a  treatise  oa 
Gunshot  Wounds,  4to. 

Magliabecchi,  Antony,  a  learned  Ita- 
lian, born  at  Florence,  1636.  He  was 
bound  apprentice  to  a  goldsmith  at  Flo- 
rence, but  his  fondness  for  books  prevailed 
over  the  attentions  of  manual  labour,  and 
at  the  death  of  his  mother,  he,  as  his  own 
master,  devoted  himself  totally  to  learning. 
He  soon  distinguished  himself  among  the 
learned,  by  a  strong,  and  incredibly  asto- 
nishing memory ;  and  became  known  to 
Cosmo  III.  duke  of  Florence,  who  appoint- 
ed him  his  librarian.  Simple  in  his  man- 
ners of  life,  he  disregarded  the  luxuries  and 
conveniences  provided  for  him  by  his  pa- 
tron, and  remained  satisfied  with  an  humble 
habitation,  containing  a  straw  chair  for  his 
table,  and  another  for  his  bed,  while  an  old 
cloak  served  him  for  a  gown  by  day,  and 
for  a  covering  by  night.  The  liberal  offers 
of  preferment  made  by  the  pope,  and 
by  the  emperor,  were  rejected  with  similar 
indifference,  and  he  showed  that  the  com- 
pany of  his  books  to  him  was  greater  gra- 
tification than  the  most  elevated  situation. 
Though  leading  a  sedentary  life,  he  lived  to 
the  great  age  of  81,  and  at  his  death  left  the 
valuable  library  which  he  had  collected,  for 
the  public  use,  with  a  decent  fund  for  its 
maintenance.  Though  he  published  no  work 
himself,  he  encourged  the  publication  of  oth- 
ers, and  to  him  we  are  indebted  for  the  Latin 
poems  of  Settimello — the  dialogue  of  Bene- 
dict Aretin,  and  other  works.  A  collection 
of  letters,  written  to  him  by  various  learned 
men  was  published  at  Florence,  1745,  Svo. 

Magnentius,  a  German,  who,  from  a 
private  soldier,  became  emperor  of  Rome, 
after  the  murder  of  his  benefactor  Con- 


MAll 


MAU 


suus,  onO.  He  was  defeated  by  Couslan- 
lius,  the  brother  of  the  murdered  Constans, 
and  was  put  to  death  at  Lyons,  3C)i. 

Ma(;ni,  Valerian,  a  native  of  Milan,  em- 
ployed in  the  service  of  Urban  VIU.  as  a 
missionary  in  the  north  of  Europe.  The 
Jesuits,  with  whom  he  was  engaged  in  con- 
troversial disputes,  prevented  his  obtaining 
a  cardinal's  hat.  He  died  at  Saltzburg, 
1661,  aged  75.  He  wrote  some  controver- 
sial works,  and  was  a  zealous  defender  of 
Des  Cartes's  philosophy. 

Magnon,  John,  a  French  poet,  who  for 
some  time  was  an  advocate  at  Lyons,  and 
then  became  a  dramatic  writer.  His  pieces 
were  very  indifferent ;  the  best  is  Artax- 
erxes,  a  tragedy.  He  formed  the  plan  of 
writing  an  Encyclopedia,  in  verse,  but  was 
prevented,  as  he  was  murdered  by  thieves 
in  the  streets  of  Paris,  1662.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Moliere. 

Magnus,  John,  archbishop  of  Upsal, 
was  born  at  Lincoping,  1488.  He  warmly 
opposed  ihe  reformation  in  Sweden,  and 
when  he  found  himself  exposed  to  persecu- 
tion in  consequence,  he  retired  to  Rome, 
where  he  died,  1544.  He  wrote  a  History 
of  Sweden,  in  24  books,  folio — a  History 
of  the  Archbishops  of  Upsal  to  1544,  folio. 

Magnus,  Olaus,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, and  his  successor  as  archbishop.  He 
was  at  the  council  of  Trent,  and  distin- 
guished himself  also  by  his  opposition  to  the 
protestants.  He  died  at  Rome,  1560.  He 
is  author  of  a  History  of  the  Manners, 
Customs,  and  Wars  of  the  People  of  the 
North,  folio,  1555. 

Mahmed,  Aga,  a  noble  Persian,  made 
eunuch  by  Kouli-Khan,  who  had  murdered 
his  father  and  his  brothers.  He  became  a 
warrior  of  renown,  and  waged  successful 
war  against  the  Russians.  He  made  him- 
self master  of  the  best  part  of  Persia,  and 
already  prepared  to  seize  Astracon,  and  to 
shut  the  Caspian  sea  against  the  Russian 
commerce,  when  death  stopped  the  progress 
of  his  conquests,  1788. 

Mahomet,  or  Mohammed,  the  celebra- 
ted imposter,  was  born  571  A.D.  at  Mecca, 
in  Arabia,  and  was  of  the  tribe  of  the 
Korashites,  and  the  noblest  and  the  most 
powerful  of  the  country.  He  lost  his  fa- 
ther before  he  was  two  years  old,  and  his 
mother  before  he  was  eight ;  but  their  af- 
fectionate attention  was  supplied  by  the 
care  of  his  uncle,  Abu  Taleb,  a  merchant. 
In  the  family  of  this  friendly  protector,  he 
was  employed  to  travel  with  his  camels  be- 
tween Mecca  and  Syria,  till  his  twenty-fifth 
year,  when  he  entered  into  the  service  of 
Cadiga,  a  rich  widow,  whom  though  12 
years  older  than  himself,  he  married  three 
years  after.  Thus  suddenly  raised  to  af- 
fluence and  consequence  above  his  country- 
men, he  formed  the  secret  plan  of  obtain- 
ing for  himself  the  sovereign  power.     In 

Vol.  II.  33 


his  frequcni  journeys  through  the  dcserti 
of  Arabia,  he  had  obs«;rved  the  various 
sects  which  divided  the  opinions  of  the 
Eastern  Christians  ;  and  in  the  ardent  pur- 
suits of  ambition,  he  consider*  •!  that  no- 
thing could  so  firmly  secure  to  him  the  re- 
spect and  the  attachment  of  the  world  as  lay- 
ing the  foundation  of  a  new  religion.  The 
plan  was  bold,  but  it  was  pursued  with 
vigour,  and  executed  with  slow  and  cau- 
tious steps.  Withdrawing  himself,  there- 
fore, from  the  society  of  the  dissipated  and 
licentious,  he  assumed  the  imposing  cha- 
racter of  superior  sanctity,  and  every  morn- 
ing retiring  to  a  solitary  cave  near  Mecca, 
he  devoted  the  day  to  prayer,  abstemious- 
ness, and  holy  meditation.  Well  tutored 
in  the  arts  of  imposture  and  hypocrisy,  he, 
in  his  40th  year,  assumed  the  title  of  the 
apostle  of  God,  and  gradually  increased  his 
fame  and  his  followers  by  perseverance, 
and  by  the  aid  of  pretended  visions.  Though 
his  doctrines  were  embraced  at  first  only  by 
his  wife  Cadiga,  and  eight  other  dependents, 
yet  in  the  fifth  year  of  his  assumed  mis- 
sion, he  found  his  followers  increased  to 
the  number  of  39,  among  whom  were  men 
of  rank  and  of  consequence.  Enemies,  how- 
ever, were  not  wanting  to  oppose  the  self- 
delegated  prophet  of  God  ;  and  while  some 
heaped  on  him  the  odious  appellations  of  an 
impostor,  a  liar,  and  magician,  others  sus- 
pected his  designs,  and  foresaw  his  bold 
and  rapid  strides  to  the  sovereign  power. 
Mahomet,  notwithstanding,  overcame  all 
opposition  :  in  proclaiming  himself  the  fa- 
vourite prophet  appointed  by  God  to  propa- 
gate a  new  religion,  he  flattered  the  pas- 
sions and  prejudices  of  his  nation  ;  and 
among  a  people  whose  climate  is  exposed 
to  the  dry  heats  of  a  scorching  sun,  he  al- 
lured the  imagination  by  painting  rivers  of 
cooling  waters,  shaded  retreats,  luxurious 
fruits,  and  all  the  sensual  delights  of  the 
immaculate  houris,  for  the  happy  proselytes 
of  his  doctrine  ;  while  he  denounced 
against  his  enemies  not  only  temporal  pun- 
ishments, and  dreadful  visitations  in  the 
present  life,  and  exclusion  from  paradise, 
but  the  most  excruciating  torments,  a  habi- 
tation in  a  continual  fire,  surrounded  with 
a  black,  hot,  salt  smoke,  without  the  ability 
of  breathing  any  but  the  most  noxious  heat- 
ed air,  and  of  drinking  the  most  foul  and 
nauseous  water.  Tliese  promises  and 
threatenings  were  not  announced  as  the 
figurative  language  of  an  impostor,  but  the 
prophet  delivered  them  as  the  command  of 
God,  and  produced  occasionally  various 
chapters,  which  had  been  copied  from  the 
archives  of  heaven,  and  were  brought  down 
to  him  by  the  angel  Gabriel.  Whatever 
difficulties  arose,  either  from  the  doubts  or 
the  suspicion  of  the  new  converts,  were 
quickly  removed  by  the  condescension  of 
the  obedient  angel,  and  a  fresh  revelation 

S57 


3VIAH 


MAH 


was  sent  down  from  heaven  on  every  trying 
occasion,  to   support  the    character    and 
maintain  the  sanctity  of  Mahomet.     When 
the  wavering  proselytes  seemed  to  demand 
miracles  from  a  prophet  who  called  himself 
superior  to  Moses  and  to  Christ,  the  im- 
postor, with  an  air  of  authority,  declared 
that  God  had  sent  Moses  and  Jesus  with 
miracles,  and  yet  that  men  would  not  be 
obedient  to  their  word,  and  that  therefore 
he  had  sent  Mahomet  in  the  last  place,  with- 
out miracles,  to  force  them  by  the  power  of 
the  sword  to  do  his  will.   Thus  commission- 
ed by  heaven  to  enforce  his  religion  by  the 
sword,  he  refused  longer  to  answer  ques- 
tions, and  to  indulge  disputes,  and  when  he 
found  himself  exposed  to  danger  at  Mecca, 
he  left  the  city,  and  retired   to  Medina, 
where    his   doctrines   had   found   a  more 
friendly  reception.     This  event,  which  hap- 
pened about  the  16th  July,  622,  forms  the 
celebrated  era  of  the  Mahometans,  called 
the  Hegira,  or  flight  from  Mecca.     At  Me- 
dina the  prophet  erected  his  standard  ;  and, 
as  for  the  preceding   13  years  he  had  en- 
deavoured to  spread  his  doctrines  by  per- 
suasion, he  now  determined  to  propagate 
them  by  the  sword.     The  two  first  years 
after  his  flight  were  employed  in  predatory 
excursions  against  the  travelling  caravans, 
and  those  of  his  neighbours  who  refused  to 
embrace  his  tenets  ;  but  after  subduing  and 
exterminating  several  of  the  tribes  of  Ara- 
bia, he  at  last  marched  against  Mecca,  and, 
after  fighting  a  battle,  granted  a  truce  to 
his  enemies,  by  which  he  not  only  confirm- 
ed his  power  as  a  prophet,  but  established 
his  authority  in  assuming  the  title  of  inde- 
pendent sovereign  over  his  nation.     Thus 
formidable  by  his  conquests,  and  dreaded  for 
his  cruelty,  he  next  turned  his  arms  against 
Caibar,  a  city  inhabited  by  Jewish  Arabs  ; 
and  after  he  had  taken  it  by  storm,  he  fixed 
his  abode  in  the  house  of  one  of  the  princi- 
pal men  of  the  place,  whose  daughter  placed 
before  him  a  poisoned  shoulder  of  mutton, 
which   she  had   prepared  for  his   supper. 
The  poison  was  so  powerful  that  Basher, 
one  of  the  attendants  of  the  prophet,  died 
immediately ;    but   the   impostor   himself, 
though  he  only  tasted  the  meat,  never  fully 
recovered  his  strength,  and  perished  three 
years  after  in  consequence  of  the  fatal  food. 
The  accident  might  have  shaken  the  faith 
of  his   followers,  as  the  woman  declared, 
that  if  he  were  a  prophet,  he  would  have 
known  that  the  meat  was  poisoned  :  but 
Mahomet  enforced  the  tenets  of  predestina- 
tion in  his  favour,  and  converted  even  his 
misfortunes  into  an  engine  of  punishment 
against  his  enemies.      His  next  expedition 
■was  against  Mecca,  which,  as  he  pretended, 
had  broken  the  truce,  and  though  defeated 
in  one  battle,  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  se- 
cure the  victory  ;  and  at  last,  so  to  exert 
his  power  over  the  neighbouring  tribes,  that 
2^9 


in  the  10th  year  of  the  Hegira,  his  empii-e 
and  his  religion  had  enslaved  the  whole  of 
Arabia.   Ashe  had  recommended  to  his  fol- 
lowers a  pilgrimage  to  Mecca,  he  himself 
performed  it,  while  his  lieutenants  and  offi- 
cers were  employed  around  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  heathen  temples,  and  the  abolition 
of  idolatry  ;  and  after  instructing  the  va- 
rious devotees  which  flocked  to  him  from 
all  parts  of  Arabia,  he  returned  to  Medina. 
It  was  his  last  journey  ;  he  soon  after  fell 
sick,  the  poison  which  three  years  before  he 
had  taken,  began  to  operate  more  power- 
fully, and,  after  a  confinement  of  13  days, 
the  prophet  died,  A.D.  632,  aged  62.     He 
was  buried  in  the  same  place  where  he  died, 
in  the  chamber  of  the  most  beloved  of  his 
wives  at  Medina,  where  his  remains  are 
still  preserved,  and  not  in  an  iron  coffin 
suspended   in  the  air,  between  two  load- 
stones, as  is  vulgarly  reported.     By  Cadiga, 
Mahomet  had  six  children,  one  of  whom 
only  grew  up,  Fatima,  but  survived   him 
only  60  days.     After  the  death  of  Cadiga, 
the  prophet,  who  had  hitherto  been  satis- 
fied with   one  wife,  married  several,  and 
kept  besides  a  great  number  of  concubines. 
By  none  of  his  wives,  who,  according  to 
some,  were  15,  and  according   to  others, 
21,  he  left  no  issue  ;  but  of  the  ten  who 
survived    him,    Ayesha,    the   daughter  of 
Abubeker,  his  successor,  was  the  most  be- 
loved.    So  great  was  the  influence  of  this 
celebrated  female  among  the  faithful,  that 
she  prevented  AH,  the  husband  of  Fatima, 
from  succeeding  to  the  throne  of  his  father- 
in-law,  because  he  had  revealed  her  incon- 
tinence to   the  prophet.     The  success  of 
Mahomet's  imposture  during  his  life  time, 
is  not  more  astonishing  than  the  permanent 
establishment   which    his   doctrines    have 
maintained  over  one  of  the  fairest  portions 
of  the  globe,  during  nearly  1200   years. 
The  Koran,  in  which   ai'e   contained  the 
tenets  of  his   religion,  is  a  compound  of 
sublime  truths,  of  incredible  tales,  and  lu- 
dicrous events,  but  the  whole  is  delivered 
m  a  pleasing,  elegant,  and  nervous  style. 
That  Mahomet,  who  was  rude  and  illite- 
rate, should  compose  a  book,  deservedly 
esteemed  the  standard  of  elegance  among 
the  Arabians,  without  divine   assistance, 
was   considered  as  impossible  among  his 
followers,  and  therefore  they  believed  the 
sublime  composition  to  be  the  work  of  God, 
as   the  prophet   informed   them.     Those, 
however,  who  were  acquainted  with   the 
retreat  of  Mahomet  before  he  assumed  his 
prophetic  character,  know  that  he  was  as- 
sisted in  the  framing  of  his  work  by  a  Per- 
sian  Jew,  who   was  well  versed    in   the 
learning  of  his  country,  and  the  laws  of 
Moses ;  and  by  a  Christian  Monk  of  the 
Nestorian  sect.     To  the  labours  of  these 
two  men  the  prophet  was  indebted  for  the 
composition   of  the  Koran,  and  hence  we 


iVIAH 


VAH 


trace  the  frequent  allusions  to  the  Mosaiual 
institutions,  and  the  history  of  Christ.     By 
the  help  of  these  associates,  the  artful  Ara- 
bian was  enabled  to  impose  upon  his  fol- 
lowers, by  interpreting  various  passages  of 
the   Scriptures  in   his  own  favour,  and  by 
accusing  the  Jews  and  Christians  of  muti- 
lation and  interpolation,  where  he  thought 
he  (ound   his  character  obscurely  delinea- 
ted.    By    calling   himself    the   comforter, 
whom    Christ,  at  his  ascension,  had  pro- 
mised to  his  disciples,  he  mightily  prevailed 
with  the  credulous  ;  and  every  true  Mus- 
sulman believes,  that  several  copies  of  the 
New  Testament   still   contain  an  original 
text,  which  expressly  foretells  the  future 
coming  of  a  prophet  of  the  name  of  Maho- 
met.    As  Mahomet  was  subject  to  the  fall- 
ing sickness,  he  had  the  art  to  persuade 
his  disciples,  that  in  those  moments  of  sus- 
pended animation,  he  accompanied  the  an- 
gel Gabriel  in  various  journeys  ;  and  that 
borne  by  the  celestial  beast  Alborak,  he  as- 
cended up  into  the  highest  heavens  where 
he  conversed  familiarly  with  the  Almighty, 
and  received  friendly  communications  with 
respect  to  the  laws  and  the  religion  with 
which  he  was  to  bless  the  earth.     In  these 
spiritual  conferences,  he  saw  the  most  re- 
nowned prophets  of  old  j   he  spoke  to  Eli- 
jah, Moses,  and  Christ,  and  was  honoured 
by   the    Creator   himself,    with    privileges 
above  the  rest  of  mankind.     The  Koran 
has  been  elegantly  translated  into  English, 
by  Sale,  in   2   vols.  4to.   and  2  vols.  8vo. 
There  are  also  French  translations  by  Du 
Ruyer,  and  by  Savary.     The  best  edition 
of  the  original,  in  Arabic  and  Latin,  is  by 
Maracci,  at  Padua,  2  vols,  folio,  1698. 

Mahomet  I.  emperor  of  the  Turks,  was 
son  of  Bajazet  I.  and  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther Moses,  whom  he  put  to  death,  1413. 
He  was  a  brave,  just,  and  politic  monarch. 
He  restored  to  its  ancient  glory,  the  power 
of  the  Ottomans,  which  civil  war,  and  the 
ravages  of  Tamerlane,  had  enfeebled  and 
disgraced,  and  he  conquered  Cappadocia, 
Servia,  VVallachia,  and  other  provinces, 
and  fixed  his  residence  at  Adrianople.  He 
was  at  peace  with  the  emperor  Manuel 
Palaeologus,  to  whom  he  restored  some  of 
his  provinces.  He  died  at  Adrianople,  of 
a  bloody-flux,  1421,  aged  47. 

Mahomet  H.  emperor  of  the  Turks, 
was  born  at  Adrianople,  24th  March,  1430, 
and  succeeded  his  father  Amurath,  1451. 
His  reign  was  begun  with  the  most  active 
preparations  for  war,  Constantinople  was 
besieged,  and  the  indefatigable  Turk,  not 
satisfied  to  insult  the  walls  with  his  nume- 
rous soldiery,  conveyed  at  great  expense 
and  labour  over  the  land,  some  of  his  gal- 
lies  into  the  harbour,  which  the  Greeks 
Lad  shut  up  by  strong  iron  chains  against 
the  attacks  of  their  invaders.  Constanti- 
nople yielded  to  the  conqueror.  1453,  and 


lu  her  lall  poured  forth  her  fugitive  philo, 
sophers  and  learned  men  to  propagate  and 
to  revive    literature  in    iju;  western  world- 
Afterwards  Mahomet  extended   his   armH 
against  the  neighbouring   nations,  and  by 
his  victories,  deserved  the   Hiimc   of  great, 
and  the  appellation  of  grand  signior,  which 
he  assumed,  and  which   has  descended  to 
his   less  worthy    successors.      Greece  and 
Asia  had  already  submitted  to  the  conquer- 
or,  who  after  subduing   two   empires,  12 
tributary   kingdonjs,   and   200  towns,  was 
preparing  the  subjugation  of  Italy,  ai»d  the 
destruction   of  the  papal  throne,   when  u 
colic  proved  fatal  to  this   formidable  hero, 
3d  May,    1481,  after  a  reign  of  31  years. 
His  death  was  the   cause  of  universal  re- 
joicing over  the  Christian  world,  whose  re- 
ligion he  had  sworn  to  exterminate,  to  en- 
force the  tenets   of  Mahomet.     Though  a 
great  warrior,   Mahomet   was    cruel   and 
tyrannical,  and  that  he  might  glut  his  rage, 
his  lust,  and  his  ambition,  neither  rank,  nor 
sex,    nor  age  were  spared.      Though   bv 
habit  and  religion  hostile  to  the  Christians, 
he  yet  admired  the  arts  and  the  languages 
of  polished   Europe,  and  read  with   great 
rapture  the  history  of  her  heroes.     Some 
of  his  letters  were   collected  by   a  knight 
of  Rhodes,  and  translated  into  Latin,  from 
the  Syriac,  Greek,  and  Turkish  originals. 

Mahomet    HI.    succeeded    his    father 
Amurath  III.  1595.     He  began  his  reign  bv 
ordering  19  of  his  brothers  to  be  strangled", 
and  10  of  his  father's  wives  to  be  drowned. 
He  made  war  against  Rodolphus  II.  and  in- 
vaded Hungary  with  an  army  of  200,000 
men,  and  after  taking  Agria,  he  basely  mur- 
dered the  garrison  which  he  had  pledged 
himself  to  spare.     His  progress  was  check- 
ed by   the  opposition  of  Maximilian,  the 
emperor's  brother,  who  would  have  obtain- 
ed a  most   decisive  victory    had  not   his 
troops   abandoned  themselves  to   pillage, 
and  thus  given  the  Turks   the  opportunity 
to  rally  and  to  overwhelm  their  whole  army. 
Other  battles  proved  less  favourable  to  Ma- 
homet,   who   was  obliged  to   retire   from 
Hungary,  Moldavia,  and  the   neighbouring 
provinces,  and  after  suing  in  vain  for  peace 
from  the  Christian  princes,  he  buried  him- 
self in  the   indolence,  and    the  licentious- 
ness   of   his    seraglio,   regardless    of  the 
murmurs  of  his  people,  and  the  threats  of 
his  enemies.     He  died  of  the  plague,  20th 
Dec.  1603,  aged  39. 

Mahomet  IV.  succeeded  to  the  throne 
at  the  age  of  seven,  1649,  on  the  death  of 
his  father  Ibrahim  I.  who  had  been  stran- 
gled  by  his  janissaries.  He  pursued  with 
vigour  the  war  with  the  Venetians,  and  af- 
ter reducing  Candia,  with  the  loss  of  200, 
000  men,  he  invaded  Poland.  His  arms 
proved  here  victorious,  he  not  only  subdued 
the  provinces,  167'2,  but  imposed  on  the 
kingdom    an    annual    tribute   of   20,000 

?59 


MAI 


MAI 


crowns.  This  disgrace,  however,  was 
wiped  off  by  the  valour  of  Sobieski,  who 
the  next  year  pursued  his  enemies,  and 
totally  routed  them  at  the  fatal  battle  of 
Choczim.  Though  peace  was  re-establish- 
ed in  1G76,  the  restless  ambition  of  the 
Turks  again  invaded  the  Austrian  domin- 
ions, and  Vienna  would  have  fallen  1683, 
if  the  great  Sobieski  had  not  hastened  to 
its  relief,  and  destroyed  the  numerous  army 
of  Mustapha,  the  Turkish  general.  The 
decisive  blow  was  followed  by  the  union  of 
the  emperor,  the  king  of  Poland,  and  the 
Venetians,  and  Mahomet  every  where 
defeated,  found  his  people  dissatisfied,  and 
his  soldiers  rebellious.  The  calamities  of 
the  state  were  attributed  to  him  by  his 
janissaries,  who  deposed  him  8th  Oct.  1687, 
and  sent  him  to  the  prison,  from  which 
they  drew  his  brother  Solyman  III.  to  place 
him  on  the  throne.  He  died  in  his  con- 
finement, 22d  June,  1691. 

Mahomet  V.  son  of  Mustapha  II.  suc- 
ceeded in  1730,  on  the  deposition  of  his 
uncle,  Achmet  III.  His  janissaries  expect- 
ed from  his  exertions,  the  recovery  of  the 
provinces  conquered  by  the  imperialists, 
but  the  insurrections  in  the  east,  and  the 
ivar  with  Persia,  prevented  his  success 
against  the  European  powers.  He  lost 
Georgia  and  Armenia,  which  were  con- 
quered by  the  arms  of  Kouli-Kban.  Ma- 
homet was  more  respectable  for  his  pacific 
disposition,  than  his  military  exploits.  He 
died  after  a  mild  reign,  in  1754. 

Mahddel,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Lan- 
gres,  who  from  a  Jesuit  became  a  monk  of 
La  Trappe,  and  then  a  physician.  He  was 
author  of  a  Historical  Dissertation  on  the 
ancient  Spanish  Money — a  Letter  on  a  Me- 
dal of  the  city  of  Carthage,  &c.  He  prac- 
tised physic  at  Paris,  but  w^as  for  some  time 
confined  in  the  Bastille.  He  died  1747, 
aged  74. 

Maier,  Michael,  a  celebrated  German 
alchymist,  and  rosy  crucian  of  the  l7th 
century,  who  ruined  his  health  and  his  for- 
tune in  the  pursuits  of  absurdities.  He 
wrote  ten  different  treatises  on  his  profes- 
sion, and  on  his  favourite  pursuits. 

Maignan,  Emanuel,  a  philosopher  and 
ecclesiastic,  born  at  Toulouse,  1601.  He 
was  educated  among  the  Jesuits,  and  from 
his  early  youth  showed  great  fondness  for 
learning,  and  at  the  age  of  18  he  took  the 
habit  of  a  Minim.  He  warmly  opposed 
the  doctrines  of  Aristotle,  and  his  reputa- 
tion as  a  philosopher  and  mathematician 
was  so  widely  extended,  that  he  was  call- 
ed, in  1636,  to  fill  a  professor's  chair  at 
Rome.  In  16.')0  he  returned  to  Toulouse, 
from  Rome,  and  was  honourably  received 
by  his  countrymen  ;  but  when  the  French 
king  and  his  minister  Mazarine,  admiring 
his  learning,  and  the  yarious  machines  and 
curiosities  contained  in  his  cell,  expressed 


a  desire  to  draw  him  out  of  his  obscurity, 
and  patronise  him  in  Paris,  he  modestly, 
but  firmly  declined  their  offer.  This  wor- 
thy man,  so  much  above  the  temptations 
of  the  world,  whose  sole  employment  was 
to  be  useful  to  mankind,  died  at  Toulouse, 
much  respected,  1676.  Father  Sagueni  pub- 
lished, in  1697,  an  account  of  his  life  and 
writings.  He  published  "  De  Perspective 
Hororari^,"  1648 — a  Course  of  Philosophy, 
4  vols.  8vo.  1652,  republished  in  folio, 
1673,  &c. 

Maigrot,  Charles,  a  learned  doctor  of 
the  Sorbonne,  bishop  of  Conon,  and  vicar 
apostolic.  He  went  as  Missionary  to  Chi- 
na, where  he  opposed  the  Jesuits,  who  per- 
mitted the  Chinese  converts  to  pay  ho- 
mage and  adoration  before  the  sepulchres 
of  their  forefathers.  He  wrote  an  Exami- 
nation of  the  Chinese  worship,  &c.  and 
died  at  Rome,  1720,  universally  respected. 

Mailla,  Joseph  Anne  Maria  de  Moy- 
rice  de,  a  Jesuit,  born  in  the  province  of 
Bugey,  on  the  borders  of  Savoy,  1670.  He 
applied  himself  so  assiduously  to  the  Chi- 
nese, that  his  great  knowledge  of  the  lan-» 
guage  recommended  him  as  a  missionary 
to  China,  in  1703.  The  emperor  Kam-Hi 
esteemed  him  so  much,  that  he  employed 
his  abilities  in  the  construction  of  a  map  of 
China,  and  of  Chinese  Tartary,  which  was 
engraved  in  France,  1732.  He  also  trans- 
lated the  Great  Annals  of  China,  which  he 
transmitted  to  Europe,  and  which  were  to 
comprehend  12  vols.  4to.  the  first  of  which 
was  published  in  1777,  under  the  care  of 
Grosier.  This  amiable  man  died  at  Pekin, 
1748,  after  a  residence  of  45  years  there. 

Maillard,  Oliver,  a  French  cordelier, 
and  doctor  in  divinity,  eminent  as  a  preach- 
er. Ke  was  in  the  service  of  Innocent 
VIII.  Charles  VIII.  and  Ferdinand  of  Arra- 
gon.  He  died  at  Toulouse,  June  13th, 
15G2.  His  Latin  sermons,  in  3  vols.  8vo. 
were  published  1730. 

Maille  de  Breze,  Simon  de,  bishop 
of  Viviers,  and  archbishop  of  Tours,  was  at 
the  council  of  Trent,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  learning  and  devotion.  He 
translated  some  of  Basil's  homilies  into 
Latin,  and  died  1597,  aged  82. 

Maille,  Urban  de,  marquis  de  Breze, 
was  known  as  a  warrior.  He  gained  the 
battle  of  Avein,  1635,  and  was  afterwards 
ambassador  of  France,  to  Sweden,  and  Hol- 
land. He  died  1660,  aged  53.  His  son 
AiTnand  was  duke  of  Fronsac  and  Cau- 
mont,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a  naval 
officer  in  the  sei-vice  of  France.  He  de- 
feated the  Spanish  fleet  near  Cadiz,  1640, 
but  after  some  other  important  advantages 
at  sea,  in  the  following  years,  he  suffered  a 
defeat  before  Tarragona.  He  was  killed  by 
a  cannon  shot,  l4th  June,  164G,  at  the  siege 
of  Orbitello,  aged  27. 

Maille,  Francis,  a  native  of  Ponteveyr. 


iVIAl 


MAI 


111  Provence,  celebrated  for  his  longevity, 
and  his  gallantries  in  old  age.  He  died 
1709,  aged  119. 

Maii-lkbois,  N.  count  de,  lieutenant- 
general  in  the  French  armies,  distinguished 
himself  in  thv  (ierman  wars,  and  was  in 
1784  sent  to  Holland,  to  resist  the  attempts 
of  Prussia  against  the  Dutch  patriots.  At 
the  revolution  he  left  France,  and  died  at 
Maestricht,  1792. 

Maillebois,  John  Baptist  Desmarets, 
marquis  of,  son  of  Nicholas  Desmarets,  the 
comptroller-general,  first  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  wars  of  the  Spanish  succession, 
and  in  Italy,  and  by  the  conquest  of  Cor- 
sica, for  which  he  was  made  marshal  of 
France.  In  the  war  of  1741  he  again  sig- 
nalized himself,  but  was  defeated  by  count 
Brown,  at  the  battle  of  Placentia,  1746.  He 
died  Feb.  1762,  aged  80.  His  Campaigns 
in  Italy  were  published,  3  vols.  4to.  1775, 
by  marquis  de  Pezay. 

Maillet,  Benedict  de,  a  learned  French- 
man, born  in  Lorraine,  1659.  He  was  six- 
teen years  consul  general  in  Egypt,  and  was 
removed  to  the  same  honourable  appoint- 
ment at  Leghorn.  He  retired  on  a  pension 
in  1716,  and  died  at  Marseilles,  1738,  aged 
79.  From  his  papers  were  afterwards  pub- 
lished, a  Description  of  Egypt,  in  4to. 
1743,  and  also  in  2  vols.  l2mo.  and  a  work 
on  the  origin  of  the  Globe,  in  the  form  of  a 
Dialogue,  1  vol.  8vo.  by  Telliamed,  the 
name  of  De  Maillet  reversed. 

Maimbourg,  Lewis,  a  learned  native  of 
Nancy,  in  Lorraine,  born  1610.  He  be- 
came a  Jesuit,  1626,  but  was  expelled  from 
the  society  by  Innocent  XI.  for  his  bold  op- 
position to  Rome  in  favour  of  the  Gallican 
church.  The  French  king  comforted  him 
in  his  disgrace  by  an  honourable  pension, 
and  he  retired  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Victor  at 
Paris,  where  he  died  1686.  He  was  emi- 
nent as  a  preacher,  but  more  as  a  writer. 
He  published  Histories  of  Arianism,  of  the 
Iconoclasts,  of  the  Crusades,  of  the  Schism 
of  the  West,  of  the  Schism  of  the  Greeks, 
of  the  Decay  of  the  Empire,  of  the  League, 
of  Lutheranism,  of  Calvinism,  of  the  Ponti- 
ficate of  St.  Leo.  He  had  many  enemies 
as  a  writer,  but  Bayle  commends  him  as  a 
candid,  learned,  and  well-informed  his- 
torian. 

Maimonides,  Moses,  or  Moses  son  of 
Maimon,  commonly  called  Moses  Egypti- 
cus,  because  physician  to  the  sultan  of 
Egypt,  was  a  Jewish  rabbi,  born  at  Cor- 
dova, in  Spain,  1131.  He  opened  a  school 
in  Egypt,  and  as  his  skill,  not  only  in  lan- 
guages, but  in  all  branches  of  science  and 
of  philosophy,  was  very  great,  his  instruc- 
tions were  attended  by  numerous  and  res- 
pectable pupils.  Thus  eminently  distin- 
guished as  a  scholar,  as  a  physician,  and 
also  as  a  divine,  so  as  to  be  called  inferior 
only  to  the  legislator  Moses  :  he  beheld 


with  intliilerencc,  and  even  contempt,  the 
fables    and   traditions   of  his  countrjnicn, 
and  applied  all  thr  powers  of  learning,  and 
the  vast  resources  ol  his  mind,  in  the  cause 
of  truth,  virtue,  and  philosophy.     Some  of 
his  works  were  written  in  Arabic,   but  are 
extant   now   in   Hebn;w   only.     The  most 
famous  of  these  are  his  Commentaries  on 
the  Misna— Jad,  a  complete  pandect  of  the 
Jewish  law — More   Ncvochim,   a  valuable 
work,    explaining    the   difficult    passages, 
phrases,  parables  and  allegories  in  scrip- 
ture, and  several  other  works.     This  great 
and  learned  man  died  in  Egypt  at  the  age 
of  70,  and  was  buried  with  his  nation  in  the 
land   of  Upper    Galilee.     His  death   was 
mourned  for  three  whole  days  by  Jews  and 
Egyptians,  and  the  year  in  which  he  died, 
in  respect  of  his  great  virtues  and  learning, 
was  called  Lamentum  Lamentabile. 

Mainfroy,  prince  of  Tarento,  was  natu- 
ral son  of  the  emperor  Frederic  II.  After 
the  death  of  Conrad  IV.  of  Sicily,  in  1254, 
he  was  made  guardian  of  the  minority  of 
his  son  Conradin  ;  but  his  ambition  soon 
prompted  him  to  ascend  the  throne,  and  he 
was  crowned  king  of  Sicily,  at  Palermo.  A 
quarrel  with  Innocent  IV.  kindled  a  war,  in 
which  the  papal  troops  were  defeated,  and 
Rome  besieged  ;  but  the  next  successor, 
Urban  IV.  undismayed,  excommunicated 
his  enemy,  and  bestowed  his  crown  of  Na- 
ples and  Sicily,  on  Charles  of  Anjou,  the 
brother  of  Lewis  of  France.  The  new  king 
attacked  the  usurper,  and  in  a  battle  at 
Benevento,  26th  Feb.  1266,  Mainfroy  was 
defeated  and  slain,  and  his  body  was  cast 
indignantly  into  a  ditch,  as  he  was  excom- 
municated. Though  an  usurper,  Mainfroy 
possessed  many  virtues,  he  patronised  lite- 
rature and  the  arts,  and  was  an  able  war- 
rior. His  *'  Chasse  aux  Oiseaux,"  ap- 
peared 1696. 

Maintenov,  Frances  d'  Aubigne,  Ma- 
dame de,  a  famous  French  lady,  was  born 
November  27th,  1635,  in  the  prison  of 
Niort,  where  her  father  was  confined  for 
some  ill  conduct  against  Richelieu.  The 
father,  after  his  enlargement  took  all  his 
family,  1639,  to  America,  and  settled  at 
Martiniquo,  -where  he  might  have  become 
respectable  and  independent,  had  he  not 
ruined  himself  by  gaming.  On  his  death, 
in  1646,  the  widow  returned  to  France, 
leaving  her  daughter  as  a  pledge  in  the 
hands  of  her  creditors,  but  the  child  was 
soon  after  sent  after  the  mother,  and  taken 
under  the  hospitable  protection  of  he.- 
aunt,  Madame  Villette,  at  Poietou.  As, 
however,  she  was  brought  up  in  the  princi- 
ples of  the  protestants,  an  order  from  the 
court  was  obtained  to  remove  her,  and  by 
artifice  and  persuasion,  she  was  converted 
to  the  Roman  ratholic  religion,  by  her  bi- 
goted relation,  Madame  de  Neuillant.  In 
1651  she  preferred,   to  this  irksome  con- 

9^1 


:mai 


iVIAl 


finemeut,  an  union  with  the  abbe  ScaiTon, 
Tvho  was  old  and  deformed,  but  witty,  and 
the  favourite  of  the  court.    On  the  death  of 
her  husband,  1660,  her  distresses  returned, 
and  though  for  a  while  supported  at  the 
Hospitaler's  convent  at  Paris,  she  solicited 
in  vain  for  a  small  pension  from  the  court. 
In  1671,  however,  she  had  the  good  fortune 
to  be  appointed  over  the  education  of  the 
young  duke  De  Maine,   the  king's  son,   by 
his  mistress,  Madame  de  Montespan,  and 
from   this   situation   arose  her  greatness. 
The  king  saw  her,  and  was  captivated  with 
her  manners  and  person,   and  in   1679  he 
purchased  for  her  the  estate  of  Maintenon, 
ten  leagues  from  Versailles,  from  which  she 
derived  her  new  title.     In  this  dangerous 
elevation,  Madame  Maintenon   conducted 
herself  with  great  propriety  ;  she  never  in- 
terfered with  the  politics  or  inti'igues  of  the 
court,   her  sole   wish   was   to   please  and 
amuse  the  king,  and  in  this  she  so  happily 
succeeded,  that  though  she  was  two  years 
older  than  himself,  he  married  her  private- 
ly, 1685.     Now  raised  from  a  mistress  to 
the  honourable  rank  of  a  wife,  a  secret, 
however,  which  w^as  never  revealed,   she 
applied  herself  more  frequently  to  acts  of 
religion  and  of  piety,  and  she  founded  an 
abbey   for  women   of  quality,   afterwards 
called  St.  Cyr,  of  which  she  called  herself 
the  superior,   and  for  the  government  of 
which,  she,  together  with  Desmarets,  bishop 
of  Chartres,  formed  good  and  strict  regula- 
tions. She  also  prevailed  upon  Racine,  who 
was  now  become  a  courtier,  to  write  a  trage- 
dy upon  some  striking  subject  from  the  bible, 
and  in  consequence  of  this  he  produced  his 
Esther,  and  also  his  Athaliahj  which  were 
originally  acted  by  the  religious  devotees  of 
St.  Cyr.  Upon  the  king's  death,  in  171 5,  she 
retired  to  privacy  at  St.  Cyr,  and  long  fa- 
tigued with   the   splendour    of  intolerable 
greatness,  she  ackno\vledged  the  emptiness 
of  human  distinction,  and  ended  her  days 
in  penitence  and  devotion.  Though  the  king 
had  made  no  particular  provision  for  her,  yet 
she  refused  to  accept  from  the  bounty  of  the 
duke  of  Orleans,  more  than  80,000  livres. 
She  died  15th  April,  1719.  Some  have  accu- 
sed her  of  causing  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  but  it  is  certain  that  she  extended 
her  protection  and  liberality,  to  those  who 
suffered  persecution  for  their  religion.   She 
was  generally  the  friend  of  virtue  and  me- 
rit, and  she  treated  with  particular  atten- 
tion and  favour,  ?vladame  de  Guyon,   and 
also  the  great  Fenelon,  though  afterwards 
she  was  weak  enough  to  join  his  persecu- 
tors.    The  happiest  part  of  her  life  was 
spent,  says  Voltaire,  in  the  company  of  the 
buffoon   Scarron,   and   in   a  letter  to   her 
friend,  Madame  de  la  Maisonfort,  she  de- 
clares that  her  grandeur  was  productive 
only  of  melancholy,  and  that  though  court- 
ed, flattered,  and  admired,  she  felt  in  her 
2S2 


mind  a  dismal  vacuity.     Some  of  Irer  let- 
ters have  been  published. 

Major,  John,  a  divine,  born  1469,  at. 
Gleghorn,  near  North  Berwick,  and  not  at 
Haddington.  He  studied  at  Oxford,  and 
Cambridge,  and  also  at  Paris,  under  Boulac 
and  Standouk,  and  on  his  return  to  Scot- 
land, became  divinity  professor  at  St.  An- 
drews, and  afterwards  provost  of  the  uni- 
versity. He  died  about  1550.  He  was  a 
very  learned  man,  and  wrote  in  a  barbarous 
style,  "  De  Historia  Gentis  Scotorum," 
4to. — Commentarius  in  Physica  Aristote- 
lis,  &c. — Literalis  in  Matthjeum  Exposi- 
tio,  &c. 

Major,  John  Daniel,  a  native  of  Bres- 
law,  was  medical  professor  at  Kiel,  where 
he  founded  a  botanical  garden.  He  wrote 
Lithologia  Curiosa,  sive  de  Animal,  et 
Plantis  in  Lapidem  conversis,  4to. — De 
Caneris  et  Serpent.  Petrifact.  4to. — Histo- 
ria Anatomae,  fol.  &.c.  and  died  at  Stock- 
holm, 1693,  aged  59. 

Majoragius,  Mark  Anthony,  so  named 
from  a  village  near  Milan,  where  he  was 
born,  1514,  taught  belles  lettres  at  Milan 
with  great  reputation,  and  died  1555.  He 
was  author  of  learned  Commentaries  on 
Aristotle's  Rhetoric — on  Cicero's  Oratory 
— on  Virgil,  fol.  besides  some  other  tracts. 

Majorianus,  Julius  Valerius,  emperor  of 
the  West,  was  successful  in  his  war  against 
the  Vandals.  He  was  murdered  by  his 
general  Ricimer,  461,  universally  respected 
for  his  virtues. 

Mairan,  John  James  d'  Ortons  de,  a 
French  philosopher,  born  at  Beziers,  1678. 
He  succeeded,  in  1741,  Fontenelle,  as  sec- 
retary to  the  academy  of  sciences,  and  dis- 
played in  that  situation,  great  abilities.  He 
died  at  Paris,  20th  Feb.  1771.  He  wrote 
Dissertation  on  the  cause  of  Phosphoric 
Light — on  the  Aurora  Borealis— on  Ice- 
Letters  concerning  China,  and  other  things, 
published   in  the   memoirs  of  the  acade- 


my, 


&c. 


Maire,  John  le,  a  French  poet,  born  at 
Bavai,  in  Hainault,  1473.  He  wrote  an 
allegorical  poem,  called  Three  Tales  of  Cu- 
pid and  of  Atropos,  and  other  poems,  in 
which  he  too  often  oflended  against  deli- 
cacy. He  died  1524,  or  according  to 
others,  1548. 

Maire,  James  le,  a  Dutch  navigator. 
"With  two  vessels  he  sailed  14th  June,  in 

1615,  from  the  Texel,  and  discovered  in 

1616,  the  straits  to  which  he  gave  his  name, 
in  South  America,  and  after  touching  at 
New  Guinea,  he  reached  Batavia.  Here, 
though  among  his  countrymen,  he  was 
seized  as  a  spy,  as  violating  the  rights  of 
the  Dutch  East  India  company,  and  his 
ship  was  confiscated.  He  died  in  his  re- 
turn to  Europe,  22d  January,  1617.  His 
voyage  is  published  in  a  Latin  collection^ 
Amstej-clam.  1622,  folio- 


MAI 


),IM. 


Mairh,  N.  Ic,  a  surgeon  of  Lyons,  who 
acquired  eminence  by  his  Treatises  on  the 
Nervous  Fluid,  and  on  Magnetism.  He 
died  at  Lyons,  Aug.  1787. 

Maiukt,  John,  a  French  poet,  born  at 
Besan(,on,  1604.  He  was  page  to  the  duke 
of  Montmorency,  and  distinguished  himself 
against  the  Huguenots,  and  as  a  negotiator. 
He  received  a  pension  from  the  duke,  and 
was  patronised  by  cardinals  Richelieu,  and 
La  Valette,  and  the  count  of  Soissons.  He 
died  1686.  He  wrote  some  poems  and 
miscellanies,  besides  twelve  tragedies  of  no 
great  merit. 

Maisieres,  Philip  de,  a  native  of  Mai- 
sieres,  in  the  diocess  of  Amiens.  He  served 
in  the  army  in  Sicily  and  Arragon,  and  af- 
terwards he  went  to  the  Holy  Land,  and 
was  among  the  forces  of  the  infidels,  that 
he  might  ascertain  their  number  and  dis- 
cipline. After  being  employed  by  Peter, 
king  of  Cyprus,  he  returned  to  France,  in 
1372,  and  was  made  by  Charles  V.  coun- 
sellor of  state,  and  governor  to  the  dau- 
phin. Disgusted  with  the  world,  he  re- 
tired among  the  Celestines,  in  1380,  and 
died  1405.  He  wrote  some  devotional 
tracts,  &c. 

Maistre,  Anthony  le,  born  at  Paris, 
1608,  from  a  pleader  became  a  member 
of  the  Port  Royal  Society,  and  led  a  life 
of  austerity.  He  died  1658.  He  wrote 
a  Life  of  St.  Bernard — a  Translation  of 
Chrysostom  de  Saceniotio,  &c.  and  other 
works. 

Maistre,  Lewis  Isaac  le,  better  known 
by  the  name  of  Sacy,  was  brother  to  the 
preceding,  and  was  born  at  Paris,  1613. 
He  took  orders,  but  on  suspicion  of  Jan- 
senism, he  was  in  1666  thrown  into  the 
Bastille.  During  his  confinement  of  two 
years  he  composed  several  works,  and 
translated  the  Bible,  with  annotations,  in 
32  vols.  8vo.  He  translated  besides,  some 
of  Chrysostom's  Homilies,  three  of  Te- 
rence's Plays — Kempis,  on  the  Imitation  of 
Christ — an  Attack  on  the  Jesuits — Letters 
of  Piety,  2  vols.  &c.  He  died  at  Pompona, 
1684,  aged  71. 

Maitland,  John,  lord  of  Thyrlestane, 
was  born  1 545.  He  was  educated  in  Scot- 
land, and  studied  the  law  afterwards  in 
France,  and  practised  with  such  success 
that  James  VI.  made  him  his  secretary  of 
state,  1584,  and  the  next  year  lord  chan- 
cellor of  the  kingdom.  He  attended  his 
master  to  Denmark  in  1589,  where  the 
princess,  his  bride,  was  detained  by  con- 
trary winds.  He  died  much  regretted, 
1595.  He  wrote  EpigrammataLatina,  pub- 
lished in  the  Delicise  Scotornm  Poetarum, 
Amst.  1637. 

Maitland,  William,  a  Scotch  antiqua- 
rian, born  at  Brechin,  Forfarshire,  1693. 
From  a  hair  merchant  he  became  a  man  of 
betters,   and  settled  in  London,  where  he 


published  his  History  of  London,  folio, 
1739.  In  1753  appciircd  hi-.  History  of 
Edinburgh,  folio,  and  in  1757  his  History 
and  Antiquities  of  Scotland,  3  vols.  fol.  He 
died  at  Montrose,  aged  64,  and  left  behind 
him  a  fortune,  it  is  said,  of  1U,0(M)/. 

Maittaire,  Michael,  a  learned  writer, 
born  in  London,  1668.  He  was  educated 
at  Westminster  school  and  Christ  church, 
Oxford,  where  he  was  made  studf-nt,  by  the 
friendship  of  Dr.  South,  the  canon.  He  was 
appointed  second  master  of  Westminster 
school,  1695,  and  continued  four  years  in 
that  oflice.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a 
writer  by  two  pamphlets  against  Whiston, 
in  1711,  and  by  his  Stephanorum  Historia, 
&c. — Annales  Typographici,  5  vols.  1719- 
1741 — Opera  Veterum  Poetarum,  2  vob. 
folio — the  Greek  Testament,  edited,  2  vols- 
1714 — Editions  of  Justin,  Lucretius,  Pater- 
culus,  Catullus,  Terence,  Virgil,  Ovid,  Mar- 
tial, and  other  Latin  classics — Grajca;  Lin- 
gua; Dialecti,  8vo. — Anacreon — Miscella- 
nea Urajconim,  &c.  He  was  patronised  by 
the  first  and  second  lords  Oxford,  and  was 
Latin  tutor  to  lord  Chesterfield's  favourite 
son.  He  died  greatly  respected,  7th  Aug. 
1747.  His  valuable  library,  the  collection 
of  50  years,  was  sold  after  his  death, 
during  44  nights,  by  auction,  by  Cock  and 
Langford. 

Maius,  John  Henry,  or  May,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  born  1653,  at  Pfortzheim,  in  Ba- 
den-Dourlach.  He  was  professor  of  orien- 
tal languages  in  several  universities,  and 
lastly  at  Giessen  where  he  died  1719.  He 
wrote  Historia  Animalium  Scripturae  Sacrae, 
8vo. — Vita  Johannis  Reuchlini,  8vo. — Sy- 
nopsis Theologiae  Symbolicae,  4to. — His- 
toria Reformationis  Lutheri,  4to.  &c. 

Makin,  Thomas,  a  poet,  and  one  of  the 
earliest  settlers  of  Pennsylvania,  who  em- 
ployed himself  a  number  of  years  in  teach- 
ing a  public  grammar  school  in  that  colony, 
and  for  some  time  held  the  office  of  clerk  of 
the  provincial  assembly.  He  published  two 
Latin  poems  in  1728  and  1729,  entitled 
"  Encomium,"  and  "  Discriptio  Pennsylva- 
niae.''  ICJ^  L. 

Malachi,  the  last  of  the  12  minor  pro- 
phets, prophesied  after  Haggai  and  Zecha- 
riah,  under  Nehemiah.  Some  doubt 
whether  there  was  such  a  prophet.  He 
was  supposed  to  have  died  young.  He 
foretold  chiefly  the  coming  of  John  the 
Baptist. 

Malacht,  St.  a  native  of  Armagh,  suc- 
cessively abbot  of  Benctor,  bishop  of  Con- 
nor, and  archbishop  of  Armagh,  which  he 
resigned  1135.  He  died  at  Clairvaux,  in 
the  arms  of  his  friend  St.  Bernard,  1148. 
He  was  a  very  learned  man,  and  introduced 
some  wise  regulations  in  his  diocess.  The 
predictions  attributed  to  him  are  properly 
considered  as  impositions. 

Malacrida,  (jrabriel,  an  Italian  Jesuit, 

W3 


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sent  by  his  superiors  into  Portugal  as  a 
missionary.  Hia  zeal  and  his  eloquence 
soon  rendered  him  popular,  and  he  became 
so  ambitious  that,  it  is  said,  he,  with  Alex- 
ander and  Mathos,  joined  the  duke  d'Aveiro 
in  his  conspiracy  against  the  king  of  Portu- 
gal. When  the  Jesuits  were  banished,  he 
and  his  two  companions  were  permitted  to 
continue  to  reside  in  the  kingdom,  and  there 
he  became  soon  known  as  a  violent  enthu- 
siast ;  he  declared  himscif  the  ambassador 
and  immediate  prophet  of  God,  and  even 
pretended  to  work  miracles.  His  extrava- 
gant conduct  and  his  writings  were  at  last 
noticed  by  the  inquisition,  and  when  he  de- 
clared that  the  king's  death  had  been  re- 
vealed to  him,  he  was  condemned  by  the 
arbitrary  tribunal,  and  was  burnt  alive,  2lat 
Sept.  1761,  aged  75,  as  a  false  prophet. 

Malaval,  Francis,  a  native  of  Mar- 
seilles, who  though  he  lost  his  sight  at  the 
age  of  nine  months,  acquired  some  celebrity 
as  a  mystical  writer  on  quietism.  He  pub- 
lished Spiritual  Poetry  re-edited  Amster- 
dam, 1714 — Lives  of  Saints — Life  of  Philip 
Benizzi.  He  died  at  Marseilles,  15th  May, 
1719,  aged  92. 

Malaval,  John,  a  native  of  Pezan, 
near  Nismes,  who  came  early  to  Paris,  and 
gained  eminence  as  a  surgeon.  He  con- 
tributed some  valuable  observations  to  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy  of  surgery,  and 
died  1758,  aged  89,  after  surviving  for  some 
years  the  sound  use  of  his  faculties. 

Malbone,  Edward  G.  miniature  painter, 
was  born  in  Newport,  Rhode-Island,  and 
educated  at  a  common  school.  He  early 
discovered  a  taste  for  painting,  and  em- 
ployed himself  in  drawing  likenesses,  in 
which  he  at  length  became  highly  skilful. 
In  1800  he  visited  London,  and  improved 
his  knowledge  of  his  profession  by  inter- 
course with  Mr.  West,  and  other  distin- 
guished artists.  He  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  1801,  and  continued  in  his  pro- 
fession chiefly  in  New- York  and  Charles- 
ton until  his  death.  He  was  one  of  the  best 
in  that  branch  of  the  art  among  his  cotem- 
poraries.  His  taste  was  fine,  and  he  ex- 
celled in  the  expression  of  character.  He 
died  at  Savannah,  May  7th,  1807,  aged  31. 

ICT"  L. 

Malcolm,  James  Peller,  an  artist  and 
antiquary,  was  a  native  of  America,  from 
whence  he  came  when  young  to  study  paint- 
ing at  the  Royal  Academy.  But  failing  in 
that  line,  he  had  recourse  to  engraving,  and 
executed  a  number  of  topographical  plates, 
chiefly  for  the  works  of  Mr.  Gough  and  Mr. 
Nichols.  He  also  became  a  member  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  published — 1. 
"  Londinum  Redivivum ;  or  an  ancient  and 
modern  Description  of  London,"  4  vols. 
4to. — 2.  Letters  between  the  Rev.  James 
Granger  and  many  eminent  men,  8vo. — 3. 
First  Impressions,  or  Sketches  from  Art 
2fi4 


and  Nature,  8vo. — 4.  Anecdotes  of  the 
Manners  and  Customs  of  London,  4to. — 
5.  Miscellaneous  Anecdotes,  8vo. — 6.  A 
historical  Sketch  of  the  Art  of  Carricatu- 
ring,  4to.  He  died  in  indigent  circum- 
stances in  1815. —  W.B. 

Malcolm  IV.  grandson  of  David,  king 
of  Scotland,  1153.  He  was  a  liberal  and 
benevolent  prince,  and  founded  several 
monasteries,  and  died  1165. 

Maldonat,  John,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  born 
at  Fuente  del  Maestro,  in  Estramadura, 
1534.  He  was  an  able  scholar,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  universities  of 
Salamanca  and  Rome,  and  became  a  popu- 
lar professor  in  1d63  at  Paris,  and  after- 
wards in  1570  at  Poictiers.  He  was  also 
in  the  Jesuits'  college  at  Bourges,  and  then 
went  to  Rome,  by  order  of  Gregory  XIII. 
to  superintend  the  publication  of  the  Sep- 
tuagint.  He  there  finished  his  Commentary 
on  the  Gospels,  and  died  1583.  He  wrote 
besides  Commentaries  on  Jeremiah,  Ba- 
ruch,  Ezekiel,  and  Daniel — Various  trea- 
tises on  Grace — on  Justice — Original  Sin, 
&c.  He  is  deservedly  respected  as  an 
acute  critic,  an  excellent  theologian,  well 
skilled  in  the  learned  languages,  and  he 
possessed  moreover,  says  Thuanus,  singular 
piety,  and  purity  of  manners. 

Malebranche,  Nicholas,  a  French  phi- 
losopher, born  at  Paris,  6th  Aug.  1638.  He 
studied  at  the  colleges  of  la  Marche,  and 
Sorbonne,  and  in  1660  was  admitted  into 
the  congregation  of  the  oratory.  He  ap- 
plied himself  at  first  to  ecclesiastical  his- 
tory, and  afterwards  to  rabbinical  learn- 
ing, but  found  these  pursuits  not  congenial 
to  his  mind,  till  in  the  perusal  of  Des 
Cartes's  treatise  upon  Man,  he  discovered 
that  philosophy  was  the  science  in  which 
he  was  destined  to  be  illustrious.  He  now 
devoted  himself  to  serious  meditation,  and 
even  closed  his  windows  not  to  be  inter- 
rupted by  the  light.  His  first  and  greatest 
work  is  "  de  la  Recherche  de  la  Verite,"  or 
Search  after  Truth,  printed  at  Paris,  1674. 
In  this  celebrated  work  the  author  proves 
that  our  senses  and  passions  lead  us  to 
error,  and  that  truth  can  be  discovered  on- 
ly by  thinking  in  God.  Of  human  know- 
ledge he  speaks  with  contempt,  but  pays 
adoration  to  that  sublime  light  which  pro- 
ceeds from  the  ideal  world.  In  this,  and 
in  his  other  works,  he  shows  himself,  says 
Locke,  an  acute  and  ingenious  author, 
abounding  in  fine  thoughts,  judicious  rea- 
sonings, and  uncommon  reflections.  His 
other  works  are  all  on  the  same  metaphysi- 
cal subjects,  and  are  nothing  but  explana- 
tions of  the  principles  laid  down  in  his 
"  search,"  with  much  depth  of  reasoning, 
and  force  of  genius.  He  died  1715,  aged  55. 

Maleguzzi-valeri,  Veronica,  a  learned 
lady,  born  at  Reggio.  She  supported  in 
public  in  a  very  satisfactory  manner  two 


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ihcses  on  the  liberal  arts,  which  have  been 
published,  besides  Innocence  Kecogniaed,  a 
drama,  and  she  died  1G90,  in  the  convent 
of  Modena,  where  she  had  retired. 

Malelas,  John,  author  of  a  chronicle 
from  the  creation,  to  the  reign  of  Justinian, 
taught  rhetoric  at  Antioch  about  900.  His 
works  appeared  at  Oxford,  IGUI. 

Mai.ekmi,  or  Malekbi,  Nicholas,  a  Ve- 
netian monk,  who  translated  into  Italian 
the  Bible,  printed  at  Venice,  2  vols.  fol. 
1471.  He  also  wrote  "  the  Legends  of  the 
Saints,"  1474,  fol. 

Malesherbes,  Christian  William  La- 
moignon,  a  celebrated  Frenchman,  son  of 
the  chancellor  of  France.  He  was  born  at 
Paris  16th  Dec.  1721,  and  brought  up  to  the 
bar.  He  gradually  rose  to  the  office  of  lirst 
president  of  the  court  of  Aides,  1750,  and 
for  25  years  was  thus  zealously  engaged  in 
the  service  of  his  country,  in  supporting 
and  invigorating  the  industry  of  her  inha- 
bitants. After  he  had  retired  from  this  la- 
borious duty  to  his  estate,  he  was  recalled 
in  1775,  by  Louis  XVI.  to  become  the 
minister  of  the  interior,  and  in  this  high 
situation  he  conducted  himself  with  the 
humanity  and  attention  of  a  great  and  a 
good  man.  The  prisons  were  visited,  and 
no  longer  contained  any  but  criminals  who 
had  violated  the  law  ;  various  employments 
were  introduced  to  recommend  habits  of 
industry,  and  the  apartments  were  render- 
ed more  commodious  for  the  unfortunate 
captives.  The  retirement  of  Turgot  from 
office  was  attended  by  that  of  his  friend 
Malesherbes,  who  now  employed  himself 
in  travelling  under  an  assumed  name  and  in 
a  plain  dress  over  France,  Switzerland,  and 
Holland,  and  in  examining  the  various 
manufactures,  curiosities,  and  arts  of  each 
province.  He  hailed  the  revolution  as  the 
forerunner  of  blessings  to  France,  but  soon 
saw  his  hopes  vanish  ;  yet  while  others  fled 
from  the  field  of  danger,  he  boldly  appeared 
before  the  convention  ;  and  actuated  by 
gratitude  and  humanity,  he  no  sooner  saw 
his  sovereign  dragged  as  a  criminal  before 
his  subjects,  than  he  demanded  the  privi- 
lege and  the  honour  of  being  his  defender. 
The  heroic  conduct  of  this  venerable  man, 
while  it  drew  admiration  from  all,  had  no 
effect  on  the  bloody  convention.  His  ap- 
peals in  favour  of  Louis  and  of  virtue  were 
of  no  avail,  and  he  was  the  first  to  an- 
nounce to  the  unfortunate  monarch  the  ill 
success  of  his  defence.  So  much  goodness 
it  might  have  been  expected  ought  to  have 
met  respect  among  a  civilized  nation,  but 
it  proved  otherwise.  No  sooner  was  his 
daughter,  the  wife  of  the  president  Rosam- 
bo,  accused  of  treason  and  hurried  to  prison, 
than  the  aged  father  requested  he  might 
accompany  his  beloved  child.  The  request 
was  granted,  and  in  a  few  days,  alas,  he 
appeared  with  her  and  her  child  before  the 

Vol.  II.  31 


revolutionary  tribunal,  and  with  her  and 
her  innocent  child  he  ascended  tlic  scaflTold. 
These  illustrious  victims  sud'ered  22d 
April,  1793.  He  was  author  of  a  trcatiiC 
on  Rural  Economy  ;  Thouj^hts  and  Max- 
ims ;  Two  Memoirs  on  the  Civil  State  of 
the  Protestants. 

Malezieu,  Nicolas  de,  a  French  author, 
born  at  Paris  1650.  He  was  tutor  to  the 
dukes  of  Maine  and  Burgundy,  and  the 
distinguisheil  friend  of  Bossuet,  and  of 
Montausier.  He  was  involved  in  the  dis- 
grace of  his  patron  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
and  died  4th  March,  1727,  aged  77.  He 
published  Elements  of  Geography,  8vo.  ; 
several  pieces  in  prose,  &.c.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  French  academy,  and  of  that  of 
sciences. 

Malfillastre,  James  Charles  Lewis, 
a  French  poet,  born  8th  Oct.  1732,  at  St. 
John  de  Caen.  He  died  at  Paris  6th  March 
1767.  He  was  patronised  by  count  Laura- 
guais,  and  his  poem  on  Narcissus  in  the 
isle  of  Venus,  acquired  him  celebrity.  He 
wrote  besides,  odes,  sonnets,  &c.  and  in 
the  midst  of  that  retirement  which  he  pre- 
ferred to  public  life,  he  rendered  himself 
amiable  and  respected  by  the  benevolence 
of  his  heart,  and  the  innocence  and  simpli- 
city of  his  manners. 

Malherbe,  Francis  de,  a  French  poet, 
who  according  to  Bayle,  Balzac,  ar.d  Boi- 
leau  formed  the  taste  and  judgment  of  his 
countrymen  in  matters  of  polite  literature, 
and  introduced,  with  purity  of  language, 
harmonious  numbers  and  a  just  cadence. 
He  was  born  at  Caen,  about  1555,  and  died 
at  Paris  1623.  He  was  patronised  by  Hen- 
ly  the  Great,  and  Mary  de  Medicis,  and 
the  particulars  of  his  life  were  written  by 
his  friend  and  companion  Racan.  Though 
an  elegant  writer,  he  composed  verses  w  ith 
great  labour.  His  poetical  works,  divided 
into  six  books,  consist  of  paraphrases  on 
the  psalms,  odes,  sonnets,  and  epigrams, 
published  1666,  with  the  notes  of  Menage, 
and  1757,  8vo.  He  also  translated  some 
of  Seneca's  works,  and  some  of  Livy's  de- 
cades. 

Malingre,  Claude,  a  French  historian, 
born  at  Sens.  His  best  work  is  said  to  be 
the  Histoiy  of  the  Honorary  Dignities  of 
France,  8vo.  His  other  composition.^, 
which  are  numerous  on  historical  subjects, 
are  far  from  respectable.     He  died  1C55. 

Malipierra,  Olympia,  a  Venitian  lady 
of  noble  birth,  who  wrote  poems  of  some 
merit,  inserted  in  Bulifon's  collection,  pub- 
lished at  Naples,  and  died  1559. 

Mallemans,  Claude,  a  native  of  Bcaunc, 
member  of  the  congregation  of  the  oratory, 
and  professor  of  Philosophy  at  Pai-is,  where 
he  died  1723,  aged  77.  He  is  author  of  a 
New  Philosophical  System  of  the  World, 
l2mo, — the  Famous  Problem  of  the  Quad- 
rature of  the  Circle,  l2mo.  ^c. 

265 


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Mallemaks,  John,  brother  to  the  pie- 
t-eding,  took  orders  after  being  captain  of 
dragoons.  Besides  a  translation  of  Virgil 
into  French,  he  wrote  a  History  of  Reli- 
gion from  the  Creation  to  the  Reign  of  Jo- 
vian— Dissertations  on  Difficult  Passages 
in  the  Scriptures,  kc.  He  died  1740,  aged 
91. 

Mallet,  David,  or  Malloch,  an  En- 
glish poet,  born  in  Scotland  about  1700, 
and  educated  at  Edinburgh.  He  was  re- 
commended by  his  college  to  become  tutor 
to  the  sons  of  the  duke  of  Montrose,  and 
after  travelling  with  his  pupils,  he  settled  in 
London,  where  he  was  the  companion  of 
the  gi*eat,  the  learned,  and  the  witty.  In 
1724,  he  commenced  author,  and  in  1733, 
paid  his  court  to  Pope  in  his  "  Verbal  Ci-i- 
ticism,"  a  woi'k  of  little  merit.  In  1740,  ap- 
peared his  life  of  lord  Bacon,  displaying 
moi'e '  knowledge  of  history  than  of  scien- 
ces, and  soon  after  he  undertook  the  life  of 
the  duke  of  Marlborough,  at  the  request  of 
the  Duchess  ;  but,  says  his  biographer, 
many  were  apprehensive  that  as  he  had  for- 
gotten Bacon  was  a  philosopher,  he  might 
not  recollect  that  Marlborough  Avas  a  gene- 
ral. The  work  never  appeared.  Mallet 
afterwards  became  secretary  to  the  prince 
of  Wales  with  a  salary  of  200/.  a  year,  and 
assisted  Thompson  in  the  composition  of 
his  Masque  of  Alfred,  which  was  repeatedly 
acted  before  the  pi-ince  at  Cliefden,  1740, 
and  also  at  Drury-lanc,  1751.  The  poet 
flied  1765.  His  works  have  been  collected 
in  3  vols.  12mo.  but  possess  little  poetical 
merit.  He  published  lord  Bolingbroke's 
works,  5  vols.  4to.  as  his  lordship  had  left 
the  cai-e  of  them  to  him  as  his  property. 

Mallet,  Edmuuf',  a  French  divine, 
born  at  Melun,  1713.  He  was  in  1751, 
made  pi'ofessor  of  divinity  in  the  college  of 
Navarre,  at  Paris,  where  he  died,  1755. 
He  was  one  of  the  writers  of  the  Encyclo- 
pedia, on  the  articles  of  divinity  and  belles 
lettres,  and  composed  besides  several  works 
on  the  principles  of  poetry  and  eloquence — 
Essay  on  the  best  Orators — a  History  of 
the  civil  Wars  under  Francis  II.  Charles 
IX.  &.C.  from  the  Italian  of  Davila. 

?»Iallet,  Paul  Henry,  an  historian,  was 
born  at  Geneva,  in  1730.  He  became  pro- 
fessor of  the  belles  lettres,  at  Copenhagen, 
and  v/as  a  member  of  several  learned  so- 
cieties. He  died  in  1807.  His  works  are 
— 1.  Histoire  de  Danemarck.  2.  Histoire 
de  Hesse,  3  vols.  8vo.  3.  Histoire  de 
la  Maison  de  Brunswick,  3  vols.  4.  His- 
toire des  Suisses,  4  vols.  5.  Histoire  de 
la  Ligue  Aneeatique,  2  vols.  8vo.  Bishop 
Percy  translated  Mallet's  Introduction  to 
his  History  of  Denmavjf,  with  the  title  of 
*'  Northern  Antiquities,"  2  vols. — W.  B. 

Mallet  du  Pan,  James,  a  native  of 
fJpneva,  educated  under  the  patronage  of 


Voltaire,  at  Cassel,  where  he  became  por- 
fessor  of  belles  lettres.  Afterwards  as  the 
continuator  of  the  annals  of  Linguet,  and 
the  conductor  of  the  Mercure  de  France, 
he  acquired  celebrity,  but  when  the  French 
revolution  broke  out,  his  attachment  to  the 
royal  cause  exposed  him  to  the  severest 
persecutions  of  the  republicans.  After  be- 
ing 115  times  denounced  as  a  dangerous 
man,  and  finding  no  safe  asylum  either  in 
France,  or  in  Switzerland,  or  at  Geneva, 
he  came  to  London,  where  he  conducted 
the  Mercure  Britannique.  In  this  periodi- 
cal work,  by  wishing  to  please  every  party 
he  offended  all :  the  jacobins  were  disgust- 
ed with  the  details  which  recalled  to  mind 
their  cruel  excesses,  and  the  emigrants  were 
displeased  that  opinions  were  entertained 
which  discouraged  the  introduction  of  the 
ancient  government  of  France.  Notwith- 
standing these  jarring  opinions  it  was  evi- 
dent that  he  possessed  great  powers  of 
mind,  independence  of  sentiment,  and  in- 
tegrity of  character.  This  learned  but 
persecuted  man  died  at  Richmond,  15th 
May,  1800,  in  the  house  of  his  friend  Lalli- 
Tollendal,  leaving  a  wife  and  five  children, 
for  whose  maintenance  a  handsome  sub- 
scription was  raised.  He  wTote  besides, 
the  Influence  of  Philosophy  on  Literature, 
Svo. — Discourse  on  Eloquence  and  Politi- 
cal Systems,  12mo. — Considerations  on 
the  French  Revolution,  8vo. — Correspon- 
dence for  an  History  of  French  Republi- 
canism, Svo.  &c. 

Mallinkrott,  Bernard,  dean  of  the 
cathedral  of  Munster,  was  very  learned  but 
very  turbulent.  He  was  nominated  to  two 
bishoprics,  but  his  ambition  was  to  be 
bishop  of  Munster;  yet  he  was  defeated  in 
his  intrigues,  and  1650,  in  consequence  of 
his  seditious  conduct  he  was  degraded,  and 
afterwards  imprisoned  by  his  rival  in  the 
castle  of  Ottinzheim,  where  he  died  1664. 
He  wrote  de  Natura  et  Usu  Literarum,  4to. 
de  Orto  et  Progressu  Artis  Typographicae, 
4to. — Paralipomenon  de  Historicis  Graecis, 
4to.  and  other  works. 

Malone,  Edmund,  the  son  of  an  Irish 
judge,  was  born  at  Dublin,  in  1741.  He 
was  educated  at  the  university  of  his  native 
city,  from  whence  he  removed  to  the  Inner 
Temple,  and  in  1767  was  called  to  the  bar ; 
but  being  possessed  of  an  independent  for- 
tune, he  retired  from  the  profession,  and 
devoted  himself  to  literature.  In  1780  he 
published  two  supplementary  volumes  to 
Steevens's  Shakspeare,  and  a  detection  of 
Chatterton's  forgeries.  In  1790  appeared 
his  edition  of  Shakspeare  ;  and  in  1795  he 
exposed  the  imposture  of  the  Irelands.  In 
1797  he  published  the  life  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds  ;  in  1800  that  of  Dryden,  pre^ 
fixed  to  an  edition  of  his  prose  works ;  and 
in  1808  he  printed  the  Life  and  Tracts  o( 


MAI. 


MAN 


VVilHum  (icranl  Iluinilton  ;  and  in  l.-ill  a 
Ihograpliiciil  Sketch  of  the  risht  Hon.  Wil- 
liam Wiiulhaui.  Mr.  Malonc  died  May 
25,  lSV2.—  iy.  B. 

Malouin,  Paul  James,  a  native  of  Caen, 
professor  of  Medicine  in  the  royal  college 
at  Paris,  and  physician  to  the  queen.  He 
nrotc  a  treatise  on  Chymistry — on  Medical 
Chymistry — and  the  Chymical  Articles  in 
the  Encyclopedic.  He  died  at  Paris  1777, 
aged  76.  Another  of  the  same  name  and 
family  was  author  of  a  Treatise  on  Solid 
and  Fluid  bodies,  and  practised  as  a  physi- 
cian.    He  died  1718. 

Malpighi,  Marcello,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, born  10th  March,  1628,  at  Creval- 
cuore,  near  Bologna.  He  studied  anatomy 
and  physic  at  Bologna,  under  Massari  and 
Mariano,  and  took  there  his  doctor's  de- 
gree 1653.  In  1656,  he  was  appointed 
professor,  by  the  senate  of  Bologna,  but 
soon  left  it  by  the  invitation  of  the  grand 
duke  of  Tuscany,  to  settle  at  Pisa,  where 
his  curious  experiments  were  assisted  by 
his  friend  Borelli.  In  1659,  as  the  air  of 
Pisa  did  not  agree  with  him,  he  returned  to 
Bologna,  where  he  practised  with  great 
popularity.  In  1662,  he  was  prevailed  upon 
to  go  to  Messina  as  professor,  and  in  1691, 
the  new  pope  Innocent  XII.  sent  for  him 
to  Rome,  and  made  him  his  physician.  He 
died  29th  Nov.  1694,  in  consequence  of  a 
paralytic  stroke.  His  discoveries  in  ana- 
tomy were  curious  and  important.  By 
his  delicate  dissections  he  found  out  the 
lobules  of  the  liver,  and  the  nature  of  the 
formation  and  mechanism  of  the  kidneys, 
and  of  the  reins,  and  of  the  heart.  His 
works  were  printed  together,  London, 
1697,  folio,  and  reprinted  more  correctly, 
Amst.  1698,  in  4to. 

Malus,  Stephen  Louis,  a  mathemati- 
cian, was  born  at  Paris  in  1775.  He  be- 
came a  professor  in  the  military  school  at 
Metz ;  after  which  he  served  as  an  engi- 
neer in  the  army,  and  went  to  Egypt,  where 
he  discovered  a  new  branch  of  the  Nile. 
He  also  drew  a  map  of  the  country,  on 
which  he  wrote  a  memoir,  inserted  in  the 
"  Decade  Egyptienne."  After  distinguish- 
ing himself  in  several  actions,  he  returned 
to  Europe,  and  in  1811  obtained  the  Cop- 
leyan  medal  fiom  the  Royal  Society,  for 
Lis  discoveries  and  experiments  on  double 
refraction.  He  was  director  of  the  Poly- 
technic school,  a  major  of  engineers^  and 
superintendent  of  the  fortifications.  He 
died  in  1812.— IF.  B. 

Malvasia,  Charles  Caesar,  a  native  of 
Bologna,  author  of  an  Italian  History  of 
the  Painters  of  Bologna,  2  vols. — and  Alar- 
mora  Felsinea,  4to.  1660.  He  was  canon 
of  Bologna  cathedral. 

Malvezzi,  Virgilio,  marquis  of,  an  Ita- 
lian writer,  born  at  Bologna,  1599.  He 
studied  the  law  and  took  his  doctor's  dc- 


giee,  1616,  L»ul  afterwards  he  applied  linn 
self  to  arms,  and  was  employed  by  Philiji 
IV.  of  Spain,  and  a.linittr  d  into  his  council 
of  war.  He  dit:(l  at  IJulogna  11th  Aug. 
1654.  He  wrote  various  works  in  Spanish 
and  Italian,  and  was  author  of  a  discourse 
on  Tacitus'  first  book  of  Annals,  translated 
into  English. 

Mambrun,  Peter,  a  French  Jesuit,  born 
at  Clermont,  1581.  He  has  written  some 
elegant  Latin  eclogues  and  georgics  in  the 
style  of  Virgil,  besides  a  heroic  poem  in  12 
books,  called  Constantine,  and  a  valuable 
"  Peripatetic  Dissertation."    He  died  1661. 

Mammea,  Julia,  mother  of  tlie  emperor 
Severus,  is  known  for  her  virtues,  and  the 
judicious  conduct  which  she  dij-played  du- 
ring the  minority  of  her  son.  She  was  a.--- 
sassinated  by  the  rebellious  soldiers  with 
her  son,  at  Mayence,  235. 

Man*,  Cornelius  de,  a  native  of  Delft) 
who,  after  studying  painting  in  Italy  and 
France  nine  years,  returned  to  his  country 
where  he  settled,  and  acquired  celebrity  by 
his  representation  of  historical  pieces,  con- 
versations, &c.     He  died  1706,  aged  85. 

Manaua,  Prosper,  an  Italian  poet  and 
marquis,  was  born  in  the  duchy  of  Parniaj 
in  1714.  He  became  chamberlain  to  the 
duke,  and  was  intrusted  with  the  educa- 
tion of  the  young  prince  Ferdinand,  whii-h 
office  he  discharged  with  such  satisfaction, 
that  he  was  advanced  to  several  places  of 
distinction.  He  died  in  1800.  His  works 
were  published  by  Bodcui,  in  4  vols.  r2mo. 
1801,  with  his  life  prefixed.— IT.  B. 

Manasseh,  succeeded  his  father  Heze- 
kiah,  at  the  age  of  12.  Disgraced  by  his 
ill  conduct,  he  was,  677  B.  C.  carried  by 
Esarhaddon,  king  of  Assyria,  a  captive  to 
Babylon.  His  misfortunes  and  bis  capti- 
vity produced  reflection  and  repentance^ 
and  when  restored  to  his  kingdom  he  be- 
came an  exemplary  monarch,  and  re-esta- 
blished the  worship  of  the  God  of  his  fa- 
thers. There  is  an  excellent  prayer  by  him 
preserved  in  the  Apocrypha.  He  died  B. 
C.  643. 

Mancinelli,  Antonio,  an  Italian  poet 
and  orator,  born  at  Velitri,  1452.  He  i»ub- 
lished  a  poem,  "  Silva  Vitae  Suae,"  and 
other  pieces,  and  died  1506. 

Manco-Capac,  founder  of  the  Peruvian 
empire,  declared  himself  to  lie  the  descend- 
ant of  the  sun.  After  civilizing  his  sub- 
jects, and  uniting  their  scattered  tribes  un- 
der one  monarchy,  he  was  regarded  and 
worshipped  as  a  deity  after  his  death. 

Mandeville,  Sir  John,  a  famous  En- 
glish traveller,  born  at  St.  Alban's,  1300. 
He  left  England  1332,  and  during  an  ab- 
sence of  34  years  he  visited  the  various 
countries  of  Scythia,  Armenia,  Egypt,  Ara- 
bia, Media,  Persia,  Chaldea,  Greece,  &c. 
and  made  himself  well  acquainted  with 
their  language  and  manners.     At  his  re 

267 


MAJS 


MAN 


Uxeu  he  wrote  an  **  Itinerary,"  or  account 
of  his  travels,  in  English,  French,  and  La- 
Jin,  which  is  interesting  and  curious,  but 
abounds  with  the  marvellous  and  the  ficti- 
tious.    He  died  at  Liege,  17th  Nov.  1372. 
Mandeville,    Bernard    de,    M.  D.    a 
Dutch  physician,  born  at  Dort,  1670.     Af- 
ter studying  in  Holland,  he  came  over  to 
England  in  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  where  he   wrote   scvei-al  books. 
His  "  Virgin  Unmasked,"  a  most  licentious 
performance,   was  published  1709,  and  in 
1711,  his  "Treatise  of  the  Hypocondria 
and  Hysteric  Passions,"  a  work  of  some 
merit.     In    1723,  he  published  his   poem 
with  notes,  called  "  the  Fables  of  the  Bees, 
or  Private  Vices  made  Public  Benefits,"  a 
work  which  was  reprehended  by  the  grand 
jury  of  Middlesex,  and  attacked  from  va- 
rious quarters.     The  author  took  no  notice 
of  his   opponents  till  1728,  when  he  pub- 
lished  another  volume  called  the  second 
part  of  the  Fables  of  the  Bees.     It  has  been 
observed  that  he  improperly  confounds  su- 
perfluities and  faults,  and  by  representing 
human  nature  as  low  and  vicious,  and  men 
as  knaves  and   libertines,  he  destroys  all 
the  noble  incentives  to  virtue.     In  1720,  he 
published   "  Free  Thoughts  on   Religion," 
and  in  1732,  an  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  of 
Honour,   &c.     He  died   Jan.  1733.     The 
literary  opponents  of  Dr.  Mandeville,  were 
Dr.   Fiddes,   J.  Dennis,   W.  Law,    Bluet, 
Hutcheson,  A.   Campbell,    and   Berkeley, 
bishop  of  Cloyne. 

Manduillon,  I.  a  native  of  Bourg-en- 
Bresse,  who  embraced  the  mercantile  pro- 
fession, and  travelled  in  America  and  Hol- 
land. He  settled  in  Holland,  but  his  oppo- 
sition to  the  Stadtholder  made  him  unpopu- 
lar, and  he  returned  to  France,  where  the 
independence  of  his  character  rendered  him 
suspected  to  Robespierre,  who  ordered  him 
to  the  guillotine,  1793.  He  wrote  the  Ame- 
rican Spectator,  8vo.  a  work  of  merit,  and 
other  things. 

Manes,  the  founder  of  a  sect  of  the  Ma- 
liichees.     He  began  to  pi'opagate  about  the 
year  277,  his  doctrines  which  indeed  he  had 
derived  from  others,  especially  one  Scythi- 
anus,  whose  works  had  fallen  into  his  hands. 
Mingling  the  pure  doctrines  of  Christianity 
ivith  the  fables  of  paganism,  he  taught  that 
there  were  two  principles  of  all  things,  co- 
cternal   and  coeval,   that  is,  God  and  the 
devil,  that  from  the  former  all  good,  and 
from  the   latter  all  evil  proceeded.     The 
good  being   he   called    the   author   of  the 
New  Testament,  the  bad  of  the  Old.     God, 
Le  added,  created  the  soul,   the  devil   the 
body.     The  followers  of  these  superstitious 
and  incongruous  notions  were  at  one  time 
^ery  numerous.     Manes  pretended  also  to 
work  miracles,  and  he  was  therefore  sent 
for  by  Sapor  king  of  Persia  to  cure  his  son, 
but  his  pretended  power  failed  him,  the 
268 


child  died  in  his  arms,  and  the  disappointed 
father  ordered  the  prophet  to  be  flayed  alive, 
and  his  skin  stuffed  with  chaff",  to  be  hung 
up  at  the  gates  of  the  capital,  wherie  Epi- 
phanius  who  refuted  his  doctrines  and  ex- 
posed his  follies,  saw  it. 

Manetho,  an  Egyptian  historian,  author 
of  a  Greek  history  of  his  country,  B.C. 
304.  His  works  are  lost,  except  a  poem 
on  the  influence  of  the  stars,  published 
Leyden,  1698. 

Manetti,  Gianozzo,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, illustrious  as  one  of  those  active 
men  to  whom  the  revival  of  literature  may 
be  attributed.  He  studied  under  Chryso- 
loras,  and  read  lectures  at  Florence,  on  the 
philosophy  of  Aristotle,  and  assisted  in  the 
affairs  of  the  government.  He  afterwards 
retired  to  Rome,  where  he  became  secre- 
tary to  pope  Nicholas  V.  and  next  went  inta 
the  service  of  Alphonso  king  of  Naples, 
where  he  died  1459,  aged  63.  Besides  a 
Latin  translation  of  the  Greek  Testament, 
he  wrote  the  lives  of  Dante,  Petrarch,  Boc- 
cacio,  Nicholas  V. ;  a  treatise  against  the 
Jews ;  on  the  Dignity  of  Man ;  on  the 
Works  of  Aristotle,  &c. 

Manetti,  Rutilio,  a  native  of  Siena, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  works  adorn  the 
palaces  of  Florence  and  Pisa.  He  died 
1639,  aged  68. 

Manetti,  Xavier,  professor  of  botany 
and  medicine  at  Florence,  was  keeper  of 
the  imperial  garden,  and  author  of  Cata- 
logus  Horti  Academiae  Florent — Viridarium 
Florent,  8vo. — Ornithologiae  Tomus  Quin- 
tus  et  Ultimus,  fol.  1775.  He  died  1785, 
at  Florence. 

Manfredi,  Eustachio,  an  Italian  mathe- 
matician, born  1674,  at  Bologna,  where  he 
became  mathematical  professor.  He  was 
member  of  several  learned  societies,  and 
died  1739.  He  wrote  Ephemerides,  4  vols. 
4to. — de  Transitu  Mercurii  per  Solem, 
1723 — de  Annuis  Stellarum  Aberrationibus, 
4to.  and  also  sonnets  and  canzonets,  edited 
1713. 

Manfredi,  Bartholomew,  a  painter, 
born  at  Mantua  1574.  He  successfully 
imitated  his  master  Michael  Angelo,  of 
Caravaggio,  and  in  his  representation  of 
soldiers,  sailors,  peasants,  and  drunken 
scenes,  &c.  was  much  admired, 

Mangeart,  Thomas,  a  learned  Benedic- 
tine, greatly  honoured  by  the  duke  of  Lor- 
raine, to  whom  he  was  antiquary,  librarian 
and  counsellor.  He  died  1763.  His  great 
work  is  "  Introduction  to  the  Science  of 
Medals,"  folio,  besides  sermons,  &c. 

Mangenot,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Paris, 
author  of  eclogues,  fables,  tales,  and  madri- 
gals, &c.  published  Amsterdam  1776.  He 
was  an  ecclesiastic,  and  died  at  Paris  1768, 
aged  74. 

Manget,  John  James,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, born  at  Geneva  1652^    He  was  phy- 


MAN 


MAN 


^iclan  to  the  elector  of  Brandcnljurg,  and 
died  at  Geneva  1742,  aged  90.  lie  pub- 
lished Bibliotheca  Anatomica-Pharniaeeu- 
tica-Medica — Chirurgica — Scriptorum  Me- 
dicorum  ;  Chymicaet  Pharmacopeia,  works 
of  more  labour  than  genius,  and  compre- 
hended in  14  folio  vols. 

Mangey,  Thomas,  fellow  of  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge,  and  D.D.  became  rec- 
tor of  St.  Mildred's  Bread-street,  vicar  of 
Yealing,  and  prebendary  of  London.  lie 
published  an  edition  of  Philo-Judajus,  2 
vols,  folio ;  Remarks  upon  Nazarenus, 
against  Toland,  8vo. ;  and  Practical  Dis- 
courses on  the  Lord's  Prayer,  preached  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  of  which  the  third  edition 
appeared  1721.  He  died  11th  March, 
1755. 

Manilius,  Mai'cus,  a  poet  in  the  reign 
of  Tiberius.  His  Astronomicon,  which 
was  discovered  by  the  learned  Poggio  in  the 
16th  century,  is  best  edited  1787,  at  Stras- 
burg,  Svo. 

Manley,  Mary,  an  English  writer,  born 
at  Guernsey,  where  her  father  Sir  Roger 
was  governor.  She  lost,  when  very  young, 
her  mother,  and  her  father  some  time  after, 
and  in  this  distressing  situation  she  was  en- 
ticed into  a  marriage  with  a  relation  of  the 
same  name,  to  whose  care  her  unprotected 
innocence  had  been  intrusted  by  her  dying 
pai-ents.  The  new  husband,  who  had 
already  another  wife,  took  his  bride  to 
London,  and  soon  after  cruelly  deserted 
her.  She  afterwards  became  acquainted 
with  the  dutchess  of  Cleveland,  one  of  the 
king's  mistresses,  but  upon  being  dismissed 
by  her,  she  determined  to  spend  the  rest  of 
her  life  in  retirement  and  obscurity.  This 
might  have  succeeded,  but  her  "  Royal 
Mischief,"  a  tragedy,  when  represented  at 
Lincoln's-Inn-fields  theatre,  proved  so 
popular  that  she  was  now  courted  and  flat- 
tered by  men  of  wit  and  gallantry,  and  she 
in  an  evil  hour  yielded  her  virtue  to  the  lure 
of  temptation.  But  though  engaged  in 
intrigues,  she  still  continued  to  be  an  au- 
thor, and  her  "Memoirs  of  the  New  Ata- 
lantis,"  a  romance  in  4  vols,  in  which  she 
described  in  wanton  language  the  amours 
of  some  distinguished  characters,  but  in 
feigned  names,  drew  upon  her  a  prosecu- 
tion. Her  printer  and  publisher  were  ap- 
prehended, but  she  nobly  appeared  before 
the  king's  bench  to  take  the  blame  upon 
herself,  and  after  answering  with  spirit 
various  interrogatories  before  the  privy 
council,  and  being  held  in  strict  confine- 
ment, she  was  at  last  admitted  to  bail,  and 
finally  liberated.  She  afterwards  wrote  in 
favour  of  queen  Anne's  ministry,  and  died 
the  mistress  of  alderman  Barber  of  London, 
nth  June,  1724.  She  was  author  of  Lu- 
cius king  of  Britain,  a  tragedy,  acted  1717  ; 
Lost  Lover,  or  the  Jealous  Husband,  acted 
1696,  beside?  letters,  &c. 


Manliuh,  a  famous  Roman,  who  derivctJi 
the  name  of  Torcjuatus  from  his  conquest, 
in  single  combat,  of  a  gigantic  (Vaul  whose 
collar,  toninis,  he  carried  away  in  triumph. 
When  dictator  he  cruelly  put  his  son  to 
death  for  fighting  without  his  orders,  a 
circumstance  which  rendered  hun  odious  to 
his  countrymen,  B.C.  340. 

Manlius  Capitolinus,  Marcus,  a  Ro- 
man consul,  who  being  suddenly  awakened 
by  the  cackling  of  geese,  preserved  the 
capitol  when  besieged  by  the  Gauls.  He 
afterwards  aspired  to  the  sovereignty  of 
Rome,  and  was  thrown  down  from  the 
Tarpeian  rock,  384  B.C. 

Manly,  John,  captain  in  the  navy  of  the 
United  States,  was  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  born  in  1733.  He  became  a 
mariner  in  early  life,  and  in  1775  at  the 
recommendation  of  Washington,  was  ap- 
pointed a  captain  in  the  navy,  and  given 
the  command  of  the  schooner  Lee,  in  which 
he  performed  a  hazardous  cruise  in  Massa- 
chusetts bay  during  a  whole  winter,  and 
rendered  essential  service  to  the  colonics 
by  his  numerous  captures,  particularly  by 
taking  a  brig  laden  with  munitions  of 
war,  the  possession  of  which  enabled  the 
American  army  to  drive  the  British  from 
Boston,  In  reward  for  these  services  he 
was  promoted  to  the  command  of  the  fri- 
gate Hancock,  in  which  he  captured  the 
British  frigate  "  Fox,"  but  before  he  cotild 
return  to  port,  fell  with  his  prize  into  the 
hands  of  a  superior  British  force,  and  was 
carried  to  Halifax,  where  he  was  long  held 
a  prisoner.  On  returning,  in  17S2,  he  was 
intrusted  with  the  frigate  Hague,  with 
which  he  sailed  to  the  West  Indies,  and  to 
avoid  capture  by  a  vessel  which  was  pursu- 
ing him,  ran  onto  a  sand  bank  in  the  rear 
of  Guadaloupe,  where  he  was  for  four  days 
fought  by  four  line  of  battle  ships,  from 
which  he  however  escaped,  and  returned 
to  Boston.  He  was  there  impeached  be- 
fore a  court  martial  for  improper  conduct, 
and  failed  of  accomplishing  his  entire  jus- 
tification. He  then  retired  from  public 
employment,  and  died  in  1793.   ICJ^  L. 

Manners,  John,  marquis  of  Granby,  son 
of  the  duke  of  Rutland,  was  born,  Jan, 
1721.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a  sol- 
dier, and  went  to  the  German  wars  under 
Ferdinand  of  Brunswick,  as  general  of  the 
British  forces  ;  and  during  the  campaigns 
on  the  continent  obtained  great  and  de- 
served popularity  by  his  conduct  in  the  bat- 
tles of  Minden,  Warburg,  Kirk-Denkern, 
Gra'bestein,  and  Homburgh.  He  died  1770, 
highly  respected  by  the  nation  and  by  the 
government. 

Manning,  James,  D.D.  first  president  of 
the  college  of  Rhode-Island,  was  born  in 
New- Jersey  in  1738,  and  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1762.  He  entered  the  minis- 
try and  became  highly  popular.     On  the 

269 


Man- 


man 


organization  of  a  college  by  the  Baptists  in 
Khode-Island,  to  which  sect  he  belonged, 
he  was  selected  to  be  its  president,  and  re- 
moved in  1765  to  Warren,  in  that  state, 
where  it  was  at  first  placed.  Soon  after 
the  removal  of  the  institution  to  Provi- 
dence, in  1770,  he  was  chosen  pastor  of  a 
congregation  there,  and  discharged  the  du- 
ties of  both  offices,  with  great  ability  and 
acceptance.  In  1786  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  congress,  but  soon  resigned  the 
appointment.     He  died  in  July,  1791. 

Manningham,  Thomas,  D.D.  a  learned 
prelate,  educated  at  Winchester  school, 
and  New  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  be- 
came fellow.  He  became  rector  of  East 
Tystead,  Hants,  preacher  of  the  Rolls, 
1684,  rector  of  St.  Andrews,  Holborn, 
1691,  the  next  year  canon,  and  afterwards 
dean  of  Windsor,  and  1709,  bishop  of  Chi- 
chester. He  published  some  occasional 
sermons,  and  died  25th  Aug.  1722,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Andrew's  church. 

Mannori,  Lewis,  author  of  Memoirs 
and  Pleadings,  in  18  vols.  12mo.  a  work  cu- 
rious and  interesting,  was  an  advocate  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  died  in  that 
city,  1778,  aged  82.  He  exposed  himself 
to  the  satire  of  Voltaire,  for  being  engaged 
in  a  cause  against  him. 

Mannozzi,  John,  a  painter,  born  at  St. 
John,  a  village  near  Florence.  He  was  pa- 
tronised by  Lorenzo  de  Medicis,  whose 
palace  he  adorned  by  the  labours  of  his  art, 
particularly  in  fresco.  He  was  a  man  of 
capricious  and  irascible  character.  He  died 
1636,  aged  46. 

Mansard,  Francis,  a  French  architect, 
born  1598.  His  genius  was  displayed  in  the 
erection  of  the  gate  of  the  church  of  th6 
Feuillans,  of  the  church  of  les  Fillers  Ste. 
Marie,  the  hotels  de  Bouillon,  Toulouse, 
and  Jars,  and  other  edifices  in  Paris,  and 
in  the  provinces.  He  was  first  architect  to 
the  king,  and  superintendent  of  the  royal 
buildings,  in  which  he  was  succeeded  by  his 
nephew,  of  the  same  name,  also  an  inge- 
nious man,  who  was  honoured  with  the 
order  of  St.  Michael.  He  died  1666,  and 
his  nephew  170S,  aged  69. 

Mansfeld,  Peter  Ernest,  count  de,  an 
able  statesman  in  the  service  of  the  empe- 
ror of  Germany.  He  was  made  prisoner  at 
Ivoy,  1552,  and  when  restored  to  liberty, 
he  obtained  the  government  of  Luxem- 
bourg, where  his  administration  was  con- 
ducted with  prudence  and  ability,  to  the 
maintenance  of  tranquillity,  in  the  midst  of 
the  troubles  of  Brabant.  His  services  were 
considered  as  so  meritorious  that  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  whole  country. 
He  died  1604,  aged  87. 

Mansfeld,   Ernest  de,  natural  son  of 
count  Mansfeld,  distinguished  himself  so 
aiuch  that  he  was  legitimated  bv  the  cmpe- 
270 


ror  Rodolphus  IL  He  was  refused  the 
succession  of  his  father's  honours  and  pos- 
sessions, in  consequence  of  which  he  join- 
ed the  protestants  in  1610,  and  showed 
himself  a  vigorous  enemy  of  the  house  of 
Austria.  He  died  at  a  village  in  the  terri- 
tory of  Venice,  Nov.  1626,  aged  46. 

Mansfield,  earl  of.  Vid.  Murray. 

Manstein,  Christopher  Herman  de,  a 
Russian  writer,  born  at  Petersburgh,  1711. 
He  was  a  brave  officer,  and  distinguished 
in  the  service  of  the  Russian  and  Prussian 
monarchs.  He  was  shot  in  the  war  of  1757, 
while  serving  as  major-general  at  the  head 
of  a  Prussian  regiment,  leaving  two  sons 
and  four  daughters.  He  wrote  a  valuable 
work,  Memoirs  of  Russia,  2  vols.  8vo. 
printed  at  Lyons,  1772,  and  Leipsic,  1781, 
and  published  in  English  in  2  vols.  4to. 
under  the  care  of  Mr.  Hume. 

Mantegna,  Andrea,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  a  village  near  Padua,  1451.  He 
was  originally  a  shepherd,  but  the  rough 
drawings  which  he  made  for  his  amuse- 
ment, were  seen  and  admired  :  he  was 
placed  under  a  master,  and  improved  so 
much,  that  at  the  age  of  17  he  painted  the 
altar  piece  of  the  church  of  St.  Sophia,  in 
Padua.  He  painted  also  another  celebra- 
ted piece  for  the  duke  of  Mantua,  the  tri- 
umphs of  Julius  Caesar,  which  have  been 
placed  in  the  collection  of  Hampton-court. 
He  died  at  Mantua,  1517. 

Mantica,  Francis,  a  native  of  Udina, 
professor  of  law  at  Padua.  He  afterwards 
went  to  Rome  under  the  patronage  of  Six- 
tus  VI.  and  of  Clement  VIII.  who  made 
him   a  cardinal.      He  wrote  de  Conjunc- 

turis    Ultimarum    Voluntatum,    folio 

Lucubrationes  Vaticinae — Decisiones  Rotae 
Rom.  &c.  and  died  1614,  aged  30. 

Mantinus,  James,  author  of  a  book  on 
the  Republic  of  Plato,  and  translator  of  the 
works  of  Avicenna,  and  Averroes  into  La- 
tin, was  a  Spanish  physician  in  the  16th 
century,  who  practised  with  great  reputa- 
tion at  Venice. 

Man  TON,  Thomas,  D.D.  a  native  of 
Lawrence  Lydiard,  Somersetshire,  edu- 
cated at  Wadham  college,  Oxford.  He 
was  ordained  by  bishop  Hall,  and  had  first 
the  cure  of  Colyton,  Devonshire,  after 
which  he  settled  at  Stoke  Newington,  and 
became  a  popular  preacher  in  London, 
and  before  the  parliament.  He  was, 
at  the  restoration,  chaplain  to  the  king, 
but  lost  his  preferment  in  1662,  for  non- 
conformity, and  in  1671  was  imprisoned 
for  officiating  in  a  conventicle.  He  died 
1677,  aged  57,  and  was  buried  in  Stoke 
Newington  church.  His  works,  consisting 
of  Sermons,  and  other  Calvanic  tracts,  were 
edited  in  5  vols,  folio. 

Mantuan,  Baptist,  an  Italian  poet,  born 
at  Mantua,  1448,  the  natural  son  of  Peter 
Spagnolo,  a  man  of  distinctioir.     He  w?-s= 


MAS 


AJ.Ui 


atlectionately  educated  by  his  father,  ami 
artcrwards  entered  amoiii?  the  Carmelites, 
of  uhose  order  he  becunie  f^eiu-ral.  He, 
however,  (juitted  them  in  disii;usl,  151 5, 
and  devoted  himself  to  literatnre.  He  died 
the  next  vear.  I  lis  works,  which  })os.se3s 
not  nmch  animation,  were  printed  at 
Paris,  1513,  3  vols,  folio.  A  more  perfect 
edition  appeared  at  Antwerp,  1576,  in  4 
vols.  Svo. 

Manuel,  Commenus,  emperor  of  the 
east,  after  his  father  John,  114,  and  to  the 
prejudice  of  his  elder  brother  Isaac,  whom 
his  father  had  disinherited.  After  repel- 
ling the  invasion  of  Roger,  king  of  Sicily, 
he  made  war  against  Dalmatia,  Hungary, 
and  Egypt,  which  he  might  have  con- 
quered, if  not  perfidiously  abandoned  by 
Amoury,  king  of  Jerusalem,  on  whose 
assistance  he  too  strongly  relied.  He  died 
1180. 

Manuel,  Pala.>ologus,  son  and  successor 
of  John  on  the  throne  of  Constantinople, 
took  the  monastic  habit,  and  retired  to  a 
monastery,  after  resigning  his  dignity  to 
his  son,  John  >  II.  whom  he  considered  as 
more  capable  than  himself  to  repel  the  in- 
vasion of  the  Turks.  He  died  1425,  aged  75. 

Manutius,  Aldus,  a  celebrated  printer, 
born  at  Bassano.  He  was  the  first  who 
printed  Greek  with  correctness  and  ele- 
gance ;  and  he  introduced  that  form  of  let- 
ters, still  in  use,  called  Italics.  His  editions 
of  the  classics  were  held  in  high  estimation. 
He  died  at  Venice,  where  he  had  long  ex- 
ercised his  profession  with  much  success, 
1516.  One  copy  of  his  capital  works  was 
always  printed  on  vellum. 

Manutius,  Paul,  son  of  Aldus,  was  of 
the  same  profession.  He  was  librarian  to 
Pius  IV.  and  seconded  his  attempts  to  print 
all  the  Fathers  in  a  new  and  elegant  man- 
ner. He  was  far  more  learned  than  his 
father,  and  acquired,  by  the  frequent  read- 
ing of  Cicero,  such  facility  of  elegant  com- 
position, that  Scaliger  says,  a  Roman  could 
not  have  written  better.  He  wrote  epistles, 
very  laboured — and  Commentaries  on  Cice- 
ro, 4  vols,  folio.  He  wrote,  besides,  other 
works,  the  best  of  which  is  perhaps  his 
book  do  Lcgibus  Romanorum.  He  died 
1574;  and  it  is  said  his  days  were  short- 
ened in  consequence  of  youthful  follies, 
and  of  domestic  calamities. 

.Manutius,  Aldus,  the  younger  son  of 
Paul,  was  also  a  printer.  He  promised  in 
his  youth  to  obtain  greater  celebrity  than  his 
father  and  grandfather  ;  but  he  proved  un- 
fortunate. Negligence  produced  distress, 
and  he  at  last  became  so  indigent,  that  he 
sold  the  excellent  library  of  80,000  volumes, 
collected  by  his  ancestors,  to  maintain  him- 
self. Pope  Clement  VIII.  made  him  direc- 
tor of  the  Vatican  press.  He  died  very 
poor,  1597,  at  Rome.  He  wrote  Com- 
mentaries on  Cicero — a  treatise  on  Ortho- 


graphy—Notes on  Ancient  Writers — three 
books  of  Epistles— the  Lives  of  Cosmo  dc 
Medicis,  and  lif  Castrnccio  Castricani,  &.c. 

Manzo,  John  liapiist,  manjiiis  de  \  ilia, 
an  Italian,  who  ufter  serving  with  credit  in 
the  Spanish  army,  devoted  himself  to  lite- 
rature at  Naples,  where  he  assisted  in  the 
foundation  of  the  Degli  Otiosi  academy.  Ho 
wrote  a  Life  of  Tasso,  12m().  —  Del  Amore 
Dialogi,  Svo. — Rime,  Tinio.  and  died  at 
Naples,  1645,  aged  84. 

Manzoum,  Tojnaso,  an  Italian  painter, 
whose  historical  pieces,  landscapes,  &c. 
were  much  admired.  He  died  1570, 
aged  39. 

Mapes,  Walter,  a  poet,  chaplain  to  Hen- 
ry II.  Under  John  he  was  made  canon  of 
Salisbury,  precentor  of  Lincoln,  and  arch- 
deacon of  Oxford.  He  wrote  in  Latin,  in  a 
satirical  style,  and  some  of  his  verses  are 
still  read  and  admired.  He  was  a  facetious 
companion. 

Mapletoft,  John,  M.  D.  an  English 
divine,  born  June,  1631,  at  Margate-Inge, 
in  Huntingdonshire,  and  educated  at  West- 
minster school,  and  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  became  fellow.  He  tra- 
velled with  the  sons  of  the  earl  of  Northum- 
berland, and  at  his  return  he  took  his  de- 
grees in  medicine,  and  settled  as  a  practi- 
tioner in  London.  Here  he  was  distinguish- 
ed as  the  friend  of  \\'illis,  Sydenham, 
and  Locke :  of  Tillotson,  Patrick,  Sher- 
lock, and  other  learned  men,  and  in  1670  he 
went  with  lord  Essex,  the  ambassador,  to 
the  court  of  Denmark.  In  1675  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  physic  of  Gresham  col- 
lege, and  in  1676  attended  the  ambassador 
Montague  to  France.  He  married  in  1679, 
and  then  abandoning  medicine,  applied  him- 
self to  divinity  ,  took  orders,  1682,  and  ob- 
tained the  rectory  of  Braybrook,  Northamp- 
tonshire, and  some  other  preferment.  When 
William  was  at  Cambridge,  1689,  he  took 
his  degree  of  D.D.  and  in  1707  was  presi- 
dent of  Sion  college.  He  continued  to 
preach  in  his  church  of  St,  Lawrence,  Jew- 
ry, till  he  was  turned  of  80,  and  died  1721, 
at  W^estminster,  aged  91.  He  translated 
Sydenham's  Medical  Observations  into  La- 
tin, and  wrote  besides  the  Principles  and 
Duties  of  the  Christian  Religion,  Svo. — and 
other  things. 

Mahacci,  Lewis,  rid.  Marracci. 

Maracci,  John,  a  painter,  born  at  Lucca. 
His  historical  pieces  exhibited  great  taste 
and  judgment.     He  died  1704,  iiged  67. 

Marais,  Marin,  a  celebrated  musician, 
born  at  Paris,  1656.  He  composed  some 
admired  pieces  for  the  theatres,  especially 
Alcides — Ariadne  and  Bacchus — Semele 
and  Alcyone,  the  last  of  which  is  his  best 
performance.  He  died  15th  Aug.  1728,  aged 
72,  leaving  nine  children,  some  of  whom 
inherited  part  of  his  great  musical  talents. 

Maralpi,  James  Philip,   a  mathemati^ 

"in 


MAR 


MAR 


eian,  bom  at  Perinaldo,  near  Nice,  1665. 
He  studied  in  France,  and  was  engaged  with 
Cassini,  in  constructing  the  great  meridian 
line  through  France.  He  died  1729,  aged 
64,  leaving  behind  him  a  catalogue  of  the 
fixed  stars,  and  curious  observations,  print- 
ed in  the  memoirs  of  the  academy  of 
sciences,  and  pieces  on  bees,  and  petri- 
factions. 

Marana,  John  Paul,  author  of  the  Turk- 
ish Spy,  a  work  once  read  with  great  avidi- 
ty, and  considered  as  authentic,  but  now 
regarded  as  half  fictitious,  was  born  at  Ge- 
noa. He  resided  for  some  time  at  Paris, 
and  again  returned  to  his  own  country, 
where  he  died  1693,  aged  51.  The  Turkish 
Spy  was  first  published  in  6  vols.  l2mo.  and 
in  1742,  when  the  last  edition  appeared, 
another  volume  was  added. 

Marat,  John  Paul,  one  of  the  atrocious 
leaders  of  the  French  revolution,  was  born 
at  Beaudry,  near  Neufchatel,  in  Switzer- 
land, 1744.  He  studied  medicine,  but  with 
little  knowledge  of  it,  he  acquired  public 
notice  by  passing  as  an  empiric,  and  by 
selling  at  a  high  price  a  water  which  he  pre- 
tended could  cure  all  diseases.  After  visit- 
ing England  he  returned  to  Paris,  at  the 
time  that  the  revolution  broke  out,  and  with 
all  the  ardour  of  a  man  who  wishes  to  profit 
by  the  miseries  of  the  public,  he  began  to 
attack  the  character  of  the  ministers,  espe- 
fially  Necker,  in  his  Publiciste  Parisien. 
To  this  vile  but  popular  publication  succeed- 
ed L'Ami  du  Peuple,  in  which  he  recom- 
mended in  seditious  language,  revolt,  pillage, 
and  mui'der  ;  he  excited  the  soldiers  to  as- 
sassinate their  generals,  the  poor  to  seize 
the  property  of  the  rich,  and  the  profligate 
to  cut  off  their  enemies.  Though  the  assem- 
bly viewed  his  conduct  with  detestation, 
and  seized  his  papers,  he  continued  his  peri- 
odical labours,  under  the  patronage  of  the 
jacobins,  and  when  elected  deputy  to  the 
convention,  he  appeared  in  the  hall,  armed 
with  pistols.  Delighting  in  blood,  he  pro- 
moted the  murders  of  September,  and  never 
satisfied  with  carnage,  he,  by  repeated  ac- 
cusations, carried  the  most  virtuous  of  the 
citizens,  and  the  bravest  of  the  generals,  to 
the  guillotine,  and  declared  with  exultation, 
that  the  happiness  of  France  required  for 
its  consolidation  the  sacrifice  of  300,000 
more  lives.  This  execrable  wretch  might 
still  have  added  to  the  number  of  his  vic- 
tims, but  a  heroine  arose  to  rid  the  world  of 
the  blood-thirsty  tyrant.  Charlotte  Corday 
obtained  access  to  him  while  he  was  in  his 
bath,  and  with  a  blow  of  a  dagger  she  laid 
the  monster  dead  at  her  feet,  14th  July, 
1793.  His  remains  were  honoured  by  his 
sanguinary  accomplices,  with  all  the  distinc- 
tion due  only  to  a  hero,  and  were  deposited 
in  great  pomp,  in  the  pantheon.  But  though 
prejudice  or  fear  exalted  this  monster  to  the 
rank  of  a  god,  and  dedicated  busts,  pyra- 
579 


mids,  and  temples  to  his  honour,  the  publiu 
opinion  soon  changed,  his  memory  was  in- 
sulted, and  his  very  body  dug  up,  and 
thrown  into  a  common  sink.  This  worth- 
less tyrant  was,  in  his  person,  disagreeable 
and  ferocious ;  he  spoke  with  animation, 
but  his  looks  betrayed  the  black  purposes  of 
his  heart,  and  the  words  of  an  acient  author 
have  been  properly  applied  to  him  ; 

Corpore  cumfcedo,  species  estfadoir  oris, 
Fadum  pectus  habet,  fxdius  ingenium. 

He  wrote  Man,  or  the  principles  of  the  In- 
fluence of  the  Soul  on  the  Body,  and  of  the 
Body  on  the  Soul,  1775,  2  vols.  12mo.  a 
work  severely  criticised  by  Voltaire — Dis- 
coveries on  Fire,  Electricity,  and  Light, 
8vo.  1779 — Discovery  on  Light,  8vo.  in 
which  he  attacks  Newton's  System — Me- 
moirs on  Electricity,  &.c. 

Maratti,  Carlo,  an  Italian  painter,  born 
1625,  at  Camerino,  in  the  march  of  Ancona. 
His  fondness  for  painting  was  early  dis- 
covered, and  he  was  sent  to  Rome,  where 
he  became  pupil  to  Andrea  Sacchi,  and 
soon  acquired  celebrity  by  the  grace  and 
beauty  of  his  figures.  He  was  knighted, 
and  received  a  pension  from  Clement  XI. 
and  was  appointed  painter  in  ordinary  to 
Lewis  XIV.  He  studied  the  pieces  of  Ra- 
phael, the  Caraccis,  and  Guido,  with  asto- 
nishing success,  and  chiefly  excelled  as  the 
painter  of  female  saints  and  madonnas.  He 
died  at  Rome,  loaded  with  honours  and  op- 
pulence,  1713,  aged  38. 

Marbach,  John,  a  protestant  divine,  a 
native  of  Lindau,  author  of  a  curious  book, 
called  Fides  Jesu  et  Jesuitarum,  in  which  he 
compared  the  doctrines  of  Jesus  with  those 
of  the  Jesuits.  He  died  at  Strasburg,  1581, 
aged  60. 

Marbodus,  or  Marbod^us,  surnamed 
Gains,  a  monk  of  Angers,  bishop  of  Ren- 
nes,  an  honour  which  he  resigned  some 
time  before  his  death.  He  wrote  a  book, 
"  De  Gemmis" — the  Life  of  Magnoboldus, 
bishop  of  Angers — some  sacred  poems,  &c. 
and  died  1123. 

Marca,  Peter  de,  an  eminent  French 
writer  and  prelate,  born  1594,  at  Gart,  in 
Beam.  He  studied  the  law,  and  in  1621 
was  made  president  of  the  parliament  of 
Beam,  and  in  1639  counsellor  of  state  at 
Paris.  He  published  in  1640  "  the  History 
of  Beam,"  v/hich  widely  established  his  re- 
putation as  an  elegant  writer,  and  a  good 
politician,  and  was  then  engaged  to  defend 
and  explain  the  liberties  of  the  Galilean 
church,  which  some  enemies  of  cardinal 
Richelieu  represented  as  desirous  of  sepa- 
rating in  an  independent  patriarchate  from 
the  see  of  Rome.  His  book,  "De  Con- 
cordia Sacerdotii  et  Imperii,"  1641,  though 
written  with  moderation,  and  at  the  com- 
mand of  the  French  king,  gave  some  oflence 
to  the  pope,  and  when  the  author  in  conse. 


MAR 


MAR 


quencc  of  bis  services  was  nominated  to  the 
see  of  Conseraus,  his  consecration  was  de- 
layed till  he  had  made  his  peace  with  his 
ecclesiastical  master,  by  the  publiciition  of 
another  treatise,  De  Singiilari  Primatu  Pe- 
tri, ill  which  he  asserted  the  supremacy  of 
the  pope,  lie  was  sent  in  1644  as  visiter 
general  to  Catalonia,  and  executed  his  office 
with  such  popularity,  that  when  ill,  the  pub- 
lic prayers  of  the  province  were  ollered  for 
his  recovery.  He  took  possession  of  his  bi- 
shopric in  1G48,  and  soon  after  was  raised  to 
the  see  of  Toulouse,  where  he  was  admitted 
in  1655.  He  afterwards  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  general  assembly  of  the  clergy  in 
opposition  to  the  Jansenists,  and  in  1658 
was  made  minister  of  state.  In  1600  he 
was  engaged  at  Rosillon,  on  determining 
the  boundaries  of  the  French  and  Spanish 
territories  in  the  Pyrenees,  in  which  he  was 
greatly  assisted  by  his  classical  knowledge. 
He  obtained  in  1662  the  high  dignity  of 
archbishop  of  Paris,  but  died  there  in  June, 
on  the  same  day  that  the  bulls  arrived  from 
Rome  to  confirm  his  elevation.  De  Marca 
was  a  man  of  extraordinary  talents,  which 
he  had  assiduously  cultivated  at  Toulouse. 
He  was  married,  and  had  seven  children, 
but  on  the  death  of  his  wife,  1632,  he  be- 
came an  ecclesiastic,  and  rose  to  the  digni- 
ties we  have  mentioned. 

Marcel,  N.  a  painter  of  Frankfort.  His 
vases,  filled  with  fruits  and  flowers,  his 
shells,  &c.  were  finished  in  a  pleasing  style. 
He  died  1683,  aged  55. 

Marcel,  William,  author  of  a  History 
of  the  Origin  of  the  French  monarchy,  4 
vols.  12mo. — Chronological  Tables  of  An- 
cient History,  sacred  and  profane,  was  a 
French  advocate,  and  died  commissary  at 
Aries,  1708,  aged  61. 

Marcelli,  Benedict,  the  prince  of  mu- 
sic, according  to  the  flattery  of  the  Italians, 
was  a  noble  Venetian,  who  excelled  not 
only  in  music,  but  also  in  philosophy,  and 
in  poetry.  His  "  Fashionable  Stage,"  in 
Italian,  in  which  he  ridicules  modern  ope- 
ras, is  his  best  prose  composition,  and  his 
chief  poetical  work  is  the  comedy  Tosca- 
nismo,  &c.     He  died  1739,  aged  53. 

Marcellinus,  succeeded  Caius  in  the 
popedom,  296,  and  died  eight  years  after. 
He  is  vindicated  by  Augustine  against  the 
Donatists,  who  accuse  him  of  offering  sa- 
crifices to  the  idols. 

Marcellus,  a  physician  of  Side,  in 
Pamphylia,  whence  he  is  surnamed  Si- 
detes.  He  flourished  under  Adrian  and 
the  Antonines,  and  wrote  a  poem  on  medi- 
cine, now  lost.  A  i)hysician  of  Bourdeaux, 
author  of  some  medical  works,  lived  about 
381  A.D. 

Marcellus,  I.  pope  after  Marcellinus, 
308,  was  banished  by  Maxentius,  the  em- 
peror, for  excommunicating  a  worthless 
apostate,  and  he  died  310, 

Vol,  n.  35 


Marcellus  II.  pope  afier  Julius  III. 
died  a  few  weeks  after  his  elevation,  1555. 
He  was  a  native  of  Montc|)ulei:uio,  nud 
was  secretary  to  Paul  III.  ulio  created  him 
a  cardinal,  and  made  him  pnrsident  of  the 
council  of  Trent. 

March,  Ausias,  a  poet  of  Valentia  in  the 
15th  century.  He  wrote  amatory  verses 
in  praise  of  his  fair  country  woman,  The- 
resa Bon,  as  Petrarch  celebrated  his  Laura, 
and,  in  consequence  of  the  similarity  of 
their  poetry,  they  have  been  accused  of 
stealing  one  from  the  other,  though  it  is 
probable  that  they  both  borrowed  from 
some  earlier  poet. 

Marchand,  Prosper,  a  French  writer, 
who  quitted  France  to  profess  the  piotest- 
ant  religion  in  Holland.  He  published 
there,  "  the  Literary  Journal,"  and  died  at 
a  sreat  aaie,  1756.     He  published  besides, 


'3^» 


"  the  History  of  Printing," — Dictionaire 
Historique,  two  small  folio  vols,  and  a 
new  edition  of  the  dictionarj'  and  letters  of 
Bayie. 

Marcfie,  Oliver  de  la,  a  French  writer, 
gentleman  to  Philip  the  Good,  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, and  afterwards  in  the  service  of 
Charles  the  Rash^  who  was  slain  at  the 
battle  of  Nancy,  1477,  and  next  in  the  em- 
ployment of  Maximilian  of  Austria,  and 
of  the  areh-duke  Philip.  He  died  at  Brus- 
sels, 1501.  His  works  are  "  Memoirs  or 
Chronicles,"  4to.  1610 — a  Treatise  on 
Duels,  8vo. — the  Triumph  of  Virtuous 
Women,  8vo.  1529,  &c. 

Marchetti,  Alexander,  a  physician  and 
poet,  born  at  Pontormo,  near  Pi^a,  1(533. 
He  succeeded  his  friend  Borelli  as  profes- 
sor of  Mathematics  at  Pisa,  and  in  his  lec- 
tures preferred  reason  and  experiment  to 
authority,  and  to  Aristotle.  He  died  1714, 
He  wrote  poems  in  4to. — treatises  on  phi- 
losophical subjects — a  translation  of  Lucre- 
tius, in  Italian  verse,  4to. — a  translation  of 
Anacreon. 

Marchin,  Ferdinand  count,  a  native  of 
Liege,  who  signalized  himself  in  the  French 
armies  at  the  battles  of  Fleurus  and  Ner- 
winde,  and  at  the  siege  of  Charleroi.  He: 
was  sent  in  1701,  as  ambassador  from 
Lewis  XV.  to  the  king  of  Spain,  and  be- 
haved with  great  disinterestedness  in  re- 
fusing the  rank  of  nobility  from  tlie  Spanish 
court.  He  was  afterwards  in  the  army  in 
Germany,  and  commanded  the  retreat  at 
the  fatal  battle  of  Hockstet.  He  was 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Turin,  which  had 
been  fought  against  his  advice,  7th  Sept. 
170G,  and  he  died  soon  after  the  amputa- 
tion of  his  thigh. 

Marcianus,  an  obscure  Thracian,  raised 
to  imperial  dignity  on  the  death  of  Theo- 
dosius  II.  His  virtues  were  many,  and  the 
expectations  of  Rome  were  great,  but  he 
unfortunately  died  while  preparing  to  re- 

273  ■ 


MAK 


MAR 


^cl  the  barbarians,  who  had  invaded  Africa, 
457,  aged  69. 

Marcilius,  Theodore,  a  learned  Ger- 
man critic,  born  at  Arnheim,  in  Gueldres, 
1548.  He  was  educated  under  his  father,  a 
man  of  learning,  and  afterwards  at  Deven- 
ter  and  Louvain.  He  visited  Paris,  and 
taught  belles-lettres  there,  and  in  1602 
was  made  royal  professor  of  the  Latin 
tongue.  He  died  1617.  Though  abused 
by  Scaliger,  he  was  a  learned  man,  and 
published  Pythagoras'  Golden  Verses,  with 
Annotations,  besides  Historia  Stenarum, 
8vo. — some  poems  and  orations,  &c. 

Marcion,  a  heretic  of  the  second  centu- 
ry. He  was  born  at  Sinopc,  in  Paphlago- 
nia,  where  his  father  was  bishop,  and  de- 
voted himself  to  a  life  of  mortification. 
Breaking,  however,  his  vows  of  conti- 
nence, he  was  excommunicated  by  his  fa- 
ther, who  never  would  again  re-admit  him 
within  the  pale  of  the  church,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  went  to  Rome,  where 
his  disgrace  followed  him.  Unable  to  be 
reconciled  to  the  church,  he  embraced  the 
heretical  opinion  of  Cerdo,  to  which  he  af- 
terwards added  the  wild  principles  of 
Manes,  with  some  incoherent  doctrines  of 
his  own.  It  is  said,  that  before  his  death 
he  wished  to  renounce  all  his  errors.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 

Mardonius,  son-in-law  of  Darius,  ivas 
at  the  head  of  the  army  of  Xerxes,  in  his 
invasion  of  Greece,  and  he  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Plataa,  B.  C.  479. 

Marduel,  John,  a  native  of  Lyons,  who 
studied  for  the  ecclesiastical  profession  at 
Villefranche,  Beaujolois,  and  Paris.  He 
became  minister  of  St.  Roch,  where  his 
conduct  as  a  pastor,  as  a  peace-maker,  and 
as  a  man,  was  most  exemplary.  He  died 
universally  respected,  1787,  aged  88. 

Mare,  William  de  la,  or  Mara,  a  Latin 
poet,  of  noble  birth  in  the  Cotentin.  Dis- 
gusted with  the  court,  where  he  was  secre- 
tary  to  the  cbancellorj  he  retired  to  Caen, 
where  he  became  rector  of  the  university, 
and  in  1510  treasurer  and  canon  of  Cou- 
tances.  He  wrote  two  poems,  Chimaera, 
1514,  4to. — De  tribus  fugiendis,  Venere, 
Ventre,  et  Pluma,  1512,  4to. 

Mare,  Philibert  de  la,  counsellor  in  the 
pai'liament  of  Dijon,  was  an  elegant  Latin 
writer,  and  died  1687.  He  wrote  commen- 
taries, De  Bello  Burgundico,  4to. — Histo- 
ricorum  Burgund.  Conspectus,  &c. 

Mare,  Nicholas  de  la,  principal  magis- 
trate of  the  Chatelet,   under   Lewis  XIV. 
with  whom  he  was  in  great  favour,   died 
1723,  aged  82.     He  was  author  of  a  valu- 
able Treatise  on  the  Police,  3  vols,  folio,  to 
which  a  foiath  was  added  after  his  death. 
Marechal,  George,   a  native  of  Calais, 
son  of  a  poor  officer.     His  skill  in  surgical 
,  operations   was  very   great,    especially  in 
lithotomy,  and  his  attention  to  Lewis  XIV. 
274 


when  attacked  by  an  abscess  in  the  neck, 
1696,  was  rewarded  with  the  appointment 
of  surgeon  to  the  royal  household,  in  1703 
he  was  made  maitre  d'  hotel,  and  received 
a  patent  of  nobility.  He  died  at  his  seat  at 
Bievre,  1736,  aged  78.  The  memoirs  of 
the  academy  of  surgery  at  Paris  were  en- 
riched by  some  of  his  papers. 

Marechal,  Peter  Sylvan,  a  native  of 
Paris,  who  studied  the  law,  and  afterwards 
became  a  periodical  writer  at  the  revolu- 
tion. He  wrote  nineteen  different  things, 
some  of  which  were  very  profane  and  inde- 
cent, among  which  Avere,  a  book  escaped 
from  the  Deluge — the  Pantheon — Diction- 
ary of  Atheists — Voyage  of  Pythagoras,  6 
vols.  8vo.  a  weakimitationof  Barthelemy's 
Anarcharsis,  &c.  He  died  at  Paris,  18th 
Jan.  1803. 

Marets,  Roland  des,  a  native  of  Paris, 
author  of  Latin  philological  letters  of  great 
merit.     He  died  1653,  aged  59. 

Marets,  John  des,  a  French  writer,  very 
debauched  in  his  youth.  He  afterwards 
became  a  great  saint,  and  a  fanatic,  and 
prophesied  as  from  divine  revelation,  that 
the  French  king  would  destroy  the  Turkish 
empire,  and  the  religion  of  Mahomet,  after 
uniting  all  the  princes  of  Europe  in  one 
common  cause  to  profess  and  support  the 
catholic  tenets  of  the  see  of  Rome.  He 
wrote  some  dramatic  pieces,  of  which  "  Les 
Visionaires,"  particularly  was  acted  with 
great  applause,  besides  a  Paraphrase  of 
David's  Psalms — the  Christian  Virtues,  a 
poem  in  eight  cantos — Clovis,  an  epic 
poem,  in  26  books — Les  Delices  de  I'Es- 
prit,  a  wild  performance — some  romances, 
&c.  He  was  a  great  enemy  of  the  Jansen- 
ists,  and  died  1676,  aged  81. 

Marets,  Samuel  des,  a  protestant  di- 
vine, born   at  Oismond,  in  Picardy,  1599. 
He  studied  belles  lettres  at  Paris,  and  divi- 
nity at  Saumur  and  Geneva.     He  took  or- 
ders in  1620,  though  he  was  of  small  sta- 
ture, and  went  by  the  name   of  the  little 
preacher  ;  but  he  grew  up  to  his  25th  year, 
and  attained  nearly  the  full  size.     He  was 
minister  successively  at  Laon,  Falaise,  Se- 
dan, and,  in   1642,  became  professor  at 
Groningen,  where  his  abilities  were  dis- 
played to  the  great  advantage  and  celebrity 
of  that  university.     He  was  afterwards  in- 
vited to  Lausanne,  and,  in  1663,  to  Ley- 
den,  but  as  he  prepared  to  remove  to  this 
place,  he  died  at  Groningen,  May  18th,  the 
same  year.     In  his  literary  labours  he  was 
engaged  in  controversies  for  18  years,  with 
Boetius,  and  for  a  little  time  with  Daille. 
He  also  attacked  Grotius,  for  his  explana- 
tions  about  Antichrist,  and  also  waged  a 
paper  %var  with  Comenius  and  Labadie  and 
Peter  Serrarius,  among   those  enthusiasts 
who   in   favour  of  their  reveries  consider 
the  striking  events  of  human  governments^ 
as  influenced  by  the  position  or  motion  of 


MAk 


MUt 


Ihc  stars.  His  works  were  very  numerous, 
and  on  various  subjects,  and  showed  asto- 
nishini^  murks  of  knowletlp;e  and  erudition. 
He  had  formed  a  plan  for  their  republica- 
tion, and  had  collected  materials  for  four 
folio  volumes,  when  he  died.  He  left  two 
sons,  Henry,  who  published  a  French  edi- 
tion of  the  Bible,  with  notes,  3  vols,  folio — 
Latin  Catechism  on  Grace — and  Daniel. 

Margaret,  sister  of  Edgar  Athelin^, 
fled  to  Scotland  on  the  invasion  of  William 
the  Conqueror,  and  married  Malcolm,  king 
of  the  country.  She  was  a  very  amiable 
and  benevolent  princess.  Her  three  sons, 
Edgar,  Alexander,  and  David,  successively 
filled  the  throne  of  Scotland,  and  her 
daughter  Matilda  married  Heiny  I.  of  Eng- 
land.    She  died  16th  Nov.  1093,  aged  47. 

Margaret,  daughter  of  Waldernir  HI. 
king  of  Denmark,  and  wife  of  Haquin,  king 
of  Norway,  ascended,  in  1387,  the  throne 
of  Denmark,  and  that  of  Norway,  on  the 
death  of  her  son,  Olaus.  When  the 
Swedes,  dissatisfied  with  the  conduct  of 
Albert,  their  king,  oflercd  her  the  crown  of 
the  country,  she  accepted  the  conditions, 
and  after  a  bloody  war  of  seven  years,  she 
placed  it  on  her  own  head,  1394,  and  by 
her  valour  and  heroic  deeds  deserved  and  ob- 
tained the  surname  of  the  Semiramis  of  the 
North.  Thus  mistress  of  three  kingdoms, 
she  took  measures  to  render  their  connec- 
tion indissolublej  by  the  celebrated  law 
railed  the  union  of  Calmar,  but  unfortu- 
nately for  herself  and  her  successors,  she 
regarded  little  the  solemnity  of  her  agree- 
ments, and  by  violating  the  laws  Avhich  she 
liad  enacted,  and  by  oppressing  her  sub- 
jects, she  rendered  herself  unpopular,  and 
her  government  odious.  She  died  little 
lamented,  141 2 j  aged  59,  after  a  reign  of 
26  years.  She  was  succeeded  by  her  ne- 
phew, Eric,  duke  of  Pomerania. 

Margaret,  daughter  of  Raymond  Be- 
ifenger,  count  of  Provence,  married  St. 
Louis,  1254,  and  attended  him  in  his  wars 
in  the  Holy  Land,  against  the  Saracens, 
where,  on  his  captivity,  she  behaved  w  ith 
heroic  intrepidity  in  the  defence  of  Damiet- 
ta.     She  died  at  Paris,  1285,  aged  76, 

Margaret,  daughter  of  Robert,  duke  of 
Burgundy,  married  Lewis  Hutin,  king  of 
France,  1305.  She  possessed  great  per- 
sonal charms,  bat  unfortunately  disgraced 
herself  by  the  grossest  sensuality.  Her 
lover  was  condemned  to  be  flayed  alive, 
and  she  herself  was  strangled  to  death, 
1315. 

Margaret,  daughter  of  the  emperor 
Maximilian  I.  was  betrothed  to  the  dauphin 
of  France,  afterwards  Charles  VHI.  but  did 
not  marry  him.  She  was  afterwards  mar- 
ried to  the  infant  of  Spain,  and  after  his 
death  she  took  for  her  next  husband,  Phili- 
bert,  duke  of  Savoy.  She  was  governess 
of  the  Netherlands,  and  displayed  her  reli- 


gious /cal   against  the   Lutherans.      She 
died  1st  Dec.  1530,  aged  50. 

Margarkt  of  V  alois,  sister  of  Francis  I. 
married,  1509,  tlu;  duke  of  Alen'.on,  and 
afterwards,  in  1526,  Henry  d'All)crt,  king 
of  Navarre,  by  whom  she  had  Jane,  mo- 
ther of  the  celebrated  Henrv  IV.  She  was 
a  great  jirincess,  and  paid  particular  utlcn- 
tion  to  the  encouragement  of  commerce,  of 
agriculture,  and  of  the  arts,  among  her  sub- 
jects. Her  partiality  for  the  protestants 
was  so  great,  that  she  wrote  the  Mirror  of 
a  Sinful  Soul,  which  was  censured  and  con- 
demned by  the  Sorbonne.  She  died  at  the 
castle  of  Odos,  2d  Dec.  1549,  aged  57,  of 
a  catarrh,  which  it  is  said  she  caught  in 
making  observations  on  a  comet.  She  was 
not  only  the  patroness  of  learning,  but  her- 
self learned.  She  wrote  Heptameron,  after 
the  manner  of  Bocace,  a  work  which,  how- 
ever, though  in  a  pleasing  style,  is  dange- 
rous, from  the  licentious  sentiments  and 
indelicate  expressions  with  which  it  occa- 
sionally abounds.  She  wrote  besides,  poe- 
tical pieces,  called  Les  Marguerite  de  la 
Marguerite  des  Princesses,  published  1547, 
&c.  the  Triumph  of  the  Lamb,  &c. 

Margaret,  daughter  of  Francis  I.  of 
France,  married  Emanuel  Philibert,  duke 
of  Savoy,  and  died  highly  respected,  14th 
Sept.  1574,  aged  51. 

Margaret  of  France,  daughter  of  Hen- 
ry II.  married  Henry  IV.  but  unhappily  dis- 
graced herself  by  the  levity  and  licentious- 
ness of  her  character,  whieh  the  inconsta-i- 
cy-of  her  husband,  perhaps,  tended  to  in- 
crease. She  was  afterwards  divorced, 
1599,  and  devoted  the  rest  of  her  life  to  li* 
terary  pursuits  and  religious  exercises. 
She  died  at  Paris,  27th  March,  1613,  aged 
&5.  She  wrote  poetical  pieces — Memoirs 
from  1565  to  1582,  &c. 

Margaret,  daughter  of  Florent,  count 
of  Holland,  is  reported  to  have  refused  alms 
to  a  beggar,  who  implored  the  punishment 
of  hea.ven  upon  her  head,  in  consequence  of 
which,  it  is  said,  she  gave  birth  to  365 
children,  all  of  which  were  baptized.  This 
ridiculous  story  has  been  gravely  related  by 
some  authors. 

Margaret  of  Anjou,  daughter  of  Rem'", 
king  of  Sicily,  married  Henry  VI.  of  Eng- 
land. She  was  a  woman  of  masculine  cha- 
racter, but  her  heroism  was  unhappily 
tainted  with  cruelty,  as  she  inhumanly 
caused  to  be  strangled  the  duke  of  Glouces-^ 
ter,  who  had  opposed  lur  marriage.  More 
calculated  to  govern  than  to  obey,  she 
guided  the  counsels  of  her  weak  and  pusil- 
lanimous husband  during  the  wars  of  VorU 
and  Lam;aster,  and  when  he  fell  a  captive 
into  the  hands  of  the  duke  of  York,  in 
1455,  she  levied  an  army  to  rescue  him,  and 
ftfter  defeating  her  enemies,  entered  triuin- 
phantly  into  the  submissive  capital.  In 
1460  she  had  the  mortitication  to  see  hev 

275 


MAR 


MAR 


troops  loiitfd  by  Warwick,  at  NortUamp- 
lon,  and  her  husband  again  a  captive  ;  but 
undismayed,  she  traversed  the  kingdom, 
and  every  where  collecting  her  adherents, 
gave  battle  to  her  opponents  at  Wakefield, 
and  left  the  duke  of  York  dead  in  the  field. 
Warwick  was  next  defeated  near  St.  Al- 
ban's,  but  another  battle  at  Santon,  in  York- 
shire, proved  fatal  to  her  cause,  and  she 
fled  from  the  kingdom  to  implore  the  as- 
sistance of  her  brother,  Lewis  XI.  Though 
unsuccessful  in  her  request,  she  returned 
to  England  again,  to  lose  the  battle  of  Hex- 
ham. Other  encounters  proved  equally 
unfortunate,  and  at  last  Margaret  was  taken 
prisoner  in  ihe  field  of  battle,  1471,  but  re- 
covered her  liberty,  four  years  after,  by 
paying  a  ransom  of  50,000  crowns.  After 
thus  defending  the  cause  of  her  husband  in 
12  battles,  she  retired  to  France,  where  she 
died  25th  Aug.  1482,  aged  59. 

Margaret  of  York,  sister  of  Edward 
IV.  married  Charles  the  Rash,  duke  of 
Burgundy.  She  rendered  herself  known 
by  the  opposition  which  she  made  to  the 
elevation  of  Henry  VII.  to  the  throne  of 
England,  and  the  impostures  which  she 
supported  to  disturb  the  government,  and 
undermine  the  popularity  of  that  respecta- 
ble monarch. 

Margaret,  countess  of  Richmond  and 
Derby,  was  born  at  Bletsoe,  Bedfordshire, 
1441.  She  married  Edmund,  earl  of  Rich- 
mond, half  brother  to  Henry  VI.  and  by 
him  had  Henry  VII.  After  her  husband's 
death  she  married  sir  Henry  Stafford,  and 
for  her  third  husband,  in  1482,  took  Tho- 
mas Stanley,  created  earl  of  Derby,  who 
died  1504.  To  all  the  virtues  of  private 
and  domestic  life,  she  united  great  intelli- 
gence, and  a  deep  regard  for  learning.  She 
not  only  founded  two  colleges  at  Cam- 
bridge, St.  John's  and  Christ's,  but  also 
established  there,  and  at  Oxford,  a  theolo- 
gical professorship.  She  also  endowed  a 
school  at  ToiTington,  and  at  Wymborn. 
She  died  at  Westminster,  29th  June,  1509, 
surviving  only  three  months,  her  son,  the 
king.  She  is  described  by  bishop  Fisher, 
who  preached  her  funeral  sermon,  as  allied 
to  30  kings  and  queens,  &c.  Her  will, 
which  is  very  curious,  is  preserved  in  the 
collection  of  noble  works,  1780,  4to.  She 
translated  from  the  French,  the  Mirror  of 
Gold  for  the  Sinful  Soul,  besides  the  fourth 
book  of  Gerson's  or  Kempis'  Treatise  on 
imitating  the  Life  of  Christ,  printed  1504, 
&c. 

Margaritone,  a  native  of  Arezzo,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter.  It  is  said  that  he  invent- 
ed the  mode  of  gilding  with  gold  leaf  on 
Annenian  bole,  and  he  displayed  great 
taste  in  his  representation  of  historical 
subjects,  in  fresco  and  in  distemper.  He 
died  1275,  aged  77. 

Margon,  William  Plantavit  de  la  Pause 
276 


de,  a  French  author  and  journalist,  born  af 
Languedoc.  He  published,  at  Paris,  such 
severe  reflections  in  favour  of  the  Jesuits, 
against  the  Jansenists,  that  the  court  ba- 
nished him  to  the  isle  of  Lerins,  but  res- 
tored him  to  liberty,  1740,  provided  he  re- 
moved to  the  monastery  of  the  Benardines, 
where  he  died,  1760.  He  wrote  Memoirs 
of  Marshal  Villars,  3  vols.  12mo. — Me- 
moirs of  the  duke  of  Berwick,  2  vols.  12mo. 
— Memoirs  of  Tourville,  3  vols. — Letters 
of  Fitz  Moritz,  and  other  Tracts. 

Margraaf,  Andrew  Sigismund,  a  native 
of  Berlin,  who  studied  chymistry  under 
Newman,  Juncker,  and  Heuckel,  and  ac- 
quired celebrity  by  his  many  ingenious  ex- 
periments. In  his  mineralogical  research- 
es he  discovered  that  semi-metal,  called 
manganese,  and  by  his  assiduity  and  la- 
bours, he  rendered  more  easy  and  plain, 
the  various  operations  of  the  chymical  sys- 
tem. This  able  and  indefatigable  man 
died  in  his  native  city  of  Berlin,  director  of 
the  academy,  1782,  aged  73. 

Margunio,  Massineo,  son  of  a  marshal 
of  Candia,  established,  in  1747,  a  printing- 
office  at  Venice,  and  devoted  himself  to  the 
printing  of  Greek  books.  AVTien  his  house 
and  property  were  destroyed  by  the  villany 
of  an  incendiary,  he  returned  to  Candia, 
and  became  an  ecclesiastic  and  bishop  of 
Cerigo.  He  died  1602,  aged  80.  He  wrote 
Greek  Anacreontic  Odes,  Augsburg,  1592, 
8vo. — poems  preserved  in  the  Corpus  Poe- 
tarum  Grascorum,  Geneva,  2  vols.  fol.  1606. 

Maria  Theresa,  empress,  queen  of 
Hungary  and  Bohemia,  daughter  of  the 
emperor  Charles  VI.  and  Elizabeth  Chris- 
tina of  Brunswick  Wolfenbuttel,  was  born 
13th  May,  1717.  On  the  death  of  her  bro- 
ther she  was  destined  by  her  father  to  suc- 
ceed to  all  his  honours,  as  the  famous  prag- 
matic sanction  in  1713  had  declared  that 
in  failure  of  issue  male  the  eldest  of  his 
daughters  was  to  ascend  the  throne.  In 
1736  Maria  Theresa  married  Francis  Ste- 
phen, of  Lorraine,  and  on  her  father's  death, 
in  1740,  she  was  raised  to  the  throne.  Her 
elevation  was  attended  with  the  most  dis- 
astrous effects  of  war,  the  king  of  Prussia 
immediately  seized  Silesia,  and  subdued 
Moravia,  and  on  the  other  side,  Charles 
Albert,  duke  of  Bavaria,  supported  by 
France,  made  rapid  conquests  in  the  impe- 
rial dominions,  and  was  crowned  king  of 
Bohemia  at  Prague,  and  emperor  by  the 
title  of  Charles  VII.  at  Frankfort,  1742. 
Maria,  in  the  midst  of  these  disasters,  quit- 
ted Vienna,  and  throwing  herself  with  her 
infant  son  in  her  arms  in  the  midst  of  the 
assembled  states  of  the  Hungarian  nation, 
she  addressed  them  in  these  pathetic  words, 
in  Latin :  "  Abandoned  by  my  friends, 
persecuted  by  my  enemies,  attacked  by  my 
nearest  relations,  I  have  no  resource  left 
but  in  your  fidelity,  courage,  and  constancy : 


MAU 


MA  It 


1  imrnsi  into  your  hands  tlie  children  of 
jour  kings,  they  depend  on  you  for  life  and 
safety."  The  appeal  was  received  with 
shouts  of  applause.  Let  us  die  for  our 
queen  Maria  Theresa  was  the  general  reply, 
and  soon  after,  Maria,  who  had  lately 
scarce  a  town  where  to  give  birth  in  securi- 
ty to  her  child,  saw  her  faithful  Hungarians 
headed  by  the  brave  Kevenhuller,  advance 
to  her  aid.  Lintz,  Passau,  Munich,  opened 
their  gates  to  the  conqueror,  and  I'y  a  trea- 
ty with  England,  Maria  obtained  succours 
in  money  and  in  troops,  and  was  enabled 
to  defeat  the  king  of  Sardinia,  and  to  de- 
tach the  king  of  Prussia  from  the  general 
alliance,  by  ceding  to  him  the  provinces  of 
Silesia  and  Glatz.  Flushed  with  success, 
Maria  was  crowned  queen  of  Bohemia,  at 
Prague,  on  11th  May,  1743,  and  the  fol- 
lowing 11th  of  June  she  had  the  happiness 
to  see  the  king  of  England  in  person  obtain 
in  her  cause  the  famous  victory  of  Dettin- 
gen,  over  the  allied  forces.  But  though 
she  gained  to  her  side  the  king  of  Sardinia, 
she  had  the  mortification  to  sec  the  king  of 
Prussia  again  in  arms,  and  while  she  ce- 
mented an  alliance  with  the  king  of  Poland, 
she  was  informed  that  Boheniia,  and  the 
Low  Countries  were  invaded  by  her  pow- 
erful enemies.  The  battles  of  Fontenoy, 
Rocoux,  and  la  Feldt,  were  fought ;  but 
though  victory  might  seem  doubtful,  she 
had  the  satisfaction  to  place  the  imperial 
crown  on  the  head  of  her  husband,  at 
Frankfort,  4th  Oct.  1745,  and  she  again 
detached  from  the  number  of  her  enemies 
the  king  of  Prussia,  by  the  treaty  of  Dres- 
den. At  last,  after  a  war  of  eight  years, 
the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  l8th  Oct. 
1748,  settled  the  dissensions  of  the  conti- 
nent, and  Maria  Theresa,  now  delivered 
from  the  enemies  who  had  once  meditated 
her  destruction,  devoted  herself  to  repair 
the  ravages  of  war  among  her  oppressed 
subjects.  But  while  the  ports  of  the  Medi- 
terranean and  of  the  North  were  open  to 
commerce,  and  while  arts  wei-e  every  where 
munificently  encouraged,  the  empress  did 
not  forget  that  power  is  best  protected  by 
vigilance,  and  therefore  her  armies  conti- 
nued to  be  well  disciplined,  and  military 
institutions  encouraged  with  particular  at- 
tention. Not  only  fortifications  were  built 
in  the  most  impregnable  places,  but  obser- 
vatories for  the  encouragement  of  science 
and  astronomy  were  erected  at  Vienna, 
Gratz,  and  Tyrnau.  Hospitals  were  open- 
ed for  the  friendly  reception  of  those  brave 
men  who  had  fought  and  bled  for  their 
country,  and  the  relations  of  the  infirm  and 
meritorious  soldier  were  rewarded  with  all 
the  munificence  which  became  a  great,  a 
patriotic,  and  humane  princess.  These 
days  of  happiness  were  unfortunately 
clouded  by  the  irruption  of  the  king  of 
Prussia  into  Saxonv.  1756.  Brown  checked 


his  career  by  the  undecided  battle  ol  Lo- 
wositz  ;  btit  the  followifig  year  Frederic 
renewed  his  attack,  and  under  the  walls  of 
Prague  obtained  some  achuntage  o>er 
Brown,  who  was  wounded  in  the  fi;.'ht. 
Daun  succeeded  to  the  command,  and  by 
the  successful  battle  of  ('hot/cniit/,  obliged 
the  Prussians  to  retreat,  and  dcli\cred  Bo- 
hemia from  her  invaders  in  so  masterly  a 
maimer,  that  Maria  Theresa,  to  oonniKimo- 
rate  the  heroic  exploit,  established  the  mi- 
litary order  of  her  name,  1757.  The  bat- 
tles of  Hock-kirchen,  Kunnersdorf,  Maxen, 
Landshut,  and  Siplitz,  were  favourable  to 
the  cause  of  the  empress,  and  though  her 
forces  were  defeated  at  Lissa,  and  Breslaw, 
she  maintained  her  superiority,  and  at  the 
peace  of  Hubertsburg,  in  17G3,  she  kept 
possession  of  the  same  territories  which 
she  held  before  the  war.  In  1764  she 
caused  her  son  JosepK  to  be  crowned  king 
of  the  Romans  ;  but  the  death  of  her  hus- 
band, the  next  year,  plunged  her  into  the 
deepest  sorrow.  In  1772  she  joined  Prus- 
sia and  Russia  in  the  dismemberment  of 
Poland,  and  made  Lemberg  the  capital  of 
these  new  dominions.  The  death  of  Maxi- 
milian Joseph,  elector  of  Bavaria,  rekin- 
dled war  between  her  and  Prussia  ;  but  the 
peace  of  Teschen,  tAvo  years  after,  restored 
tranquillity  to  the  empire,  and  gave  her  a 
small  portion  of  the  Bavarian  dominions.  Af- 
ter a  long  reign,  checked  by  prosperity  and 
adversity,  Maria  Theresa  met  the  approach 
of  death  with  the  same  fortitude  with  which 
she  had  viewed  the  accidents  of  life.  She 
died  at  Vienna,  29th  Nov.  1780,  aged  63. 
She  had  the  singular  felicity,  if  it  deserve  the 
name  of  felicity,  of  seeing  all  her  children,  at 
her  decease,  placed  on  thrones,  or  allied  to 
crowned  heads.  Of  her  daughters,  Antoin- 
ette was  queen  of  France  ;  Charlotte,  queen 
of  Naples  ;  Mary  Amelia,  allied  to  the  duke 
of  Parma  ;  Joseph,  her  son,  was  king  of  the 
Romans,  and  of  Hungary  ;  Leopold  was 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany  ;  Ferdinand  was  go- 
vernor of  Lombardy  ;  INIaximilian,  grand 
master  of  the  Teutonic  order,  and  coadjutor 
of  Cologne  and  Munsler  ;  and  Maria  Chris- 
tina, the  Avife  of  the  duke  of  Saxe  Teschen, 
was  governor  of  the  Low  Countries. 
Such  was  the  glorious  situation  of  this  il- 
lustrious character  when  she  died.  She 
deserved  and  reccivea  the  appellation  of 
mother  of  her  country,  and  the  purest  vir- 
tues of  charity  and  benevolence,  profusely 
exercised,  rendered  her  dear  and  esteemed 
among  all  ranks  of  her  subjects. 

Mauia  Antoinette,  queen  of  France, 
arch-dutehess  of  Austria,  daughter  of  the 
emperor  Francis  I.  and  of  Maria  Theresa, 
was  born  at  Vienna  2d  Nov.  1 755.  On  the 
16th  May  1770  she  married  the  dauphin  of 
France,  afterwards  Lewis  XVI.  and  her  ar- 
rival in  France  was  celebrated  with  every 
demonstration  of  public  iov.     On  that  re- 

277 


Mar 


MAR 


markable  occasion,  however,  it  was  ob- 
served by  those  who  seek  for  calamitous 
events  in  the  fortuitous  accidents  of  time, 
that  the  two  tempestuous  storms  of  thun- 
der and  rain  which  prevailed,  forebode  her 
future  misfortunes,  and  on  the  festivities  of 
the  city  of  Paris,  on  the  30th  of  the  same 
month,  more  than  1200  persons  were 
crushed  to  death  by  the  falling  of  a  tempo- 
rary building  erected  on  the  occasion,  and 
numbers  perished  in  the  waters  of  the  Seine 
by  being  precipitated  from  the  Pont  royal. 
These  melancholy  accidents  were  alleviated 
as  much  as  possible  by  the  humanity  of  the 
foreign  princess,  who  sent  all  her  money  to 
the  lieutenant  of  police,  for  the  relief  of 
the  unfortunate  sufferers,  and  every  where 
conciliated  the  affection  and  the  esteem  of 
the  people.  Other  acts  of  charity  have 
been  recorded  to  her  honour,  and  form 
some  of  the  most  pleasing  subjects  which 
employed  the  pencil  of  Dagoti,  and  on 
the  death  of  Lewis  XV.,  when  according 
to  ancient  usage  a  tax  is  contributed  by 
the  people  for  the  girdle  of  the  new  queen, 
as  it  is  called,  Maria  nobly  declined  the 
compliment.  In  the  severe  frost  of  1788 
she  contributed  much  to  the  relief  of  the 
suffering  poor,  and  her  munificence  was  ac- 
knowledged by  the  gratitude  of  the  Pari- 
sians who  erected  a  pyramid  of  snow  in  the 
street  of  St.  Honore  to  her  honour.  These 
marks  of  respect  were  nearly  as  transitory 
as  the  snowy  pyramid  ;  Antoinette,  unfor- 
tunately surrounded  by  flatterers  Avho  fan- 
ned her  pleasures,  and  gratified  her  incli- 
nations, was  represented  as  voluptuous  and 
criminaJ,  and  the  celebrated  trial  concern- 
ing the  necklace,  served  in  some  degree  to 
raise  the  indignation  of  the  public  against 
her  conduct.  The  poverty  of  the  treasury 
was  invidiously  attributed  to  her  extrava- 
gance ;  but  though  she  was  too  liberal  in  her 
expenses,  nothing  criminal  could  be  proved 
against  her.  As  if  foreseeing  the  calami- 
ties of  the  state,  she  opposed  with  all  her 
influence  the  convocation  of  the  states 
which  were  to  lead  her  and  her  husband  to 
the  scaffold  ;  but  though  cahimniated  and 
insulted,  she  maintained  her  dignity,  and 
made  the  happiness  of  her  husband  the  first 
wish  of  her  heart.  The  ferocious  events  of 
the  revolution,  brought  on  the  6th  of  Octo- 
ber, when  the  sanguinary  cannibals  of  Pa- 
ris, appeared  at  Versailles,  threatening 
aloud  that  they  would  tear  her  to  pieces. 
The  doors  of  her  apartment  were  battered 
down,  and  the  bed  from  which  she  had  just 
escaped  was  pierced  through  with  a  thou- 
sand stabs  ;  yet  in  the  midst  of  this  dread- 
ful attack  Antoinette  exhibited  her  usual 
serenity,  and  presenting  herself  alone  on 
the  balcony,  she  changed  by  her  noble  de- 
meanour, the  fury  of  the  populace  info  ad- 
miration and  shouts  of  applause.  Forced 
to  accompany  the  king  to  Paris,  in  a  jour- 


ney of  six  hours,  while  the  heads  of  two  of 
her  murdered  body-guards  were  raised  on 
pikes  by  the  side  of  her  carriage,  and  while 
insults,  threats,  and  blasphemies  every  mo- 
ment rent  the  air,  she  preserved  the  same 
undaunted  courage.  After  the  flight  to  Va- 
rennes  her  magnanimity  did  not  desert  her, 
and  when  questioned  by  the  insidious  depu- 
ties, she  replied  with  becoming  dignityo 
On  the  20th  June,  and  the   10th  August, 

1792,  those  days  of  horror  and  anarchy, 
she  again  saw  herself  insulted,  and  with 
difficulty  saved  from  the  hands  of  assassins, 
and  in  the  assembly  she  heard,  unmoved, 
the  decrees  which  robbed  the  monarch 
of  his  throne,  and  which  called  on  the 
most  worthless  of  his  subjects  to  try 
him  as  a  criminal.  She  no  sooner  heard 
of  the  condemnation  of  her  husband,  than 
she  congratulated  him  on  the  termination 
of  his  sufferings,  and  after  parting  from 
him  in  an  agony  of  grief,  her  only  request 
to  his  murderers  was  to  give  her  a  suit  of 
mourning,  which  she  wore  till  her  own  fate 
was  decided.  That  she  might  not  feel  the 
comforts  of  the  afiiicted,  in  sharing  her 
sorrows  with  her  family,  she  was  torn  from 
her  son,  4th  July,  1793,  and  a  month  after, 
an  armed  force  entered  her  cell  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  night,  and  forced  her  from  hei^ 
bed  of  straw  to  a  low  and  damp  dungeon. 
On  the  3d  of  October  she  was  carried  before 
the  revolutionary  tribunal,  and  accused  of 
squandering  the  public  money,  and  of  ex- 
hausting the  treasury  to  enrich  her  brother 
the  ernperor,  and  of  holding  a  traitorous 
correspondence  with  the  enemies  of  her 
country  ;  but  the  crimination  could  not  be 
proved,  and  her  sufferings  failed  not  to  ex- 
cite interest  in  her  favour  even  among  her 
prejudiced  jtidges.  It  was  then  that  the 
miscreants  charged  the  unhappy  queen  with 
attempts  to  corrupt  the  morals  of  her  own 
son  ;  a  scandalous  imputation,  which  roused 
all  her  feelings  ;  I  appeal,  exclaimed  she, 
in  a  burst  of  noble  indignation,  I  appeal  to 
all  mothers,  whether  an  action  so  odious  is 
possible.  Nothing,  however,  could  avail, 
she  retired  fatigued  to  her  dungeon,  after 
being  detained  18  hours  before  her  cniei 
judges,  and  the  following  morning,  at  II, 
she  was  summoned  to  ascend  the  cart  which 
was  to  conduct  her  to  the  scaffold.  She 
obeyed  with  dignity,  and  in  profound  si- 
lence, and  after  viewing  with  unusual  at- 
tention, as  she  passed  the  palace  of  the 
Thuillcries,  the  former  scene  of  her  great- 
ness and  of  her  pleasures,  she  mounted  the 
scaffold  with  precipitation,  and  falling  on 
her  knees,  prayed  for  forgiveness  on  her 
murderers,  and  bidding  adieu  to  her  absent 
children,  to  whose  father  she  was  again  to' 
be  united,  she  laid  down  her  head  on  the 
fatal  machine,  and  lifting  up  her  eyes  to' 
heaven,  ciosed  them  in  death,  l6th  Oct. 

1793.  She  was  then  near  38,  but  it  is  r?- 


27^ 


MAJl 


.MAR 


markable  that  her  misfortunes  had  chauf^td 
the  colour  of  her  hair  to  a  silvery  white, 
and  her  countenance,  which,  with  every 
feature  of  beauty,  once  beamed  benignity 
and  love,  had  assumed  an  aspect  of  dejection 
and  settled  melancholy,  and  she  had  nearly 
lost  the  use  of  one  of  her  eyes  from  the 
damp  and  unwholesome  air  to  which  she 
■was  exposed.  Her  body  was  thrown  into 
the  Ma{>;dalcn  church-yard  and  immediately 
consumed  with  quick  lime.  In  the  powers 
cf  her  mind,  Antoinette  had  been  carefully 
cultivated,  she  spoke  French  with  purity, 
and  the  Italian  as  her  native  tongue,  and 
she  was  so  well  acquainted  with  Latin,  that 
when  twice  addressed  in  that  language,  she 
made  an  immediate  extemporaneous  reply 
in  the  same  language,  and  with  elegance. 
She  was  well  versed  in  geography,  and  had 
bestowed  also  much  time  on  the  reading  of 
history.  She  had  four  children,  Maria 
Theresa  Charlotte,  born  1778,  who  mar- 
ried her  cousin  the  duke  of  Angouleme ; 
Louis,  born  1781,  who  died  1789;  Charles 
Louis,  born  1785,  who  died  1793  ;  and  a 
daughter  who  died  an  infant.  Her  life  has 
been  published  by  various  authors,  but  that 
of  Mad.  Guenard,  3  vols.  12mo.  is  recom- 
mended by  the  French  biographers. 

Mariamne,  wife  of  Herod  the  Great, 
and  mother  of  Alexander  and  Aristobulus, 
and  of  two  daughters,  was  cruelly  put  to 
death  by  her  husband,  B.C.  28. 

Mariana,  John,  a  Spanish  historian, 
Lorn  at  Talavera,  in  Castile,  1537.  He  en- 
tered into  the  society  of  the  Jesuits,  and 
ivas  a  most  able  divine  ;  he  was  professor 
of  divinity  four  years  at  Rome,  two  in  Si- 
cily, and  five  at  Paris,  after  which  he  re- 
turned to  Spain,  and  spent  the  remainder 
of  his  life  at  Toledo.  He  made  himself 
particularly  known  by  his  tract,  "  dc  Rege 
et  de  Regis  Institutione,"  in  which  he  de- 
fended the  assassination  of  Henry  III.  of 
France,  and  supported,  that  the  authority 
of  the  people  was  superior  to  that  of  the 
prince.  This  work,  which,  it  is  said,  in- 
spired Ravaillac  with  the  diabolical  scheme 
of  murdering  Henry  IV.  was  burnt  at  Paris 
by  order  of  the  parliament,  and  drew  upon 
the  author  and  the  Jesuits  very  severe  cen- 
sures. His  greatest  performance  is  the 
History  of  Spain,  in  30  books,  originally 
written  by  him  in  Latin,  but  also  published 
in  Spanish.  In  this  work  he  brought  the 
history  to  the  end  of  Ferdinand's  reign,  as 
he  dreaded  to  treat  about  more  modern 
times.  He,  however,  afterwards  wrote  a 
supplement,  and  came  down  to  the  year 
1621,  when  Philip  IV.  succeeded  to  the 
crown  ;  and  the  work  was,  after  his  death, 
continued  by  Salcedo,  and  after  him,  by 
Voren  de  Soto,  to  the  year  1669.  This  ex- 
cellent history,  commended  by  Rapin,  and 
by  others,  for  the  greatness  of  the  design, 
and  the    nobleness    of    the  style,    everv 


where  sublime  and  interesting,  has,  like  ull 
other  works  of  genius,  uu.i  with  cuvillers. 
Mariana  died  at  Toledo,  1624,  aged  87. 
He  wrote  also,  a  treatise  on  Weights  and 
Measures— Notes  on  the  Old  Testament,  a 
very  valuable  work,  and  after  his  death  ap- 
peared in  Latin,  French,  and  Italian — a 
Treatise  on  the  Faults  of  the  Government 
of  the  society  of  the  Jesuits.  The  best  edi- 
tion of  his  "  History,"  in  Spanish,  is  that 
of  Ibarra,  Madrid,  I7h0,  2  vols,  folio  ;  and 
in  Latin,  that  of  the  Hague,  1722,  4  vols, 
folio. 

Marianus,  Scotus,  a  Scotch  monk,  re- 
lated to  the  venerable  Bede,  and  author  of 
a  Chronicle  from  Jesus  Christ  to  1083, 
continued  by  some  other  author  to  1200. 
He  died  1086,  aged  58. 

Mariette,  Peter  John,  son  of  a  Paris 
bookseller  and  engraver,  was  secretary  to 
the  French  king,  and  chancer)-  comptroller, 
and  died  1774.  He  wrote,  Traitc  des  Pier- 
res  Gravoes,  2  vols,  folio — Lettres  sur  la 
Fontaine  de  la  Rue  Grenelle — Lettres  ii 
Caylus — besides  a  catalogue  of  M.  Basan's 
Plates,  8vo — and  an  account  of  the  Engrav- 
ings from  M.  Crozat's  pictures,  2  vols, 
folio.  His  collection  of  engravings  was 
said  to  be  very  valuable. 

Marignan,     John    James    Medichino, 
marquis  dc,  a  native  of  Milan,  who  by  his 
valour  was  recommended  to  the  favour  of 
Francis   Sforza,    duke  of  Milan,     Sforza 
prevailed  upon  him,  and  upon  another  of 
his  officers,  to  become   the  murderers   of 
Visconti,  a  Milanese  noble,  and  after  this 
horrid  deed,  took  measures  to  destroy  both 
of  them,  that  the  suspicion  might  never  at- 
tach to  him.     One  fell,  but  Marignan  es- 
caped, and  was  made  governor  of  Musso, 
on  the  lake  Como,  which  he  in  1528  ex- 
changed for  the  service  of  the   emperor, 
and  the  command  of  Marignan,  of  which 
he  assumed  the  title.     He   was  successful 
in   1554  against  the  French  troops  under 
Strozzi,    whom  he  defeated   in   Tuscany, 
and  he  took  Sienna,   where  he  permitted 
his  troops  to  commit  horrid  cruelties.     He 
died  at  Milsn,  1555,  aged  60. 

Marignt,  James  Carpenlier  dc,  an  ec- 
clesiastic, born  at  Marigny,  near  Nevers. 
He  became  the  friend  of  cardinal  de  Retz, 
and  severely  satirical  against  Mazarin.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy,  1670,  distinguished 
more  for  his  wit,  than  the  purity  of  his  mo- 
rals. His  letters  appeared  at  the  Hague, 
1678.  He  wrote  also  some  poems,  and  ac- 
cording to  some,  he  is  author  of  "  Alleyn's 
book,"  in  which  the  killing  of  a  tyrant,  af- 
ter the  example  of  Moses,  is  defended  as 
lawful.  The  author  of  the  History  of  the 
12th  Century — and  of  the  History  of  the 
Arabs,  and  their  revolutions,  in  8  vols,  was 
an  ecclesiastic,  who  bore  this  name,  and 
died  at  Paris  1762. 

Marikowskt,  Martin,  a  native  of  Ro-? 

•:>79 


MAR 


MAR 


senau  in  Hungary,  eminent  as  a  pbysician. 
He  was  actively  employed  in  examining 
the  causes  and  the  progress  of  the  epidemic 
diseases  ^vhich  proved  so  fatal  to  the  Hun- 
jjarian  and  Turkish  armies  ;  in  consequence 
of  which  he  published  his  Observations  in 
the  Ephemerides  Sirmienses,  1763.  He 
translated  Tissot's  Advice  on  Health,  into 
the  Hungarian  language  ;  and  died  at  Sir- 
mich  in  Sclavonia,  1772,  aged  44. 

Marillac,  Louis  de,  a  French  officer, 
patronised  by  Henry  IV.  and  raised  under 
Louis  XHL  to  the  rank  of  marshal  of 
France.  Though  he  owed  much  of  his 
good  fortune  to  the  favour  of  Richelieu,  it 
is  said,  that  he  conspired  with  his  brother 
Michael,  again-t  that  powerful  minister. 
The  cardinal  was  informed  of  the  machi- 
nations of  his  enemies,  and  the  two  bro- 
thers were  brought  to  a  severe  trial,  and  on 
pretence  of  being  guilty  of  various  acts  of 
extortion  and  peculation,  they  were  con- 
demned. Louis  was  beheaded  at  Paris, 
10th  May,  1632,  and  the  other  died  in  a 
dungeon  soon  after. 

Marin,  Michael  Angelo,  a  novel  writer, 
born  at  Marseilles.  He  became  an  eccle- 
siastic, and  obtained  the  confidence  and  pa- 
tronage of  pope  Clement  XHL  by  whose 
advice  he  began  to  publish  the  Acts  of  Mar- 
tyrs, which,  however,  he  did  not  finish. 
His  romances  are  esteemed,  and  they  great- 
ly promote  the  cause  of  virtue  and  religion. 
This  amiable  character  died  of  a  dropsy  in 
the  heart,  April,  1767,  in  his  70th  year. 

Marinari,  Honorio,  an  Italian  painter, 
the  pupil  and  happy  imitator  of  Carlo 
Dolce.  His  portraits  and  historical  pieces 
were  much  admired.  He  died  1715,  aged  88. 

Marinella,  Lucretia,  a  Venetian  lady, 
who  in  1601,  wrote  a  book,  in  which  she 
asserted  the  superiority  of  the  female  sex 
above  the  male.  She  also  published,  "  La 
Colomba  Sacra" — the  Life  of  the  Holy 
Virgin — and  of  St.  Francis,  &c. 

Marini,  John  Ambrose,  a  native  of  Ge- 
noa, author  of  il  Caloandre  Fidelle,  1641, 
8?o.  a  romance,  translated  by  Scuderi  and 
Caylus  into  French — Nuova  Gare  de  Dis- 
perati,  ten  times  edited,  also  translated  in- 
to French.  These  romances  were  popular, 
and  were  the  first  to  describe  the  manners, 
dangers,  and  heroic  deeds  of  ancient  chi- 
valry. 

Marino,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Naples,  1569.  His  father,  who  was 
a  lawyer,  intended  him  for  his  own  profes- 
sion, but  the  youth  had  imbibed  such  fond- 
ness for  literature,  that  he  sold  his  law 
books  to  purchase  poetry.  This  so  exas- 
perated his  father,  that  he  turned  him  away 
from  his  protection  ;  but  he  found,  by  the 
bri'iliancy  of  his  genius,  patronage  with  the 
duke  of  Bovino,  the  prince  of  Conca  and 
Trescentio,  and  at  last  with  cardinal  Aldo- 
brandini,  nephew  to  the  pope.  With  this 
2Sn 


patron  he  visited  Turin,  and  gained  there 
the  friendship  of  the  duke,  Charles  Ema- 
nuel ;  but  in  the  midst  of  his  prosperity 
he  excited  the  jealousy  of  Murtola,  the 
duke's  secretary,  who,  as  a  poet,  viewed 
with  envy  the  honours  heaped  on  him. 
From  abusive  language  and  satirical  son- 
nets, little  mischief  could  be  expected,  but 
Murtola  at  last  discharged  a  pistol  at  his 
rival,  and  nearly  killed  him.  After  this 
Marino  went  to  Paris,  at  the  invitation  of 
queen  Margaret,  and  found  after  her  death 
a  liberal  patroness  in  Mary  de  Medicis. 
He  returned  to  Rome  1622,  and  went  af- 
terwards to  Naples,  where  he  died  of  a  re- 
tention of  urine,  1625.  His  works  are  nu- 
merous. He  wrote,  Strage  degli  Innocen- 
ti,  a  poem,  1533 — Rime,  in  three  parts — 
la  Murtoleide,  4to. — Letters — but  the  best 
of  his  works  is,  "  Adone,"  a  heroic  poem, 
which  ranks  with  the  Aminto  of  Tasso,  and 
the  Pastor  Fido  of  Guarini.  The  best  edi- 
tion is  the  Elzevir,  4  vols.  16mo.  1678. 

Mario  Nuzzi,  or  Mario  de  Fiori,  an 
eminent  painter,  whose  flowers  and  land- 
scapes were  deservedly  admired.  He  died 
at  Rome,  1673,  aged  70. 

Marion,  Francis,  a  distinguished  officer 
in  the  American  army,  was  born  near 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  in  1732.  He 
first  served  in  the  expedition  in  1761, 
against  the  Cherokees,  as  a  lieutenant.  On 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution  he 
was  appointed  captain  in  the  regiment  of 
colonel  Moultrie.  He  soon  after  received 
a  major's  commission,  and  assisted  at  the 
defence  of  Sullivan's  Island  in  1776.  Be- 
ing promoted  to  a  lieutenant  colonelcy,  he 
was  intrusted  with  a  small  corps  employed 
in  harassing  the  British  and  Tories,  and 
gained  a  number  of  important  advantages, 
which  procured  him  in  1780,  the  commis- 
sion of  brigadier  general.  He  continually 
surprised  and  captured  parties  of  the  Bri- 
tish and  their  friends,  by  the  secrecy  and 
rapidity  of  his  movements.  In  1781,  his 
troops  which  had  amounted  to  only  a  few 
hundred,  and  often  to  only  a  few  dozens, 
were  reinforced  by  the  legion  of  general 
Lee,  and  he  soon  after  captured  a  number 
of  forts,  and  forced  the  British  to  retire  to 
Chai'leston.  He  joined  the  main  army  un- 
der general  Green  a  short  time  before  the 
battle  of  Eutaw  spi-ings,  and  received  the 
thanks  of  Congress  for  his  intrepid  conduct 
in  that  action.  After  the  British  evacuated 
Charleston,  he  retired  to  his  plantation, 
and  resided  there  till  his  death  in  1795. 
He  was  one  of  the  ablest  partisan  officers 
of  the  revolution,  and  one  of  the  most  suc- 
cessful. He  seldom  failed  of  capturing 
his  enemy,  and  almost  always  did  it  by  sur- 
prise. His  courage  was  the  boldest,  his 
movements  the  most  rapid,  his  discipline 
severe,  and  his  humanity  most  exem» 
plary.  scp'  L. 


MAU 


vlAK 


Mario  1  IK,  Ijilmc,  a  native  o(  Dijon, 
)neml)cr  of  tli<!  Paris  academy  of  sriences, 
and  known  as  an  able  niullicniatician,  and 
a  learned  ecclesiastic.  He  wrote  a  treatise 
on  tlic  nicttioii  of  Waters — on  the  inove- 
mcnt  of  rendiilums — on  Philosophy — on 
Levels — Experiments  on  Colours,  &.c.  pulj- 
lished  together  at  Leyden,  1717,  2  vols. 
4to.  His  experiments  on  Hydraulics  were 
very  ingenious.     He  died  1G84. 

BIarivaux,  Peter  Carlet  de  Chamblain 
de,  a  learned  dramatic  writer,  born  at  Pa- 
ris, IGSS.  He  was  very  successful  in  his 
theatrical  pieces,  as  well  as  his  romances  ; 
and  as  he  conveyed  an  useful  moral  under 
the  veil  of  wit  and  sentiment,  he  wished, 
as  he  said,  to  make  men  more  Just  and 
more  humane.  He  joined  de  la  Motte  in 
the  well-known  dispute  about  the  superiori- 
ty of  the  ancients  over  the  moderns.  This 
amiable  author,  so  strenuously  the  advo- 
cate of  religion  and  virtue,  died  at  Paris, 
11th  of  Feb.  1763,  aged  75.  His  works 
are,  Pieces  de  Theatre,  n  vols.  12mo. — Ho- 
mere  Travesti,  an  indifferent  performance 
— the  French  Spectator,  2  vols.  l2mo. — 
Vie  de  Marianne,  4  vols.  12mo.  left  un- 
finished, but  one  of  the  best  French  ro- 
mances— le  Paysan  Parvenu,  12mo.  a  much 
admired  composition — New  Don  Quixote 
— the  Poor  Philosopher,  2  vols.  i2mo.  &,c. 

Marius  Caius,  a  celebrated  Roman, 
seven  times  consul.  He  first  distinguished 
himself  in  Africa  against  Jugurtha,  and  by 
a  series  of  heroic  exploits  against  the  Cim- 
bri  and  Teutones,  and  the  other  enemies  of 
his  country,  he  became  the  most  popular 
commander  of  Rome.  His  disputes  with 
Sylla  proved  fatal  to  the  Roman  people. 
He  died  86  B.  C.  His  son  inherited  his 
ferocious  character,  and  at  last  slew  him- 
self when  defeated  at  Pra'neste,  82  B.  C. 

Marius,  Marcus  Aurelius,  a  common 
soldier,  Avho  rose  to  the  imperial  purple  af- 
ter Victorinus.  He  was  a  man  of  astonish- 
ing strength.  He  was  slain  by  a  soldier 
soon  after  his  elevation. 

Mark,  St.  an  evangelist,  the  disciple  of 
Peter,  by  whose  directions  he  is  supposed 
to  have  written  his  gospel  for  the  use  of 
the  Roman  Christians,  A.  D.  72.  Some 
imagine  that  he  is  the  person  to  whose 
mother's  house  Peter,  when  released  from 
prison  by  an  angel,  went.  The  foundation 
of  the  church  of  Alexandria  is  attributed 
to  him. 

Mark,  pope,  after  Silvester  I.  335,  died 
the  same  year,  7th  Oct.  An  epistle,  ad- 
dressed to  Athanasius,  is  ascribed  to  him. 

Markham,  Gervase,  an  English  author, 
in  the  reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I. 
born  at  Gotham,  Nottinghamshire.  He 
was  captain  under  Charles  in  the  civil  wars, 
and  distinguished  himself  for  his  valour  as 
well  as  learning.  He  wrote,  "  Herod  and 
A  ntipater,"  a  tragedv — some  books  on  Hus- 

VoL.  J[.  36 


bandiy— on  HoL^i-uanship— oa  Military 
Discipline— on  the  Art  of  Fowlin?,  &« . 
and  was  well  sUillrdin  Krcn*  h,  Italian,  an;t 
Spanish. 

Maukiiam,  "\Villi;<m,  was  appoi/itcd  ic- 
cretary  of  Pennsyhauia  in  ICS  J,  and  was 
deputy  governor  from  June  16li.5  to  De- 
cember 1099.  H(;  was  a  nephew  of  VVil- 
liani  Penn,  and  died  June  12th,  1704.   1  .  L, 

Makhland,  Jeremiah,  a  learned  critic, 
born  2yih  Oct.  1693,  one  of  the  12  children 
of  the  Rev.  Ralph  M.  the  author  of  the 
Art  of  Shooting  (lying.  He  was  educated 
at  Christ's  hospital,  London,  and  Peter- 
house,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fel- 
low. He  was  first  distinguished  by  his 
Epistola  Critica,  1723,  addressed  to  bishop 
Hare  ;  and  his  literary  fame  was  afterwards 
supported  by  the  Publication  of  Statius' 
Sylva; — and  of  Remarks  on  the  Epistles  of 
Cicero  to  Brutus,  and  of  Bnitus  to  Cicero 
— and  a  Dissertation  on  the  Four  Orations 
ascribed  to  Cicero.  In  1761  he  published 
his  excellent  little  Treatise  de  Grajcorum 
quintti  Declinatione  Impari  Syllabicii  ct 
Inde  Formata  Latinorum  Tertia  Qua^stio 
Grammatica,  of  which  oidy  40  copies  wer(! 
printed  ;  but  it  appeared  at  the  end  of  Eu- 
ripides' Supplices  Mulieres,  1763.  After 
being  an  active  tutor  at  Cambridge,  Mark- 
land  retired  to  Twyford  ;  but  though  his 
finances  were  scanty,  he  refused  to  take 
orders,  and  thus  lost  the  preferment  which 
his  friend,  bishop  Hare,  was  ready  to  be- 
stow upon  him.  From  the  year  1744  to 
52,  he  resided  at  Uckfield  Sussex,  and  after- 
wards boarded  in  a  farm-house,  at  Milton, 
near  Dorking,  in  Surrey,  where  he  died  of 
a  severe  attack  of  the  gout,  attended  with 
fever,  7th  July,  1776,  in  his  S3d  year.  Ho 
was  buried  in  Dorking  church.  Some  of  his 
learned  notes  on  the  two  Iphigeniae,  were 
printed  by  Dr.  Heberden,  his  friend,  1771. 
He  wrote  some  other  things,  and  was  very 
liberal  of  his  assistance  to  his  literary 
friends,  especially  Dr.  Taylor,  in  his  Ly- 
sias  and  Demosthenes,  Dr.  Musgrave  in 
Hippolytus,  Bowyer  in  Sophocles,  and  Ar- 
nold in  the  Commentary  on  the  book  of 
Wisdom,  &.C. 

Marloe,  Christopher,  a  dramatic  wri- 
ter, in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  educated 
at  Cambridge.  He  afterwards  became  a 
player,  and  trod  the  stage  with  Shakspeare. 
In  his  opinions  and  conduct  he  was  an 
atheist,  therefore  deservedly  exposed  to  the 
satirical  reflections  and  abhorrence  of  the 
world.  It  is  said  by  Wood,  that  he  was 
fond  of  some  vulgar  female,  but  that  ho 
found  a  rival  in  his  footman,  and  when  full 
of  jealousy,  he  attempted  to  stab  him,  his 
opponent  wrested  the  dagger  from  his  hand, 
and  plunged  it  into  his  heart.  He  died 
of  the  wound,  1693.  His  plays  were  se- 
ven in  number,  and  he  wrote  besides,  some 
poetical  pieces,  &c. 

281 


MAR 


lAIAR 


Marlohat,  Augustin,  an  Augustine 
monk  of  Lorraine.  He  embraced  the  te- 
nets of  the  protectants,  and  distinguished 
himself  ?.t  the  conference  of  Poissy,  15G1. 
He  was  murdered  at  Rouen,  when  the 
place  v/as  taken  by  the  king,  1562.  His 
■works,  which  possess  great  merit,  are. 
Thesaurus  Locorum  Commun.  S.  Scrip- 
turae,  1574,  London,  folio,  Geneva,  1624 
-  -Commentaries  on  the  Bible. 

Marmion,  Shakerley,  a  dramatic  writer, 
born  at  Aynhoc,  Northamptonshire,  Jan. 
1602.  He  was  educated  at  Thame  school, 
and  Wadham  collcge,Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  master's  degree.  He  squandered  his 
propei-ty,  which  amounted,  says  Wood,  to 
700/.  a  ycra- ;  and  afterwards  served  in  the 
army  in  the  IS^etherlands,  and  against  Scot- 
land under  Charles  L  He  died  in  London, 
1639.  He  Avrotc  four  comedies  much  es- 
teemed in  his  time  ;  Holland's  Leaguer — 
a  Fine  Companion — the  Antiquary — the 
Crafty  Merchant,  or  the  Soldiered  Citizen 
— besides  Cupid  and  Psyche,  an  epic  poem, 
&c. 

Marmol,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Grenada, 
taken  prisoner  at  the  siege  of  Tunis,  and 
detained  in  slavery  for  eight  years.  He 
Avrote,  a  General  Description  of  Africa, 
Grenada,  1573,  3  vols,  folio,  &c. 

Marmontel,  John  Francis,  an  eminent 
French  writer,  born  at  Bort,  in  Limousin, 
in  1719.  Though  but  the  son  of  a  tailor, 
he  was  well  educated  at  the  college  of  Tou- 
louse, where  he  obtained  some  poetical 
prizes,  and  afterwards  in  1745,  he  came  to 
Paris  in  the  habit  of  an  abbe.  The  friend- 
ship of  Voltaire,  and  his  own  merits,  soon 
procured  him  the  favour  of  the  great ;  he 
was  rewarded  with  a  small  pension,  and 
obtained  the  place  of  historiographer  to  the 
king's  buildings,  and  was  for  two  years 
conductor  of  the  periodical  joiu'nal,  called 
Mercury.  A  severe  parody  from  one  of 
Cinna's  scenes,  in  which  he  satirized  a 
courtier  of  influence,  drew  upon  him  the 
displeasure  of  the  government,  and  he  was 
sent  to  the  Bastille.  His  literary  faiTie  was 
established  by  his  tragedies  and  his  operas, 
but  his  Contes  Moraux  procured  him 
{greater  celebrit)',  and  more  advantage.  He 
was  honoured  for  his  meritorious  labours, 
with  the  place  of  perpetual  secretary  to  the 
French  academy  :  but  the  revolution,  which 
;)roved  fatal  to  somanymen  of  character  and 
of  merit  spared  his  life.  He  retired  into  ob- 
s^curity  from  the  observationsof  the  world  ; 
and  though  reduced  by  the  national  bank- 
ruptcy to  indigence,  he  bore  his  misfor- 
tunes with  great  composure,  and  in  the  en- 
joyment of  undisturbed  domestic  tranquil- 
lity. He  was  in  1797,  elected  to  be  a 
member  of  the  council  of  ancients,  and 
as  a  politician  he  showed  himself  firm, 
correct  in  his  opinions,  and  the  friend  of 
^  irtue  and  religion.       Me  died  of  an  apo- 


plcxy,  1798,  at  Abbeville,  near  Gaillon, 
where  he  had  retired,  when  his  coUeaguesi 
in  the  assembly  had  disputed  the  regularity 
of  his  election.  His  other  works  are,  Beli- 
sarius,  a  romance — the  Charms  of  Study — 
the  Literary  Observer — Lucan's  Pharsalia 
translated — the  Incas,  or  Destruction  of 
Peru,  2  vols. — Poetique  Fran<^oise,  3  vols, 
8vo. — Essay  on  the  Revolutions  of  Music, 
8vo. — Elements  of  Literature,  6  vols. — be- 
sides some  articles  in  the  French  Ency- 
clopedic. His  literary  character  chiefly 
depends  on  his  Contes  Moraux,  3  vols. 
12mo.  which  have  been  translated  into 
every  European  language,  and  are  know^ii 
to  every  reader  as  full  of  agreeable  and 
pleasing  delineations  of  character,  but  too 
often  artfully  fascinating  and  immoral  in 
their  tendency.  His  works  have  been 
published  altogether,  in  17  vols.  Svo. 

Marnezia,  N.  de  Lezia,  a  native  of  Be- 
sanqon,  who,  from  a  soldier  became  a  states- 
man during  the  revoluiion.  As  a  member 
of  the  national  assembly,  he  reprobated 
the  violent  measures  of  his  colleagues,  and 
retired  in  disgust  to  America.  On  his  re- 
turn in  1793,  he  fell  under  the  displeasure  of 
the  ruling  tyrants,  and  was  sent  to  prison  ; 
but  though  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  sur- 
vive the  fall  of  Robespierre,  he  never  re- 
covered his  health.  He  died  1797.  He 
wrote,  le  Bonheur  dans  les  Campagnes — 
la  Nature  Champetre,  a  poem — Plan  of 
Education  for  a  young  Lady — Essay  on 
the  Mineralogy  of  Orgelet  in  Franche 
Compte — the  Virtuous  family,  a  romance, 
&c. 

Marxix,  Philip  de,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
who  ^varmly  embraced  the  tenets  of  Cal- 
vin. He  became  consul  of  Antwerp,  and 
ably  defended  that  city  against  the  attacks  of 
the  duke  of  Parma,  1584.  He  died  at 
Leyden,  1598,  aged  60.  He  wrote  Contro- 
versial Theses — Aniurium  Romanum — and 
other  tracts. 

Maroiles,  Michael  de,  a  French  wri- 
ter, born  1600.  He  employed  his  learning 
chiefly  in  translations  from  the  classics  ; 
and  Terence,  Plautus,  Lucretius,  Horace, 
Virgil,  Juvenal,  Persius,  &c.  appeared  in  a 
French  dress  under  his  hands,  but  not  al- 
ways with  success.  He  also  collected  prints, 
one  hundred  thousand  of  which  afterwards 
adorned  the  king's  cabinet.  He  wrote  also 
Memoirs  of  his  own  Life,  edited  by  Gou- 
jet,  1775,  3  vols.  l2mo.  besides  some  indif- 
ferent poetry.     He  died  1681. 

Marot,  John,  a  French  poet,  born  near 
Caen,  in  Normandy,  1463.  His  abilities 
recommended  him  to  Anne  of  Bretagne, 
queen  of  France,  and  he  attended  Lewis 
XH.  to  Genoa,  and  was  in  the  service  of 
Francis  L  He  died  1523.  His  poems  are 
preserved  with  those  of  his  son  Clement. 

Marot,  Clement,  son  of  the  above,  was 
horn  at  Cahors.  in   Qucrci,   1496.  and  be* 


MAIi 


\l.\li 


^au^e  valel-de-chambre  to  Francis  I.  He 
was  wounded  at  tlu;  battle  of  Pavia,  wLcrc 
his  master  was  taken  prisoner ;  and  as  he 
had  embraced  the  opinions  of  the  protes- 
tants,  he  found  his  residence  at  the  court  of 
Francis  not  very  safe.  He  therefore  re- 
tired to  Geneva,  where  it  is  said  by  Cayet, 
that  his  licentious  conduct  exposed  him  to 
much  danger,  and  even  drew  upon  him  the 
punishment  of  public  whipping  in  all  the 
crossways  of  the  city.  From  Geneva,  Ma- 
rot  went  to  Piedmont,  and  died  at  Turin, 
1544,  aged  49,  very  poor.  His  poetical 
powers  were  so  highly  esteemed,  that  he 
was  called  in  France  the  poet  of  princes,  and 
the  prince  of  poets.  To  his  fertile  inven- 
tion the  French  poets  are  indebted  for  the 
rondeau,  and  also  for  the  modern  form  of 
the  sonnet,  the  madrigal,  &c.  Though 
licentious  in  his  character  and  opinions, 
Marot  undertook  to  translate  the  Psalms  of 
David  into  French  verse,  dedicated  to 
Francis  I.  The  version,  though  elegantly 
and  faithfully  completed,  met  with  much 
censure  and  abuse,  as  the  work  of  a  liber- 
tine poet ;  but  it  was  recommended  by  a 
preface  written  by  Calvin  himself,  at  Ge- 
neva, 1543.  His  works,  consisting  of  epi- 
grams, sonnets,  elegies,  and  ballads,  were 
published  with  those  of  his  father,  and 
those  of  his  son  Michael,  who  was  also  a 
poet,  but  of  inferior  merit,  at  the  Hague, 
1731,  6  vols.  12mo. 

Marot,  Francis,  a  French  painter,  the 
pupil  of  la  Fosse.  He  was  associate  and 
professor  in  the  French  academy  of  paint- 
ing, and  died  at  Paris,  1719,  aged  52. 
There  was  also  an  architect  of  that  name, 
•whose  designs  have  appeared  engraved,  in 
4to. 

Marquard-Freher,  a  native  of  Augs- 
bur^h,  who  studied  law  and  belles  lettres 
under  Cujas,  at  Bourges,  and  became 
counsellor  of  state  to  the  elector  pala- 
tine, and  professor  of  civil  law  at  Heidel- 
berg. He  died  at  Heidelberg,  universally 
respected,  13th  May,  1614,  aged  49.  He 
ivrote  Origines  Palatinte,  folio — de  Inqui- 
sitionis  Processus — de  Re  Monetaria  Ro- 
man, &c. — Rerum  Bohemiae  Scriptores — 
Rerum  German.  Scriptores,  3  vols,  folio. 
&c. 

Marquet,  Francis  Nicholas,  a  native  of 
Nancy,  eminent  as  a  physician  and  a  bo- 
tanist. He  wrote  an  Account  of  Plants  in 
Lorraine,  10  vols.  8vo. — Observations  on 
the  Cure  of  several  Diseases,  2  vols.  12mo. 
—Method  to  learn  the  state  of  the  Pulse 
by  the  Musical  Notes,  12mo.  He  died 
1759,  aged  72. 

Marrier,  D.  Martin,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Cluni,  who  died  at  Paris,  his  native  town, 
1644,  aged  72,  He  made  a  curious  collec- 
tion of  ancient  ecclesiastical  writers,  which 
he  published  under  the  title  of  Bibliotbcca 
<~'luniacensi;'. 


Marracci,  Luie;i,  a  learned  Italiuu,  buj  ii 
at  Lucca,  1612.  H,.  ,v;i^  professor  of  rhe- 
toric, and  applied  iiini-clf  to  the  study  of 
ancient  and  eastern  lancijungc.s.  He  was 
confessor  to  pope  Innocent  \l.  and  di«(l 
at  Rome,  1700.  He  bctame  known  as  thi* 
editor  of  the  Koran,  printf;J  iu  Fadua,  in 
Latin  and  Arabic,  2  vols,  folio,  169b,  willi 
learned  notes.  He  also  assisted  in  the 
publication  of  the  Arabic  Bible,  3  vols, 
folio,  Rome,  1671. 

Marsais,  Cajsar  Chesneau  du,  a  Front  U 
grammarian,  born  at  Marseilles,  1676. 
He  was  of  the  congregation  of  the  oratory, 
which  he  quitted  and  went  to  Pariy,  where 
he  practised  as  an  advocate.  He  after- 
wards maintained  himself  by  being  tutor 
in  noble  families,  and  by  keeping  a  school, 
till,  after  many  adverse  accidents,  he  re- 
ceived from  the  count  de  Lauragais,  an  aji- 
nuity  of  1000  livres.  He  was  engaged  in 
the  Encyclopedic,  and  his  Articles  on 
Grammar,  &c.  are  drawn  up  with  great 
precision,  correctness,  and  judgment.  He 
was  at  first  a  sceptic,  but  in  the  latter  part 
of  life  became  strictly  religious.  He  died 
1756,  aged  80.  He  wrote  an  explanation 
of  the  Doctrines  of  the  Gallician  Churcii, 
with  respect  to  the  Pretences  of  the 
Court  of  Rome,  12mo. — a  Rational  Me- 
thod of  learning  the  Latin  Language,  l2mo. 
— a  Treatise  on  Tropes,  8vo. — the  True 
Principles  of  Grammar,  4to. — Logic,  or 
Reflections  on  the  Operations  of  the  Mind, 
12mo. — Abridgment  of  Jouvenci's  Mytho- 
logy, 12mo. 

Marsh,  Narcissus,  an  Irish  prelate, 
born  atHannington,  Wiltshire,  163S.  He 
was  admitted  at  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford, 
1654,  was  elected  fellow  of  Exeter,  165S, 
took  his  degree  of  D.D.  1671,  and  in  1673 
was  made  principal  of  St.  Alban's  hall.  Hi.> 
patron  the  duke  of  Ormond,  in  1678,  ap- 
pointed him  provost  of  Dublin  college,  and 
in  1682,  he  was  made  bishop  of  Leighlin 
and  Ferns,  in  1690  translated  to  Cashel,  to 
Dublin  1699,  and  in  1703  to  Armagh,  lu 
the  midst  of  these  high  promotions,  the 
bishop  was  very  charitable.  He  built  a  noble 
library  at  Dublin,  which  he  enriched  wilb 
valuable  books  ;  he  repaired  several 
churches  and  aims-houses  in  his  diocesses, 
and  erected  and  endowed  an  alms-house 
for  12  clergymen's  widows,  at  Drogheda. 
He  died  2d  Nov.  1713,  aged  75,  and 
was  buried  in  a  vault  in  St.  Patrick's 
churchyard.  He  was  an  able  scholar,  a 
good  orientalist,  and  a  well-informed  philo- 
sopher. He  published  Institutioncs  Lo- 
gicae  in  Usum  .luventutis  Academica',  Dub- 
lin, 1681 — an  Introduction  to  the  Doctrine 
of  Sounds,  with  Proposals  for  the  Improve- 
ment of  Acoustics — Manuductio  ad  Logi- 
cam,  &c. 

Marsh,    Ebenezcr  Grant,   professor  of 
languages    and    ecclesiastical    historv    in 

283 


MAR 


MAR 


Yale  college,  Connecticut,  was  tbe  son  of 
the  Rev.  Sr.  Marsh  of  Wetbersfield,  and 
graduated  at  New-Haven  in  1795.  In 
1798  be  was  appointed  teacher  of  Hebrew, 
ajiU  the  foUowiiig  year  tutor.  In  1802  he 
received  his  appointment  to  the  professor- 
ship, but  died  in  November  of  the  next 
year,  in  the  twenty-seventh  year  of  his  age. 
His  talents  were  of  a  very  superior  order, 
and  his  literary  acquisitions  uncommonly 
great.  He  published  a  catalogue  of  the  his- 
torians of  this  country,  and  had  made  con- 
siderable progress  in  collecting  materials 
for  an  American  Biography.       iC3^  L. 

Marshal,  Walter,  an  English  divine, 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  college, 
of  which  he  was  made  fellow,  and  also  of 
Winchester.  He  was  ejected  from  his 
living  at  Hursley,  Hants,  for  non-confor- 
mity, 1662,  and  afterwards  took  the  care  of 
a  dissenting  congregation  at  Gosport,  where 
he  died  IGDO.  He  wrote  the  Gospel  Mystery 
of  Sanctification,  1692,  8vo.  reprinted  by 
Hervey,  the  author  of  Meditations,  in  12mo. 

Marshal,  Andrew,  a  physician,  was 
born  in  Fifeshire,  in  1742.  After  studying 
at  Gla?gow,  and  Edinburgh,  he  visited  Lon- 
don, where  he  attended  the  lectures  of  the 
Hunters,  and  then  became  surgeon  to  a 
regiment.  At  the  conclusion  of  the  peace 
he  took  his  doctor's  degree,  and  commenced 
lecturer  in  anatomy,  in  which  line  he  was 
very  successful.  He  died  in  London  in 
1813.  After  his  death  was  published  his 
treatise  on  "  The  Morbid  Anatomy  of  the 
Brain,"  with  his  life  prefixed. 

Marshall,  Thomas,  D.D.  an  English 
divine,  born  at  Barkly,  Leicestershire,  1621. 
He  was  admitted  of  Lincoln  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  bore  arms  in  the  defence  of  king 
Charles,  but  afterwards  he  left  the  univer- 
sity, and  went  to  Rotterdam,  where  he  be- 
came minister  to  the  merchants  there  and 
atDordt.  He  returned  to  England  in  1661, 
and  in  1663  was  chosen  fellow,  and  in 
1672,  rector  of  his  college.  In  1681  he  was 
made  dean  of  Gloucester,  and  died  at  Lin- 
coln college,  1685.  He  was  a  harned  man, 
well  skilled  in  the  Saxon,  and  in  the  Ori- 
ental languages.  He  published  Observa- 
tiones  in  Evangeliorum  Versiones  per  An- 
tiquas  duas,  scilicet  Gothicas  et  Anglo- 
Saxonicas — an  Explanation  of  the  Cate- 
chism— Epistle  prefixed  to  Dr.  Hyde's 
translation  into  the  Malayan  language,  of 
the  four  Gospels  and  the  Acts — besides 
which  he  completed  archbishop  Usher's  life, 
published  by  Dr.  Parr. 

Marshall,  Nathanael,  D.D.  an  English 
divine,  appointed  chaplain  to  George  II.  at 
the  recommendation  of  the  princess  of 
Wales.  He  held  some  preferment  in  Lon- 
don, and  was  canon  of  Windsor.  He  pub- 
lished the  works  of  St.  Cyprian,  folio,  1717 
— a  Defence  of  our  constitution  in  church 
and  State,  8vo.  1717 — Sermons  on  several 


occasions,  3  vols.  8vo.  1730.  These  were 
posthumous,  and  inscribed  to  queen  Caro- 
line, by  his  widow,  who  was  left  with  eight 
children. 

Marsham,  Sir  John,  a  learned  author, 
born  1602,  in  London,  and  educated  at 
Westminster  school,  and  St.  John's  college^ 
Oxford.  In  1625  he  went  to  France,  and 
afterwards  again  visited  that  kingdom,  Italy, 
and  Germany,  and  was  in  1629,  at  the 
siege  of  Boisleduc.  He  studied  the  law  at 
the  Middle  Temple,  and  in  163S  was  one  of 
the  six  clerks  in  chancery.  During  the 
civil  wars  he  followed  the  king  to  Oxford, 
and  was  a  great  sufferer  by  the  plunder  of 
the  republicans  ;  but  in  1660,  after  leading 
a  life  of  retirement  and  solitude  under  the 
usurpation,  he  was  elected  member  for  the 
city  of  Rochester,  and  was  knighted,  and 
made  a  baronet  by  Charles  II.  He  died  at 
Bushy  hall,  Herts,  May,  1 685,  and  was 
buried  at  Cuckstone,  near  Rochester.  He 
is  celebrated  in  literature  for  his  excellent 
work,  called  Diatriba  Chronologica,  or  a 
Chronological  Dissertation,  wherein  he 
examines  the  principal  difficulties  which 
occur  in  the  chronology  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, 4to.  1649.  The  work  was  afterwards 
altered  in  his  Canon  Chronicus  J^gyptiacus, 
Ebraicus,  Graecus,  ct  Disquisitiones,  Lon- 
don, 1652,  folio,  reprinted  Leipsic,  1676, 
and  at  Franeker,  1696,  4to.  Sir  John  left 
two  sons,  John,  his  successor  in  the  title, 
who  collected  materials  for  a  History  of 
England,  never  published,  and  wrote  a 
History  of  English  Boroughs  ;  and  Robert, 
created  a  baronet  by  queen  Anne,  also  a 
learned  man,  whose  son  was  made  lord 
Romney,  1716. 

Marsigli,  Lewis  Ferdinand,  an  Italian 
author,  born  of  a  noble  family  at  Bologna, 
1658.  He  v.as  carefully  educated,  and 
then  visited  Constantinople,  1679,  with  the 
eyes  of  a  philosopher  and  of  a  military 
man,  and  at  his  retui-n,  offered  his  services 
to  the  emperor  of  Germany  against  the 
Turks.  He  distinguished  himself  greatly 
in  the  field,  but  in  1683  he  was  taken  by 
the  Tartars,  who  sold  him  to  the  Turks. 
The  next  year  he  obtained  his  ransom,  and 
immediately  repaired  to  Vienna,  where  the 
emperor  made  him  a  colonel,  and  after- 
wards advanced  him  to  the  rank  of  mar- 
shal. In  the  war  about  the  Spanish  suc- 
cession, he  was,  however,  unfortunate. 
Brisac  surrendered  in  1703,  after  a  siege 
of  13  days,  when  a  longer  and  more  ef- 
fectual resistance  was  expected,  and  the 
count  D'Arco,  the  governor,  was  condemn- 
ed to  lose  his  head,  and  Marsigli  the  next 
in  command,  was  stripped  of  his  honours, 
and  had  his  sword  broke  over  him.  He 
attempted  in  vain  to  justify  his  conduct  be- 
fore the  emperor,  and  even  published  a 
memorial  to  defend  himself;  but  finding 
the  tide  of  unpopularify  against  him,  he  r*'- 


iMAK 


MAK 


turned  to  privacy.  He  went  to  Paris  and 
Marseilles,  and  then  retired  to  Bologna, 
where  he  founded  1712,  with  the  consent 
of  the  senate,  as  patrons,  an  academy  of 
arts  and  sciences,  with  a  museum  for  the 
advancement  of  knowledge,  and  of  the 
arts.  He  also  erected  a  printing-house, 
ivhere  the  memoirs  and  writings  of  the 
academy  were  to  be  published,  which  he 
intrusted  to  the  care  of  the  Dominicans. 
He  died  1st  Nov.  1730.  His  learning  re- 
commended him  to  the  academies  of  Paris, 
MontpcUier,  and  London,  of  which  he  was 
elected  a  member.  He  wrote  a  Philosophi- 
cal Essay  on  the  Sea,  translated  into  French 
by  Le  Clerc,  published  folio,  Amst.  1725 — 
a  Description  of  the  Danube,  6  vols.  fol. — 
a  Latin  Treatise  on  Coffee,  12mo. — on 
Mushrooms,  folio — on  the  Bosphorus.  4to. 
— on  the  Ottoman  Forces,  fol. 

Marsollier,  James,  a  French  histo- 
rian, born  at  Paris,  1647.  He  was  arch- 
deacon of  Usez,  and  died  there,  1724. 
7Iis  works,  though  occasionally  incorrect, 
are  still  read  with  applause.  He  is  author 
of  a  History  of  Cardinal  Ximenes,  2  vols. 
12mo. — History  of  Henry  VH.  of  Eng- 
land, 2  vols  12mo. — History  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion, l2mo. — Life  of  Sir  Francis  de  Sales, 
2  vols.  12mo. — Life  of  Madame  de  Chantel, 
2  vols. — Life  of  Dom  Ranee  of  La  Trap- 
pe,  2  vols. — Dialogues  on  the  Duties  of 
Civil  Life — History  of  Henry  de  la  Tour 
D'Auvergne — an  Apology  for  Erasmus,  to 
prove  that  he  was  a  good  Catholic — a 
History  of  the  Tenths  and  Goods  of  the 
Chui'ch. 

Marston,  John,  an  English  dramatic 
author.  He  wrote  eight  plays,  which  were 
acted  with  applause  at  the  Black-friars 
theatre.  He  was  of  Corpus  Christi  col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  was  the  friend  of  Ben 
Jonson,  but  the  time  of  his  death  is  un- 
known, though  he  was  living  in  1633. 
He  wrote  besides  three  books  of  satires, 
called  the  Scourge  of  Villany,  and  reprint' 
ed  1764. 

Marst,  Francis  Marie  de,  distinguished 
among  the  Jesuits,  from  whose  society  he 
was  expelled,  was  born  at  Paris.  His 
"Analysis  of  Bayle,"  4  vols.  12mo.  was 
proscribed  by  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and 
produced  his  confinement  in  the  Bastille. 
He  died  suddenly,  December,  1763.  He 
is  author  of  the  History  of  Mary  Stuart,  3 
vols.  l2mo. — Memoirs  de  Melville,  from 
the  English,  3  vols.  12mo. — Abridged  Dic- 
tionaiy  of  Painting  and  Architecture,  2  vols. 
12mo. — The  Rabelais  Moderne,  8  vols. 
12mo. — the  Prince,  from  Father  Paul — 
Pictura,  an  elegant  poem — Modern  His- 
tory, as  a  continuation  of  RoUin,  26  vols. 
12mo. 

Marst,  Baltbasar,  a  native  of  Cambray, 
eminent  as  a  sculptor.  He  died  1674, 
a?ed  64.     His  brother  Caspar,  who  died 


1681,  aged  50,  wa-s  also  an  able  scuiptoi 
The  vase,    with   a    representation    of  La- 
tona  and   her  children,   in  the  gardens  of 
Versailles,  is   by   the  chisel    of  the»e  two 
brothers. 

Martel,  Francis,  surgeon  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  was  author 
of  an  Apologv  for  Surgeons— of  Paradoxes 
on  the  Practice  of  Surgery,  and  other  works, 
printed  at  Paris,  together,  1635,  12mo. 

Marteliere,  Peter  de  la,  an  advocate 
of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  who  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  the  celebrated  trial  between 
the  university  of  Paris  and  the  Jesuits. 
The  speech  which  he  made  on  the  occasion, 
was  published,  and  much  applauded.  He 
died  1631. 

Martelli,  Lewis,  an  Italian,  whose 
poems,  serious  and  grotesque,  and  drama- 
tic pieces,  were  published  at  Florence,  ho 
was  born  at  Florence,  and  died  at  Salerno, 
1527,  aged  23.  His  brother  Vincent  was 
also  a  poet,  whose  pieces  appeared  at  Flo- 
rence, 1607,  8vo. 

Martelli,  Peter  James,  author  of  seven 
volumes  of  prose  and  verse,  was  secretary 
to  the  senate  of  Bologna,  and  professor  of 
belles  lettres  there.  He  died  1729.  His 
poems,  according  to  Maffei,  possessed  great 
merit. 

Martenne,  Edmund,  a  Benedictine 
monk  of  St.  Maur,  born  1654,  at  St.  Jean 
de  Laune,  Langres.  He  was  author  of  a 
Commentary  on  the  Rules  of  St.  Benedict 
— de  Antiquis  Monachorum  Ritibus,  2  vols. 
4to. — Thesaurus  Anecdotorum  Novus,  and 
other  works,  he  died  of  an  apoplexy,  1739. 

Martial,  D'Auvergne,  a  French  poet, 
author  of  Arrets  de  L'Amour — a  Histori- 
cal Poem  on  Charles  VII. — L'Amant  Ren- 
du Cordelier — Devotes  Louanges  a  la 
Vierge  Marie,  &c.  reprinted  at  Paris,  2 
vols.  8vo.  1724.  He  was  procurator  of  the 
parliament,  and  notary  of  the  chatelet  at 
Paris,  and  died  there  1508,  much  beloved. 

Martialis,  Marcus  Valerius,  a  Span- 
iard celebrated  as  a  great  Latin  epigram- 
matist, in  the  reign  of  the  emperor  Domi- 
tian.  He  died  in  his  native  country,  104 
A.D.  His  epigrams  are  severe,  and  often 
licentious,  best  edited  1701,  Amst.  8vo. 

Martianay,  John,  a  Benedictine  of  the 
congregation  of  St.  Maur,  who  ably  edited 
the  works  of  Jerome,  5  vols,  folio,  with  a 
life  of  that  father,  4to.  1706,  and  publish- 
ed also  other  works.  Ho  was  born  at  St. 
Sever,  in  Gascony,  and  read  lectures  at 
Aries,  Avignon,  and  Bourdeaux.  He  died 
of  an  apoplexy,  1717,  aged  70. 

Martignac,  Stephen  Algai  lord  of,  a 
French  writer,  who  published  the  Lives  of 
the  Bishops  of  Paris,  in  the  l7th  century, 
4to.  and  translated  besides  into  prose,  Ho- 
race, Terence,  Juvenal,  Persius,  Ovid,  Vir- 
gil, in  9  vols.  12mo.  He  died  1693,  aged 
70. 

28.^ 


MAR 


MAR 


Martix,  St.  a  native  of  Sabt;.ria,  in  Paii- 
nonia,  who,  from  a  soldier,  became  a  con- 
vert to  Christianity  at  Amien?,  and  in 
374  was  made  bishop  of  Tours.  He  found- 
ed the  monastery  of  Marmontier,  and  is 
regarded  as  the  apostle  of  Gaul.  His  con- 
fession of  faith  with  respect  to  the  Trinity 
is  still  extant.     He  died  397. 

Martin  I.  pope  after  Theodore,  649, 
caused  the  doctrines  of  the  Monothelites 
to  be  condemned  in  a  synod  at  Rome. 
He  was  sent  by  Constantius  to  the  Crimea, 
where  he  died  through  ill  treatment,  16th 
Sept.  655. 

Martin  II.  pope  after  John  VIII.  8S2, 
died  two  years  after,  in  Feb.  884.  Under 
bim  Photius,  patriarch  of  Constantinople 
was  condemned. 

Martin  III.  a  native  of  Rome,  pope 
after  Stephen  VIII.  942.  He  was  a  benevo- 
lent pontiff,  and  founded  several  churches, 
&c.     He  died  4th  August,  946. 

Martin  IV.  a  Frenchman,  made  pope 
after  Nicholas  III.  1281.  He  passed  a 
sentence  of  excommunication  against  the 
emperor  Michael  Palaeologus,  and  against 
Peter  III.  of  Arragon,  whose  kingdom  he 
bestowed  on  Charles  Valois  son  of  Philip 
the  Hardy  of  France.  He  died  at  Pe- 
i-ouse,  28th  March,  1285. 

Martin  V.  Otho  Colonna,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  made  pope  after  the  abdication  of 
Gregory  XII.  1417.  The  emperor  and 
the  elector  palatine,  with  the  deference  of 
subjects  attended  upon  him  at  his  inaugu- 
ration, and  he  knew  well  how  to  improve 
the  submissive  conduct  of  catholic  po- 
tentates. He  persecuted  the  adherents  of 
Huss,  in  Bohemia,  and  presided  in  person 
at  the  council  of  Constance,  1418.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy,  20th  Feb.  1431,  aged 
63. 

Martin,  David,  a  protestant  divine, 
born  at  Revel,  in  Languedoc,  1639.  He 
left  his  country  at  the  revocation  of  the 
edict  of  Nantes,  and  settled  at  Utrecht, 
where  he  gave  lectures,  and  acted  as  pastor. 
On  the  second  edition  of  the  dictionary  of 
the  French  academy  he  communicated  to 
the  publishers,  some  valuable  remarks,  and 
died  at  Utrecht,  of  a  violent  fever,  1721. 
He  was  a  most  amiable  character.  He 
published  a  History  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testament,  2  vols,  folio,  with  424  plates — 
EightSermons,  8vo. — a  Treatise  on  Natural 
Religion — Two  Dissertations,  which  have 
been  translated  into  English,  one  on  the 
disputed  passage  of  St.  John  1,  c.  6.  v.  7. 
and  the  other  on  the  testimony  of  Jose- 
phus  to  the  character  of  Christ — a  Treatise 
on  Revealed  Religion,  2  vols.  8vo. — a  Bible, 
ivith  notes. 

Martin,  Dom  James,  a  Benedictine  of 

the  congregation  of  St.  Maur,  born  at  Tan- 

jaux,  Upper  Languedoc.     After  teaching 

the  languages  in  his   native  province,  he 

286 


removed  to  Paris  where  he  died  a  martyii' 
to  agonizing  sufferings  from  the  gout  and 
gravel,  1751,  in  his  70th  year.  He  wrote  a 
Treatise  on  the  Religion  of  the  Ancient 
Gauls,  2  vols. — a  History  of  the  Gauls,  2 
vols. — Explication  of  difficult  Texts  of 
Scripture,  2  vols.  4to. — Explanation  of  An- 
cient Monuments — a  project  for  an  Alpha- 
betical Library. 

Martin,  Thomas,  an  antiquarian,  born 
atThetford,  8th  March,  1697,  the  seventh 
of  nine  children.  He  was  for  some  time 
with  his  brother  as  an  attorney,  but  dis- 
liked the  employment,  and  wished  for  a 
Cambridge  education,  in  which,  however, 
he  was  not  gratified,  as  he  in  1722  married 
at  Thetford.  By  his  wife  who  died  1731, 
he  had  eight  children,  and  by  the  widow  of 
Peter  le  Neve,  Norroy  king  at  arms,  whom 
he  soon  after  took  for  his  second  wife,  he 
had  as  many  children,  nine  of  all  whom 
reached  the  years  of  manhood.  By  his 
second  marriage  he  obtained  a  large  collec- 
tion of  English  antiquities,  pictures,  &c. 
which  have  since  his  death  passed  into  the 
hands  of  private  families.  He  died  7th 
March,  1771,  and  was  buried  in  Palgrave 
church,  where  many  of  his  family  were  in- 
terred before  him.  He  ^Tote  Monumenta 
Anglicana — the  History  of  his  Native 
Town,  4to. — and  contributed  much  to  the 
Fasti  of  Le  Neve. 

Martin,  Benjamin,  an  optician  and 
globe  maker  of  Fleet-street,  and  the  pub- 
lisher of  a  Scientific  Magazine,  was  origi- 
nally a  schoolmaster  of  Chichester,  and  was 
born  in  1704.  He  acquired  afterwards 
some  reputation  as  a  travelling  lecturer  in 
experimental  philosophy,  and  then  settled 
in  London,  where  he  made  some  improve- 
ments in  philosophical  and  mathematical 
experiments.  In  his  old  age  he  was  afflict- 
ed with  domestic  losses  in  consequence  of 
trusting  too  much  to  false  friends,  and 
though  he  had  more  than  sufficient  to  dis- 
charge his  debts,  he  became  a  bankrupt. 
In  a  fit  of  delirious  despair  he  attempted  his 
life  ;  the  wound,  though  not  mortal,  has- 
tened his  death.  He  died  9th  Feb.  1782. 
His  fossils  and  curiosities  were  sold  for 
little  after  his  death.  He  published  a  Phi- 
losophical Grammar — Young  Gentleman 
and  Lady's  Philosophy,  2  vols.  Svo. — Philo- 
sophia  Brilannica,  3  vols.  8vo. — Treatises 
on  Decimal  Arithmetic,  Svo. — on  Optics, 
Svo. — on  Trigonometry,  2  vols.  Svo. — Ma- 
thematical Institutes,  2  vols. — Natural 
History  of  England,  2  vols. — Biographia 
Philosophica,  Svo.  and  other  miscellanies, 
all  useful  and  ingenious. 

Martin,  Claude,  a  native  of  Lyons,  of 
mean  parentage.  He  had  happily  the  ad- 
vantage of  a  good  mathematical  education, 
and  at  the  age  of  20  he  embraced  the  pro- 
fession of  arms,  and  embarked  for  India 
inth  hi?  brother  under  general  Lally.     In 


MAU 


MAII 


ilic  uuv  of  17"»6  lie  conducted  hims'-ll'  uitli 
s;reat  valour,  Inii  ill  treatment  dis<j;ustcd 
liim  with  the  service,  and  he  at  the  siege  of 
I'oiidichenv  deserted  to  the  Kiij;iish,  in 
\vhose  forces  he  obtained  the  rank  of  colo- 
nel. Assiduous  and  intelligent,  he  was  now 
employed  to  make  a  map  of  the  territories 
of  the  Nabob  of  Oudc,  and  under  liis  jju- 
tronagc  he  introduced  the  arts  and  com- 
mercial institutions  of  Europe,  and  opened 
a  bank,  which  proved  highly  productive. 
He  afterwards  settled  at  Lucknow,  where 
he  built  a  magnificent  cdiiice  for  his  resi- 
dence, and  another  also  on  the  banks  of  the 
Ganges,  and  then  devoting  his  time  to  the 
natural  productions  of  the  country,  he 
formed  in  his  museum  a  very  curious  and 
valuable  collection.  His  garden  was  also 
enriched  with  all  the  beautiful  productions 
and  varieties  of  the  climate  ;  his  observatory 
was  provided  with  the  most  useful  and  the 
best  instruments  for  making  observations 
on  the  heavens,  and  he  exhibited  the  first 
balloon  that  ever  floated  in  the  atmosphere 
of  Asia.  This  remarkable  character  died 
in  1799,  and  with  the  most  benevolent  in- 
tentions divided  his  immense  property 
rmong  his  children,  and  for  charitable  pur- 
poses in  the  towns  of  Lyons,  of  Calcutta, 
and  of  Lucknow. 

Martin,  Alexander,  LL.D.  governor  of 
North  Carolina  from  17S2  to  1785,  was 
previously  speaker  of  the  senate  of  the 
state,  and  afterwards  a  delegate  to  the  con- 
vention which  framed  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States.  He  was  a  second  time 
governor  on  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Jolin- 
son  to  the  senate  in  1789.  In  1792  Mr. 
Martin,  was  elected  a  senator  from  North 
Carolina.  He  died  November,  1807. 

iCj^  L. 

Martindale,  Adam,  a  mathematician 
and  divine,  master  of  a  mathematical  school 
at  Warrington,  and  then  at  Dunham,  was 
ejected  from  the  living  of  Rosthorn,  Che- 
shire, for  non-conformity,  1662.  He  after- 
wards lived  as  chaplain  in  the  family  of  lord 
Delaware,  and  died  1700.  He  is  author  of 
the  Land  Meter's  Vade  Mecum,  12mo. — 
two  County  Almanacks — 12  Problems 
about  Interest — Divinity  Knots  Unloosed 
1649,  8vo. — Truth  and  Peace  promoted, 
1G82,  &c. 

Martinf.au,  Isaac,  a  Jesuit  of  Angers, 
who  died  1720,  aged  80.  He  was  patro- 
nised by  the  court,  and  became  confessor 
and  friend  to  the  duke  of  Burgundy.  He 
wrote  Psalms  of  Penitence — Meditations  on 
Retirement,  &c. 

Martini,  Raymond,  a  Dominican  friar, 
born  at  Sobirat,  in  Catalonia.  He  was  one 
of  those  Avho  were  laboriously  engaged  in 
the  study  of  Arabic  and  Hebrew  to  confute 
the  Jews  and  Mahometans  in  their  own 
language  on  religious  subjects,  and  he  was 
%n\t  by  the  king  of  Arvaomn  n?  a  mi-isiDnarv 


to  Tunis  in  12G8.  He  died  l2Pf;.  Hi>  ex- 
cellent treatise  against  the  Jews,  called 
Pugio  Fidei  Christiana;  was  brouj^ht  to 
light  by  Bosquet,  bishop  of  Montpellier, 
and  published  1651  at  Paris,  and  the  best 
edition  at  Leipsic,  1G87. 

Martini,  Martin,  a  Jesuit,  long  resident 
in  (yhina,  where  he  wrote  some  valuable 
books.  He  returned  to  Kuropc  in  IGjI, 
and  again,  as  some  suppose,  revisited 
China,  where  he  died,  aged  74.  He  pub- 
lished "  Sinica;  Historia;  Decas  prima  a 
gentis  Origine  ad  Christum  Natum,  4to. — 
China  Illuatrata,  fol. — a  Latin  History  of 
the  Wars  of  the  Tartars  against  China,  8vo. 
— a  Relation  of  the  Number  and  Quality  of 
the  Chinese  Christians. 

Martiniere,  rid.  Bruzen. 

Martinius,  Matthias,  a  native  of  Wal- 
deck,  the  disciple  of  Piscator,  became  a  re- 
spectable divinity  professor  at  Paderborii 
and  Bremen,  and  distinguished  himself  at 
the  synod  of  Dordt.  He  wrote  Lexicon 
Philologicum,  2  vols.  fol.  and  died  1630, 
aged  58. 

Martinusius,  George,  or  Vtisino- 
viscii,  a  native  of  Croatia,  who  from  a 
lighter  of  stoves  became  a  learned  ecclesi- 
astic, bishop  of  Great  Waradin,  and  at  last 
the  minister  and  friend  of  John  Zapol, 
king  of  Hungary.  At  his  death,  1540,  the 
king  left  him  guardian  of  his  son  John 
Sigismuud,  but  a  quarrel  with  Isabella  the 
queen  mother  obliged  him  to  leave  the 
kingdom,  and  he  retired  to  the  court  of  the 
emperor  Ferdinand  I.  who  obtained  for  him 
a  cardinal's  hat  from  pope  Julius  III.  He 
was  afterwards  suspected  of  plotting  with 
the  Turks  against  his  benefactor,  and  in 
consequence  of  this  probably  false  accusa- 
tion he  was  meanly  assassinated  in  his 
castle  of  Vints,  1551. 

Martirelli,  a  landscape  painter  of 
great  eminence,  born  at  Naples,  where  he 
died  1720,  aged  60. 

Martyn,  John,  an  English  botanist, 
born  in  London,  1699.  He  early  showed  a 
fondness  for  botanical  pursuits,  and  by  the 
friendship  of  Dr.  Sherard,  his  attention 
was  directed  to  literary  and  not  to  mercan- 
tile concerns.  By  publishing,  in  1720, 
Tournefort's  History  of  the  Plants  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Paris,  he  formed  the  plan 
of  composing  a  catalogue  of  those  near 
London.  The  society  of  botanists  in  Lon- 
don, which  continued  in  its  original  form 
till  1726,  was  established  by  him  and  Dilic- 
nus  ;  but  afterwards  he  left  the  metropolis, 
where  he  had  given  some  lectures,  to  suc- 
ceed Bradley  as  botanical  professor  of  Cam- 
bridge. He  acquired  some  reputation  as  a 
physician  in  London  and  Chelsea,  but  re- 
tiring to  Streatham,  in  1752,  he  abandoned 
the  more  laborious  parts  of  his  profession. 
He  resigned,  in  1761,  his  Cambridge  pro- 
fessorship, in  which  he  was  succeeded  bv 

287 


MAR 


MAR 


his  son  Thomas  Marty n,  B.D.  and  he 
died  at  Chelsea,  1768.  Dr.  Martyn  had 
been  elected  member  of  the  royal  society 
in  1727,  and  was  so  useful  in  the  regula- 
tions made  to  complete  the  library  and  the 
museum,  that  his  bond  for  annual  payment 
was  honourably  cancelled  by  the  council  of 
that  learned  body.  His  works  are  Tabulai 
Synoptical  Plantarum  Officinal,  ad  method. 
Itay.  fol. — Methodus  Plantarum  circa  Can- 
tabrig.  Nascent.  l2mo. — Historia  Planta- 
rum Rariorum,  Decad.  5  fol. — first  Lecture 
of  a  Course  of  Botany,  Introductory,  Svo. 
— Virgil's  Bucolics  and  Georgics  translated 
with  notes,  2  vols.  Svo.  and  4to.  a  valuable 
and  entertaining  work — Dissertations  on 
the  ^neid,  12mo. — Abridgment  of  Philoso- 
phical Transactions — Translation  of  Hanis 
on  the  Diseases  of  Infants — do.  of  Boer- 
haave's  Treatise  on  the  powers  of  Medicine 
— Philosophical  Papers  of  the  Memoirs  of 
the  Paris  Academy  of  Sciences,  abridged, 
5  vols.  Svo. — Various  Curious  Papers  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions — some  Articles 
in  the  General  Dictionary,  &c. 

Martyr,  Peter,  a  native  of  Anghierra 
in  the  Milanese,  employed  as  an  able  nego- 
tiator by  Ferdinand  V.  of  Castile  and  Ar- 
ragon,  and  also  engaged  in  the  education 
of  the  princes  his  children.  In  conse- 
quence of  his  services  he  obtained  some 
ecclesiastical  honours,  and  died  1525,  aged 
70.  He  was  author  of  a  History  of  the 
Discovery  of  America,  under  the  name  of 
de  Navigatione  et  Tcrris  de  Novo  Repertis, 
1587 — Letters  respecting  the  History  of 
Spain,  Amsterdam,  1670,  fol. — an  interest- 
ing Relation  of  his  Embassy  to  Egypt, 
1500,  in  fol. 

Martyr,  Peter,  a  most  eminent  divine, 
born  at  Florence,  1500.  His  family  name 
was  Hermilius,  but  he  received  from  his 
parents  that  of  Martyr,  from  Peter,  a  mar- 
tyr, whose  church  was  near  the  house  in 
which  he  was  born.  He  became  an  Au- 
gustine monk  at  Fiesoli,  and  afterwards 
.studied  at  Padua,  and  at  the  age  of  26  was 
admitted  public  preacher.  He  distinguish- 
ed himself  by  his  eloquence  in  the  pulpit, 
and  as  a  professor  of  philosophy  and  divi- 
nity, at  Brixia,  Rome,  Venice,  -Mantua, 
and  other  cities  ;  but  the  writings  of  Zuin- 
glius  and  of  Bucer,  and  the  conversation  of 
Valdes  shook  his  faith  in  the  papal  infalli- 
bility, and  after  preaching  the  doctrines  of 
the  protestants  in  secret,  he  found  it  dan- 
gerous to  continue  south  of  the  Alps,  and 
therefore  removed  to  Zurich.  He  next 
visited  Basil,  and  then  Strasburg  where  he 
married  a  nun  who,  like  himself,  had  es- 
caped from  the  superstitions  of  a  convent. 
From  Strasburg,  Martyr  was  invited  by 
Cranmer  to  England,  and  honourably  ap- 
pointed divinity  professor  at  Oxford  by  Ed- 
ward VI.  in  1 549.  Though  insulted  and  ri- 
diruled  by  the  papists,  he  boldly  continued 
'_'8« 


his  lectures,  and,  in  approbation  of  his  zeal, 
the  king  made  him  canon  of  Christ  church. 
At  the  accession  of  Mary,  however,  the 
learned  professor  found  it  unsafe  to  remain 
at  Oxford,  and  he  therefore  privately  re- 
tired to  Strasburg,  and  to  Zurich,  where, 
for  seven  years,  he  became  a  popular  di- 
vmity  professor.  He  had  liberal  oifers  af- 
terwards to  settle  at  Geneva,  awd  his  friend 
Jewel  solicited  him  with  zealous  affection 
to  return  to  England  after  Mai-y's  death, 
but  he  declined  those  honourable  testimo- 
nies of  respect,  and  continued  at  Zurich, 
where  he  died  1562,  aged  63.  His  wife 
died  at  Oxford  during  his  residence  there. 
On  Mary's  accession,  such  was  the  impo- 
tent virulence  of  the  papists,  her  bones  were 
dug  up  and  buried  in  a  dunghill  by  cardinal 
Pole,  till  the  happier  days  of  Elizabeth  re- 
stored them  to  consecrated  ground  in  the 
cathedral.  On  his  return  to  Zurich,  Mar- 
tyr took  a  second  wife,  by  whom  he  had 
three  children,  the  youngest  of  which  only 
survived  him.  Martyr,  as  a  writer,  was 
learned  and  ivell  informed  ;  as  a  disputant 
he  was  acute,  sensible,  and  penetrating,  as 
much  admired  by  the  protestants  as  he  was 
dreaded  by  the  papists.  He  was  zealous 
as  a  reformer,  but  sincere,  and  in  his  great- 
est triumphs  over  superstition  and  error, 
wisely  moderate  and  humble.  He  wrote 
several  books  against  the  papists,  or  in  ex- 
planation of  the  Scriptures,  but  his  "  De- 
fence of  the  Orthodox  Doctrine  of  the 
Lord's  Supper,"  against  Gardiner,  is  parti- 
cularly famous.  He  is,  however,  accused 
by  father  Simon,  of  making  a  vain  and  un- 
necessary display  of  his  learning  in  his 
commentaries,  though  it  must  be  confessed, 
in  the  words  of  bishop  Jewel,  that  he  is  a 
man  never  to  be  named  without  the 
highest  respect  and  honour. 

Marucelli,  John  Stephen,  an  Italian 
painter  of  eminence,  who  died  1706,  aged 
60.  One  of  his  best  pieces  is  Abraham  en- 
tertaining the  Angels. 

Marvell,  Andrew,  an  ingenious  writer, 
born  1620,  at  Kingston  upon  Hull,  where 
his  father  was  minister  and  master  of  the 
school.  The  strong  powers  of  his  mind 
were  so  early  displayed,  that  at  13  he  was 
sent  to  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  but 
here  unexperienced  and  thoughtless  he  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  Jesuits,  till  his  father 
interfered  and  restored  him  to  the  whole- 
some tenets  of  the  university.  He  took  his 
bachelor's  degree,  1638,  and  about  that 
time  lost  his  father,  who  was  drowned  in 
crossing  the  Humber,  while  attending  a 
female  friend's  daughter.  The  afflicted 
mother  being  now  childless,  bestowed  all 
her  property  on  the  son  of  her  deceased 
friend,  and  Marvell  was  thus  enabled  to 
travel  and  improve  himself  in  visiting  fo- 
reign countries.  He  passed  through  France, 
visited  Rome,  and  extended  his  travels  to 


MAU 


MAH 


Conslanliuo|jlc.       Ab«ut  1653  lie  returued 
boiiii;,  ami  was  inailc   assistant   to   Milton, 
the  Latin  senetary  of  Cromwell.     Ht  was 
clioscn  nuMiilxT  of  parliament  for  his  native 
town  in  HJOO,    and    continued  to  represent 
it,  and  witij  the  honourable  grant  of  a  pen- 
sion   from    his  approving  electors,  till   his 
death,  and  thougli  he  seldom  spoke   in  the 
Louse,    his   opinion    was  respected   out  of 
doors,  and  oi'tcn  influenced  prince  Rupert, 
and     other     inilependcnt    members.        He 
claimed    the    piiblic   attention  as  a  writer, 
by  a  severe  anonymous  attack  on  Dr.  Par- 
ker, who  was  virulent  in  favour  of  arbitrary 
government,     and    by    another    pamphlet 
against  bishop  Croft's  "  Naked  Truth,"  but 
his   most   violent    composition   was    "an 
Account  of  the  Growth  of  Popery  and  Ar- 
bitrary   Government  in  England,  &c."  for 
the  discovery  of  the  author  of  which  the 
offended  ministry  offered  a  reward.    These 
tracts  were  written  not  only  with  severity, 
but  in  a  strain   of  humour  and  sarcasm, 
"which  rendered  them  very  popular,  and  ex- 
posed to  derision  those  against  whom  the 
satire  was  directed.     Though  an  enemy  to 
the   ministry,    Marvell   was   courted    and 
admired,   and  even   the  king  himself  was 
pleased  with  his  conversation  and  conduct, 
and  endeavoured  by  all  means  in  his  power 
to  gain  him  to  espouse  the  measures  of  the 
court.      After   enjoying  the    company    of 
this   facetious  subject,    Charles   the   next 
morning  sent  to  him  his  minister  Danby, 
who  with  difficulty  found  his  obscure  lodg- 
ing, up  two  pair  of  stairs,  in  one  of  the 
courts  of  the  Strand.      Marvell  supposed 
his  visiter  had  lost  his  way,  but  when  in- 
formed that  Danby  came  from  the   king, 
who  wished   to  know  what  he  could  do  to 
serve  him,   he  answered  that  it  was  not  in 
his  majesty's  power  to  serve  him.     When 
pressed   farther  to  accept  any   office  the 
court  could  give,  Marvell  answered,  that  he 
could   not  with  honour  accept  the  offer, 
since  if  he  did,  he  must  prove  either  un- 
grateful to  the  king  in  voting  against  him, 
or  false  to  his  country  in  giving  into  the 
measures  of  the  court.     To  conquer  this 
obstinate  integrity  Danby  declared  that  he 
was  the  bearer  to  him  of  1000/.  from  the 
king  as  a  mark  of  his  respect,  but  this  the 
unshaken  patriot  rejected,  though  after  the 
courtier  was  gone  he  was  obliged  to  bor- 
row a  guinea  of  a  friend.     This  great  man 
died  1678,  aged  58,  not  without  strong  suspi- 
cions of  being  poisoned,  and  he  was  buried 
in   St.    Giles's  church,  in  the  fields.     His 
friends  afterwards  wished  to  erect  a  monu- 
ment to   his  memory  in  the  church  of  his 
native  town,  but  the  minister  of  the  parish 
refused  his  consent.     Some  papers  were 
afterwards  imposed  upon  the  public  as  his, 
by  a  woman  with  whom  he  lodged,  and  who 
imprudently  asserted  those  papers  to  have 
been  in  the  handwriting  of  her  late  dear 
Vol.  it.  -.7 


busliand.  His  poems  und  letters  vv<-re  pub- 
lished, London,  172t;,  in  2  \oh.  12mo.  with 
an  account  of  his  life,  by  Mr.  Cooke,  and 
since,  a  handsomr  edition  has  appeared 
by  captain  Thompson,  3  vols.  Ito.  Some 
of  his  recommendatory  verses  generally 
appear  before  the  great  work  of  his  friend 
Milton. 

Marvielles,  N.  de,  a  French  officer, 
better  known  as  the  author  of  some  poetical 
pieces  of  merit,  in  Latin  and  in  French,  con- 
sisting of  stories  well  told,  epigrams,  kr. 
He  died  about  1775. 

Marullus,  Tacitus,  a  poet  of  the  fifth 
century,  who  wrote  a  panegyric  on  Attila, 
king  of  the  Huns,  and  waited  upon  him  at 
Padua  in  expectation  of  a  liberal  reward. 
The  fierce  barbarian  rewarded  his  flattery 
by  throwing  the  poem  and  the  writer  into 
the  flames. 

Marullits,  Michael  Tarchanistis,  a 
learned  Greek  who  left  his  native  town, 
Constantinople,  when  it  fell  under  the 
power  of  the  Turks.  He  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  soldier,  as  well  as  a  poet  in  Italy, 
but  in  his  principles  he  was  an  impious 
blasphemer  and  atheist.  He  was  drowned 
on  horseback  in  the  river  Ca;cina  near  Vo- 
laterra,  1500.  His  poems  and  epigrams 
both  in  Greek  and  Latin  were  printed  at 
Florence  1497,  4to.  and  Paris,  1561.  They 
are  elegant,  but  very  licentious.  He  was 
a  great  adm.rer  of  Lucretius,  and  used  to 
say  that  other  poets  were  to  be  read,  but 
Lucretius  and  Virgil  to  be  got  by  heart. 

Mary,  the  mother  of  our  blessed  Saviour, 
was  of  the  tribe  of  Judah,  and  of  the  royal 
race  of  David.  She  was  betrothed  to  Jo- 
seph, and  her  miraculous  conception  was 
announced  to  her  by  the  angel  Gabriel. 
From  Bethlehem  where  the  Saviour  was 
born,  she  went  to  Egypt,  and  afterwards 
returned  to  Nazareth  where  she  saw  her 
son  grow  up  in  stature  and  in  wisdom. 
Little  is  mentioned  of  her  in  the  gospels, 
but  that  she  was  present  at  the  crucifixion, 
when  Jesus  recommended  her  to  his  fa- 
vourite disciple,  John,  who  took  her  to  his 
own  house.  The  papists  assert,  that  she 
continued  immaculate,  and  on  the  supposi- 
tion that  she  was  taken  up  to  heaven,  with- 
out dying,  they  celebrate  a  feast  called  the 
assumption  of  the  virgin. 

Mart,  wife  of  Cleophas,  is  called  in 
scripture  the  sister  of  the  virgin,  and  the 
mother  of  the  apostles,  James  the  less,  Si- 
mon, and  Jude,  and  Joseph.  She  early  be- 
lieved in  the  miracles,  and  the  mission  of 
our  Saviour,  she  attended  hi^  crucifixion, 
and  the  burial  of  his  body,  and  she  was  one 
of  the  women  to  whom  his  resurrection 
was  announced  at  the  a«pnlchre  by  a  vision 
of  angels,  and  she  immediately  after  met 
him,  and  falling  at  his  feet  paid  him  adora- 
tion. 

Mart,  queei^  of  England,  eldest  daiigh- 


MAR 


MAK 


tcr  of  Henry  VIII.  by  Catharine  of  Arra- 
gon,  was  born  at  Greenwich,   18th  Feb. 
1517.     She  was  educated  under  the  care 
of  the  celebrated  Linacer  and  Vives,  and 
she  acquired   so  perfect  a  knowledge   of 
Latin  that  she  undertook  to  translate  Eras- 
mus's  Paraphrase   of    St   John's    Gospel, 
which  was  finished  by  her  chaplain  Mallet. 
The  treatment  of  her  mother  by  her  father 
totally  alienated  her  heart  from  filial  duties, 
and  so  exasperated  was  the  monarch  at 
her  violent  and  obstinate  conduct,  that  he 
would  have  publicly  put  her  to  death  had  not 
the  virtuous  Cranmer  interfered.     Bred  up 
in   the   bigoted  principles  of  the  Romish 
church,  she  refused  to  join  the  protestant 
communion,  as  well  under  her  brother  as 
under  her  father,   and  in  consequence  of 
this  obstinacy  the  young  king,  at  the  per- 
suasion of  the  duke  of  Northumberland,  set 
her  aside  in  the  succession,  and  appointed 
the  lady   Jane    Gray   for    his    successor. 
Though  Jane  was  proclaimed  on  Edward's 
death,  yet  Mary's  interest  prevailed,  and  in 
a  few  days  she  entered  London  in  triumph. 
The  partialities  which  she  had  shown  for 
the  popish  tenets  in  a  private  station,  now 
displayed  themselves  on  the  throne,   and 
guided  by  the  counsels  of  the  sanguinary 
Gardiner,    she  assented  to  those  horrible 
excesses   which  have  so  deservedly   fixed 
upon  her   the    appellation    of  the  bloody 
Mary.     The  faggot  and  the  stake  were  the 
instruments  used  to  make  converts  to  the 
church  of  Rome,  and  not  only  the  innocent 
lady  Jane  and  her  husband  were  sacrificed 
to  the  mean  jealousy  of  the  queen,  but  the 
great  Cranmer  who  had  saved  her  from  de- 
struction was  condemned  to  the  flames.  In 
1554  she  married  Philip  of  Spain,  son  of 
Charles  V.  but  the  happiness  which  she  ex- 
pected from  this  union  was  destroyed  by  the 
coldness  of  her  phlegmatic  husband,  and 
her  disappointment  in  child-bearing  added 
to  the  studied  absence  of  Philip,  and  the 
disgraceful  loss  of  Calais,  so  preyed  upon 
her  spirits,  that  she  fell  a  sacrifice  to  the  at- 
tacks of  a  fever,  7th  Nov.   1558.     In  her 
character,  Mary  was  violent,  superstitious, 
and  bigoted,  she  thought  it  her  duty  to  sa- 
crifice the  calls  of  humanity  to  her  zeal  for 
what  she  considered  the  interests  of  true 
religion,   and   from   the  influence   of  her 
popish  advisers,  she  was  often  prevailed  to 
commit  what  was  dishonourable,  flagitious, 
and    oppressive.      Three  books  of  devo- 
tion are  mentioned  by  Strype  as  written 
by  her. 

Mary,  queen  of  England,  wife  of  William 
III.  was  daughter  of  the  second  James,  by 
the  daughter  of  lord  Clarendon.  She  mar- 
vied  at  the  age  of  15  William,  prince  of 
Orange,  and  at  the  revolution,  when  her 
father  had  abdicated  the  throne,  she  ac- 
companied her  husband,  and  was  crowned 
queen.  Mary  is  represented  as  of  a  meek 
290 


inotfensive  characteV,  little  inclined  to  med- 
dle with  public  affairs  except  when  party 
influenced  her,  or  the  absence  of  her  hus- 
band rendered  it  necessary.  She  died  28th 
Dec.  in  1694,  at  the  age  of  32,  of  the  small- 
pox, leaving  no  issue.  She  was,  in  her 
character,  benevolent  and  humane,  exhi- 
biting in  her  conduct  great  gravity,  and 
little  attachment  to  the  feminine  trifles  and 
levities  which  fashion  or  caprice  too  often 
recommend. 

Mary,  daughter  of  Henry  III  duke  of 
Brabant,  married  Philip  the  Bold  of  France, 
1274.  She  was  accused  of  poisoning  the 
eldest  of  her  husband's  sons  by  a  former 
marriage,  but  her  innocence  was  proved 
by  a  knight  sent  by  her  brother,  in  those 
days  of  chivalry,  to  challenge  her  accusers. 
Sh-  died  1321,  36  years  after  the  death  of 
her  husband. 

Mary,  of  Anjou,  daughter  of  Lewis  II. 
and  wife  of  Charles  VII,  of  France.  She 
was  a  woman  of  a  very  heroic  character, 
and  though  insulted  and  despised  by  her 
husband,  she  applied  all  the  powers  of  her 
great  mind  to  secure  the  crown  to  him.  She 
died  1463,  aged  59. 

Mary,  daughter  of  Henry  VII.  of  Eng- 
land, married  Lewis  XII.  of  France.  After 
his  death  she  took  for  her  second  husband, 
Charles  Brandon,  duke  of  Suffolk,  by  whom 
she  had  a  daughter,  who  was  the  mother  of 
the  unfortunate  lady  Jane  Gray.  She  died 
1534,  aged  37. 

Mary  de  Medicis,  daughter  of  Francis 
II.  duke  of  Tuscany,  was  born  1573,  and 
married,  in  1600,  Henry  IV.  of  France. 
After  her  husband's  death  she  was  declared 
regent  of  the  kingdom,  but  weakness 
marked  her  administration,  and  her  partial- 
ity for  the  worthless  marshal  D'Ancre,  ex- 
cited against  her  the  indignation  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  the  opposition  of  her  son  Lewis 
XIII.  Though  a  reconciliation  was  effect- 
ed between  her  and  her  son,  by  the  means 
of  Cardinal  Richelieu,  she  afterwards  con- 
ceived so  great  a  hatred  against  this  her 
former  favourite,  that  all  her  powers  and 
influence  were  directed  to  seek  revenge. 
Lewis  at  last  supported  the  cardinal,  as  the 
best  means  of  consolidatinghis  government, 
and  Mary  was  banished,  and  her  attendants 
and  favourites,  and  even  her  physician, 
were  sent  out  of  the  kingdom,  or  confined 
in  the  bastile.  From  Compiegne,  where 
she  was  exiled,  she  retired  to  Brussels,  and 
died  in  poverty  at  Cologne,  3d  July,  1642, 
aged  69.  Though  obstinate  and  revenge- 
ful, Mary  was,  on  some  occasions,  very 
humane  and  benevolent,  she  patronised 
the  arts,  and  by  her  munificence  Paris  was 
adorned  by  the  splendid  palace  of  Luxem- 
burg, and  some  religious  establishments. 

Mart  Theresa,  of  Austria,  daughter 
of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain,  married,- in   1660, 


MAK 


\JAU 


)-.ewi3  XIV.  of  Franco,  and  tlieil  lUSJ,  aged 
45. 

Mart  Lkczi.vska,  dauglitcr  of  Stanis- 
laus, of  Poland,  married  Lewis  XV.  kint;  of 
France,  1725.  She  is  represented  as  a 
^ery  amiable  and  virtuous  princess.  She 
bore  to  Lewis  XV.  two  sons  and  eight 
daughters.  She  died  univerbaily  regretted, 
•24th  dune,  1768,  aged  G5. 

Maky  of  Cleves,  married  Henry  L 
prince  of  Conde.  She  was  loved  with  such 
ardi'ur  by  the  duke  of  Anjou,  afterwards 
Henry  IlL  that  when  called  to  the  throne 
of  Poland,  ho  wrote  to  her  with  all  the 
ivarmth  of  aticction,  and  signed  his  name 
"with  his  blood.  When  raised  to  the  French 
throne,  he  formed  the  design  of  annulling 
Mary's  maiTiagc  Avith  his  rival,  but  Catha- 
rine de  Medicis  opposed  it,  and  the  sudden 
death  of  Mary,  30th  Oct.  1571,  at  the  age 
of  18,  as  is  supposed  by  poison,  left  hun 
disconsolate  and  Avretehed. 

Mart,  of  Arragon,  daughter  of  Sancho 
in.  wife  of  Otho,  is  said  to  have  been  put 
to  death,  998,  for  causing  the  destruction 
of  the  count  of  Modena,  whom  she  falsely 
accused  of  attempts  on  her  virtue. 

Mart,  daughter  of  Charles,  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, married  Maximilian,  son  of  the  em- 
peror Frederic,  and  thus  transferred  the 
dominions  of  Burgundy  to  the  house  of 
Austria.  She  died  at  Bruges,  1482,  in 
consequence  of  a  fall  from  her  horse. 

Mart,  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Philip, 
king  of  Spain,  married,  1521,  Lewis,  king 
of  Hungary,  who  was  slain  five  years  after, 
at  the  battle  of  Mohats.  She  was  made 
governess  of  the  Netherlands,  by  her  bro- 
ther, Charles  V.  where  she  behaved  with 
great  courage,  and  opposed  with  success 
the  arms  of  Henry  IL  of  France.  She  was 
the  friend  of  the  protestants,  and  a  great 
patroness  of  literature.  Her  fondness  for 
the  sports  of  the  field  procured  her  the 
name  of  Diana,  and  from  her  military  prow- 
ess she  was  called  by  the  Spaniards  the  mo- 
ther of  the  camp.  She  left  her  government 
in  1555,  and  died  three  years  after,  in 
Spain. 

Mart  Stuart,  queen  of  Scots,  daughter 
of  James  V.  of  Scotland  and  Mary  of  Lor- 
raine, was  born  1552,  and  eight  days  after 
her  birth  inherited  the  throne  by  the  death 
of  her  father.  Henry  VHL  of  England  so- 
licited her  hand  for  his  son  Edward,  and 
when  refused  he  invaded  Scotland  and 
plundered  Edinburgh.  Uninfluenced  by 
the  momentary  successes  of  the  English, 
the  Scotch  regency  betrothed  their  young 
queen,  in  1558,  to  Francis,  the  dauphin  of 
France,  and  she  was  educated  there,  and 
imbibed  those  principles  of  bigotry  and 
foolish  levity  wh;-];  afterwards  embittered 
her  life.  The  marriage  was  celebrat-d  in 
1558,  but  two  years  after,  the  youthful  wi- 
dowed queen  left,  with  tenrs  of  regret,  thaf. 


country  where  some  of  the  happiest  of  her 
days  had  been  passed.  Returned  to  Scot- 
land, she  found  hf-r  subjects  agiUited  by 
party  zeal  and  civil  dissension,  and  she  dis- 
covered a  powerfid  rival  and  secret  enemy 
in  her  neighbour  Elizalteth  of  England, 
whom  she  had  seriously  ofiended  by  as- 
suming in  France  the  empty  title  of  queen 
of  England,  on  an  ill-founded  pretence  of 
Elizabeth's  illegitimacy.  To  distracted 
councils  was  added  religious  animosity, 
and  by  pidjlicly  celebrating  the  mass  in  her 
chapel,  Mary  ofiended  the  feelings  of  her 
subjects,  who  were  stern  and  rigid  presby- 
terians,  and  who,  in  their  zeal  in  favour  of 
the  reformation,  had  spared  neither  cathe- 
drals nor  abbeys,  nor  monuments  which 
bore  the  marks  of  popish  superstition. 
Thus  exposed  to  fanatical  violence,  and 
even  insulted  by  the  followers  of  Knox,  the 
celebrated  reformer,  Mary  could  pursue  no 
better  step  than  to  call  to  share  her  throne, 
a  man  of  sagacity,  firmness,  and  virtue. 
In  this  she  was  unfortunate ;  in  marrying 
Henry,  lord  Darnlev,  son  of  the  earl  of 
Lennox,  a  youth  of  engaging  appearance, 
but  of  weak  intellects,  and  impetuous  pas^ 
sions,  she  is  accused  of  consulting  her  li- 
centious desires.  Fondness  and  rapture 
soon  gave  way  to  indilTerence  and  disgust. 
Darnley  became  disagreeable  in  the  eyes  of 
the  queen,  and  their  mutual  discontents 
were  kindled  and  increased  by  the  insidious 
arts  of  their  respective  flatterers.  As  Ma- 
ry had  placed  her  confidence  on  an  Italian 
musician,  of  the  name  of  David  Rizzio, 
whom  she  had  appointed  her  secretary, 
Darnley  was  easily  persuaded  that  her  at- 
tachment was  criminal.  Determined  on 
revenge,  he  abruptly  entered  her  apart- 
ments with  some  assassins,  and  seizing  the 
terrified  favourite,  plunged  a  dagger  into 
his  heart,  though  the  queen,  then  far  ad- 
vanced in  her  pregnancy,  implored  in  vain 
for  mercy.  Mary  felt  the  indignity  oflfered 
to  her  person  and  dignity,  and  instead  of 
reconciliation,  she  looked  with  horror  on 
the  murderer,  and  failed  not  on  every  occa- 
sion to  manifest  her  displeasure  and  abhor- 
rence. Darnley,  despised  at  court,  retired 
to  his  country  house  near  Edinburgh, 
where  his  life  was  terminated  by  a  most 
fatal  catastrophe.  The  house  was  blown 
tip  in  the  night  by  gunpowder,  and  the  un- 
fortunate monarch's  body  was  found  in  the 
garden  adjoining,  but  without  any  marks 
of  violence  upon  it.  This  foul  deed  was 
fixed,  with  some  degree  of  truth,  upon 
James  Hepburn,  earl  of  Bothwell,  who  had 
succeeded  Rizzio  in  the  favour  of  the 
queen,  and  Mary  herself  escaped  not  the 
imputation  of  accessary  guilt.  Bothwell 
w-as  tried  and  acquitted,  but  as  if  rejoicing 
in  the  iniquity  of  his  conduct,  he  seizecl 
the  person  of  the  queen,  24th  April,  1567, 
and  prevailed  upon  I'er,  at  the  castle  r( 

291 


MAR 


Mi:& 


Dunbar,  to  marry  him.      This  violent  pro- 
ceeding, which  some  historians  assert,  but 
with  little  probability  of  truth,  to  have  been 
with  the  consent  of  Mary,  roused   the  in- 
dignation of  the  Scotch  nobles,  and  Both- 
well,  unable  to  stem  the  torrent  of  popular 
fury,  left   the  kingdom,  and  tied   to  Den- 
mark, where  he  died,  wretched  and  desti- 
tute.    Mary,  in  the  mean  time,  had  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  her  enemies,  and  was 
compelled    by    Murray,    the    regent,    her 
greatest  enemy,  to  resign  the  croAvn  in  fa- 
vour of  her  infant  son,  James  VI.  who  was 
crowned   king,    at    Dunbar.       To    render 
these  measures  agreeable  to  the  nation,  and 
to  make  the  unfortunate  Mary  odious,  she 
was   now   publicly  accused  of    being   the 
murderer  of  her  husband,  and  letters  were 
produced,    which,    if   true,    would    have 
proved  most  fully  her  guilt.     Time,  how- 
ever, has  shown  these  to  be  gross  forgeries, 
in  the  hands  of  those  who  had  suffered  the 
real  murderer,    Bothwell,   to   escape,  and 
had  punished  with  death  some  inferior  cha- 
racters, who  were  arraigned  as  accessaries. 
Mary,  a  prisoner  in  Lochleven  island,  un- 
der the  care  of  Murray's  mother,  who  had 
been  the   concubine  of   James   V.    found 
means  to  escape  to  Hamilton,  where  she 
declared  the  acts  extorted  from  her  to  be 
illegal.     Though  here  joined  by  above  6000 
men,  she  found  herself  unable  to  cope  with 
the  regent,  who  dispersed  he.  raw  troops, 
and  obliged  her  to  fly.     Unknowing  where 
to  retire,  she  came  towards  England,  and 
landed    at  Workington,    in    Cumberland, 
l7th  May,  1568,  and  implored  the  friend- 
ship and  protection   of  Elizabeth  of  Eng- 
land.    Elizabeth,  with  hypocritical  condo- 
lence, welcomed  her  on  her  escape,  but  af- 
ter drawing  her  to  Carlisle  for  greater  se- 
curity, she  refused  to  see  her  till  she  had 
cleared    herself  of    the   imputations    cast 
upon  her  character.     Mary,  who  expected 
to  be  respected  as  a  sovereign,  found,  unfor- 
tunately too  late,  she  was  to  be  treated  as 
a  criminal ;  but  after  she  had  submitted  to 
a  trial   which  was  to  investigate  her  inno- 
cence, and  had  heard  Elizabeth  declare,  that 
nothing  had  appeared  which  could  impeach 
the  good  character  of  her  sister,  she  still 
felt  that  she  was  a  prisoner  in   England. 
Her  innocence  and  misfortunes  roused  the 
generous   feelings   of  the   nation   towards 
her,  but  while  she  hoped  for  deliverance, 
from  the  offers  of  the  duke   of  Norfolk  to 
marry  her,  she   had  the   mortification  to 
know   that  Elizabeth    not   only  v/antonly 
opposed  the  union,  but  imprisoned  her  suit- 
or, and  afterwards,  on  some  trifling  accu- 
sation, put  him  to  death.     Not   satisfied 
with  the  degradation  of  her  rival,  Elizabeth 
assumed  now  the  part  of  a  tyrant,  and  had 
her  arraigned  on  pretence   of   conspiring 
against  her   life.     Forty-two  members  of 
parliament  and   five  judges  w^re  sent  to 


Fotheringay  castle,  Northamptonshire, 
where  the  unhappy  princess  was  immured, 
and  though  she  refused  to  acknowledge  the 
authority  of  her  judges,  and  asserted  her 
innocence,  the  matter  was  removed  to 
Westminster,  where  she  was  declared  guil- 
ty. Mary,  who  had  lingered  more  than 
eighteen  years  in  confinement,  heard  of  the 
sentence  with  pleasure,  and  rejoiced  at  an 
event  which  was  to  terminate  her  sufferings 
and  her  misfortunes.  Though  some  fo- 
reign powers  interfered,  and  though  James, 
with  noble  and  ardent  indignation,  pro- 
tested against  the  tyranny  of  Elizabeth's 
conduct,  the  bloody  sentence  was  carried 
into  execution.  Mary,  in  her  last  mo- 
ments, behaved  with  great  dignity  and  be- 
coming composure,  and  though  her  perse- 
cutors Tvished  to  insult  her  attachment  to 
the  popish  faith,  she  asserted  her  devotion 
to  the  church  in  whose  tenets  she  had  been 
educated.  She  suffered  in  Fotheringay 
castle,  8th  February,  1587,  imploring  for- 
giveness on  her  murderers.  Her  remains 
were  interred  in  Peterborough  cathedral, 
but  afterwards  removed  to  Westminstei* 
abbey,  by  her  son,  when  raised  to  the  Eng- 
lish throne.  Mary,  distinguished  by  all 
those  superior  charms  of  person  which 
command  and  secure  admiration,  possessed 
high  qualities  of  mind.  She  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  Latin,  French,  and  Italian, 
and  besides  her  letters,  many  of  which  are 
still  extant,  she  wrote  some  poems  not  de- 
void of  merit.  Her  character  has  been  at- 
tacked by  various  writers,  but  ably  vindi- 
cated by  Whitaker  and  others,  who  recom- 
mend her  to  the  notice  of  posterity  more 
as  unfortunate  than  guilty,  and  more  the 
victim  of  dangerous  times  than  the  licen- 
tious and  profligate  culprit. 

Mary,  a  French  poetess,  who  resided  in 
England  in  the  13th  century.  Her  poems 
on  chivalry,  &c.  are  still  preserved  in  the 
British  museum.  She  wrote  besides,  ia 
French  verse,  a  tale  on  St.  Patrick's  pur- 
gatory, and  fables  in  French  prose,  pub- 
lished by  le  Grand. 

Mas,  Lewis  du.     Fid.  Dumas. 

Masaccio,  Thomas,  an  eminent  Italian 
painter.  He  was  regarded  as  the  chief  ar- 
tist of  the  second  age  of  modern  painting, 
since  the  revival  of  the  art  by  Cimabue.  He 
died  1443,  aged  26. 

Mascardi,  Augustine,  a  learned  Italian, 
born  at  Sarzane,  in  the  city  of  Genoa,  1591. 
He  was  early  connected  with  the  Jesuits, 
and  Ijccame  chamberlain    to  Urban  VIII. 
who  founded  a  professorship  of  rhetoric  in 
the  college  of  Sapienza,  for  the  exercise  of 
his  great  talents.     He  was   author  of  the 
History  of  the  Conspiracy  of  de  Fiesque — 
and    of  an  able   work,  called  "  Dell'  Arte 
Historica,"  besides  some  poems,  &c.     He 
was  so   fond  of  studious  pui'suits,  and  so 
negligent  of  his  atfairs,  th^t  he  was  always 


^lAS 


A»AS 


yvor  and  in  debt.     He  died  in  his  native 
town,  1610. 

Mascaron,  Julius,  a  French  bishop, 
born  at  Marseilles,  1634.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  oratory,  and,  in  his  ecelesiastical 
duties  as  preacher,  displayed  so  nuich 
eloquence,  that  the  court,  in  admiration  of 
his  abilities,  §avc  him  the  bishopric  of  Tulle, 
1671,  from  which  he  was  translated  to 
Agen.  He  died  in  his  diocess,  of  a  dropsy 
in  the  chest,  16th  December,  1703.  His 
eloquence  was  so  powerful,  that,  it  is  said, 
he  converted  28,000  out  of  30,000,  of  the 
Huguenots  whom  he  found  in  his  diocess. 
His  funeral  orations  on  the  queen  mother 
— on  Turenne — Seguier,  &c.  were  publish- 
ed, and  are  admired. 

Mascheroni,  Laurent,  a  native  of  Ber- 
gamo, eminent  as  a  mathematician,  and 
the  well-knowti  author  of  Geometria  del 
Compasso,  or  Compass  Geometry.  He 
assiste.l  in  the  various  experiments  made 
by  the  academy  of  Bologna,  to  ascertain 
the  figure  of  the  earth  by  the  descent  of 
bodies.  He  published  also,  some  note^  on 
the  Calculus  Integer  of  Euler,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1800,  aged  50. 

Masclef,  Francis,  a  French  theologian, 
made  canon  of  Amiens  by  bishop  dc  Bron. 
He  was  removed  from  this  office  by  the 
next  bishop,  who  accused  him  of  being  a 
Jansenist.  He  died  Nov.  1728,  aged  66. 
He  wrote  a  Hebrew  Grammar,  improved 
by  de  la  Bletterie,  1730,  2  vols.  l2mo.— 
the  Catechism  of  Amiens — Conferences  of 
the  Diocess  of  the  Amiens,  &c. 

Mascrikr,  John  Baptist  de,  a  French 
writer.  He  was  born  at  Caen,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1760,  aged  63.  He  wrote  a  descrip- 
tion of  Egypt,  from  Mallet's  Memoirs,  4to. 
— an  Idea  of  the  Ancient  and  Modern  Go- 
vernment of  Egypt,  l2mo. — Christian  Re- 
flections on  the  Truths  of  Faith — Caesar's 
Commentaries  translated,  &c. 

Masenius,  James,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Da- 
len,  dutchy  of  Juliers,  1606.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence  and  poetry  at  Co- 
logne, and  wrote  good  poetry.  He  was 
author  of  Sarcoth'-a,  a  Latin  poem,  on  the 
Fall  of  Man,  from  which  Lauder  supposed 
that  Milton  had  drawn  the  subject  of  his 

celebrated    poem Palaestra    Eloqumtiae 

Ligatae,  4  vols.  12mo. — Palaestra  Styli  Ro- 
mani — Anima  Historiae,  seu  Vita  Caroli 
V.  et  Ferdinandi,  4to. — Notes,  &c.  on  the 
Annales  Trevirensium,  folio — and  Epitome 
Annal.  Trevirensium,  8vo.  He  died  1681. 
Masham,  lady  Damaris,  daughter  of  Dr. 
Ralph  Cudworth,  and  second  wife  of  sir 
Francis  Masham,  of  Gates,  bart.  was  a 
most  learned  lady,  born  at  Cambridge,  18th 
Jan.  1658.  Her  knowledge  of  history, 
geography,  and  philosophy,  was  greatly  en- 
larged by  the  attention  of  Mr.  Locke,  who 
lived  several  years  in  her  family,  and  died 
fn  hdr  house,  at  Gates,     She  wrote  a  Dis- 


course concerning  the  Love  of  Sod,  8vu. 
—Occasional  ThoiightH  in  reference  to  a 
Virtuous  and  Cbri^,iiuti  Life,  Hvo.  and  was 
deservedly  respected  not  only  for  learning, 
but  for  every  virtue.  Much  of  her  tnne 
and  attention  was  employed  in  the  educa- 
tion of  her  only  son.  She  died  at  B;ith, 
20th  April,  170S,  and  was  buried  in  the 
abbey  church,  where  a  moimm»fnt  records 
her  virtues. 

Masius,  Andrew,  counsellor  to  the  duke 
of  Cleves,  was  born  at  Linnich,  n^ar  Brus- 
sels, and  died,  April,  1753,  aged  57.  He 
wrote,  a  collection  of  various  pieces,  trans- 
lated from  the  Syriac— a  Syriac  Lexicon — 
Grammatica  Linguae  Syrica;,  folio — a  Com- 
mentary on  the  Book  of  Joshua,  and  on 
some  Chapters  of  Deuteronomy — Disputa- 
tio  de  Coena  Domini,  kc.  He  was  a  most 
learned  orientalist. 

Maso,  Thomas,  or  Finiguerra,  a  gold- 
smith of  Florence,  who  is  said  to  have  in- 
vented, by  accident,  the  art  of  taking  im- 
pressions from  engravings  on  copper.  He 
flourished  about  1480. 

Mason,  Francis,  a  native  of  Durham, 
educated  at  Oxford,  where  he  became  fel- 
low of  Merton.  In  1599,  he  obtained  the 
living  of  Oxford,  Suffolk,  and  was  after- 
wards made  chaplain  to  James  I,  and  arch- 
deacon of  Norwich.  He  died  on  his  living, 
1621,  aged  55.  His  Vindiciae  Ecclesiae 
Anglicanae,  a  work  of  great  merit  and  au- 
thenticity, has  been  translated  by  Lindsay, 
with  valuable  notes. 

Mason,  sir  John,  a  statesman  of  emi- 
nence in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  and  of 
his  successors.  Though  but  of  obscure  ori- 
gin at  Abingdon,  in  Berkshire,  he  received  a 
good  education  under  his  uncle,  who  was 
one  of  the  monks  of  the  Abingdon  abbey; 
and  after  being  at  AU-Soui's,  Oxford,  he 
rose  in  the  service  of  the  king,  who  em- 
ployed him  in  several  embassies  abroad,  and 
made  him  a  privy  counsellor.  He  main- 
tained his  influence  at  court  under  Edward 
and  Mary,  and  Elizabeth  appointed  him 
treasurer  of  her  chamber.  He  was  also 
made  chancellor  of  the  universitv  of  Ox- 
ford, and  died  1566.  His  favourite  maxim 
was,  do,  and  say  nothing.  In  gratitude  for 
the  blessings  of  the  education  which  he  had 
received  at  Abingdon,  he  was  a  munificent 
benefactor  to  this  his  native  town,  and  left 
a  handsome  estate  for  the  endowment  of  an 
hospital,  which  still  shelters  under  its  roof, 
the  infirm,  the  aged,  and  the  indigent. 

Mason,  John,  a  dissenting  minister,  au- 
thor of  some  works  of  merit.  He  was  ho- 
noured witli  the  degree  of  .M.  A.  from  a 
Scotch  university,  and  died  1763  He  wrote 
Self- Knowledge,  a  valuable  ethical  work — 
Essay  on  Elocution,  8vo. — Fifty-two  Prac- 
tical Discourses  for  the  Use  of  Families,  2 
vols.  8vo. —  the  Power  of  Poetical  and  Pro- 
saic  Numbers,    8vo. — Plain   and    Mode^f 

29.'? 


MAS 


MAS 


Plea  for  Christianity,  8vo. — Student  and 
Pastor,  or  directions  to  attain  to  eminence 
in  those  characters,  12mo.  &c.  There  was 
a  fanatic  of  that  name,  of  Water  Stratford, 
near  Buckingham,  who,  in  the  wildness  of 
his  Calvinistical  reveries,  believed  himself 
to  be  Elias,  the  forerunner  of  Christ,  &c. 
He  died  1695. 

Mason,  William,  an  English  poet  of  emi- 
nence. He  was  son  of  a  Yorkshire  clergy- 
man, and  was  educated  at  St.  John's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  in  1 749,  by  the  inte- 
rest of  his  friend  Gray  he  was  elected  fellow 
of  Pembroke-hall.  He  was  admitted  into 
orders  in  1754,  and  became  chaplain  to  the 
king,  and  obtained  the  valuable  living  of 
Aston,  in  Yorkshire,  and  afterwards  the 
precentorship  of  York  cathedral.  During 
the  American  war,  he  showed  himself  a 
zealous  advocate  for  the  liberties  of  the  sub- 
ject, and  his  conduct  was  so  offensive  to  the 
gx)vernment,  that  his  name  was  erased  from 
the  list  of  king's  chaplains.  The  censure 
was  too  severe ;  Mason  was  the  friend  of 
political  freedom  and  rational  government ; 
but  that  he  was  the  enemy  of  fanciful  and  vi- 
olent innovations,  is  abundantly  proved  by 
the  abhorrence  which  he  expressed  against 
the  vn\d  theories  of  the  supporters  of  the 
French  revolution.  He  died  in  l'/97,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  wound  which  he  had  acciden- 
tally received  in  getting  out  of  his  carriage, 
and  which,  from  being  neglected,  became 
gangrenous  and  fatal.  The  abilities  of  Ma- 
son as  a  poet,  are  highly  respectable.  He 
first  attracted  the  public  attention  in  1748, 
by  his  Isis,  a  poem,  which  the  Oxonians 
considered  as  an  attack  on  their  Alma  Ma- 
ter, and  which  therefore  Avas  answered  in  a 
verj'  spirited  and  beautiful  poem,  by  Tho- 
mas Wharton,  called  the  Triumphs  of  Isis. 
His  Elfrida,  and  Caractacus,  on  the  model 
of  the  Greeks,  possess  great  merit,  for 
boldness  of  conception,  nervous  language, 
and  sublime  description.  He  wrote  besides, 
the  English  Garden,  a  poem — Du  Fresnoy's 
Art  of  Painting,  translated  into  English 
verse,  with  learned  notes  from  sir  Joshua 
Reynolds — a  Book  on  Psalmody,  &c.  As 
the  friend  of  Gray,  Mason  was  one  of  his 
executors,  and  he  evinced  his  respect  for 
the  departed  bard,  by  publishing  his  letters, 
with  his  life,  and  by  writing  the  epitaph 
which  records  his  virtues  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 

Mason,  George,  an  English  writer, 
known  as  the  author  of  an  Essay  on  De- 
signs in  Gardening,  1796,  with  appendix — 
Answer  to  T.  Paine. — Supplement  to  John- 
son's English  Dictionary,  4to. Life  of 

lord  Howe,  1803,  &c.  He  made  a  valuable 
collection  of  English  and  foreign  literature, 
and  died  at  Aldenham  lodge,  Herts,  of  a 
fit  ofapoplexy,  4th  Nov.  1806,  aged  71. 

Mason,  John,  who  commanded  the  ex- 
pedition against  the  Pequot  Indians,  and 
294 


published  a  history  of  that  war,  was  born  in 
England,  about  the  year  1600,  and  was 
bred  to  arms  in  the  Netherlands.  He  came 
to  Massachusetts  in  1630,  and  settled  at 
Dorchester.  He  removed  thence  to  Wind- 
sor, Connecticut,  in  1636,  and  the  next 
year  was  appointed  captain  of  the  forces 
employed  to  subdue  the  Pequots.  Descend- 
ing Connecticut  river  with  his  troops, 
amounting  only  to  90  men,  ivith  a  few 
friendly  Indians,  he  sailed  to  Narraganset, 
and  marching  thence  by  land,  surprised  the 
Pequot  fort  near  New-London,  and  com- 
pletely vanquished  that  nation,  which  be- 
fore threatened  to  destroy  the  colony.  Soon 
after  the  close  of  the  war,  he  was  appointed 
major-general  of  the  forces  of  Connecticut, 
and  held  the  appointment  till  his  death. 
He  was  a  magistrate  for  near  20  years, 
and  from  1660  to  1670  deputy-governor. 
He  resided  during  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
at  Norwich,  where  he  died  about  the  year 
1673,  in  the  seventy-third  year  of  his  age. 
At  the  request  of  the  general  court,  he  pub- 
lished a  history  of  the  Pequot  war,  which 
was  afterwards  republished  both  by  Doctor 
Mather,  and  Mr.  Prince.  IC3^  L. 

Mason,  John,  D.D.  was  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, and  born  in  1734.  He  was  connected 
with  that  branch  of  the  secession  from  the 
established  church  of  North  Britain,  known 
by  the  name  of  Antiburghers.  By  a  presbyte- 
ry in  that  connexion  he  was  licensed,  and 
not  long  afterwards  ordained,  with  a  view  to 
his  taking  the  pastoral  charge  of  a  congre- 
gation in  the  city  of  New- York,  where  he 
arrived  in  1761,  and  resided  greatly  re- 
spected and  eminently  useful  until  his  death 
in  1792.  Doctor  Mason  was  a  man  of  a 
sound  strong  mind,  extensive  learning,  and 
fervent  piety  ;  and  his  scholarship  was  un- 
commonly accurate  and  mature.  At  the 
age  of  twenty  he  spoke  the  Latin  language, 
on  all  the  higher  subjects  of  discourse,  with 
equal  ease,  and  greater  elegance  than  his 
mother  tongue.  In  Greek  his  proficiency 
was  but  little  inferior ;  and  he  was  familiar 
with  the  Hebrew.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
four  he  taught  logic  and  moral  philosophy 
with  reputation  in  the  theological  seminary 
of  the  Antiburghers  at  Abernethy.  His 
lectures  were  in  Latin.  As  a  preacher  he 
was  uncommonly  judicious  and  instructive  ; 
as  a  pastor,  faithful  and  diligent ;  and  as  a 
friend  and  companion  amiable,  benevolent, 
and  generous.  fCI?'  L. 

Mason,  George,  of  Virginia,  a  statesman 
of  distinction,  was  a  member  of  the  general 
convention  which  formed  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  and  refused  his  signa- 
ture to  that  instrument.  The  next  year,  in 
union  with  Henry,  he  opposed  its  adoption 
by  the  Virginia  convention,  on  the  ground 
that  the  government  of  the  States  would  be 
consolidated,  instead  of  federal,  and  be 
liable  to  conversion  into  a  monarchv.     Hr 


AIAb 


^AS 


ulso  opposed  with  great  xeal  the  sectiou 
allowinfj;  a  rontinuance  of  the  slave-trade. 
He  held  a  hi<!;h  rank  anions  the  great  men 
of  that  state  with  whom  he  was  eotempo- 
rary,  in  intellectual  energy,  dclicaey  of  wit, 
extent  of  politieal  knowledge,  and  elo- 
quence. He  died  at  his  seat  at  (iunslon 
Hall,  in  the  autumn  of  1792,  aged  sixty- 
seven  years.  *Cy  L. 

Masque  de  Fer,  or  Iron  Mask,  a  per- 
son confined  in  the  castle  of  Pignerol,  and 
afterwards  in  the  isles  of  St.  Margaret,  and 
always  disguised  in  a  mask  with  steel 
springs,  which  concealed  his  features,  with- 
out incomtiioding  him  in  iec<!iviiig  his  nour- 
ishment. He  died  in  the  Bastille,  1703, 
and  was  privately  buried  under  the  name 
of  Marchiali.  Though  no  person  ever 
couid  discover  who  he  was,  it  is  certain 
that  he  was  a  man  of  high  birth,  as  he  was 
treated  with  singular  respect  by  his  keep- 
ers, and  as  infinite  pains  were  taken  to 
prevent  his  holding  communicatiou  with 
any  other  person. 

Massac,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent 
French  painter,  born  at  Paris,  Dec.  1687. 
He  died,  Sept.  1767.  He  was  a  protestant, 
and  a  man  of  great  integrity.  The  pictures 
of  Le  Brun  at  Versailles,  were  copied  by 
him,  and  the  engravings  published,  1753. 

Massaniello,  or  Anello,  Thomas,  a 
Neapolitan  fisherman.   Vid.  Anello. 

Massari,  Lueio,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
eminent  as  a  historical  painter.  He  stu- 
died under  Ludov.  Caracci,  and  at  Rome, 
and  died  1633,  aged  64. 

Massaria,  Alexander,  a  physician,  born 
at  Vicenza.  He  wrote  Latin  treatises — on 
the  Plague,  4to. — on  Bleeding  in  Fevers — 
on  Purging  in  the  Beginning  of  Diseases, 
4to. — Practiea  Medica,  foho.  He  died  very 
old,  at  Padua,  1598. 

Masse,  John  Baptiste,  a  Parisian,  mini- 
ature painter  to  the  French  king.  He  died 
at  Paris,  17<)7,  aged  80.  Some  engravings 
were  published  1753,  from  the  copies  which 
he  took  of  Le  Brun's  famous  pictures  at 
Versailles. 

Massei,  Raymond,  author  of  Paean  Au- 
relianus,  4to. — Pugeae,  sive  de  Lymphis  Pu- 
giacis,  lib.  2,  1599,  &,c.  was  a  physician  of 
Orleans. 

Masseville,  Louis  le  Vavasseur  de,  a 
uative  of  Montebourg,  who  died  at  Valogne, 
1733,  aged  66.  He  was  an  able  topogra- 
phical writer,  and  composed  a  History  and 
Geography  of  Normandy,  8  vols.  12mo. 

Massieu,  William,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  Caen,  and  educated  by  the  Jesuits, 
whose  society  he  left  to  apply  himself  more 
intensely  to  belles  lettres.  He  became  tutor 
to  M.  de  Sacy's  children,  and  afterwards 
■was  made  pensionary  of  the  academy  of  in- 
scriptions, professor  royal  of  the  Greek  lan- 
guage, and  member  of  the  French  academy. 
He  was  afflicted  in  the  latter  part  of  life. 


with  two  cataracts,  which  deprived  lum  of 
his  .^ight,  and  Im^  died  of  u  paralytic  Mroke, 
Sept.  2Gth,  1722.  He  published,  an  edition 
of  the  Greek  Te.stament-  History  of 
French  Po<;try — a  translation  of  Pindar — 
a  Latin  poem  on  Cotlee-  Dissertations  in 
the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy.  His  Lec- 
tures on  Pindar,  Homer,  Theocritus,  and 
Demosthenes,  were  much  admired. 

Massillon,  John  Baptiste,  a  famous 
French  preacher,  born  at  Hieres,  in  Pro- 
vence, 1663.  He  was  admitted  into  the 
congregation  of  the  oratory  in  168',  and 
distinguished  himself  so  much  at  Vienne,  by 
his  funeral  oration  on  \  illars,  the  arch- 
bishop of  that  city,  that  he  was  called  to 
Paris,  where  his  eloquence  charmed  and 
astonished  crowded  audiences.  His  mode 
of  preaching  w  's  peculiarly  his  owfi  ;  inte- 
resting, natural,  and  simple,  his  appeals 
were  directed  to  the  heart,  and  succeeded 
far  above  the  efforts  of  all  other  competi- 
tors. The  court  heard  him  with  applause, 
and  Louis  XIV.  paid  him  this  sincere  com- 
pliment, '*  Father,"  said  the  king,  *'  whexi 
I  hear  other  preachers,  I  go  away  much 
pleased  with  them,  but  whenever  I  hear 
you,  I  go  away  much  displeased  with  my- 
self." On  one  occasion,  when  discoursing 
on  the  small  number  of  the  elect,  his  elo- 
quence was  so  awfully  striking,  that  an 
involuntary  murmur  of  applause  arose  in 
the  congregation,  and  assisted  the  preacher 
more  forcibly  to  convey  his  pathetic  appeal. 
Uninfluenced  by  popularity,  he  followed  his 
duty  with  modesty,  but  conscious  dignity, 
and  in  1717  was  appointed  by  the  regent, 
bishop  of  Clermont.  In  1719  he  was  ad- 
mitted member  of  the  French  academy  ; 
and  after  pronouncing  his  last  oration  in 
Paris,  on  the  dutchess  of  Orleans,  in  1723, 
he  retired  to  his  diocess,  where  he  presided 
with  mildness,  piety,  and  benevolence.  He 
died  Sept.  1742,  aged  79,  and  his  name  is 
almost  become  proverbial  as  a  powerful 
master  of  eloquence.  His  works  were  pub- 
lished by  his  nephew,  1745,  14  vols.  l2mo. 

Massinger,  Philip,  a  dramatic  poet,  boru 
at  Salisbury,  1585.  He  entered  at  St.  Al- 
ban's  hall,  Oxford,  which  he  left  without  a 
degree,  and  then  came  to  London,  where 
he  Avrote  for  the  stage.  He  was  courted  by 
the  wits  and  the  learned  men  of  the  times, 
and  was  assisted  in  some  of  his  plays  by 
Fletcher,  Middleton,  Rowley,  Field,  and 
Decker.  He  died  suddenly  at  his  house, 
Bankside,  Southwark,  and  was  buried 
March,  1639,  at  St.  Mary  Overy,  or  St. 
Saviour's  church,  Southwark,  in  the  same 
grave  which  also  received  the  remains  of 
his  friend  Fletcher.  He  wrote  14  plays  oi" 
his  own,  besides  those  in  which  he  was 
assisted  by  his  friends.  His  works  ap- 
peared in  4  vols.  Svo.  by  Henry  Dell,  1761, 
and  by  Mason  and  T.  Davies  in  1779. 

Massinissa,  king  of  part  of  Africa,  from 

'?9.5 


MAS 


^AY 


the  enemy,  became  the  most  faithful  ally, 
of  Rome,  when  Scipio  had  sent  him  back, 
•jvithout  ransom,  his  nephew,  taken  pri- 
soner in  battle.  At  his  death,  he  left  Sci- 
pio iEmilianus  the  guardian  of  his  king- 
dom, B.  C.  149. 

Massolino,  de  Panicale,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, admired  as  a  painter.  He  died  1460, 
aged  37.  His  best  piece  is  a  large  repre- 
sentation of  St.  Peter's  History. 

Masson,  Anthony,  a  French  engraver, 
whose  plates  of  Turenne — of  the  duke 
d'Harcourt — of  the  disciples  at  Emmaus, 
are  his  best  performances.  His  portraits 
%vere  also  admired.  He  died  at  Paris,  1702, 
aged  66. 

Masson,  Innocent  le,  general  of  the  Car- 
thusian order,  rebuilt  the  Grande  Char- 
treuse when  destroyed  by  fire,  and  died 
170  i,  aged  75.  He  made  a  collection  of 
the  statutes  of  his  order,  enriched  with 
notes,  and  printed  at  Paris  1703,  folio. 

Masson,  Anthony,  a  Minim,  who  died 
at  Vincennes,  1700,  w^as  author  of  a  His- 
tory of  the  Deluge,  and  of  Noah,  12mo. — 
History  of  Abraham,  &c. 

Masson  des  Granges,  Daniel,  author  of 
the  Modern  Philosopher,  or  the  Unbeliever 
condemned   at   the   Tribunal  of    Reason, 
1765,    12mo.    was   a  French   ecclesiastic, 
who  died  1760,  aged  60. 

Masson,  Francis,  a  gardener  and  bo- 
tanist, was  born  at  Aberdeen  in  1741.  He 
•was  sent,  in  1771,  to  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  to  collect  plants  for  the  royal  gar- 
dens ;  after  which  he  went  to  the  Canary 
Islands  and  the  West  Indies  with  the  same 
object.  He  next  visited  Portugal  and  Ma- 
deira, and  returned  to  the  Cape  in  1786, 
•where  he  remained  till  1795;  and,  on  his 
return,  made  a  voyage  to  North  America. 
He  died  at  Montreal,  in  1805.  He  pub- 
lished a  splendid  volume  on  the  genus 
'*  Staphelia,"    1796,   Mio.—W.B. 

Masson,  Papirius,  a  French  writer,  born 
at  Forez,  May,  1544.  He  was  educated  by 
the  Jesuits,  and  entered  into  their  society, 
but  after  some  time  left  it,  and  applied  him- 
self to  the  law.  He  became  librarian  to  the 
duke  of  Anjou's  chancellor,  and  in  1576, 
was  made  advocate  of  parliament,  though 
he  never  pleaded  but  one  cause,  and  that 
successfully.  He  died  9th  June,  1611.  He 
wrote,  four  books  of  French  Annals,  from 
Pharamond  to  Henry  II.  1598,  4to. — and 
Elegia  Virorum  Clarissimorum,  much  ad- 
mired, and  other  works. 

Masson,  John,  a  reformed  minister,  who 
quitted  France  to  enjoy  liberty  of  opinion 
in  England,  and  died  in  Holland  about 
1750,  He  wrote,  in  French,  a  Critical 
History  of  the  Republic  of  Letters,  15  vols. 
12mo. — Vitae  Horatii,  Ovidii,  et  Plinii,  jun. 
3  vols.  8vo. — History  of  Bavle,  and  of  his 
works,  12mo. 
'?9fi 


Massuet,  R6ne,  a  learned  Benedictine 
of  St.  Maur,  born  at  St.  Ouen  de  Macelles, 
1665.  He  is  known  by  his  edition  of  Irae- 
naeus,  1710,  folio,  with  learned  disserta- 
tions— a  fifth  volume  of  the  Acts  of  the 
Saints  of  St.  Benedict — and  other  works. 
He  died  19th  Jan.  1716,  aged  50. 

Mastelleta,  John  Andrew,  a  painter, 
born  at  Bologna,  1577,  who  after  studying 
under  the  Caraccis,  improved  himself  fur- 
ther by  copying  the  works  of  Parmesan.  He 
is  blamed  for  employing  too  much  black  in 
his  paintings.  He  died  in  a  monastery, 
where  under  a  fit  of  melancholy,  he  ha(J 
retired. 

Matani,  Anthony,  a  physician,  born  at 
Pistoia,  in  Italy,  2.th  July,  1730.  He  be- 
came professor  of  medicine  at  Pisa,  where 
he  took  his  degrees,  and  died  universally 
respected  at  Pistoia,  June,  1769.  He  pub- 
lished de  Aneurismaticis  Praecordiorum 
Morbis  Animadversiones — Heliodori  Laris- 
saei  Capita  Opticorum  e  Grasco  Latine 
conversa — Account  of  the  Natural  Produc- 
tions of  Pistoia — de  Nosocomiorum  Regi- 
mine — de  Remediis  Tractatus,  and  left 
some  MSS.  besides. 

Maternus  De  Cilano,  George  Chris- 
tian, a  native  of  Presburgh,  who  died  at 
Altena,  in  Lower  Saxony,  1773.  He  was 
author  of  treatises  de  Terrae  Concussioni- 
bus — de  Causis  Lucis  Boreal. — de  Motu 
Humorum  progress.  Veteribus  non  Ignoti. 
— de  Saturnalium  Origine  et  celcbrandi 
Ritu  apud  Romanos,  &c. 

Mather,  Richard,  minister  of  Dorchester, 
Massachusetts,  was  a  native  of  Lancashire, 
and  born  in  1596.  He  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  and  entered  the  ministry  at  an  early 
age.  Being  suspended  for  non-conformity 
he  came  to  New- England  in  1635,  and  was 
the  next  year  settled  at  Dorchester,  where 
he  continued  to  labour  with  ability  and  ac- 
ceptance till  his  death  in  1699.  He  assist- 
ed in  making  the  New-England  version  of 
the  Psalms.  He  was  a  member  of  the  several 
synods  which  met  during  his  ministry  at 
Dorchester,  and  was  greatly  respected  for 
his  piety,  knowledge,  and  good  sense.  He 
was  the  principal  author  of  the  plan  of 
church  discipline  adopted  by  the  synod  of 
1648,  and  he  published  several  controver- 
sial and  practical  works,  which  were 
esteemed.  sCZP'  L. 

Mather,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  in  Lancashire,  in  1626,  and  coming 
to  America  with  his  father,  was  educated 
at  Harvard  college,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1643.  He  was  appointed  the  first  fel- 
low of  that  institution.  He  engaged  in  the 
ministry,  and  after  preaching  a  short  time 
in  Boston,  went  to  England  in  1650,  and 
was  soon  appointed  chaplain  of  Magdalen 
college.  He  afterv/ards  preached  two  years 
at  Leith,  in  Scotland.  In  1655  he  went  to 
Dublin,   and    bename   a    senior  fellow  rf 


MAT 


MAT 


Trinity  colleen.  He  was  seUI(ul  in  tin; 
nuiiistry,  but  siispeiideil  at  the  restoration 
for  noiiconloriuity.  He  antrwanls  preach- 
ed at  IJurtonwood,  but  rcturuiii;^  to  Dublin, 
died  in  1071.  H  •  was  a  preaclicr  oC  tbc 
first  rank  in  force  and  perspicuity  of  mind, 
learning,  and  piety.  L^T'  I- 

Mathkk,    Increase,   D.D.    presiilent    of 
Harvard  college,  was  a  brother  of  the  prc- 
cedini;,  and  born  at  Dorchester,  June  21st, 
1631i.      He   was  graduated  at  the  college, 
over    which     he    afterwards    presided,    in 
1656.     The  next  year  he  went  to  Kngiand, 
and  returned  in  1661.      He   was  settli^d  in 
the  North  church,  Boston,  in  which  he  had 
before  preached  several  years,  in  1664,  and 
continued  there  in  the  labours  of  the  mijiis- 
try  sixty-two  years,  with  great  reputation 
for  talents  and  piety.     He  exerted  a  great 
and  useful  influence  both  in  ecclesiastical 
and  civil  aflairs.     He  was  in  1688  agent  to 
the  court  of  England,  and  rendered  impor- 
tant  services   by  procuring  the  redress  of 
grievances.     He  returned  in  1692.     He  op- 
posed the  violent  measures  pur-^ued  against 
those  who  were  accused  of  witchcraft.    He 
was  appointed  to  the  presidency  of  the  col- 
lege in  l68o,  and  held  the  office  till  1701, 
when  he  resigned  in  consequence  of  an  act 
of  the  legislature,  requiring  the  president 
to  reside  at  Cambridge.     He  died  in  1723. 
Doctor  Mather  Avas  eminent  for  the  supe- 
riority   of  his   talents,   the   extent   of  his 
learning,  the  excellence   of  his  character, 
and  great  usefulness.     He  was  an  indefati- 
gable student,  and  gave  to  the  world  a  great 
number  of  useful  publications  on  religion, 
politics,  history   and  philosophy.    fCJ^  L. 
Mather,  Cotton,  D.D.  F.R  S.  minister 
in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  and  son  of  the 
preceding,  was   born   12th  February,  1663. 
He  became  pious  at  an  early  age,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1678.     He 
displayed  at  that  age  the  superiority  of  his 
genius  by  an  almost  unequalled  proficiency 
in  his  studies.     In  1684  he  was  ordained 
colleague   with   his  father,    and    laboured 
with  the  most  exemplary  diligence,  till  his 
death  in   1728.     He  is  justly  reputed  the 
most  distinguished   minister  of  New-Eng- 
land.    He  acquired  knowledge  with  extra- 
ordinary facility,  had  a  most  retentive  re 
collection  and  luxuriant  fancy,  and  was  un- 
exampled in  industry,  and  the  extent  and 
variety  of  his   learning.     The  value  of  his 
endowments  was,  however,  greatly  abated 
by  a  mixture  of  extraordinary    credulity, 
pedantry,  and  false   taste.     His  eccentrici- 
ties made  him  the  object  of  ridicule  to  the 
profane,  but  he  enjoyed  the  high  respect  of 
liis  acquaintance  and  countrymen  at  large, 
on  account  of  his  great  benevolence  and 
unfeigned  piety,  as  well  as  superior  genius 
and  learning.     He  was  a  most  volurninous 
•writer,  having  given  to  the  world  382  ptib- 
licatlons,  several  of  ivhicb,  as  his  Magnalia, 
Vol.  II.  38 


or  the  Ecclesiastical  History  of  New-Eng- 
land, were  large.  JCF"  L. 

Matiiias,  St.  one  of  the  12  apostles  in 
the  room  of  the  traitor  .Judas.  He  suflered 
martyrdom  when;  he  preached  the  gospel. 
A  gospel  was  preserved  among  some  sects, 
said  to  have  been  writtru  by  liini. 

Mathias,  son  of  Maximilian  II.  was  em- 
peror of  Germany  after  his  brother  Kodul- 
phus  II.  1612.  He  made  peace  with  the 
Turks  1615,  but  a  new  war  arose  which 
contiiuied  for  30  years  till  the  peace  of 
Westphalia.  Mathias  died  at  Vienna,  10th 
March,  1616,  aged  63. 

Mathias  Corvinus,  king  of  Hungary 
and  Bohemia,  was  the  second  son  of  John 
Huniadcs,  and  obtained  the  kingdom,  1458, 
after  escaping  from  the  confinement  where 
his  enemies  detained  him.  He  broke  the 
conspiracy  of  Hungarian  lords  who  invited 
Frederic  III.  to  take  possession  of  the 
crown,  in  opposition  to  him,  and  he  bravely 
defeated  the  Turks,  who,  invited  by  the 
dissensions  of  the  country,  had  invaded  the 
kingdom.  He  obliged  also  his  rival  to  re- 
sign the  consecrated  crown  of  Stephen, 
which  he  had  seized,  and  in  a  new  war  he 
attacked  the  Austrian  dominions  and  pene- 
trated to  Vienna,  which  he  took,  and  also 
Neustadt.  The  emperor,  terrified  and  sub- 
dued, made  peace  agreeable  to  the  terms 
dictated  by  the  conqueror,  1487.  After 
establishing  wise  regulations,  reforming 
abuses,  and  checking  duels  and  litigious 
quarrels,  this  great  man  was  seized  with  an 
apoplexy,  which  carried  him  ofl'  16tb 
April,  1490,  at  Vienna,  as  he  was  preparing 
to  make  war  against  the  Turks. 

Mathias,  Christian,  a  native  of  Mel- 
dorp,  in  Holstein,  professor  of  philosophy 
and  divinity  in  various  universities,  died  at 
Utrecht,  1655,  aged  71.  He  wrote  Histo- 
ria  Patriarcharum,  4to. — Thcatrum  Histo- 
ricum,  4to. 

Mathon  de  la  Cour,  James,  a  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Lyons,  28th  Oct.  1712, 
and  died  there  177Q.  He  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  Lyons,  and  wrote  a 
memoir  on  the  best  method  of  supplying; 
the  Action  of  Wind  on  large  ^  cssels — Ele- 
ments of  Dynamics  and  Mechanics,  3  vols. 
12mo. — Essay  on  Calculating  the  Move- 
ments of  Machines  by  the  Reaction  of 
Water. 

Matiion  de  la  Cour,  Charles  Joseph, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Lyons, 
1738.  He  came  early  to  Paris,  and  there 
distinguished  himself  by  his  literary  la- 
bours, and  the  prizes  which  he  obtained  in 
various  learned  academics,  and  on  his  re- 
turn to  his  native  city  he  gained  universal 
esteem  by  the  benevolenco,  hospitality, 
and  the  amiable  virtues  of  liis  character. 
The  revolution  at  last  came  to  embitter  his 
days  ,•  after  the  siege  of  Lyons,  in  1793,  he 
■was   condemned   to   death   by  the  bloodv 

297 


MAT 


MAT 


tribunal,  and  shared  with  several  others  and  afterwards  translated  into  Greek.  He 
the  fatal  blow  which  hurried  so  many  un-  preached  the  gospel  in  Persia,  and  in  Par- 
happy  victims  to  an  untimely  grave,  thia,  and  is  there  supposed  to  have  suffered 
Among  his   elegant   and  ingenious  pieces  martyrdom. 

these    rank    high,    Dissertation     on     the        Matthew  Cantacuzenus,  son  of  John, 

Causes  which  altered  the  Laws  of  Lycur-  emperor  of  Constantinople,  was  partner  on 

gus,  at  Lacedeemon,  a  prize  essay,  1771 —  the  throne  with  him  1354.     On  the  father's 

Discourse  on  the  Danger  of  reading  Books  abdication  Matthew  took  for  his  associate 


hostile  to  Religion,  a  prize  composition — 
Testament  de  Fortune  Ricard,  in  1781,  long 
ascribed  to   Franklin — Idylles    in  prose- 


John  Palaeologus,  but  the  divided  power 
produced  quarrels  ;  a  battle  was  fought  in 
Thrace,  and   Matthew  being  defeated,  re- 


Eloges — Letters  on  the  Public  Pictures  ex-     signed  the  crown  to  his  opponent  and  re- 


hibited  in  1763,  o,  and  7,  kc. 

Matignon,  James  de,  prince  of  Mon- 
tague, count  of  Thorigiii,  was  born  at  Lon- 
ray,  in  Normandy,  15-26,  and  early  became 
eminent  as  a  soldier.  He  was  distinguished 
at  the  battles  of  Jarnac,  Roche-abeille,  and 
Moncontour,  and  was  commander-in-chief 


tired  to  the  monastery  of  Mount  Athos, 
where  he  composed  some  commentaries  on 
Solomon's  Song. 

Matthew,  of  Westminster,  a  Benedic- 
tine of  the  abbey  of  Westminster,  known 
as  a  historian.  His  work  called  "  Flores 
Historiarum,"  &c.  treats  of  English  affairs 


in  Normandy,  1572,  and  made  a  marshal  by     from  the  beginning  of  the  world  to  the  year 


Henry  HL  1579.  He  assisted  at  the  coro- 
nation of  Henry  IV.  as  constable,  and  died 
July,  1597,  aged  73. 

Matilda,  or  Maud,  daughter  of  Henry 
L  king  of  England,  married  Henry  IV. 
emperor  of  Germany,  and  was  in  1135  pub- 
licly announced  as  her  father's  heir  and 
successor  on  the  English  throne,  after  the 
death  of  his  favourite  son  Henry.     On  her 


1307,  and  was  published  in  London,  1567, 
and  at  Frankfort,  1601,  folio.  The  work 
is  divided  into  three  books,  the  first  ex- 
tends from  the  creation  to  the  Christian 
aera,  the  second  to  the  Norman  conquest, 
the  third  to  the  beginning  of  the  second 
Edward's  reign,  afterwards  continued  to  the 
death  of  Edward  III.  1377.  The  author, 
though  occasionally  credulous,  is  universal- 


father's  decease,  Stephen,  who  was  on  the  ly  respected  as  a  faithful,  accurate,  regu- 

spot,   seized  the    kingdom,    and   Matilda  lar,  and  candid  historian, 

came  at  last  with  an  army  to  conquer  her  Matthews,    Tobias,   an  able  and  elo- 

father's  inheritance,  Stephen  was  defeated,  quent  Oxford  divine  in  the  reign  of  James 

and   Matilda  was  in   1141  acknowledged  I.  made  bishop  of  Durham,    and  in  1606 


queen,  but  her  pride  offended  the  nobles, 
and  Stephen,  who  had  conciliated  the  affec- 
tion of  all  parties  by  his  courteous  beha- 
\io\ir,  and  by  the  arts  which  an  usurper 
can  occasionally  employ,  was  taken  from 
his  dungeon  to  be  restored  to  the  throne, 
and  the  queen  fled  from  the  kingdom.  Af- 
ter Stephen's  death,  Henry  II.  the  son  of 
Matilda  by  Geoffrey  Plantagenet,  earl  of 
Anjou,  whom  she  had  married  after  her 


translated  to  York,  where  he  died  1628, 
aged  82»  A  Latin  sermon  of  his,  against 
Campian,  has  been  published.  His  son 
Tobias,  after  receiving  his  education  at 
Christ  church,  Oxford,  became  a  catholic, 
and  entered  among  the  Jesuits.  He  dis- 
graced his  name,  and  abused  his  talents  by 
being  the  intriguer  and  spy  of  the  court  of 
Rome  in  England.     He  died  1655. 

Matthews,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Gla- 


first  husband's  death,  was  appointed  king  of  morganshire,  eminent  as  a  naval  comman- 

England.     Matilda  died  1167,  aged  67.  der.     He  fought  in  the  Mediterranean  in 

Matsys,  Quintin,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  1744,  a  most  obstinate  battle  off  Toulon, 
who  from  a  blacksmith  became  an  eminent  but  as  he  was  unfortunately  not  ably  sup- 
painter.  His  works  were  chiefly  portraits  ported  by  his  second  in  command,  Lestock, 
and  historical  pieces,  and  in  a  very  master-  instead  of  obtaining  a  glorious  victory,  as 
ly  style.  The  best  of  his  pieces  is  a  he  expected,  he  had  only  an  indecisive 
Descent  from  the  Cross,  preserved  in  Ant-  action.  Though  he  had  done  his  duty,  he 
werp  cathedral.  He  died  1529,  aged  69.  was  dismissed  from  the  service  byacourt- 
Hia  son  John  was  also  a  good  artist,  though  martial,  and  Lestock  was  acquitted.  He  died 
inferior  to  his  father.  on  his  estates  in  Glamorganshire,  1751. 

Mattei,  Paolo  da,  a  native  of  Naples,         Matthews,    Samuel,   governor  of  Vir- 


who  studied  painting  under  Luka  Giordano, 
and  excelled  by  the  correctness  of  his  pie- 
ces, and  the  accuracy  with  which  he  copied 
the  works  of  the  ablest  masters.  He  died 
1728,  aged  67. 

Matthew  or  Levi,  son  of  Alpheus,  a 
tax  gatherer,  who  was  called  by  our  Sa- 
viour to  become  a  disciple.  He  wrote  his 
gospel  about  64,  and  some  imagine  it  was 
originally  written  in  Hebrew  or  Svriac, 
29S 


ginia,  was  one  of  the  counsellors  of  that 
colony,  appointed  in  1624.  He  was  elect- 
ed governor  in  1656,  but  soon  after  went 
to  England  as  agent  of  the  province,  and 
died  there.    He  was  succeeded  by  Berkley. 

Matthews,  John,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  was  one  of  the  most  active  and 
influential  individuals  of  that  state  in  pro- 
moting the  revolution.     He  was  the  first 


MAT 


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speaker  of  the   house  of   representatives 
after  the  dissolution  of  the   royal  jijovern- 
m<  lit,  in  177 G,  and  wa.s  appointed  the  same 
year  an  associate  justice  of  the   supreme 
court.     In  17H0  he   was   elected  a  delegate 
to  congress,  and  was  one  of  the  committee 
of  that  body  appointed   to   visit  the   army, 
and  to  report  what  defects   existed  in  the 
system  adopted  for  its  support,  and  the  al- 
terations necessary    for   its   improvement. 
He  was  also  a  number  of  the  commiitee 
sent  by  congress  to  eflect  an  accommoda- 
tion with  the  troops  of  Feimsylvania,  which 
had  mutinied,  when   at   the  suggestion  of 
the  French  anibassador,   as  was  alleged,  a 
proposition  was  contemplated  to  be  brought 
forward  in  congress  to  purchase  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  other  portion  of  the  union, 
by  sacrificing  to  Great  Britain  Georgia  and 
the  Carohnas,   Mr.  Matthews  repaired  to 
Philadelphia,  and  in  conjunction  with  Mr. 
Bee  and  Colonel  Eveleigh,  adopted  such  pre- 
cautions relative  to  the  subject  that  the  in- 
trigue, if  it  really  existed,  was  abandoned. 
In   1782   he  succeeded    Mr.   Kutledge  as 
governor  of  the  state.     Mr.    Guerard  suc- 
ceeded him  in  the  following  year.  In  1784, 
on  the  first  establishment  of  the  court  of 
equity,  Mr.  Matthews  was  appointed  one  of 
the  judges.     He  died  at  Charleston,  Nov. 
1802,  aged  58.  ICJ^  L. 

Matthieu,  Peter,  a  French  historian, 
principal  of  the  college  of  V'erceil.  He  fa- 
voured the  league  and  the  Guises,  and  af- 
terwards became  historiographer  to  Henry 
IV.  and  attended  Lewis  XIII.  at  the  siege 
ofMontauban.  He  died  at  Toulouse,  12th 
Oct.  1621,  aged  58.  He  wrote  a  History 
of  Memorable  Events  in  the  Reign  of  Hen- 
ry the  Great,  8vo. — the  History  of  Henry's 
Death,  folio — the  History  of  St.  Lewis, 
8vo. — the  History  of  France  from  Francis 
I.  to  Lewis  XIII.  2  vols,  folio — laGuisiade, 
a  tragedy,  &c. 

Matthiolus,  Peter  Andrew,  an  able 
physician,  born  at  Sienna.  He  published 
some  valuable  commentaries  in  Italian  on 
Dioscorides,  Lyons,  1548,  4to.  translated 
into  Latin  by  Desmoulins,  1572,  folio.  His 
works  were  collected  and  appeared  at  Ba- 
sil, 1598,  folio,  enriched  with  the  notes  of 
Gaspard  Bartholin.  He  died  of  the  plague 
at  Trent,  1577,  aged  about  77.  There  was 
another  physician  of  the  same  name,  pro- 
fessor of  medicine  at  Padua,  where  he  died, 
1498.  He  wrote  Ars  Memorativa,  4to.  a 
curious  book. 

Matti,  Don  Emanuel,  a  Spanish  poet  of 
eminence,  born  at  Oropesa,  New  Castile, 
1663.  He  was  member  of  the  Arcadia  at 
Rome,  and  Innocent  XII.  pleased  with  his 
poetry,  made  him  dean  of.Alicant,  where 
he  died  18th  Dec.  1737.  His  letters  and 
poetry  were  published  at  Madrid,  2  vols. 
12mo.  1735. 
Mat[trino,   a  native  of  Florence,  emi- 


nent as  a  painter.  He  assisted  his  mastPi 
Raphael  in  .several  of  bis  design.-*,  and  after- 
wards  ofiered  his  serviees  to  Polidoro  de 
Carravaggio,  whose  work.s  hv  rivalled  in 
correctness  and  execution.  He  died  1527, 
aged  :i7. 

Maty,  Matthew,  an  eminent  physician, 
born  in  Holland  1718.  He  took  his  doc- 
tor's degree  at  Leyden,  and  in  17U),  came 
to  settle  in  England.  He  introduced  him- 
self to  public  notice  1759,  by  his  "  Jouniul 
Britannique,"  a  periodical  paper  printed  at 
the  Hague,  and  giving  an  account  of  Eng- 
lish publications.  In  17.')8,  he  was  chosen 
fellow,  and  1765,  secretary  of  the  Royal 
society,  and  in  1772,  he  became  chief  li- 
brarian of  the  British  museum.  He  unfor- 
tunately fell  a  victim  to  a  languishing  dis- 
order 1776,  after  a  life  devoted  to  the  of- 
fices of  humanity,  and  the  labours  of  sci- 
ence. He  was  a  great  advocate  for  the  in- 
oculation of  the  small-pox,  when  it  was 
considered  as  dangerous.  His  memoirs  of 
the  earl  of  Chesterfield,  nearly  finished  be- 
fore his  death,  were  prefixed  by  his  son-in- 
law  Justamond  to  the  works  of  that  noble- 
man, 1777,  2  vols.  -Jto. 

Maty,   Paul  Henry,  son  of  the    above, 
was  born  1745,   and  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster school,  and  Trinity  college,  Cambridge. 
He  obtained  there  a  travelling  fellowship, 
which  enabled   him  to  go   abroad,  and  in 
1774,  he  went  as  chaplain  to  lord  Stormont 
ambassador   to  the  court  of  France.     His 
rise  in  the  chuich  might  have  now  been  en- 
forced by   the  influence   of    his   powerful 
friends,   but  he  expressed  some  conscien- 
tious scruples  about  those  articles  of  faith, 
to  which  before  he  had   subscribed,  and  in 
1776,  he  totally  withdrew  himself  from  the 
duties  of  a  minister  of  the  church  of  Eng- 
land.    The  rest  of  his  life  was  devoted  to 
literary  pursuits.     He  became  assistant  li- 
brarian to  the  British  museum,  and  in  1778, 
succeeded  Dr.  Horsley  as  secretary  to  the 
Royal  society.      He  began   Jan.    1782,  a 
monthly  review  of  new  publications^,  which 
from  ill  health  he  discontinued  in  1786.    In 
the  disputes  which  unfortunately  prevailed 
in  the  Royal  society  in  1784,  about  the  re- 
admission  of  Dr.  Hutton,  he  took  a  warm 
part,  and   resigned   his  office  in    disgust, 
when  good  sense   would  have  dictated  a 
more  moderate   and   prudent  conduct.     A 
sedentary  life  had   weakened  hij  constitu- 
tion, and  he  fell  a  martyr  to  an  asthmatic 
complaint,  16th  Jan.    1787,  aged  42.     He 
translated  Riesbach's  Travels  through  Ger- 
many, and  after  his  death  a  volume  of  his 
sermons  appeared,   in  which  were  those  of 
Seeker  and  other  authors  which  his  editors 
suspected  not  to  have  been  transcribed  by 
him. 

Mauchard,  Burchard  David,  a  native  of 
Marbach,  professor  of  physic  and  anatomy 
in  Tubingen   university,  and  physician  to 

299 


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the  duke  of  Wirtemburg.  He  wrote  vari- 
ous tracts  on  his  profession,  and  died  at  Tu- 
bingen 1751,  aged  55. 

Maucroix,  Francis  de,  a  French  transla- 
tor, born  at  ^ovon,  1619.  He  died  canon 
of  Rheims,  1708.  He  translated  the  Phi- 
lippics of  Demosthenes — the  Euthydemus, 
and  the  greater  ilippias  of  Plato — some 
Orations  of  Cicero — the  Rationarium  Tem- 
poruni  of  Petau,  3  vols.  &,c.  He  was  inti- 
mate with  Boileau  and  Racine,  and  publish- 
ed, in  conjunction  with  la  Fontaine,  mis- 
cellaneous and  poetical  works,  2  vols. 
12mo. 

Mauduit,  Michael,  an  eminent  divine, 
born  at  Vire,  in  JNormandy,  1634.  He  died 
at  Paris  1709.  He  wrote  some  useful 
works — a  Treatise  on  Relig  on  against  Athe- 
ists, Deists,  &c.  1098 — a  Translation  of  the 
Psalms  into  French  Verse,  not  very  respect- 
able— Analyses  of  some  of  the  Books  of 
the  New  Testament,  8  vols.  12mo. — Dis 
sertatioiis  on  the  Gout,  &c. 

Mauduit,  Israel,  apolitical  writer,  born 
at  Exeter  1703.     He  was  educated  for  the 
ministry  among    the  dissenters,  but  soon 
after  quitted  his  clerical  employment,  and 
became  partner   with  his  brother  Jasper,   a 
London  merchant.     In  1760  he  excited  the 
public  attention  by  his  "Considerations  on 
the   German  War,"  and  he  was  afterwards 
appointed  agent  for  the  province  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  consequently  became  a  warm 
partisan  in  the  disputes   with  the  mother 
country.  In  1769,  he  wrote  his  Short  View 
of  the  History  of  the  New-England  Colo- 
nies, and  in  1774,  he  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  dissenters   by  his  pamphlet  "on  the 
Case  of  the  Dissenting  Ministers,"  &c.  He 
published  various  other  pamphlets  which  are 
now  deservedly  forgotten,  and   died    14th 
June,  1787,  aged  79. 

Maugin,  John,  surnamed  Angevin,  or  of 
Anjou,  where  he  was  born,  translated  Ma- 
chiavel's  Discourses  on  I^ivy  into  French. 
He  published  his  new  Tristan  Prince  of 
Leonnois,  &,c.  1554,  which  he  dedicated  to 
M.  Maupas,  who  is  the  hero  of  the  book. 
Maupertuis,  Peter  Lewis  Moreau  de, 
an  able  philosopher,  born  of  a  good  family 
at  St.  Malo's  1698.  He  was  for  three 
years  engaged  in  a  military  life,  but  quitted 
it  for  the  labour  of  science.  He  was  ad- 
mitted member  of  the  French  academy 
1723,  and  some  years  after,  when  visiting 
London,  he  was  honoured  with  the  title  of 
fellow  of  the  Royal  society.  In  1736,  he  was 
at  the  head  of  the  French  academicians,  sent 
by  the  king  of  France,  to  the  North,  to  as- 
certain the  figure  of  the  earth.  He  was  af- 
terwards invited  by  the  prince  of  Prussia 
to  Berlin,  to  become  president  of  the  learn- 
ed society  there,  and  with  a  spirit  of  ad- 
venture he  accompanied  his  royal  friend 
10  the  war  against  the  Germans.  He  was 
taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Molwitz. 
300 


and  conveyed  to  Vienna,  but  soon  honour^ 
ably   set  at   liberty  by   the    emperor,  and 
permitted  to  return  to  Berlin.     He  return- 
ed to  Paris,  but  instead  ol  quietly  settling 
in  his  country,  in  the  pursuit  of  science  and 
philosophy,   he  wt  nt  back  to   Berlin,   and 
was  soon   after  unlbrtunately  engaged  in 
some  literary    quarrels   with   Koenig,  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Franeker,  and  with 
Voltaire.     The  roving  and  uns-ettled  dispo- 
sition of  Maupertuis  was  not  indeed  calcu- 
lated to  conciliate  esteem  and  affection  ; 
but  Voltaire   was  so   severely   satirical  on 
him  whom   he   had  long  called  his  friend 
and   mathematical    instructer,    that   even 
the  king  of  Prussia  thought  it  his  duty  to 
interfere  and  arre^t  the  malevolent  poet  at 
Frankfort.  Maupertuis  went  afterwards  on 
a  visit  to  his  philosophical  friends  the  Ber- 
nouillis  at  Basil,  and   died  at  their  house, 
July,   1759.     His  works  are  very    valuable 
and  display  every  where  a  great,  weli-in- 
formed,  and  penetrating  mind.     They  have 
been  collected  into  4  vols.  8vo.   1756,  con- 
sisting of  the  Figure  of  the   Earth   deter- 
mined— the  Measurement  of  a   Degree  of 
the  Meridian — Discourse  on  the  Figure  of 
the  Stars — Elements  of  Geography — Nauti- 
cal Astronomy — Elements  of  Astronomy — 
Physical  Dissertation  on  a  White  Negro — 
Essay  on  Cosmography — Reflections  on  the 
Origin   of    Languages — Essay   on    Moral 
Philosophy,  and  various  other  dissertations, 
&c.  inserted  in  the  Berlin  Memoirs. 

Maupertut,  John  Baptist  Drouet  de, 
a  native  of  Paris,  who  studied  the  law,  and 
afterwards  held  a  place  under  government, 
and  then  entered  into  orders  and  obtained 
a  canonry.  He  wrote  the  History  of  the 
Holy  Church  at  Vienne — a  Christian's  Sen- 
timents on  the  True  Love  of  God — the 
Dangerous  Commerce  between  the  two 
Sexes — Veneration  due  to  Relics,  &c.  He 
died  1736,  aged  86. 

Maupin,  N.  Aubigny,  a  celebrated  sing- 
er at  the  Paris  opera.  She  possessed  great 
personal  courage,  and  she  on  some  occa- 
sions assumed  a  man's  dress  to  avenge 
boldly  on  her  opponents  those  insults  which 
her  sex  forbade  her  openly  to  resent.  Her 
best  character  was  Medea  in  the  opera  of 
Medus  by  la  Grange.  She  left  the  stage  in 
1705,  and  died  two  years  after,  aged  33. 

Maur,  St.  a  disciple  of  St.  Benedict, 
who  died  about  584,  abbot  of  Glauseuil  in 
Anjou.  A  congregation  bearing  his  name 
was  formed  in  France  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  which  was  approved  by  the  pope, 
and  has  produced  some  learned  men. 

Maur,  Don  Charles  de,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician and  engineer,  whose  abilities 
were  employed  not  only  in  the  Spanish 
army,  but  in  the  construction  of  canals,  of 
public  roads,  and  other  great  national  works. 
He  wrote  a  Treatise  on  Dynamics,  and  Ele- 


MAI/ 


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ments  of  Mathematics,  and  died  2r)th  Nov. 

Mauran,  Peter,  a  leading  man  among 
the  Albigenscs  iii  Langueduc  in  the  liith  ccn- 
tur>,  who,  because  he  denied  tlan^uLl^tan- 
tiatioii,  was  stripped  of  his  property,  and 
condemned,  alter  severe  trials,  to  Uiake  a 
pilgrimage  to  the  holy  land,  aiid  there  to 
adminisler  to  the  reliel  of  the  indigent. 

Maurepas,  John  Frederic  Philippeaux, 
count  of,  a  French  statesman,  born  1701. 
In  1715  he  was  made  secretary  at  court, 
and  was  afterwards  appo.nted  superinten- 
dent of  the  king's  household,  and  ol  the  ma- 
rine, 1723,  and  minister  of  state,  1733. 
Though  he  evinced  sagacity  and  genius  in 
his  master's  service,  he  was  exiled  to  Bour 
ges  by  the  intrigues  ol  Madame  Pompa- 
dour, and  continued  in  disgrace  till  Lewis 
XV  I.  in  1774,  recalled  him  to  enjoy  his  con- 
fidence, and  to  direct  public  aHairs.  The 
spirited  measures,  however,  which  he  re- 
commended in  favour  of  the  Americans 
against  their  parent  country  were  very  im- 
prudent, and  have  since  produced  the  ruin 
of  his  master.  He  died  Nov,  1781,  aged 
SO.  His  correspondence,  which  was  very 
precise  and  correct,  together  with  his  me- 
moirs, which  are  very  negligently  Avritten, 
appeared  at  Paris  1792,  2  vols.  Svo. 

Maurice,  of  Nassau,  prince  of  Orange, 
succeeded  though  only  18  on  his  father's 
murder,  1584,  to  the  government  of  the 
Low  Countries.  Treading  in  the  glorious 
steps  of  his  father,  he  as  captain  general  of 
the  United  States  strengthened  and  con- 
firmed the  newly  established  republic,  sup- 
ported its  liberties  and  privileges,  and  en- 
larged its  provinces  by  the  conquest  of  Bre- 
da, in  1590,  and  of  Zutphen,  Deventer, 
Hulst,  Nimeguen,  Gertruydenburg,  &c. 
His  successes  were  rapidly  continued,  the 
archduke  Albert  was  defeated  in  1597,  and 
the  Spaniards  were  forced  to  evacuate  Hol- 
land, and  though  obliged  to  raise  the  siege 
of  Dunkirk  in  1600,  Maurice  avenged  this 
trifling  disaster  by  the  total  defeat  of  Albert, 
near  Nieuport.  The  conquest  of  Rhinberg, 
Grave,  and  other  places  followed  these 
glorious  labours  ;  but  while  Maurice,  re- 
spected by  the  soldiery  for  his  valour  and 
services,  aimed  at  the  sovereignty  of  his 
country,  his  views  Avere  vigorously  opposed 
T)y  the  unyielding  integrity  of  Barneveldt, 
who,  unhappily  for  the  memory  of  his 
rival,  was  sacrificed  in  an  unguarded  mo- 
ment. The  Dutch  mourned  the  loss  of 
their  virtuous  pensionary,  and  Maurice, 
sensible  of  his  cruelty,  and  still  more  dis- 
pleased by  the  loss  of  Breda,  which  after  a 
siege  of  six  months  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Spaniards,  became  the  prey  of  sudden 
grief,  and  died  of  a  broken  heart  1625, 
aged  55,  leaving  behind  him  the  character 
of  being  the  ablest  general  of  the  age. 

Mauricrau,  Francis,  a  French  surgeon, 


chiefly  eminent  in  ruidwifcry,  and  in  an  ex- 
tensive kiiowlidge  of  female  diseases.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  on  the  Disorders  of  Preg- 
nant Women — on  Mithvifery — Diseaaes  of 
Mothers  and  New  liorn  Infants,  4to.  1694, 
a  very  useful  work,  translated  into  atvtral 
languages.      He  died  at  Paris  1709. 

Mauritius  Tidkhius,  a  Cappadocian, 
who  distinguished  himself  at  the  head  of 
the  Roman  armies,  and  received  in  mar- 
riage the  daughter  of  thi-  emperor  Tiberius 
Constantiiie.  He  was  made  emperor  582, 
but  though  valiant  and  successful  against 
the  Persians  and  Arabs,  he  was  unlortu- 
nately  defeated  by  Phocas  his  general, 
who  had  proclaimed  himself  emperor,  and 
he  was  put  to  death  with  his  five  sons,  A. 
D.  602,  aged  63. 

Maurolico,  Francis,  abb6  of  Santa  Ma- 
ria del  Porto,  in  Sicily,  and  professor  of 
mathematics,  was  born  at  Messina,  1494, 
and  died  1575.  He  is  author  of  an  edition 
of  the  Spherics  of  Theodosius — Emenda- 
tio  et  R<-stitutio  Conicorum  Apollonii  Per- 
goei — Archin!i:dis  Momenta  Oumia — Eu- 
clidis  Phaenomena — Martyrologium,  kc. 

MAtruus,  Terentianu'^,  a  Latin  poet  un- 
der Trajan  His  poem  De  Literis,  Sylla- 
bus, &c.  is  preserved  in  Maittaire's  Corpus 
Poet.  Lat. 

Maury,  Jean  Siffrein,  a  French  cardi- 
nal, was  born  in  1746  at  Vabees,  in  the  an-^ 
cient  comte  at  V'enaisson.  He  studied  at 
Lyons,  and,  on  entering  into  orders,  be- 
came a  celebrated  preacher  at  Paris,  where 
he  obtained  a  place  in  the  academy,  and 
obtained  an  abbey.  When  the  revolution 
broke  out,  he  became  one  of  the  representa- 
tives of  the  clergy  in  the  States-general, 
where  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
eloquence  in  behalf  of  his  order,  as  he 
afterwards  did  in  defence  of  royalty.  On 
the  dissolution  of  the  constituent  assem- 
bly, he  went  to  Italy,  where  he  was  nomi- 
nated bishop  of  Nicaja,  and  a  cardinal. 
In  1807  he  made  his  submission  to  Buona- 
parte, who  in  1810  appointed  him  archbi- 
shop of  Paris  ,  but  when  the  usurper  fell^ 
the  cardinal  was  obliged  to  leave  France. 
He  died  at  Rome,  in  1817.  He  published 
several  works,  the  best  of  which  is,  *'  An 
Essay  on  Eloquence." — W.  B. 

Maussac,  Philip  James,  a  counsellor  in 
the  parliament  of  Toulouse,  president  of 
the  court  of  aids  at  Montpellier,  and  a  most 
elegant  Greek  scholar,  died  1650,  aged  70. 
He  published  notes  on  Haipoi  ration,  Paris, 
1614,  4to. — Remarks  on  Plutarch's  Treatise 
on  Mountains  and  Rivers,  &c. 

Mautour,  Philibert  Bernard  Moreau  de, 
auditor  of  the  Paris  chamber  of  accounts, 
andmember  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions, 
was  born  at  Beaunc,  1654,  and  died,  1737. 
He  published  a  translation  of  Petau's  Ra- 
tionarium  Temporum,  4  vols.  12mo.  and 
wrote  some  poems  and  some  dissertations^, 

?ni 


MAX 


MAX 


iiiserted  in  the  memoirs  of  the  belles  let- 
tres'  academy. 

Maxentius,  Marcus  Aurelius  Valerius, 
son  of  Maximianus  Hercules,  declared 
himself  emperor,  306.  Though  opposed 
by  Galerius,  he  established  his  power,  but 
becoming  odious  by  his  cruelty,  he  was  at 
last  attacked  aud  defeated  by  Constantine, 
and  was  drowjied  as  he  crossed  the  Tiber 
in  his  flight,  31*2. 

Maxcy,  Jonathan,  D.P.  president  of  the 
college  of  South  Carolina,  was  born  at  At- 
tleborough,  Massactiusetts,  in  1768,  and 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  baptist  church 
in  Providence,  September  8th,  1791.  He 
Tvas  the  sam  '  year  elected  professor  of  di- 
vinity in  the  college  of  Rhode  Island,  of 
which  he  was  afterwards  president.  He 
resigned  this  oSice  in  1802,  and  was  pre- 
sident of  Union  college  at  Schenectady 
until  the  appointment  of  Dr.  Nott  in  1804. 
On  the  organization  of  the  college  at  Co- 
lumbia, South  Carolina,  he  was  elected 
president  of  that  institution,  and  continued 
there  until  his  death,  June  4th,  1820.  He 
was  a  very  useful  college  oflBcer,  and  much 
esteemed  in  the  various  institutions  over 
which  he  presided.  He  married  a  daugh- 
ter of  commodore  Hopkins,  of  Providence. 
Several  of  his  occasional  sermons  and  ora- 
tions were  published.  ICIP'  L. 

Maximianus,  Marcus  Aurel.  Valer.  Her- 
cul.  a  Romnn  emperor,  who  rose  to  that 
dignity  from  the  rank  of  a  common  soldier. 
He  possessed  valour  and  prudence,  but  as 
the  associate  of  Diocletian,  he  was  induced 
to  lay  down  the  ensigns  of  his  office,  304, 
though  afterwards  he  had  the  ambition  to 
resume  his  power.  His  troops,  however, 
rebelled  against  him,  and  he  was  put  to 
<ieath  at  last  by  order  of  Constantine,  his 
son-in-law,  310,  aged  60. 

Maximianus,  Galer.  Valer.  a  shepherd 
of  Dacia,  distinguished  by  his  valour,  and 
at  last  raised  to  the  throne  by  Diocletian, 
who  gave  him  his  daughter  in  marriage. 
After  conquering  the  Goths,  Dalmatians, 
and  Persians,  it  is  supposed  that  be  obliged 
his  father-in-law  Diocletian  to  abdicate  the 
crown.  He  died  311,  in  a  miserable  man- 
ner, calling  upon  the  God  of  the  Christians, 
whose  religion  he  had  hitherto  persecuted. 

Maximilian  I.  archduke  of  Austria,  son 
of  Frederic  IV.  was  born  1459.  By  his 
marriage  with  Mary  daughter  of  Charles, 
last  duke  of  Burgundy,  he  rose  to  conse- 
quence as  an  mdependent  prince,  and  in 
1486,  he  was  elected  king  of  the  Romans, 
and  in  1493,  emperor.  He  was  successful 
in  his  war  against  France,  but  his  forces 
were  defeated  in  Italy  and  Switzerland. 
In  his  eagerness  to  enlarge  his  dominions 
he  expressed  a  wish  to  be  the  coadjutor  of 
Julius  II.  on  the  papal  throne,  and  like 
some  of  the  Roman  emperors,  he  assumed 
the  title  of  pontifex  maximns.      He  after- 


wards  made  an  alliance  with  Henry  VlIL 
against  France,  and  even  served  as  a  pri- 
vate individual  in  the  English  army  on  the 
continent  He  was  unsteady  in  his  attach- 
ments, and  though  possessed  of  good  sense 
and  great  qualities,  little  to  be  depended 
on  in  political  affairs.  He  died  at  Inspruck, 
loth  January,  1519,  in  consequence  of 
eating  melons  to  excess.  He  was  author 
of  some  poems,  aud  of  memoirs  of  his  own 
life. 

Maximilian  II.  son  of  Ferdinand  I.  was 
elected  king  of  the  Romans,  1662,  and 
succeeded  his  father  two  years  after  as  king 
of  Hungary  and  Bohemia,  and  emperor  of 
Germany.  He  was  of  a  peaceful  disposi- 
tion, and  therefore  suffered  from  the  in- 
roads of  the  Turks  upon  his  dominions. 
He  died  at  Ratisbon,  12th  October,  1576, 
aged  50.  By  his  wife,  Mary  of  Austria, 
sister  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain,  he  had  several 
children. 

Maximilian,  duke  of  Bavaria,  deserved 
by  his  courage  the  title  of  defender  of  Ger- 
many, and  by  his  wisdom  that  of  Solomon. 
He  gained  the  battle  of  Prague,  1620,  and 
for  his  services  as  a  warrior  and  as  the  sup- 
porter of  the  Catholic  faith,  he  was  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  an  elector  of  the  German 
empire.     He  died  1651,  aged  70. 

Maximilian,  Emmanuel,  elector  of  Ba- 
varia, distinguished  himself  by  his  many 
services  in  the  cause  of  the  emperor  Leo- 
pold. He  was  at  the  siege  of  Neuheusel, 
in  1685,  when  the  Turkish  forces  were  de- 
feated, and  the  next  year  he  was  at  the 
siege  of  Buda,  and  the  year  after  at  the 
battle  of  Mohatz.  His  merits  placed  him 
at  the  head  of  the  Hungarian  army,  and  in 
1689  he  took  from  the  Turks  the  city  of 
Belgrade,  and  afterwards  commanded  the 
imperial  troops  at  the  siege  of  Mentz, 
and  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine.  In  1692 
he  was  made  governor  of  the  Low  Coun- 
tries by  the  king  of  Spain  ;  but  during  the 
war  of  the  Spanish  succession  he  sided  with 
France,  and  exposed  himself  to  the  resent- 
ment of  the  emperor,  who  deprived  him  of 
his  electoral  honours,  to  which  he  was  re- 
stored at  the  general  peace.  He  died  at 
Munich,  26th  Feb.  1726. 

Maximilian,  Leopold,  elector  of  Bava- 
ria, son  of  the  emperor  Charles  VII.  suc- 
ceeded to  the  electorate  of  Bavaria,  1746. 
He  died  30th  December,  1777,  and  as  he 
left  no  issue,  the  succession  to  his  domi- 
nions occasioned  a  war  between  the  empire 
and  Prussia,  which  was  terminated  by  the 
peace  of  Teschen,  1779. 

Maximinus,  Caius  Jul.  Verus,  son  of  a 
Thracian  peasant,  rose  by  his  valour  in  the 
Roman  armies,  and  on  the  death  of  Alex- 
ander Severus,  was  proclaimed  emperor, 
235.  He  was  of  gigantic  size  and  propor- 
tionable strength,  but  a  great  tyrant.     He 


MAk 


A1A\ 


waa  at  last  tissassinated  by  his  soldiers, 
near  AquiU'.ia,  256. 

Maximum,  Magnus,  a  Spaniard,  pro- 
claimed emperor  of  ilome,  by  his  troops  in 
Britain,  383.  Thou;;li  opposed  by  liratian, 
he  proved  victorious,  and  at  last  marching 
into  Italy,  he  was  besieged  in  Aquileia,  and 
defeated  by  Theodosius,  who  caused  his 
head  to  be  cut  oil',  3SS. 

Maximus,  of  Tyre,  a  Platonic  philoso- 
pher, who  was  at  Rome,  146,  A.  D.  His 
Discourses,  41  in  number,  have  been  edited 
by  Reiske,  1774,  and  translated  into  French 
by  Formey. 

Maximus,  the  Cynic,  a  native  of  Ephe- 
sus,  tutor  to  the  apostate  Julian,  whom  he 
encouraged  in  his  opposition  to  Christiani- 
ty, and  flattered  by  his  magic  arts,  assuring 
him,  when  going  on  his  Persian  expedi- 
tion, that  he  would  prove  victorious,  and 
that  he  was  animated  by  the  soul  of  Alex- 
ander. He  was  put  to  death  by  the  em- 
peror Valens,  366. 

Mat,  Thomas,  an   English    writer,  born 
at  Mayfield,  in   Sussex,  1594.     He  was  of 
Sidney  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took, 
1612,  his  bachelor's  degree,  and  afterwards 
entered  at  Gray's  Inn.     His  genius  recom- 
mended him  to  the  notice  of  the   great  of 
those  times.     He  was    the   friend  of  Sir 
Kenelra   Digby,  Sir  R.  Fanshaw,  Thomas 
Carew,  Ben  Jonson,  Sir  John  Suckling,  and 
others,  and  became  the  favourite  of  Charles 
I.  and  of  his  queen.     Under  the  sunshine 
of  royal  patronage  he  wrote  "  The  Heir," 
a  comedy,  acted  1620 — Cleopatra,  a  trage- 
dy, acted-   1626 — Antigone,   a    tragedy — 
Agrippina,  a  tragedy — the   Old  Couple,  a 
comedy,  &c.  and  also  by  the  king's  com- 
mand, "  the  Reign  of  Henry  II."   a  poem 
in  7  books,  and  "  the  Reign  of  Edward  III." 
a  poem  in  7  books.      As  a  translator,  May 
acquired  some  reputation.     Virgil's  Geor- 
gics  appeared  1622,   with  notes,   and  his 
Lucan's  Pharsalia,  1627.     This  last  work 
is  a  very  respectable  performance,  and  the 
poet  greatly  increased  his  literary  fame  by 
a  continuation  of  the  poem  to  the  death  of 
Julius  Caesar,  in  verses  which  were  much 
admired,  and  which  Dr.  Johnson  preferred 
to  the  Latin  of  Cowley  or  of  Milton.  May, 
respected  as  the  friend  of  the  monarch,  to 
■whom  he  dedicated  the  best  part  of  his  pub- 
lications,  became  despicable  in   the    civil 
wars.     He  embraced  the  party  of  the  par- 
liament, was  made  their  secretary  and  his- 
toriographer, and   as   such  published    the 
"  History  of  the  Parliament  of  England," 
•which  began   Nov.  3d,  1640,    to  the  first 
battle  of  Newbury,  1643.     He  wrote  also  a 
"  Breviary  of  the  History  of  the  Parliament 
of  England,"  a  few  months  after  the  publi- 
cation of  which  he  died  suddenly,  13th  No- 
vember, 1650,  aged  55.     He  was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey,  but  at  the  restoration 


his  body  was  dug  up,  and  deposited  la  a 
pit  in  St.  Margaret's  chiirrhyaid. 

May,  Lewis  dii,  a  prot.staiit  French'his- 
torian,  who  spent  the  best  part  of  his  life 
in  Germany,  lie  died  IBSI.  llis  works 
are  "  State  of  the  Empire,  or  Abridgment 
of  the  Public  Law  of  G(;rmany" — Science 
des  Princes,  Svo. — the  Prudent  Voyager, 
r2mo. 

Mayrnne,  Charles  of  Lorraine,  duke  of, 
son  of  Francis,  duke  of  Guise,  was  borii 
26th  March,  1554.  He  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  heroic  soldier  at  the  sieges  of 
Poictiers  and  Rochelle,  and  at  the  battle  of 
Moncontour,  and  defeated  the  protestants 
in  Guienne,  Dauphine,  and  Saintonge. 
When  his  brothers  were  assassinated  at  the 
council  of  Blois,  he  proclaimed  himself 
chief  of  the  league,  declared  Cardinal 
Bourbon  king,  under  the  name  of  Charles 
X.  and  prepared  to  support  his  power  by 
the  force  of  arms.  He  opposed,  with  an 
army  of  30,000  men,  Henry  IV.  but  was 
defeated  at  the  battle  of  Arques,  and  again 
at  Ivry,  and  after  many  losses,  he  was  at 
last  reconciled  to  his  victorious  enemy, 
who  in  the  goodness  of  his  heart  made  him 
his  friend,  and  added  the  government  of  the 
Isle  of  France.  He  died  at  Soissons,  3d 
Oct.  1611,  and  his  family  was  extinct  in  his 
son,  who  died  1621. 

Mater,  John  Frederic,  a  Lutheran  di- 
vine, born  at  Leipsic,  1650.  He  was  suc- 
cessively professor  at  Wittemberg,  Ham- 
burg, and  Stettin,  and  became  superinten- 
dent of  the  churches  of  Pomerania.  He 
died  1712.  He  wrote  a  Treatise  on  the 
method  of  studying  Holy  Scripture — Dis- 
sertations on  Particular  Parts  of  the  Bible 
— Tractatus  de  Osculo  Pedum  Pontificis 
Romani,  4to.  but  his  great  work  is  Bilic- 
theca  Bihlica,  4to.  1713,  in  which  he  exa- 
mines the  character  of  the  various  com- 
mentators on  the  Bible. 

Mater,  Tobias,  an  eminent  astronomer, 
born  at  Maspach,  in  the  dutchy  of  Wir- 
temburg,  1723.  He  was  self-instructed, 
and  in  the  formation  of  machines  and  in- 
struments, displayed  wonderful  ingenuity. 
He  also  applied  himself  to  the  Latin  lan- 
guage and  belles  lettres,  and  in  1750  was 
appointed  professor  of  mathematics  in  Got- 
tingen  university.  He  died  1762,  exhaust- 
ed by  his  uncommon  application.  He  stu- 
died the  nature  of  the  moon,  and  its  influ- 
ence upon  the  earth  with  such  ability,  and 
approached  so  nearly  the  problem  of  lon- 
gitude, that  his  widow  obtained  an  honour- 
able reward  of  3000/.  from  the  British 
parliament.  His  discoveries  in  astronomy 
and  geometry  were  very  great  and  impor- 
tant. He  published  Tables  of  Refractions 
— Theory  of  the  Moon — Astronomical  Ta- 
bles— a  Mathematical  Atlas,  &c.  There 
was  also  a  Jesuit  of  the  same  name  in  Mo- 
ravia, professor  of  philosophy  at  Heidle- 

303 


MAY 


x\IAY 


bei'g,  for  whom  an  observatory  was  built  at 
Manheim  by  the  elector  Palatine.  He 
wrote  Basis  Palatina — De  Transitu  Veneris 
'-De  Novis  in  Caelo  Phoenomenis,  and  died 
1783. 

Materne,  Sir  Theodore,  an  eminent 
physician,  born  of  most  respectable  parents 
at  Geneva,  2Sth  S  pt.  1573.  He  bad 
Theodore  Beza  for  his  godfather.  He  stu- 
died at  Heidelberg,  and  afterwards  w;  nt 
to  Montpellier,  where  he  took  his  d' gree 
ofM.D.  597.  He  went  to  Paris,  where 
he  r  commended  himself  to  notice  by  his 
lectures,  and  became  physician  to  Henry 
IV.  w  lo  promised  him  bis  patronage,  and 
endea\oured  by  the  means  of  cardinal 
Perron  aid  other  priests,  to  convert  him  to 
the  catholic  faith.  He  came  over  in  1616 
to  settle  in  England,  and  was  in  the  ser- 
vice of  James  I.  and  of  his  queen.  He  died 
at  Chelsea,  loth  March,  1655,  leaving  to 
inherit  his  large  fortune  only  one  daughter, 
%vlio  married  the  marquis  de  Montpouvillan, 
and  died  at  the  Hague,  1661,  of  a  child  of 
which  she  could  not  be  delivered.  His 
works  were  printed  at  London,  1700,  in  one 
folio  volume. 

Mayhew,  Thomas,  governor  of  Martha's 
Vineyard,  Massacliusetts,  obtained  a  grant 
of  that  and  the  neighbouring  islands  in 
1641,  and  commenced  a  settlement  at  Ed- 
garton.  He  devoted  himself  much  to  the 
civilizing  and  Christianizing  the  Indians 
who  lived  within  his  government,  and  in- 
duced them  to  adopt  the  Fnglish  mode  of 
administering  justice.  He  died  in  1681,  in 
the  93d  year  of  his  age.  iC3^  L. 

M*YHEW,  Thomas,  the  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, accompanied  him  to  Martiia's  Vine- 
yard in  1642,  and  beca  ne  the  first  minister 
of  that  islan.'l.  He  began  his  labours 
among  the  Indians  in  1646,  and  devoted 
himself  to  their  instruction  with  unwearied 
diligence  and  self-denial.  In  1650  one 
hundred  had  made  profession  of  faith  in 
the  gospel,  and  during  the  next  year  one 
hundred  and  eighty  more.  Encouraged  by 
this  success,  he  embarked  for  England  to 
solicit  aid  fiom  the  society  for  propagating 
the  gospel,  and  was  lost  at  sea,  in  the  37th 
year  of  his  age.  fCP'  L- 

Mathew,  John,  minister  of  Martha's 
Vineyard,  and  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  in  1652,  and  entered  the  ministry  at 
the  age  of  twenty-one,  at  Fisbury.  He  la- 
boured with  great  diligence  in  instructing 
the  Indians.  His  annual  salary  was,  for  a 
long  time,  only  five  pounds.  He  died  in 
1689,  in  the  sixteenth  year  of  his  ministry, 
leaving  an  Indian  church  of  one  hundred 
communicants,  and  several  well-instructed 
Indian  teachers.  iC?*  L. 

Mathew,  Experience,  minister  of  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard,  was  the  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  born  in  1673.     In  1694  he 
'>pgan  to  preach  to  the  Indians,  taking  the 
304 


care  of  several  of  their  congregations,  and 
devoted  a  ministry  of  more  than  sixty 
years  to  their  instruction.  In  1709  he 
translated  the  Psalms  and  John  into  the 
language  of  the  Indians,  at  the  expense  of 
the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel.  In 
1727  he  published  a  relation  of  the  success 
of  the  gospel  among  the  aborigines,  in 
which  he  gives  the  biograpliy  of  more  than 
thirty  Indian  mmisters,  and  about  eighty 
other  converts,  who  w-ire  worthy  of  com- 
memoration for  their  piety.  He  possessed 
superior  endowments,  and  exhibited  a 
most  exemplary  life  of  zeal,  activity,  and 
self-denial  in  the  ministry.  ;C3^L. 

Mathew,  Jonathan,  D.D.  minister  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  was  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  born  in  Martha's  Vineyard, 
8th  October,  1720,  and  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1744.  He  was  ordained 
pastor  of  the  west  church,  at  Boston,  in 
1747,  and  continued  there  til!  his  death  in 
1766.  He  possessed  a  mind  of  great  force 
and  acuteness,  was  equalled  by  few  of  his 
cotemporaries  in  the  extent  of  his  classical 
and  theological  knowledge,  and  was  parti- 
cularly distinguished  for  the  originality  and 
independence  of  his  investigations,  and  his 
love  of  civil  and  religious  liberty.  He 
published  a  number  of  controversial  and 
practical  works,  characterized  by  unusual 
perspicuity  and  force  of  reasoning,  and 
liveliness  of  fancy,  and  which  gave  him  a 
high  reputation  in  Great  Britain,  as  well 
as  in  his  own  country,  and  procured  for 
him  a  diploma  of  doctor  of  divinity,  from 
the  U'liversity  of  Aberdeen.  iCZT^  L. 

Matnard,  sir  John,  an  able  English 
lawyer,  celebrated  for  his  eloquence,  his 
integrity,  and  his  public  spirit.  He  waited 
upon  William  with  an  address  of  congratu- 
lation, after  the  abdication  of  James,  and 
when  the  new  king,  observing  his  age,  told 
him  he  must  have  outlived  many  of  the 
judges,  and  of  the  lawyers  of  the  state,  of 
his  own  standing,  yes,  replied  sir  John,  and 
I  should  have  outlived  the  law  too,  if  your 
majesty  had  not  come  to  the  throne  of  this 
country.     He  died  1690,  aged  88. 

Matnard,  Francis,  a  poet,  one  of  the  40 
of  the  French  academy,  born  at  Toulouse, 
1582.  He  was  secretary  to  queen  Marga- 
ret, and  by  his  wit  and  gayety  was  the  de- 
light of  the  court,  who  flattered  him  with 
compliments,  but  settled  no  favour  on  him. 
He  retired  in  disgust,  and  died  in  his  pro- 
vince, 1646.  His  odes,  songs,  epigrams, 
&c.  were  much  admired. 

Matne,  Jasper,  an  English  poet  and  di- 
vine, born  at  Hatherleigh,  Devonshire, 
1604,  and  educated  at  Westminster  school, 
and  Christ  church,  Oxford,  of  which  he  be- 
came student.  He  was  presented  to  the 
livings  of  Cassington,  and  of  Pyrton,  near 
Watlington,  Oxfordshire,  and,  in  1640, 
was  crented  D.D.     He  distinguished  him- 


MAY 


MAZ 


self  as  tbe  author  of  the  "  City  Match,"  a 
comedy,  and  the  "Amorous  Work,"  a 
tragi-comcdy,  and  drew  upon  himself  some 
severe  reflections  from  Cheynell,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  sermon  against  false  prophets 
at  Oxford.  In  164S  he  was  deprived  of  his 
studentship  and  of  his  livings  ;  but  at  the 
restoration  he  was  reinstated,  and  made 
canon  of  Christ  church,  archdeacon  of 
Chichester,  and  chaplain  to  the  king.  He 
died  Dec.  6th,  1672,  and  was  interred  at 
Christ  church.  In  his  character  he  was 
cheerful,  and,  in  those  times  of  fanatical 
melancholy,  very  facetious.  In  his  will  he 
left  to  his  servant,  who  had  long  lived  with 
him,  and  was  too  fond  of  drinking,  a  trunk, 
with  something  in  it  which  he  said  would 
make  him  drink.  No  sooner  was  his  mas- 
ter dead,  than  the  servant  ran  eagerly  to 
the  valuable  trunk,  but  instead  of  a  trea- 
sure he  found  a  red  herring.  He  wrote, 
besides,  a  poem  on  the  naval  victory  ob- 
tained by  the  duke  of  York  over  the  Dutch 
— sermons — Luciau's  Dialogues  translated, 

Matnwaring,  Arthur,  a  learned  Eng- 
lishman, born  at  Ightfield,  Shropshire, 
166S.  He  was  educated  at  Shrewsbury 
school,  and  Christ  church,  Oxford,  and  af- 
terwards studied  the  law  in  London.  An 
acquaintance  with  the  earls  of  Dorset  and 
Burlington,  and  the  duke  of  Somerset,  ba- 
nished his  strong  prejudices  against  the 
revolution,  and  afterwards  he  became  a 
commissioner  of  the  customs,  and  in  the 
beginning  of  Anne's  reign,  auditor  of  the 
imprest,  an  office  worth  2000^  per  annum. 
He  sat  in  the  parliament  of  1705,  for  Pres- 
ton, in  Lancashire,  and  died  at  St.  Alban's, 
13th  Nov.  1712.  His  executrix  was  Mrs. 
Oldfield,  the  actress,  by  whom  he  had  one 
son,  and  with  whom  he  had  lived,  before 
his  death,  about  nine  years,  much  against 
the  representations  and  wishes  of  his 
friends.  He  wrote  various  pieces  in  prose 
and  verse,  especially  epilogues,  &c.  which 
were  delivered  with  particular  effect  by  his 
favourite  actress. 

Mayo,  Richard,  an  English  divine, 
ejected  from  his  living  of  Kingston,  Surrey, 
for  nonconformity,  1662.  He  wrote  a  Life 
of  Dr.  Staunton — Two  Conferences  be- 
tween a  Jew  and  a  Papist,  and  between  a 
Protestant  and  a  Jew — Comment  on  the 
Epistle  to  the  Romans,  in  Pool's  Annota- 
tions— sermons,  &c.     He  died  1695. 

Matow,  John,  a  learned  physician,  born 
iu  Cornwall,  1645.  He  was  of  Wadham 
college,  Oxford,  and  became  fellow  of  All- 
Souls,  where  he  took  his  degrees  in  civil 
law,  after  which  he  practised  physic  chiefly 
at  Bath.  He  died  in  York-street,  Covent- 
garden,  Sept.  1679,  and  was  buried  in  the 
parish  church  there.  His  works  were  col- 
lected and  published  at  Oxford,  1674.  He 
was  a  man  of  extensive  powers,  and  well 

Vol.  IL  39 


skilled  in  chymLstry,  accordii.:;  trt  tUc  opi- 
nion of  Dr.  Beddocs,  who,  in  a  will-written 
pamphlet,  in  1790,  proved  that  the  best 
part  of  modern  di>.covrries  with  respect  to 
air,  was  known  to  this  active  experimen- 
talist. 

Mazard,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Lyons, 
who  greatly  improved  the  miinufactun'  of 
hats  in  France.  He  was  in  Enj^land,  to 
make  observations  on  the  genius  of  th^ 
English  manufacturers,  and  he  carried  back 
with  him  several  a!)le  workmen.  He  dici 
1736,  aged  76,  and  left  his  large  property 
to  endow  a  public  charity  at  Lyons. 

Mazarine,  Julius,  cardinal,  and  chief 
minister  of  France,  was  born  at  Piscina,  in 
the  province  of  Abruzzo,  Italy,  July  14th, 
1602.  His  abilities  were  conspicuous  even 
in  early  life,  and  under  Jerome  of  Colonna 
he  made  great  and  important  progress  in 
literature.  He  recommended  himself  t(» 
the  notice  of  the  pope,  and  by  his  negotia- 
tions and  intrigues,  was  happily  successful 
in  preventing  a  battle  between  the  French 
and  Spaniards  before  Cassel,  and  he  effect- 
ed a  reconciliation  between  them.  This 
gained  for  him  the  good  opinion  of  Riche- 
lieu, and  of  Lewis  XIII.  and  from  keeper 
of  the  seals,  and  vice  legate  to  Avignon,  he 
was,  in  1641,  raised  to  the  dignity  of  car- 
dinal. On  the  death  of  Richelieu,  I\Iazarine 
became  the  prime  minister  of  Lewis  XIII, 
and  continued  in  that  high  office  during 
the  minority  of  Lewis  XIV.  and  the  regen- 
cy of  Anne  of  Austria.  Though  at  first  po- 
pular, the  jealousy  of  the  nobles,  and  the 
distressed  state  of  the  poor,  raised  a  cla- 
mour against  him,  and  he  at  last  yielded  to 
the  public  voice,  and  retired  from  the  king- 
dom. But  though  a  price  was  set  upon 
his  head,  the  general  hatred  subsided,  his 
abilities  were  acknowledged  and  regretted, 
and  by  degrees  his  return  to  power  became 
the  popular  wish.  Mazarine,  restored  to 
greatness,  applied  himself  to  consolidate 
the  happiness  of  France ;  he  effected  a 
peace  between  his  country  and  Spain,  and 
cemented  the  union  of  the  two  monarchies 
by  the  marriage  of  his  master  with  the  in- 
fanta of  Spain.  Excessive  application  at 
last  produced  disorders  which  proved  Aita!. 
He  died  at  Vincennes,  9th  March,  1661, 
aged  59,  highly  respected  by  the  king  and 
nation.  He  was  buried  in  the  college 
which  he  had  founded.  His  letters,  103  in 
number,  were  published,  1694,  and  agaia 
by  Chatelan,  Amsterdam,  1745,  2  vols. 
12mo.  Mazarine  had  a  brother  and  twa 
sisters.  His  niece,  Hortensia  Manrini, 
dutchess  of  Mazarine,  married,  in  1661, 
Armand  Charles  dc  la  Porte  de  la  Meille- 
raie,  from  whom  she  was  separated,  and 
afterwards  settled  in  England,  where  she 
patronised  St.  Evremond.  She  died  at 
London,  1699. 

Mazeas,  John    Mathurin,   a    nativr  o*^" 

305 


MAZ 


MEA 


J^aiKlernau,  in  Britany,  who  died  at  Pa- 
ris, 1802,  aged  88.  He  wrote  Elements 
of  Arithmetic,  Algebra,  Geometry,  with  an 
Introduction  to  Conic  Sections — Institu- 
tioncs  Philosophicae,  3  vols.  l2mo.  He 
was  professor  in  the  college  of  Navarre, 
nnd  canon  of  Notre  Dame,  at  Paris ;  but 
when  the  revolution  robbed  him  of  his 
offices,  and  of  his  income,  he  retired  into 
ibe  country,  where  the  kindness  of  a  faith- 
ful servant  administered  to  all  his  wants 
and  infirmities. 

Mazeline,  Peter,  a  sculptor  of  Rouen, 
member  of  the  academy  of  painting  and 
sculpture,  died  1708,  aged  76.  His  works 
were  highly  esteemed,  and  are  still  admired 
in  the  gardens  of  Versailles,  especially  Euro- 
pa,  a  Pythian  Apollo,  &c. 

Mazochi,  Alexius  Symmachus,  an  Ita- 
lian antiquary,  born  at  Santa  Maria,  near 
Capua.  He  died  at  Naples,  where  he  was 
divinity  professor,  1771,  aged  87.  His 
works  on  ancient  medals  and  inscriptions 
were  valuable.  His  last,  and  perhaps  his 
best  publication,  was  the  Antiquities  of  the 
Camjtagna  di  Roma. 

Mazuier,  Claude  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Bcllevre,  who  became  judge  of  Louhans, 
and  during  the  French  revolution  was 
elected  to  the  convention.  His  conduct,  in 
this  violent  assemblj',  was  firm  and  mode- 
rate, and  he  not  only  voted  for  the  banish- 
ment of  the  king,  but  defended  the  measure 
as  the  most  salutary  for  the  honour  and  the 
happiness  of  the  nation.  His  boldness  in 
accusing  the  public  plunderers  of  the  state 
marked  him  for  destruction,  and  he  was 
dragged  to  the  guillotine,  Feb.  1 794,  aged 
34.^ 

MazzuciIelli,  Grammaria,  or  John  Ma- 
ria, a  nobleman  of  Brescia,  eminent  as  a 
philologer  and  historian.  He  died  Nov. 
1765,  and  left  several  works,  highly  es- 
teemed by  the  Italians. 

Mazzuchelli,  Peter  Francis,  a  native 
of  Rome,  eminent  as  a  painter.  He  was 
knighted  by  Charles  Emanuel,  duke  of 
Savoy,  and  died  1626,  aged  55.  Some  of 
the  beautiful  altar  pieces  at  Milan  are  by 
him. 

Mazzuoi.i,  Francesco,  better  known  hy 
the  name  of  Parmeggiano,  or  Parmesan, 
was  an  eminent  painter,  born  at  Parma, 
1604.  His  application  to  his  art  was  so 
great  that  when  Rome  was  sacked  by 
Charles  V.  he  remained  engaged  with  his 
pencil,  like  another  Protogenes,  uncon- 
scious of  surrounding  dangers.  He  excel- 
led also  in  etching,  of  which  he  has,  by 
some,  been  called  the  inventor.  He  died 
of  &  violent  fever,  at  the  early  age  of  36, 
1540.  For  sweetness  of  manner,  elegance, 
and  grace,  he  has  been  regarded  by  several 
.'.udgcs  as  the  rival  of  Corregio,  and  in  ge- 
nius and  invention,  he  had  few  equals. 
Thric  was  another  artist  of  the  16th  cen- 


tury,  of  the  same  name,  and  related  to  him 
who  excelled  chiefly  in  historical  painting. 

Mead,  Matthew,  an  English  divine,  rec- 
tor of  Great  Brickhill,  Bucks,  and  after- 
wards of  Stepney,  near  London,  from 
which  he  was  ejected,  in  1662,  for  non- 
conformity. His  principles  rendered  him 
suspected  during  the  Rye-house  plot,  but 
after  appearing  before  the  council,  he  was 
honourably  dismissed.  He  died  1699,  at 
Stepney,  where  he  had  continued  to  preach 
to  a  congregation  of  dissenters.  He  was 
author  of  the  Almost  Christian  tried  and 
cast,  8vo.  a  work  of  some  merit — Sermons 
on  Ezekiel's  ^Mieels — the  Good  of  Early 
Obedience,  8vo.  &c. 

Mead,  Richard,  a  distinguished  physi- 
cian, son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
Stepney,  11th  Aug.  1673.  From  a  private 
school,  he  went,  in  1689,  to  Utrecht,  where 
he  studied  under  Graevius,  and  three  years 
after,  he  removed  to  Leyden,  where  he  at- 
tended the  medical  lectures  of  Pitcairn 
and  Herman,  and  contracted  a  strong  inti- 
macy with  the  celebrated  Boerhaave.  From 
Holland  he  visited  Italy,  and  took  his  de- 
gree of  M.D.  atPadua,'l695,  and  then  re- 
turned to  England.  The  next  year  he  set- 
tled in  his  native  place,  where  he  practised 
with  increasing  reputation  for  seven  years. 
His  "  Mechanical  Account  of  Poisons," 
1702,  was  received  by  the  public  with  avi- 
dity ;  and  he,  in  1704,  was  admitted  into 
the  Royal  Society,  in  1707  chosen  one  of 
the  council,  and,  in  1717,  appointed  vice- 
president.  From  Stepney  he  removed  to 
Crutched  Friars,  and  seven  years  after,  to 
Austin  Friars.  In  1707  he  was  honoured 
with  the  diplomatic  degree  of  M.D.  by  the 
university  of  Oxford  ;  and  such  was  his  ce- 
lebrity, that  he  was  one  of  the  physicians 
who  attended  queen  Anne  in  her  last  ill- 
ness. He  was  made  fellow  of  the  college 
of  physicians  in  1716,  and,  in  1719,  he  was 
consulted  by  government  upon  the  best 
means  of  preventing  the  importation  of  the 
plague,  which  raged  with  such  fatality  at 
Marseilles,  and  he  published,  in  conse- 
quence, his  Discourse  on  Pestilential 
Contagion,  which,  in  one  year,  passed 
through  seven  editions.  In  1727  he  was 
appointed  physician  to  George  II.  and  had 
the  satisfaction  of  seeing  placed  in  the  same 
situation,  his  two  sons-in-law,  Drs.  Wilmot 
and  Nicholls.  He  died  16th  Feb.  1754, 
and  was  buried  in  the  Temple  church,  near 
his  brother  Samuel,  a  counsellor;  but 
though  no  stone  is  placed  over  his  remains, 
there  is  a  monument  erected  to  his  honour 
in  Westminster  abbey,  by  the  gratitude  of 
bis  son,  with  an  inscription  by  Dr.  Ward. 
He  was  twice  married  ;  by  his  first  wife  he 
had  ten  children,  three  only  of  whom  sur- 
vived him,  a  son,  and  the  tAVO  daughters 
whose  husbands  we  have  mentioned  ;  and 
bv  his  second  wife  he  had  no  family.     Dr. 


MKI) 


mi:  I) 


Meail  altaiuod  high  honours  and  cclebnly  in 
his  profession,  so  that  in  one  year  he  made 
more  than  70001.  by  his  practice.  As  a  man 
of  letters,  he  was  highly  respectable,  and 
as  the  friend  and  the  patron  of  the  learned, 
universally  admired  ;  so  that  no  foreigner 
of  eminence  ever  came  to  London  without 
soliciting,  as  an  honour,  an  introduction  to 
him.  His  collection  of  books  and  prints 
was  very  valuable,  and  sold,  after  his 
death,  for  more  than  it  had  cost  him. 
With  the  most  pleasing  manners,  Dr.  Mead 
united  the  greatest  liberality,  and  most  ex- 
tensive benevolence  ;  he  gave  his  advice 
to  the  poor  with  pleasure  and  gratis,  and 
it  is  remarkable  that  he  never  would  re- 
ceive a  fee  from  any  clergyman,  except  one, 
who  disputed  with  him  on  the  pi'opricty  of 
lus  prescriptions.  His  works  were,  a  trea- 
tise dc  Imperio  Solis  et  Lunae — de  Morbis 
Biblicis — Monita  Medica.  Ail  his  medical 
works  were  published  together  in  1762,  1 
vol.  4to. 

Meadowcroft,  Richard,  an  English  di- 
vine, born  at  StaiFordshire,  and  educated  at 
Merton  College,  Oxford,  of  which  he  be- 
came fellow.  In  1733  he  was  made  canon 
of  Worcester,  where  he  died  1769.  He 
published  in  1732,  Notes  on  Milton's  Para- 
dise Regained,  edited  again  in  1748,  and 
mentioned  with  commendation  by  bishop 
Newton.  lie  wrote  also  other  small  tracts, 
besides  11  Sermons,  &c. 

Mechain,  M.  a  native  of  Lyons,  whose 
Observations  on  the  eclipse  seen  at  Ver- 
sailles, 1774,  procured  him  the  applauses  of 
the  French  academy.  His  work  on  the 
great  comet  of  1661,  whose  appearance 
was  again  expected  in  1790,  procured  him 
the  prize  of  the  academy  in  17S2  ;  and  in 
consequence  of  his  great  astronomical  ta- 
lents, he  was  employed  by  the  nation  in 
1792,  to  measure  a  degree  of  the  meridian 
between  Dunkirk  and  Barcelona.  He 
finished  the  work  in  1798,  and  then  pro- 
posed to  extend  it  to  the  Baleares,  but  he 
died  before  the  completion  of  his  useful 
labours,  of  a  fever  on  the  coast  of  Valencia, 
1805.  He  edited  and  improved  the  Con- 
noissance  des  Temps,  and  was  much  re- 
spected for  the  general  information  which 
he  possessed,  and  the  abilities  which  he 
displayed  in  difficult  and  intricate  calcula- 
tions for  the  marine,and  other  public  pur- 
poses. 

Mede,  Joseph,  B.D.  a  native  of  Berden, 
Essex,  educated  at  Christ's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  became  fellow.  He 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  divinity,  and 
refused  the  preferment  which  the  kindness 
of  his  friends  oflered  him,  especially  Usher, 
the  primate,  who  wished  him  to  accept  the 
provostship  of  Trinity  college,  Dublin.  His 
works,  in  1  vol.  fol.  are  chiefly  on  divinity  ; 
and  in  his  Commentary  on  the  Apocalypse, 
lie  has  been  followed  by  bishop  Newton, 


«/»d  other  learned  divine.-.     He  died  163S. 
aged  r)2. 

Medicis,  Cosmo,  .suniaincd  the  Elder, 
was  the  founder  of  \n»  illu!,trious  family. 
He  was  so  successful  in  commerce,  that  hiti 
riches  were  superior  to  ihosc;  of  the  poten- 
tates of  his  times,  and  h«;  iiidult;f  d  the  noblr 
sentiments  of  applying  the  resourccH  of  his 
ample  fortune  to  the  patronage  of  the  sci- 
ences and  of  htarned  n»en.  He  collected  a 
most  valuable  library,  which  he  enrichetl 
with  rare  and  curious  manuscripts  ;  but 
while  he  expected  respect  and  gratitude 
from  bis  countrymen,  he  found  that  hih 
conduct  was  viewed  with  jealousy  by  the 
arts  of  his  enemies.  Yielding  to  the  pre- 
vailing ingratitude  of  his  countrymen,  Ik. 
retired  in  honourable  exile  to  Venice,  where 
he  was  received  with  the  homage  due  to  a 
sovereign  prince  ;  i)ut  the  Florentines  at 
last  became  sensible  of  their  cruelty  ;  Cosmo 
was  recalled,  and  made  for  34  years  the  ar- 
biter of  the  destinies  of  his  country.  He 
died  Aug.  1464  aged  75,  and  the  gratitude 
of  his  fellow-citizens  engraved  on  his  tomb 
these  glorious  words  "  the  father  of  his  peo- 
ple, the  deliverer  of  his  country." 

Medicis,  Lorenzo  de,  surnamed  the 
Great,  and  the  father  of  letters,  was  born 
1448.  He  wa.s  son  of  Peter,  and  the  grand- 
son of  Cosmo,  and  he  was  brother  to  .Julian 
de  Medicis.  The  great  influence  which  he 
and  his  brother  exercised  in  Florence,  was 
viewed  with  jealousy  by  Ferdinand  IV.  of 
Naples,  and  by  Pope  Sixtus  IV.  and  a  dread- 
ful conspiracy  was  formed  against  them  by 
the  Piazzi,  at  the  base  instigation  of  these 
two  foreign  potentates.  Julian  fell  by  the 
dagger  of  an  assassin,  while  celebrating 
mass  1478,  but  Lorenzo,  who  was  then 
with  him,  had  the  good  fortune  to  escape, 
though  wounded,  with  his  life  ;  and  such 
was  his  popularity,  that  he  was  conducted 
back  to  his  palace  by  the  multitude,  in  the 
general  acclamations  of  condolence  and  ol" 
joy.  Inheriting  the  beneficent  and  honour- 
able qualities  of  his  grandfather,  he  devotee! 
himself  to  the  patronage  of  literature,  and 
was  regarded  as  the  Maecenas  of  the  age. 
The  Florentines  saw  with  pride  their  opu- 
lent countryman  selling  in  one  hand  the 
products  of  the  East,  and  with  the  other 
supporting  and  guiding  the  public  concerns 
of  the  state  ;  at  one  time  giving  audience  to 
ambassadors,  at  another  splendidly  enter- 
taining merchants,  and  now  relieving  the 
necessities  of  the  poor,  exhibiting  public 
shows  to  the  multitude,  or  adorning  hi-i 
native  city  with  the  most  splendid  buildings, 
for  the  purposes  both  of  magnificence  and 
hospitality.  These  high  and  meritoriou.s 
services  were  not  lost  in  the  gratitude  of 
the  Florentines  ;  Lorenzo  was  named  chief 
of  their  republic,  and  so  mild  and  equitable 
was  his  government,  and  so  respectable  his 
character,  that  foreign  princes  often  suh- 

307 


MED 


ME  I 


iiiittcd  tLeir  disputes  to  his  final  aud  impar- 
tial decision.  Ardent  in  the  cause  of  sci- 
ence, Lorenzo  was  surrounded  by  the 
learned,  the  brave,  and  the  ingenious  ;  and 
to  render  Florence  the  emporium  of  what- 
ever was  rare  in  literature,  John  Lascaris, 
a  man  of  classical  taste,  was  sent,  in  the 
most  honourable  manner,  into  the  East,  to 
collect  the  choicest  manuscripts  to  enrich 
the  librar)'.  Lorenzo  was  himself  a  man 
©f  karning.  He  wrote  poetry  with  success, 
and  his  sonnets,  songs,  &c.  in  Italian,  have 
often  been  printed,  and  are  deservedly  ad- 
mired. This  illustrious  character  died  9th 
April  1492,  aged  44  :  but  though  so  univer- 
sally respected  and  admired,  his  glory  was 
obscured  by  his  passion  for  the  female  sex, 
and  by  his  great  indifference  in  religious 
duties.  He  left  two  sons,  Peter,  who 
succeeded  him  at  Florence,  and  who  was 
banished  1494,  and  died  1504,  and  John, 
■who  filled  the  papal  chair  under  the  name 
of  Leo  X.  His  history  has  become  parti- 
cularly interesting  in  the  luminous  pages  of 
Mr.  Roscoe. 

Medicis,  John,  surnamed  the  Invincible, 
was  son  of  John,  and  first  learnt  the  art  of 
war  under  Lorenzo,  against  the  duke  of  Ur- 
Vtino.  He  afterwards  was  in  the  service  of 
the  pope,  and  of  Francis  I.  of  France,  and 
«listinguished  himself  against  the  armies  of 
the  emperor.  He  died  at  Mantua, 29th  Nov. 
1526,  aged  28,  in  consequence  of  a  wound 
which  he  had  received  in  the  knee,  at  the 
«ege  of  Governolo. 

Medicis,  Lorenzo  de,  descended  from 
the  brother  of  the  great  Cosmo,  aspired  to 
the  name  of  popular.  He  caused  to  be  as- 
sassinated, in  1537,  Alexander  de  Medicis, 
whom  Charles  V.  had  appointed  duke  of 
Florence,  and  he  courted  popularity  by  his 
patronage  of  literature.  He  died  without 
posterity. 

Medicis,  Hippolyto  do,  natural  son  of 
Julian,  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  cardinal 
by  his  cousin,  Clement  VII.  in  1529,  and 
sent  as  legate  to  Germany.  He  possessed 
great  abilities  as  a  negotiator  and  also  as  a 
military  man  ;  so  that  when  the  pirate  Bar- 
fcarossa  threatened  the  coast  of  Italy  with 
devastation,  Hippolyto  was  usefully  em- 
ployed against  him,  and  obliged  him  to  re- 
tire without  even  meeting  him  in  the  field. 
He  contributed  to  the  elevation  of  Paul  III. 
to  the  papal  chair,  and  afterwards  formed  a 
ylan  for  the  assassination  of  Alexander  de 
Medicis,  the  governor  of  Florence,  which 
Jailed.  He  died  suddenly  at  Itri,  as  some 
imagine,  in  consequence  of  poison,  13th 
Aug.  1  535,  aged  64. 

Medicis,  Sebastian  de,  of  the  same  illus- 
trious family,  was  distinguished  by  his  learn- 
ing. He  wrote,  de  Vcnatione,  Piscatione, 
pt  Aucupio,  8vo. — de  Fortuitis  Casibus— de 
SepuUnris,  1580,  &c. 

Medicis,  Peter  de,  a  painter,  born  at 
308 


Florence,  158G,  of  the  same  illusti'ioas  fa- 
mily. He  studied  under  Cigoli,  and  as  a 
historical  painter,  possessed  celebrity  from 
the  strong  expression,  as  well  as  the  grace 
of  his  characters,  and  the  correctness  of 
his  style,  and  his  judicious  colouring. 

Medina,  John  Baptiste,  a  painter  of 
Brussels,  who  studied  the  works  of  Rubens 
wiih  such  effect,  that  his  own  pieces  pos- 
sessed all  the  beauties  and  correctness  of 
that  illustrious  master.  He  was  for  some 
years  settled  in  England,  and  was  the  last 
knight  created  in  Scotland  by  the  high  com- 
missioner of  that  kingdom.  He  died  1711, 
aged  51. 

Meen,  Henry,  a  learned  divine,  who 
was  educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  obtained  a  fellowship,  and 
took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  divinity  in 
1776.  He  afterwards  became  minor  eanon, 
and  lecturer  of  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  which 
chapter  presented  him  to  the  rectory  of  St. 
Nicholas  Cole-abbey  and  the  prebend  of 
Twyferd.  He  died  Jan.  3,  1817,  aged  72. 
Mr.  Meen  completed  Fawkes's  translation 
of  the  Argonautics  of  ApoUonius  Rhodius  ; 
and  published  "Remarks  on  the  Cassandra 
of  Lycophoron."  He  was  also  the  author 
of  "Successiva  Opera;  or  Selections  from 
ancient  Authors,  sacred  and  profane,"  8vo.  ; 
and  a  poetical  piece  entitled  "  Happiness  J' 
—  W.B. 

Megasthenes,  a  Greek  historian,  about 
292  B.  C.  His  History  of  Judea,  which  was 
once  held  in  high  esteem,  is  now  lost. 

Mehegan,  William  Alexander,  a  French 
historian,  of  Irish  extraction,  born  at  Salle, 
in  the  Cevennes,  1721.  He  was  an  elegant 
writer,  though  perhaps  too  affected  in  the 
attempt  of  rendering  his  style  graceful  and 
brilliant.  He  wrote,  the  Origin  of  the 
Guebres — Considerations  on  the  Revolu- 
tions of  Art — the  Origin  and  Progress  of 
Idolatry — a  Picture  of  Modern  History,  the 
best  of  his  works,  translated  into  English. 
He  died  23d  Jan.  1766. 

Meibomius,  John  Henry,  a  learned  pro- 
fessor of  physic  at  Helmstadt,  his  native 
place,  was  afterwards  first  physician  at  Lu- 
beck.  He  wrote,  a  Latin  Life  of  Maecenas — 
de  Cerevisiis,  4to. — Tractatus  de  Usu  Flag- 
rorum  in  Re  Medica  et  Venereaj  4to.  and 
8vo.  edited  by  Th.  Bartholin.  He  died  1655, 
aged  65. 

Meibomius,  Henry,  son  of  John  Henry, 
was  born  at  Lubeck>  and  studied  at  Gronin- 
gen,  Franeker,  and  Leyden.  He  married  in 
1664,  and  had  10  children,  and  died  professor 
of  medicine,  history,  and  poetry,  at  Helm- 
stadt, 1700,  aged  62.  His  publications  are, 
Scriptores  Rerum  Germanicarum,  3  vols, 
folio. — ad  Saxoniae  Inferioris  Historiam  In- 
troductio,  4tu. — Valent.  Hen.  Vogleri  Intro- 
ductio  Univers,  in  Notitiam  Bonorum  Serip- 
torum,4to. — Chronicon  Bergense — De  Vasis 
Palpebrarum  Novis,  4to. 


MEL 


M£i. 


Meibomius,  Marcus,  a  learned  critic,  of 
the  same-  family  as  the  prcccdiiis.  He  piib- 
lislied  a  translation  of  Greek  authors  who 
had  written  on  Music — an  edition  of  the 
Greek  Mythologists — de  Fabrica  Triremi- 
um,  4to. — Corrections  for  an  edition  of  a 
Hebrew  Bible,  &.c.  He  was  for  some  time 
at  the  court  of  Christina,  queen  of  Sweden, 
but  left  it  in  disgust.     He  died  1711. 

Meibomius,  Henry,  a  native  of  Helm- 
stadt,  celebrated  for  his  knowledge  of  medi- 
cine, as  well  as  for  his  great  learning,  and 
his  critical  powers.  His  works,  which  are 
valuable,  are  preserved  in  the  Germanicarum 
Rerum  Scriptores,  4to.     He  died  1625. 

Meir,  George  Frederic,  a  German  philo- 
sophical writer,  born  at  Ammendorff',  in 
Saxony,  1718.  His  best  works  are,  a  Re- 
presentation of  a  Critic — Instructions  how 
any  one  may  become  a  Modern  Philosopher 
— Introduction  to  the  Elegant  Arts  and 
Sciences,  &c.     He  died  1777. 

Meisner,  Balthasar,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
theological  professor  at  Wittemberg,  was 
author  of,  Anthropologia,  2  vols.  4to. — Mo- 
derate Philosophy,  3  vols.  4to. — and  died 
1628,  aged  41. 

Meissonier,  Justus  Aurel.  a  native  of 
Turin,  eminent  as  a  painter,  sculptor,  gold- 
smith, and  architect.  His  abilities  recom- 
mended him  to  the  French  king,  who  ap- 
pointed him  his  designer  and  goldsmith,  in 
which  employment  he  exhibited  the  most 
beautiful  specimens  of  his  ingenuity  and  of 
his  art.     He  died  at  Paris,  1750,  aged  55. 

Mela,  Pomponius,  a  Latin  geographer, 
born  in  Spain.  His  work,  de  Situ  Orbis,  is 
best  edited  by  J.  Gronovius,  1653.  He 
flourished  A.  D.  45. 

Melanchthon,  Philip,  a  celebrated  re- 
former, born  16th  Feb.  1497,  at  Bretten,  in 
the  Palatinate  of  the  Rhine.  His  father's 
name  was  Schwartserdt,  which  signifies 
black  earth  ;  but  the  word  was  changed,  ac- 
cording to  the  affectation  of  the  times,  by  his 
friend  Reuchlin,  into  Melanchthon, which  in 
Greek  expresses  the  same  meaning.  He 
studied  at  Bretten,  Pfortsheim,  and  Heidel- 
berg, and  with  such  success,  that  at  13  he 
wrote  a  comedy  of  some  merit.  He  left 
Heidelberg  in  1512,  because  he  was  refused 
a  degree  on  account  of  his  youth,  and  then 
passed  to  Tubingen,  where  he  resided  for 
six  years,  and  gave  public  lectures  on  Vir- 
gil, Terence,  and  other  classics.  In  151S, 
by  the  recommendation  of  his  friend  Reu- 
chlin, he  was  appointed  by  the  elector  of 
Saxony,  Greek  professor  at  Wittemberg  ; 
and  here  began  that  intimacy  with  Luther, 
which  contributed  so  much  to  the  progress 
of  the  reformation.  He  was  in  1527  ap- 
pointed by  his  patron,  the  duke,  to  visit  the 
thurches  of  the  electorate,  and  afterwards 
he  was  employed  in  the  arduous  labours  of 
preparing  those  articles  of  faith  which  have 
received  the  name  of  the  Augsburg  Confes- 


sion, because  presented  to  the  emperor  at 
the    diet   of    that  city.        In   the    disputes 
which  he  inaiiitaiucd  in  those  days  of  con- 
troversial  enmity,  he  displayed  gnat  can- 
dour and  mildness,  which  his  friend  Luther 
attributed    more   to    a   spirit   of    timidity, 
than  to  the  meekness  of  the  Christian  cha- 
racter.      His    moderation    as   well  as   his 
learning,     where   so    universally    acknow- 
ledged, that  he  received  a  liberal  invitation 
from  Francis  I.   to  come  to  France,  to  set- 
tle  the   disputes    of  the    protestants  ;    but 
through  the  interference  of  the  duke  of  Sax- 
ony, the  otTer  was  declined ;  as  likewise  a 
similar  invitation  from  the  king  of  England. 
He  was  engaged  in  the  various  conferences 
which  took  place  on  religious  subjects   at 
Frankfort,  Reinspurg,  Worms,  Spires,  and 
Ratisbon ;    and   every   where   evinced  the 
deepest  learning,  the  most  peaceable  tem- 
per,  and  the  strongest  moderation.     The 
character  of  the  times,  and  not  inclination, 
rendered   him    a  controversialist,    and  his 
answer  to  his  mother,  displayed  the  great 
and  the  good  man.     When   asked  by  the 
aged  woman,  who  repeated  before  him  her 
prayers  in  a  simple  but  pious  manner,  what 
she  must  believe  in  this  great  confusion  of 
creeds,  he  replied,  "  Go  on,  mother,  to  be- 
lieve and  pray  as  you  have  done,  and  never 
trouble  yourself  about  controversies."     He 
died  at  Wittemberg,  19th   April,  1560,  and 
was  buried  by  the  side  of  his  friend  Luther, 
in  the  church  of  the  castle.    Among  the  rea- 
sons which  on  his  death-bed,  he  assigned 
for  considering  dissolution  as  happiness,  he 
said,  that  it  delivered  him  from  theological 
persecutions.  By  his  wife,  the  daughter  of  a 
burgomaster  of  Wittemberg,  he  had   two 
sons  and  two  daughters.     His  works  were 
very  numerous,  and  as  they  were  written  in 
the  midst  of  controversy,  and  ecclesiastical 
avocations,  they  were  not  always  so  cor- 
rect in  language,   as  they  proved  useful  in 
advancing  the  reformation.     A  chronologi- 
cal catalogue   of  these  was   published    in 
1582,   and  they  appeared  altogether  in   4 
vols,  folio,  at  Wittemberg,  1601. 

Melanippides,  two  Greek  poets  of 
merit.  The  one  grandfather,  B.  C.  520, 
the  other  his  grandson,  460  B.  C.  Their 
works  are  lost. 

Melchisedeck,  high-priest  of  God,  and 
king  of  Salem,  met  Abraham  after  his  defeat 
of  the  king  of  Sodom,  and  gave  him  his 
blessing.  As  he  is  represented  by  St. 
Paul  without  father  and  without  mother, 
some  heretics  have  imagined  that  he  was  no 
other  but  Jesus  Christ ;  and  hence  arose 
the  sect  called  Melchisedecians,  in  ancient 
times. 

Melcthal,  Arnold  de,  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  Swiss  liberty.  His  father  was  cruelly 
deprived  of  his  eyes  by  the  order  of  Gris- 
ler,  the  Austrian  governor ;  and  the  son, 
irritated  at  the  sufferings  of  his  parent, 

309 


MEL 


MEN 


united  in  1307,  with  StouflUcker,  Furst,  and 
Tell,  to  break  the  chains  of  their  servitude, 
and  after  defeating  an  army  of  20,000  men 
at  thepass  ofMorgartern,with  only  500  men, 
the  liberty  of  Switzerland  was  established. 

Meleager,  a  Greek  poet  of  Syria,  186 
B.  C.  His  epigrams,  which  possess  great 
merit,  are  preserved  in  the  Anthologia, 
printed  by  Brunck,  1739,  with  notes. 

Meletius,  bishop  of  Lycopolis,  in 
Egypt,  was  deposed  by  an  Alexandrian 
♦Synod,  and  became  the  founder  of  a  new 
sect  which  supported  the  Arians  against 
Athanasius.     He  died  about  346. 

Melissus,  a  philosopher  of  Samos,  who 
maintained  that  the  universe  is  infinite  and 
immoveable,  and  that  the  knowledge  of  a  di- 
vinity is  improper.  He  flourished  about 
444  B.  C. 

Melito,  St.  bishop  of  Sardis  in  Asia,  A. 
D.  170,  was  author  of  several  works,  which 
have  perished. 

Melitus,  an  Athenian  orator,  the  chief 
accuser  of  Socrates.  His  conduct  appeared 
afterwards  so  odious  to  the  Athenians,  that 
they  put  him  to  death  B.  C.  400. 

Mellan,  Claude,  a  French  engraver  and 
designer,  born  at  Abbeville,  1601.  He  died 
at  Paris  16S8.  Charles  H.  wished  in  vain 
to  invite  him  to  settle  in  England.  His  mode 
of  engraving  was  peculiar  to  himself.  His 
most  admired  piece  is  a  head  of  our  Sa- 
viour, formed  of  one  spiral  line,  beginning 
at  the  top   of  the  nose. 

Melmoth,  William,  a  learned  man, 
born  1666.  He  was  bencher  of  Lincoln's- 
inn,  and  joined  Peere  Williams  to  publish 
Vernon's  Reports.  He  is  deservedly  celebra- 
ted for  his  treatise  of  "  the  great  Import- 
ance of  a  Religious  Life,"  a  work  of  infinite 
merit,  and  of  the  most  benevolent  tenden- 
cy, of  which,  besides  large  editions,  not  less 
than  42,000  copies  were  published  in  the 
18  years  preceding  1784.  Melmoth  died 
6th  April  1743,  and  was  buried  in  the  clois- 
ter of  Lincoln's-inn  chapel- 

Melmoth,  William,  son  "of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  1710.  He  distinguished 
himself  as  the  translator  of  Pliny's  and  Ci- 
cero's epistles,  in  a  very  neat  and  elegant 
•style,  and  published  besides,  Memoirs  of  his 
Father — some  poems  in  Dodsley's  collec- 
tion— and  Letters  under  the  name  of  Sir 
Thomas  Fitzosborne.  This  worthy  and 
amiable  character  died  1799. 

Melon,  John  Francis,  a  native  of  Tulle, 
who  settled  at  Bourdeaux,  as  secretary  to 
the  learned  academy  which,  by  his  influ- 
ence with  the  duke  of  la  Force,  had  been 
founded  there.  He  wrote,  a  Political  Es- 
say on  Commerce,  12mo.  a  work  of  merit 
— Mahoud,  the  Gasnevide,  an  Allegorical 
History  of  the  duke  of  Orleans'  Regency — 
Dissertations,  &c.  This  learned  and  well 
informed  man  died  at  Paris,  1738. 

Melot,  John  Baptist,  a  French  writer, 
310 


esteemed  for  his  memoirs  inserted  in  the 
volumes  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions,  of 
which  he  was  a  member,  and  for  an  edition 
of  Joinville's  Life  of  St.  Lewis,  with  a  Glos- 
sary. He  was  librarian  to  the  king,  and 
was  employed  to  make  a  catalogue  of  the 
royal  collection.  He  was  born  at  Dijon, 
1697,  and  died  at  Paris  1760,  much  res- 
pected. 

Melvil,  Sir  James,  third  son  of  lord 
Keith,  was  born  at  Halhill,  Fifeshire,  1530. 
He  was  page  to  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  when 
dauphiness  of  France,  and  was  afterwards 
in  the  service  of  Montmorency,  prime  mi- 
nister of  France  ;  and  after  travelling  over 
Italy,  Switzerland,  and  Germany,^ he  re- 
turned again  to  Scotland,  to  attend  his  wi- 
dowed mistress.  He  became  distinguished 
at  the  Scotch  court,  was  made  a  privy  coun- 
sellor, and  intrusted  with  the  most  impor- 
tant affairs  of  the  kingdom.  He  merited 
this  confidence  by  his  loyalty  to  the  unfor- 
tunate queen,  whom  he  attended  till  her 
confinement  at  Lochleven,  and  he  held  the 
same  rank  of  trust  and  of  honour  in  the 
cabinet  of  her  son.  When  James  suc- 
ceeded to  the  English  crown,  Melvil,  too 
infirm  to  share  in  the  affairs  of  state,  came 
to  England,  to  pay  a  visit  of  respect  and 
duty  to  his  sovereign,  and  returned  to  Scot- 
land, where  he  devoted  himself  to  the  wri- 
ting of  his  memoirs  for  the  Information  and 
Instruction  of  his  son.  These  valuable 
memoirs  were  published  by  his  grandson, 
1683,  in  folio,  and  contain  a  very  interest- 
ing detail  of  the  state  affairs  of  Scotland,  for 
several  years.  Sir  James  died  at  Halhill, 
1606,  aged  76. 

Memmi,  Simon,  a  portrait  painter  of  Si- 
enna, who  died  1345,  aged  60.  He  painted 
Laura,  Petrarch's  mistress. 

Memnon,  a  Rhodian,  general  of  Darius, 
opposed  Alexander's  invasion  of  Asia.  He 
ably  defended  Miletus  against  the  conquer- 
or, and  subdued  the  isles  of  Chios  and 
Lesbos ;  but  died  suddenly,  when  his  va- 
lour might  perhaps  have  impeded  the  rapi- 
dity of  the  Macedonians. 

Menage,  Giles,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
the  Varro  of  his  time,  was  born  at  Angers, 
15th  Aug.  1613.  After  a  rapid  progress  in 
belles  lettres  and  philosophy,  he  applied 
himself  to  the  law,  and  becoming  an  advo- 
cate he  pleaded  with  great  popularity  at 
Angers,  Paris,  and  other  places.  But  the 
laborious  profession  of  the  law  was  disa- 
greeable to  a  man  who  had  a  strong  incli- 
nation to  devote  himself  to  polite  literature, 
he  therefore  quitted  it,  much  against  his 
father's  desire,  and  took  orders.  He  was 
for  some  time  in  the  family  of  cardinal  de 
Retz,  but  on  the  death  of  his  father,  he 
converted  all  his  property  to  an  annuity 
that  his  literary  engagements  might  be  less 
disturbed  with  family  affairs.  He  became 
the  companion  of  the  great  and  the  learned. 


MEN 


.mi:n 


afid    oMaincd  some   ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ment, but  the  wit  of  his  conversation,  and 
the  propensity  of  uttering  a  joke  cvt-n  at 
the  expense  of  a  friend,  brought   upon  him 
many  enemies,  and  among  them,  d'Aul)ig- 
nac,  Boileau,  Cotin,  Sulo,  Bouhours,  liuillct 
and  others.     Mazarine  too  in  the  midst  of 
his  greatness  was  jealous  of  his  influoncc, 
and  a  Latin  elegy  addressed  to  him  by  the 
poetical  ecclesiastic  was  almost  eonsideredas 
a  satire,  not  a  compliment  to  the  all-power- 
ful minister.     Menage  was  honoured  with 
a    place     at     the     Florentine     academy, 
but  when   his   friends  proposed    him    for 
the  French  academy,  his  name  was  reject- 
ed.    He  unfortunately,  late  in  life,  put  his 
thigh  out  of  joint,  by  a  fall,  and  died  23d 
July,  1692,  of  a  defluxion  of  the  stomach, 
aged  79.     This  ingenious  and  learned  wri- 
ter, it  is  said,  possessed  a  most  retentive 
memory,   and   from  his  great  storehouse, 
and  the  inexhaustible  resources  of  a  polish- 
ed mind,   could  say,  as  Bayle  observes,  a 
thousand  good  things  in  a  thousand  pleasing 
■ways.     His  works  are  numerous,  the  best 
known  of  which  are,  Origines  de  la  Langue 
Fran<^oise,  4to. — Miscellanea,  or  a  collec- 
tion of  some  of  his  poetical  and  prose  pieces 
in  Greek,  Latin,    and   French — la  Requete 
des  Dictionaires,  an  ingenious  satire  about 
IheFrench  Academy's  Dictionary — Poema- 
ta,  12rao.   1656 — Origini  della  Lingua  Ita- 
liana,   4to. — Observations   sur    la  Langue 
Franqoise,    2   vols.    12mo. — Juris    Civilis 
Amoenitates,  8vo. — Histoire  de  Sabl6,  folio. 
— an  edition  of  Diogenes  Laertius — Mena- 
giana,  published  after  his  death,  &c. 

Menander,  a  celebrated  Greek  poet, 
prince  of  the  new  comedy.  All  his  plays 
have  perished,  and  as  he  was  esteemed  su- 
perior to  Aristophanes  it  is  an  irreparable 
loss.  Terence  is  said  to  have  borrowed  his 
six  plays  from  him.  He  flourished  at  Athens 
about  342  B.  C. 

Menandrino,  Marsilio,  or  Marsilius 
of  Padua,  a  learned  lawyer  of  the  14th 
century.  He  was  excommunicated  by  the 
pope  1327,  for  writing  "  Defensor  Pacis," 
a  work  in  favour  of  his  master  the  emperor 
Lewis  of  Bavaria,  in  which  he  boldly  main- 
tained that  the  imperial  power  was  superior 
to  that  of  the  pope,  both  in  temporal  and 
spiritual  affairs.  He  wrote  besides  de 
Translatione  Imperii,  &c.  and  died  at  Mon- 
temalto  1328. 

Menard,  Claude,  a  French  magistrate 
at  Angers,  eminent  as  an  antiquarian.  He 
lost  his  wife  in  b^s  old  age,  and  in  conse- 
quence quitted  the  world  and  became  an 
ecclesiastic.  He  died  20th  Jan.  1652,  aged 
72.  He'published  Joinviile's  Historj-  of  St. 
Lewis,  4to.  with  learned  notes — St.  Aus- 
tin's books  against  Julian — Researches 
about  the  Body  of  St.  James  the  elder, 
said  to  have  been  buried  at  Angers — His 
tory  of  Bertrand  de  Gueschlin,  4to. 


Mbkaud,  Dom  Nicholas  Huguca,  a  Be- 
nedictine of  St.  Maiir,  born  at  Pariw.  He 
wrote  a  Martyrolo^^y  of  tiie  Benedictines 
of  his  order,  and  other  works,  and  died 
21st  Jan.  1644,  aged  f.T. 

Menard,  Leo,  a  eounsellor  of  Nismes, 
born  at  Tarascon,  170G.  He  wrote  the 
History,  &c.  of  Nismes,  7  vols.  4to. — Cus- 
toms and  Manners  of  the  Greeks,  12mo. 
— the  Loves  of  Calisthenes  and  Aribtoclea, 
a  novel,  l2mo. — some  fugitive  pieces,  &.c. 
He  died  1767. 

Menasseh-Ben, Israel,  aPortuguese  rab- 
bi, of  the  sect  of  the  Pharisees,  son  of  a 
rich  merchant.  He  was  succcsoor  to  Isaac 
Urrie,  in  the  care  of  the  synagogue  of  Am- 
sterdam, and  afterwards  went  toBasil,  and 
attempted  in  London,  against  the  wish  of 
the  presbyterians,  to  obtain  from  Crom- 
well a  toleration  of  the  Jew  s.  He  died  at 
Middleburg,  1G60,  aged  56.  He  published 
an  edition  of  the  llebrew  Bible  without 
points,  2  vols.  4to.  Amsterd.  with  a  Latin 
preface — the  Talmud  with  Notes,  Svo. — 
El  Conciliador,  4to. — de  Resurrectione, 
Svo.  de  Fragilitate  Humana,  &c. — Spes 
Israelis,  12rno. — the  Breath  of  Life,  in 
Hebrew,  12mo. — the  End  of  Life,  12mo. 
translated  into  English  by  Pococke  with 
a  life. 

Mencke,  Otto,  a  learned  German,  born 
at  Oldenburg,  Westphalia,  1644.  He  stu- 
died at  Rome,  and  at  Bremen,  and  Leipsic, 
and  afterwards  visited  the  other  German 
universities.  He  became  in  1668  profes- 
sor of  morality  at  Leipsic,  was  five  times 
rector  of  the  university,  and  seven  times 
dean  of  the  faculty,  and  died  there  1707. 
He  published  Marsham's  Canon  Chronicus, 
4to. — Camden's  Annals  of  Elizabeth — Jus 
Majestatis  circa  Venationem,  4to. — Res- 
publica  in  Microcosmo  conspicua,  4to.  and 
was  the  first  author  of  the  "  Acta  Erudi- 
torum,"  of  Leipsic,  a  valuable  work  which 
established  a  correspondence  with  the 
learned  of  Europe,  and  first  appeared 
1682,  4to. 

Mencke,  John  Burchard,  son  of  Otto, 
was  born  at  Leipsic  1674.  After  travelling 
into  Holland  and  England,  he  settled  at 
Leipsic,  where  in  1699  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  history,  and  in  this  office  he 
acquired  great  reputation.  Frederic  Augus- 
tus, king  of  Poland,  made  him  his  historio- 
grapher and  aulic  counsellor  as  a  mark  of 
his  esteem,  and  the  royal  societies  of  Lon- 
don and  Berlin  enrolled  him  among  their 
members.  He  died  April  1,  1732.  His 
works  are  numerous  and  learned.  He 
wrote  de  Charlataneria  Eruditorum  Dc- 
elamationes  dua;,  Svo. — Scriptores  Rerum 
Germanicarum,  3  vols,  folio. — two  Latin 
Discourses  on  the  empiricism  of  learned 
men,  1 2mo.  a  weak  performance.  He  con- 
tinued also  the  "Acta  Eruditorum,'*  and 

311 


MEN 


MEN 


bad  some  share  in  the  dictionary  of  learned 
men,  Leipsic,  folio,  1715. 

Mendajors,  John  Peter  de,  a  native 
of  Alais,  in  Languedoc,  who  became  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  inscriptions  at  Pa- 
ris, and  was  known  as  the  author  of  an 
history  of  Gaul  Narbonensis,  12mo. — Arle- 
quin,  Valet  de  deux  Maitres,  &c.  He 
died  in  his  native  town  15th  Nov.  1747, 
aged  68. 

Mendez  Pinto,  Ferdinand,  a  Portu- 
guese, who  from  a  menial  servant,  became 
celebrated  in  consequence  of  his  adven- 
tures. He  embarked  for  the  Indies  1537, 
and  after  a  residence  of  21  years  he  re- 
turned to  Portugal.  He  published  an  ac- 
count of  his  adventures,  in  which  he  as- 
serts that  he  was  thirteen  times  made  a 
slave,  and  sold  16  times.  The  work  is  in- 
teresting from  the  particulars  which  it  com- 
municates of  the  history  of  Japan,  Brama, 
Pegu,  Siam,  Java,  Achem,  &.c. 

Mendez,  Moses,  an  English  writer  of 
Jewish  extraction,  known  as  a  poet  and  dra- 
matic writer.  He  was,  on  account  of  his 
abilities,  honoured  with  the  degree  of  M.A. 
by  the  university  of  Oxford,  and  he  died 
1758.  He  wrote  also  some  poems  pre- 
served in  Dodsley's  collection. 

Mendelsohn,  Moses,  a  Jew  of  Berlin, 
of  obscure  origin  at  Dessau.  He  quitted 
commerce  for  literature,  and  acquired  great 
reputation.  He  died  1785,  aged  56.  He 
published,  Jerusalem,  1755,  supporting  that 
the  Jewish  religion  is  but  deism — Phaedon, 
8vo.  in  which  he  maintains  the  spirituality 
and  immateriality  of  the  soul,  in  such 
senoiblc  language  and  powerful  argumenta- 
tion, that  he  has  been  called  the  Socrates 
of  the  Jews — Philosophical  works,  2  vols. 
8vo. — Letter  to  Lavater,  8vo. — Translation 
of  Genesis — Commentary  on  Ecclesiastes 
— treatise  on  the  Sublime — Letters  on  Sen- 
sations, &c. 

Mendoza,  Gonzales  Peter  le,  arch- 
bishop of  Seville  and  afterwards  of  Tole- 
do, chancellor  of  Castile  and  Leon,  was 
born  at  Guadalajara  1428.  He  early  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  progress  in  lite- 
rature, and  his  fidelity  in  the  service  of  the 
kings  of  Castile,  by  whose  interest  he  ob- 
tained a  cardinal's  hat  from  pope  Sixtus  IV. 
He  also  ably  served  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella, and  after  a  life  of  great  virtue,  wis- 
dom, and  moderation,  died  11th  Jan.  1495. 
He  translated  in  his  youth  Sallust,  Homer's 
Iliad,  Virgil,  and  some  parts  of  Ovid. 

Mendoza,  John  Gonzales,  an  Augus- 
tine friar  of  Castile,  sent  by  the  king  of 
Spain  as  his  ambassador  to  China,  1584. 
He  wrote  a  History  of  China,  1689,  8vo. 
in  Spanish,  which  has  been  translated  into 
other  languages.  His  last  preferment  was 
the  bishopric  of  Propajan  in  the  West 
Indies. 

Menecrates,  a  physician  of  Svracuse, 
312 


who,  proud  of  the  success  of  his  medical 
prescriptions,  assumed  the  title  of  Jupiter, 
in  the  age  of  Philip,  father  of  Alexander, 
who  deservedly  ridiculed  him. 

Menedemus,  a  Greek  philosopher  of 
Eubcea,  who  died  in  the  age  of  Alexander 
the  Great. 

Menedemus,  a  cynic  philosopher  who 
pretended  with  fanatic  zeal,  and  in  all  the 
eccentricity  of  dress,  to  have  been  sent 
from  hell  to  observe  the  actions  of  man- 
kind. 

Meneses,  Alexis  de,  a  Portuguese  Au- 
gustine monk,  of  noble  birth  at  Lisbon. 
He  was  sent  to  Goa  as  archbishop,  and 
there  he  held  a  synod,  the  acts  of  which 
were  called  Synodus  Dianperensis.  On 
his  return  to  Europe  he  was  pr^r;!  ted  to 
the  see  of  Braga,  and  was  made  virf  roy  of 
Por'ugal  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain.  He  com- 
piled a  history  of  his  order  in  Portugal, 
and  died  at  Madrid  1617. 

Menestrier,  John  Baptist  le,  a  French 
antiquarian,  author  of  medals,  coins,  and 
?ncient  monuments  of  the  Roman  emper- 
ors, and  of  illustrious  medals  of  emperors 
of  Rome.  He  was  born  at  Dijon,  and  died 
1634,  aged  70. 

Menestrier,  Claude  Francis,  a  Jesuit, 
born  at  Lyons  1633.  He  wrote.  History  of 
Lewis  XIV.  by  medals,  emblems,  &c. — 
Consular  History  of  Lyons — the  Art  of 
Heraldry — the  Philosophy  of  Images,  &c. 
He  possessed  a  very  astonishing  memory, 
and  it  is  said  that  to  try  him  Christina  of 
Sweden  pronounced  in  his  presence  300 
unconnected  words,  which  he  immediately 
repeated  in  the  same  order.  He  died  1705. 
There  was  another  author  born  at  Dijon, 
called  also  Claude.  He  wrote  Symbolica 
Dianoe  Ephesiae  Statu*  exposita,  4to.  and 
died  1657. 

Mengoli,  Peter,  a  learned  and  popular 
lecturer  on  mechanics  at  Bologna,  died 
about  1690.  He  was  author  of  Geometria 
Speciosa,  4to. — Arithmetica  Rationalis — 
Musaea  Speculativa — a  treatise  on  the  Cir- 
cle, &c. 

Mengs,  Antony  Raphael,  a  famous 
painter  born  at  Aussig,  in  Bohemia,  1726. 
His  father,  who  was  painter  to  Augustus 
III.  king  of  Poland,  saw  and  encouraged 
his  rising  abilities,  and  after  studying  at 
Rome  for  four  years,  the  young  painter  re- 
turned to  Dresden,  where  his  genius  soon 
displayed  itself.  He  %vas  patronised  by 
Charles  III.  of  Spain,  who  granted  him  a 
pension  with  a  house  and  equipage  ;  but 
though  thus  favoured  by  the  monarch  he 
resided  not  in  Spain,  but  at  Rome,  where 
grief  for  his  amiable  wife  and  the  ignorance 
of  an  empiric  put  an  end  to  his  life  1779. 
His  five  daughters  and  two  sons  were  ho- 
nourably provided  for  by  the  king  of  Spain. 
The  chief  of  his  paintings  are  preserved 


-MEN 


MEN 


at  Madrid  and  Rome,an(linthom  he  success-  Menochiu.s,  Jamns,  a  civilian  of  Paviu, 

fully  united  the  graces  and  the  l)eauties  of  possessed  of  such  rcHpectable  abilities,  that 

his  great  masters   Raphael,  Correggio,  and  he  was  called  the  Baldus  and  Bnrtholus  of 

Titian.       The    altar    piece    of    All-Soul's  his  age.    He  was  profcHsor  ofltiw  in  several 

uhapcl,  Oxford,  is  also  one  of  his  admired  universities  of  Italy,  and  at  last  settled  at 

pieces.       He    was  also   an  author.       His  Milan,  where  he  was  made  president  of  the 

works  were  published  with  notes  by  d'Azara  council,  and  where  he  died  lOth  Aug.  1607, 

at  Parma  1780,  2  vols.  4to.  containing  Re-  aged  75.     He  wrote  de   recupcrandn  Pos- 

fleetions  on  Beauty  and  Taste  in  Painting  ;  sessione,  de  adipiscenda  Possessione,  8vo.  ; 

Xhe  Life  of  Correggio  ;  the  principal   Pic-  de  Praesunitionibus,  2  vols,  folio  ;  de  Arbi- 

tures  at    Madrid,    &c.      The   works  have  trariis   Judicum    Qua;stionibus    et  Causis 


been  translated  into  French,  and  also  into 
English,  2  vols.  8vo. 

McNiNSKi,  Franciscus  a    Mesgnien,  or 
Menin,    an   eminent   German  orientalist, 
born   in   Lorraine    1623.       He   studied  at 
Rome,  and  learned  the  Turkish   language 
at  Constantinople,  and  from  interpreter  to 
the  Polish   embassy,  became   himself  am- 
bassador to  the  Porte,  and  for  his  services 
ivas  honoured  with   the   addition  of  ski  to 
his  name.     He  was  afterwards  in  the  em- 
peror's service,  and  in  1669  went  to  Jeru- 
salem.    He  obtained  the  dignity  of  coun- 
sellor of  war  to  the  emperor,  and  died  at 
Vienna  169S.     His  great  and  very  impor- 
tant work  "  Thesaurus  Linguarum  Orien- 
talium,"  appeared  at  Vienna  1 630  in  4  vols, 
folio,    and    in   1687   another   volume    was 
added.     This  valuable  work  was  begun  to 
be  re-printed   in   1780   at  the   expense  of 
Maria   Theresa,    who   thus    favoured    the 
wishes  of  Sir  William  Jones,   and  of  the 
learned,  who  had  expressed  a  desire  to  see 
the  scarce  volume  re-published.     Meninski 
was  unfortunately  engaged  in  a  controversy 
ivith  Podesta,  oriental  secretary  to  the  em- 
peror, and  much  acrimony  was  shown  on 
both  sides. 

Menippus,  a  cynic  philosopher,  born  at 
Gadara,  in  Palestine.  He  was  so  severe  in 
his  satires,  that  the  epithet  of  Menippean 
has  been  applied  to  harsh  reflections. 

Menno,  Simonis,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
Friesland,  who  embraced  the  tenets  of  the 


Conciliorum,  folio.  His  son,  John  Ste- 
phen, was  born  at  Pavia,  and  became  a  Je- 
suit, which  profession  he  adorned  by  his 
learning  and  his  virtues.  He  died  4th 
Feb.  1656,  aged  80.  He  was  author  of  Po- 
litical and  (Economical  Institutions  ;  a 
learned  treatise  on  the  Republic  of  the 
Hebrews  ;  a  Commentary  on  the  Scrip- 
tures, 2  vols,  folio,  and  4  vols,  4to.  all  in 
Latin,  and  works  of  merit. 

Mentel,  John,  a  printer  of  Strasburg, 
to  whom  some  authors  have  attributed  the 
invention  of  printing,  but  not  on  sufficient 
grounds.  He  was  originally  a  writer  and 
illuminator  of  manuscripts  in  the  service 
of  the  bishop  of  Strasburg,  and  he  was  the 
first  who  introduced  the  art  of  printing 
there.  His  first  publication  was  a  Bible, 
1466,  in  2  vols,  folio,  and  other  works  fol- 
lowed. He  obtained  great  celebrity,  and 
equal  opulence  by  his  profession,  and  was 
ennobled  by  the  emperor  Frederic  IV.  He 
died  at  Strasburg,  1478. 

Mentzel,  Christian,  a  native  of  Furs- 
ten  wal,  in  Germany,  celebrated  for  his 
great  knowledge  of  medicine  and  botany, 
which  he  improved  by  travelling  into 
foreign  countries.  He  wrote.  Index  Nomi- 
num  Plantarum,  1696,  folio,  reprinted  and 
improved,  1715 — a  Chronology  of  China, 
4to. — Natural  History  of  Brazil,  4  vols, 
folio — on  the  Flowers  and  Plants  of  Japan, 
2  vols,  folio,  &c.  These  two  last  works 
are  preserved  in  MS.  in  the  Berlin  library. 


anabaptists,  and  after  being  again  baptized 

by  LTjbo  Philippi,  became  a  powerful  leader     ^^  died  1701,  aged  79 

of  his  sect.     He  denied  that  Jesus  Christ  Menzikoff,     Alexander,    a     Russian 

I'eceivcd  a  human  shape  from  his  mother    prince.     His   father  was  a  poor  peasant, 

the  Virgin  Mary  ;  and  while  he  maintained    and  he  himself  was  apprentice  to  a  pastry- 

the  necessity  of  again  baptizing  adults,  he    cook,  and  carried  pies  about   the  streets, 

inveighed  against  the  custom  of  infant  bap-     till  the  Czar  Peter  saw  and  admired  his  wit 

tism,  which  he  regarded  as  popish  innova-     and  liveliness.     From  this  low   situation, 

tion.     His  eloquence  and  his  learning  were     or  as  others  say,  from  the  place  of  groom 

so  much  admired,  that  he  gained  a  great    in  the  royal  stables,  young  Alenzikoff  soon 

number  of  followers  in  Westphalia,  Guel-     became  a  favourite,  and  was  appointed  go 

derland,  Holland,  and  Brabant ;  but  though 

.1  price  was  set  on  his  head,  he  had  the  good 

fortune   to   escape    his  persecutors.       He 

was,  in  his   opinions,  more  moderate  than 

the  rest  of  the  anabaptists.     His  followers 


vernor  of  Ingria  ;  and  in  rewai-d  for  his 
services,  his  abilities,  and  his  zeal,  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  prince  and  of  major- 
general.  He  also  distinguished  himself  in 
Poland  1708,  but  his  enemies  accused  him 


are  still  to  be  found  in  the  Low  Countries,  of  peculation,  and  he  was  fined   and   dis- 

under  the   name   of  Mennonites,   divided  graced,  till  the  favour  of  his  master  again 

into  two  distinct  sects.  He  died  at  Oldeslo,  restored  him   to   power,   and  sent  him  as 

betiveen  Lubec  and  Hamburgh,  1565.     His  ambassador   to  Poland,   1722.       He  also 

works  were  published  at  Am5terdam,l68l.  cained  the  good  graces  of  the  empress  Ca- 

Vol,.  TI.                                               10  313 


MER 


MER 


tLerinc,  and  after  the  death  of  Peter,  the 
imperial  heir,  afterwards  Peter  II.  was  des- 
tined to  marry  the  daughter  of  the  favour- 
ite. At  the  accession  of  the  young  Czar, 
Menzikoff  conducted  himself  with  impru- 
dence, and  instead  of  securing  the  marriage 
of  his  daughter,  he  behaved  with  haughti- 
ness, and  even  treated  the  monarch  with 
contempt,  so  that  his  enemies,  especially 
the  Dolgorucki,  took  advantage  of  his  folly, 
and  he  was  soon  banished  from  the  court, 
and  sent  at  last  to  end  his  days  in  the  dis- 
tant deserts  of  Siberia.  He  bore  his  mis- 
fortunes with  great  resignation,  and  died  in 
his  exile,  2d  Nov.  1729,  a  victim  to  his 
ambition  and  the  intrigues  of  a  court.  In 
his  rise,  in  his  ostentatious  display  of  pow- 
er, and  in  his  fall,  he  is  not  very  dissimilar 
to  the  favourite  of  our  Henry  VIII. 

Menzini,  Benedict,  an  Italian  poet,  born 
at  Florence  1646.  His  origin  was  humble, 
but  his  genius  rose  superior  to  poverty,  and 
though  unnoticed  by  those  to  whom  he  de- 
dicated the  efforts  of  his  muse,  and  obliged 
to  maintain  himself  occasionally  by  dicta- 
ting extempore  sermons  to  various  ecclesi- 
astics, he  gained  the  patronage  of  Chris- 
tina, queen  of  Sweden,  and  afterwards  was 
made  canon  of  St.  Angelo,  in  Piscina,  by 
the  pope.  He  was  made  member  of  the 
society  of  Arcadi,  and  of  the  Delia  Crusca 
academy.  He  died  of  a  dropsy  1704,  aged 
58,  and  left  nothing  behind  him  but  his 
works.  His  poetry  was  much  admired, 
and  his  satires  possessed  great  spirit.  His 
works,  containing  elegies,  hymns.  Art  of 
Poetry — a  treatise  on  the  Irregular  Con- 
struction of  the  Tuscan  Language,  &c. 
have  been  collected  in  4  vols.4to.  1731,  by 
Fabroni. 

Mercado,  Michael  de,  or  Moercati,  a 
native  of  St.  Miniato  in  Tuscany,  who  be- 
came first  physician  to  pope  Clement  VIII. 
and  his  successors,  and  inspector  of  the 
botanical  garden  of  the  Vatican,  where  he 
formed  a  valuable  cabinet  of  metals  and 
fossils,  of  which  a  description  appeared  at 
Rome  in  fol.  I7l7,  with  an  appendix  in 
I7l9.  He  was  so  highly  esteemed  that 
Ferdinand,  grand  duke  of  Tuscany,  as  well 
as  the  Roman  Senate,  raised  him  to  the 
honours  of  nobility.  He  wrote  some 
works  on  botany,  besides  a  learned  treatise 
in  Italian  on  the  Obelisks  of  Rome.  He 
diedl593,  aged53. 

Mercator,  Marius,  an  ecclesiastical 
author,  the  friend  and  the  pupil  of  St.  Au- 
gustine. He  wrote  against  the  Nestorians 
and  Pelagians,  and  died  about  451.  His 
works  have  been  published  by  Garnier  the 
Jesuit,  in  folio,  1673,  and  again  by  Baluze, 
1684,  8vo. 

Mercator,  Gerard,  an  eminent  geogra- 
pher, born  at  Ruremonde  1512.  He  com- 
Vosed  a  Chronology  ;  Geographical  Tables; 
Atlas,  larger  and  smaller ;  Harmonia 
314 


Evangelistarum,  4to.  ;  a  treatise  on  ths 
Creation,  &c.  and  he  engraved  and  colour- 
ed his  own  maps  himself.  He  died  1594, 
aged  82. 

Mercator,  Nicolas,  a  well-known  ma- 
thematician and  astronomer.  He  was 
born  in  Holstein,  and  settled  in  England 
about  the  restoration,  and  became  a  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society.  He  published  Cos- 
mographia  ;  Rationes  Mathematicae  ;  de 
Emendatione  Annua  Diatribae  duae,  &c.  ; 
Hypothesis  Astronomica ;  Logarithmo 
Technia  ;  Institutionum  Astronomic.  &c. 
With  all  his  learning  he  was  very  credu- 
lous, and  a  great  friend  to  Astrology.  He 
died  about  1690. 

Mercer,  Hugh,  a  brigadier-general  in 
the  ai*my  of  the  American  revolution,  was 
a  native  of  the  north  of  Scotland,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  at  the  university  of 
Aberdeen.'  He  studied  medicine,  and  serv- 
ed as  a  surgeon's  mate  at  the  battle  of 
CuUoden.  Soon  after  ho  came  to  America, 
and  settled  in  Pennsylvania  as  a  physician. 
He  served  in  the  army  under  Braddock  in 
1755,  and  the  following  year  in  the  expe- 
dition under  Col.  Armstrong.  After  the 
peace  of  1763,  he  removed  to  Fredericks- 
burgh  in  Virginia.  On  the  opening  of  the 
war  of  the  revolution,  he  entered  the  army, 
and  soon  received  the  commission  of  bri- 
gadier-general. His  brigade  formed  a  part 
of  the  left  wing  of  the  army  at  the  battle 
of  Trenton  in  1776,  and  commenced  the 
action  at  Princeton  on  the  3d  of  January 
of  the  following  year,  when,  in  attempting 
to  rally  his  troops,  which  had  been  thrown 
into  disorder,  he  was  mortally  wounded, 
and  died  a  week  after  at  about  the  55th 
year  of  his  age,  greatly  lamented  by  the 
army.  He  was  characterized  in  private 
life  by  amiableness,  humanity,  and  gene- 
rousness,  and  as  an  officer  was  surpassed 
by  few  in  talents  and  education,  integrity 
and  patriotism.  Congress,  in  testimony  of 
the  respect  in  which  they  held  the  recollec- 
tion of  his  services,  made  in  1793  provi- 
sion for  the  education  of  his  youngest 
son.  ItrF'  L. 

Mercier,  John,  a  philologcr,  born  at 
Ufez,  Languedoc,  where  he  died  1562.  He 
was  Hebrew  professor  at  the  Royal  Col- 
lege of  Paris,  1547,  after  Vatablus,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  great  learning. 
He  wrote  Lectures  on  Genesis,  and  on  the 
Prophets,  Geneva,  1598  ;  Commentaries  on 
Job,  Proverbs,  Ecclesiastes,  and  Canticles, 
2  vols,  folio  ;  Tabulae  in  Grammaticam 
Chaldaicam,  4to.  His  son  Josins  publish- 
ed notes  on  Ancient  Authors  ;  and  an  Edi- 
tion of  Nonius  Marcellus,  4to.  and  died 
1626. 

Mercier,  Bartholomew,  known  under 
the  name  of  abbe  de  St.  Leger,  was 
born  at  Lyons,  1st  April,  1734,  and  enter- 
ed into  the  society  of  St.  Genevieve,  where 


MEU 


MEK 


he  became  librarian.  He  was  noticed  in 
1764  by  Lewis  \\  .  and  made  abbot  of  St. 
Legcr  in  Soissons.  lie  was  a  very  learned 
and  intelligent  man,  and  wrote  Letters  on 
the  Bibliography  ot  Debure,  17G3,  8vo.  ; 
Letter  to  Caperonier  ,  Letters  on  tbe  true 
Author  of  Richelieu's  Political  Testament ; 
Supplement  to  iMarchand's  History  of 
Printing,  4to.  ;  Letter  on  the  Maid  of  Or- 
leans ;  Dissertation  on  the  Author  ol"  the 
Book  of  the  Imitation  ol  J.  C.  by  Kempis  ; 
Notice  on  the  curious  Book  called  Pedis 
Adniiranda;,  by  J.  d'Artis  ;  Letters  on  the 
Letters  attributed  to  Pope  Ganganelli  ; 
Motiee  on  the  Tombs  of  the  dukes  of  Bur- 
gundy ;  Library  of  Romances  from  the 
Greek,  12  vols.  ;  Letters  on  Different  rare 
Editions  of  the  15th  century,  8vo.  &c. 
He  was  also  engaged  in  the  Journals  de 
Trevoux  and  des  Savans,  and  the  Magazine 
Encyclopedique.  This  worthy  man  whom 
the  revolution  reduced  from  comfort  and 
independence  to  poverty  and  wretchedness, 
died  13th  May,  1799. 

Mercurialis,  Jerome,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, born  at  Forli,  30th  September,  1330. 
He  studied  and  took  his  doctor's  degree  at 
Padua,  and  practised  at  Forli,  where  he 
became  so  popular  that  his  countrymen 
sent  him  in  1562  as  ambassador  to  pope 
Pius  IV.  His  abilities  rendered  him  every 
where  respected,  and  after  being  courted 
and  patronised  by  cardinal  Farnese,  by  the 
emperor  Maximilian,  and  by  the  V^enetians, 
and  after  being  professor  at  Padua,  Bologna, 
and  Pisa,  he  retired  to  Forli,  where  he 
died  of  the  stone,  9th  November,  1606. 
His  chief  works  are  de  Arte  Gymnastica — 
de  Morbis  Mulierum — de  Morbis  Puero- 
rum — Consultationes  et  Responsa  Medici- 
nalia — Medicina  Practica — de  Hydropho- 
bia, &.e.  collected  together  and  published, 
Venice,  folio,  1644.  He  also  edited  Hip- 
pocrates' works,  Greek  and  Latin,  with 
notes,  1588. 

Mercy,  Francis  de,  a  native  of  Longwy, 
who  became  general  of  the  Bavarian  army, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  various  cam- 
paigns. He  took  Rotwell  and  Friburg,  1643, 
but  lost  the  battle  near  Friburg  soon  after, 
and  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Nordlingen,  3d  Aug.  1645.  His  body  was 
buried  on  the  field  of  battle,  where  these 
words  marked  the  spot : 

Sta  !   Viator,  Heroem  calcas. 

His  grandson  Florimond,  became  by  his 
valour  marshal  of  ihe  empire,  and  obtained 
the  command  of  the  German  forces.  He 
took  the  lines  of  Psaffenhoven,  and  after- 
wards signalized  himself  in  the  wars  against 
the  Turks.  He  fell  gloriously  at  the  battle 
of  Parma,  29th  June,  1734. 

Merddin,  son  of  Mervyn,  a  Welsh  poet, 
called  with  Merdyn  Emris,  and  Taliessin, 
one  of  the  three  great  bards  of  Wale^^^.    He 


was  so  unfortunate  as  to  kill  his  nepiiew  iu 
battle,  and  this  had  such  an  eH'cct  upon  him 
that  he  retired  from  the  sorii:ty  of  mankind 
to  conceal  himself  iu  a  wood,  for  whirh 
circumstance  he  is  called  the  Wild.  He 
nourished  about  560,  A.D. 

Mere,  George  Bros^in,  Chevalier  de,  a 
French  writer,  much  admired  at  court  for 
his  rank,  and  for  his  learning.  He  wrote 
Discourses  of  Wit  and  Conservation — 
the  Elegances  of  Discourse — Treatises  on 
Politeness,  Eloquence,  and  Speech — Let- 
ters, &.C.  but  though  once  applauded,  his 
works  are  now  forgotten.  He  died  at  his 
estate  in  Poictou,  1690,  at  an  advanced  a^e. 

Merian,  Maria  Sibylla,  a  lady  celebra- 
ted for  her  skill  in  drawing  insects,  flowers, 
&c.  daughter  of  an  engraver,  was  born  at 
Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  1647,  and  married 
John  Andriez  Graff,  a  painter  and  archi- 
tect at  Nuremberg.  The  fame  which  she 
had  acquired  before  her  marriage  was  not 
lost  in  her  husband's  name,  and  she  has 
preserved  her  maiden  appellation  as  her 
public  character.  In  her  zeal  for  reputation 
she  went  on  a  voyage  to  Surinam,  accom- 
panied by  her  two  daughters,  to  delineate 
with  greater  accuracy  the  insects,  reptiles, 
and  other  natural  curiosities  of  that  coun- 
try, and  after  two  years'  residence  she  re- 
turned to  Holland,  and  obliged  the  world 
with  the  publication  of  her  Dissertatio  de 
Generatione  et  de  Metamorphosibus  In- 
sectorum  Surinamensium,  folio,  containing 
sixty  plates,  to  which  her  daughters  Doro- 
thea and  Helena  afterwards  added  twelve. 
She  wrote  besides  the  Origin  of  Caterpil- 
lars, &c.  in  Dutch,  2  vols.  4to.  The  two 
works  have  appeared  united  under  the  title 
of  Histoire  des  Insectes  de  I'Europe  et  de 
I'Amerique,  Amst.  1730,  Paris,  1768,  1771. 
She  died  at  Amsterdam,  1717,  aged  70. 
Her  father  Matthew  Merian,  published  the 
Topography  of  the  Universe,  31  vols,  folio, 
ami  a  Florilegium,  2  vols.  fol. 

Merlin,  Ambrose,  a  British  writer  about 
the  year  480.  Little  but  what  is  fabulous 
is  known  of  that  celebrated  character  who 
was  and  is  still  regarded  as  a  prophet  and 
magician.  Superstitious  tales  represent 
him  as  begotten  by  an  incubus,  and  it  is 
said  that  he  did  not  die  but  fell  asleep,  and 
after  a  certain  period  he  will  again  rise  to 
life.  Some  suppose  that  by  the  power  of 
magic  he  placed  the  stupendous  stones  of 
Stone- Henge  in  Salisbury  plain  from  Ire- 
land. Merlin's  hall  near  Caermarthen  is  by 
some  considered  as  his  burial-place.  His 
prophecies  were  printed  at  Paris,  1530,  in 
folio. 

Merov.ecs,  king  of  France  after  Clo- 
dion,  448,  defeated  Attila,  451,  near  Mery- 
sur-Seine,  and  extended  the  limits  of  his 
kingdom  from  the  Sonmie  to  Treves,  a 
town  which  he  took  and  plundered.  He  died 
456;,  and  was  succeeded  bv  his  son  Childe  ^ 

315 


MEK 


MES 


rrc.     He  was  the  progenitor  of  the  Mero- 
vingian race. 

Merret,  Christopher,  a  native  of  Winch- 
combe,  Gloucestershire,  educated  at  Ox- 
ford. He  practised  physic  in  London,  and 
became  fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians 
and  of  the  Royal  Society.  He  wrote  Pinax 
Rerum  Natural.  Britaimic.  continens  Ve- 
getabil.  Anim.  Fossil.  8vo. — Short  View  of 
the  Frauds  and  Abuses  practised  by  Apo- 
thecaries, 4to. — Collection  of  Acts,  Char- 
ters, &c.  belonging  to  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians, 4to. — Neri's  Art  of  Colouring  Glass, 
translated — Papers  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions,  &c.    He  died  1695,  aged  81. 

Merrick,  James,  an  English  poet,  born 
about  1718.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  master's 
degree  1742,  and  became  a  fellow  1744. 
He  published  a  translation  of  Tryphiodo- 
rus,  1739  ;  Prayers,  &c.  ;  Poems  on  Sa- 
cred Subjects,  &.C. ;  Annotations  on  John, 
1,  c.  i.  14,  &c. ;  the  Psalms  translated  and 
paraphrased  with  Annotations,  a  most  ex- 
cellent work,  breathing  piety  in  the  noblest 
accents  of  poetry.  This  amiable  man  died 
at  Reading,  where  he  had  been  educated, 
Jan.  5th,  1769. 

Merry,  Robert,  son  of  a  London  trades- 
man, received  a  good  education  at  Harrow 
and  at  Christ  church,  Oxford,  after  which 
he  became  an  officer  in  the  guards  and  a 
man  of  fashion,  of  wit,  and  gallantry.  He 
wrote  Lorenzo,  a  tragedy,  performed  at 
Covent  garden,  and  various  trifling  poems 
in  the  newspapers  under  the  signature  of 
Delia  Crusca.  He  married  Miss  Brunton 
the  actress,  and  with  her  passed  to  Ame- 
rica, where  he  died  1798. 

Mersennus,  Marin,  of  the  religious  or- 
der of  Minims,  and  eminent  as  a  mathema- 
tician and  divine,  was  born  at  Oyse,  in  the 
province  of  Maine,  Sept.  8th,  1588.  He 
studied  at  La  Fleche  with  Des  Cartes,  and 
afterwards  at  the  Sorbonne,  and  then  taught 
philosophy  at  Nevers.  He  settled  at  Paris 
1620,  and  there  gained  great  reputation  by 
his  learning,  so  that  he  had  an  extensive 
correspondence  with  the  literati  of  Europe, 
and  his  friend  Des  Cartes  never  ventured  to 
publish  any  thing  without  his  previous  ap- 
probation. He  is  chiefly  known  for  his 
discovery  of  the  curve  called  a  cycloid,  to 
which  he  gave  the  name  of  Roulette,  and 
which  excited  much  admiration  among  the 
learned  of  Europe.  He  published — Quaes- 
tiones  in  Genesim,  in  fol.  1623,  in  which 
he  mentions  that  there  were  in  his  time 
50,000  atheists  in  Paris — Universal  Har- 
mony, on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Mu- 
sic, 2  vols.  fol. — de  Sonorum  Natura — the 
Truth  of  Sciences — Recreations  of  Learn- 
ing— the  Spherics  of  Menelaus — Cogitata 
Physico-raathematica — Impiety  of  Deists 
refuted,  2  vols.  8vo.  &c.  He  died  of  an 
abscess  in  his  side,  1643,  aged  about  60. 
3l« 


Merville,  Michael  Guyot  de,  a  FrencL^ 
journalist,  born  at  Versailles,  1696.  After 
travelling  through  Germany,  Italy,  Holland, 
and  England,  he  settled  as  bookseller  at 
the  Hague,  and  in  1726,  began  to  publish  a 
journal.  He  afterwards  went  to  Paris, 
where  he  wrote  for  the  stage,  but  finding 
his  circumstances  involved,  he  returned  to 
Smtzerland,  and,  in  a  fit  of  melancholy, 
drowned  himself  in  the  lake  of  Geneva, 

1765.  He  wrote  besides  his  Journal,  His- 
toire  Literaire,  6  vols.  12mo. — Voyage  His- 
torique,  2  vols.  12mo.  several  comedies,  &c. 
His  dramatic  works  were  published,  Paris, 

1766,  3  vols.  12mo. 

Merula,  George,  an  Italian,  born  at 
Alexandria,  in  the  dutchy  of  Milan,  1420. 
He  taught  youth  at  Venice  and  Milan  for 
40  years,  and  published  Antiquitates  Vice- 
comitum  Mediolanensium,  fol. — Descrip- 
tion of  Vesuvius  and  Montserrat — Com- 
mentaries on  Martial,  Statins,  Juvenal, 
Plautus,  Varro,  Columella,  &c. — Epistles, 
&c.  He  died  at  Milan  of  a  quinsey,  1494, 
respected  by  Erasmus,  and  other  learned 
men. 

Merula,  Paul,  a  learned  Hollander, 
born  at  Dort,  1558.  After  travelling  to 
France,  Germany,  Italy,  and  England,  he 
settled  at  Dort  as  an  advocate,  and  after- 
wards became  professor  of  history  at  Ley- 
den,  after  Justus  Lipsius.  He  died  1607, 
from  excessive  application.  He  published 
Ennius,  1595,  4to. — Urbis  Romae  Deline- 
atio,  1599 — Vita  D.  Erasmi — Cosmogra- 
phia  Generalis,  4to.  &c. — Opera  Posthu- 
ma,  4to. 

Mery,  John,  a  native  of  Vatan  in  Berry, 
member  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  and 
principal  surgeon  of  the  hospital  of  invalids 
at  Paris.  He  was  very  eminent  in  his  pro- 
fession, and  wrote  Physical  Problems  on 
the  Foetus — Observations  on  the  Operation 
for  the  Stone,  &c. — Disssertations  in  the 
Memoirs  of  the  Academy.  He  died  1 700, 
aged  55. 

Messenguy,  Francis  Philip,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  born  at  Beauvais,  Aug.  1677. 
He  was  for  some  time  professor  of  belles 
lettres  at  Beauvais,  and  at  Paris,  and  died 
at  the  latter  place,  Feb.  1769.  He  wrote 
Exposition  of  the  Christian  Doctrine,  6 
vols.  12mo.  a  work  disapproved  at  Rome, 
and  condemned  1761,  by  Clement  Xlli. — 
Abridgment  of  the  History  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament,  10  vols.  12mo. — the  New 
Testament  with  notes,  3  vols. — Discourses 
on  Religion — the  Constitution  Unigenitus, 
with  remarks,  &c, 

Mesnager,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
of  a  respectable  mercantile  family.  He  was 
made  knight  of  the  order  of  St.  Michael, 
and  raised  to  the  honour  of  nobility  by 
Lewis  XIV.  by  whom  he  had  been  employ- 
ed as  a  negotiator  on  the  commercial  affairs 
of  India  with  Spain,  and  afterwards  with 


>ME& 


ML'l 


Holland.  He  was  one  of  the  plcnipoteu- 
tiaries  that  signed  the  treaty  oC  peace  be- 
tween England  and  France  in  1711,  and 
he  afterwards  was  with  Poligiiac  at  the 
conferences  at  Utrecht.  He  died  at  Paris 
1714,  aged  5(3.  His  memoirs  have  been 
published. 

Mesnardiere,  Hippolytus  Julius  Piilet 
do  la,  a  French  poet,  born  at  Loudun,  IGIU. 
He  studied  medicine,  which  he  quitted  for 
literature,  and  he  was  patronised  by  Riche- 
lieu, and  became  maitre  d'hotel  to  the  king. 
He  died  16G3.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  Me- 
lancholy, 8vo. — Poetique,  4to. — Alinde,  et 
la  Pucelle  d'Orleans,  two  indifferent  trage- 
dies— Pliny's  three  First  Books  of  Letters 
translated — a  Collection  of  Poems — Rela- 
tions of  War,  &c. 

Messalina,  Valeria,  daughter  of  Mes- 
sala,  and  wife  of  the  emperor  Claudius,  is 
infamously  known  for  her  libidinous  pro- 
pensities. She  was  repudiated  by  the  em- 
peror, and  afterwards  put  to  death  with 
her  favourite  Silius,  A.  D.  46. — Another, 
the  third  wife  of  Nero,  who,  after  the  ty- 
rant's death,  devoted  herself  to  studious 
pui'suits. 

Messenius,  John,  a  learned  Swede,  ap- 
pointed by  Gustavus  Adolphus  professor  of 
law  in  Upsal  university.  The  celebrity 
which  he  acquired,  and  the  abilities  which 
he  displayed,  excited  the  envy  of  his  rivals 
in  the  public  favour,  and  he  was  at  last  cru- 
elly and  falsely  accused  of  traitorous  cor- 
respondence with  the  enemies  of  his  coun- 
try. The  accusation  was  believed,  he  was 
thrown  into  prison  1615,  and  died  there  21 
years  after.  He  is  author  of  Scandia  Illus- 
trata,  14  vols.  fol.  Stockholm,  1714,  a  work 
of  merit.  His  son  Arnold  was  historiogra- 
pher of  Sweden,  and  wrote  a  History  of  the 
Swedish  Nobility,  fol.  1616.  He  wrote 
some  satires,  reflecting  on  the  royal  fami- 
ly, for  which  he  was  beheaded,  1648.  His 
.son,  though  but  17  years  old,  sufTered  with 
him. 

Messier,  Charles,  an  astronomer,  was 
born  at  Badonvilliers,  in  Lorraine,  in  1730. 
At  an  early  age  he  became  a  pupil  of  De- 
lisle,  who  employed  him  to  watch  the  re- 
turn of  the  comet  predicted  by  Halley  ;  but 
■when  Messier  discovered  it  his  preceptor 
took  the  credit  to  himself.  Messier,  however, 
was  not  discouraged  ;  and  almost  all  the 
succeeding  comets  being  first  discovered  by 
him,  procured  him  admission  into  several 
societies.  In  1770  he  was  chosen  member 
of  the  French  academy  ;  but  in  the  revolu- 
tion he  lost  all  his  property.  He  was  af- 
terwards elected  a  member  of  the  National 
Institute,  and  had  a  seat  at  the  Board  of 
Longitude.  He  became  blind  before  his 
death,  which  happened  in  1817.  He  com- 
municated numerous  papers  on  astronomi- 
cal subjects  to  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences. — W,  B. 


Messih,  Quintin.      Vid.  Matsys. 

Meston,  Williarii,  a  Scotch  poet,  born 
at  Midmar,  Aberd(  enshire,  Hi88.  He  waa 
educated  at  Aberdeen  Marischal  college, 
and  by  the  interest  of  hh  friend  Marshall 
Keith,  and  fainil\,  where  he  had  hcin  pri- 
vate tutor,  he  obtained,  in  171 1,  a  profes- 
sorship of  philosophy  there.  He  followed 
the  principles  of  his  patrons  in  171;"),  and 
consequently  was  deprived  of  his  profeHsor- 
ship,  and  after  concealing  himself,  escaped 
by  the  act  of  indemnity.  He  afterwards 
attempted  a  school  at  Elgin,  and  in  other 
places,  but  as  he  was  more  fond  of  ctmvi- 
viality  than  regularity  and  application,  his 
labours  did  not  succeed,  and  he  subsisted 
upon  the  liberality  of  his  friends.  He  died 
of  a  languishing  disorder  in  the  spring  of 
1745.  His  poetical  pieces  were  chiefly  sa- 
tirical, and  possess  merit.  His  works  were 
published,  Edinburgh,  1765,  in  12mo. 

Metastasio,  Pietro  Bonaventura,  the 
most  illustrious  poet  of  modern  Italy,  was 
born  at  Rome  6th  Jan.  1698.  His  genius 
early  developed  itself,  and  at  the  age  of  ten 
he  often  collected  little  audiences  in  the 
streets,  who  listened  with  attentive  admira- 
tion to  the  sweetness  of  his  extemporary 
verses.  The  celebrated  Gravina  witnessed 
and  admired  his  rising  talents,  he  became 
his  instructer  and  friend,  but  while  he 
wished  him  to  follow  the  law,  he  found 
poetry  his  favourite  pursuit.  This  propen- 
sity was  indulged,  and  Metastasio  at  14 
produced  his  tragedy  of  Giustino.  He  ac- 
companied his  patron  to  Naples,  and  with- 
out forsaking  the  muses,  he  again  applied 
himself  to  the  law,  and  at  last  assumed  the 
clerical  habit,  and  entered  into  the  minor 
order  of  priesthood.  The  death  of  his 
friend  left  him  disconsolate  in  1718  ;  he  be- 
wailed his  misfortune  in  his  elegy  "  la  Strada 
della  Gloria,"  and  found  afterwards  that  he 
was  the  heir  of  his  fortune,  worth  15,000 
crowns,  which,  in  two  years  disappeared  in 
the  midst  of  cheerful  conviviality  and  hos- 
pitable attention.  Again  reduced  to  de- 
pendence, he  wished  to  study  the  law,  but 
found  poetry  more  pleasing,  and  when,  by 
the  acquaintance  of  Bulgarella  delta  Ro- 
manina,  the  celebrated  singer,  he  was 
prevailed  upon  to  write  for  the  stage,  he 
found  himself  admired,  courted,  and  flatter- 
ed as  a  poet,  and  more  fully  devoted  to  the 
muses.  He  now  united  his  establishment 
with  that  of  Bulgarella  and  her  husband, 
and  lived  with  them  in  the  closest  intimacy, 
till  an  invitation  from  the  emperor,  in  1729, 
removed  him  to  Vienna,  as  assistant  im- 
perial laureate,  with  Apostolo  Zeno.  He 
quitted  Italy,  and  his  friends  with  reluc- 
tance, and  settled  at  Vienna,  where  he 
constantly  resided  with  the  greatest  regu- 
larity, dividing,  with  punctilious  exactness, 
his  hours  of  study,  of  recreation,  and  of  re- 
pose.   In  this  honoLU'able  abode  he  was  de- 

317 


MET 


MET 


servedly  respected;  the  city  of  Assisi, 
Tvhere  his  family  had  long  lived,  granted 
him  the  honour  of  nobility,  he  was  affec- 
tionately patronised  by  the  emperor  Charles 
VI.  and  by  his  successors,  Charles  VII.  and 
Francis  I.  and  the  empress  Maria  Theresa, 
and  Ferdinand  VI.  king  of  Spain,  were 
also  among  tlie  number  of  hi^  fnends  and 
benefactors.  In  1734,  his  favourite  Bulga- 
rella  died  and  left  him  heir  to  all  her  pro- 
perty, which  he,  with  becoming  propriety, 
immediately  bestowed  on  her  husband.  He 
died  after  a  short  illness,  12th  April,  1782, 
and  was  buried  in  the  parish  chui'ch  of  St. 
Michael,  Vienna.  His  death  was  soon  after 
followed  by  that  of  Farinelli,  the  well- 
known  singer,  who  about  1723  had  begun 
bis  theatrical  career  with  him,  and  on  such 
friendly  terms,  and  such  continued  corres- 
pondence, that  they  called  each  other  Ge- 
melli.  His  works  consist  of  26  operas, 
eight  oratorios  or  sacred  dramas,  besides 
masques,  sonnets,  and  other  poetical  mis- 
cellanies. Of  his  operas  he  regarded  Atilio 
Regolo,  as  the  best,  of  the  oratorios  Betalia 
Liberata,  and  Artaserse  as  the  most  fortu- 
nate of  his  dramas.  Several  editions  have 
appeared  of  his  wurks,  and  they  have  been 
translated  into  various  languages.  Metas- 
tasio  has  found  in  Dr.  Burney  an  able  and 
impartial  historian,  and  it  is  evident  that 
bis  character  was  most  amiable  as  a  man 
and  as  a  writer.  The  superior  excellence 
of  his  abilities  may  in  some  degree  be  attri- 
buted to  his  patron  and  friend  Gravina ,  but 
for  the  sublimest  flights  of  his  muse,  he  was 
indebted  to  the  powers  of  his  genius  ;  and 
the  pictures  of  virtue  and  morality  so  sweet- 
ly delineated  in  his  writings  were  drawn 
from  the  goodness  of  his  heart.  It  has 
been  questioned  Avhether  his  regard  for 
Bulgarella  was  purely  platonic  ;  but  the 
character  of  a  theatrical  heroine,  and  the 
manners  of  Italy  forbid  the  supposition. 
The  heir  of  his  fortune  was  Joseph  Marti- 
netz,  at  whose  house  he  lived  at  Vienna  ; 
but  he  reserved  20,000  florins  for  each  of 
his  own  sisters,  and  3000  for  each  of  his 
younger  brothers. 

Metelli,  Augustino,  a  painter,  disciple 
of  Gabriello  d'Ochiali,  born  at  Bologna, 
1609.  His  excellence  was  in  the  perspec- 
tive, and  in  architecture  ;  and  with  Michael 
Angelo  Colonna,  he  completed  several 
magnificent  buildings,  especially  under  the 
patronage  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain.  He  died 
at  Madrid,  1660. 

Metellus,  Q.  Caecilius,  a  celebrated 
Roman,  called  Numidicus,  from  the  war 
•which  he  carried  on  against  Jugurtha  of 
Numidia.  Though  superseded  in  the  com- 
mand of  the  war  by  his  lieutenant  Marius, 
yet  he  deserved  and  obtained  the  gratitude 
of  the  Roman  nation. 

Meteren,  Emanuel  Van,  a   native  of 
Antwerp,  who  on  account  of  his  attacU' 
318 


ment  to  the  protestant  faith  fled  to  England 
for  an  asylum,  where  he  died  1612,  aged 
77.  He  wrote  the  History  of  the  Low 
Countries,  from  1500  to  1612,  in  Latiny 
fol.  a  work  of  merit,  translated  into  various 
languages. 

Metezeau,  Clement,  a  native  ofDreuXj 
in  the  reign  of  Lewis  XIII.  His  abilities 
as  an  engineer  were  usefully  employed,  and 
he  has  immortalized  his  name  by  the  fa- 
mous dyke  or  canal  which  he  constructed 
near  Rochelle,  4882  feet  long,  which  he 
completed  in  1628.  The  labour  seemed  so 
difficult  that  his  meritorious  services  were 
acknowledged  in  this  elegant  distich  j 

Dicitiir  Archimedes  terram  potuisse  movere, 
t^quora  qui  potuit  sistere  non  minor  est. 

His  brother  Paul  was  an  ecclesiastic  of  the 
congregation  of  the  oratory,  who  died  at 
Calais  1632,  aged  50,  author  of  some  theo= 
logical  books. 

Methochitus,  Theodore,  an  officer  at 
the  court  of  Andronicus,  the  emperor  of 
Constantinople,  where  he  died  1332.  He 
wrote  a  Roman  Histoiy,  from  Caesar  to 
Constantine,  4to ;  Sacred  History ;  His- 
tory of  Constantinople,  &.c. 

Methodius,  bishop  of  Patara,  in  Ly- 
cia,  and  of  Tyre,  suffered  martyrdom  at 
Chalas  311.  Only  fragments  of  his  works 
remain  edited  with  notes,  Paris,  1644,  4to. 

Metius,  James,  the  inventor  of  teles- 
copes about  1609,  was  born  at  Alcmaer  in 
Holland.  His  brother  Adrian  was  professor 
of  mathematics  at  Franeker,  where  he  died 
1636,  author  of  Doctrina  Sphaerie.  Astro- 
nomiae  Universae  Institutio,  8vo.  ;  Arith- 
met.  et  Geometr.  Practica,  4to.  ;  de  Ge- 
mino  Usu  utriusque  Globi,  4to  ;  Geome- 
trices  per  Usum  Circini  Nova  Praxis,  8vo. 

Meton,  inventor  of  the  golden  num- 
bers, was  an  Athenian  mathematician,  B. 
C.  432. 

Metrodorus,  a  physician  of  Chios,  the 
disciple  of  Democritus.  He  supported  the 
doctrine  of  the  eternity  of  the  universe. 

Metrodorus,  a  philosopher  and  painter 
of  Athens,  employed  by  Paulus  the  con- 
queror of  Perseus,  to  instruct  his  children, 
and  to  paint  his  battles,  B.  C.  171. 

Mettrie,  Julian  Offray  de  la,  a  physi- 
cian, born  at  St.  Maloes  1709.  He  studi- 
ed under  Bocrhaave,  and  was  patronised 
by  the  duke  of  Grammont.  His  book  "  the 
Natural  History  of  the  Soul,"  in  which  he 
maintained  the  materiality  of  the  soul,  was 
regarded  as  impious,  and  when  persecution 
threatened  him  he  wrote  against  the  medi- 
cal profession  in  a  book  called  "  Penelope, 
or  the  Machiavel  in  Medicine,"  3  vols. 
12mo.  In  consequence  of  this  work  he 
was  obliged  to  leave  France,  and  at  Leyden 
he  published  "  I'Homme  Machine,"  a  per- 
nicious treatise  of  Materialism  which  was 


MEY 


MIC 


publicly  burnt,  anil  drove  the  author  to 
Berlin.  At  Berlin  he  was  patronised  by 
the  skeptical  monarch,  and  he  died  there  in 
consequence  of  his  violent  system  of  bleed- 
ing, 17ol,  aged  49.  His  works  appeared 
at  Berlin,  1  vol.  4to.  or  two  in  r2nio.  and 
Frederic  himself  wrote  his  funeral  or  lion. 

Metzu,  (jiabriel,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  Leydcn  1G15.  He  excelled  as  an  imita- 
tor of  Dow  and  Micris,  and  his  women 
selling  fish,  fowls,  and  game,  his  patients 
and  attending  physician^,  his  cbymists  and 
their  laboratories,  his  shops,  &c.  were  much 
admired.  He  died  in  consequence  of  being 
cut  for  the  stone,  1658. 

Meursius,  John,  a  learned  Dutchman, 
born  at  Losdun  near  the  Hague  1579.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Hague  and  Le-  den, 
and  made  such  rapid  progress  in  classical 
literature,  that  at  the  age  of  IG  he  wrote  a 
commentary  on  Lycophron.  He  was  af- 
terwards tutor  to  the  children  of  the  fa- 
mous Barncvelt,  and  with  them  for  10 
years  travelled  over  the  best  part  of  Eu- 
rope. On  his  return  to  Leyden  in  I^IO, 
he  was  appointed  professor  of  history  and 
next  of  Greek,  and  historiograplier  to  the 
states  of  Holland,  but  the  unsettled  affairs 
of  the  times  brought  him  into  trouble,  and 
upon  the  execution  of  Barnevelt  he  was 
accused  as  a  partisan  of  that  unfortunate 
remonstrant,  and  his  enemies  endeavoured 
to  expel  him  from  the  professorial  chair.  He 
resigned  in  1625,  and  on  the  invitation  of 
the  king  of  Denmark  accepted  a  professor- 
ship at  Sora.  He  was  there  highly  respect- 
ed and  beloved,  and  died  Sept.  20tti,  1639. 
In  the  knowledge  of  Greek  and  of  antiqui- 
ty Meursius  possessed  superior  merit, 
though  J.  Scaliger  has  rudely  stigmatized 
him  as  an  ignorant  and  presumptuous  pe- 
dant. His  works  were  printed  in  12  vols, 
folio,  Florence,  1741.  They  contain  trea- 
tises de  Populis  Atticae  ;  Archontes  Athe- 
nienses ;  Fortuna  Attica ;  de  Athenarum 
Origine  ;  de  Festis  Graecorum  ;  Historia 
Danica,  &c.  His  son  of  the  same  name 
who  died  in  Denmark  very  young,  published 
Arborentum  Sacrum,  sive  de  Arborum  Con- 
servatione,  1642,  8vo.  ;  De  Tibiis  Vete- 
rum. 

Meusnier,  Philip,  a  French  painter, 
born  at  Paris  1655.  He  studied  at  Rome, 
and  was  patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.  and  XV. 
and  adorned  their  palaces  at  Marly,  Louvre, 
and  Versailles.  His  architecture  and  views 
of  perspective  are  much  admired.  He  was 
of  the  French  academy,  and  died  at  Paris 
1734. 

Meter,  James,  a  Flemish  historian, 
born  1491,  near  Bailleul,  whence  he  is  call- 
ed Baliolanus.  He  died  Feb.  5th,  1552, 
rector  of  Blankenburg.  He  wrote  Annates 
Rerum  Flandricarum,  folio. — Flandricarum 
Rerum  Decas,  4to. 

Meter,  Felix,  a  German  painter,  born 


at  Winterthur,  1653.  He  studied  in  Italv 
and  Switzerland,  aii<l  in  bin  landscapes  of 
Alpine  grandeur  exhibited  the  noblest  ideas. 
He  died  in  Germany  1713,  aged  60. 

Mezerai,  Francis  Fudes   de,  a  French 
historian,  born  at  Ky,  near  Argentau,  Lower 
Normandy  1610.    He  was  educated  at  Caen, 
where  he  began  to  distingui.-.h  liimself  as  a 
poet,  but  on  going  to  Pans  he  was  persua- 
ded by    des  Vvcteaux  to  devote  hiniself  to 
history  and   to  politics.     He  was  commis- 
sary of   war  for  two  or  three  campaigns, 
and  afterwards  determined  to  employ  him- 
self in  studious  retirement.     The  narrow- 
ness of  his  circumstancs  was  removed  by 
the  publication  of  some  severe  but  popular 
satires  against  the  court,  and  at  the  age  of 
26  Mezerai  entered  upon  the  laborious  cha- 
racter of  historian    of  France.      He    was 
encouraged    by   Richelieu,    and    when  his 
history  appeared,  the  first  volume  of  which 
was  published    1643,   the  second  in  1646, 
and  the  third   in  1653,  in  iolio,  it  was  re- 
ceived with  universal  applause,  and  was  re- 
warded with  a  handsome  pension  from  the 
king.     In   1668,    he  published  an   abridg- 
ment of  the  History  of  France,  3  vols.  4to. 
but  as  he  had  spoken  in  some  parts  with 
more  boldness  than  could  please  the  court, 
Colbert  retrenched  his  pension,  and  at  last 
totally  withdrew  it.     He  was  in  1649,  ad- 
mitted member  of  the  French  academy   in 
the  room  of  Voiture,   and  in  1675,  chosen 
perpetual  secretary,  and  he  deserved  it,  as 
he  contributed  much  to  their  dictionary.  He 
died  lOth  July.  i683.     He  wrote  besides  a 
treatise  on    the  Origin   of  the   French  ;  a 
Continuation  of  the  History  of  the  Turks  j 
History  of  a  Mother  and  Son,  2  vols.  12mo. 
— the  Vanities  of  the  court ;  a  Translation 
of  Grotius   de  Veritate  Chr.   Relig.     As  a 
historian  Mezerai  is  deservedly  esteemed, 
and  in  integrity,  candour,  and  faithfulness 
he  is  inferior  to  none. 

Meziriac,  Claude  Gaspar  Bachet,  sieur 
de,  known  as  a  poet,  in  French,  Latin,  and 
Italian,  as  a  good  Greek  scholar,  and  able 
critic,  was  born  of  a  noble  family  at  Bres- 
se.  He  was  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits, 
and  was  admitted  into  the  French  acade- 
my. He  died  at  Bourg  in  Bresse,  Feb. 
26th,  1638,  aged  45.  He  was  universally 
esteemed  and  respected,  so  that  at  one  time 
it  was  in  agitation  to  appoint  him  precep- 
tor to  Lewis  XIII.  an  honour  from  which 
he  shrunk  with  diffidence  and  terror.  Ho 
wrote  various  poems  in  Italian,  Latin,  and 
French,  he  also  published  the  six  books  of 
Diophantus,  with  notes ;  a  Life  of  iEsop, 
besides  several  works  not  printed,  and  a 
translation  of  Plutarch's  works,  just  com- 
pleted when  he  died.  In  arithmetic  and  in 
geometry  Mezeriac  was  also  respectable. 

MiCAH,  the  sixth  of  the  minor  prophets, 
foretold  the  captivity  of  his  nation,  their 
deliverance,  and  the   coming   of  the  pra- 

319 


MIC 


MIO 


roised  Messiah,  in  the  reigns  of  Jotbain, 
Ahaz,  and  Hezekiah. 

MiCAL,  N.  abbe,  a  celebrated  French 
mechanic.  He  constructed  two  heads  of 
brass  which  had  the  power  of  articulation, 
and  by  means  of  springs  could  repeat  vari- 
ous passages  from  authors.  These  curious 
but  useless  labours  of  human  ingenuity 
were  disregarded  by  the  government,  and 
the  artist  in  disappointment,  broke  them  to 
pieces,  and  died  in  the  greatest  indigence, 
1789. 

Michael  I.  succeeded  Stauracius  on  the 
throne  of  Constantinople,  811.  He  was  a 
mild  and  virtuous  monarch,  and  after  esta- 
blishing regularity  and  promoting  happiness 
at  home,  he  made  war  against  the  Sara- 
cens, whom  he  defeated  by  his  general  Leo, 
the  Armenian.  He  was  less  successful 
against  the  Bulgarians,  and  Leo  taking  ad- 
vantage of  his  distress,  declared  himself 
against  him.  Michael  descended  without  re- 
gret from  the  throne,  813,  and  retired  to  a 
monastery,  where  he  took  the  religious  ha- 
bit, and  ended  his  days  in  peace. 

Michael  IL  a  Phrygian  of  obscure  ori- 
gin, raised  to  consequence  and  patrician 
honours  by  Leo  the  Armenian.  His  ele- 
vation created  him  enemies,  and  Leo  was 
persuaded  to  send  him  to  prison,  and  to 
order  him  to  be  burnt.  The  night  preced- 
ing the  fatal  day  the  emperor  was  strangled 
in  his  bed,  and  Michael  dragged  from  pri- 
son, was  seated  on  the  imperial  throne, 
820.  Though  hitherto  the  protector  of  the 
Christians  he  became  their  persecutor,  and 
obliged  them  to  observe  the  sabbath  and  the 
other  holy  days  of  thf  Jewish  law.  This 
and  other  acts  of  cruelty  and  oppression 
rendered  him  unpopular,  and  Eiiphemius 
his  general,  spurred  on  by  personal  re- 
venge, proclaimed  himself  emperor  near 
Syracuse,  but  was  slain  soon  after.  Re- 
gardless of  the  murmurs  of  his  subjects, 
Mjchael  gave  himself  up  to  every  extrava- 
gance and  licentious  debauchery,  and  died 
1st  Oct.  829. 

Michael  IIL  surnamed  the  Dninkard, 
succeeded  his  father  Theophilus,  842, 
though  only  six  years  old.  His  minority 
Tvas  governed  by  his  mother  Theodora,  a 
woman  of  distinguished  abilities,  but  he  no 
sooner  arrived  to  years  of  maturity  than  he 
obliged  her  to  resign  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment and  retire  into  a  monaster^'.  He  next 
took  for  his  associate  Bardas,  his  mother's 
brother,  who  persuaded  him  to  send  into 
exile,  St.  Ignatius,  the  patriarch  of  Con- 
.stantinople,  and  to  place  in  his  seat  Pho- 
tius,  which  proved  the  cause  of  the  sepa- 
ration of  the  eastern  and  western  churches. 
Michael  aftfrwards  put  to  death  his  asso- 
ciate, and  created  Basil,  the  Macedonian, 
Caesar  in  his  room,  but  soon  after  medita- 
ted bis  destruction  because  he  reproved  his 
vicious  and  profligate  habits.  Basil,  how- 
320 


ever,  averted  the  blow,  and  caused  the  ty- 
rant to  be  assassinated,  24th  Sept.  867. 

Michael  IV.  called  the  Paphlagonian, 
from  his  birth  place,  ascended  the  imperial 
throne,  1034,  by  the  favour  of  Zoe,  the  em- 
press, who  having  fallen  in  love  with  him 
caused  her  own  husband  the  Emperor  Ro- 
manus  Argyrus  to  be  assassinated,  that  she 
might  gratify  her  criminal  desires.  Though 
successful  in  his  wars  against  the  Saracens 
and  Bulgarians,  he  found  unhappiness  on 
the  throne  which  he  had  gained  by  mur- 
der, and  at  last  in  1041,  stung  by  remorse 
of  conscience,  he  retired  to  a  monastery, 
where  he  died  soon  after. 

Michael  V.  surnamed  Calafates,  suc- 
ceeded his  uncle  Michael  IV.  in  1041,  by 
the  intrigues  of  Zoe.  The  great  qualities 
which  he  had  displayed  in  private  life  dis- 
appeared on  the  throne.  He  became  sus- 
picious, cruel,  and  revengeful,  and  dreading 
the  power  of  Zoe  he  sent  her  into  exile. 
This  measure,  however,  was  so  offensive  to 
the  people  that  she  was  recalled,  and  Mi- 
chael exposed  to  the  popular  fury  had  his 
eyes  put  out,  and  was  in  1042  sent  to  a  mo- 
nastery, where  he  ended  his  days. 

Michael  VI.  or  Warrior,  was  raised  to 
the  throne  by  the  empress  Theodora.  He 
was  old  and  weak,  and  though  he  chose  his 
officers  from  among  the  senators  he  became 
unpopular,  and  was  obliged  to  resign  the 
crown  in  favour  of  Isaac  Comnenus,  1057. 
He  afterwards  retired  to  a  monastery, 
where  he  died. 

Michael  VII.  Palaeologus,  son  of  Con- 
stantine  Ducas  and  Eudoxia,  was  deprived 
of  his  throne  by  the  arts  of  his  mother, 
who  soon  after  his  father's  death  married 
Romanus  Diogenes,  whom  she  proclaimed 
emperor.  The  defeat  and  captivity  of  Ro- 
manus by  the  Turks  in  1071,  enabled  Mi- 
chael to  re-ascend  the  throne,  but  he  was 
so  weak  and  unpopular  that  Nicephorus  re- 
volted against  him,  and  obliged  him  in 
1078  to  fly  to  a  monastery.  He  died  arch- 
bishop of  Ephesus. 

Michael  VIII.  Palaeologus,  was  regent  of 
the  eastern  empire  during  the  minority  of 
John  Lascaris,  but  taking  advantage  of  the 
young  monarch's  weakness  and  inexperi- 
ence, he  dispossessed  him  of  his  throne, 
and  put  out  his  eyes,  1260.  In  1261  he 
retook  Constantinople  from  Baldwin  II. 
after  it  had  been  for  58  years  under  the 
power  of  the  French,  and  he  laboured  ear- 
nestly to  procure  a  reconciliation  between 
the  eastern  and  western  churches.  As  the 
plan  was  not  approved  by  the  Greeks,  Mar- 
tin IV.  excommunicated  Michael  under 
pretence  that  he  was  insincere.  He  died 
11th  Dec.  1282. 

Michael  Pal^ologus,  son  of  Androni- 
cus  the  elder,  was  crowned  I2l4,  emperor 
under  his  father,  and  shared  the  sovereign 
power  with  him,  and  died  1220. 


AficMAicL  FoEDEKCWiTz,  was  elected 
Czar  of  KuHsia,  1613.  Though  raised  to 
power  in  times  of  great  danger,  he  showed 
himself  hrave,  prudent,  and  sagacious,  and 
after  making  peace  with  the  Poles  and  the 
Swedes,  he  laboured  for  the  happiness  of 
his  subjects  in  the  establishment  of  wise 
and  salutary  regulations.  He  died  1G45. 
He  was  the  son  of  the  daughter  of  John 
Basilowitz. 

Michael  Angelo,  of  Battles,  a  Roman 
painter,  who  exchanged  his  name  of  Cer- 
quozzi,  for  that  of  Battles,  as  expressive 
of  the  subjects  which  employed  his  pencil. 
His  pieces  were  much  admired  for  bold- 
ness, spirit,  and  correctness.  He  died  at 
Rome,  1660,  aged  58. 

Michael  Cerularius,  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople in  1043,  prevented  by  his  wri- 
tings the  union  which  the  emperor  Michael 
VI.  wished  to  effect  between  the  eastern 
and  western  churches.  He  was  banished 
for  his  intrigues  by  Isaac  Comnenus,  1059, 
and  died  of  chagrin,  in  the  island  of  Pro- 
conesus. 

Michael  Angelo  Buanarotti.  Vid. 
Angelo. 

Michael  Angelo  du  Caravagio.  Vid. 
Caravaoio. 

Michaelis,  John  David,  a  celebrated 
divinity  professor  in  Gottingen  university, 
who  died  22d  August,  1791,  aged  75.  His 
works  are  49  in  number,  and  are  valuable, 
as  chiefly  designed  to  explain  and  illustrate 
the  Holy  Scriptures.  The  work  most 
known  in  England,  is  his  Introduction  to 
the  New  Testament,  published  in  1750,  and 
translated  into  English,  1761.  The  work 
has  lately  been  again  recommended  to  the 
notice  of  the  public  in  a  translation,  3  vo's. 
8vo.  with  valuable  notes,  by  the  Rev.  Her- 
bert Marsh,  fellow  of  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  for  some  time  resident  at  Leip- 
sic.  The  work  exhibits  great  learning  and 
deep  research,  but  doubts  and  skepticisms 
are  occasionally  introduced,  which  capri- 
ciously altering  the  text  or  the  sense,  un- 
dermine the  authority  of  Scripture,  and 
lessen  the  respect  which  should  be  paid  to 
inspired  writings. 

Miciieli,  Peter  Anthony,  an  able  bota- 
nist, born  at  Florence,  of  mean  parentage. 
He  was  at  first  an  errand  boy  in  a  book- 
seller's shop,  but  showing  great  zeal  in  ob- 
taining the  Tithymalus  Characias,  a  plant 
which  it  is  said  intoxicates  fish,  that  he 
might  angle  with  greater  success,  he  was 
noticed  by  the  monks  of  the  abbey  of  Val- 
Jombrossa.  Under  the  care  of  these  be- 
nevolent fathers  he  greatly  improved  him- 
self, and  was  enabled  to  follow  his  inclina- 
tions in  the  science  of  botany.  By  degrees 
his  reputation  was  spread  abroad.  Tour- 
nefort,  Sherard,  and  other  learned  men  ad- 
mired his  taste  and  botanical  knowledge, 
which  proved  so  respectable  as  to  recom- 
You  IT,  41 


MIC 

mend  him  to  tho  grand  duke  of  riorcuce, 
who  appointed  him  director  with  Tilly,  of 
the  botanical  gardens  at  Pisa  and  I'lo- 
rence.  Under  the  patronage  of  the  duke 
he  also  visited  Egypt,  Greece,  and  olhei 
parts  of  the  world,  in  pursuit  of  liutanieul 
discoveries,  and  died  1737,  aged  58.  He 
wrote  various  botanical  works,  the  best 
known  of  which  are  Nova  Plantaruni  (ic- 
nera,  1729,  Florence — Catalogus  Plant. 
Horti  Caesar.  Florcnt.  fol.  1748,  Ike. 

Micheli,  James  Bartholomew,  a  Genc- 
vese  of  an  ancient  respectable  family.  He 
served  as  captain  in  the  French  army,  but 
afterwards  in  1738,  retired  to  his  native 
country,  and  devoted  himself  to  philosophi- 
cal and  mathematical  pursuits.  Though 
absorbed  in  literary  cares,  he  felt  the  trou- 
bles of  civil  dissension,  and  was  for  some 
time  imprisoned  by  the  Bernese  govern- 
ment. He  died  March,  1766.  Besides 
Tracts  on  Meteorology — the  Power  of  the 
Tides — the  Temperature  of  the  Globe — 
Light— the  Comet  of  1680— the  Deluge- 
Views  of  the  Glaciers  of  Switzerland,  &c. 
he  constructed  some  ingenious  maps,  and 
invented  a  new  thermometer. 

MiCKLE,  William  Julius,  a  poet  known 
as  the  translator  of  the  Lusiad,  was  born  at 
Langholm,  in  the  county  of  Dumfries,  29th 
Sept.  1734.     He  was  educated  under  his 
father,  who  had  been  one  of  Bayle's  trans- 
lators, and  after  his  death  he  was  placed  in 
the  high  school  of  Edinburgh,  where,  about 
the   age  of  13,  he   accidentally  met  with 
Spenser's  Faery  Queene,  and  was  enchant- 
ed with  the  poetical  imagery.      He  settled 
at   Edinburgh  as  a  brewer,   first   for  his 
aunt,  and  then  for  himself  ;  but  his  indus- 
try proved  unsuccessful  in   trade,  and  in 
1763   he  left  Scotland,  for  London.     He 
introduced  himself  to  the  notice  of  lord 
Lyttleton,  but  was  disappointed  in  his  ex- 
pectations of  going  to  the  East  or  West  In- 
dies in  some  mercantile  occupation,  and  at 
last  accepted  the  offer  of  corrector  of  the 
Clarendon    press,    at    Oxford.      In    this 
learned  employment,  so  congenial   to  his 
taste,  he  published  various  things,  and,  in 
1771,  after  he  had  acquired  a  perfect  know- 
ledge of  the  Portuguese,  he  published  the 
first   book  of  the   Lusiad  as  a  specimen. 
The  work  was   applauded   and  continued, 
and  in  1775  was  favourably  received  by  the 
public,  and  again  edited  in  1778.     Mickle 
afterwards  went  to  Lisbon  as  secretary  to 
his  friend  governor  Johnstone,  and  there, 
in  1781,  he  wrote  his  Almada  Hill,  a  poem, 
4to.     At  his  return,  he  married  Miss  Tom- 
kins,  June,   1782,  daughter  of  the  person 
with  whom  he  resided  at  Forest  Hill,  after 
he  had  retired  from  Oxford,  for  the  more 
peaceful  completion  of  his  Lusiad,  and  witli 
her  he  settled  at  Wheatley,  near  Oxford. 
He  here  wrote  some  few  things,  and  made 
several  communications  to  the  European 

321 


MID 


MID 


Magazine.  He  died  at  Wheatley,  25th  Oct. 
1789,  aged  55,  leaving  a  son,  but  with  scan- 
ty resources.  By  his  Lusiad,  an  elegant 
and  classical  work,  rivalled  only  by  the 
Iliad  of  Pope,  Mickle  has  obtained  immor- 
tal fome.  His  poems  were  published  1794, 
in  one  vol.  4to.  and  appear  among  the 
English  poets  of  Dr.  Anderson.  Rewrote, 
besides,  a  letter  to  Dr.  Harwood,  on  the 
Arian  Controversy,  1769 — Voltaire  in  the 
Shades,  or  Dialogues  on  the  Deistical  Con- 
troversy, 1770 — a  pamphlet  on  the  Affairs 
of  the  East  India  Company.  In  his  private 
character  Mickle  was  very  amiable ;  he 
lived  without  reproach,  and  wrote  nothing 
but  what  virtue  approved. 

MiCRELius,  John,  professor  of  divinity 
at  Stettin,  was  born  at  Custin,  Pomerania, 
1597.  He  distinguished  himself  as  a  theo- 
logical disputant,  and  was  honourably  no- 
ticed by  Christina  of  Sweden.  He  had 
three  wives,  and  died  3d  Dec.  165S.  His 
works  are,  Lexicon  Philosophicum,  4to. — 
Syntagma  Historicum  Mundi  et  Ecclesise, 
8vo. — Tractatus  de  Copla  Verborum — 
Ethnophronium  contra  Gentiles,  &c. — Ar- 
chaeologia — Historia  Ecclesiastiea,  2  vols. 
4to. — Orthodoxia  Lutherana  contra  Ber- 
gium. 

MiDDLETON,  Richard,  of  the  order  of 
the  Cordeliers,  was  called  the  Profound, 
from  his  extensive  learning.  He  was  dis- 
tinguished in  the  universities  of  Oxford  and 
Paris,  and  wrote  a  Commentary  on  Peter 
Lombard,  and  other  theological  works,  and 
died  1304. 

MiDDLETON,  sir  Hugh,  a  native  of  Den- 
bigh, well  known  for  his  public  spirit.  He 
formed  the  project  of  supplying  London 
with  water,  and  though  he  met  with  nume- 
rous difficulties,  from  the  prejudices  and 
the  envy  of  others,  and  from  the  exhausted 
state  of  his  affairs,  he  triumphed  over  all 
opposition,  and  brought  the  united  streams 
of  two  rivulets  in  the  painshes  of  Ware  and 
of  Amwell,  in  Hertfordshire,  through  a 
course  of  20  miles,  to  the  capital.  The 
work  was  begun  20th  Feb.  1608,  and  on 
Michaelmas  day,  1613,  water  was  brought 
into  the  great  cistern  at  Islington.  This 
honourable  completion  of  a  useful  work 
was  rewarded  by  king  James,  who  had  libe- 
vally  supported  the  projector,  and  erected, 
by  charter,  a  company  of  proprietors.  He 
was  knighted,  and  afterwards  made  a  ba- 
ronet, and  under  Charles,  the  moiety  of 
the  property,  which  he  had  given  to  the 
king's  father  for  his  assistance,  was  recon- 
veyed  to  him  for  an  annual  sum,  and  is 
now  become  a  source  of  princely  fortune 
to  the  proprietors.  Sir  Hugh  gave  one 
share   of  the  property  to  the  company  of 

foldsmiths,  to  which  he  belonged,  for  the 
enetit  of  their  poor  members.     He  died 
aiioutl636. 
322 


MiDDLETON,  William,  a  native  of  Crwen^ 
ynog,  Denbighshire,  who  served  in  the 
army  under  Elizabeth,  and  afterwards  had 
the  command  of  a  ship  of  war.  He  em- 
ployed his  leisure  hours  at  sea  in  composing 
a  version  of  the  psalms  into  Welch  verse, 
which  he  completed,  1595,  in  the  West  In- 
dies. He  also  wrote  a  grammar,  and  art 
of  poetry,  1593,  &c. 

MiDDLETON,  Thomas,  a  dramatic  writer 
in  the  reign  of  James  I.  He  joined  Jon- 
son,  Massinger,  and  Fletcher,  in  the  com- 
position of  some  dramatic  pieces,  and  died 
1630. 

MiDDLETON,  Conyers,  an  eminent  critic 
and  able  divine.  He  was  the  son  of  the 
rector  of  Hinderwell,  near  Whitb'. ,  and 
was  born  at  York,  27th  Dec.  1683.  At  the 
age  of  17  he  was  sent  to  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow, 
and  in  1707  he  took  his  degree  of  M.A. 
In  1709  he  joined  the  other  fellows  of  the 
society  in  opposition  to  Dr.  Bentley,  the 
master  ;  but,  soon  after,  he  retired  from 
college,  by  marrying  Mrs.  Drake,  a  widow 
of  large  property.  In  1717  he  was,  on  the 
visit  of  George  I.  to  the  university,  created 
D.D.  by  royal  mandamus,  and  on  this  oc- 
casion he  resisted  the  demand  of  Dr.  Bent- 
ley  for  extraordinary  fees.  This  affair  en- 
gaged much  of  the  public  attention,  and 
was  at  last  decided  against  Dr.  Bentley, 
who  behaved  with  great  contumacy  towards 
the  university,  in  consequence  of  which  he 
was  degraded.  In  this  dispute  Middleton 
published  some  pamphlets,  and  when 
Bentley  made  proposals  for  a  new  edition 
of  the  Greek  Testament,  and  a  Latin  ver- 
sion, 1720,  he  was  treated  with  such  seve-? 
rity  by  his  antagonist,  in  "  Remarks,  &c." 
that  he  totally  abandoned  the  plan.  In  1723 
Middleton  was  elected  principal  librarian  at 
Cambridge,  and  the  following  year,  in  con- 
sequence of  his  wife's  death,  he  visited  the 
continent,  where  he  was  received  with  great 
respect  by  men  of  learning  and  of  rank. 
Soon  after  his  return,  in  1725,  he  drew  upon 
himself  the  resentment  of  the  medical  world 
by  an  attack  on  Dr.  Mead,  Spon,  and  others, 
and  in  1729  he  highly  offended  the  catholics 
by  publishing  his  letters  from  Rome,  show- 
ing an  exact  conformity  between  popery 
and  paganism.  In  1731  he  incurred  the 
public  displeasure  in  a  high  degree,  by  pub- 
lishing his  letter  to  Dr.  Waterland,  who  had 
attacked  Tindal's  Christianity  as  old  as  the 
Creation,  and  in  his  pamphlet  he  spoke 
with  such  freedom  of  religion,  and  with 
such  contempt  of  his  respectable  antagonist, 
that  he  not  only  was  severely  censured  as 
an  infidel,  in  an  answer  by  bishop  Pearce  ; 
but  when  known  to  be  the  author  of  the 
obnoxious  tract,  he  was  very  nearly  strip- 
ped of  his  academical  honours.  In  1731, 
notwithstanding  his  unpopularity,  he  was 
appointed  Woodwardian  professor  at  Cam? 


MW 


mi) 


bridge,  but  as  bis  pursuits  were  very  ditter- 
ent  from  tbe  study  of  fossils  and  minerals, 
he  resigned  the  place  in  1734.     About  this 
time  be  married  a  second  wife,  after  wbose 
death  he  took  a   third,   who  survived  him. 
In  1735  be  published  a  Dissertation  on  the 
Origin  of  Printing  in  England,  and  in  17-U 
appeared  bis  great  work,  the  History  of  tbe 
Life  of  M.  Tullius   Cicero,  2  vols.   4to.  re- 
printed in  3  vols.  8vo.     This  performance  is 
of  superior  eminence,   written   in    correct 
and  elegant   language,   and  abounding  in 
every  thing  which  can   interest   the  heart, 
inform   the  understanding,  and   polish  the 
taste,  though  it  must  be  confessed,  that  with 
all  the  partiality  of  an  author,  he  has  drawn 
the  character  of  the  orator  with  more  glit- 
tering ornaments  than   belong  to  bim,  and 
in  concealing  his  defects  has  magnified  bis 
virtues.       In    1743  be  published   Cicero's 
epistles   to  Brutus,  and  those  of  Brutus  to 
Cicero,  in  Latin  and  English,  with  a  vindi- 
cation of  their  authenticity  in  answer   to 
Tunstall's    objections.     In    1745   appeared 
his  Germana  quzedam  Antiquitates  Eruditaj 
Monumenta,  inc.  and  1747  his  Treatise  on 
the  Roman  Senate.     That  same  year  was 
also  remarkable  for  tbe  publication  of  tbe 
introduction  of  bis  discourse  on  the  miracu- 
lous powers   supposed  to  have  existed   in 
tbe  Christian  church  from  the  earliest  ages, 
&c.  4to.  a  work  which  excited  in  the  high- 
est degree  the  reprehension  of  tbe  clergy, 
and  drew  upon  him  severe  and  well  direct- 
ed reflections,   two   of  which   procured  to 
tbe  authors,  Dodwell  and  Church,  tbe  de- 
gree of  D.D.  honourably  conferred  by  tbe 
university  of  Oxford.     While  preparing  to 
answer  his  opponents  he  made  a  petulant 
attack  on  Sherlock's  Discourses,   once  his 
friend  and  companion,  1750  ,   but  before  his 
reply  to  Dodwell,  Church,  and  others,  could 
be  completed,  he  was  seized  with  a  hectic 
fever,  and  a  disorder  in  his  liver,  which 
proved  fatal,   28tb  July,  1750,  in  his  67tb 
year,  at  Hildersbam,  Cambridgeshire.   His 
miscellaneous  works,  not  including  the  life 
of  Cicero,  appeared  together  in  1752,  with 
several  new  pieces,   in  4  vols.   4to.     Dr. 
Middleton  left   no   children  by  bis   three 
wives.     As  a  writer  he  ranks  high,  for  ele- 
gance of  language,    animated  description, 
and  all  the  graces  of  profound  learning  and 
extensive  information.     Though  attacked 
and  reviled  as  an  infidel,  and  an  enemy  to 
Christianity,  by  his   opponents,  it  appears 
from  bis  letters  to  bis  friend  and   patron 
lord   Hervey,   that  his  opinions  were  not 
fully  orthodox,  and  though  he  speaks  with 
indifierenee  of  tbe  preferment  which  was 
conferred  on  others  not  so  well  entitled  to 
it  for  learning  and  abilities  as  himself,  yet 
it  is  plain,  that  bis  language  is  the  language 
of  a  disappointed  man,    who   aifected   to 
despise  what  his  intemperate  writings  had 
reiiderccl  it  impossible  for  bim  to  obtain. 


MiDDLKTON,  Erasmus,  rector  of  Tur- 
vey,  Bedfordshire,  and  author  of  a  diction- 
ary of  arts  and  sciences,  uf  little  merit,  of 
sermons  on  Jackson  and  Binns,  and  editor 
of  Biographia  Evangelica,  4  vols.  8vo.  died 
25th  May,  1905.  lie  was  one  of  the  six 
young  men  expelled  sonic  years  ago  from 
Oxford,  in  consequence  of  which  Macgow- 
an's  Satire,  called  the  Shaver,  was  publish- 
ed. Me  was  in  his  principles  a  strong  fol- 
lower of  tbe  Methodists. 

Middleton,  Arthur,  was  at  tbe  bead  of 
the  government  of  South  Caroliiia  after  the 
departure  of  Nicholson,  in  1725,  until  the 
appointment  of  governor  Johnson  in  1730. 
VVhen  the  revolution  took  place  in  that 
colony  in  1719  he  was  a  member  of  the 
legislature  which  assumed  the  name  of  tbe 
convention,  and  was  elected  president. 
After  tbe  arrival  of  governor  Johnson,  he 
continued  a  member  of  tb«  council. 

ICT-  L. 
Middleton,   Arthur,  one   of  the   vene- 
rable  signers  of  the  declaration  of  Ameri- 
can independence,  was    a  native  of  South 
'  Carolina.     He  was  the  son  of  Henry  Mid- 
dleton, Esq.   one  of  tbe  presidents  of  tbe 
first  continental  congress,  and  grandson  of 
Arthur  Middleton  the  first  royal  governor  of 
South  Carolina.     He  was  born  in  tbe  year 
1747  ;  received   the  principal  part  of  his 
education   in   England ;  and  spent  several 
years   in   travelling   over    Europe.     Soon" 
after  returning  to   bis  native  country,  be 
took  an  active  and  promising  part   in  the 
revolutionary  movements,  which  bad  then 
begun  to  be  very  serious  in   their   aspect. 
In  1776  be  was  chosen  one  of  the  delegates 
from  South  Carolina  to  the  American  con- 
gress ;  and  in  that  capacity  had  the  honour 
of   co-operating  with    that    distinguished 
band  of  worthies,    who  declared  the  colo- 
nies free  and  independent  states.     He  had 
a  seat  in  congress  again  in  1777,  and  also 
in  1781,  and  1782.     In  the  latter  year,  on 
relinquishing  his  seat  in  congress,  he  was 
solicited  to  accept  the  office  of  governor  of 
his  native  state,  but  declining  this  offer,  he 
retired  to  his  residence  in   the  neighbour- 
hood of  Charleston,  where  be  died  in  1787, 
in  tbe  fortieth  year  of  bis  age.     The  history 
of  Mr.  Middleton's   life,  both  private  and 
official,  plainly  shows  that  bis  education, 
bis  talents,  and  his  influence  were  of  a  very 
high  order.  rCJ^  L. 

Middleton,  Thomas  Fanshaw,  bishop 
of  Calcutta,  was  the  only  child  of  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Middleton,  chaplain  of  the  earl  of 
Scarsdale,  and  minister  of  Keddleston, 
Derbyshire  ;  and  was  born  in  the  year 
1769.  He  was  a  descendant  of  the  cele- 
brated Sir  Richard  Fansbawe,  and  through 
that  ancestor  related  to  some  of  the  first 
families  in  England.  He  was  educated  at 
Christ's  hospital,  and  thence  went  to  Pem- 
broke ball,  Canibrids??,     In  1792  he  tool? 

323 


MiF 


mil 


the  degree  of  A.B.  was  ordained,  and  began 
to  officiate  at  Gainsboro.  He  was  soon 
afterwards  nominated  to  the  livingofTanor, 
Northamptonshire.  In  1802  he  was  collated 
to  the  rectory  of  Little  Bytham,  with  By- 
tham  castle  annexed,  and  in  1308  took  the 
degree  of  D.D.  The  next  year  he  resigned 
his  two  livings  on  being  preferred  to  St. 
Pancras,  near  London.  In  1812  he  was 
made  archdeacon  of  Huntington  by  the  bi- 
shop of  Lincoln.  The  English  ministry 
having  now  resolved  on  establishing  a  bi- 
shopric in  India,  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment from  the  king  in  1814,  and  was  con- 
secrated to  the  holy  office  by  the  bishop  of 
Exeter.  He  was  elected  at  this  time  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society,  and  embarked  imme- 
diately for  India.  For  seven  years  he  ex- 
ercised the  functions  of  his  office  with  dis- 
tinguished zeal  and  fidelity.  His  talents, 
acquirements,  perseverance,  and  piety, 
gained  him  the  most  unqualified  praise. 
He  died  at  Calcutta  on  the  8th  July,  1822, 
aged  55  years.  A  splendid  monument  by 
Chantrey  is  now  erecting  to  his  memory  in 
St.  Paul's,  at  the  instance  of  the  "  Society 
for  promoting  Christian  Knowledge."  His 
plan  of  an  East  India  mission  college,  with 
an  endowment  of  five  scholarships  has  re- 
cently been  carried  into  execution.  He 
was  the  author  of  the  Country  Spectator,  a 
periodical  essay.  A  letter  respecting  the 
best  method  of  propagating  Christianity  in 
India.  Several  charges  to  missionaries. 
Sermons,  and  a  most  learned  work  on  the 
"Doctrine  of  the  Greek  Article,"  which 
established  his  reputation  as  a  scholar.  He 
was  also  for  some  time  editor  of  the  British 
Critic.  iCF'  L. 

MiEL,  Jan,  a  Flemish  painter,  born  1599, 
near  Antwerp.  He  was  the  disciple  of 
Ger.  Segers,  and  copied  at  Rome  the  works 
of  the  Caracci  and  Corregio.  He  was  pa- 
tronised by  Charles  Emanuel,  duke  of  Sa- 
voy, and  died  at  Turin,  1664.  lie  excels 
in  his  historical,  hunting,  and  conversation 
pieces,  and  his  animals  are  particularly  ad- 
mired for  spirit,  and  for  all  the  graces  of 
nature.  Several  engravings  have  been  made 
from  his  works. 

MiERis,  Francis,  called  the  Older,  was 
born  atLeyden,  1635.  He  was  the  disciple 
of  Ger.  Douw,  whom  he  is  said  in  some 
degree  to  have  excelled.  His  pictures  are 
very  scarce  and  valuable.  He  died  1681, 
leaving  two  sons,  both  eminent  painters. 

MiERis,  William,  the  Younger,  son  of 
the  above,  was  also  an  eminent  painter,  and 
born  at  Leyden,  1662.  He  also  excelled  in 
completing  models  of  clay  and  wax,  and  de- 
served the  name  of  a  good  sculptor.  He 
died  1747.  His  son  Francis,  called  the 
young  Francis,  was  also  a  painter,  but  his 
pieces  have  not  the  same  excellence  as  those 
of  his  father  and  grandfather. 

Mifflin,  Thomas,  a  maior-gencral  in 
324 


the  ai-my  of  the  American  revolution,  v/ns 
born  about  the  year  1744.  His  parents 
were  Quakers.  He  engaged  at  an  early 
period  in  opposing  the  arbitrary  measures 
of  the  British  government,  and  was  in  1775 
appointed  quarter-master-general  of  the 
army.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
congress  of  1774,  and  of  the  convention 
which  formed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  In  1788  he  became  president  ot' 
the  supreme  executive  council  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  presided  the  next  year  in  the 
convention,  which  formed  the  constitution 
of  that  state.  He  was  elected  the  first  go- 
vernor under  that  constitution,  and  held 
the  office  till  1799.  He  died  on  the  20th 
January,  1800.  He  was  brave,  patriotic, 
and  eloquent.  ICIP'  L. 

MiGNARD,  Nicholas,  a  French  paintefj 
born  at  Troyes,  1608.  He  studied  in  Italy, 
and  married  at  Avignon,  and  at  last  became 
rector  of  the  Paris  academy  of  painting. 
His  portraits  and  historical  pieces  were 
much  admired.     He  died  of  a  dropsy,  1668. 

MiGNARD,  Peter,  called  the  Roman,  as 
for  20  years  a  resident  at  Rome,  was  the 
younger  brother  of  Nicholas,  and  was  also 
born  at  Troyes,  1610.  He  was  much  es- 
teemed at  Rome,  and  afterwards  at  Paris, 
where  Lewis  XIV.  sat  ten  times  to  him,  en- 
nobled him  and  made  him  his  chief  painter 
at  the  death  of  Le  Brun.  He  died  13th 
March,  1695. 

MiGNON,  Abraham,  a  painter  born  at 
Frankfort,  1639.  His  flowers  and  insects 
were  much  admired,  especially  the  drops  of 
dew  on  fruit,  which  displayed  all  the  trans- 
parency of  real  water.     He  died  1679. 

MiLBouRNE,  Luke,  M.A.  an  English 
divine,  educated  at  Pembroke  hall,  Cam- 
bridge, became  rector  of  St.  Ethelburgh, 
and  lecturer  of  St.  Leonard's,  Shoreditch. 
He  published  a  poetical  Translation  of  the 
Psalms — some  Latin  Verses — Notes  on 
Dryden's  Virgil — thirty-one  single  sermons, 
&c.  His  name  is  frequently  mentioned 
with  that  of  Blackmore,  by  Dryden,  and 
has  been  introduced  by  Pope  in  his  Art  of 
Criticism,  and  in  the  Dunciad.  Dr.  John- 
son speaks  in  Dryden's  Life,  with  no  great 
respect  of  his  abilities.  He  died  15th 
April,  1720.  His  father  Luke  was  a  non- 
conformist, and  in  consequence,  ejected 
from  the  living  of  Wroxall,  Warwickshire. 
1662.     He  diedat  Newington,  1667. 

MiLDMAY,  Sir  Walter,  surveyor  of  the 
court  of  augmentations  under  Henry  VIII. 
and  under  Elizabeth,  privy  counsellor, 
chancellor,  and  under  treasurer  of  the  ex- 
chequer, was  a  man  of  great  public  and 
private  worth,  and  immoi-talized  his  name 
by  the  foundation  of  Emanuel  college  at 
Cambridge.     He  died  1589. 

Mill,  John,  a  learned  English  divine- 
born  at  Shap,  in  Westmoreland,  1645.  Hr 
entered  as  servitor  at  Queen's  college.  Ox- 


-MIL 


AITJ- 


lord,  of  which  society  he  became  fellow. 
In  1681  he  took  his  degree  of  D.l).  and 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  Charles  11.,  and 
in  1686  Hjade  principal  of  Ednuind  hall. 
He  was  a  good  preacher,  and  published 
some  sermons  ;  but  the  work  for  which  he 
in  deservedly  celebrated  in  his  edition  of 
the  New  Testament.  This  very  valuable 
work,  which  was  first  begun  by  the  advice 
of  Fell,  bishop  of  Oxford,  and  partly  print- 
ed at  his  expense,  was  the  labour  of  30  years 
of  application,  and  was- published  about  a 
fortnight  before  his  death,  which  happened 
23d  June,  1707.  It  is  remarkable  that  bi- 
shop Fell's  executors  refused  to  complete 
the  work  which  his  lordship  had  so  honour- 
ably begun,  and  Dr.  Mill  therefore  repaid 
them  what  had  been  expended,  and  finished 
the  whole  at  his  own  charge.  These  la- 
bours so  popular  and  so  useful,  were  not, 
however,  received  without  censure.  Dr. 
Whitby  attacked  the  notes,  and  the  30,000 
various  readings  which  had  been  collected 
by  the  indefatigable  editor,  were  considered 
as  likely  to  open  the  way  for  cavil  and  skep- 
ticism among  free-thinkers  and  wanton  po- 
lemics. These  arguments  were  ably  refu- 
ted by  Dr.  Bentley,  and  Dr.  Mill's  Greek 
Testament  is  now  deservedly  regarded  as  a 
most  valuable  book. 

Mill,  Henry,  an  eminent  engineer,  born 
about  1680,  near,  or  in  Red  Lion  square, 
Holborn.  He  was  well  educated,  and  pass- 
ed some  time  at  one  of  the  universities, 
and  his  mechanical  abilities  became  so  emi- 
nent that  he  was,  when  very  young,  employ- 
ed as  engineer  by  the  new  river  company. 
His  labours  were  there  so  usefully  directed 
in  the  improvement  of  the  concern,  that  by 
gradual  increase  the  original  shares  of  100/. 
are  now  sold  for  upwards  of  8000/.  His 
abilities  were  also  employed  in  supplying 
the  town  of  Northampton  with  water,  for 
which  he  was  presented  with  the  freedom 
of  the  corporation,  and  he  likewise  orna- 
mented Houghton,  the  seat  of  Sir  Robert 
Walpole,  with  an  excellent  stream.  This 
worthy  man  was  seized  with  a  fit  on  Christ- 
mas day,  1770,  and  expired  before  the  next 
morning.  A  monument  was  erected  to  him 
by  his  sister,  in  Bicemoore  church,  near 
Salisbury. 

Millar,  John,  a  popular  professor  of 
law  at  Glasgow.  He  practised  also  at  the 
Scotch  bar,  and  for  40  years  maintained 
the  high  reputation  of  an  able  and  intelli- 
gent professor.  He  was  author  of  a  Histo- 
rical View  of  the  English  Government,  4to. 
— and  on  the  Origin  of  Distinction  of  Ranks 
in  Society,  1  vol.  8vo.     He  died  1801. 

MiLLEDGE,  John,  governor  of  Georgia, 
was  elected  in  1802.  He  was  a  native  of 
that  state,  and  a  descendant  from  one  of 
the  early  settlers  of  the  colony.  In  1780 
he  was  appointed  attorney  general  of  the 
state*     He  was  afterwards  a  member  of  the 


senate,  and  a  representative  in  conprcsts. 
On  the  death  of  general  Jackson  in  1806, 
he  was  elected  a  senator.  This  office  he 
resigned  in  1809.  He  wan  the  principal 
founder  of  the  university  of  Georgia,  and 
presented  the  land  which  forniM  its  site. 
He  died  at  his  seat  at  the  Sand  Hills,  Feb, 
9th,  1818,  aged  61.  {cp-  L. 

Miller,  James,  a  dramatic  poet,  born  in 
Dorsetshire,  1703.  He  was  intended  for 
a  merchant,  but  he  preferred  literature,  and 
was  sent  to  VVadiiam  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  began  his  famous  comedy,  "  the 
Humours  of  Oxford,"  performed  1729, 
He  wrote  besides  some  other  comedies,  oc- 
casional pieces,  and  Mahomet  the  Impos- 
tor, a  tragedy,  during  the  popular  run  of 
which  the  author  died.  Miller  was  a  cler- 
gyman, and  published  some  sermons ;  but 
he  had  no  preferment  till  a  few  weeks  be- 
fore his  death  he  was  presented  to  the  liv- 
ing of  Upcerne,  Dorsetshire,  which  his 
father  had  held.     He  died  1 744. 

Miller,  Philip,  author  of  the  Gardener's 
Dictionary,   was   born  1691,  in   Scotland. 
He  succeeded,  in  1722,  his  father,  as  gar- 
dener  of   the  company  of    apothecaries' 
garden   at   Chelsea,  and  united  the  know- 
ledge and  information  of  a  botanist  to  the 
practice  and  mechanical  drudgery  of  a  gar- 
dener.    He  was  well  acquainted  with  the 
plans  of  Ray  and  Tournefort,  and  by  the 
advice  of  Sir   William  Watson  and   Mr. 
Hudson,  with  difiiculty  adopted  the  system 
of  Linnaus,  with  whom  he  afterwards  cor- 
responded as  a  scientific  and  experienced 
botanist.      He   was   made   fellow   of    the 
Royal  Society,  member   of  the   Florence 
botanical  society,  and  honoured  with  the 
correspondence  of  several  learned  men  in 
Europe,  who  called  him,  with  flattery  but 
truth,   Hortulanorum   Princeps.     Linnaeus 
said  of  his   dictionary,    Non  erit  Lexicon 
Hortulanorum,  sed  Botanicorum.     He  re^ 
signed  through  infirmity,  some  time  before 
his  death,  his   place  at  Chelsea,   and   died 
18th  Dec.  1771,   aged  80.     He  published 
his    Gardener's    Dictionary,    1731,    folio, 
which  has  passed  through  various  editions, 
and  has  been  translated  into  several  Ian- 
guages  ;  the  Gardener's  Calendar,  8vo.  ;  a 
Short  Introduction  to  Botany  ;  Figures  of 
Plants,  2  vols,  folio,  vvitli  300   pliites  ;  be- 
sides Papers  in  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions, &c.  and  a  laige  Herbarium  of  Exotic? 
in  MS. 

Miller,  lady,  a  woman  of  respectable 
abilities  who  resided  at  Bath-Easton,  near 
Bath,  and  published  Letters  from  Italy,  3 
vols.  8vo.  A  collection  of  poems  appeared 
in  her  name,  and  in  the  name  of  some  of 
her  literary  friends  who  frequented  her 
house.     She  died  1781. 

Miller,  Edward,  doctor  of  music,  was 
the  son  of  a  pavicr  at  Norwich,  and  bred 
to  the  ?ame  business :  but  having  a  dislike 

325" 


MtL 


MIL 


to  it,  he  absconded,  and  became  a  pupil  of 
Dr.  Burney,  who  was  then  resident  at  Lynn. 
In  1756  he  became  organist  of  the  church 
of  Doncaster,  where  he  continued  the  rest 
of  his  life.  In  1786  he  obtained  his  degree 
of  doctor  of  music  at  Cambridge  ;  and  died 
at  Doncaster  in  1807.  Dr.  iVliiler  publish- 
ed—1.  Institutes  of  Mu^ic.  2.  The  Ele- 
ments of  Thoiough-Bass  and  Composition. 
3.  The  Psalms  of  David,  set  to  music  and 
arranged  for  every  Sunday  in  the  ^ear.  4. 
The  History  and  Antiquities  of  Doncaster. 
—  W.  B. 

Miller,  Edward,  M.D.  professor  of  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians of  New- York,  was  born  at  Dover, 
Delaware,  May  9th,  1760,  and  received  a 
classical  education.  He  commenced  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  1780,  as  a  sur- 
geon's mate  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States,  and  continued  m  that  situation  until 
the  close  of  the  war  of  the  revolution, 
soon  after  which  he  established  himself  in 
Somerset  county,  Maryland,  but  in  1786 
returned  to  his  native  town,  and  enjoyed  a 
successful  practice  there  till  1796,  when  he 
removed  to  New-York,  and  soon  became 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  physicians  of 
that  city.  In  the  following  year  he  in  con- 
junction with  several  others  commenced 
the  publication  of  the  Medical  Repository, 
■which  he  assisted  to  sustain  to  the  close  of 
his  life.  He  was  appointed  resident  physi- 
cian in  1805,  and  in  1809  professor  of  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians in  New- York.  The  latter  station 
be  continued  to  hold  till  his  death  on  the 
17th  of  March,  1812,  in  the  fifty-second 
year  of  his  age.  His  endowments  were 
excellent,  he  was  an  accomplished  classical 
scholar,  well  versed  in  several  of  the  mo- 
dern languages,  and  in  general  literature, 
and  held  the  first  rank  among  his  cotempo- 
raries  in  the  knowledge  of  his  profession. 
He  was  amiable,  polished  in  his  manners, 
upright,  and  liberal  to  the  poor,  an  able 
lecturer  in  the  department  of  which  he 
"u'as  professor,  and,  his  contributions  to  the 
Medical  Repository,  which  were  nume- 
rous, belong  to  the  most  respectable  portion 
of  that  work.  His  most  important  pub- 
lication is  a  report  on  yellow  fever. 

ICP-L. 
MiLLES,  Jeremiah,  D.D.  a  native  of 
Highcleer,  Hants,  where  his  father  was 
minister.  He  was  made  dean  of  Exeter 
after  Lyttleton,  and  became  president  of  the 
antiquarian  society,  to  whose  literary  la- 
bours he  contributed  very  largely.  He  was 
also  engaged  in  the  Chattertonian  contro- 
versy, and  warmly  supported  the  authen- 
ticity of  those  ancient  poems  imposed  upon 
the  world  as  the  works  of  Rowley.  His 
edition  of  the  poems  in  4to.  with  annota- 
tions, displayed  his  abilities  as  an  editor. 


but  exposed  him  to  the  severity  of  criticisiUv 
He  died  1784,  aged  71. 

MiLLETiERE,  Thcophilus  Brachet,  sieur 
de  la,  a  protestant,  who  studied  law  at  Hei- 
delberg, and  practised  as  advocate,  and  af- 
terwards became  a  divine.  He  wrote  at 
Rochelle  against  Tilenus,  and  asserted  that 
it  was  lawful  for  the  protestants  to  resist,  by 
force  of  arms,  the  persecutions  raised  against 
them.  He  was,  in  consequence  of  this, 
suspected  of  disloyalty  to  the  government, 
and  sent  as  prisoner  to  Tuulouse,  where  he 
was  put  to  the  rack.  He  was  at  last,  by 
th«  intercession  of  friends,  liberated,  and 
then  turned  catholic,  and  endeavoured  by 
his  writings  to  reconcile  the  Huguenots  and 
his  new  friends  to  the  same  faith.  He  de- 
dicated one  of  his  books  to  Charles  II.  in 
his  exile,  and  advised  him  to  embrace  the 
catholic  tenets,  that  faith  in  which  he  in- 
solently aflfirmed  his  father  Charles  I.  h-\d 
died.    Milletiere  died  1665,  little  respected. 

MiLLOTjClaude  Francis  Xavier,  a  French 
historian,  born  at  Besan(^on,  March,  1726. 
He  was  for  some  time  among  the  Jesuits, 
but  quitted  their  society,  and  was  after- 
wards appointed  professor  of  history  at 
Parma,  by  the  interest  of  the  duke  af  Ni- 
vernois.  After  acquiring  reputation  as  a 
professor,  he  returned  to  France,  and  was 
made  preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Enghein,  ia 
which  situation  he  died  1785.  In  his  man- 
ners he  was  a  very  diffident  man,  though 
amiable  and  benevolent.  His  works  are 
valuable,  and  written  with  spirit,  and  in  an 
elegant  style.  He  published  Elements  of 
the  History  of  France,  3  vols.  12mo. — 
Elements  of  the  History  of  England,  3 
vols. — Elements  of  Universal  History,  9 
vols. — History  of  the  Troubadours,  3  vols. 
— Memoirs  for  the  History  of  Lewis  XIV. 
and  XV.  6  vols. — Translation  of  Orations 
from  Latin  Historians — Discourses  on  Aca- 
demical Subjects,  &c. 

Mills,  Samuel  J.  agent  of  the  American 
colonization  society,  was  born  at  Torring- 
ford,  Connecticut,  April  21st,  1783.  He 
was  educated  at  Williams  college,  and  stu- 
died theology  at  the  seminary  at  Andover, 
Massachusetts.  The  great  benevolent  in- 
stitutions established  in  England  near  the 
close  of  the  last,  and  beginning  of  the  pre- 
sent century,  having  early  suggested  to  him 
the  desirableness  of  instituting  similar  ones 
in  the  United  States,  he  resolved  to  make 
the  accomplishment  of  it  the  first  object  of 
his  attention,  and  was  highly  successful  in 
his  exertions.  He  employed  himself  chief- 
ly in  exciting  persons  of  wealth  and  in- 
fluence to  execute  his  plans,  and  by  that 
means  had  an  important  agency  in  promo- 
ting the  establishment  of  the  foreign  mis- 
sionary society  of  New-England,  under  the 
superintendence  of  the  American  board  of 
comnji^sioners.    and  the    united   foreign 


Mil. 


MIL 


missionary  society  of  New- York ;  the 
school  lor  the  education  of  heathens  at 
Cornwall,  and  the  African  school,  in  New- 
Jersey,  and  also  the  American  Bible  So- 
ciety. On  the  organization  of  the  Ameri- 
can colonization  society,  he  with  Mr.  Bur- 
gess was  appointed  an  agent  to  visit  the 
coast  of  Alnca,  and  select  a  place  for  the 
establishment  of  a  colony.  I'hey  embark- 
ed in  November,  1817,  and  proceeded  to 
Africa  by  the  way  of  England,  and  having 
accomplislicd  the  oiiject  of  the  mission, 
commenced  their  homeward  voyage  liom 
Sierra  Leone  in  May,  l8iC3,  during  which 
Mr.  Mills  died  on  tue  Ibth  of  June,  in  the 
thirty-hfth  year  of  his  aj,e.  He  was  mo- 
dest   and 


retiring 


his   manners,    emi- 


nently pious,  and  ardently  zealous  to  me- 
liorate the  miseries  of  mankind,  and  pro- 
mote the  progress  of  religion.        [Lf  L. 

Milne,  Colin,  a   divine  and   naturalist, 
was   born    at   Aberdeen,  and   educated  at 
the  Marischal  college  there,  under  his  un- 
cle, Dr.  Campbell.       From  tbence   he   re- 
moved to  Edinburgh  ;  after  which,  on  be- 
coming tutor  to   lord   Algernon   Percy,  he 
took  orders  in  the  church  of  England,  and 
was   presented  to  the  rectory    of   North 
Chapel  in  Essex.     He  wa^  also  chosen  lec- 
turer of  Dcptford,  and  obtained  the  degree 
of  doctor  ol    laws  from   Aberdeen.      He 
died  in  1815.     He  published — 1.  "  A  Bo- 
tanical Dictionary,"  8\o.     2.  Linnaei  In- 
stitutiones  Botanical,  4to.     3.  Indigenous 
Botany,  or  the  Habitats  of  English  Plants. 
4.  A  volume  of  sermons.  8vo. —  W.  B. 
MiLNEK,  Isaac,  was  brought  up  to   the 


for  bis  prodigious  strength.  lie  obtained 
the  prize  seven  times  at  thcr  Pythian  games, 
and  six  times  at  Olympia,  and  vv.ui  devour- 
ed by  wild  beasts,  5U()  b.C^ 

MiLO,  Titus  Aniuus,  a  Roman,  who 
killed  Clodius  in  the  Appiaii  VVa\,  in  con- 
secpience  ol  a  violent  iivalship  wUich  ex- 
isted between  them  in  the  solicilatiun  of 
public  honours.  Though  defended  by  Ci- 
cero, he  was  banisUed  lu  Marseilles.  The 
oration  delivered  by  Cicero  on  the  occasion 
IS  much  admired. 

MiLTiADEs,  an  Athenian  general,  cele- 
brated for  the  great  victory  which  he,  at 
the  head  of  1U,U00  men,  obtained  over  the 
numerous  forces  of  the  Persians  at  Ma- 
rathon, 490  B.  C.  He  was  afterwards 
cruelly  imprisoned  by  his  suspicious  coun- 
trymen, and  died  in  continement,  489  B.C. 

Milton,  John,  a  celebrated  English  poet, 
descended  from  an  ancient  family  at  Mil- 
ton, Oxfordshire.  He  was  born  Dec.  9th, 
1608,  in  Bread-street,  where  his  father,  a 
scrivener,  was  sett.ed,  and  after  receiving 
instruction  from  a  private  tutor,  he  went 
to  St.  Paul's  school,  and  in  1625  removed 
to  Christ-college,  Cambridge.  He  was  in- 
tended by  his  father  for  the  church,  and  he 
took  his  master's  degree  in  1632  ;  but  ho 
expressed  an  aversion  for  the  ecclesiastical 
profession,  and  by  degrees  grew  diseatis- 
tied  with  the  established  form  of  church 
govi;rnment.  When  he  left  Cambridge  he 
returned  to  his  father,  who  had  settled  with 
a  competent  fortune  at  Horion,  near  Coin- 
brook  in  Buckinghamshire,  and  in  this  re- 


weaving  business;  but  even  vv hue  at  the  lecm     tirement  he  laboriously    devoted    himself 


bis  mind  was  intent  upon  study,  and  all  the 
time  he  could  obtain  from  labour,  was  de- 
voted to  the  classics  and  mathematics.  Such 
was  his  progress,  that  his  brother  took  him 
for  an  assistant  in  the  grammar-school,  and 
afterwards  sent  him  to  Queen's  college, 
Cambridge,  where  in  1774,  he  was  senior 
wrangler,  and  gained  the  first  mathematical 
prize.  He  also  became  a  tutor  in  that 
science ;  and,  among  other  pupils,  bad 
Mr.  Wilberforct  and  Mr.  Pitt,  with  whom 
he  made  a  tour  on  the  continent.     In  1783 


for  five  years  to  reading  the  purest  classics 
in  Greek  and  Latin.  Here  likewise  be 
produced  his  Comus  ;  L' Allegro  ;  II  Pen- 
seroso  ;  and  Lycidas,  poems  of  such  in- 
trinsic merit  as  would  have  transmitted  his 
fame  to  the  latest  period  of  time,  if  he  had 
written  nothing  besides.  On  his  mother's 
death  he  obta.ned  his  father's  permission 
to  travel  abroad,  and  in  1638  he  embarked 
for  the  continent,  attended  by  one  servant. 
From  Paris,  where  he  was  introduced  to 
the  great  Hugo  Grotius,  he  proceeded  to 


Mr.  Milner  was  appointed  professor  of  na-     Nice,  and  by  sea  to  Genoa,  Leghorn,  Pisa, 


tural  philosophy  ;  and  in  1788  elected  mas 
ter  of  his  college,  on  which  he  took  bis 
doctor's  degree.  The  same  year  he  was 
made  dean  of  Carlisle  ;  in  1792  he  served 
the  office  of  vice-chancellor;  and  in  1798 
be  succeeded  Waring  as  Lucasian  professor 
of  mathematics.  He  died  in  1820.  His 
publications  are — 1.  Animadversions  on 
Hawker's  Church  History.     2.  A  continu- 


and  then  passed  to  Florence,  where  he  spent 
two  months,  respected  and  beloved  by  per- 
sons of  eminence,  rank,  and  learning. 
His  next  visit  was  through  Sienna  to  Rome, 
where  be  passed  two  months,  delighted 
with  the  vast  treasure.-,  of  the  Vatican,  and 
honoured  with  the  kindness  and  civilitie5 
of  cardinal  Barberini,  Holstenius,  and 
other  learned   men.     From  Rome  he  went 


ation  of  his  brother's  Ecclesiastical  History,      to  Naples,  and  formed  the  design  of  visit- 
o    o*_:„,. .!-_    _....•_.■  ._        ing  Sicily  ;  but  the  disturbed   state  of  af- 


Strictures  on   the   publications   of  Dr 
Marsh,  respecting  the   Bible   Society.     4. 
Life  of  Mr-  Joseph  Milner,  prefixed  to  his 
sermons. — W.  B. 

MiLO,  an  athlete  of  Crotona,  celebrated 


fairs  at  home  engaged  now  all  his  intention, 
and  be  determined  to  hasten  back.  He 
passed  through  Rome,  Bologna,  Ferrars^, 
Venice, Verona,  Milan, Geneva,  and  Franf&, 

3'27 


MIL 


MIL 


and  reached  England  after  an  absence  of 
fifteen  months.     Instead,  however,  of  re- 
turning to  live  with   his   father,  who  had 
retired  to  Reading,  from  Horton,  he  settled 
in  St.  Bride's  churchyard,   to  educate  his 
sister's  two  sons,  Edward  and  John   Phil- 
lips.     Afterwards,  with  the   intention   of 
taking  a  greater  number  of  pupils,  he  re- 
moved to  a  large  house  in  Aidersgatc-street, 
and    published   his   tractate   of  education, 
which  proved  how  well  qualified  he  was  to 
instruct  others,  though  from  a  dislike  of  uni- 
versity  rules,  he  adopted    a  mode  of  edu- 
cation totally  the  reverse  of  wuat  was  prac- 
tised in   schools.      la    1641    he  published 
some  pamphlets,   in  which  he  vented   his 
virulence  against  the  cburcii,  and  supported 
the  republican  principles  of  the  times.     In 
1643    he   married    the    daughter   of      .r. 
Powell,  a  justice  of  peace  in  Oxfordshire  ; 
but  as  she  had  been  educated  a  firm  royal- 
ist, this   union  proved  unhappy,  and  after 
cohabiting    with   him  about  a  month,  she 
left  him  and  would  not  return.     Disgusted 
with  this  conduct,  the  poet  thought  tliat  he 
might  be  permitted  to  take  another  wife  ; 
and  he  not  only  wrote  some  strong  tracts 
in  favour  of  divorce,  but  paid  his  addresses 
to  another  lady,  of  great  wit  and  beauty. 
This  had   due  effect ;  and  his  wife,  after 
long    despising   his   invitations,    relented, 
and  throwing  herself  at  his  feet,  obtained 
his  forgiveness  and  reconciliation  in  1645. 
From  Aldersgate-street  he  removed  to  Bar- 
bican, and  then  to  a  smaller  house  in  Hol- 
born,  where  in  the  midst  of  his  studies,  he 
rejoiced  at  the  prospect  of  the  fall  of  re- 
gal government,   and  the  future  establish- 
ment of  his  favourite  republic.     The  mo- 
mentous  events   of   the   times    gave   full 
scope  for  the  exertion  of  his  literary  abili- 
ties ;  he  defended  the  trial  and  the  execu- 
tion of  the  king,  and  animadverted  in  se- 
vere terms  on  every  measure  which  might 
tend   to  disturb   the   popular  government. 
His  talents  were  too  great  to  be  neglected, 
and  therefore  he  was  appointed  Latin  sec- 
retary to  the  council  oi'  state,  and  in  this 
office  he   answered  the  Icon  Basilicon,  by 
his  Iconoclastes,  1649,  and  two  years  after 
published  his  celebrated  work  against  Sal- 
masius,    pro  Populo  Anglicano  Defensio, 
which  not  only  spread   his   fame  through 
Europe  as  an  elegant   Latinist,    and  able 
disputant,   but   procured  for  him  from  the 
government,  a  present  of    1000/.      About 
this  time  he  lost  his  eye-sight,  which  had 
been  gradually  decaying  from  his   severe 
application  to  his  studies  ;  but  he  neverthe- 
less continued   zealous   and    active  in  the 
support  of  his  principles.     In  1652  his  wife 
died  soon  after  the  delivery  of  her  fourth 
child,  and  some   time   after  he  married  a 
second.     But  though  patronised  and  raised 
to  independence  by  the  favour  of  Cromwell, 
^r)(\  of  Richard,  Milton  saw  with  terror  ih^ 
^9ft 


dissolution  of  his  favourite  republic   ap'- 
proaching,  and  not  all  the  respectable  la- 
bours of  his  pen  could  uphold  the  crumbling 
fabric.     Anxious  to  ensure  his  safety,  on 
the  restoration,  he  concealed  himself  in  a 
friend's  house  in  Bartholomew  close  ,  but 
though  his  sentiments  and  his  active  con- 
duct Had  marked  him  out  at  first  for  destruc- 
tion, yet  by  the  interest  and  influence  of 
his  friends,  especially  sir  Andrew  Marvell, 
Davcnant,  and  others,  who  respected  his 
learning  and  his  abilities,  while  they  detest- 
ed his  principles,  be  was  included   in  the 
act  of  amnesty,  and  permitted  to  appear 
in  public.     Removing  therefore  from  Petty 
France,  Westminster,  where   he  had  lived 
since  1652,  he  took  a  house  in  Holborn,  and 
then    removed     Jewin-street,     where    he 
took  a   third  wife,    and   then  settled  in  a 
house    in    the    Artillery     walk,     Bunhill 
fields.     In   this  place,  which    was  his  last 
stage,   and  where  he  lived   longer  than  in 
any  other,  he  was  accustomed,  as  Phillips 
observes,  to  sit  at  the  door  in  the  summer, 
in  a  gray  coarse  cloth  coat,  and  while  he 
enjoyed  the   fresh  air,   many  persons    of 
rank   and  of  eminence  have  been  known 
to  pay  their  respect  of  admiration  to  the 
blind   but  venerable    bard.      Though   re- 
duced in  his  circumstances  by  the  restora- 
tion he  refused  to  accept  the  Latin  secreta- 
ryship which  was  honourably  offered  him 
by  Charles  II.  and  he  devoted  himself  ear- 
nestly to  the  completion  of  his  great  poem, 
on  which  he  had  already  bestowed  much 
labour.     He  was  assisted  in  his   literary 
pursuits   by  Thomas  Ellwood,  a  quaker, 
who  acted  as  an  amanuensis,  and  daily  vi- 
sited him.     In   1665,  during  the   plague, 
the  poet  retired  to  a  small   house  at  St. 
Giles,    Chalfont,    Buckinghamshire,    and 
while  in   this  place,  he  was  visited  by  his 
friend,  into  whose  hands  he  put  his  Para- 
dise Lost,  now  finished,  and  modestly  re- 
quested   his  opinion.     Ellwood  read    the 
work  with  approbation,  and  in  returning  it 
to  the  poet,  told  him  that  he  had  said  much 
about  Paradise  Lost,  but,  added  he,  what 
hast  thou  to  say  of  Paradise  Found.     The 
hint  was  not  lost  ;  Paradise  Rega'ned  was 
begun,  and   afterwards,   when  visited   by 
Ellwood,  Milton  presented  him  the  poem 
which  originated  in  his  conversation.    The 
poet   returned  to  London,  1666,  and  the 
Paradise  Lost  was  first  printed  the  follow- 
ing year,  in  10  books,  afterwards  swelled 
to  12,  and  Paradise  Regained  in  1670,  in 
four  books,  to  which  was  added,  Samson 
Agonistes,  a  dramatic  poem.     Milton  re- 
ceived for  this  great  work  only  15/.  and  the 
money  was  paid  by  instalments.     It  is  sin- 
gular that  the  poet  considered    Paradise 
Regained  as  a  superior  performance  to  Pa- 
radise  Lost,  but  posterity  have   decided 
otherwise  ;     and     this    matchless    poem, 
which  Ion  a;  remained  unknown  from  the 


Mil. 


MIN 


^icjudices  cutfrtaincd  an;ainst  tkc  author, 
gradually  rose  to  notice,  to  fame,  and  im- 
mortality. Dryden  had,  indeed,  recom- 
mended its  great  merits  to  the  public,  in  the 
six  beautiful  lines,  "  Three  poets  in  three 
distant  ages  born,"  &c.  wiiich  arc  generally 
prefixed  to  the  work,  and  which  are  bor- 
rowed from  the  distich  which  Salvaggi 
wrote  at  Rome  on  the  youthful  bard  ;  but 
it  was  not  till  the  days  of  Addison  that 
England  became  sensible  of  the  greatness, 
of  the  beauties,  and  the  sublimity  of  her 
poet.  The  critique  of  the  Spectator  opened 
the  eyes  of  the  nation,  and,  in  banishing 
prejudice,  liberally  proved  that  however 
violent  the  publications  of  Milton  were, 
however  biassed  in  his  love  of  republican 
principles,  and  however  biamable  in  some 
parts  of  his  political  life,  yet  his  merits  as  a 
poet  cannot  be  affected  ;  he  must  shine  as 
the  greatest  ornament  of  the  British  Isles, 
and,  in  the  ranks  of  immortality,  be  placed 
by  the  side  of  Homer,  of  V  irgil,  and  of  Tas- 
80.  Milton  died  at  his  house  near  Bunhill 
fields,  in  the  beginning  of  Nov.  1674,  and 
was  buried  near  his  father,  in  the  chancel 
of  St.  Giles',  Cripplegate,  where  a  monu- 
ment has  been  lately  erected  to  his  memo- 
ry, and  another,  with  greater  propriety, 
among  the  great  departed  dead  of  West- 
minster abbey,  raised  in  1737  by  Mr.  Ben- 
son. It  is  supposed  that  Milton  drew  his 
idea  of  his  great  work  from  an  Italian  tra- 
gedy on  the  Loss  of  Paradise,  on  which  he 
originally  intended  to  compose  a  tragedy  ; 
but  as  his  matter  enlarged,  his  genius  gave 
it  the  form  of  an  epic  poem.  His  Samson 
Agonistes  was  written  after  the  Greek  mo- 
del, but  is  unfit  for  representation  ;  the 
Comus  was  first  acted  for  the  benefit  of  his 
grand-daughter,  Mrs.  Clarke,  a  widow  in 
indigent  circumstances,  and  the  public  sup- 
port was  earnestly  solicited  by  a  prologue 
from  the  nervous  pen  of  Dr.  Johnson.  His 
poetical  works  have  been  often  and  elegant- 
ly edited ;  the  latest  edition  is  that  by 
Todd,  6  vols.  8vo.  To  the  edition  of  bi- 
shop Newton  a  well  written  life  was  pre- 
fixed, and  Mr,  Hayley  has  also  given  a 
poetical  life  of  the  author  ;  but  the  critique 
of  Johnson  can  never  be  surpassed.  The 
smaller  poems  were  edited  by  Thomas 
Wharton,  8vo.  with  valuable  notes.  The 
prose  works  of  Milton  are  numerous  and 
highly  respectable.  Besides  his  political 
tracts,  he  wrote  a  History  of  England,  4to. 
down  to  the  conquest — Areopagitica,  or 
,  the  Liberty  of  unlicensed  Printing — Letters 
— History  of  Muscovy,  &c.  His  political 
works  have  appeared  in  3  vols,  folio,  and 
in  4to.  and  in  8vo.  Dr.  Newton's  edition 
of  all  his  works  was  comprehended  in  5 
vols.  4to.  The  person  of  Milton  was  fair, 
so  that  he  was  called,  at  Cambridge,  the 
lady  of  Christ  college  ;  his  hair  was  light 
brown,  and  his  features  exact  and  pleasing. 
Vol,  II.  48 


He  was  of  the  middle  ai/e,  v.<  11  propor- 
tioned, ncrvouN,  and  active  ;  but  hi*  con- 
stitution was  tender,  anil  his  health  conno- 
qututly  weak.  In  his  mode  of  living  Ur. 
was  economical,  abstemious,  and  averse  to 
strong  liquors.  Though  he  did  not  inherit 
much  from  his  lather,  yd  frii;;;ility  main- 
tained him  in  a  respectable  niiiuncr,  and  at 
his  death  he  left  about  1500/.  besides  the 
value  of  his  household  good.s.  lie  had  no 
children  except  by  the  first  of  his  three 
wives.  Three  daughters  survived  him, 
and  of  these  the  two  youngest  were  well 
employed  by  him  to  read  ;  and  though  they 
could  read  with  ease  eight  different  lan- 
guages, yet  they  understood  nothing  but 
English,  as  their  father  used  to  say  that 
one  tongue  was  enough  for  a  woman.  In 
his  religious  opinions,  Milton  was  incon- 
sistent. In  his  early  years  he  favoured  the. 
puritans,  afterwards  he  inclined  to  the  te- 
nets of  the  independents  and  anabaptists, 
whose  liberty  of  worship  he  greatly  .id- 
mired  ;  but  in  the  latter  part  of  life,  ke 
professed  no  attachment  to  any  particular 
sect,  and  he  neither  frequented  any  publi<- 
place  of  worship,  nor  ol»servcd  in  hi.s  own 
house  any  of  the  religious  rites  of  the 
times,  though  it  is  fully  evident  that  he  waj> 
sensible  of  the  gi-eat  truths  of  revelation, 
and  hoped  for  salvation  through  the  merits 
of  a  Redeemer. 

MiMNERMUs,  a  Greek  poet  of  Colophon, 
in  the  age  of  Solon.  His  elegies  are  lost, 
except  a  few  fragments,  preserved  in  Sto- 
baeus. 

MiNELLius,  John,  a  Dutch  grammarian, 
born  at  Rotterdam.  The  best  part  of  his 
life  was  engaged  in  teaching  the  classics, 
and  he  facilitated  the  labours  of  future  iu- 
structers,  by  publishing  editions  of  Viigi!, 
Terence,  Sallust,  Horace,  Florus,  and 
other  works,  with  notes,  and  adapted  to 
the  capacity  of  school  boys.     He  died  1 6S'o. 

Minos,  a  fabulous  son  of  Jupiter,  king  of 
Crete,  celebrated  for  the  laws  which  he 
established  in  his  country,  which  arc  said 
to  have  continued  in  force  above  a  thou- 
sand years.  He  lived  1432  B.C. — The  se- 
cond of  that  name  was  king  of  Crete  about 
1300  B.C.  He  made  war  against  the 
Athenians  and  Megareans.  The  histor>- 
of  these  monarchs  is  greatly  involved  in 
fable. 

MiNOT,  Lawrence,  an  English  poet, 
whose  works  were  discovered  by  Mr.  Tyr- 
whit,  in  the  Cottonian  library,  and  presented 
by  him  to  the  puldic,  179j.  He  died  about 
1352. 

MiKOT,  George  Richards,  an  American 
lawyer  and  historian,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  28th  December,  17j8,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1773.  In 
1781  he  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  house 
of  representatives,  and  a  few  years  after 
published  a  history  of  the  iosurrection  \r\ 


MIR 


MIR 


That  state,  v>iih  the  particulars  of  ^vliich  his 
tjffice  made  him  accurately  acquainted.  He 
ivas  appointed  secretary  of  the  convention 
which  assembled,  in  1787,  to  consider  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  In  1792 
he  received  the  office  of  judge  of  probate, 
»nd  after^vards  of  the  municipal  court  of 
Boston.  He  nas  distinguished  for  aniia- 
blcness  and  integrity,  and  had  enriched  hi? 
mind  "ivith  useful  and  ornamental  know- 
ledge. He  v.rote  a  valuable  continuation 
of  Hutcliinson's  history  of  Massachusetts, 
from  174S  to  1765,  the  last  volume  of 
which  has  been  published  since  his  death, 
stnd  which,  as  well  as  his  narrative  of  the 
insurrection,  does  much  credit  to  his  ta- 
lents. He  died  on  the  second  of  January, 
1S02.  ICJ^-  L. 

MiNTO,  Walter,  LL.D.  professor  of  ma- 
thematics and  natural  philosophy  in  the 
college  of  New-Jersey,  was  a  native  of 
Scotland,  and  born  in  1753.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh,  and  afterwards  travel- 
led as  a  preceptor  into  Italy,  where  he 
Jievoted  himself  with  great  zeal  to  the  study 
of  mathematics  and  philosophy.  After  his 
return  to  Edinburgh,  in  1782,  he  wrote,  by 
the  persuasion  of  the  carl  of  Buchan,  a  vo- 
lume to  prove  that  the  honour  of  the  first 
discovery  of  logarithms  belonged  to  Na- 
pier. At  the  instance  of  the  same  nobleman 
he  came  to  America,  in  17S6,  and  was  soon 
appointed  to  the  professorship  of  mathema- 
tics and  philosophy  in  the  college  at  Prince- 
ton, where  he  continued  much  respected 
tUl  his  death  in  1796.  Id^  L. 

MiNOTius  Felix,  a  Roman  orator  in 
the  third  century.  His  Octavius,  with 
Christian  and  Pagan  Disputations,  is  a 
work  of  merit,  and  in  favour  of  Christian- 
ity ;  edited,  Cambridge,  1707,  andLeyden, 
1709,  8vo. 

MiRABAUD,  John  Baptist,  perpetual  se- 
cretai'y  to  the  French  academy,  was  born 
in  Provence,  1674,  and  lived  to  the  age  of 
86.  He  published  a  translation  of  Tasso's 
Jerusalem — and  also  of  x\riosto's  Orlando 
Furioso — Alphabet  de  la  Fee  Gracieuse, 
12mo.  1734.  The  System  of  Nature,  an 
Jitheistical  book,  published  in  1770,  was 
falsely  ascribed  to  him,  and  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English. 

MiRABEAU,  Victor  Riquetti,  marquis  de, 
of  an  ancient  family  of  Provence,  originally 
from  Naples,  was  one  of  the  chief  insti- 
lutors  of  the  political  assembly  called  eco- 
nomists. He  published,  in  1755,  I'Ami  des 
Hommes,  3  vols.  l2mo.  a  work  of  some 
merit,  containing,  with  much  crude  and 
extraneous  matter,  fine  ideas  on  rural  and 
political  economy,  and  judicious  remarks 
on  the  interests  of  society.  His  Theorie 
del'Imp6t,  in  l2mo.  proved  so  offensive  to 
the  government,  on  account  of  the  freedom 
and  boldness  of  his  opinions,  that  he  was 
•  onfined  in  the  bastile.     He  wrote,  besides. 


Hommes  Celebres,  published  by  his  friend 
Boscowich,  at  Bassano,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  His 
works,  collected  together,  except  the  last 
mentioned,  have  been  published  in  8  vols. 
l2mo.     He  died  at  Paris,  1790. 

MiRABEAU,  Honore  Gabriel  Riquetti, 
count  de,  son  of  the  preceding,  and  deputy 
of  Provence  to  the  states  general,  was  born 
1749.  After  serving  for  some  time  in  the 
army,  during  the  war  of  Corsica,  he  married 
a  rich  heiress  of  Aix  ;  but  a  fondness  for 
dissipation  soon  squandered  away  the  pro- 
perty which  he  had  lately  acquired,  and  he 
left  his  country,  overwhelmed  in  debts,  and 
in  poverty.  After  being  confined  for  some 
time  in  the  prisons  of  If,  and  of  Joux,  he 
had  an  amour  with  the  wife  of  Monnier, 
the  president  of  the  parliament  of  Besan<jon, 
and  carried  away  the  frail  one  to  Holland. 
For  this  crime  he  was  condemned  to  lose 
his  head,  and  consequently  was  doomed  t» 
spend  the  rest  of  life  in  a  foreign  country. 
He  was,  however,  seized  in  1777,  and  con- 
fined in  the  castle  of  Vincennes,  and  three 
years  after,  by  the  power  of  interest,  re- 
stored to  liberty.  Undismayed  by  reflec- 
tions on  his  flagitious  conduct,  he  appeared 
at  Aix,  before  the  Parliament,  to  demand 
his  wife,  who  indignantly  refused  to  live 
with  him,  and  he  personally  pleaded  his 
own  cause,  which  proved  deservedly  unsuc- 
cessful. The  French  revolution  now  arose 
to  give  employment  to  the  talents  of  this 
depraved  and  ambitious  man  ;  and  when 
rejected  by  the  nobility  of  Provence,  he,  in 
contempt  of  their  order,  opened  a  shop, 
over  which  he  inscribed,  Mirabeau,  mar- 
chand  de  draps.  This  probably  recom- 
mended him  to  the  populace  of  Aix,  whose 
deputy  he  was  elected  to  the  third  estate, 
and  consequently  called,  by  the  court,  with 
contempt,  the  plebeian  count.  In  the  as- 
sembly, by  his  abilities,  his  eloquence,  and 
his  intrigues,  he  became  a  leading  member ; 
but  though  he  aimed  at  populai'ity,  he  yet 
wished  for  power,  and  secretly  planned  the 
destruction  of  the  monarchy,  and  the  rege- 
neration of  the  state  under  a  new  order  of 
things.  His  ambition  displayed  itself  in 
spite  of  his  hypocrisy,  and  when  the  unfor- 
tunate Lewis  appeared  in  the  assembly,  all 
covered  with  diamonds,  the  aspiring  de- 
puty could  not  help  exclaiming  to  one  of 
his  accomplices,  behold  the  victim.  Thus, 
by  his  intrigues,  and  by  the  vast  re- 
sources of  his  mind,  he  was  capable  of 
being  apparently  the  friend  and  the  lead- 
er of  all  parties ;  and  while  he  created, 
as  one  of  his  biographers  has  observed, 
volcanoes,  for  the  pleasure  of  extinguish- 
ing their  flames,  he  flattered  himself,  se- 
cretly, with  the  hope  of  being  one  day, 
like  another  Cromwell,  the  protector  of 
France.  While  the  favourite  of  the  mul- 
titude, he  did  not  hesitate  to  accuse  the 
Jacobins,   and    to    denounce    vengeance 


MIK 


MIK 


agamst  the  lactious  ;  but  his  throats  wuie 
the  signal  of  his  death,     lie  was  attacked 
by  a  sudden  disease,  which  in  a  few  lioins 
proved  fatal,  2d  April,   1791,  and  though 
the  physicians,  who  opened  his  body,  at- 
tributed his  death  to  the  violence  of  a  fever, 
the  public  believed  that  he  had  been  cut  off 
by   poison.      His   funeral   was  conducted 
with  all  the  pomp  of  republican  pride,  and 
his  remains  were  deposited  near  those  of 
Des  Cartes  ;  but  as  he  had  observed  that 
near  the  capitol   was   the  Tarpeian  rock, 
this    same   fickle   populace   dispersed,  the 
following  year,  his  ashes  in  the  air,  with 
every  mark  of  ignominy.     Mirabeau  wrote, 
a   Comparison  between    the  great   Conde 
and  Scipio  Africanus — History  of  Prussia 
under  Frederic  the  Great,  8  vols.  4to.  — 
Collection  of  his  Labours  in  the  National 
Assembly,  5  vols.   8vo. — Original  Letters, 
containing  an  Account   of    his   Life   and 
Amours,  4  vols.  8vo. — Secret  History  of 
the  Court  of  Berlin,   2  vols.  8vo.  a  work 
burnt  by  the  hands  of  the  hangman — a  trea- 
tise on  Lettres  de  Cachet,  8vo. — Political 
Pamphlets,  besides   some  indecent   books, 
&c. 

Mirabeau,  Boniface  Riquetti,  viscount 
de,  brother  to  the  preceding,  served  with 
distinction  in  America,  and,  at  the  time  of 
the  French  revolution,  was  elected  deputy 
of  the  nobility  of  Limousin  to  the  states 
general.     He   ably  opposed  the  union   of 
the  three  chambers,  and  when  the  king,  in 
an  evil  hour,  sanctioned  it,  he,  in  quitting 
the  room,  broke  his  sword,  and  declared 
that  the   monarchy  was   at  an  end.     The 
innovations  introduced  by  the  demagogues 
were  resisted  by  him  with  equal  boldness, 
and  when  he  found  that  attachment  to  the 
throne  became  a  crime,  he  emigrated,  and 
raised  a  regiment,  which  served  with  cre- 
dit under  the  prince  of  Conde.     He  died  at 
the  end  of  1792,  at  Friburg,  in  the  Brisgaw. 
He  was  author  of  some  songs  and  other 
temporary  satires,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
revolution.     He  was    much    addicted    to 
drinking,  and  was,  it  is  said,  a  man  of  little 
courage.     When  he  paid  a  visit  to  his  bro- 
ther, who  had  been  wounded  in  a  duel,  he 
was  received  with   great  politeness,  and 
thanked    earnestly  for   his  attention,  be- 
cause,   observed,  with    keen    satire,    the 
wounded  man,  I  am  afraid   I  shall  never 
have   the  opportunity  of   returning  your 
visit. 

MiRABELLA,  Vinccnt,  an  Italian,  author 
of  the  Ancient  History  of  Syracuse,  1713, 
folio,  Naples,  a  scarce  book.  He  died  1674. 

Mir.*: us,  Aubertus,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Brussels,  1573.  He  was  almoner 
and  librarian  to  Albert,  archduke  of  Aus- 
tria, and  died,  1640,  at  Antwerp.  He 
wrote,  Opera  Historica  et  Diplomatica,  2 
vols,  folio — Elogia  Illustrium  Belgii  Scrip- 
torum,  4to.— Vita  Justi  Lipsii,  8vo.— Ori- 


fiinea  Bencdictinaj — Origincs  tarihusiauu- 
rum,  8vo.— Bil.liothcru  Ecclc>ia«tica,  2 
vols,  folio — Itcruiu  iielgicarum  Chronicon 
— de  Rebus  Bohemicis. 

MiuANDui.A,  Jolm  Pirus,  carl  of,  a  cele- 
brated Italian  nobleman,  born   24th   Feb. 
1463.     He    lost   his   father  early,   but   he 
found  in  his  mother  a  most  attentive  guar- 
dian, and  the  care  which  she  took   of  his 
education  was  repaid  by  the  most  astonish- 
ing improvement.     To  strong  natural  pow- 
ers, Mirandula   united   unceasing  applica- 
tion, and  he  possessed,  besides,  a  memory 
so  retentive,  that  nothing  which  he  heard 
or  read  was  ever  forgotten.     After  studying 
the  law  at  Bologna,  he  visited  the  most  ce- 
lebrated  universities  of    France,    and  by 
conversation,  and  by  study,  still  enlarged 
the  resources  of  his   capacious  mind.     At 
his  return  to  Rome,  though   only  23,  he 
published  900  propositions  in  logic,  mathe- 
matics, divinity,   physics,   &c.   drawn   not 
only  from  classical,  but  Jewish  and  Arabian 
authors,  and  challenged,  through  the  uni- 
versities of  Italy,  any  philosopher  or  divine 
to  enter  the  lists  with  him  in  disputation. 
This  public  exhibition  of  learning  was  anti- 
cipated not  only   with   astonishment    but 
envy,  and  enemies  soon  arose,  who  per- 
suaded pope   Innocent  VII.  that  13  of  the 
propositions  were  heretical ;  and  the  dis- 
appointed Mirandula,  though  he  explained 
in  a  submissive  "  Apology,"  was  forbidden 
to  read   or  dispute  upon  these  theses.     In 
1491  Mirandula  bid  adieu  to  profane  litera- 
ture, to  devote  himself  more  attentively  to 
divinity.     He  declared  war  against  astro- 
logers, because,  it  is  said,  they  had  foretold 
his  death  at  the  end  of  his  33d  year.     The 
prophecy  was  too  true  ;  this  amiable  scho- 
lar died  at  Florence,  17th  Nov.  1494,  in 
his   32d    year.      He    was    buried    in  the 
cemetry  of  St.  Mark,  in  the  habit  of  a  Jaco- 
bin, an  order  to  which  he  wished,  on  his 
death-bed,  to  belong,  and  these  lines  were 
engraved  on  his  tomb : 

Joannes  jacet  hie  Mirandula,  ccttera  nunmt 
Et  Tagus  el  Ganges,  for san  el  Antipodes. 

Though  he  died  so  young,  he  wrote  several 
works,  which  w^ere  printed  together  at  Bo- 
logna, 1496,  folio,  and  latterly  at  Basil, 
161)1.  They  arc  written  in  elegant  Latin, 
and  have  been  translated  into  French  and 
Italian,  and  they  display  profound  learning, 
acuteness,  and  vivacity. 

Mirandula,  John  Francis  Picus,  prince 
of,  son  of  Galeoti  Picus,  the  eldest  brother 
of  John,  just  mentioned,  was  born  1469. 
He  succeeded  in  1499  to  his  father,  as  the 
head  of  his  principality,  but  he  met  with 
opposition  in  his  lamily,  and  by  the  assist- 
ance of  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.  and  of 
the  duke  of  Ferrara,  his  two  brothers,  Lew- 
is and  Frederic,  obliged  him  to  fly  from  his 
country.     Thus  a  fugitive  in  various  coun- 

331 


mr 


iMOE 


hies  lor  liiuc  yt-arp,  he  was  at  last  reinsta- 
ted in  1511,  by  the  assistance  of  pope  Julius 
II.  but  the  next  year  the  papal  troops  were 
defeated  at  liav»nnia,  and  Mirandula  again 
sent  into  banishment.  The  expulsion  of 
the  French  from  Italy  in  1515,  restored  him 
again  to  power,  and  he  eontinued  in  pcace- 
t'til  possession  of  his  principality  till  Oct. 
1533,  when  his  nephew  Galeoti,  the  son  of 
J.cwis,  supported  by  forty  assassins,  entered 
his  castle  in  the  night,  and  murdered  him, 
with  his  eldest  son.  Though  tossed  in  the 
troubles  of  political  life,  he  was  a  great 
lover  of  learning,  and  was  a  more  volumi- 
nous writer  than  his  uncle  ;  and  though  he 
was  inferior  to  him  in  wit,  sprightliness, 
and  information,  yet  he  was  his  superior  in 
solidity.  Ilis  works  have  been  generally 
edited  with  those  of  his  uncle. 

MiREVELT,  Michael  Jansen,  a  portrait 
and  historical  painter,  was  born  at  Delft, 
and  died  there  1741,  aged  53. 

MissoN,  Francis  Maximilian,  a  lawyer, 
flistinguishcd  for  his  eloquence  in  favour  of 
the  protestants,  before  the  parliament  of 
Paris.  At  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  he  came  to  England,  and  engaged 
as  travelling  tutor  to  an  English  nobleman, 
through  Italy,  in  1688  and  9.  He  died  at 
London,  16th  Jan  1721.  He  published,  a 
New  Voyage  to  Italy,  3  vols.  12mo.  Hague, 
a  work  commended  by  Addison,  and  trans- 
lated into  English — the  Sacred  Theatre  of 
Cevennes,  or  Account  of  Prophecies  and 
Miracles  performed  at  Languedoc,  1707,  a 
weak  performance — Observations  of  a  Tra- 
veller, 12mo.  a  posthumous  work. 

Mitchell,  Joseph,  a  poet,  born  in 
Scotland  about  1684.  He  came  to  London, 
and  was  patronised  by  lord  Stair,  and  by 
Sir  Ilobert  Walpole  ;  but  the  liberality  of 
his  friends,  and  particularly  of  Aaron  Hill, 
was  wasted  away  in  extravagance  and  li- 
centiousness, and  thus  by  his  improper  con- 
tluct,  he  remained  always  involved  in  dis- 
tress and  difficulties.  He  died  Feb.  6th, 
1738.  He  is  described  by  Gibber  as  a  poet 
of  the  third  rate,  whose  versification  was 
in  a  style  of  mediocrity,  and  exhibited  few 
marks  of  genius.  He  published  the  Fatal 
Extravagance,  a  tragedy,  properly  belong- 
ing to  Aaron  Hill — the  Highland  Fair,  a 
haTlad  opera — and  poems,  2  vols.  8vo.l729. 

Mitchell,  John,  M.D.  a  native  of  Eng- 
land who  came  to  America  in  1741,  for  the 
purpose  of  investigating  its  botanical  trea- 
sures, and  took  up  his  residence  at  Urban- 
na,  in  Virginia.  He  was  a  great  botanist, 
and  paid  particular  attention  to  the  Hybrid 
productions.  He  wrote  a  useful  work  on 
the  general  principles  of  Botany,  contain- 
ing descriptions  of  a  number  of  new  genera 
of  plants,  which  was  published  in  quarto  in 
1769,  and  also  in  1743,  an  "  Essay  on  the 
Causes  of  the  different  colours  of  people  in 
different  climates,"  which  was  sent  over  to 


332 


Mr.  Collinson  and  published  in  thephiloso-^ 
phical  transactions,  volume  43d.  He  was 
an  eminent  physician  as  well  as  botanist. 
He  returned  to  England  about  the  year 
1748,  having  transmitted  not  only  to  his 
friends  in  Great  Britain,  but  also  to  Lin- 
naeus, much  valuable  information  concern- 
ing American  plants.  The  Swedish  bota- 
nist took  care  to  perpetuate  his  name  by 
giving  it  to  a  beautiful  American  plant,  the 
MitchelUi  Repens.  It  is  believed  that  he 
was  the  author  of  the  map  of  North  Ame- 
rica published  in  1755.  jCZP"  L. 

MiTHRiDATES,  king  of  Pontus,  was 
surnamed  the  Great.  He  made  war  against 
the  Romans,  which  continued  for  several 
years,  and  though  defeated  by  LueuUus, 
Sylla,  and  Pompey,  he  still  maintained  his 
armies  in  the  field,  and  threatened  to  carry 
invasion  into  the  heart  of  Italy.  He  put 
an  end  to  his  life,  when  his  son  Pharnaces 
rebelled  against  him,  B.  C.  64. 

Mittarelli,  John  Benedict,  a  native 
of  Venice,  general  of  the  order  of  the  Cal- 
mudenses,  of  which  he  published  a  history, 
in  8  vols,  folio.  He  wrote  other  works, 
and  died  1777,  aged  69. 

MoAViA,  general  of  the  caliph  Omar, 
avenged  his  master's  death,  and  seized  his 
kingdom,  643  A.D.  After  taking  Rhodes, 
and  destroying  the  colossus,  he  attacked 
Sicily,  and  afterwards  carried  devastation 
to  the  gates  of  Constantinople.  He  was, 
however,  unsuccessful,  and  after  besieging 
in  vain  the  capital  for  seven  years,  he  pur- 
chased peace  by  paying  an  annual  tribute 
to  the  eastern  emperor.  He  died  680.  Du- 
ring this  siege  the  Greek  fire  is  said  to  have 
been  invented,  and  to  have  been  used  with 
peculiar  eftect  against  the  besiegers. 

MocENiGo,  Lewis,  a  Venetian,  like  many 
of  his  family  raised  to  the  dignity  of  doge 
1570.  Supported  by  the  pope,  and  by 
Spain,  he  attacked  the  Turks  who  had 
seized  Cyprus,  and  their  combined  fleet  de- 
feated the  infidels  at  the  celebrated  battle 
of  Lepanto,  Oct.  7th,  1571,  the  doge  died 
1576.  One  of  his  family,  Andrew,  was  an 
able  negotiator,  and  wrote  two  historical 
works,  de  Bello  Turcarum  ;  la  Guerra  di 
Cambrai. 

MoDREVius,  Andreas  Fricius,  secretary 
to  Sigismund  Augustus,  king  of  Poland, 
was  a  learned  man,  and  wrote  vai'ious 
works,  of  which  that  "  de  Republicri  Emen- 
dendii,"  in  five  books,  printed  1554,  is 
highly  esteemed  as  a  most  able  political 
performance.  In  his  religious  opinions  he 
showed  himself  very  inconsistent,  and 
while  he  inclined  to  the  Lutherans  he  ren- 
dered himself  suspected  by  the  catholics, 
and  exposed  to  the  resentment  of  Pius  V. 
He  is  regarded  by  Grotius  as  a  person  who 
wished  to  reconcile  the  different  schemes 
of  x'cligion. 

MoEBic!5,  Godfrey,  a  native  of  Thuringia. 


MOL 


MOL 


find  medical  professor  at  Jena,  ua«  author 
of  Physiological  Principles  of  Medicine, 
4to.  ;  Abridgment  of  tiie  Elements  of  Medi- 
cine, fol.  5  Anatomy  of  Camphire,  4io.  in 
Latin.  His  son  of  the  same  name  was 
also  a  physician,  and  published  Synopsis 
Medicina'  Practice,  fol.  1G67.  He  died  at 
Ilalle  16G4,  aged  53. 

MoEBius,  George,  a  native  of  Lauchan, 
in  Thuringia,  professor  oftheology  at  Leip- 
sic,  where  he  died  1697,  aged  81.  He 
wrote  on  the  Origin,  Propagation,  and 
Continuance  of  Pagan  Oiaclcs,  against 
Vandale,  l2mo. 

MoiNE,  Stephen  le,  a  learned  protestant, 
born  at  Caen  1G24,  He  became  professor 
of  divinity  at  Leyden,  and  died  there  1689. 
He  wrote  "  Varia  Sacra,"  2  vols.  4to.  and 
other  theological  works. 

MoiNE,  Peter,  le,  a  French  poet  born  at 
Chaumon,  in  Bassigny  1602.  He  was  a 
Jesuit,  and  was  the  first  of  that  society  who 
acquired  reputation  as  a  French  poet.  His 
greatest  work  is  "  St.  Lewis,"  an  epic  poem 
in  IS  books.  His  works  are  not  highly  ap- 
proved by  Boileau,  and  are  therefore  only 
above  mediocrity.  He  died  at  Paris  22d 
Aug.  1672. 

MoiNE,  Francis  le,  a  French  painter, 
born  at  Paris  1688.  He  was  the  pupil  of 
Galloche,  and  was  professoi-  of  the  academy 
of  painting.  His  famous  apotheosis  of 
Hercules  in  the  grand  saloon  of  V  ersailles, 
in  which  he  was  engaged  four  years,  was 
so  much  approved  by  the  French  king  that 
he  made  him  his  painter,  with  a  liberal 
pension.  In  a  fit  of  llunacy  this  unfortu- 
nate man  stabbed  himself  with  his  sword, 
and  died  4th  June,  1737,  aged  49. 

MoiNE,  Abraham  le,  a  French  divine, 
Tvho  left  France  on  account  of  his  religion, 
and  became  the  minister  of  a  protestant 
corgregation  in  London,  where  he  died 
1760.  He  translated  into  French  Gibson's 
Pastoral  Letters ;  Sherlock  on  the  Wit- 
nesses of  the  Resurrection,  and  on  the  Use 
and  End  of  Prophecy,  with  learned  and  va- 
luable notes  and  dissertations. 

MoivRE,  DE.     Vid.  Demoivre. 

MoLA,  Pietro  Francesco,  a  painter  born 
at  Lugano,  in  Switzerland,  1609.  He  was 
the  pupil  of  Arpino,  and  of  Albano  at  Rome, 
and  he  afterward.-;  studied  the  worlcs  of  Ti- 
tian, and  acquired  a  peculiar  style  of  his 
own  which  ensured  him  success  and  repu- 
tation. He  died  1665.  He  chiefly  excel- 
led in  history,  and  also  in  landscape. 

MoLA,  Giovanni  Battista,  the  brother, 
according  to  some,  of  the  preceding,  was 
also  an  eminent  painter.  He  studied  un- 
der Vouet  at  Paris,  and  afterwards  under 
Albano,  and  was  much  admired  for  his 
landscapes,  and  the  foliage  of  trees.  He 
was  born  about  1620  ;  but  the  year  of  his 
death  is  not  known. 

MoLANUs,  or  VtRMEULiN,  John,  an 
ecclesiastic,  professor  of  theology  at  Lou- 


valne.  He  was  born  at  Lisle,  and  died 
18th  Septcml)er,  15S5,  aged  52.  He  pub- 
lished L'snard's  Murtyrology,  with  notes 
and  an  appendix,  8vo.  ;  Nutales  Sanctorum 
Belgii,  l2mo.  ;  Historia  S.  S.  Imaginum  et 
Picturarum,  8vo.  and  1771,  4io.  with  a 
Supplement  by  Paquot ;  de  Canonicii,  a 
work  of  merit ;  dc  Fide  Hereticis  servan- 
dA  ;  de  Piis  Testamentia  ;  Theologiat  Prac- 
ticae  Compendium  ;  Militia  Sacra  Ducum 
Brabant.  ;  Rei'um  Lovaneng.  fee. 

MoLANUs,  Gerard  Walter,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  abbot  of  Locuum.  He  wa.-.  the  cor- 
respondent of  Bossuet,  with  respect  to  an 
union  between  the  catholics  and  protes- 
tants.  He  wrote  some  theological  works, 
and  died  1722. 

MoLAT,  James  de,  the  last  grand  master 
of  the  Templars.  The  riches,  as  well  as 
the  pride  of  his  order,  excited  the  suspicion 
and  the  jealousy  of  Philip  the  Fair,  who, 
with  the  consent  of  the  pope,  seized  their 
property,  and  summoned  the  master  to  ap- 
pear at  Paris,  to  answer  for  his  conduct. 
Molay  came,  attended  by  sixty  knights, 
but  they  were  no  sooner  in  the  power  of 
their  persecutors,  than  they  were  seized, 
and  all  burnt  alive,  falsely  accused  as  being 
guilty  of  atrocious  crimes.  Molay  sufler- 
ed  11th  May,  I3l4,  and  before  the  fatal 
torch  was  lighted,  declared  his  innocence, 
and  the  innocence  of  his  order. 

MoLEswoRTH,  Robert,  viscount,  an  able 
statesman,  descended  from  an  ancient  fa- 
mily in  Northamptonshire,  ^vas  born  De- 
cember 1656,  in  Dublin,  where  his  father 
who  died  before  his  birth  had  settled  as  a 
merchant.  He  was  educated  at  Dublin, 
and  displayed  so  much  zeal  and  patriotism 
at  the  revolution,  that  James's  parliament 
sequestered  his  property.  The  victorious 
William,  however,  rewarded  his  fidelity, 
made  him  one  of  his  privy  counsellors,  and 
sent  him  as  his  ambassador  to  Denmark. 
After  a  residence  of  three  years  Moles- 
worth  offended  the  Danish  court  by  not 
sufficiently  respecting  the  customs  and  the 
privileges  of  the  country,  and  left  the  place 
abruptly,  and  on  his  return  to  England 
published  "an  Account  of  Denmark."  The 
book,  though  well  received  and  translated 
into  several  languages,  offended  prince 
George  of  Denmark,  by  representing  the 
Danish  government  as  tyranical,  and  a 
memorial  of  complaint  was  presented  to 
king  William,  and  an  answer  prepared  to 
it  by  Dr.  King.  But  Molesworth  disregard- 
ed these  measures,  safe  in  the  public  appro- 
bation and  the  f-icndship  of  Shaftesbury. 
He  was  member  of  the  Commons  in  seve- 
ral parliaments,  but  rendered  himself  ob- 
noxious to  the  clergy,  by  an  affectation  of 
popularity,  and  by  profane  insinuations 
that  religion  is  a  pious  craft,  a  useful  state 
engine,  but  far  inferior  to  the  principles 
which  in  the  school  of  Athens  and  Rome, 
incited  their  attentive  youth  to  the  love  of 

333 


MUL 


MOL 


their  country,  and  to  the  practice  of  the 
moral  virtues.  As  he  strongly  supported 
the  Hanoverian  succession,  notwithstand- 
ing the  eccentricity  of  his  principles,  he 
could  not  but  be  acceptable,  for  his  abilities 
and  influence,  to  George  I.  by  whom  he 
was  made  a  privy  counsellor,  and  created  a 
peer  of  Ireland  1716.  He  died  22d  May, 
1725,  at  his  seat  neai  Dublin,  leaving  by 
his  wife  seven  sons  and  four  daughters. 
He  published  besides,  an  address  to  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  translated  Hotto- 
man's  "  Franco-Gallia." 

MoLEviLLE,  Bertrand  de,  a  French 
statesman,  was  born  in  1744.  He  was  mi- 
nister of  the  Marine  in  the  reign  of 
Louis  XVI.  ;  and  when  the  Revolution 
broke  out  he  sought  an  asylum  in  England  ; 
where  he  published  Memoirs  of  the  Revo- 
lution, and  several  other  works  on  that  sub- 
ject. He  died  at  Paris,  Oct.  19th,  1819.— 
W.  B. 

MonERE,  John  Baptist  Pocquelin  de,  a 
celebrated  French  comic  writer,    born  at 
Pari3,  1320.    His  real  name  was  Pocquelin, 
and  his  father  who  was  a  tapestry  maker  to 
the  court,  intended  him  for  his  own  busi- 
ness.    The  boy,  however,  being  frequently 
taken  by  his  grandfather  to  the  theatre, 
acquired  such  a  taste  for  dramatic  represen- 
tations that  his  contempt  for  tapestry  ma- 
king prevailed,  and  he  was  sent  to  study 
under  the  Jesuits  at  the  college  of  Cler- 
mont.    In  five  years  he  here  completed  his 
education,  and  further  improved  his  mind 
by  attending  with  his  friends  Chapelle  and 
Bernier,  the  lectures  of  Gassendi  the  cele- 
brated philosojAer.    He  afterwards  applied 
himself  to  the  law,  but  after  his  father's 
death,  he  renounced  all  other  employments 
for  the  stage,  and  uniting  himselt  with  one 
of   those  small    theatrical   parties   which 
were  now  patronised  by  Richelieu,  he  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Moliere,  which  he  has 
rendered  so  illustrious.     He  joined  La  Be- 
jart,  an  actress  of  some  merit,  and  with  her 
went  to  Lyons,  in  1653,  where  he  produced 
his  first  play  called  i'Etourdi,   or  the  Blun- 
■derer,   which  was  received  with  universal 
applause.       He   performed  afterwards    at 
Languedoc,  was  at  Grenoble  in  1657,  and 
the   next  year  went  to   settle  at  Rouen. 
Some  visits  to  Paris  recommended  him  to 
the  great,  he  was  noticed  by  the  duke  of 
Conti,  by  the  king's  brothers,  and  at  last 
patronised  by  the  monarch  himself.     He 
exhibited  before  the  king,  and  with  such 
success  that  he   received   a  pension,  and 
continued  from  that  time  to  entertain  the 
court,  by  a  rapid  production  of  new  plays. 
The  last  comedy  which  he  produced  was  le 
Malade  Imaginaire,  or  the  Hypocondriac, 
and  on  the  fourth  night  of  its  being  acted, 
17th  Feb.1673,  the  author  died.  It  has  been 
said  that  he  exerted  himself  much  in  the 
chief  character,  and  that  as  in  a  part  of  the 
334 


play  the  actor  pretends  to  be  dead,  Moiierc 
was  discovered  to  be  not  only  a  theatrical, 
but  a  real  corpse.  This  incident  has  given 
occasion  to  the  following  beautiful  lines  : 

Roscins  hie  situs  est,  triste  Molierus  in  urnd, 
Cui  genus  humanum  ludere,  Indus  erat. 

Dum  ludit  mortem,  mors  indignata  jacentem 
Corripit,  et  mimum  Jingere  s(Bva  negat. 

It  is,  however,  certain  that  during  the  re- 
presentation the  author  had  a  severe  deflux- 
ion  on  his  lungs,  and  that  after  the  con- 
clusion of  the  piece,  he  went  to  bed  and 
expired  half  c.n  hour  after,  by  the  bursting 
of  a  vessel  in  iLe  lungs  through  excessive 
coughing.  The  death  of  their  favourite  ac- 
tor deeply  affected  the  Parisians,  and  Lewis 
XIV.  interested  himself  much  in  the  ho- 
nours to  be  paid  to  hi^  memory.  Though 
the  archbishop  would  not  permit  his  body 
to  be  deposited  in  consecrated  ground,  the 
severe  sentence  was  reversed  by  the  king's 
command,  and  the  lamented  poet  was  bu- 
ried in  St.  Joseph's  chapel.  Moliere  by  his 
"  Tartuffe"  had  drawn  upon  himself  the  in- 
dignation of  the  clergy,  and  that  of  the 
other  orders,  by  the  severity  with  which  he 
lashed  their  follies  and  extravagant  conduct. 
He  was,  says  Voltaire,  the  best  comic  poet 
that  ever  lived  in  any  nation,  and  it  must 
be  confessed  that  he  retrieved  comedy  out 
of  chaos,  as  Corneilie  had  tragedy.  He 
married  the  daughter  of  his  fellow-come- 
dian, La  Bejart,  who  was  suspected  of  be- 
ing his  own  child,  and  with  her  be  led  a 
very  unhappy  life,  ever  haunted  by  jealousy, 
and  too  sensible  of  the  fair  one's  frailties. 
To  his  own  experience  some  attribute  the 
great  success  with  which  he  paints  the 
broils  of  domestic  life,  and  the  varying  pas- 
sions which  agitate  the  jealous  breast.  Mo- 
liere's  widow  married  afterwards  a  come- 
dian namea  Guerin,  and  died  1728,  aged 
92.  The  plays  of  Moliere  have  frequently 
been  printed,  the  best  edition  is  that  of  Pa- 
ris, 1772,  in  6  vols.  8vo.  They  have  ap- 
peared also  in  an  English  dress,  and  several 
of  them  have  been  introduced  on  our  stage. 

MoLiEREs,  Joseph  Privat  de,  a  French 
philosopher  of  noble  birth.  He  was  born 
at  Tarascon,  and  was  educated  at  the  ora- 
tory, after  which  he  went  to  Paris.  As  the 
friend  of  Malebranche,  and  a  man  of  great 
abilities,  he  was  admitted  into  the  academy 
of  sciences,  and  in  1723,  made  philosophi- 
cal professor  of  the  Royal  college.  He 
wrote  Mathematical  Lessons  to  understand 
Philosophy,  l2mo. — Lessons  of  Philosophy, 
or  Elements  of  Physics,  &c.  to  explain  and 
improve  the  systems  of  Des  Cartes  and  New- 
ton, 3  vols.  8vo. — Elements  of  Geometry, 
12mo.     He  died  1742,  aged  65. 

Molina,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Cuenza, 
New  Castile,  of  noble  birth.  He  studied 
at  Coimbra,  and  was  admitted  among  the 
Jesuits,  and  for  twenty  years  was  professor 


MOL 


ilOL 


of  divinity  at  Ebora,  He  died  at  Madrid, 
IGOO,  aged  65.  He  wrote  besides  Commen- 
taries on  the  Summaof  A(niinas— a  treatise 
de  Justitia  &  Jure — de  Concordia  Gratia; 
&  Libcri  Arbitrii,  4to.  a  work  in  which  the 
author  is  accused  by  the  Dominicans  of  re- 
viving Pelagiaiiism.  A  Spanish  author  of 
that  name,  wrote  a  valuable  work  on  the 
hereditary  property  of  the  Spanish  nobles. 
MoLiNiEUs,  Carolus,  or  Charles  du  Mou- 
lin, a  French  lawyer,  born  at  Paris,  1500. 
An  impediment  in  his  speech  prevented  his 
displaying  his  abilities  at  the  bar  ;  but  he 
wrote  on  jurisprudence  with  such  success 
that  he  was  called  the  Papinian  of  France. 
In  1552,  in  consequence  of  the  persecution 
of  the  protestants  he  removed  to  Basil  and 
other  places,  and  on  his  return  to  Paris  was 
confined  in  the  Conciergerie  for  some  se- 
vere reflections  on  the  council  of  Trent, 
but  was  restored  to  liberty  by  the  interces- 
sion of  the  queen  of  Navarre.  In  his  old 
age  he  conformed  to  the  Roman  catholic 
tenets,  and  died  1566.  His  works  were 
published  1681,  in  5  vols,  folio.  It  is  said 
that  he  was  allied  to  Elizabeth  queen  of 
England. 

MoliNjEus,  or  DU  Moulin,  Peter,  apro- 
testant  minister,  of  the  same  family  as  the 
preceding,  born  at  Bcchny  in  the  Vexin, 
1568.    He  studied  at  Sedan,  and  afterwards 
at  Christ  college,  Cambrid^^e,  and  obtained 
the  professorship  of  philosophy  at  Leyden, 
where  he  had  among  his  pupils  the  celebra- 
ted Grotius.  In  15S9  he  became  minister  of 
Charenton,  and  chaplain  to  Catherine   of 
Bourbon,  the  sister  of  Henry  IV.  whom 
he  preserved  in  the  protestant  faith,  against 
all  the  machinations  of  the  catholics.     In 
1615  he  was  invited  to  England  by  James 
I.  who  greatly  honoured  hirp,  and  gave  him 
a  prebend  of  Canterbury.    He  was  after- 
wards deputed  by  the  GaUican  church  to 
the  synod  of  Dort,  where  the  affairs  of  the 
reformed  churches  were  to  be  discussed, 
but  was  prevented  by  intrigues  and  mena- 
ces.    He  was  offered  in  1618,  the  divinity 
chair  of  Leyden,  but  declined  it,  though  he 
afterwards  settled  at  Sedan,  as  theological 
professor,  and  minister  of  the  church.    He 
died  thei'e  10th  March  1658,  aged  90.     He 
wrote  among  other  things,  a  treatise  on  the 
Keys  of  the  Church  ;   the   History  of  the 
Monks ;     a     Defence    of    the   Reformed 
Churches ;  the  Anatomy  of  Arminianism, 
folio ;  Novitas  Papismi. 

MoLiNET,  John,  librarian  to  Margaret  of 
Austria,  and  canon  of  Valenciennes,  died 
1607.  He  wrote  several  things,  the  best 
known  of  which  are,  les  Dits  et  Faits  de 
Molinet,  8vo. ;  a  Paraphrase  of  the  Ro- 
mance of  the  Rose.  His  poems  were  re- 
printed, Paris,  1723. 

Molinet,  Claude  du,  canon  of  St.  Ge- 
nevieve, was  born  at  Chalons  1620,  and 
died  1687.     He  published  the  Epistles  of 


Stephen,  bishop  of  Tournay  ;  a  Latin  His- 
tory of  the  popt  a  from  Medals,  folio  ;  Re- 
flections on  the  Origin  and  Antiquity  of 
the  Canons  ;  on  the  Mitre  o(  the  Ancients  ; 
the  cabinet  of  St.  Genevieve,  &.c. 

Molinetti,  Anthony,  a  nativ»r  of  Ve- 
nice, who  practised  mfMliciuc  at  Padua 
with  great  reputation.  He  wrote  a  Latin 
treatise  on  the  Organs  of  Sense,  Padua, 
16G9,  4to.  &.C.  and  died  at  Venice  1675. 

MoLfNiER,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of 
Aries,  distinguished  as  a  preacher  at  Tou- 
louse, Aix,  Lyons,  Orleans,  and  Pari?.  He 
was  author  of  some  valuable  sermons,  14 
vols.  12mo.  ;  Penitential  Prayers,  &c.  He 
died  at  Paris,  15th  March  1745,  aged  70. 

MoLLiNOS,  Michael,  a  Spanish  ecclesias- 
tic, born  at  Sarago«;sa  1627.  He  was  the 
cause  of  great  controversies  in  the  church 
by  his  **  Spiritu  Alguide,"  first  published  in 
Spanish,  and  alterwards  in  other  languages. 
He  inculcated  in  this  famous  work  that 
man  must  annihilate  himself  in  order  to  be 
united  to  the  deity  ;  and  this  passive  doc- 
trine, called  quietism,  had  many  abettors, 
and  among  them  Fenelon,  and  Madame 
Guyon.  The  author  of  it,  however,  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  inquisition,  and  was  forced 
to  abjure  his  errors,  and  sentenced  to  perpe- 
tual imprisonment  in  which  he  died,   1696. 

Moll,  Herman,  an  English  geographer, 
who  died  1732.  His  maps  were  once  in 
high  esteem. 

MoLLER,  Henry,  a  protestant  Hebrew 
professor  at  Wittemberg,  and  author  of 
Commentaries  on  the  Psalms,  and  Isaiah^ 
some  Latin  poems,  &c.  He  was  born  at 
Hamburgh  and  died  there  1589,  aged  59. 

MoLLER,  Daniel  William,  a  celebrated 
traveller,  professor  of  metaphysics  and  his- 
tory, and  librarian  in  Altorf  university,  was 
born  at  Presburg,  and  died  at  Altorf,  1712, 
aged  70.  He  wrote  Opuscula  Ethica,  &c. 
12mo.  ;  Opuscula  Medico-historico-philolo- 
gica,  12mo. ;  Men  aPoetica  ;  IndiculusPhi- 
lologorum  ex  Germania  oriundorum,  4to.  ; 
Meditatio  de  Insectis  ex  Acre  delapsi?, 
12mo.  &c. 

MoLLER,  John,  an  able  writer,  born  at 
Fleinsbourg  in  Sleswick  dutchy,  died  1725, 
aged  64.  His  son  has  published  his  life 
at  Sleswick,  1734.  He  wrote  a  Latin  His- 
tory of  the  Dutchies  of  Holstein  and  Sles- 
wick, 8vo.  ;  Ciiiibria  Literata,  3  vols.  fol. ; 
de  Cornutis  &  Hermaphroditis,  4to. ;  Isa- 
goge  ad  Historiam  Cbersonesi  Cimbri- 
cae,  &c. 

MoLLOT,  Charles,  an  English  dramatic 
writer,  born  at  Dublin,  and  educated  at  the 
college  there,  of  which  he  became  fellow. 
He  entered  ?t  the  Middle  Temple,  London, 
and  was  engaged  as  the  conductor  of  the 
periodical  paper  *'  Fog's  Journal,"  and  af- 
terwards of  "  Common  Sense."  Ho  mar- 
ried a  lady  of  fortune,  and  died  16th  July, 
1767.     He  wrote  the  Perplexed  Couple — 

335 


MOL 


MON 


the  Coquet — Half-pay  officer,  three  co- 
medies. 

MoLO,  a  rhetorician  celebrated  for  his 
learning,  and  for  the  number  of  his  pupils, 
among  whom  was  Cicero.  He  chiefly  resi- 
ded at  Rhodes. 

MoLSA,  Francis  Maria,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Modena.  He  possessed  very  great 
talents,  but  unfortunately  his  manners  and 
conduct  were  licentious,  and  stopped  the 
way  of  his  preferment.  He  died  of  a  foul 
disease  contracted  by  his  intemperate 
pleasures,  1544.  His  poems,  both  Latin 
and  Italian,  possess  merit,  and  are  to  be 
found  tije  first  in  the  Deliciae  Poetarum  Ita- 
lorum,  and  the  latter  in  2  vols.  8vo.  1750. 

MoLSA,  Tarquina,  granddaughter  of  the 
preceding,  was  deservedly  celebrated  for 
her  learning,  her  wit,  her  beauty,  and  her 
virtues.  She  was  highly  esteemed  at  the 
court  of  Alphonsus,  duke  of  Ferrara,  and 
honoured  with  the  appellation  of  singular, 
by  the  Roman  senators,  who  bestowed  on 
her  and  her  family  the  rights  of  a  citizen, 
Dec.  8th,  1600.  Besides  some  elegant  trans- 
lations from  Greek  and  Latin  authors,  she 
wrote  some  original  pieces,  and  was  equally 
admired  for  her  superior  knowledge  of  mu- 
sic. She  was  married,  but  had  no  children, 
and  losing  her  husband,  she  refused,  though 
young,  again  to  marry. 

MoLYNEUx,  William,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, born  17th  April,  1656,  at  Dublin, 
and  educated  at  Trinity  college  there.  He 
came  to  London,  1675,  and  entered  at  the 
Middle  Temple,  and  after  three  years'  resi- 
dence there,  he  returned  to  Ireland.  The 
bent  of  his  genius  led  him  to  mathematics 
and  Astronomy.  He  was  the  correspon- 
dent of  Flamstead,  and  other  learned  men  ; 
and  to  his  exertions  Ireland  v,'as  indebted 
for  the  establishment  of  her  philosophical 
society,  of  which  he  became  the  first  secre- 
tary, and  sir  William  Petty  the  president, 
1683.  In  1685,  he  was  elected  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  London,  and  then  tra- 
velled to  Flanders  to  improve  himself  in  the 
knowledge  of  engineering,  as  he  was  sur- 
veyor of  the  works,  and  chief  engineer  of 
Ireland.  In  1689  he  fled  from  the  political 
and  religious  disturbances  which  agitated 
Ireland,  and  settled  at  Chester,  where  he 
devoted  himself  to  literature  and  science. 
He  returned  to  Dublin  in  1692,  and  was 
chosen  member  for  the  city  ;  and  in  1695, 
for  the  university.  In  1698  he  came  to 
England  to  pay  a  visit  to  the  great  John 
Locke  ;  but  on  his  return  to  Ireland  he  was 
attacked  by  a  severe  fit  of  the  stone,  and 
during  his  agony  broke  a  blood-vessel,  of 
which  he  died  I'lth  Oct.  1698.  He  wrote 
besides  some  papers  in  the  philosophical 
transactions,  a  treatise  on  Dioptrics,  pub- 
lished at  Chester,  1692 ;  Sciothericum 
Telescopicum,  or  a  description  of  the  tele- 
scope dial  he  had  invented  j  the  Case  of 
336 


Ireland  stated  as  being  not  bound  by  acts  of 
parliament  in  England,  &c.  Some  of  his 
letters  to  Locke  were  also  published. 

MoLYNEux,  Samuel,  the  only  son  of  the 
above  by  Lucy,  daughter  of  sir  William 
Domville,  was  born  at  Chester,  July,  1689, 
and  lost  his  mother  a  few  days  after.  His 
education  was  conducted  after  his  father's 
death  by  his  uncle  Dr.  Molyneux  the  phy- 
sician, and  he  afterwards  became  secretary 
to  George  II.  when  prince  of  Wales.  He 
devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the  sciences 
and  to  astronomy,  and  brought  to  greater 
perfection  the  method  of  making  tele- 
scopes, one  of  which  he  presented  to  John 
V.  king  of  Portugal.  Wlien  appointed  one 
of  the  commissioners  of  the  admiralty, 
public  affairs  superseded  private  studies, 
and  he  gave  his  papers  to  Dr.  Smith,  astro- 
nomy professor  at  Cambridge,  by  whom 
they  were  published  in  his  *'  Complete 
Treatise  of  Optics." 

MoLTNEUx,  sir  William,  a  gallant  sol- 
dier in  the  service  of  Henry  VIII.  at  the 
battle  of  Flodden-field.  On  his  death-bed 
he  gave  this  advice  to  his  son  "  let  the  un- 
derwood grow,  the  tenants  are  the  support 
of  a  family,  and  the  commonality  are  the 
strength  of  a  kingdom.  Improve  this 
fairly,  but  force  not  violently  either  your 
bounds  or  rents  above  your  forefathers." 

MoMBRiTius,  Monimus,  a  writer  of  Mi- 
lan, author  of  some  verses,  and  of  a  scarce, 
but  curious  work  called  the  Lives  of  the 
Saints,  printed  1479. 

MoNALDESCHi,  Lcwis,  a  native  of  Ovi- 
etta,  who  settled  at  Rome,  where  he  died 
1380,  aged  54.  He  wrote  Roman  Annals 
from  1228  to  1340,  in  Italian. 

MoNALDESCHi,  Johu,  the  equerry  of 
Christina  queen  of  Sweden,  was  cruelly 
put  to  death  at  Fontainbleau,  lOth  Oct. 
1657,  for  writing  an  account  of  the  in- 
trigues and  licentiousness  of  his  mistress. 
The  step  was  rash  and  vindictive,  and 
Christina  was  justly  blamed,  and  felt  the 
displeasure  of  government  for  such  violence 
in  a  country  where  she  was  but  a  guest. 

MoNAMT,  Peter,  a  painter  of  sea  pieces, 
born  at  Jersey.  He  learnt  first  of  a  sign 
painter  on  London  bridge.  He  died  at 
Westminster  1749.  One  of  his  pieces, 
finished  1726,  is  preserved  in  Painter's 
hall. 

MoNANTHEUiL,  Henry  de,  professor  of 
mathematics,  and  dean  of  physic  in  the 
university  of  Paris,  1577,  translated  Aris- 
totle's Mechanics,  with  a  Commentary. 

MoNARDES,  Nicholas,  a  physician  of 
Seville,  whose  works  were  greatly  esteem- 
ed, especially  his  Treatise  on  the  Virtues 
of  the  American  Drugs,  which  have  been 
translated  into  English,  Latin,  and  Italian, 
He  died  1578. 

MoNBRON,  N.  Fougeret  dc,  a  native  of 
Peronne,  known  for  his  virulence  as  an  auv 


MON 


\iUN 


thor.  He  travestied  the  Henriadc  of  \  ul- 
taire,  and  wrote  besides,  the  Cosmopolite 
— Preservation  against  Anglomania— and 
some  indelicate  romances.  He  died  little 
respected,  1760. 

Monceaux,  Francis  de,  ambassador 
from  Alexander  Farnese,  to  Henry  IV.  was 
born  at  Arras.  He  is  author  of  Bucolica 
Sacra,  8vo.  15S9;  Aaron  Purgatus,  sive 
de  Aureo  Vitulo,  8vo.  ;  Tcmplum  Justitiaj, 
a  poem  ;  Lucubrationcs  in  Cantica  Cantic. ; 
and  the  History  of  the  Divine  Apparitions 
to  Moses. 

MoNCKTON,  Robert,  governor  of  New- 
York,  was  appointed  in  1761,  and  took  on 
him  the  administration  in  June,  176-2.  He 
had  previously  been  lieutenant  governor 
of  Nova  Scotia,  appointed  in  1755,  and 
had  the  same  year  the  command  of  the  ex- 
pedition against  the  French  settlements 
and  forts  south  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  In 
1758  he  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  royal 
American  regiment,  and  was  a  brigadier 
general  in  the  expedition  against  Quebec, 
under  general  Wolfe.  In  1702  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  successful  expedition  against 
the  French  West  India  Islands,  and  com- 
manded the  land  forces  on  that  occasion. 
He  remained  governor  of  New-York  but 
one  year,  and  was  succeeded  by  Sir  Henry 
Moore.  In  1765  he  was  appointed  gover- 
nor of  Herbert  castle.  He  died  governor 
of  Portsmouth,  May  ^Sd,  1782.  He  was 
the  son  of  John,  lord  viscount  Monckton, 
of  Ireland,  by  a  daughter  of  the  duke  of 
Newcastle.  IC?'  L. 

MoN'coNYS,  Balthasar  de,  a  native  of  Ly- 
ons, who  travelled  into  the  East,  and  pub- 
lished in  3  vols.  4to.  an  account  of  his  ad- 
ventures.    He  died  at  Lyons,  1665. 

MoNCRiF,  Francis  Augustin  Paradis  de, 
member  of  the  French  academy,  was  born 
at  Paris,  and  died  1770,  aged  83.  He  wrote 
an  Essay  on  the  Means  of  Pleasing  ;  the 
Friendly  Rivals,  a  Romance  ;  the  Abder- 
ites,  a  comedy,  besides  poems  and  smaller 
pieces,  collected,  4  vols.  12mo. 

MoNDONviLLE,  John  Joseph  Cassanca 
de,  a  musician  of  eminence,  born  at  Nar- 
bonne.  Besides  sonatas,  symphonies,  ope- 
ras, he  composed  Magnus  Dominus,  the 
Jubilate,  Domiims  Regnavit,  and  other  re- 
ligious pieces,  and  died  at  Belleville,  near 
Paris,  1772,  aged  57.  He  was  an  excellent 
and  judicious  player  on  the  violin. 

MoNGAULT,  Nicolas  Hubert,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born  at  Paris  1674.  He  stu- 
died under  the  fat'aers  of  the  oratory,  and 
at  Mans,  and  boldly  opposed  the  philosophy 
of  Aristotle  by  that  of  Des  Cartes.  In  1710, 
he  was  appointed  by  Orleans,  regent  of  the 
kingdom,  to  be  preceptor  to  his  son,  the 
duke  de  Chartres,  and  in  consequence  of 
his  faithful  services  he  received  tbc  abbej' 
of  Chartreuve,  1714,  and  that  of  Ville- 
neuve,  I7l9.     He  publrsh'^d  u  valuable  edi- 

Voi.  IL  4"^ 


tion  of  Cicero's  Letters  to  Atlicus,  6  vols. 
r2mo.  and  translated  Ht;rodian,  and  wrote 
two  learned  dissertations  in  the  memoirs 
of  the  academy  of  inscriptions.  He  wa^ 
member  of  this  society,  and  alio  of  the 
French  Academy,  and  died  15lh  Aug.  1746, 
aged  72. 

MoNiN',  John  Edward  du,  a  native  of 
Gy,  in  Burgundy,  author  of  some  el»;gant 
poems,  in  French  and  Latin,  flourished  un- 
der Henry  III.  of  France.  He  was  assas- 
sinated 1586,  aged  29. 

MoNis,  Judah,  a  Jew  of  Italy,  who  cume, 
to  America,  and  was  appointed,  in  172f-», 
the  fjrst  teacher  of  Hel)rew  in  Harvard 
college.  Two  years  after  he  embraced 
Christianity,  and  was  baptized.  After  sus- 
taining his  office  nearly  forty  years,  he  re» 
signed,  in  1761,  and  died  three  years  after, 
in  his  eighty-secomi  year.  He  published 
in  1735,  a  Hebrew  Grammar.         ll.i'L. 

Monk,  George,  duke  of  Albemarle,  cele- 
brated for  restoring  Charles  II.  to  his 
throne,  was  born  of  an  ancient  family  at 
Potteridgc,  Devonshire,  6th  Dec.  1608.  As 
he  was  a  younger  son,  he  devoted  himself 
to  the  profession  of  arms,  and  accompanied 
as  a  volunteer,  sir  Richard  Grenville  in  hi* 
Spanish  expedition,  and  the  following  year, 
1626,  he  was  made  ensign  in  the  expedi- 
tion against  the  isle  of  Illic.  After  some 
campaigns  in  Flanders,  and  great  expe- 
rience, he  returned  to  England  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  wars,  and  he  ob- 
tained the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel  in  the 
king's  expedition  against  the  Scotch.  In  the 
Irish  I'ebeliion  his  services  were  so  merito- 
rious, that  he  was  made  governor  of  Dub- 
lin by  the  lords  justices  ;  but  afterwards 
giving  otTence  for  making  peace  with  the 
rebels,  he  fell  under  tem})orary  disgrace, 
and  then  was  appointed  major-general,  and 
intrusted  with  a  command  at  the  siege  ol" 
Nantwich.  Here  he  was  surprised  by  Fair- 
fax, and  sent  a  prisoner  to  Hull ;  but  in 
1646,  he  subscribed  to  the  covenant,  and 
was  employed  by  the  republicans  in  the 
Irish  station.  Though  thus  a  friend  to  the 
parliament,  it  is  to  be  observed  that  the 
king's  power  was  now  abolished,  and  that 
in  serving  his  former  enemies  he  had  no 
other  source  of  promotion  or  maintenance. 
He  had,  in  1648,  the  chief  command  of  the 
army  in  the  North  of  Ireland  ;  but  his 
treaty  with  the  Irish  rebel  O'Neal,  gave 
great  oftencc  to  the  parliament,  yet  Crom- 
well, who  knew  his  abilities,  reconciled  him 
to  his  situation,  and  left  him  at  the  head  of 
the  army  in  Scotland,  after  the  second 
Charles's  invasion.  In  1653,  he  was  uni- 
ted with  Blake  and  Dean  in  the  command 
of  the  sea  forces,  and  by  courage  and  good 
conduct  he  obtained  a  victory  over  the 
Dutch  fleet.  Though  suspected  by  Crom- 
well, he  ivas  invested  still  with  the  chief 
commaml  of  the  North,  ftn<l  for  five  year* 


MUN 


UOh 


recommended  liimself  to  the  love  of  his  ar- 
my and  the  affection  of  the  people  by  his 
affability,  and  conciliating  manners.     His 
popularity  indeed  gave   uneasiness  to   the 
jealous  protector,  who  is  said  in  one  of  his 
letters  to  him  to  have  added  this  postscript, 
"  there  be  that  tell  me  that  there  is  a  cer- 
tain  cunning    fellow  in    Scotland,    called 
George   Monk,  who  is  said  to  lie  in  wait 
there  to  introduce  Charles  Stuart ;   I  pray 
you  use  your  diligence  to  apprehend  him, 
and  send  him  up  to  me."     Monk,  however, 
knew  how  to  dissemble,  and  when  Charles 
wrote  to  him,  he  sent  the  letter  to  the  pro- 
tector, and  evinced  his  devotion  to  his  ser- 
vice by  promoting  addresses  from  the  army 
to  him.     After  Cromwell's  death  he  con- 
gratulated his  successor ;  but  when  Richard 
dropped   the  reins  from  his  hand.  Monk 
conducted  himself  with    deep    and   artful 
caution,  and  while  he  listened  to  some  who 
■wished  him  to  seize  upon  the  government, 
lie  seemed  to  pay  little  attention  to  those 
who  recommended  the  establishment  of  a 
republic,  or  to  those  who  sighed  for  the 
restoration  of  royalty.     Apparently  unde- 
cided he  marched  towards  London,  and  be- 
ing secure  of  the  affection  of  his  soldiers, 
afid  sensible  of  the  general  wishes  of  the 
nation,  he  called  a  free  parliament,  and  en- 
sured  the  restoration   of  the  exiled   mo- 
narch,  with   whom  he  had   long   secretly 
corresponded.     Replaced  on  the  throne  of 
bis   ancestors  without  bloodshed,  Charles 
showed  his  gmtitude  to  the  illustrious  cha- 
racter who  had  so   prudently  effected   it. 
Monk  was  loaded  with  pensions  and  ho- 
nours ;  he   became   knight  of  the  garter, 
privy  counsellor,  master  of  the  horse,  first 
lord  of  the  treasury,  and  was  created  baron 
Monk,  earl  of  Torrington,  and  duke  of  Al- 
Ijemarle,  with  a  grant  of  7€00/.  to  him  and 
liis  posterity.     His  elevation  gave  pleasure 
to  the  whole  nation,  and  the  commons  in 
full  body  attended   the   new  peer  to  the 
Tiouse  of  lords,  where  his  modesty  and  un- 
affected behaviour  were  the  admiration  of 
all.     Deservedly  popular.  Monk  was  con- 
sulted and  employed  in  every  affair  of  im- 
f»ortance.     He  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  admiralty,  and  afterwards  with  prince 
Rupert  contributed  much  to  the  defeat  of 
the  Dutch  fleet.     During  the  plague,  the 
liing,  who  retired  to  Oxford,  intrusted  him 
■with  the  care   of  London,  and  when  the 
city  was  burnt  in  his  absence  in  1666,  the 
people,   fond  of  their  favourite  hero,   ex- 
claimed, that  if  he   had  been   there,   the 
dreadful  calamity  would  have  been  avoided. 
This  great  man  was  attacked  by  a  dropsy 
which  proved  fatal,  3d  Jan.  1669-70,  in  his 
€2d  year,  and  his  remains  were  honoured 
by  the  most  magnificent  pomp,  and  after 
lying  in  state  at  Somerset  house,  were  de- 
posited in  the  royal  vault  of  the  chapel  of 
Heru-y  VIL  in  Westmirrsster.     Monk,  who 
33B 


displayed  s6  much  moderation,  and  refused 
to  step  to  a  throne,  which  was  within  his 
reach,  was  fully  entitled  to  all  the  honours 
paid  to  him.  In  his  private  character  he 
was  amiable,  and  he  possessed  also  some 
learning,  as  is  proved  by  his  book,  "  Obser- 
vations on  Military  and  Political  Affairs," 
&c.  published  after  his  death,  in  fol.  1671, 
and  a  collection  of  letters  which  appeared 
in  1715.  He  married  the  daughter  of  a 
blacksmith  who  had  been  a  milliner  and  his 
mistress,  but  who  ensured  his  affection  and 
his  gratitude  by  her  attendance  upon  him 
when  confined  by  the  parliament  in  the 
tower.  She  was  a  woman  of  great  intrigue, 
and  of  so  violent  a  temper  that  the  general, 
who  never  dreaded  a  cannon  shot,  trem- 
bled at  the  sound  of  her  voice.  He  had 
by  her  a  son,  Christopher,  duke  of  Albe- 
marle, who  died  governor  of  Jamaica,  1668, 
when  the  family  became  extinct. 

Monk,  Nicholas,  brother  to  the  great 
Monk,  was  educated  at  Wadham  college, 
and  made  rector  of  Kilkhampton,  Corn- 
wall. As  he  assisted  his  brother  in  the 
restoration  of  the  king,  his  services  were 
rewarded  by  Charles  with  the  provostship 
of  Eton,  and  the  bishopric  of  Hereford. 
He  died  1661. 

Monk,  the  Hon.  Mrs.  daughter  of  lord 
Molesworth,  and  wife  of  George  Monk, 
■  was  well  acquainted  with  the  Latin,  Spa- 
nish, and  Italian  languages,  and  wrote  po- 
etry with  elegance  and  spirit.  She  died 
about  1715,  and  her  poems,  under  the  title 
of  "  Miranda,  Poems  and  Translations  on 
several  occasions,"  8vo.  appeared  1716,  de- 
dicated by  her  father  to  queen  Caroline. 

INIoNMOUTH,  James,  duke  of,  natural  son 
of  Charles  H.  was  born  at  Rotterdam,  1649, 
and  educated  among  the  Roman  catholics. 
On  his  restoration  Charles  showed  him  va- 
rious marks  of  kindness,  and  created  him 
earl  of  Orkney,  knight  of  the  garter,  and 
afterwards  duke  of  Monmouth.  He  had 
the  care  of  an  expedition  in  Scotland,  and 
afterwards  served  in  an  English  regiment 
in  France,  and  obtained  the  rank  of  gene- 
ral. In  1679,  he  defeated  some  of  the 
Scotch  rebels  ;  but  afterwards  forgetting 
his  duty,  he  entered  into  a  conspiracy  to 
dethrone  his  father.  This  ingratitude  was 
forgiven  by  Charles,  but  Monmoulh  still 
intent  on  schemes  of  ambition,  retired  into 
Holland,  and  as  soon  as  he  heard  that 
James  II.  had  ascended  the  throne,  he  de- 
termined to  invade  the  kingdom,  and  he 
landed  in  Dorsetshire.  He  had  the  rash- 
ness with  few  followers  to  attack  the  king's 
forces,  and  he  was  defeated  at  Sedgmoor, 
in  Somersetshire,  and  taken  afterwards  In 
disguise  in  a  field,  with  some  peas  in  his 
pocket  for  his  sustenance.  He  made  the 
most  humiliating  petitions  to  James  ;  but 
his  death  Avas  determined  upon,  and  he 
cam'*",  out  of  the  tower  to  ascerrd  the   «-'rar- 


MON 


"MON 


^Ul.  He  Avavs  beheaded  25th  July,  16Sj, 
juni  in  his  lust  moments  showed  resigna- 
tion and  fortitude. 

MoNMKR,  Peter  le,  professor  of  philoso- 
|)hy  in  l!ie  llareourt  college,  at  Paris,  was 
iiuthor  of  Cursus  Philosophious,  6  vols, 
limo.  and  died  at  Paris,  1757,  aged  82. 
His  son  Charles  was  also  a  man  of  science. 
He  was  professor  of  philosophy  in  the 
royal  college,  member  of  the  academy  of 
sciences,  and  was  one  of  those  sent  by 
the  government  in  1736,  to  measure  a  de- 
gree of  the  meridian  near  the  pole.  He 
died  1799. 

MoNNOTE,  Bernard  de  la,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born  at  Dijon,  15th  June, 
1641.  He  obtained  in  1671  the  first  prize 
of  poetry  oflered  by  the  French  academy, 
on  the  suppression  of  duelling,  and  again 
gained  the  same  honours  in  1675,  and  in 
1677.  Besides  his  poetry  in  French, 
and  also  in  Greek,  Latin,  and  Italian,  in 
all  of  which  he  evinced  the  greatest  ele- 
gance, united  with  sweetness  and  sim- 
plicity, he  wrote  various  other  prose  com- 
positions. His  Remarks  on  the  Menagiana  ; 
his  Dissertation  on  the  Book  de  Tribus 
Impostoribus  ;  his  Dissertation  on  Pompo- 
jiius  Laetus,  are  well  known,  and  to  his 
extensive  information  and  assiduity,  Bayle 
was  indebted  for  several  curious  particu- 
lars in  his  dictionary.  He  left  in  MS. 
some  dissertations,  epigrams,  a  collection 
of  letters,  and  other  things.  His  poems 
were  edited  at  the  Hague  by  Sallingre,  with 
an  eulogium.  He  died  at  Paris,  15th  Oct. 
1728,  aged  87. 

MoNNOTER,  John  Baptist,  a  painter, 
born  at  Lisle,  and  educated  at  Antwerp. 
He  was  admitted  into  the  academy  at  Pa- 
ris with  great  applause,  and  afterwards 
came  to  England,  where  he  was  much  flat- 
tered and  approved.  Several  of  his  pieces 
are  preserved  in  the  collections  of  lord 
Carlisle,  the  duke  of  St.  Albans,  and  others. 
He  died  in  Pall-Mall,  1669. 

MoxRo,  Alexander,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, born  in  Scotland,  1697.  He  studied 
at  Paris  and  Leyden,  and  was  the  intimate 
friend  of  Boerhaave.  In  1719  he  returned 
to  Edinburgh,  and  began  those  lectures  in 
anatomy  and  on  chirurgical  subjects, 
which  have  rendered  his  fame  so  celebrated 
as  a  man  of  science,  and  a  skilful  inquirer 
after  truth.  He  died  1767.  His  works 
are  Osteology  ;  Anatomy  of  the  Nerves  ; 
Medical  Essays  and  Observations  ;  Success 
of  Inoculation  in  Scotland,  most  of  which 
have  been  republished  in  one  vol.  4to. 
1781,  by  his  son,  who  was  also  successor 
in  the  professorial  chair. 

Monro,  John,  an  able  physician,  of 
Scotch  extraction.  He  was  born  16th 
Nov.  1715,  at  Greenwich,  in  Kent,  and 
educated  at  Merchant-tailors'  and  St. 
.Wm's  roUege,  0\forcU  of  wWchhe  beoamc 


feUow.  He  was,  by  ilip  int(  rest  which  hit 
father  possessed  with  sir  Robert  Wulpole, 
elected  in  17  43,  to  oucjni'  Dr.  Uadrlifle's 
travelling  fellowship,  and  in  r  oiiscquenco 
of  the  appointment  went  Hbroiul,  and 
studied  under  the  famous  Hocrhaavc  at 
Leyden.  After  visiting  France,  (itrmany, 
and  Holland,  he  returned  to  England,  and 
in  1751,  was  elected  joint  physician  with 
his  father,  to  Bridewell  and  B<thl»-m  hos- 
pitals. In  this  oflice  he  devoted  the  whole 
of  his  attention  to  cases  of  insanity,  and  in 
1758,  he  published  Remarks  on  Dr.  liatlie's 
Treatise  on  Madness,  in  which,  in  bold  and 
elegant  language  he  retorted  the  censures 
thrown  on  lijs  predecessors  by  his  adversa- 
ry, and  at  the  same  time  paid  an  honourable 
and  well-merited  compliment  to  the  memo- 
ry of  his  father.  He  had  by  his  wife  six 
children.  The  death  of  his  eldest  son,  and 
soon  after  of  bis  daughter  Charlotte,  had 
a  powerful  influence  on  his  spirits,  and 
brought  on  a  paralytic  stroke  in  Jan.  1783, 
in  consequence  of  which  he  gradually  with- 
drew himself  from  the  labours  of  public 
business,  and  retired  to  the  village  of  Had- 
ley,  near  Barnct,  where  he  died  27th  Dec. 
1791,  aged  77.  Though  he  published  only 
the  work  already  mentioned,  be  possessed 
very  extensive  informatioiv,  and  great 
abilities,  and  from  his  knowledge  of  the 
early  history  of  engraving,  Mr.  Strutt  de- 
rived much  assistance  in  his  history  ef 
engravers. 

Monro,  Alexander,  D.D.  a  learned 
divine,  born  in  Rosshire,  1648,  and  educa- 
ted at  King's  college,  Aberdeen,  where  he 
became  professor  of  philosophy.  In  1686 
he  was  made  principal  of  the  university  of 
Edinburgh,  but  unwilling  to  comply  with 
the  revolution,  he  was  expelled,  and  be- 
came an  episcopal  preacher.  He  wrote  an 
Inquiry  into  the  New  Opinions,  in  which 
he  attacked  the  Presbyterians  with  such 
severity  that  he  was  obliged  to  fly  from 
their  resentment.  He  returned  after- 
wards to  Edinburgh,  where  he  died  1713, 
aged  65. 

MoNSEY,  Messenger,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian of  extensive  practice,  and  in  his  cha- 
racter very  singular  and  eccentric.  He 
was  for  many  years  physician  at  Chelsea 
hospital,  and  died  1788,  aged  96,  ordering, 
as  he  disapproved  of  interment  in  churches, 
that  his  body  should  be  anatomized,  and 
the  skeleton  hung  up  in  Chelsea  hospital, 
for  the  benefit  of  the  students. 

MoNSiGNORi,  Francis,  a  native  of  Vero- 
na, eminent  as  a  portrait  and  historical 
painter.  He  was  the  disciple  of  Andrew 
Mantagna,  and  died  1519,  aged  64. 

MoNSON,  Sir  William,  a  brave  admiral, 
born  at  South  Carlton,  Lincolnshire,  1569. 
He  was  for  two  years  at  Baliol  college,  Ox- 
ford ;  but  the  love  of  adventure,  and  the 
participtitjon  of  <^angcr  were  more  conge^ 


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nial  to  his  feelings,  and  therefore  unknown 
to  his  friends  he  enlisted  for  a  common  sol- 
dier.    He  was  afterwards  in  the  sea  ser- 
vice, and  engaged  in  the  expedition  of  the 
duke  of  Cumberland  against  the  Azores, 
and  at  the  taking  of  Fayal.     His  bravery 
and  undaunted  spirit  in  the  various  expe- 
ditions in  which  he  was  employed  strongly 
recommended  him  to  the  notice  and  favour 
of  queen    Elizabeth,    by    whom   he   was 
knighted.    Under  James  I.  he  was  appoint- 
ed admiral  of  the  narrow  seas,  and  distin- 
guished himself  against  the  Dutch  and  the 
French.     His  services,  however,  were  dis- 
regarded, and  through  the  jealousy  of  the 
courtiers  he  was  in  1616  imprisoned  in  the 
tower,  but  soon  after  discharged.     He  was 
consulted  afterwards   by  the  ministry  on 
jiaval  subjects,  and  he  opposed  as  impracti- 
cable and  improper  the  expeditions  against 
Algiers,  1617,  and  against  Cadiz,  1625,  and 
Rh6,  in  162S.    In  1635  he  was  successfully 
employed  against  the  French  and  the  Dutch, 
and  then  retired  to  privacy.     He  died  at 
his  seat,  Kinnersley,   in  Surrey,  February, 
1642-3,   aged  73.  '  He  published  "Naval 
Tracts,"   a  valuable  performance,  printed 
1682,  folio. 

Mont,  Deodate  de,  a  native  of  St.  Fron, 
celebrated  as  a  painter.     He  travelled  into 
Italy  with  his  master  Rubens,  and  acqui- 
red eminence  by  copying  the  beauties  of 
this  great  painter.    He  died  1634,  aged  53. 
Montague,    Richard,    an  English  pre- 
late, born  1577,  at  Dorney,  Buckingham- 
shire, where  his  father  was  minister.    From 
Eton  he  went  to  King's  college,  Cambridge. 
of  w  hich  he  became  fellow,  and  afterwards 
he  was  made  chaplain  to  James  i.  and  in 
1616  installed  dean  of  Hereford.     He  pos- 
sessed other  ecclesiastical  preferment  be- 
sides, and  in  1621  he  distinguished  himself 
by  his  Diatribe  on  the  first  part  of  Selden's 
History  of  Tithes,  which  so  pleased  the 
king  that  he  engaged  him  to  write  his  Ana- 
lecta   Eccleiastic.    Exercitationum,  which 
appeared  1622.    In  1624  he  attacked  some 
popish  and  Jesuit  missionaries  who  attempt- 
ed to  gain  over  his  flock  at  Stanford  Rivers, 
Essex,  and  in  consequence  of  the  contro- 
versy which  took  place  his  enemies  select- 
ed some  passages  from  his  writings,  which 
they  threatened  they  would  submit  to  the 
parliament   as   heretical,  and    inclined  to 
popery  and  Arminianism.     With  the  king's 
approbation  he  withstood  their  attacks,  and 
published  his  Appello  Caesarem,  1625,  which 
as  being  more  objectionable,  brought  him 
before    the    first    house    of    commons  of 
Charles  I.  where  he  was  censured  by  the 
speaker,  and  obliged  to  give  a  security  of 
2000/.  for  his  appearance.     Though  prose- 
cuted by  the  commons,  he,  however,  found 
a  patron  in  the  king,  and  he  was  in  1628, 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Chichester,  and  10 
vrars  after  translated  f»  Norwteh,  where 


he  died  1641.  He  wrote  besides  Versio  et 
Notae  in  Photii  Epistolas,  and  assisted  Sa- 
ville  in  his  edition  of  St.  Chrysostom's 
works.  He  was  an  excellent  scholar,  and 
Selden  himself,  his  great  antagonist,  owns 
him  to  have  been  a  man  well  skilled  in  an- 
cient learning. 

Montague,    Charles,    earl  of   Halifax, 
was  born   at  Horton,    Northamptonshire, 
16th  April,  1661,  and  from  Westminster 
school  he  went  in  1682  to  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge.     His  poem   on   the   death  of 
Charles  II.  in  1684,  recommended  him  to 
the  notice  of  the  earl  of  Dorset,  and  of  the 
learned  wits  of  the  time,  and  the  assistance- 
which  he  gave  to  Prior  in  the  composition  of 
the  Country  and  City  Mouse,  1687,  to  ridi- 
cule Dryden's  Hind  and  Panther,  contri- 
buted still  more  to  his  celebrity.   On  James 
I.'s   abdication  of  the  throne  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  members  of  the  conven- 
tion, and  on  William's  arrival  he  was  pre- 
sented to  him  by  lord  Dorset,  and  received 
a  pension  of  500Z.     In  1691  he  began  to 
display  his  oratorical  powers  in  the  house 
of  commons,  and  was  made  that  same  year 
one    of   the    lords    of   the    treasury,  and 
three  years   after    chancellor  of   the   ex- 
chequer.    In  1695  he  began  the  recoining 
of  the  current  money  of  the  kingdom,  and 
completed  it  through  all  difficulties  ;  and  in 
1696  he  projected  the  scheme  of  a  general 
fund,  which  has  proved  so  essential  to  mo- 
dern financiers  under  the  name  of  the  sink- 
ing fund.     In  1698  he  was  appointed  first 
commissioner   of    the  treasury,    the  next 
year  auditor  of  the  exchequer,  and  in  1700 
raised  to  the  peerage  by  the  title  of  baron 
Halifax.     Though  attacked  by    the  com- 
mons in  1701,  as  guilty  of  high  crimes  and 
misdemeanors,    the    accusation    was   dis- 
proved, and  he  gained  in  a  stronger  degree 
the  confidence  and  protection  of  the  mo- 
narch.    His  zeal  in  the  cause  of  the  Hano- 
verian succession  procured  him  the  favour 
of  George  I.  on  whose  accession  he  was 
created  earl  of  Halifax,  and  made  knight  of 
the  garter,   and  first  lord  of  the  treasury. 
He  did  not  long  enjoy  his  honours,  as  he 
died  suddenly,  after  an  illness  of  four  days, 
May  19,  1715.    Halifax  owed  his  elevation 
and  his  honours  to  his  merits.     As  a  man 
of  learning  he  was  highly  respectable,  and 
the  patronage  which  he  extended  to  Addi- . 
son,  to  Steele,  Pope,  Swift,  and  the  other 
wits  of  the  age,  will  extend  his  fame  to  the 
latest  posterity.     His  poems,  speeches,  &c. 
and  memoirs  of  his  life  have  been  collected 
among  the  works  of  English  poets. 

Montague,  Edward,  earl  of  Sandwich, 
an  illustrious  character,  who,  though  he 
fought  against  Charles  I.  and  advised  Crom- 
well to  assume  the  crown,  was  zealous  for 
the  restoration  of  the  royal  family.  Distin- 
guished as  a  general  and  as  a  statesman,  he 
was  cgually  so  as  an  admiral,  aad  in  thf- 


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Dutch  war,  which  Charles  II.  undertook 
by  his  advice,  he  behaved  with  astonish- 
ing valour  in  the  battle  of  Southwold 
bay.  After  extricating  his  fleet,  how- 
ever, from  the  most  imminent  danger,  his 
ships  caught  fire  from  one  of  the  fire-ships 
of  the  enemy,  and  in  the  general  confusion 
he  leaped  overboard,  and  was  drowned, 
1672.  He  had  been  created  an  carl  by 
Charles  II.  He  was  distinguished  also  as 
a  writer,  and  gave  to  th(;  world  Letters  to 
Secretary  Thurloe — Letters  during  his  Em- 
bassy in  Spain — the  Art  of  Metals,  &c. 
translated  from  the  Spanish,  a  book  of  merit 
— original  letters,  &c.  2  vols.  8vo. 

Montague,  lady  Mary  VV^ortley,  eldest 
daughter  of  Evelyn  Pierrepont,  earl,  and 
afterwards  duke  of  Kingston,  was  born 
at  Thoresby,  in  Nottinghamshire,  1690. 
She  received  a  very  learned  education,  and 
was  instructed  with  her  brother  lord  New- 
ark in  the  knowledge  of  the  Greek  and 
Latin  classics.  She  married  in  1712,  Ed- 
ward Wortley  Montague,  a  gentleman  of 
great  political  knowledge  and  influence, 
find  distinguished  not  only  as  an  eloquent 
and  upright  member  of  parliament,  but  as 
the  friend  of  Addison,  and  in  1716  she 
accompanied  him  in  his  embassy  to  Con- 
stantinople. In  this  distant  i*e2;ion  she  ex- 
amined with  accuracy  the  manners  and 
habits  of  the  natives,  and  communicated 
by  letter  her  judicious  observations  to  her 
friends  in  England.  To  her  sense  and  dis- 
cernment Europe  is  indebted  for  the  happy 
introduction  of  the  smallpox  ;  but  it  is  to 
be  remarked  that  before  she  recommended 
it  she  made  the  first  experiment  upon  her 
own  son,  and  its  success  proved  the  means 
of  disseminating  the  blessings  and  the  con- 
tinuation of  life  to  thousands.  In  17 IS, 
she  returned  to  England,  and  settled  at 
Twickenham,  where  she  formed  a  strong 
intimacy  with  Pope.  This  proved,  how- 
ever, of  short  duration,  the  poet  was  iras- 
cible, and  he  soon  vented  the  severity  of  his 
satires  against  his  fair  friend,  and  when 
charged  with  the  scurrility  of  his  writings 
he  had  the  meanness  to  deny  them.  In 
1739,  .lady  Mary  went  to  settle  at  Brescia 
near  Venice  for  the  benefit  of  her  health, 
■where  she  continued  till  1761,  when  she 
returned  to  England  to  see  her  daughter 
who  had  married  lord  Bute.  She  died  the 
following  year.  The  letters  of  lady  Mon- 
tague appeared  before  the  public  in  a  sur- 
reptitious edition  in  1763,  in  4  vols.  12mo. 
under  the  care  of  the  infamous  Cleland,  and 
were  read  with  such  avidity  that  they  were 
translated  into  several  languages.  They 
have  made  their  appearance  in  a  more  cor- 
rect and  perfect  form  under  the  approbation 
of  her  grandson  lord  Bute,  in  5  vols.  8vo. 
1803.  These  letters  exhibit  her  powers 
in  a  very  pleasing  view.  The  many  ad- 
v^oturea  which  attended  her  in  her  travels 


are  presented  in  interesting  descriptiori,  anU 
prove  thut  with  a  warm  un<l  rouimiitic  ima- 
gination she  possesj^cd  great  talents,  and 
inexhaustible  powers  of  lai.^njage.  Many 
passages,  however,  it  mu-t  be  acknow- 
ledged, especially  in  her  poetry,  cannot  be 
read  without  a  blush  by  a  person  of  deli- 
cacy, and  it  is  to  be  lamented  na  much, 
that  such  ofiVrisive  pages  should  \<v  present- 
ed to  the  public  eye,  as  that  they  should 
issue  from  the  pen  of  a  lady  of  resprctable 
character,  of  elegant  taste,  and  solid  judg- 
ment. 

MoNTAGirE,  Edward  Wortley,  son  of 
the  above,  born  at  Warncliffe  lodge,  York- 
shire, was  remarkable  for  his  eccentrici- 
ties. He  ran  away  from  Westminster 
school  to  become  a  chimney-sweeper,  and 
when  restored  by  accident  to  hi*"  parents 
ho  again  left  them  to  join  himself  to  a  fisher- 
man, after  which  he  embarked  as  a  cabin 
boy  for  Spain,  and  hired  himseli  there  as  a 
servant  to  a  muleteer.  Here  again  he  was 
discovered  and  prevailed  upon  to  return  to 
his  friends,  who  placed  him  under  the  care 
of  a  tutor,  and  with  him  he  visited  the 
West  Indies,  and  other  foreign  countries. 
On  his  return  he  was  elected  member  of 
parliament,  and  conducted  himself  with  all 
the  propriety  becoming  his  birth  and  for- 
tune ;  but  soon  his  fondness  for  novelty- 
gained  its  usual  ascendency,  and  he  em- 
barked for  the  East.  At  Constantinople 
he  adopted  the  dress  and  the  manners  of 
the  Turks  ;  he  kept  a  numeious  seraglio  of 
wives,  he  sat  cross-legged,  he  wore  a  long 
beard,  and  behaved  with  all  the  pomp  of 
oriental  consequence.  In  early  life  he  had 
married  a  woman  of  mean  birth,  with 
whom,  however,  he  had  never  cohabited, 
and  hearing,  while  at  Constantinople,  of 
her  death,  he  determined,  by  a  most  ex- 
traordinary plan,  to  alienate  his  fortune 
from  his  relations,  against  whom  he  had  a 
particular  dislike.  He  caused,  therefore, 
to  be  inserted  in  the  English  newspapers, 
an  advertisement  for  a  young  woman  as  a 
wife,  who  was  already  advanced  in  her 
pregnancy,  and  a  proper  person  was  ac- 
cordingly provided  ;  btit  before  the  roman- 
tic hero  could  return  thus  to  impose  on  the 
world  his  false  heir,  death  arrested  his  pur- 
poses. He  died  in  Italy,  1776,  aged  about 
62.  He  was  author  of  an  Examination 
into  the  Causes  of  Earthquakes — and  of 
Observations  on  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  the 
Roman  En)pire — Account  of  the  Moun- 
tains of  Arabia,  which  possess  some  merit, 
besides  some  interesting  papers  inserted  in 
the  philosophical  transactions. 

Montague,  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Matthew  Robinson  of  Horton,  Kent,  was 
a  lady  of  great  accomplishments,  which 
were  much  improved  under  the  tuition  of 
Dr.  Conyers  Middleton.  About  1742,  she 
married  Edward  Montague,  of  Allertherpe, 

341 


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MON 


Yorkshire,  son  of  Charles,  the  fifth  sou  of 
the  first  earl  of  Sandwich,  and  by  him  she 
had  only  one  son  who  died  in  his  infancy. 
She  soon  became  a  widow  with  an  ample 
fortune,  and  numerous  connexions,  and  re- 
spected by  the  great,  the  learned,  and  the 
gay.  She  showed  now  greater  attachment 
to  literature  than  to  the  amusements  of  the 
fashionable  world,  and  she  formed  among 
her  friends  a  literary  club,  which  received 
the  singular  appellation  of  the  blue  stock- 
ing club,  because  one  of  the  members,  a 
gentleman,  generally  wore  stockings  of 
that  colour.  Her  abilities  and  correct  taste 
W'eie  evinced  in  her  essay  on  the  writings 
and  genius  of  Shakspeare,  1769,  a  valuable 
work  which  .acquired  deserved  celebrity. 
She  was  much  courted  by  lord  Lyttleton, 
whom  it  is  said  she  assisted  in  the  composi- 
tion of  his  dialogues  of  the  dead.  This 
very  respectable  lady  died  in  1800,  much 
lamented  by  the  tribe  of  chimney-sweepers 
in  the  metropolis,  to  whom  she  had  for 
many  years,  with  great  humanity,  and  with 
some  show  of  ostentatious  vanity,  given  a 
splendid  entertainment  yearly  on  May-day. 

Montague,  Charles  Greville,  governor 
of  South  Carolina,  arrived  in  the  province 
and  assumed  the  administration  in  1766. 
In  1773  he  was  succeeded  by  lord  Camp- 
bell, and  was  appointed  governor  of  Jamai- 
ca. He  was  the  second  son  of  the  duke 
of  Montague;  born  May  29th,  1741,  and 
died  in  January,  1784.  iCP"  L. 

Montaigne,  Michael  de,  a  celebrated 
French  writer,  born  of  an  ancient  family  at 
Perigord,  1533.  He  was  educated  under 
his  fathf.r,  and  instructed  to  speak  Latin 
first  as  his  mother  tongue,  and  afterwards 
he  studied  at  the  college  of  Guyenne.  He 
was  intended  for  the  law,  but  disregarding 
the  drudgeries  of  the  profession,  he  travel- 
led for  the  improvement  of  his  understand- 
ing by  observations  on  men  and  manners. 
While  at  Rome  he  was  honoured  with  the 
title  and  privileges  of  citizen,  and  in  1581, 
he  was  chosen  in  his  absence  mayor  of 
Bourdeaux  in  the  room  of  marshal  Biron. 
He  was  at  the  meeting  of  the  states  of 
Blois,  1588,  where  his  conduct  merited  the 
approbation  of  his  countrymen,  and  the  no- 
tice of  Charles  IX.  who  there  invested  him 
Avith  the  order  of  St.  Michael.  He  died 
1592,  at  his  seat  of  Montaigne  near  Bour- 
deaux, where  he  had  retired  to  the  enjoy- 
ment of  learned  ease,  and  philosophical 
society,  and  his  last  moments  evinced  the 
character  of  a  good  and  faithful  catholic. 
His  essays  have  been  repeatedly  published. 
The  best  edition  is  that  of  Peter  Coste, 
with  notes,  1725,  or  1739,  3  vols.  4to. 
They  are  amusing,  and  convey  much  in- 
struction to  the  heart,  though  it  must  be 
observed  that  often  they  abound  with 
skepticism   and    obscurity.      Cardinal   du 

Pf'iTon  called  them  thp  brpviorv  of  hoj)PM 
S4^ 


men,  and  lord  Halifax,  to  whom  they  vfere 
dedicated  by  Charles  Cotton,  the  transla- 
tor, declares  them  to  be  the  book  in  the 
world  with  which  he  was  best  entertained. 
His  travels  were  printed,  3  vols.12mo.l772. 

MoNTALBANi,  Ovid,  profcssor  of  me- 
dicine and  astronomy  at  Bologna,  died 
1672,  aged  70.  He  was  author  of  Index 
Plantarum,  4to.  ;  Bibliotheca  Botanica, 
4to.  ;  Arboretum  Libri  duo,  folio  ;  Episto- 
la  de  Rebus  in  Bononiensi  Tractu  Indige- 
nis,  &c. 

MoNTALEMBERT,  Mark  Ren6,  a  French 
general,  born  at  Angouleme,  of  a  respect- 
able family.  He  served  with  great  credit 
in  the  French,  Russian,  and  Swedish  ar- 
mies, and  distinguished  himself  as  a  man 
of  learning,  and  as  member  of  the  academy 
of  sciences.  He  was  author  of  Perpendi- 
cular Fortification,  or  the  Defensive  supe- 
rior to  the  Ofiensive  Art,  by  a  new  method 
of  employing  Artillery,  11  vols.  4to.  1776  j 
Correspondence  with  Generals,  &c.  3 
vols. ;  comedies  and  poems.  He  divorced 
his  wife  in  1794,  at  the  age  of  SO,  and  took 
another,  by  whom  he  had  a  daughter.  He 
died  1799,  aged  85. 

MoNTAMT,  Didier  Francis  d'Arclais, 
lord  de,  a  native  of  Montamy  in  Normandy, 
knight  of  the  order  of  St.  Lazarus,  ^m- 
ployed  in  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Or- 
leans. Besides  a  treatise  on  Colours  for 
Painting  on  Enamel  and  Porcelaine,  12mo. 
— he  translated  from  the  German  of  Pott, 
Lithogeognosie,  2  vols.  12mo.  and  died 
1765. 

MoNTANTTs,  founder  of  a  new  heresy  in 
the  second  century,  was  born  at  Or,  near 
Ardabus,  in  Phrygia.  He  pretended  to  be 
immediately  inspired  with  the  Holy  Ghost, 
and  was  assisted  in  his  prophetic  labours 
by  two  rich  women,  Priscilla  and  Maximil- 
la,  who  where  likewise  inspired,  but  whose 
gold,  says  Jerome,  succeeded  better  to  gain 
converts  than  their  working  of  miracles. 
He  denied  the  Trinity,  and  included  all 
the  three  persons  into  one  indivisible  ;  he 
regarded  second  marriages  as  fornication, 
and  established  his  authority  among  his  de- 
luded followers  by  declaring  himself  sent, 
like  Moses  and  Jesus,  to  propagate  new 
doctrines,  and  to  lead  the  world  to  salva- 
tion. The  impostor  for  a  while  prevailed, 
and  even  Tertullian  himself  was  for  a  time 
supporter  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Monta- 
nists.  It  is  said  that  at  last  Montanus 
hanged  himself,  and  his  coadjutress,  Maxi- 
milla,  followed  his  example. 

Montanus,  Benedict  Arias,  a  learned 
Spaniard,  born  at  Frexenal  de  la  Sierra, 
near  Badaios,  1528.  After  acquiring  a 
perfect  knowledge  of  ancient  and  eastern 
languages,  he  travelled  through  France, 
Germany,  England,  and  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, to  learn  the  living  tongues,  and  at  his 
rcfjirn  to  Spairu  was  so  ndmired,  that  Phi; 


lip  II.  employed  his  abilities  in  lh»^  piililica-  kircs,  be  wlMlitd  to  lead  liitii  to  the  paths  ol 
tion  of  a  new  I'olyj^lott  Bible,  after  the  duty  and  honour.  To  inspire  him  with  a 
Complutensian  edition.  This  he  completed  due  sense  of  the  attentions  which  sovereigns 
\vith  great  labour  and  success,  and  it  was  owe  to  the  meanest  of  their  subjects,  he 
printed  at  Antwerp,  1571.  Th(;  work  was  one  day  took  th(!  prince  to  a  cottage,  where 
attacked  by  various  critics,  but  the  Spanish  he  addressed  him  in  these  words  ;  "  behold, 
king  was  sensible  of  the  merits  of  the  au-  lodged  in  this  wretched  habitation,  the  fa- 
ther, and  otlered  him  a  bishopric,  which  ther,  the  mother,  and  the  whole  family, 
he  refused,  preferring  the  peace  of  solitude  who  labour  incessantly  to  provide  gold, 
and  retirement  to  dignities.  He  died  at  that  your  palaces  may  be  adorned,  and  who 
Seville  about  1600.  He  wrote  besides,  almost  perish  with  hunger,  that  your  table 
critical  tracts,  and  commentaries  on  the  may  be  spread  with  the  most  exquisite 
Scriptures.  dainties."     When   hia   attendance  on   the 

MoNTANUs,  John   Baptist,   an   eminent  prince  was  completed,  he  told  him,  "  if  you 

physician,  born  at  Verona,  1488.     He  stu-  are  a  man  of  probity  and  honour,  vom  will 

died  the  law  at  Padua ;  but   though    it  of-  love  me,  but  if  you  are  not,  you  will  hate 

fended  his  father,  he  preferred   physic,  in  me,  and  I  shall  comfort  myself  through  the 

which    he   soon   acquired    reputation   and  disappointment."     This  virtuous  character 

opulence.     He  retired  to  Padua,  where  he  died    17th  May,   1690,  aged  80.     By   his 

obtained   a  professor's  chair,  and    though  wife,  Julia  Lucy  d'Angennus,  of  the  house 

solicited  by  the  emperor,  by  the  king   of  of  Rambouillet,  a  woman  of  great  merit 

France,  and  by   the    duke  of  Ttiscany,  he  and  virtue,  who  died  1671,  aged  64,  he  had 

refused   to  quit  this  peaceful  abode.     He  only  one  daughter,  who  married  the  duke 

died  1551.     He  wrote   Medicina  Universa  of  Usee. 

— Opuscula  Varia  Medica — de  Gradibus  et  Montbeillard,  Philibert  Gueneau  de, 

Facultatibus  Medicamentorum — Lectiones  an   eminent   naturalist,   born  at    Namur, 

inGalenumet  Avicennam.  1720.      He   assisted   Bufibn  in   his  great 

MoNTARANi,  Geminiano,  a  natire  of  work,  and  wrote  the  History  of  Birds,  and 
Modena,  mathematical  professor  at  Bolog-  began  that  of  insects,  but  died  before  its 
na,  author  of  a  Dissertation  on  Comets —  completion,  1785.  He  was  author  of  Col- 
on the  Fixed  Stars — on  Astronomical  Ob-  lection  Academique,  containing  interesting 
servations,  &c.  died  at  the  end  of  the  17th  extracts  from  the  various  learned  societies 
century.  of  Europe. 

MoNTARRAGO,  or  Mascarenhas,  Frerc  Montcalm,  Lewis  Joseph  de  St.  Verau, 
de,  a  learned  Portuguese,  born  at  Lisbon  marquis  de,  a  native  of  Candiac,  descended 
1670.  He  wrote  a  Natural,  Astrological,  from  a  noble  family.  He  was  brought  up 
and  Political  History  of  the  World — an  to  the  military  service,  and  in  various  en- 
Account  of  Oudenarde  and  Peterwaradin  gagements  distinguished  himself  by  his  va- 
— Narrative  of  the  Death  of  Lewis  XIV.  lour,  particularly  at  the  battle  of  Placenza, 
and  other  works,  and  died  1730.  in  1746.     He  rose  by  degrees  to  the  rank 

MoNTAULT,   Philip  de,  duke   of  Noail-  of  field  marshal,  and  in  1756  he  was  select- 

les,  renounced  the  protestant  faith   by  the  ed  to  preside  over  the  province  of  Canada, 

persuasion  of  Richelieu,  and  rose  to  high  In  this  distant   province  he  ably  opposed 

rank  in  the  army.     He  was  in  1669  sent  to  the  English  general,   lord  Loudun,  and  de- 

the  relief  of  Candia,  but  failed  in  his  at-  feated   his  successor    Abercrombie  ;     but 

tempt,   though    he    retired   covered    with  the   attack   of  Wolfe  proved  fatal.      The 

glory.     He  died  at  Paris,  much  respected,  English   general,   determined  on  the  con- 

6th  Feb.  1684,  aged  65.     His  Memoirs  ap-  quest  of  Quebec,  fell  in  the  attempt,   and 

peared  in  1701,  but  are  little  interesting.  died    in  the  arms  of  victory;   and  Mont- 

MoNTAUSiER,   Charles  de  Sante  Maure,  calm,  who  had  opposed  most  valiantly  this 

duke  de,  peer  of  France,  knight  of  the  vari-  illustrious  chief,  also  shared  his  late,  1759. 

ous  orders  of  the  monarchy,  and  governor  Montchrestien    de    Vateville,    An- 

of  ttie  uauphin,  was  born  of  an  ancient  fa-  thony,  a  Freiich  poet,  known  for   his  con- 

mily  of  Touraine.     During  the  civil  wars  tentious  disposition,  and  his  various  adven- 

of  the  Fronde,  he  maintained  order  in  his  tures.     He  was  for  some  time  in  England, 

governments  of  Saintonge  and  Angoumois,  in  consequence  of  his  being  accused  of  mur- 

and   when   appointed   over  Normandy,  he  der  ,  but  as  the  accusation  seemed  false,  he 

no  sooner  heard  that  the  plague  infested  was  permitted  to  return  home.     He  wa.-^ 

the  country,   than  he  hastened  to  the  relief  afterwards  suspected   of  coining,   and  at 

of  the  people.     His   family  expostulated,  last,  engaged   in  the  civil  wars  which  dis- 

but  he  replied,  that  governors  were  obliged  tracted  France,  he  was  killed  near  Falaise, 

to  reside  as  well  as  bishops,  and  if  not  on  by  a  party  of  his  enemies,  who  attempted 

all  occasions,  yet  in  the  time  of  public  cala-  to  arrest  him,  after  a  most  dttermiaed  de- 

mity.     In  his  conduct  towards  the  dauphin,  fence.     The  tribunal  of  Domfront  ordered 

he  behaved  like  a  man  of  probity,  virtue,  that  his  body  should  be  torn  to  pieces  and 

ami  iiitegrity,  ajid  without  flfitteriirg  his  burnt,  which  ^vas  done,  21st  Oct.  1621. 

:i4:? 


MON 


MON 


He  wrote  some  tragedies — besides  a  pasto- 
ral— Susan,  a  poem,  &c. 

MoNTECucuLi,  Count  Sebastian,  an  Ita- 
lian, made  cup-bearer  to  the  son  of  Francis 
I.  of  France,  whom  he  is  said  to  have  poi- 
soned at  Valence.  When  accused  of  this 
horrid  crime,  and  tortured,  1536,  he  con- 
fessed thai  he  had  done  it  at  the  instiga- 
tion of  the  partisans  of  Charles  V.  but  the 
bloody  deed  originated  in  the  criminal 
breast  of  Catherine  do  Medicis,  the  wife  oL 
Henry  II.  who  was  brother  to  the  murder- 
ed prince. 

MoNTECucCLLi,  Raynard  de,  an  able  ge- 
neral, born  at  Modena,  1608.  His  uncle 
Ernest  made  him  pass  through  all  the  gra- 
dations of  military  life,  and  enlisted  him 
first  as  a  common  soldier.  He  first  distin- 
guished himself  against  the  Swiss,  10,000 
of  whom  he  defeated  with  2000  men, 
though  he  was  afterwards  taken  prisoner 
by  general  Bannier.  Restored  to  liberty, 
after  two  years  of  confinement,  he  gained 
fresh  laurels  against  the  Swedes,  and  at 
the  peace  of  Westphalia,  began  to  travel. 
In  1657  the  emperor  sent  him  as  field  mar- 
shal to  the  assistance  of  John  Casimir, 
king  of  Poland,  against  the  Swedes  and 
the  Turks,  and  in  this  campaign  he  gained 
several  victories.  In  1G73  he  was  employ- 
ed against  Turenne,  who  fell  in  the  battle, 
and  afterwards  against  Conde,  and  m  this 
arduous  contest  maintained  unsullied  the 
glory  which  he  had  acquired.  He  died  at 
Lintz  1680.  His  Memoirs  were  published 
at  Strasburg,  1735. 

Monte  Mayer,  George  de,  a  Castilian 
poet,  in  the  reign  of  Philip  II.  of  Spain. 
His  poems,  called  Cancionero,  appeared,  2 
vols.  12mo.  1554.  He  wrote  also,  Diana, 
a  novel,  and  died  1560. 

Montenault,  Charles  Philip,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Paris.  His  History  of  the 
Kings  of  the  two  Sicilies,  of  the  House  of 
France,  in  4  vols.  12mo.  has  been  much 
admired.  He  wrote  also  in  the  Journal 
de  Verdun,  and  translated  into  prose  Quil- 
let's poem,  called  Callipaedia.  He  died  1749. 
Montespan,  Athenais  Mortimar,  ma- 
dame  de,  was  wife  of  marquis  de  Monte- 
span, and  is  known  as  the  mistress  of  Lewis 
XIV,  Her  husband  ventured  indignantly 
to  resist  the  intrigue,  but  banishment  from 
the  capital,  and  the  fear  of  despotic  power, 
soon  reconciled  him  to  his  disgrace,  and 
100,000  crowns  purchased  his  wife,  his  si- 
lence, and  his  virtue.  From  1669  to  1675, 
this  guilty  woman  exercised  uncontrolled 
authority,  by  her  wit  and  by  her  beauty, 
over  the  captivated  monarch,  and  the  peo- 
ple of  France  ;  till  satiety,  and  the  love  of 
madame  de  Maintenon,  alienated  the  king's 
regard.  She,  however,  for  some  time  con- 
tinued at  court,  treated  with  respect,  but 
robbed  of  her  personal  influence,  and  she 
divided  her  time,  which  passed  on  heavily 
344 


upon  her  mind,  in  acts  of  devotiou,  ana 
in  the  drawing  up  memoirs  of  whatever 
passed  at  court.  She  had,  by  the  king,  a  son, 
created  duke  de  Maine,  and  two  daughters, 
one  married  to  the  grandson  of  the  great 
Conde,  and  the  other  to  the  duke  de  Char- 
tres.  The  last  years  of  her  life  were  spent 
away  from  the  court,  on  a  pension  of  1000 
louis  d'or  a  month.  She  died  at  Bourbon, 
1717.  She  was  rather  ashamed  of  her  faults, 
says  her  biographer,  than  penitent  for  them  ; 
hali  of  her  life  was  spent  in  grandeur,  and 
the  rest  in  contempt.  Her  reign  was  so 
intolerable  and  fatal,  that  the  French  re- 
garded it  as  a  judgment  from  heaven. 

Montesquieu,     Charles   de    Secondat, 
baron   of  Brede,  a  celebrated   writer,  of 
a  noble  family,  was  born  at  Brede,  near 
Bourdeaux,  18th  Jan.  1689.     He   devoted 
himself  to  literature  from  his  earliest  years, 
and  first  displayed  the  strong  powers  of  his 
mind  in  the  publication  of  his  Persian  Let- 
ters, 1721,  in  which  he  ridiculed  the  follies 
and  the  vices  of  the  French   nation   with 
spirit  and  success.     In  1722  he  made  some 
eloquent    and    convincing    remonstrances 
against  a  tax  which  was  going  to  be  imposed 
upon  the  people,  and  his  appeal  proved  so 
effectual  that  the  tax  was  suppressed.     He 
was,   in    1728,   admitted  member  of    the 
French  academy,   after  the  opposition  of 
cardinal  Fleury,  who  was  displeased  with 
the  language  of  his  Persian  Letters,  against 
religion  and  government,  had  been  removed 
by    the   influence    of   marshal    d'Estrees. 
Deeply  engaged  in  the  completion  of  his 
great  work,  the  Spirit  of  Laws,   he  visited 
various  countries  for  information,  and  after 
passing  through  Germany,  Hungary,  Italy, 
Switzerland,  and  Holland,  he  fixed  his  re- 
sidence for  two  years  in  England.     In  this 
country  he  was  honoured  with  the  attention 
not  only  of  the  learned,  but  of  the  great, 
and  of  the  queen  herself ;   and  he  wiselj^ 
observed,  that   England  was  the  country 
where  to  think,  and  France  where  to  live. 
On  his  return  home,  he  finished  his  work, 
on  the  cause  of  the  Grandeur  and  Decline 
of  the  Romans,  and  in  1748  appeared  his 
Spirit  of  Laws,   2  vols.  4to.     This  work, 
which  better  deserves  the  name  of  the  Spi- 
rit of  Nations,  acknowledges  three  sorts  of 
government,  the  republican,  the  monarchi- 
cal, and   the   despotic  ;  and  in  examining 
these  divisions,  the  author  displays  asto- 
nishing depth  of  thought,  vigour  of  imagi- 
nation, and  solidity  of  judgment,  and   de- 
serves the  honourable  appellation  of  the 
Legislator  of  the  Human  Race.     He  did 
not,  however,   escape  the  censure  of  the 
malevolent ;  and  while  foreign  nations  ad- 
mired this  very  philosophical  performance, 
some  of  the  French  critics  pretended  to  dis- 
cover strong  blemishes  in  the  composition. 
He  succeeded  his  uncle  as  president  of  tj»e 
p^rliamcatt  of  Bonnl^ajix.  and  withi  ajl  fh** 


MO.V 


\10\ 


vcsignalion  of  a  tnie  Christian,  died  at 
Paris,  10th  Feb.  1755,  aged  (j(i,  universally 
lamented  by  the  court,  us  well  as  by  the 
people.  His  Letters  were  published  in  1767, 
12mo.  but  his  works  have  appeared  toge- 
ther in  3  vols.  4to.  His  son  died  1796. 
Vid.  Skcomdat. 

Montezuma,  emperor  of  Mexico,  dis- 
played great  firmness  and  powers  of  mind 
in  opposing  the  Spaniards,  whom  an  igno- 
rant people  regarded  as  more  than  mortals. 
He  was  at  last  seized  by  Cortes,  in  a  pre- 
tended sedition,  and  ignominiously  loaded 
with  chains,  and  obliged  to  acknowledge 
himself  the  vassal  of  Spain.  The  Mexicans 
resented  the  indignities  offered  to  their 
king,  and  Cortes,  apprehensive  of  a  fatal 
insurrection,  made  his  royal  prisoner  ap- 
pear before  his  irritated  subjects  on  the  top 
of  a  house,  and  arrayed  in  his  robes,  at- 
tempt to  repress  their  violence.  His  sight 
for  a  moment  checked  the  popular  fury  ; 
but  the  monarch,  wounded  by  two  arrows, 
and  by  the  blow  of  a  stone,  fell  to  the 
ground,  and  soon  after,  refusing  all  aliment, 
and  rejecting  every  invitation  of  becoming 
a  Christian  convert,  expired,  to  the  great 
regret  of  the  Spaniards,  and  of  his  subjects, 
1520.  He  left  two  sons  and  three  daugh- 
ters, who  became  Christians.  The  eldest 
son  was  enriched,  and  made  by  Charles  V. 
a  count  of  Spain,  where  his  posterity  still 
live  in  splendour.     He  died  1608. 

MoNTFAUcoN,  Bernard  de,  a  learned 
Benedictine  of  the  congregation  of  St. 
Maur,  was  born  17th  Jan.  1655,  at  Roque- 
taillade,  in  the  diocess  of  Alet.  He  first  be- 
came a  soldier,  but  the  death  of  his  parents 
affected  him  so  powerfully,  that  he  renoun- 
ced the  world,  and  commenced  Benedictine 
monk,  1675.  He  now  devoted  himself  to 
literature  with  astonishing  labour,  and  in 
1698  travelled  to  Italy  to  consult  libraries 
and  learned  men.  He  was  received  with 
respect  wherever  he  went,  and  treated  with 
kindness  by  the  Roman  cardinals,  and  by 
Innocent  XII.  In  1701  he  returned  to 
Paris,  and  published  an  account  of  his  jour- 
ney, called  Diarium  Italicum,  4to.  The 
rest  of  his  life  was  dedicated  to  literature, 
for  which  he  was  so  well  qualified  by  his 
extensive  erudition,  and  his  great  know- 
ledge of  history  and  antiquity.  He  died  at 
the  abbey  of  St.  Germain,  21st  Dec.  1741, 
aged  87.  His  works  are,  Gra;ca  Analecta, 
4to. — St.  Athanasius's  works,  Greek  and 
Latin,  with  notes,  3  vols.  fol. — a  Collection 
of  Ancient  Greek  Fathers,  2  vols,  folio — 
Palaeographia  Graeca,  folio — Remains  of 
Origen's  Hcxapla,  2  vols  foiio — Chrysos- 
tom's  works,  Greek  and  Latin,  with  Notes, 
13  vols,  folio — Monumensdela  Monarchic 
Fran(^aise,  5  vols,  folio — Bibliotheca  Bibli- 
othecarum,  &c.  2  vols,  folio — Dissertation 
on  Judith — and  Antiquity  Explained,  a 
most  valuable   work  in  French  and  Latin, 

Vol..  IL  41 


iUustratcd  with  figures  cngra\rd  on  cop- 
per, 10  vols,  folio,  with  a  Hiip^lcmcnt  of  5 
vols.  more. 

MoNTKLKiTRT,  Zachary  Jacob,  a  native 
of  Anjou,  who  was  pnge  to  the  duke  of 
Guise.  He  afterward.i,  umltr  the  nanu:  of 
Montflcury,  joined  a  strolling  company  in 
Burgundy,  and  was  one  of  the  first  player* 
engaged  in  the  Cid.  He  also  wrote  the 
death  of  Asdrubal,  a  tragedy,  and  became 
the  instructor  of  Baron,  who  outshone  liim 
as  a  theatrical  hero.  He  died  Dec.  H]C,7. 
His  sou  Anthony  Jacob,  was  born  at  Paris, 
and  left  the  profession  of  the  law,  against 
his  father's  inclination,  for  the  stage.  He 
wrote  several  comedies,  which  possc-i 
little  merit,  and  which  have  l)cen  collected 
in  4  vols.  12mo.  1775.  He  died  1685, 
aged  45. 

MoNTFORT,  Simon  count  dc,  a  great 
French  general,  whose  cruelty,  however,  in 
his  crusades  against  the  Albigenses,  1209, 
deeply  tarnished  liis  character.  In  ISII, 
he  defeated  Peter,  king  of  Arragon,  and 
was  killed  in  1218,  at  the  siege  of  Toulousr, 
by  a  woman  who  threw  a  stone  upon  hiii 
head  from  the  ramparts.  His  younger  bro- 
ther was  the  earl  of  Leicester,  so  celebra- 
ted in  English  history. 

MoNTGAiLLARD,  Bernard  de,  a  mendi- 
cant friar,  born  1553.  He  was  called  the 
petit  fueillant  of  the  league,  and  acquired 
so  much  celebrity  as  a  preacher,  that  the 
scripture  expression  of  "happy  is  the  womli 
that  bare  thee,"  was  applied  to  him.  He 
prostituted  his  powerful  eloquence  to  the 
meanest  and  most  bloody  purposes  of  the 
league,  and  even  excited  de  Rougcmont  to 
become  the  assassin  of  Henry  IV.  He 
was  abbe  of  Orval,  a  rich  appointment,  and 
died  of  a  dropsy,  1623. 

MoNTGEROv,  Lewis  Bassille  Carre  de,  a 
Parisian,  who  pretended  to  be  converted 
from  infidelity  to  Christianity,  at  the  tomb 
of  the  deacon  Paris,  an  account  of  which 
he  presented  to  the  king.  He  ^.as  sent  to 
the  Bastile  for  the  wildness  of  his  con- 
duct, and  the  fanaticism  of  his  writing-*, 
and  died  in  the  citadel  of  Valence,  1754, 
aged  67. 

MoNTGOLFiER,  James  Stephen,  a  native 
of  Annonai  in  France,  eminent  as  an  inge- 
nious paper  manufacturer,  and  a>  the  first 
who  made  vellum  paper,  so  much  admired 
for  its  beauty  and  smoothness.  A  higher 
degree  of  celebrity  still  awaited  him  :  in 
1783,  as  he  was  boiling  water  in  a  coffee- 
pot, the  top  of  which  was  covered  with  pa- 
per, folded  in  a  spherical  form,  he  observed 
that  the  paper  gradually  swelled,  and  rose 
up  in  the  air,  and  from  this  simple  incident, 
reflection  and  experiment  proved  to  him 
that  a  light  machine,  filled  with  gas,  not  mo 
heavy  as  atmospheric  air,  might  lloat  in  the 
upper  regions.  The  experiment  was  exhi- 
bited to  the  eves  of  astonished  Europe,  and 

34", 


MON 


MON 


hy  this  extraordinary  invention,  the  bold 
aeronaut  presumed  to  commit  himself  to 
the  air,  and  claim  as  his  own  the  regions 
which  seemed  assigned  only  to  the  feather- 
ed race.  For  this  singular  service  to  sci- 
ence, Montgolfier  was  made  member  of  the 
academy  of  sciences,  created  knight  of  the 
order  of  St.  Michael,  and  rewarded  with  a 
j»ension  from  the  king  of  2000  livres.  He 
died  in  the  autumn  of  1799.  His  elegy  was 
pronounced  by  Boissy  d'Anglas,  at  Paris, 
and  by  Duret,  at  Annonai. 

MoNTGOMERiE,  John,  govcmor  of  New- 
York,  was  a  native  of  Ayrshire,  Scotland. 
He  was  bred  a  soldier,  and  was  at  one  pe- 
riod aid  tp  George  II.  He  was  a  court  fa- 
vourite, groom  of  the  bed-chamber,  and 
master  of  the  mint.  For  several  years  he 
•was  a  member  of  parliament  for  Ayrshire. 
In  1727  he  was  appointed  governor  of  New- 
York  and  New-Jersey,  in  the  place  of  Bur^ 
net,  and  continued  in  the  office  from  the 
time  of  his  arrival  in  April,  1728,  to  his  death 
at  New- York,  July  1st,  1731.    |CP  L- 

Montgomery,  Gabriel  de,  count  of,  a 
French  nobleman  of  Scotch  origin.  In  a 
lournament  given  by  Henry  II.  of  France, 
in  honour  of  his  daughter  Elizabeth's  mar- 
riage with  the  king  of  Spain,  the  young 
knight  unwillingly  entered  the  lists  against 
the  monarch,  and  had  the  misfortune  to 
wound  him  so  severely  in  the  eye,  that  he 
died  eleven  days  after.  After  this  melan- 
choly event,  Montgomery  retired  to  his  es- 
tate in  Normandy,  and  then  travelled  into 
Italy,  till  the  civil  wars  recalled  him  home 
to  support  the  cause  of  the  protestants,  and 
to  defend  Rouen.  When  at  last  the  city 
surrendered  after  a  brave  defence,  he  es- 
caped to  Havre,  and  in  15C9  he  flew  to  the 
assistance  of  Bearne,  v.hich  was  attacked 
by  the  catholic  army  under  Terrides.  Here 
lie  was  victorious,  and  pursued  his  flying 
enemy,  whom  he  besieged  in  Orthcz,  a 
place  which  he  took  by  assault.  This  gal- 
lant chief  was  at  Paris  during  the  general 
massacre,  and  he  escaped  by  the  swiftness 
of  his  horse.  From  France  he  passed  to 
.Jersey  with  his  family,  and  then  took  re- 
fuge in  England,  from  which  he  sailed  the 
following  year  to  the  relief  of  Rochelle,  but 
without  success.  In  1573  he  again  went  to 
France,  and  joined  at  St.  Lo,  the  pro- 
tcstant  nobles  of  Normandy.  Here  he  was 
suddenly  besieged  by  Matignon,  the  com- 
mander of  Normandy,  but  he  escaped  to 
Pomfront,  where  he  was  quickly  pursued 
by  his  enemy,  and  obliged  to  surrender. 
This  valiant  nobleman  was  then  conducted 
to  Paris,  and  there  beheaded,  26th  June, 
1574,  by  order  of  Catherine  de  Medicis. 

Montgomery,  Richard,  a  major-general 
in  the  army  of  the  American  revolution, 
was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  born  in  1737. 
He  possessed  a  fine  genius,  and  enjoyed 
the  advantages  of  an  excellent  educatien. 
346 


He  entered  the  British  army,  and  fought 
with  Wolfe  at  the  battle  of  Quebec,  in 
1759.  After  his  return  to  England  he  left 
his  regiment  and  came  to  the  colony  of 
New- York,  where  he  settled.  In  1775  he 
was  appointed  a  general  in  the  northern 
army,  and  on  the  indisposition  of  general 
Schuyler  received  the  chief  command,  and 
soon  reduced  fort  Chamblee,  and  took  St. 
John's  and  Montreal.  Uniting  with  colo- 
nel Arnold  at  Quebec,  they  assaulted  that 
city  on  the  31st  December,  where  he  fell  in 
the  39th  year  of  his  age.  He  was  an  ofiicer 
of  great  bravery,  judiciousness,  and  vigour. 
An  elegant  monument  was  erected  to  his 
memory  by  congress,  in  front  of  St.  Paul's 
church,  New- York.  ICP'  L* 

MoNTGON,  Charles  Alexander,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  born  at  Versailles,  1690.  He 
was  spy  to  the  duke  of  Bourbon,  near  the 
person  of  Philip  V.  of  Spain,  to  whom  he 
was  confessor  ;  and  when  slighted  by  Fleu- 
ry,  his  successor,  he  published  "  Memoirs," 
8  vols.  8vo.  in  which  he  reflected  with  great 
severity  upon  the  minister's  conduct.  He 
died  1770. 

MoNTi,  Joseph,  professor  of  botany  at 
Bologna,  was  author  of  a  Catalogue  of 
Plants,  4to. — Plantarum  Varii  Indices,  4to. 
— Exoticorum  Simplicium  Indices,  4to.  &c. 
He  died  about  1750.  His  son,  Cajetan, 
translated  into  Latin  the  Italian  History  of 
Plants  by  Zannoni,  1742,  folio. 

MoNTicKLLi,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Bo- 
logna, admired  as  a  painter.  His  flowers, 
fruits,  vases,  carpets,  &c.  were  painted  in 
a  very  pleasing  style.  He  died  1716, 
aged  75.  Another  painter  of  that  name 
was  eminent  for  his  landscapes  and  battle 
pieces. 

MoNTiGNi,  Stephen  Mignol  de,  a  native 
of  Paris,  member  of  the  academy  of  sci' 
ences,  and  eminent  as  a  mechanic.  The  me- 
moirs of  the  academy  contain  various  inge- 
nious communications  from  him  on  me- 
chanics, on  mathematics,  &c.  He  intro- 
duced into  France  the  manufacture  of  some 
stuffs  from  England,  and  he  improved  also 
the  method  of  printing  cottons,  of  making 
carpets,  and  of  dying  thread  and  stuflfs. 
He  died  6th  May,  1782,  aged  68. 

MoNTjosiEU,  Lewis  de,  author  of  "  Cal- 
lus Romae  Hospes,"  in  4to.  a  curious  book, 
which  treated  of  the  sculpture  and  paintings 
of  the  ancients,  reprinted  with  Vitruvius, 
at  Amsterdam,  1649,  was  born  at  Rouergne, 
and  was  the  attendant  of  the  duke  of  Joy- 
euse,  in  his  travels  to  Rome,  1583. 

MoNTLuc,  Blaise  de,  a  brave  Frenchman, 
born  1500,  in  a  village  near  Condour,  of  a 
noble  family.  He  first  served  in  the  army 
in  Italy,  and  gradually  rose  to  the  rank  of 
marshal  of  France.  He  was  at  the  battle 
of  Pavia,  1525,  where  he  was  taken  pri- 
soner, and  afterwards  in  the  expedition  to 
Naples,  and  he   assisted  in  the  brave  dcv 


MON 


\l<t\ 


I'Suce  ol"  Marseilles  against  the  uUacLs  ol 
Charles  V.  He  next  distinguished  himself 
in  Piedmont,  and  retook  Boulogne  from  the 
English  in  1547,  and  in  1551  raised  the 
siege  of  Berne,  which  was  attacked  l)y  the 
Spaniards.  He  was  in  1554  intrusted  by 
Henry  H.  of  France,  with  the  defence  of 
Sienna  in  Tuscany,  Avhich  had  driven  out 
the  Imperial  garrison,  and  implored  the 
assistance  of  the  French  j  and  so  deter- 
mined was  his  opposition,  that  for  eight 
months  he  withstood  undaunted  the  judi- 
cious and  welUdirected  attacks  of  Marig- 
nan,  and  surrendered  at  last  on  honourable 
terms,  only  after  his  troops  had  been  obliged 
to  feed  upon  the  flesh  of  their  cats  and  dogs. 
Tuscany,  Piedmont,  and  Thionville  after- 
wards witnessed  his  valour  ;  and  during  the 
religious  wars  which  desolated  Guienne,  he 
maintained  his  usual  character ;  and  was  re- 
warded with  the  place  of  king's  lieutenant 
over  the  country,  for  the  signal  victory 
which  he  obtained  at  Ver,  in  1562,  over  the 
Calvinists.  He  was  wounded  in  the  cheeks 
at  the  siege  of  Rabastens,  and  so  disfigured, 
that  he  always  afterwards  wore  a  mask  to 
hide  his  deformity.  His  meritorious  ser- 
vices were  rewarded  with  the  rank  of  mar- 
shal in  1574.  He  died  three  years  after, 
aged  77,  at  his  seat  d'Estillac,  in  Agenois. 
He  was  author  of  a  Memoir  of  his  own 
Life,  written  when  he  was  75,  and  it  was 
published  at  Bourdeaux,  1592,  in  folio,  and 
has  often  been  reprinted.  Though  brave  in 
the  field,  and  so  successful  that  he  never 
was  defeated,  when  at  the  head  of  the 
army,  Montluc  deserves  censure  for  the 
cruelties  which  he  exercised  towards  the 
protestauts  ;  and  to  his  discredit  it  must  be 
observed,  that  he  regarded  little  his  pro- 
mises of  quarter,  or  of  safety,  when  they 
were  made  to  persons  who  differed  from 
him  in  religious  opinions* 

MoxTMAUR,  Peter  de,  Greek  professor 
in  the  royal  college  of  Paris,  was  born  in 
the  Limousin,  and  educated  among  the  Je- 
suits, whose  society  he  left  to  become  a 
druggist  at  Avignon.  He  afterwards  prac- 
tised as  an  advocate,  and  then  turned  poet, 
and  became  the  companion  of  the  great  and 
the  opulent,  whom  he  pleased  and  amused 
with  his  wit  and  jocularity,  while  he  shared 
the  profusion  of  their  tables,  to  which  he 
was  so  partial.  Though  very  satirical  in 
his  observations,  he  met  with  many  ene- 
mies, who  Avielded  his  own  weapons  against 
him  with  vigour  and  effect.  Of  those  who 
entertained  themselves  and  the  public  at 
his  expense.  Menage  was  the  keenest,  and 
the  most  able  satirist.  Montmaur,  who 
was  a  polite  scholar  in  Greek  and  Latin, 
died  1648,  aged  74.  The  satires  written 
against  him  were  published  1715,  by  Sal- 
lengre,  under  the  title  of  the  History  of 
Montmaur. 

MoNTMORENcr,  Matthcw  de,  constable 


of  France  under  Louis  the  Younj»cr,  \*a->  u( 
one  of  the  most  illu-itrious  families  of  Eu- 
rope. He  MKirri«;d  a  nutunil  daughter  of 
Henry  I.  king  of  England,  and  for  his  se- 
cond wife,  the  widow  of  Lewis  VL  of 
France.  He  died  1 IGO.  Hi^  grind:ion  of 
the  same  name,  deserved  the  title  of  (lre»t 
by  his  courage  and  prudence,  lit:  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battler  of  Pont-a- 
Bouvines  in  1214,  and  the  follcjwing  year 
he  fought  with  such  bravery  against  the 
Albigenses  in  Languedoc,  that  he  was  made 
constable  of  France,  and  general  of  the 
army.  He  behaved  with  equal  valour  at 
the  sieges  of  Niort,  Kochelle,  &c.  in  1224, 
and  against  the  English  ,•  and  when  iiltrust- 
ed  by  Lewis  VUL  on  his  death-bed,  with 
the  care  of  the  minority  of  his  infant  son, 
the  ninth  Lewis,  he  discharged  his  new  du- 
ties with  all  the  fidelity  and  zeal  of  a  good 
subject,  and  an  honourable  man,  and  pro- 
tected Blanche  the  queen  mother,  against 
the  machinations  of  some  of  the  insurgent 
nobles.  This  brave  man  died  24lh  Novem- 
ber, 1230.  His  great  grandson  of  the  same 
name  was  in  the  service  of  Philip  the  Bold, 
and  of  Philip  the  Fair,  and  was  engaged  in 
the  Flemish  wars,  and  died  1304. 

Montmorency,  Charles  de,  of  the  same 
family,  was  made  niarshal  of  France  for  his 
military  services.  He  was  at  the  battle  of 
Cressy  in  1346,  and  ably  promoted  the  treaty 
of  Bretigny,  1360.  He  died  11th  Septem- 
ber, 1331. 

Montmorency,  Anne  de,  of  the  same 
family,  displayed  the  valour  of  his  ancestors 
at  the  battle  of  Marignan,  and  in  1521, 
bravely  defended  the  town  of  Mazieres 
against  the  forces  of  Charles  V.  and  obliged 
his  general,  count  Nassau,  to  rai.^e  the  siege. 
He  was  made  marshal  of  France,  and  ac- 
companied  Francis  L  into  Italy,  where, 
against  his  advice,  the  battle  of  Pavia  was 
fought  and  lost,  1525.  He  shared  the  cap- 
tivity of  his  master  on  that  fatal  day  ;  but 
though  rewarded  for  his  services  with  the 
sword  of  constable  of  France,  he  was  after- 
wards disgraced  by  the  court.  Restored  to 
favour  under  Henry  II.  he  took  the  Boulon- 
nois  1550,  and  Metz,  Toul,  and  \  erdun 
1552;  but  the  intrigues  of  Catherine  de 
Medicis  at  last  drove  him  from  the  court. 
Under  Charles  IX.  he  was  recalled  to  heaJ 
the  armies,  and  after  a  reconciliation  with 
the  Guises,  he  defeated  the  Calvinists  at 
Dreux  in  1562  ;  but  though  victorious,  he 
was  unfortunately  taken  prisoner,  and  the 
next  year  set  at  liberty.  He  afterwarJ^^ 
retook  Havrc-de-Grace  from  the  English, 
and  he  again  defeated  the  Calvinists  under 
Conde,  at  the  battle  of  St.  Denis,  10th  No- 
vember, 1567,  but  was  himself  slaiu,  after 
performing  prodigies  of  valour,  and  receiv- 
ing eight  dreadful  wounds.  When  a  cor- 
delier exhorted  the  dying  hero  to  prepare 
for  hi"'  dissolution,  he  answered  fiercelv. 

347 


MO.N 


MON 


**  wliat,  think  you  that  after  living  nearly 
fourscore  years  in  the  field  of  honour,  I 
know  not  how  to  terminate  the  short  quar- 
ter of  an  hour  which  remains  to  me  of  life?" 
He  died,  aged  74.  His  eldest  son,  Francis, 
was  ambassador  in  England,  and  honoured 
with  the  collar  of  the  garter  by  queen  Eli- 
zabeth. He  died  of  an  apoplexy,  1579, 
aged  49,  highly  respected.  His  other  bro- 
ther, Charles,  was  general  of  Paris,  and 
gained  great  reputation  by  his  services  un- 
der the  reign  of  five  kings  of  France.  He 
died  1G12,  aged  75. 

MoNTMOREKCY,  Hcnry  de,  second  son 
of  Anne,  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle 
of  Dreux,  where  he  took  Conde  prisoner, 
and  also  at  the  battle  of  St.  Denis.  He  was 
made  governor  of  Languedoc,  and  marshal 
©f  France  ;  but  when  disgraced  by  the  arts 
of  Catherine  de  Mcdicis,  he  retired  to  Sa- 
voy, and  made  successful  war  against  his 
country.  He  was  reconciled  to  Henry  IV. 
and  obtained  the  sword  of  constable.  He 
died  1st  April,  1614.  His  son  Henry,  born 
1595,  was  made  admiral  of  France  at  the 
age  of  18,  and  be  supported  the  honours  of 
his  house  by  his  valour  and  prudence.  He 
defeated  the  Calvinists  in  Languedoc,  and 
obtained  another  victory  by  sea  near  the 
IsleofRhc,  which  submitted  to  his  arms. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  1628  against 
the  Huguenots,  and  afterwards  in  Pied- 
mont ;  but  puffed  up  with  his  conquests,  he 
determined  to  resist  the  power  of  Riche- 
lieu, and  joining  himself  to  Gaston,  the 
discontented  duke  of  Orleans,  he  took  up 
arms  against  his  sovereign  in  Languedoc, 
where  he  was  governor.  The  marshals  de 
la  Force  and  Schomberg  were  sent  to  re- 
duce them  to  obedience,  and  at  the  battle 
of  Castlenaudari,  the  rebels  were  defeated, 
and  Montmorency  taken  prisoner.  His 
former  services  pleaded  loudly  in  his  de- 
fence, and  the  voice  of  the  people  was  raised 
for  his  preservation,  but  the  court  was  in- 
exorable, and  Richelieu  put  the  law  into 
♦•xecution.  He  was  beheaded  at  Toulouse, 
r>Oth  October,  1632,  aged  37.  His  sister 
Charlotte  Margaret,  who  married  the  prince 
of  Conde,  is  famous  for  her  beauty,  which 
captivated  the  hoary  Henry  IV.  and  exposed 
him  to  the  ridicule  of  his  courtiers.  To 
avoid  the  importunities  of  this  aged  but 
powerful  lover,  her  husband  removed  her 
to  Brussels,  from  which  she  returned  to 
France  after  Henry's  death.  She  died  2d 
Dec.  1650,  aged  57,  four  years  after  the 
death  of  her  husband.  Her  son  was  the 
great  and  illustrious  Conde. 

MoNTPENSiER,  Anoc  Marie  Louisa 
d'Orleans  dutchess  de,  daughter  of  Gaston, 
duke  of  Orleans,  was  born  1627.  She  in- 
herited boldness,  intrigue,  and  impetuosity 
from  her  father,  and  during  tiie  civil  wars 
of  La  Fronde,  she  not  only  embraced  the 
party  of  the  duke  of  Cond^,  but  she  made 
34S 


her  adherents  fire  the  cannon  of  the  bastik 
on  the  troops  of  Lewis  XIV.     This  rash 
step  against  the  authority  of  her  sovereign 
and  relation,  ruined  her  hopes,  and  after  in 
vain  aspiring  to  the  hand  of  an  independent 
prince,  and  among  others  of  Charles  II.  of 
England,  she  in  1669  married  the  count  de 
Lauzun.     The  king,   however,    who   bad 
permitted  the  union,  threw  difficulties  ia 
the  way  of  the  lovers  ;  but  after  some  sacri- 
fices, and  the  cession  of  Dombes  and  of  Eu, 
of  which  she  was  the  sovereign,  this  disap- 
pointed woman  was  allowed  to  see  her  hus- 
band.    Happiness,  however,  did  not  prove 
her  poi'tion.     She  was  violent  and  jealous, 
and  her  husband  ungrateful  and  faithless  ; 
and  she  at  last  retired  from  the  dreams  of 
conjugal  felicity  to  obscurity,  and  the  aus- 
terities of  a  convent.     She  died  1693,  aged 
66-.     Her  memoirs  were  published  at  Am- 
sterdam, 8  vols.  12mo.  and  are  curious.  She 
wrote  two  romances,  and  some  books  of 
devotion.    She  was  best  known  by  the  name 
of  Mademoiselle. 

MoNTPER,  Josse,  a  painter  of  the  Fle- 
mish school,  born  about  1580.  Though  he 
affected  a  studied  negligence  in  his  charac- 
ters, and  was  too  profuse  of  yellow  colours, 
his  pieces  are  interesting,  and  appear  to 
advantage  when  viewed  at  a  distance. 

MoNTPETiT,  Arnold  Vincent,  a  native 
of  Macon.  After  studying  at  Dijon  he  left 
the  profession  of  the  law  for  painting  and 
mechanics,  and  in  1759  he  discovered  the 
eludoric  method  of  painting,  in  which  water 
colours  were  covered  with  a  coat  of  oil. 
Some  of  his  horological  machines  were 
constructed  with  great  ingenuity,  and  he 
not  only  attempted  to  improve  the  wheels 
of  watches,  but  contributed  to  the  increase 
of  the  powers  of  steam  engines.  He  in 
1779  presented  a  memoir  to  the  academy  of 
sciences,  on  iron  bridges,  and  proposed  to 
the  king  of  France  the  erection  of  one,  of 
which  the  single  arch  was  to  be  of  400  feet 
span.  This  ingenious  man  died  at  Parisj 
1800,  aged  87. 

MoNTPEZAT,  Anthony  de,  a  French- 
man, who  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle 
of  Pavia,  and  rose  to  consequence  by  the 
attention  which  he  paid  to  Francis  I.  in  his 
captivity.  The  monarch  intrusted  him  with 
aflairs  of  importance,  and  at  last  raised  him 
to  the  rank  of  marshal  of  France.  He  died 
1544. 

Montrose,  James,  marquis  of,  a  cele- 
brated hero  in  the  annals  of  Scotland,  who 
by  his  genius,  valour,  and  perseverance 
during  the  civil  wars,  reduced  the  kingdom 
to  the  king's  obedience,  but  was  compelled 
to  abandon  his  conquest  for  want  of  proper 
support.  After  the  death  of  Charles  I.  he 
served  with  honour  in  Germany,  and  on 
the  landing  of  Charles  II.  in  Scotland,  he 
sallied  forth  from  his  retreat,  and  might, 
with  a  few  followers,  again  have  aequirtd 


.\H)U 


iMOU 


llic  ascciulency,  had  Ik;  not  Lcc:i  rlcleatcd 
by  .superior  forces,  and  unfortunately  be- 
trayed into  the  hands  of  his  enemies  by  the 
treachery  of  lord  Aston.  This  bcroie  chief 
was  now  exposed  to  every  indij^nity  of  tri- 
umphant barbarism.  The  book  which  re- 
lated his  exploits  was  hung  in  derision 
around  his  neck  ;  but  he  regarded  it  us  an 
honour,  and  sufl'ered  with  the  .same  mag- 
nanimity which  marked  his  lile.  He  was 
hung  on  a  gallows,  30  feet  high,  May  'ilst, 
1650,  at  Edinburgh,  and  his  quartered  re- 
mains exposed  over  the  city  gates. 

MoNTUCLA,  Joseph  de,  a  native  of  Ly- 
ons, associate  of  the  national  institute,  and 
member  of  the  Berlin  academy.  He  studied 
at  Toulouse  and  Paris,  and  went  as  secre- 
tary and  astronomer  to  Cayenne,  with  Tar- 
get, and  was  appointed,  on  his  return,  first 
commissioner  of  buildings.  Devoting  him- 
self to  mathematical  studies  he  had  the 
good  fortune  to  escape  through  the  storms 
of  the  revolution,  and  the  wants  of  his  old 
age  were  relieved  by  a  liberal  pension  from 
Buonaparte.  He  died  at  >  crsailies,  1800, 
aged  75.  He  wrote  the  History  of  Mathe- 
matics, 2  vols.  4to.  1758,  a  valuable  work, 
translated  into  English — History  of  the 
Researches  about  the  Quadrature  of  the 
Circle,  12mo. — Collection  of  pieces  on  In- 
oculation. 

MooRE,  Philip,  rector  of  Kirkbridge,  and 
minister  of  Douglas,  in  the  Isle  of  Man, 
was  the  chaplain,  friend,  and  companion  of 
the  pious  bishop  Wilson,  whose  funeral 
sermon  he  preached.  He  superintended 
the  revision  of  the  translation  of  the  Bible 
into  the  Monks,  and  other  theological 
■works.  He  was  in  his  character  a  most 
exemplary  and  amiable  man,  and  he  died 
22d  Jan.  1783,  aged  78,  universally  regret- 
ted. He  was  buried  in  Kirk  Braddon 
church,  and  his  remains  were  attended  by 
all  the  clergy  of  the  island. 

Moore,  Sir  Jonas,  an  able  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Whitby,  Yorkshire,  1620. 
He  was  noticed  and  patronised  by  Charles 
I.  and  during  the  civil  wars  he  taught  ma- 
thematics. At  the  restoration,  Charles  H. 
made  him  surveyor-general  of  the  ordnance, 
and  by  his  influence  and  interest  with  the 
monarch  he  obtained  the  foundation  of  a 
mathematical  school  at  Christ  hospital, 
and  the  appropriation  of  Flamstead  house 
for  an  observatory.  He  wrote  Arithmetic, 
in  2  books,  &c. — Mathematical  Compen- 
dium— General  Treatise  on  Artillery,  and 
a  System  of  Mathematical  Education,  for 
the  Hospital,  published  after  his  death, 
1681,  in  4to. 

Moore,  Robert,  an  eminent  penman, 
successor  to  Ayres,  as  writing  master  in  St. 
Paul's  churchyard.  He  published  the  Wri- 
ting Master's  Assistant,  and  other  similar 
works,  and  died  about  1727. 

MooBR,  Edward,  an  English  poet,  author 


of  Fablc.1  lor  the  IVmale  Sex— Gjl  Bla*,  u 
comedy — the  (iumejtter,  a  tragedy,  and 
other  pieces,  died  1757. 

MooRK,  Francis,  an  ingcniou-t  mechanic, 
whose  invciition.M  in  inacliincry  have  been 
of  great  service  in  the  improMiiirni  of  the 
manufactures  of  Urea',  bntuin.  Hi  died 
1787. 

Moore,    John,   M.D.    son    of  a  Scotch 
clergymen,  wa-s  bom  at  Stirling,  MM)^  and 
educated   at   Gla  gow,    where   he   studied 
medicine.     He  went  in  1747  with  the  Eng- 
liish  arm)   in  Flanders  as  surgeon's  luutc, 
and  after  the  peace  he  came  to  London  to 
improve  himself  in  medical  knowledgf.  He 
afterwards  passed  to  Paris,  where  the  Eng- 
lish ambassador,  lord  Albemarle,  engaged 
him  as  surgeon  to  his  household.    He  next 
settled  at    Glasgow,    as  partner  with  Dr. 
Gordon,  but  in  1773  he  travelled  abroad  for 
five  years,  as  tutor  to  the  young  duke  of 
Hamilton  and  his  brother.     Oi:  his  return 
he   settled   ui   London,    and   published  in 
1779  his  View  of  Society  and  Manners  in 
France,  Switzerland,  and  Germany,  2  vols. 
8vo.  which  was  received  with  universal  ap- 
probation, and  encouraged  him  to  publish, 
two  years  after,  \  iews  of  Society  and  Man- 
ners in  Italy.     His  Medical   Sketches,  in 
8vo.  1785,  possessed  merit,   but  were  said 
to  give  offence  to  the  medical  world,  be- 
cause they  betrayed  some  of  the  secrets  of 
the  profession.    In  1792  Dr.  Moore  accom- 
panied lord  Lauderdale  to  Paris,  and  was 
an  eyewitness    to  some  of  the  atrocious 
scenes  which  so  much  disgraced  the  French 
revolution,  of  which  he  published  an  ac- 
count in  2  vols.  8vo.  1795,  with  a  map  to 
show  the  situation  of  the  armies  of  Prussia, 
and  of  those  of  France  under  Dumourier. 
Dr.  Moore  died  in  London,   1802,  highly- 
respected  as  a  man  of  letters,  and  of  gene- 
ral information.     His  two  sons  have  dis- 
tinguished themselves  greatly  in  the  ser- 
vice of  their  country,  Graham  in  the  navy, 
and  sir  John   in  the  army.     Besides  the 
above  works.  Dr.-  Moore  published  Zeluco, 
a  novel,  2  vols.  8vo.  a  work  of  merit,  and 
abounding  %vith  intere*sting  scenes,  but  of 
which  the  principal  character  is  so  flagitious 
as  to  raise  in  the  reader  sentiments  of  ter- 
ror rather  than  attention  or  amusement. 
His  Edward,  intended  as  a  contrast  to  Ze- 
luco, appeared  in  2  vols.  Svo.  1796,  but  it 
docs  not  excite  equal  interest.     Mordaunt 
was  published  in  1800,  2  vols.  Svo.  and  con- 
tains pleasing  sketches  of  life,  characters, 
and  manners  in  various  countries,  and  de- 
serves to  be  read  for  its  favourable  views 
of  virtue,  and  for  the  instruction  which  it 
imparts. 

Moore,  John,  D.D.  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, was  son  of  a  grazier  at  Gloucester. 
From  the  grammar-school  of  that  town  he 
entered  at  Pembroke  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  his  degrees,  and  from  which  he  ws* 

349 


Moo 


.^^oR 


recommended  to  the  duke  of  Marlborough 
as  tutor  to  his  sons.  In  this  employment 
Dr.  Moore  conducted  himself  with  great 
propriety  and  zealous  activity,  and  he  was 
rewarded  for  his  attentive  services  by  a 
prebendal  stall  at  Durham,  and  in  1771  %vas 
made  dean  of  Canterbury,  and  in  1776 
raised  to  the  see  of  Bangor.  On  the  death 
of  Cornwallis,  1783,  he  was  recommended 
to  the  king  by  bishops  Lowth  and  Hurd, 
who  declined  the  honour,  as  the  most  pro- 
per person  to  succeed  on  the  archiepiscopal 
throne  of  Canterbury,  and  he  did  honour 
to  the  appointment,  as  his  authority  was 
never  exerted  to  excite  dissatisfaction  in 
the  minds  either  of  the  friends,  or  of  the 
enemies  of  our  venerable  church  establish- 
ment. He  died  18th  Jan.  1805,  aged  74, 
at  Lambeth,  and  was  buried  in  Lambeth 
church,  with  great  funeral  pomp.  He  never 
published  but  two  sermons,  preached  on 
public  occasions.  He  married  Miss  Eden, 
sister  of  lord  Auckland,  who  survived  him 
with  four  sons,  two  of  whom  are  in  the 
church. 

Moore,  James,  governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina, succeeded  Blake  in  1700,  and  conti- 
nued in  office  until  Sir  Nathaniel  Johnson 
assumed  it  in  1703.  The  provocations  of 
the  Spaniards  induced  governor  Moore  in 
1702,  to  propose  to  the  Assembly  an  expe- 
dition against  St.  Augustine.  The  mea- 
sure was  adopted,  but  proved  unsuccessful 
and  entailed  a  heavy  burden  on  the  colony. 
To  ansiver  the  public  exigence  on  this  oc- 
casion the  first  paper  money  was  issued  in 
South  Carolina,  under  the  name  of  bills  of 
credit.  In  1719,  when  the  revolution  took 
place,  and  governor  Robert  Johnson  was 
deposed,  colonel  Moore,  who  had  early  and 
zealously  espoused  the  cause  of  the  people, 
was  chosen  governor.  He  was  well  quali- 
fied by  his  prudence  and  enterprise  for  the 
crisis,  and  when  the  transfer  of  the  go- 
vernment to  the  king  was  effected,  and  ge- 
neral Nicholson  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  government,  colonel  Moore  was  elect- 
ed speaker  of  the  assembly,  and  continued 
to  be  re-chosen  until  1725.  iC3^  L. 

Moore,  Sir  Henry,  governor  of  New- 
York,  was  appointed  in  1765,  and  arrived 
in  the  colony  in  November  following.  He 
had  previously  been  governor  of  Jamaica, 
to  which  office  he  was  appointed  in  1756. 
He  was  like  many  of  his  predecessors  only 
nominally  a  governor.  Golden  the  lieute- 
tenant-governor  continued  to  do  the  busi- 
ness, and  enjoy  the  power  in  its  most  es- 
sential branches.  He  was  gay,  good-na- 
tured, and  well  bred,  affable  and  courteous 
in  a  high  degree,  and  a  favourite  with  the 
people.  He  continued  governor  until  his 
death,  September  11th,  1769,  aged  56. 

IC?"  L. 
MooRE,  Benjamin,   episcopal  bishop  of 
New- York,  was  born  at  Newtown,  Long- 
350 


Island,  October  16th,  1748,  and  educateu 
at  King's  college.  He  was  settled  assistant 
minister  of  Trinity  church.  New- York,  and 
became  its  rector  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Pro- 
vost, and  not  long  after  was  consecrated 
bishop.  From  1784  to  1787  he  occupied 
the  chair  of  professor  of  rhetoric  and  logic 
in  Columbia  college,  and  from  1801  to  1811 
was  president  of  that  institution.  He  died 
February  27th,  1816.  He  was  an  accom- 
plished scholar,  and  highly  esteemed  as  a 
preacher.  ICP'  L. 

Moore,  Zephaniah  Swift,  D.D.  first  pre- 
sident of  the  collegiate  institution  at  Am- 
herst, Massachusetts  ;  was  born  at  Palmer 
in  that  state,  November  20th,  1770,  and 
educated  at  Dartmouth  college,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1793.  He  studied  theo- 
logy under  the  tuition  of  Dr.  Backus,  of 
Somers,  Connecticut,  and  settled  over  the 
congregational  church  at  Leicester,  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1796,  where  he  laboured  with 
much  acceptance  and  success  till  1811, 
when  he  was  appointed  professor  of  lan- 
guages in  Dartmouth  college.  He  employ- 
ed himself  in  the  duties  of  that  station  un- 
til September  1815,  when  he  was  elected 
president  of  Williams  college,  and  in  1821, 
on  the  establishment  of  the  collegiate  insti- 
tution at  Amherst,  was  appointed  to  preside 
over  that  seminary,  and  after  somewhat 
more  than  two  years  residence  there  died 
June  25th,  1823,  in  the  fifty-third  year  of 
his  age.  His  talents  and  learning  were 
highly  reputable,  his  manners  pleasing, 
his  method  of  instructing  popular,  and  his 
life  exemplarily  pious.  ICP'  L. 

Moore,  Sir  John,  was  born  at  Glasgow 
in  the  year  1761.  At  the  age  of  fifteen 
he  obtained  an  ensigncy  in  the  fifty-first 
regiment  of  foot ;  of  which,  in  1790, 
he  became  lieutenant-colonel,  and  served 
with  his  corps  in  Corsica,  where  he  was 
wounded  in  storming  the  Mozello  fort  at 
the  siege  of  Calvi.  In  1796  he  went  out  as 
brigadier-general  to  the  West  Indies,  under 
Sir  Ralph  Abercrombie,  who  appointed  him 
to  the  government  of  St.  Lucie,  in  the 
capture  of  which  he  had  a  principal  share. 
On  his  I'eturn  home,  in  1797,  he  was  em- 
ployed in  Ireland  during  the  rebellion,  and 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  major-general. 
In  1799  he  went  on  the  expedition  to  Hol- 
land, where  he  was  again  wounded  severe- 
ly ;  notwithstanding  which  he  soon  after- 
wards went  to  the  Mediterranean  ;  and  at 
the  battle  of  Alexandria  received  a  cut 
from  a  sabre  on  the  breast,  and  a  shot  in 
the  thigh.  On  his  return  to  England  h© 
was  made  a  knight  of  the  Bath  ;  and  in 
1808  was  appointed  to  command  an  army 
in  Spain,  where,  after  a  signal  retreat  be- 
fore a  superior  force,  he  fell  under  the  walls 
of  Corunna,  January  16th,  1809.— ir.  B. 

MoRABiN,  James,  author  of  a  Life  of  Ci- 
cero, 2  vols    4to.  and  of  translations  of 


AlOJJ  Aloit 

rsomc  of  that  great  orator'3  works,  anJ  of  the  last  of  which  was  Aldhani,  1745.     lie 

Boethius   de  Consul,  died   at    Paris,  1762.  was  in   17t;y,  appointed  to   pr«,pare  for  the 

lie  was  secretary  to  the  lieutenant-general  press  ucopy  ol  the  ioli.iol  purliatnent,  the 

of  police  at  Paris.  completion   of    which   was    unlurtiinutcly 

AIouALES,  Ambrose,  historiop;rapher  to  prevented   by    h»s   death,  2;m    No\.    i;7U, 

Phili])   11.  of  Spain,    and  professor  in  the  uecasioned  b)  a    coid,  eau^ht  on  luc  river 

university  of  Alcala,  wrote  a  Spanish  Chro-  as  he  passed  Irom  the  Temple  I'l    ,  auxiiall. 

nicle,  2   vols,  folio,  and  other  works,  and  ibis  work  was  afterwards  nnibiicd  by  Th. 

died  1590.  A.:llc,    li-sq.    who    married    bin    dau^^iiur. 

MoRAND,  Sauveur  Francis,  a  native  of  Moiant  wrote  a  iiiaiui j  01  i/o;cue.iier, 
Paris,  who  came  in  1729  to  England,  to  174»,  of  which  200  copic.-.  only  were  print- 
study  surgery  under  the  well-known  Che-  ed — Beau-oure  s  InUoauction  10  the  New 
selden.  His  reputation  procured  hiui  the  '1  estameni,  irajislated — a  Suiui.iary  of  the 
place  uf  surgeon-major  to  the  French  guards.  History  of  England — LleograpUia  Antiqua 
and  ol  director  to  the  academy  of  surgeons,  et  iSova,  from  uuiresnoy — the  History  of 
ivith  the  rihoand  of  the  order  of  St.  Mi-  Essex — the  Life  of  Edward  the  Confessor 
chael.  He  wrote  a  Treatise  on  the  Opera-  — 150  sermons — those  lives  in  the  Biogra- 
tion  for  the  Stone — a  Discourse  on  the  Ne-  pliia  Britaunica,  marked  C.  and  other  works, 
cessity  of  Learning  in  the  Surgical  Profes-  Morata,  Olympia  Fulvia,  a  learned 
sion — Eloge  on  Marechal — Experiments  Italian  lady,  born  at  Ferrara,  1526.  Her 
on  the  Stone — Miscellanies,  2  vols.  4to.  father,  who  taught  belles  Icttres  in  some 
He  was  made  member  of  the  Royal  Society,  of  the  universities  of  Italy,  saw  and  im- 
London,  and  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  proved  her  natural  talent>,  ;uid  she  made 
at  Paris,  and  died  1773,  aged  76.  His  such  progress  that  she  was  called  to  be  the 
son  John  Francis,  nas  physician  to  Stanis-  companion  and  instructress  of  ttie  dutcbess 
laus,  king  of  Poland,  and  author  of  some  of  Ferrara,  in  polite  literature,  and  she 
medical  and  chymical  works,  and  died  1784,  declaimed  in  Latin,  and  spoke  b reek  to 
aged  58.  the   astonishment   of  her  auditors.      She 

MoRAND,  an  architect  of  Lyons  of  great  soon  after  lelt   the   court,  and    married  a 

ingenuity.     The  wooden   bridge  which  he  young  German  physician,  called    lirunth- 

built  over  the   Rhone,  and  which  bears  his  ler,  whom  she  foUowed,  1548,  to  Scnwein- 

name,  is  much  admired   for  its  neatness,  furt,    in  Fianeonia.      The  siege   and    the 

elegance,  and  mechanical  lightness.     This  burning  of  this   town,   soon  after  lelt  her 

amiable   man  perished  among  those  who  and   her  husband  in  great  distress ;  they 

were  cruelly  devoted  to  the  guillotine  after  escaped    with    ditiiculty     to    Heidelberg, 

the  siege  of  Lyons,  1793.  where  Grunthler  became  professor  ufphy- 

MoRANDE,    N.  Thevenot  de,  a  French  sic ;  but  the  hardships  they    had  endured 

■writer.     After  being  for  some  time  in  the  were  too  great  for  Morata's  constitution, 

military  profession,  and  then  escaping  from  She  sunk  under  them,  and  died  1555,  and 

the  prison  of  Armentieres,  where  his  ex-  was  soon  after  followed  to  the  grave  by  her 

travagance  and  dissipation   had  confined  husbaiid,  and   her  brother,  who  hud  come 

liim,  he  came  to   England,  and  procured  with  her  to  Germany.     She  died  a  protes- 

money  by  his  libel  on  the   French  court,  tant.      The  greater  part  of  her  works  pe- 

called  Le  Gazetier  Cuirasse.     His  intend-  rished  at  Schweinfurt ;    but   some  of  her 

cd  publication  against  Mad.  du  Barry  was  orations,  dialogues,  letters,   and   transla- 

purchased  for   a  handsome  sum,   and  the  tions,  appeared  at  Basil,  15G2,  8vo. 

Courier  de  Londres  was  then  undertaken,  Mordaunt,    Charles,  earl   of  Peterbo- 

and  gained  the  public  favour  by  the  satiri-  rough,   born    1658,    succeeded   his   father 

cal  reflections  which  it  contained.     At  the  John  lord  Mordaunt,  167a.     He  early  dis- 

revolution  this  unprincipled  libeller  return-  tinguished  himself   in   the  naval  service, 

cd  to  Paris,  and  was   one   of  those   who  especially  in  the  African  expedition  under 

were  massacred  in   Sept.  1792.     F|e  was  lord   Plymouth,  to   the  relief  of  Tangier, 

concerned  in  some  other  periodical  works,  besieged  by  the  Moors.    He  was  aitirwurds 

MoRANDi,  John  Maria,  a  native  of  Flo-  in    Holland,    and   attended    William    III. 

rence,  eminent  as  a  painter,  and  patronised  when  he  invaded  England,  and  for  his  ser- 

by  the  imperial  family,  of  whom  he  paint-  vices  he  was  created,  m  1689,  earl  of  Mon- 

ed  the  portraits  at  Vienna.     His  historical  mouth,   sworn    ol  the  privy   council,    and 

pieces  were  also  admired.     He  died  1715,  made  first  commissioner  of  the  trcasurv, 

aged  90.  which   olJice,    however,   he  retained   only 

MoRANT,  Philip,  M.A.  and  F.S.A.  was  one  year.     In  1697  he  succeeded  his  uncle 

born  at  St.  Saviour's,  in  the  isle  of  Jersey,  as  earl  of  Peterborough,   and  under  queen 

6th  Oct.   1700,  and  educated  at  Abingdon  Anne   was   appointed   commander  of   the 

school,    and    Pembroke   college,    Oxford,  forces  sent  against  Spain.     In  this  expedi- 

where  he  took  his  degrees.     He  was  chap-  tion  he  acquired  great  renown.      He  took 

lain  to  the  English  church,  Amsterdam,  and  Barcelona  with  a  handful  of  men,  and  not 

afterwards  obtained  some  livings  in  Essex,  only  gained  possession  of  Catalonia,   Va-. 

3Sl 


MOR 


MOR 


lencia,  Arragon,  and  other  provinces,  but 
with  an  inferior  force,  drove  out  of  Spain 
the  duke  of  Anjou  and  the  French  army. 
Though    these    extraordinary    successes, 
which  resemble  romance  rather  than  his- 
tory, did  not  effectually   establish  Charles 
III.  on  the   Spanish   throne,  yet  Peterbo- 
rough was  deservedly  honoured  abroad  and 
at  home.     He  was  afterwards  employed  as 
ambassador  to  Sicily,  and  to  negotiate  with 
some  Italian  princes;  and  in  1714  he  was 
made  governor   of   Minorca,   and    under 
George  I.  general  of  all  the  marine  forces 
of  Great  Britian.     This  great  man  died  in 
his  passage  to  Lisbon,  25th  Oct.  1 735,  aged 
77.     To  bravery  and  heroism  he  added  a 
penetrating  genius,  and  a  mind  highly  po- 
lished, and  well  instructed  in  ancient  and 
modern  literature,  as  his   "  Familiar  Epis- 
tles," preserved  among  those  of  his  friend 
Pope,  fully  evince. 

More,  Sir  Thomas,  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land, was  son  of  Sir  John  More,  one  of 
judges  of  the  king's  bench,  and  was  born 
in  London,  1480.  From  the  free-school  in 
London  he  passed  into  the  household  of 
cardinal  Morton,  and  in  1497  entered  at 
Canterbury  college,  Oxford,  now  part  of 
Christ  church.  After  two  years'  residence 
he  was  admitted  at  New  Inn,  London,  and 
afterwards  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  where  he  stu- 
died the  law  with  great  attention.  When 
of  age  he  was  elected  member  of  par- 
liament, and  distinguished  himself  in  1503 
by  an  opposition  to  a  subsidy  demanded  by 
Henry  VII.  with  such  eloquence,  that  the 
house  refused  the  application.  This  con- 
duct was  so  resented  by  the  king,  that 
young  More  was  marked  for  persecution 
by  the  court,  and  his  father  was  imprisoned 
in  the  tower  till  he  paid  a  fine  of  100/. 
The  death  of  Henry  freed  him  from  fur- 
ther persecution,  and  he  now  became  law 
reader  at  Furnival's  inn,  and  upon  being 
called  to  the  bench  he  was  appointed,  in 
1508,  judge  of  the  sherilPrj  court  in  Lon- 
don, an  honourable  and  lucrative  office. 
Though  much  engaged  in  his  profession, 
he  devoted  some  time  to  literature,  and 
wrote  his  Utopia  in  1516.  He  also  held  a 
correspondence  with  other  learned  men, 
especially  Erasmus,  who  came  to  England 
to  visit  him.  These  two  illustrious  scho- 
lars, it  is  said,  met  by  accident  at  the  lord 
mayor's  table  without  knowing  one  an- 
other, and  after  some  argument  at  dinner, 
Erasmus,  feeling  the  power  of  his  friend's 
wit,  exclaimed,  Aut  tu  Morus  cs  aut  nullus  ! 
to  which  More  replied,  Aut  tu  es  Erasmus, 
aut  diabolus  !  His  celebrity  for  learning 
and  abilities  was  now  so  firmly  etablishcd, 
that  he  was  introduced  by  Wolsey  to  Hen- 
ry VIII.  who  made  him  master  of  requests, 
and  soon  after  knighted  him,  and  appointed 
him  privy  counsellor.  In  1520  he  was 
made    treasurer    of    the    exchequer,  and 


gained  so  much  of  the  king's  attention  and 
confidence  that  he  assisted  him  in  his  at- 
tack upon  Luther  in  defence  of  the  seven 
sacraments.      He   was    in    1523    chosen 
Speaker  of  the  house  of  commons,  and 
supported  his  office  with  such  dignity,  that 
he  prevailed  on  the  house  to  reject  an  op- 
pressive subsidy  proposed  by  Wolsey.  This 
offended  the  favourite,  and  was   reported 
to  the  king ;  but  the  abilities  of  More  were 
too  respectable  to  be  despised,  and  in  1527 
he  was    sent    as  joint  ambassador  with 
other  lords  to  France,  and  afterwards  to 
Cambray,  and  in  1530,  on   Wolsey's  dis- 
grace, he  was  intrusted  with  the  great  seal. 
This  elevation,  it   seems,   v/as  intended  to 
gain  him  over  to  the  opinion   of  the  king, 
who   wished   to  divorce  his    rjueen ;    but 
the  diligence,  fidelity,  and  integrity  which 
he  displayed    in    this   new  office  proved 
how  well  he  deserved  the  royal  confidence. 
Afraid,  however,  of  the  storm  which  hung 
over  his   head,   because  he  resisted    the 
king's   iniquitous   measures,  he    resigned 
his  new  dignity  in  1533,  and  determined  to 
live  the  rest  of  life  in  retirement  at  Chel- 
sea.    He  found,  nevertheless,  the  emissa- 
ries of  the  court  intent  to  injure  him,  and 
after  various  fruitless  accusations,  he  ex- 
posed himself  to  the  royal  displeasure  by 
refusing,  in  1534,  to  take  the  oath  of  su- 
premacy.     He  was,   upon  this,  arrested 
and  sent  a  prisoner  to  the  tower,  but  in  this 
season   of  danger  his  friends  stepped  for- 
ward, and  among  them  Cranmer,   and  by 
every  argument  of  prudence,  reason,  and  in- 
terest, they  exhorted  him  to  acknowledge 
the  king's  supremacy.     So  great,  however, 
was  his   attachment  to  Rome,  that  he  re- 
fused, though  death  was  the  consequence, 
and,  therefore,  rather  than  abjure  what  he 
considered  as  the  test  of  his  faith,  he  suf- 
fered himself  to  be  tried  and  condemned  as 
a  traitor.     He  was  sentenced  to  be  hanged, 
drawn,  and  quartered,  and  his  head  to  be 
fixed  on  London  bridge  ;  but  the  ignomi- 
nious punishment  was  changed  by  the  king 
into  beheading,  and  he  suffisred  on  Tower- 
hill,  5th  July,  1535,  showing   even  in  his 
last  moments,  resignation,  and  that  inno- 
cent mirth   and  pleasantry  which  had  in 
happier    days   adorned   his   conversation. 
Sir  Thomas  was  twice  married,  but  had 
children  only  by  his  first  wife,  three  daugh- 
ters and  a  son.     The  eldest  daughter  was 
a  woman  of   great  character,    and  well 
skilled  in  the  learned  languages.     She  mar- 
ried Mr.   Roper,   a  gentleman   of  Kent, 
and  wrote  some  things,  which  possessed 
merit.     She  died  1544,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Dunstan's  church,  Canterbury,  with  her 
father's  head,  which  she  had  procured  after 
its  exposure  on  London  bridge,  between 
her  arms.     The  son,  who  was  little  better 
than  an    idiot,   was  imprisoned  after  his 
father's   death,   for  refusing  to  take   the 


MOR. 


Muli 


oallis  oi'  supremacy  ;  but  afterwards  lilic- 
rated.  He  had  five  sons,  and  the  son  of 
the  eldest  of  these  proved  a  viohiit  catho- 
lic, and  at  lust  took  orders  at  Rome,  and 
nrote  the  life  of  his  great  f^raiul father, 
tk'dicated  to  Henrietta,  the  first  Charles's 
queen.  Besides  the  Utopia,  a  kind  of  ro- 
mance, in  which  he  gives  an  account  of  a 
country,  said  to  be  discovered  by  the  com- 
panions of  Americus,  with  an  artful  inser- 
tion of  his  own  political  opinions,  Sir 
Thomas  More  wrote  in  part  an  History  of 
liichard  HI. — some  polemical  works,  and 
other  things  in  Latin  as  well  as  in  English. 
The  English  works  were  published  by 
order  of  queen  Mary,  1557,  and  the  Latin 
at  Basil,  and  Louvain,  1563  and  15GG. 
The  Utopia  was  translated  into  English  by 
Dr.  Burnet. 

More,  Henry,  an  able  divine,  born  at 
Grantham,  Lincolnshire,  12th  Oct.  1614. 
As  his  parents  were  Calvinists,  he  was 
strictly  educated  in  their  principles,  but, 
much  against  their  wishes,  he  rejected 
those  rigid  tenets,  and  after  being  three 
years  at  Eton,  he  entered  at  Christ  college, 
Cambridge,  and  assiduously  applied  himself 
to  the  study  of  Aristotle,  and  other  more 
modern  philosophers.  These  pursuits, 
however,  yielded  not  the  mental  satisfac- 
tion which  he  expected,  he  left  philosophy 
for  platonic  writers,  and  found  in  the 
"  Theologia  Germanica"  of  Taulerus,  the 
instruction  and  information  which  formerly 
proved  so  agreeable  to  the  celebrated  Lu- 
ther. In  1639  he  was  made  fellow  of  his 
college,  and  afterwards  became  tutor  to 
some  persons  of  distinction,  and  among 
them,  to  Sir  John  Finch,  and  his  sister 
lady  Conway,  a  woman  whose  powers  of 
mind  were  of  a  singular  cast,  and  at  last 
brought  her  to  quakerism.  By  means  of 
these  powerful  friends  he  obtained,  in 
1675,  a  prebend  at  Gloucester,  which  he 
soon  after  resigned  in  favour  of  his  friend 
Dr.  Fowler,  and  satisfied  with  a  small,  but 
independent  competence,  he  declined  the 
offers  of  high  preferment  at  home  and  in 
Ireland,  which  he  might  have  obtained. 
After  thus  devoting  himself  to  laborious 
study,  and  the  writing  of  books,  he  died 
1st  Sept.  1687,  aged  73,  and  was  buried  in 
the  chapel  of  his  college.  His  Mystery  of 
Godliness — Mystery  of  Iniquity — Philoso- 
phical Collections,  and  other  works,  were  at 
one  time  in  high  reputation,  and  were  col- 
lected and  published  together  in  1679,  in 
three  large  folio  volumes. 

More,  Alexander,  a  protestant  divine, 
born  1616,  at  Castres,  Languedoc,  where 
his  father,  a  native  of  Scotland,  was  princi- 
pal of  the  college.  He  studied  at  Geneva, 
and  obtained  there  the  Greek  professorship, 
and  three  years  after,  the  divinity  chair,  in 
the  room  of  Spanheim.  As  he  was  a  very 
eloquent  and  popular  preacher,  and  consc- 

Voh.  U,  i5 


qucnfly  envied  by  his  a.<isoci:iteK  it  Gcuoa. 
he,  in  IGI'J,  bcranu;  <li\inity  profcHsor  at 
Middleliurg,  and  afterward'*  removed  li 
Amsterdam,  and  thence  to  Pari*,  where  In*, 
was  appointed  minister  of  the  reformed 
church.  He  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  IGTO, 
Though  great  as  a  preacher,  his  priui'.rt 
charact(;r  has  been  severely  censured,  and 
he  has  been  accused  not  only  of  irr(  ^ulurity 
in  his  morals,  but  of  iiicoiisiHtenev  in  Ijis 
faith.  He  published  "  I)e  (iratia,"  et  l.i- 
bcro  Arbitrio — De  Scriptura  Sacra-  a  Re- 
ply to  JVIillon's  Second  Defence  of  the 
People  of  England — Orations  and  Poems 
in  J^atin,  &.c. 

More,  sir  Francis,  an  English  lawyer, 
born  at  East  Ilsley,  Berks,  and  educated  at 
St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  and  at  the  Mid- 
dle Temple.  He  was  at  one  time  mcniber 
of  parliament,  and  died  1621.  He  wrote 
Cases  collected  and  reported,  1G33,  fol. — 
Readings  on  4  Jacob  I.  in  the  Middle  Teni- 
ple,  1676,  folio. 

More,  John;  a  learned  prelate,  born  at 
Harborough,  Leicestershire,  and  educated 
at  Clare-hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
fellow,  and  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  1681. 
He  was  patronised  by  the  chancellor,  lord 
Nottingham,  and  was  made  bishop  of  Nor- 
wich, IGDl,  and  translated  to  Ely,  1707. 
He  died,  July  31st,  1714.  His  sermons 
were  published  by  his  chaplain.  Dr.  Samuel 
Clark,  and  his  valuable  library  purchaseil 
for  6000  guineas,  by  George  II.  and  pre- 
sented to  the  university  of  Cambridge. 

More,  St.  Antonio,  a  painter,  born  at 
Utrecht,  was  the  pupil  of  John  Schorel, 
but  imitated  the  works  of  Holbein  with 
great  success.  He  was  in  the  service  of 
Philip  II.  king  of  Spain,  whose  portrait  he 
painted,  and  also  those  of  John  III.  of 
Portugal,  of  Catharine  of  Austria,  of  Mary 
the  Infanta,  and  of  Mary,  queen  of  Eng- 
land. He  was  afterwards  receiver  of  tlie 
revenues  of  West  Flanders,  and  died  at 
Antwerp,  1575,  aged  56. 

More,  or  Moore,  James,  an  EnglisU 
writer,  educated  at  Worcester  college,  Ox- 
ford. He  wrote  the  "Rival  Modes,"  a 
comedy,  condemned  in  the  acting,  but  yet 
submitted  to  the  public  in  1727.  He  was 
the  friend  of  the  duke  of  Wharton,  and 
joined  him  in  writing  a  sarcastic  periodical 
paper,  called  "  the  Inquisitor."  He  quar- 
relled with  Pope,  and,  in  consequence,  wa^ 
made  one  of  the  heroes  of  the  DunciaJ. 
He  was  a  polite  writer,  the  companion  of 
the  great,  but  imprudent  in  his  conduct, 
and  too  fond  of  being  called  a  man  of  wii. 
He  died  at  Whister,  near  Islcworth,  1734. 

More,  Henry,  a  native  of  D«:vonshire, 
pastor  of  a  dissenting  congregation  at 
Liskeard,  Cornwall,  where  he  died,  1802. 
His  poems,  which  posses.^  some  merit, 
have  appeared  since  his  death,  in  a  vol.  4to, 

•  y-n 

,V).> 


Mom 


MOE 


uiih  a  short  account  of  his  lire  by  Dr. 
Aikin. 

MoREAU,  James,  a  French  physician, 
the  friend  and  disciple  of  Guy  Patin,  was 
born  at  Chalons  sur  Saone,  1647.  He 
v.rote  Consultations  on  Rheumatism — a 
Treatise  on  the  Kno%vled5:e  of  Continual 
Fevers — a  Dissertation  on  the  Drupsy,  &c. 
•and  excited  the  envy  of  other  practitioners 
hy  the  boldness  of  his  writings.  He  died 
1729. 

MouEAr,  Jacob  Nicholas,  historiogra- 
pher of  France,  librarian  to  the  queen, 
censor  royal,  and  counsellor  of  the  court 
of  aids,  was  born  at  St.  Florentine.  He 
wrote  Memoires  pour  servir  ii  I'Histoire 
des  Carouacas,  12mo. — Memoires  pour 
senir  a  I'Histoire  do  notre  Terns,  2  vols. 
1 2mo. — Observateur  Hollandois — Princi- 
pcs  de  Morale,  de  Politique,  et  de  Droit 
Publique,  ou  Discours  sur  I'Histoire  de 
France,  2  vols.  8vo.  &c.  This  able  writer 
suflTcrcd  on  the  scaflbld,  27th  March,  1794, 


Bgcd  77. 

MoREELSE,  Paul,  a  painter,  pupil  to 
Michael  Mirevelt,  was  born  at  Utrecht, 
iri75,  and  died  163S.  Some  of  his  wood- 
cuts in  chiaro  obscuro,  are  much  admired. 

Morel,  the  name  of  some  learned  and 
ingenious  printers  in  France.  William 
was  professor  of  Greek,  and  director  of 
the  king's  printing-house,  Paris,  and  died 
1G74.  Frederick  was  also  professor  of 
Greek  and  Latin,  and  king's  printer,  and 
ilicd  1583.  His  son  Frederick  was  also  a 
printer,  and  the  authors  he  printed  prove 
him  to  have  been  a  very  learned  man.  He 
died  1630,  aged  73.  His  descendants  fol- 
lowed his  steps,  as  distinguished  in  litera- 
ture, and  as  elegant  printers. 

MoREi.,  Andrew,  an  eminent  antiquary, 
born  at  Bern,  in  Switzerland.  He  was  a 
diligent  and  curious  collector  of  medals, 
and,  in  1683,  published,  at  Paris,  in  8vo. 
his  "  Specimen  Universe  Rei  Nummariaj 
Antiquae,"  in  which  he  promised  to  give  an 
account  of  20,000  medals  exactly  designed. 
He  was  placed  in  the  cabinet  of  antiques  at 
Paris  by  Lewis  XIV.  but  in  consequence  of 
some  imprudent  speech,  he  was  sent  to  the 
bastile  by  the  minister,  Louvois,  and  after 
three  years'  confinement,  was  with  difficul- 
ty liberated.  He  afterwards  went  to  Arn- 
stadt,  in  Germany,  where  he  was  employed 
us  antiquary  at  the  court  of  Schwartzburg. 
He  died  there,  of  an  apoplexy,  lOth  April, 
1703.  His  "  Thesaurus  Morellianus,"  &c. 
in  which  he  gave  an  account  of  3539 
medals,  was  part  of  his  great  work,  and 
was  published  1734,  by  Havcrcamp,  2  vols, 
folio. 

MoRELL,  Thomas,  D.D.  an  able  divine, 
known  as  the  editor  of  Ainsworth's  Dic- 
tionary, and  of  Hederic's  Lexicon.  He 
wrote,  also.  Annotations  on  Locke's  Essay 
on  the  Human  I^nderstandinar,  and  assisted 
354 


Hogarth  in  the  completing  of  his  Analysis, 
of  Beauty,  and  selected  the  passages  of 
Scripture  for  Handel's  oratorios.  He  died 
1734,  aged  83. 

MoRELY,  lord,  son  of  sir  Thomas  Parker, 
of  Hallingbury,  Essex,  was  a  great  favour- 
ite with  Henry  VHL  by  whom  he  was 
raised  to  the  peerage.  He  signed,  with 
other  peers,  the  letter  to  the  pope,  in  favour 
of  the  divorce  of  Catharine  of  Arragon, 
and  this  more  firmly  secured  the  kindness 
of  his  master.  He  spent  the  last  part  of 
his  life  in  retirement,  and  was  author  of 
some  Latin  poems.     He  died  1547. 

MoRERi,  Lewis,  D.D.  the  learned  author 
of  the  great  historical  dictionary,  was  born 
at  Bargemont,  in  Provence,  1643.     He  stu- 
died at  Draguignan,  under  the  Jesuits,  and 
at  Lyons,  and  after  publishing  some  inferior 
things,  undertook  his  great  work,  the  first 
edition  of  which  appeared  at  Lyons,  1674. 
This  valuable  book  soon  spread  his  reputa- 
tion, and  gained  him  friends  ;  he  was  pa- 
tronised by  the  bishop  of  Apt,  and  by  Dc 
Pompone,    secretary  of  state,   and  might 
have    obtained   distinguished   preferment, 
had  his  health  permitted  it.     His  great  ap- 
plication, however,  ruined  his  constitution, 
and  he  died  July  lOth,  1680,  at  the  early 
age  of  37.     The  second  edition  of  his  dic- 
tionary appeared  soon  after  his  death,  1681, 
2  vols,  and  few  alterations  took  place  in  the 
third,  fourth,  and  fifth.     The  sixth  was  im- 
proved by  Le  Clerc,  and  the  book  received 
no  alterations  till  the  eleventh,  which  was 
corrected  by  Bayle.     The  13th,  in  5  vols, 
folio,  was  improved  by  Du  Pin.     The  best 
editions  are  those  of  1749,  and  1759,  en- 
larged to  10  vols,  folio. 

Mores,  Edward  Rowe,  an  able  antiqua- 
ry, born  13th   Jan.  1730,   at   Tunstail,  in 
Kent,  where  his  father  was   rector.     He 
was  educated  at  Merchant  Tailors'  school, 
and    Queen's  college,    Oxford,   where,  in 
1748,  he  published  an   ancient  fragment, 
called  "  Nomina  et  Insignia  Gentilitia  No- 
bilium  Equitumque   sub    Edwardo    Primo 
Rege  Militantium,"  and  also  a  new  8vo. 
edition  of  Dyonysius's  treatise,  De  Claris 
Rhetoribus.     In  1752  he  was  elected  fellow 
of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  and  about  this 
time  spent  much  labour  in  making  collec- 
tions relative  to  the  antiquities  of  Oxford, 
and  especially  of  his  own  college,  and  All- 
Souls,  and  also  Godstow  nunnery.    Though 
he  was  whimsical  in  his  religious  notions, 
and  affected  to  follow  the  tenets  of  Eras- 
mus, it  is  certain  that  he  took  deacon's  or- 
ders ;  but  it  was  said,  that  it  was  with  the 
intention  of  escaping  civil  offices.     He  was 
equally  singular  in  the  education  of  his 
daughter,  to  whom  he  early  talked,  princi- 
pally in  Latin.     He  was  the  original  pro- 
moter of  the  equitable  society  for  assurance 
on  lives  and  survivorship,  of  which  he  was 
nominated  perpetual  director,  with  an  an^ 


\JOU 


MuK 


iiuily  of  lUO/.  In  the  latter  pait  of  liic  lie 
lost  the  industry  and  steadiness  of  hi;i young- 
er years,  and  sunk  into  indolence  and  dissi- 
pation, which  at  last  occasioned  a  mortifica- 
tion, of  which  he  died  at  his  house  at  Low 
Lay  ton,  28th  Nov.  1778,  in  his  40th  year. 
The  History  of  the  Antiquities  of  Tunstall, 
in  Kent,  with  plates,  was  the  only  work 
which  he  left  completed  for  the  press.  He 
published  a  Dissertation  on  Typographical 
Founders  and  Founderics,  of  which  only  80 
copies  were  printed. 

MoRETT,  an  ingenious  artist,  goldsmith 
to  Henry  VIIL  He  executed  many  cu- 
rious works  from  the  designs  of  Holbein. 

MoRGAGNi,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent 
anatomist,  born  at  Forli,  in  Italy,  1682. 
He  studied  at  Bologna,  where  his  abilities 
were  displayed  with  such  success,  that  he 
was  early  placed  in  the  medical  chair.  He 
was  afterwards  appointed  by  the  senate  of 
Venice  to  a  professorship  at  Padua,  and 
Tvas  enrolled  by  the  royal  societies  of  Lon- 
don and  Paris  among  their  members.  He 
died  1771,  much  respected.  He  published 
Adversaria  Anatomica — Nova  Institutio- 
num  Medicarum  Idea — De  Sedibus  et  Cau- 
sis  Morborum  per  Anatomiam  Indigatis 
— Epistolse  Anatomicae,  &c.  His  works 
were  published  together,  1765,  in  5  vo- 
lumes. 

Morgan,  William,  a  native  of  Wales, 
educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge. 
He  was  afterwards  viear  of  Welch-pool, 
and,  in  1595,  raised  to  the  see  of  Landaft", 
and  in  1601  translated  to  St.  Asaph,  where 
he  died,  1604.  He  was  a  learned  prelate, 
and  zealously  employed  in  completing  the 
translation  of  the  Bible  into  Welch,  which 
appeared  in  1588. 

Morgan  Mw¥NVAWR,or  the  Courteous, 
a  Welch  prince,  who  died  1001,  aged  129. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Edgar,  king  of  Eng- 
land, and  though  an  able  warrior,  was 
strongly  attached  to  peace. 

Morgan,  prince  ofPowys,  sonof  Cadw- 
gan,  atoned  for  the  violent  conduct  of  his 
youth  by  going  on  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy 
Land.  He  died  on  his  return,  at  Cvprus, 
1126. 

Morgan,  George  Cadogan,  a  native  of 
Bridgend,  Glamorganshire,  educated  under 
his  uncle.  Dr.  Price.  He  became  teacher 
of  a  dissenting  congregation  at  Norwich, 
and  died  1798.  He  wrote  Lectures  on 
Electricity — Observations  on  the  Light  of 
Bodies  in  a  state  of  Combustion,  &c. 

Morgan,  John,  M.D.  F.R.S.  a  distin- 
guished American  physician,  who  was  born 
at  Philadelphia  in  1735,  and  graduated  at 
the  college  in  that  city  in  1757.  Having 
prepared  himself  for  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine, he  entered  the  army  in  the  French 
war,  both  as  a  surgeon  and  lieutenant.  In 
1760  he  went  to  Europe,  to  complete  his 
studies  in    medicine,   and   spent    several 


ytar.s  in  r.Uiul.ur^li,  Paris,  and  oiUci  idacc». 
lie  returned  to  America  in   170.'),  a  fellow 
of  the   lloyal  Society,  and  with  a  diplonja 
of  doctor  of  medicine,  and  was  immediate- 
ly elected  profcs-sor  of  tin;  thtury  ami  prac- 
tice of   medicine  in  the   medical   school    ak 
Philadelphia,  the  plan  of  whi<  li  he  had  as- 
sisted in  concerting  while   in  Kuropc.     In 
1769  the  first  honours  in  uicdicinc,  bestow- 
ed   in    Anjcrica,   were   conferred   in    that 
school   on   five  young   men.     In  October, 
1775,   he  was  appointed  director  general 
and  chief  physician  to  the  general  hospiiaU 
of  the  American  army,  and  immediately 
repaired  to  Cambridge,  but  in  1777  he  Ava» 
removed  from  his  office,  on  some  charges 
made    against   him  by  inferior  surgeona, 
from  which,  however,  he  afterwards  ho- 
nourably vindicated  himself.     He   died  iii 
1789.  JCF  T.. 

Morgan,  Daniel,  brigadier  general  in 
the  army  of  tho  American  revolution,  Avas 
a  native  of  New-.Iersey,  but  removed  in 
early  life  to  Virginia.  Having  neither  the 
advantages  of  wealth,  nor  of  a  good  educa- 
tion, he  was  dependent  for  his  support  on 
hard  labour.  In  1755  he  entered  the  army 
of  general  Braddock,  it  is  supposed,  as  a 
private  soldier.  At  the  close  of  the  cam- 
paign he  returned  to  his  former  occupation, 
and  at  length  established  himself  on  a  farm 
in  Frederick  county.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war  of  the  revolution,  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  a  troop  of 
cavalry,  and  joined  the  army  under  general 
Washington  at  Boston.  He  was  detached 
under  general  Arnold  to  the  expedition 
against  Quebec,  and  when,  at  the  attack  ia 
that  city,  Arnold  was  wounded  and  car- 
ried from  the  field,  he  took  the  command 
of  his  division,  and  succeeded  in  passing 
the  first  and  second  barriers,  but  the  re- 
treat of  the  other  division,  after  the  fall  of 
Montgomery,  left  Morgan  to  contend 
against  the  whole  force  of  the  enemy, 
and  he  fell  with  his  corps  into  their  hands. 
On  his  being  exchanged,  soon  after,  he  join- 
ed the  army  under  general  Washington, and 
being  appointed  to  command  a  select  rifle 
corps,  was  detached  to  assi-st  general  Gates, 
on  the  northern  frontier,  and  rendered  thu 
most  important  sen  ices  by  his  distinguished 
courage,  skill,  and  activity,  in  the  opera- 
tions which  led  to  the  capture  of  Burgoync. 
His  services,  however,  w  ere  not  recognised 
by  general  Gates,  in  the  official  report 
which  he  made  of  that  event,  in  conse- 
quence of  Morgan's  refusing  to  counter 
nance  that  general  in  liis  attempts  to 
supplant  general  ^^  ashington  in  the  com- 
mand ;  but  they  were  appreciated  by  his 
countrymen.  He  soon  al\er  joined  the 
main  army,  and  during  the  winter  of  1777 
and  1778  commanded  a  corp.s  ou  tht*. 
Schuylkill,  to  cut  off"  supplies  from  the  Bri- 
tish in  Philadelphia.     After  the  defeat  of 

35.^ 


MOfl 


MOll 


general  Gr.ten  at  Cambden,  he  joined  the 
southern  av)ny  under  general  Greene,  being 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  brigadier  general ; 
and  in  January,  1781,  while  detached  with 
it  considerable  body  of  troops  from  the 
jnain  army,  he  fought  the  famous  battle  of 
the  Cowpens,  in  %vbich  he  defeated  the  su- 
perior force  of  colonel  Tarleton.  He  soon 
after  returned  to  the  main  body,  and  re- 
signed his  ccmniand  in  consequence  of 
being  disabled  for  service  by  ill  health.  In 
1794  he  "was  appointed  to  command  the 
militia  of  Virginia,  called  out  to  suppress 
the  insuiTcction  in  Pennsylvania,  and  con- 
tinued in  the  service  till  the  spring  of  1795. 
He  Avas  afterwards  elected  to  a  seat  in 
congress.  Toward  the  close  of  his  life  he 
j-emoved  from  his  seat  in  Frederick  county 
to  Winchester,  where  he  died  in  1799.  He 
was  amiable  in  his  disposition,  of  an  enter- 
prising spirit,  collected  and  daring  in  dan- 
ger, and  always  enjoyed  the  affection  of 
Lis  soldiers,  and  the  confidence  of  his  su- 
perior officers.  He  would  have  enjoyed  a 
wider  sphere  of  influence  had  his  education 
been  less  imperfect.  ICIP'  L. 

Morgues,  Matthew  de,  sieur  de  St. 
Germain,  preacher  to  Lewis  XHI.  and  al- 
ynoner  to  Mary  de  Medicis,  was  born  at 
Vellai,  in  Languedoc,  1582.  He  entered 
among  the  Jesuits,  but  soon  relinquished 
their  society,  and  acquired  universal  repu- 
tation by  his  preaching.  Upon  the  dis- 
grace of  Mary  de  Medicis  he  made  his  es- 
cape, as  he  had  drawn  upon  himself  the 
resentment  of  cardinal  Richelieu,  by  the 
severity  of  his  reflections  upon  his  conduct 
«nd  ministry.  After  the  cardinal's  death 
he  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  died,  1670, 
aged  83.  He  wrote  a  "  History  of  Lewis 
the  Just,"  besides  a  vindication  of  the 
ejuecTi-mother  against  the  malevolent  insi- 
nuations of  Richelieu. 

MoRHOFF,  Daniel  George,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, born  at  Wismar,  in  the  dutchy  of 
Mecklenburg,  6th  Feb.  1639.  He  studied 
at  Stettin  and  Rostock,  and  visited  Holland 
and  Oxford,  and  in  1665  was  invited  by  the 
duke  of  Holstein  to  become  professor  of 
poetry,  eloquence,  and  history,  and  libra- 
rian in  the  university  of  Kiel.  He  mar- 
ried in  1671,  and  it  is  supposed,  that  the 
death  of  his  wife,  in  1687,  hastened  his 
own  dissolution.  He  died  1691.  His 
principal  works  are  Polyhistor,  sive  de  No- 
titia  Auctorum  etRerum,  2  vols.  4to. — Dis- 
•crtationes,  4to. — Orationes — bjsidesPrin- 
ceps  Medicus,  4to.  in  which  he  spoke  of 
the  pretensions  of  the  kings  of'  England 
and  France,  to  cure  the  king's  evil — and  a 
translation  of  his  learned  friend  Boyle's 
philosophical  works  into  Latin. 

MoRicE,  Sir  William,  a  learned  English- 
man, raihcd  through  the  influence  of  his 
friend  and  kinsman,  general  Monk,  to  the 
•){lke  of   secretarv  uf  state,  for  wliich  he 


was  not  fully  qualified,  as  unacquainted 
with  foreign  affairs.  He  held  it,  however, 
for  seven  years,  and  without  reproach,  and 
resigned  in  1668.  He  died  Dec.  12th, 
1676.  He  wrote  the  "  Common  Right  of 
the  Lord's  Supper  asserted,"  printed  1651, 
4to.  and  1660,  folio. 

MoRiLLO,  Bartholomew,  a  Spanish  paint* 
er,  born  at  Seville,  1613.  He  studied  in 
Italy,  and  his  compositions  were  so  much 
admired,  that  he  was  compared  to  Paul 
Veronese.  After  his  return  to  Spain, 
Charles  V.  wished  to  make  him  his  first 
painter,  which  honour,  through  modesty, 
he  declined.     He  died  1685. 

MoRiN,  John  Baptist,  a  French  physi- 
cian, born  at  Villefranche,  in  Beaujolois, 
1583.  He  studied  philosophy  at  Aix,  and 
physic  at  Avignon,  where  he  took  his  doc- 
tor's degree,  and  then  came  to  Paris.  He 
began  in  1617  to  apply  himself  to  astrolo- 
gy, and  lived  in  the  retinue  of  several  digni- 
taries, where  the  accidental  fulfilment  of 
some  of  his  prophecies  gave  him  great  ce- 
lebrity. In  1630  he  was  chosen  professor 
royal  of  mathematics,  and  so  well  estab- 
lished was  his  astrological  reputation,  that 
he  was  consulted  by  the  cardinals  Richelieu 
and  Mazarin,  and  liberally  rewarded  for 
his  calculation  of  the  influence  of  the  stars. 
He  was  also  consulted  in  the  affairs  of 
Lewis  XIII.  and  as  in  examining  the  mo- 
narch's horoscope,  he  had  the  good  luck  to 
foretell  that  his  approaching  illness  would 
be  severe,  but  not  fatal,  he  was  very  roy- 
ally rewarded.  He  died  at  Paris,  6th  Nov. 
1656.  He  wrote  various  books,  the  best 
known  of  w'hich  are  his  treatise  against 
the  Praeadamites,  and  his  Asfrologia  Galii- 
ca,  the  labour  of  30  years,  printed  at  the 
Hague,  1661,  in  folio,  and  dedicated  to 
Jesus  Christ,  and  to  Louisa  Maria,  queen 
of  Portugal,  at  whose  expense  it  was  print- 
ed, as  the  author  had  foretold,  she  was  to 
be  a  sovereign  princess. 

MoRiN,  John,  a  learned  Frenchman,  born 
at  Blois,  1591.  He  studied  at  Rochelle 
and  Leyden,  and  afterwards  settled  at  Pa- 
ris, where  by  the  conversation  of  cardinal 
du  Perron,  he  was  converted  from  the  pro- 
testant  to  the  catholic  faith.  He  then  was 
admitted  into  the  congregation  of  the  ora- 
tor}', and  distinguished  himself  by  his  wri- 
tings. He  resided  for  nine  years  at  Rome, 
where  he  was  much  courted  by  the  pope 
and  cardinals,  and  then  was  recalled  by 
Richelieu  to  France.  He  died  of  an  apo- 
plexy at  Paris,  1659.  His  works  are  very 
numerous,  but  the  best  known  are,  Exer- 
citations  on  the  Samaritan  Pentateuch — 
an  edition  of  the  Septuagint — a  History  of 
the  Deliverance  of  the  Church  by  Constan- 
tine,  &c. 

MoRiN,  Simon,  a  fanatic,  born  at  Richc- 
mont,  near  Aumale.  He  published  in  1647. 
a  foolish  book,  called  "  Pensees  dc  Morii- 


356 


Moll 


MOli 


tledioes  au  Roi,"  in  which  he  conceived 
himself  to  be  Jesus  Christ,  the  second 
Messiah.  This  book,  which  drew  around 
him  many  followers,  proved  at  last  his 
rum  ;  he  was  imprisoned,  but  aft(!rwards 
liberated  as  a  visionary,  till  one  of  his  dis- 
ciples, Desmarets,  from  envy  and  malice, 
called  him  the  tion  of  God  risen  again,  and 
thus  revived  a  fanatical  sect,  which  the 
arm  of  the  law  immediately  repressed. 
The  unhappy  Morin  was  condemned  to  be 
burnt  alive,  which  sentence  he  sufl'ered  with 
great  resolution,  14th  March,  1G63,  and  his 
accomplices  were  whipped  and  branded, 
and  sent  to  the  galleys  for  life. 

MoRiN,  Stephen,  a  protestant  divine, 
born  at  Caen,  1st  Jan.  1625.  He  studied 
at  CacQ,  and  afterwards  at  Sedan,  under 
du  Moulin  and  Rivet,  and  after  acquiring 
a  very  extensive  knowledge  of  classical  and 
oriental  literature,  he  returned  to  his  na- 
tive place,  and  married.  In  1664  he  was 
made  minister  of  Caen,  and  at  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  edict  of  Nantes  in  1685,  he  re- 
tired to  Holland,  and  fixed  first  at  Leyden, 
and  then  at  Amsterdam,  where  he  became 
professor  of  oriental  languages.  He  died 
May  5th,  1700.  His  Latin  Dissertations 
on  various  subjects  of  Criticism  and  Anti- 
quity, were  highly  esteemed,  the  best  edi- 
tion of  which  is  that  of  Dort,  1700,  8vo. 

Morin,  Henry,  son  of  Stephen,  was  au- 
thor of  several  dissertations  in  the  memoirs 
of  the  academy  of  inscriptions  at  Paris,  of 
which  he  was  member.  He  left  the  pro- 
testant for  the  Roman  catholic  religion,  and 
died  at  Caen,  1728,  aged  73. 

Morin,  Peter,  a  learned  critic,  born  at 
Paris,  1531.  He  was  for  some  years  in 
the  printing  office  of  Paul  Manutius,  at  Ve- 
nice, and  was  afterwards  employed  by  Gre- 
gory Xni.  and  Sextus  V.  to  superintend 
the  editions  of  the  Septuagint,  and  of  the 
Vulgate.  He  wrote  a  Collection  of  Gene- 
ral Councils,  and  several  learned  works  be- 
sides.    He  died  at  Rome,  1608. 

Morin,  Lewis,  a  French  physician,  born 
at  Mons,  1635.  He  was  member  of  the 
academy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  and  made 
himself  known  by  his  accurate  index  to 
the  works  of  Hippocrates  in  Greek  and 
Latin.     He  died  1715. 

Morin,  John,  professor  of  philosophy  at 
Chartres,  and  author  of  "  Mechanisme 
Universel,"  and  of  a  "  treatise  on  Eterni- 
ty," was  born  at  Meung,  near  Orleans, 
1705,  and  died  1764. 

MoRiNiERF,,  Adrian  Claude  le  Fort  de  la, 
author  of  *'  Choix  des  Poesies  Morales" — 
**  Bibliotheque  Poetique — Passe-tems  Poe- 
tiques,  Historiques,"  &c. — and  some  co- 
medies, was  born  at  Paris,  1696,  and  died 
1768. 

Morison,  Robert,  a  physician,  born  at 
Aberdeen,  1620.  He  studied  in  his  native 
university,  and  took  his  masfer's   degree  ; 


but  the   civil  nars    disturbed    hiw  pursuits, 
and  after   he.  bad  di^tinf^ui^licd  himself  for 
his  loyalty  and  bravery,  .specially  lu  a  bat- 
tle on  Aberdeen  bridge,  between  the  people 
of  the    town     and    the    republican    forces, 
where  he  was  wounded  in  ihr  l,t-ad,  he  re- 
tired to   France,  in    expeetation    of  better 
times.      At  Paris  he  applied  himself  to  bo- 
tany and  anatomy,  and  louk   hist  degree  of 
M.D.  at   Angers,  1648,  and  obtain;  d,   two 
years  after,  the  care  of  the  royal  gardens  at 
Blois.       At    the    restoration    he    followed 
Charles  H.  to  England,  and  was  made  phy- 
sician to  the  royal  family,  professor  royal 
of  botany,  and  afterwards  was  elected  bota- 
nical professor  at  Oxford.     He  was  unfor- 
tunately bruised  by  the  pole  of  a  coach,  as 
he  crossed  the   street   near  Charing-cross, 
and  died  the  day  after,  1683,  aged  63.     He 
published,  1669,  Pra;ludium    Botanicum,  2 
vols.  8vo. — Plantarum  Uml)illiferai-um  Dis- 
tributio,   folio — Historia   Plantarum,  folio, 
a  valuable  work,  which  he  left  incomplete. 
It  was  finished  by  Jacob  Bobart. 

MoRisoT,  Claude  Bartholomew,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Dijon,  1592.  He  was  au- 
thor of  Peruviana,  or  the  Secret  History  of 
Cardinal  Richelieu,  Mary  of  Medicis,  and 
the  Duke  of  Orleans,  4to.  1645 — Orbis 
Maritimus,  &,c.  and  died  1661. 

Morland,  Samuel,  an  eminent  states- 
man, born  in  Berkshire.  He  was  under 
secretary  to  Thurloe,  and  his  abilities  were 
employed  by  Cromwell  in  embassies  to 
Geneva,  Savoy,  and  other  states.  In  1660 
he  waited  on  Charles  II.  at  Breda,  and  so 
recommended  himself  by  his  extensive 
knowledge  and  faithful  services,  that  he 
was  created  a  baronet.  He  published 
Urim  of  Conscience,  8vo.  1695.  The 
time  of  his  death  is  not  mentioned.  His 
son  was  master  of  mechanics  to  Charles 
II.  and  invented  the  drum-head  capstan, 
for  weighing  heavy  anchors,  the  speaking- 
trumpet,  a  fire  engine,  an  arithmetical  in- 
strument, &c. 

Morland.  George,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  in  London.  His  father  was  an  able 
artist,  and  the  son,  being  early  employed  in 
making  drawings,  acquired  great  ease  and 
expedition.  These  essential  advantages 
were  aided  by  .-trong  powers  of  genius  ; 
but  the  celebrity  which  these  promising  ta- 
lents might  have  ensured,  was  prevented 
by  vicious  habits,  and  an  unconquerable 
propensity  for  low  and  dissipated  society. 
In  proportion  as  his  abilities  expanded,  and 
his  pieces  commanded  the  public  esteem, 
his  foibles  increased,  and  his  wants  became 
more  urgent.  While  the  employment  of 
his  pencil,  in  hours  of  sobriety  and  retire- 
ment, might  have  procured  independence 
and  general  esteem,  the  elibrts  of  his  ge- 
nius were  never  or  seldom  called  forth  but 
to  extricate  him  from  the  grasp  of  persecu- 
ting  creditors,  the  riotous  company  of   m 

•»  -  ^ 

.T.I  I 


MOR 


iMOK 


«punging  house,  or  the  horrors  of  a  prison. 
Thus  ever  poor  and  ever  exposed  to  the 
filthy  temptations  of  an  alehouse,  or  an  in- 
temperate party,  he  produced  no  historical 
piece,  truly  sublime  for  grandeur  of  con- 
ception, or  vastness  of  execution.  The 
scenes  of  rural  and  domestic  life,  indeed, 
received  from  his  hand  the  most  finished 
and  captivating  charms  ;  and  his  farms, 
horses,  rural  views,  shepherds,  fishermen, 
smugglers  on  the  sea-coast,  dogs,  pigs,  ^c. 
were  delineated  witli  the  most  striking  and 
the  happiest  effect.  This  singular  genius, 
whose  pieces  were  generally  the  eft'ect  of 
accident,  and  fell  into  the  hands  of  those 
who  induced  him  to  work  with  the  selfish 
view  of  profiting  by  his  extravagance,  died 
in  a  spunging  bouse,  1804,  aged  40,  leavmg 
a  wife,  who  survived  him  but  two  days. 
His  life  has  been  written,  and  a  curious  ac- 
count of  all  his  pieces  given  by  Mr.  Hassell, 
1806. 

MoRLEY,  George,  a  learned  bishop,  born 
in  Cheapside,  London,  1597.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  and  made 
student  of  Christ-church,  1615.  He  was 
afterwards  chaplain  in  lord  Carnarvon's 
family,  and  to  Charles  I.  who  gave  him  a 
canonry  of  Christ-church,  1641.  Though 
chosen  one  of  the  assembly  of  divines,  he 
adhered  firmly  to  the  interests  of  his  mas- 
ter, and  assisted  him  at  the  treaty  of  New- 
port, in  the  isle  of  Wight.  After  being 
imprisoned  for  some  little  time  for  loyalty, 
he  left  England,  1649,  and  officiated  as  mi- 
nister to  bis  fugitive  countrymen  at  the 
Hague,  Antwerp,  and  Breda.  At  the  re- 
storation, his  zeal  in  the  royal  cause  was 
not  forgotten  ;  he  was  restored  to  his  ca- 
nonry, 1660,  made  dean  of  Christ-church, 
and  nominated  to  the  see  of  Worcester 
the  same  year,  and  in  1662  translated 
to  Winchester.  In  this  bishopric  he  show- 
ed himself  a  most  munificent  prelate  ;  he 
spent  8000/.  on  the  repairs  of  Farnham 
castle  ;  purchased  with  4000Z.  Chelsea,  for 
the  residence  of  his  successors,  and  among 
other  benefactions,  left  five  scholarships  of 
lOZ.  per  annum,  to  the  natives  of  Jersey  and 
Guernsey.  By  temperance  he  reached  a 
good  old  age,  and  died  in  October,  1684. 
He  wrote  some  religious  tracts,  in  1  vol. 
4to.  besides  sermons  and  various  other 
treatises. 

MoRLiERE,  James  Augustis  de  la,  a  na- 
tive of  Grenoble,  who  acquired  some  cele- 
brity by  his  romances,  the  best  of  which  is 
his  Angola,  2  vols.l2mo.  He  wrote  alsoMir- 
za-Nadir,  4  vols.  12mo. — some  comedies, 
and  other  tlnngs,  which  obtained  a  tempo- 
rary fame.     He  died  at  Paris,  1785. 

MoRLiN,  Joachim,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
born  1514.  He  was  engaged  in  the  various 
theological  disputes  of  the  times,  and  was 
*nade  bishop  of  Sambia,  by  Sigismund  kin? 

i-)y 


of  Poland,  where  he  died.  He  was  author 
of  several  religious  tracts,  &c. 

MoRNAC,  Anthony,  an  eminent  French 
advocate.  He  wrote  4  folio  volumes  on 
law  subjects,  and  also  an  octavo  volume  of 
excellent  poetry,  called  Feriae  Forenses. 
He  died  much  respected,  1619. 

MoRNAT,  Philip  de,  lord  of  Plessis  Mar- 
ly, an  illustrious  nobleman,  born  at  Buhi 
in  Vexin,  1549.  He  was  carefully  educa- 
ted by  his  mother  in  the  protestant  faith, 
and  afterwards  served  in  the  army  during 
the  civil  commotions  of  the  times,  but  soon 
quitted  the  military  life  for  literary  pur- 
suits. He  passed  to  Geneva,  and  through 
Switzerland  went  to  Heidelberg  in  Germa- 
ny, where  he  applied  himself  to  the  civil  law. 
He  afterwards  visited  the  most  remarka- 
ble places  of  Italy,  Germany,  and  Flan- 
ders, and  also  came  to  England,  where 
Elizabeth  received  him  with  cordiality  and 
interest.  In  1576  he  went  to  the  court  of 
the  king  of  Navan*e,  afterwards  Henry  IV. 
of  France,  by  whom  he  was  kindly  treated, 
and  made  counsellor  of  state.  He  greatly 
distinguished  himself  by  his  abilities  and 
negotiations  in  the  king's  service ;  but 
when  he  saw  him  inclined  to  become  a 
convert  to  the  catholic  tenets,  he  gradually 
withdrew  from  the  court  to  devote  himself 
to  literature.  He  had  been  made  governor 
of  Saumur  by  his  master,  but  he  was  de- 
prived of  the  ofiice  by  Lewis  XIII.  in  1621, 
and  died  at  his  seat  of  la  Forest,  near  Poic- 
tou,  1623.  Du  Plessis  was  an  extraordi- 
nary character  ;  though  the  heir  of  rank, 
dignity,  and  opulence,  he  cultivated  lite- 
rature with  taste  and  success  ;  and  in  an 
age  when  religious  opinions  were  guided 
by  interest,  and  altered  by  political  con- 
nexions, he  remained  a  protestant,  firm 
and  unshaken  in  his  principles,  virtuous  ia 
his  conduct,  and  respected  even  by  his  ene- 
mies. His  publications  are  numerous  and 
valuable.  The  best  known  are,  a  Treatise 
on  the  Church,  1578 — upon  the  Truth  of 
the  Christian  Religion,  begun  1579 — upon 
the  Eucharist,  1598,  a  celebrated  treatise, 
which  procured  an  interview  between  him 
and  cardinal  du  Perron,  and  which  obtain- 
ed for  him  among  the  protestants,  the  title 
of  protestant  pope — the  Mystery  of  iniqui- 
ty, or  the  History  of  Papacy,  1607 — an 
Exhortation  to  the  Jews  concerning  the 
Messiah,  &c. 

MoRosoNS,  Francis,  a  native  of  Venice, 
who  distinguished  himself  by  his  valour 
against  the  Turks,  at  the  siege  of  Candia. 
He  long  maintained  himself  against  an  in- 
vading army  of  120,000  men,  with  hardly 
a  fourth  part  of  the  number  ;  but  though 
allured  by  promises  from  the  enemy,  and 
offered  the  principalities  of  Moldavia  and 
Wallachia,  he  continued  firm  to  his  coun- 
try ;  and  when  the  place  surrendered,  he 
was   treated    with    sreat    humanitv.     Hi* 


MOM 


MOR 


roujitrymcn  afterwards,  thoiiph  for  a  mo- 
ment displeased,  appointed  liini  proenrator 
of  St.  Mark,  and  enabled  liini  aj^ain  to  at- 
tack the  Turks,  whom  he  defeated  in  a 
dreadful  naval  battle  near  the  Dardanelles. 
He  was  in  1G88,  eleeted  doge  of  his  coun- 
try, and  died  six  years  after,  aged  76. 

Morris,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Angh'sea, 
engaged  in  the  service  of  the  admiralty  in 
1737,  to  survey  the  coast  of  Wales.  He 
published  in  1748  an  account  of  his  obser- 
vations, and  died  at  Pembryn,  Cardigan- 
shire, 1765,  aged  63.  He  possessed  some 
abilities  as  a  poet,  and  several  of  his  pieces 
in  Welch  have  appeared.  Above  80  MS. 
volumes  of  antiquities,  &c.  collected  by 
Lim,  are  preserved  in  the  Welch  charity 
school,  London. 

Morris,  Richard,  brother  to  the  preced- 
ing, was  clerk  in  the  navy  pay-oflice,  and 
was  eminent  as  a  critic,  and  as  a  poet,  and 
"was  engaged  in  the  publication  of  two  edi- 
tions of  the  Welch  Bible.  He  died  1770. 
His  brother  William  was  known  as  a  cu- 
rious collector  of  Welch  MSS.  He  died 
1764,  comptroller  of  the  customs  at  Holy- 
head. 

Morris,  Lewis,  governor  of  New-Jer- 
5ey,  was  early  left  an  orphan,  and  was 
reared  by  an  uncle  who  lived  at  Morrisa- 
nia,  New-York.  He  possessed  a  mind  of 
unusual  penetration,  and  became  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  letters  and 
jaw.  He  resided  most  of  his  life  in  New- 
•Jersey,  where  be  signalized  himself  both  in 
the  service  of  the  proprietors  and  assem- 
bly. He  was  employed  by  the  latter  to 
draw  up  their  complaint  against  lord  Corn- 
bury,  and  present  it  to  the  queen.  In 
1692,  he  was  a  member  of  the  council  and 
judge  of  the  supreme  court.  In  1710,  he 
resided  in  New-l'ork,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  influential  men  in  the  colony.  He 
ivas  appointed  chief  justice  about  the  year 
1720,  and  held  the  oflice  till  1732.  After 
that  he  again  lived  in  NeAV-Jersey,  and  in 
1733  was  appointed  governor  of  that  colo- 
ny. He  died  in  1746.  In  giving  direc- 
tions respecting  his  funeral  he  displayed  a 
singularity  of  mind  that  had  always  cha- 
racterized him,  by  prohibiting  his  friends 
from  wearing  mourning,  and  wishing  that 
no  sermon  should  be  preached.  fCj^  L. 

Morris,  Robert,  superintendent  of  the 
finances  of  the  United  States,  was  a  native 
of  Manchester,  England,  and  after  migra- 
ting to  America,  established  himself  as  a 
merchant  in  Philadelphia.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  his  enterprise  in  that  employ- 
ment, and  gained  very  extensive  credit.  In 
1776,  he  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  congress, 
and  as  a  member  of  that  body  affixed  his 
name  to  the  declaration  of  independence, 
and  the  articles  of  confederation  formed  in 
1778.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention which  formed  the  constitution  of 


the  United  States,  in  1787.  In  1781  kc 
was  intruNt«(l  with  the  inanaRi-metit  of  the 
linances,  and  rendered  incukulable  hirviceis 
by  his  wealth  and  credit,  at  that  period 
when  th(!  public  fiuids  were  cxhauHted.  He 
pledged  liiuisidl,  personally,  to  a  great  ex- 
tent for  his  purchaser,  and  8U(  h  wa«  his 
reputation  for  talents,  wealth,  and  integri- 
ty, that  he  succeeded,  to  a  great  ixt.nt,  in 
procuring  supplies  for  the  army.  H,:  pro- 
posed the  plan  of  the  National  Bank,  which 
wa:5  incorporated  at  the  close  of  thai  year. 
After  filling  the  oHiee  for  about  three  years 
he  resigned  it.  He  died  at  Philadelphia* 
May  8lh,  1806,  in  tlie  seventy-second  year 
of  his  age.  |i::j-  L. 

Morris,  Gouverneur,  an  eminent  politi- 
cal character,   was  a  descendant  from  the 
distinguished  family  of  that  name  of  Mor- 
risania,  New-York.     He  was  born  in  1751, 
and  graduated  at  the  college  in  New-York, 
in  1763.     He  was  called  into  public  life  at 
an  early   age,  being  elected  a  member  of 
the  provincial  legislature  of  New-York  in 
1775.     In    1777   he   was  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  fonncd   the  constitution 
of  that  slate,  and  was  appointed  one  of  the 
delegates  to  congress.     He  was  a  decided 
friend  of  independence,  and  when  the  over- 
tures for  reconciliation  were  tnade  known 
to  congress  by  the  British  commissioners, 
in  1778,  their  rejection  was  advocated  with 
great  force  of  argument  and  poignancy  of 
wit   by   Mr.  Morris  and  William    Henry 
Drayton.     Residing    afterwards  in  Penn- 
sylvania, he  was  a  delegate  from  that  state 
to  the  convention  which  framed  the  consti- 
tution of  the  United  States.     He  was  one 
of  the  committee  who  revised  the  draught, 
and  to  whom  it  was  indebted  for  the  beauty 
and  perspicuity  of  its  style.     In   1792  he 
was  appointed   minister  plenipotentiary  to 
France,     in  ihat  period  of  enthusiasm,  an 
ardent  attachment  to  the  principles,  and  a 
cordial  sympathy  with  the  friends  of  the 
revolution  was  esteemed   an  indispensablo 
qualification  in  the  minister  of  the  United 
States.     But  although   a  decided   republi- 
can, he  had  too  much  wisdom  not  to  doubt 
the   ultimate  utility   of  some  of  the  mea- 
sures then  purstting  in  that  kingdom,  or  to 
participate  in  the  sanguine  anticipations  of 
the  leaders  who  directed  them.     In  conse- 
quence, although  his  conduct  was  marked 
by   the  utmost  prudence  and    urbanity,  he 
failed  to  secure  the  confidence  of  the   Di- 
rectory, and  when  a  request  was  made  for 
the  recall  of  Mr.  Genet,  by   the  American 
government,  it  was  met  by  a  simitar   one 
from  that   of  France,  in   relation    to  Mr. 
Morris,  who  returned  to  the  United  State* 
in  1794.     In  1797,  he  was  elected  a  sena- 
tor from   the  state  of  New- York,  in  con- 
gress.    He  was  a  leading  member  of  the 
federal  party,  and  exercised  a  degree  of  in- 
llueuce  which  few  other  men  possessed; 

359 


MOR 


MOR 


His  powers  of  eloquence  were  of  the  high- 
est order.  In  the  celebrated  debate  on  the 
subject  of  abolishing  the  judiciary  system, 
in  1802,  he  took  an  active  part  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Mr.  Bayard  and  other  distin- 
guished statesmen,  in  opposition  to  that 
measure,  and  his  speeches  on  that  occa- 
sion ^ere  among  the  most  powerful  and 
impressive  which  have  been  known  in  the 
annals  of  American  legislation.  After  his 
term  as  a  senator  expired,  he  retired  to 
private  life,  to  the  enjoyment  of  an  ample 
fortune,  and  the  indulgence  of  a  liberal 
hospitality.  He  married  in  1809,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Thomas  Randolph  of  Virginia,  and 
died  at  his  seat  at  Westchester,  November 
€th,  1816,  aged  65.  In  addition  to  his 
speeches  in  congress,  several  of  his  ora- 
tions on  various  occasions  were  published. 
Among  these  the  most  celebrated  were. 
One  delivered  before  the  corporation  of 
New- York,  in  1800,  occasioned  by  the 
death  of  Washington  ;  and  another  deliver- 
ed before  an  assembly  of  citizens  convened 
to  celebrate  the  downfal  of  the  Emperor, 
and  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons  to  the 
throne  of  France.  He  also  published  an 
Oration  before  the  New- York  Historical 
Society  in  1816.  |CJ^  L. 

Mortimer,  John  Hamilton,  an  English 
painter,  born  1739,  at  East  Bourne,  Sussex, 
and  descended  from  Mortimer,  earl  of 
March.  He  learnt  his  art  under  his  uncle, 
but  afterwards  improved  himself  under 
Hudson,  and  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and 
greatly  corrected  his  taste  by  studying  at- 
tentively the  graces  and  sublime  beauties 
of  the  duke  of  Richmond's  gallery.  He 
honourably  obtained  the  prize  of  the  socie- 
ty for  the  encouragement  of  arts,  by  his  pic- 
ture of  Paul  preaching  to  the  Britons,  a 
valuable  piece,  preserved  in  Chipping- Wy- 
combe church,  Bucks.  He  was,  in  1779, 
without  his  solicitation,  created  royal  aca- 
demician by  the  king,  but  unfortunately  died 
before  he  could  enjoy  the  honour,  after  an 
illness  of  12  days,  at  his  house,  Norfolk- 
street,  4th  Feb.  1779.  His  Magna  Charta, 
Battle  of  Agincourt,  &c.  are  eminent  proofs 
of  his  great  genius  ;  but  it  is  remarkable 
that  while  his  feelings  and  taste  seemed  to 
lead  him  to  the  delineation  of  savage 
scenes,  and  all  the  horrid  tortures  of  in- 
quisitorial fury  and  suffering  martyrdom, 
he  possessed  the  most  benevolent  heart, 
susceptible  of  tender  impressions,  and  easi- 
ly moved  by  the  cries  of  distress. 

Morton,  Thomas,  an  English  bishop, 
born  at  York,  1564,  and  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
chosen  fellow,  1592.  He  was  in  the  ser- 
vice of  lords  Huntingdon  and  Sheffield, 
and  in  1603  went  as  chaplain  to  lord  Eure, 
ambassador  to  the  Emperor  of  Germany, 
and  the  king  of  Denmark.  In  1606,  he 
was  made  chaplain  to  king  James,  the  next 
360 


year  dean  of  Gloucester,  1609  dean  of 
Winchester.  In  1615,  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Chester,  1618,  translated  to  Lichfield 
and  Coventry,  and  in  1632,  to  Durham. 
During  the  civil  wars,  though  esteemed  for 
benevolence,  piety,  and  moderation,  he  was 
exposed  to  much  trouble  from  the  parlia- 
ment, and  the  republican  forces,  and  after 
suffering  imprisonment  and  persecution, 
he  at  last  was  permitted  to  retire  to  the 
house  of  his  friend  sir  Henry  Peyton,  in 
Northamptonshire,  where  he  died,  22d 
Sept.  1659,  aged  95.  He  was  the  author 
of  some  practical  books  of  divinity. 

Morton,  James,  earl  of,  was  born  at 
Dalkeith,  1530,  and  educated  under  Bu- 
chanan, who  was  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Paris.  He  returned  to  Scotland,  1554, 
and  ably  promoted  the  reformation,  but  the 
murder  of  Darnley,  in  which  he  was  called 
an  accomplice,  obliged  him  to  fly  into  Eng- 
land. On  his  return  he  was  made  chan- 
cellor of  Scotland,  and  in  1574,  succeeded 
Mar  as  Regent,  an  office  which  he  resign- 
ed 1579.  His  enemies  prevailed  at  last 
against  him,  and,  in  1681,  he  was  con- 
demned for  high  treason,  and  lost  his  head 
by  a  machine  called  maiden,  said  to  resem- 
ble the  modern  French  guillotine,  which  it 
is  reported,  he  had  brought  from  Halifax, 
Yorkshire,  for  the  execution  of  some  of  his 
opponents. 

Morton,  William,  a  barrister,  who  dis- 
tinguished himself  during  the  civil  wars, 
and  obtained  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel 
of  horse.  He  was  after  the  restoration 
made  king's  sergeant,  and  in  1665,  appoint- 
ed justice  of  the  king's  bench. 

Morton,  John,  a  native  of  Dorchester, 
who  rose  by  his  abilities,  his  knowledge  of 
law,  and  the  favour  of  Henry  VI.  to  places 
of  dignity  and  consequence.  He  was  privy 
counsellor  to  the  king,  and  his  successor, 
and  from  the  see  of  Ely  he  was  translated 
to  Canterbury,  and  was  also  raised  by  Hen- 
ry VII.  to  the  office  of  lord  chancellor,  and 
by  the  pope  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal.  He 
died  1500. 

IMoRTON,  Nathaniel,  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlers of  Plymouth,  New  England,  and  a 
magistrate  and  secretary  of  the  colony, 
wrote  a  brief  history  of  the  church  at  Ply- 
mouth, and  also  a  volume  denominated 
"  New  England's  Memorial,"  which  is  an 
invaluable  depository  of  the  facts  forming 
the  history  of  that  colony  for  the  first  forty- 
seven  years.  The  latter  was  published  in 
1669.  icj^  L. 

Morton,  Charles,  minister  of  Charles- 
town,  Massachusetts,  was  born  at  St.  Ma- 
ry Overy's,  England,  in  1626,  and  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  where  he  was  afterwards 
chosen  a  fellow,  and  became  distinguished 
by  his  learning.  He  entered  the  ministry 
and  was  ejected  in  1662,  after  which  he 
taught  an  academy  for  a  number  of  years 


MOS 


MOT 


at  Newinp;ton-{;reen.  In  1685  he  came  to 
America,  and  was  tbc  next  year  settled  at 
Charlestown,  where  he  reniaiticd  till  his 
death,  in  1698.  He  was  for  some  time 
vice  president  of  Harvard  college,  and 
drew  up  a  system  of  logic  which  was  long 
used  in  that  seminary.  *C3^  L. 

Morton,  Joseph,  governor  of  South  Ca- 
rolina under  the  proprietors,  was  appointed 
in  September,  1682,  and  again,  as  the  suc- 
cessor of  Robert  Quarry,  in  1685.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Colleton,  in  16S6.  IC3^  L. 

Morton,  John,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence,  re- 
sided in  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania ; 
was  a  practical  surveyor,  and  (or  some 
time  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  Penn- 
sylvania. His  death  took  place  a  day 
or  two  after  the  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence. iCj^  L. 

MoscHOPULUS,  Emmanuel,  a  native  of 
Crete,  in  the  14th  century,  known  as  the 
author  of  a  Treatise  on  Grammar,  first 
printed  in  4to.  1545.  His  nephew  of  the 
same  name  was  an  able  mathematician  and 
antiquary,  and  composed  a  Greek  Lexicon, 
published  1545. 

MoscHus  and  Bion,  two  Greek  Poets, 
who  both  flourished  in  the  reign  of  Phila- 
delphus.  Their  works  are  generally  print- 
ed together,  and  though  short,  abound  with 
great  beauties. 

MosELEY,  Benjamin,  a  physician,  was 
born  in  Essex,  and  bred  to  the  business  of 
a  surgeon  and  apothecary,  which  he  prac- 
tised several  years  at  Kingston  in  Jamaica. 
On  his  return  to  Europe  he  took  his  doc- 
tor's degree  at  Leyden,  and  by  the  interest 
of  lord  Mulgrave  obtained  the  situation  of 
physician  to  Chelsea  hospital.  He  gained 
some  credit  by  "  Observations  on  the  Dy- 
sentery of  the  West  Indies  ;"  and  "  Two 
Treatises  on  Coffee  and  Sugar :"  but  dis- 
graced himself  by  his  virulence  against  the 
vaccine  inoculation.  He  died  June  15, 
1819.— Tf^.  B. 

Moses,  the  great  legislator  of  the  Jews, 
was  born  in  Egypt,  1571  B.C.  and  provi- 
dentially saved  by  the  daughter  of  Pharaoh, 
when  exposed  on  the  waters  of  the  Nile. 
He  was  commissioned  by  God  at  the  burn- 
ing bush  to  deliver  the  people  of  Israel  from 
their  Egyptian  bondage,  and  after  he  had 
performed  miracles,  and  marched  throuoh 
the  Red  Sea,  he  promulgated  his  laws  dur- 
ing the  residence  of  his  countrymen  in  the 
wilderness.  He  was  not  permitted  to  en- 
ter the  land  of  Canaan,  but  died  at  the  a^e 
of  1 20.  ° 

Moses,  Mendelshon.  Vid.  Mendelshon. 

Moses,  Miconti,  a  Spanish  rabbi  of  the 
14th  century.  His  "  Great  Book  of  Pre- 
cepts,'' explanatoiy  of  the  Jewish  law,  was 
published  at  Venice,  folio. 

MosHEiM,  John  Laurence,  an  able  Ger- 
man divine,  born  1695  of  a  noble  family  at 

You  II.  46 


Lubcck.  He  di.-^tinguiahed  UiiztelC  in  li»c 
(ierman  uiiiver-iiti.ti,  niid  wum  imited  lo 
honoural)U;  situntion»  by  the  kim;  uf  Dtn- 
mark  and  other  pnnceB.  He  became  dig- 
nity professor  at  ilelmsta.it,  and  wtw  af- 
terwards appoii\ted  chancellor  of  th»-  uni- 
versity of  Gottingcn,  when;  h.-  died,  uni- 
versally lamented,  1755.  This  very  learn- 
ed man  wrote  Dissertations  Sana-,  lio. — 
Sermons — Cudworth's  Intellectual  System 
of  the  Universe,  translated  into  Latin, 
with  notes  :  but  the  best  known  and  most 
useful  of  his  works  is  an  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory, written  in  Latin,  and  translated  into 
English  by  Dr.  Maclaine. 

Moss,  Robert,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Gillingham,  Norfolk,  1686.  He  was 
brought  up  at  Norwich  school,  and  Benet 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  became  fel- 
low. He  was  a  popular  prer.cher,  and 
much  followed  in  London,  and  became 
chaplain  to  king  William  and  his  two  suc- 
cessors. He  v.as  made,  1712,  dean  of  Ely, 
and  held  other  ecclesiastical  preferments. 
In  the  latter  part  of  life  he  was  much  afllict- 
ed  with  the  gout,  and  died  26th  March, 
1729.  His  sermons  have  been  published 
in  8  vols.  8vo.  He  wrote  also  some  poet- 
ry, and  small   tracts. 

Moss,  Charles,  an  English  prelate,  was 
the  nephew  of  the  preceding.  He  received 
his  education  at  Caius-college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  doctor's  degree  in  1747. 
He  became  successively  archdeacon  of  Col- 
chester, prebendary  of  Salisbury,  rector  of 
St.  Andrew,  Undershaft,  and  of  St.  George, 
Hanover-square.  In  1766,  he  was  conse- 
crated bishop  of  St.  David's,  from  whence, 
in  1774,  he  was  translated  to  Bath  and 
Wells.  He  died  in  1S02.  Besides  some 
sermons,  and  a  charge,  he  published  a 
tract,  entitled,  "  The  Evidence  of  the  Re- 
surrection  cleared  from  the  Exceptions  of 
a  late  Pamphlet."  This  was  a  vindication 
of  bishop  Sherlock's  "  Trial  ol"  the  Wit- 
nesses," against  Chubb.  Dr.  Moss  also 
preached  the  Boyle's  Lecture.  His  son  be- 
came bishop  of  Oxford,  and  died  in  ISII. 
—  W.  B, 

MoTHE  LE  Vater,  Francis  de  la,  coun- 
sellor of  state,  and  preceptor  to  the  duke  of 
Anjou,  only  brother  to  Lewis  XI\'.  was  boni 
1  588,  at  Paris.  He  distinguish<>d  himself 
early  by  his  learning,  and  in  1639,  was  ad- 
mitted member  of  the  French  academy. 
He  enjoyed  the  friendship  and  patronage 
of  Richelieu,  and  Mazarine,  and  was  ap- 
pointed to  places  of  honour  and  distinc- 
tion. Though  very  regu'.ai*  and  exemplar/ 
in  his  conduct,  it  has  been  observed  that  he 
was  occasionally  licentious  in  his  writings. 
The  death  of  an  only  son  at  the  age  of  35 
afflicted  him  very  severely,  but  he,  how- 
ever, soon  after,  though  75  years  old,  took 
a  second  wife.  He  died  1672.  His  works, 
collected  by  his  son,  and  dedicated  to  Ma- 

361 


WUT 


MOU 


narinf,  appeared  in  1663.  The  best  edition 
is  that  of  1669,  in  15  toIs.  12mo.  No 
French  writer,  more  than  he,  says  Bayle, 
approaches  nearer  to  Plutarch.  Beautiful 
thoughts  and  solid  arguments  are  every 
where  interwoven  in  his  writings. 

MoTHE  LE  Vater,  de  Bontigni,  of  the 
same  family  as  the  pn-ceding,  was  master 
of  requests,  and  wrote  a  dissertation  on 
the  Authority  of  Kings — a  tragedy, — and 
Thersis  and  Zclie,  a  popular  romance. 
lie  died  1535. 

MoTHERBY,  George,  an  English  physi- 
cian, best  known  by  hi.^  popular  work,  the 
Medical  Dictionary,  fol.  He  died  1793, 
aged  62. 

MoTTE,   Anthony  Iloudart  de  la,  an  in- 
genious Fi'cnchman,  member  of  the  French 
academy,   was   born   at  Paris,    l7th  Jan. 
1672.     He  studied  the  law,  but  quitted  it 
for  poetry  and  literature,  and  at  the  age  of 
20  he  produced  "  les  Originaux,"  a  comedy, 
ill  received  by  the  public,  which  so  disgust- 
ed him  with  the  world,   that  he  retired  to 
the  abbey  of  la  Trappe,  with  the  intention 
to  live  in  retirement  and  devotion.     Other 
ideas,    however,    soon  prevailed,  and  his 
ether  productions  met  with  a  more  favour- 
able treatment  from  the  public.     He  had 
many  friends,  but  his  literary  enemies  were 
more  numerous  than  his  admirers,  and  if 
he  had  not  acquired  celebrity  by  his  wri- 
tings he  would  have  obtained  it  from  the 
attacks  of  Racine,  Eoileau,   Rousseau,  and 
others.     His  "  Discours  sur  Homerc,"  is  a 
masterly  performance,  but  it  was  attacked 
by  Madame  Dacier,  and  with  great  spirit, 
but  with  moderation  defended  by  the  author 
in  his  "Reflexions  sur  la  Critique."     He 
became     blind   in  his   old   age,   and  died 
26th  Dec.  1731,  universally  regretted.    His 
works,  consisting  of  epic  poetry,  tragedy, 
comedy,   lyrics,   &.c.   besides   critical  and 
academical    discourses,    and   other  '  prose 
compositions,  were  edited  in  11  large  vols. 
8vo.  1754.     He  was,  says   Voltaire,  of  a 
fcolid  and  comprehensive  rather  than  of  a 
sublime  genius.     His  prose  possessed  deli- 
cacy and  method,  but  his  poetry  often  is 
restitute  of  fire  and  elegance. 

MoTTEUx,  Peter  Anthony,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Rouen,  in  Normandy,  1660. 
At  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  he 
came  to  England,  where  he  became  a  re- 
spectable merchant,  and  acquired  such  a 
perfect  knowledge  of  the  language  that  he 
wrote  in  it  various  things,  among  them  a 
translation  of  Don  Quixote,  poems,  and 
dramatic  pieces.  He  was  found  dead  in  a 
disorderly  house  in  the  parish  of  St.  Cle- 
ment Danes,  on  his  birthday,  19th  Feb. 
1717-8,  and  was  supposed  to  have  been 
ranrdered. 

MoTTEMLLE,   Franccs   Bertrand,  dame 
<1p,  a  French  lady,  born  in  Normandy,  1615. 
She  was  patrojji?cd  by  Anne  of  Austria. 
36-2 


and  though  for  a  while  banished  from 
court  by  the  jealousy  of  Richelieu,  she  was 
afterwards  restored"^  to  favour,  and  wrote 
the  "  Memoirs"  of  her  mistress,  in  5  vols. 
12mo.  which  have  frequently  been  reprint- 
ed.    She  died  at  Paris,  1689. 

MoTTLEY,  John,  an  English  gentleman, 
whose  father  followed  the  fortunes  of  James 
n.  was  born  in  England,  1692.  He  was 
early  disappointed  of  some  places  under 
government,  which  though  solemnly  pro- 
mised to  him,  were  bestowed,  through  great- 
er interest  and  favour,  on  others  ;  and  in 
the  midst  of  his  wants  he  applied  to  his 
pen  for  support.  He  wrote  five  dramatic 
pieces,  which  were  received  with  some  ap- 
plause, and  also  the  life  of  the  Czar  Peter. 
He  died  30th  Oct.  1750. 

MoucHERON,  Isaac,  a  painter,  born  at 
Amsterdam,  where  he  died  1744,  aged  74. 
His  landscapes,  especially  those  of  Italy, 
were  much  admired. 

MouFET,  Thomas,  a  medical  writer,  the 
first  who  introduced  chymical  medicines  in 
England.  He  studied  for  some  time  at 
Cambridge,  but  took  his  doctor's  degree 
abroad,  and  settled  at  Ipswich.  The  latter 
part  of  his  life  was  spent  at  Bulbridge,  near 
Wilton,  in  the  retinue  of  the  Pembroke 
family.  He  died  about  1600.  He  is  known 
for  his  "  Theatrum  Insectorum,"  fol.  1634, 
a  work  praised  by  Ray,  though  censured  by- 
Lister. 

MouHY,  Charles  de  Fieux,  a  native  of 
Metz,  member  of  the  academy  of  Dijon. 
He  wrote  several  romances  of  no  great 
merit,  but  to  excite  the  public  attention  he 
gave  to  his  works  the  title  of  some  celebra- 
ted composition,  as  la  Paysanne  Parvenue, 
4  vols.  l2mo.  after  Miravaux's  Paysan  Par- 
venu— Mille  et  une  faveurs,  8  vols.  12mo. 
after  Mille  et  une  Nuits,  &c.  He  wrote  be- 
sides, Memoires  d'uneFille  deQualite,4  vols. 
12mo. — Tablettes  Dramatiques,  &c.  and 
died  at  Paris,  29th  Feb.  1784,  aged  82. 
Moulin,  Charles  du.  Vid.  Molin^us. 
Moulin,  Peter  du,  a  protestant  divine. 
Vid.  MoLiN-EUs. 

Moulin,  Peter  du,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  chaplain  to  Charles  II.  and  prebendary 
of  Canterbury.  He  died  1684,  aged  84, 
He  was  author  of  "  The  Peace  of  the  Soul,'' 
12mo. — Clamor  Regii  Sanguinis,  ascribed 
by  Milton  to  Alexander  More — a  Defence 
of  the  Protestant  Religion. 

Moulin,  Lewis,  brother  to  the  preced- 
ing, wrote  Parainesis  ad  iEdificatores  Im- 
perii, dedicated  to  Ci-omwell — Patronus  Bo- 
nai  Fidei,  against  the  church  of  England. 
He  was  a  violent  independent,  and  died 
16S0,  aged  77. 

Moulin,  Gabriel,  a  catholic  minister  of 
Maneval,  in  the  diocess  of  Lisieux.  He 
wrote  the  History  of  Normandy,  under  the 
Dukes,  1631,  folio — History  of  the  Norman 
Conqne-'ts  in  Naples  and  Sicily,  lOSS,  foliO; 


MOX. 


MlO 


Moultrie,  William,  governor  oi"  Soutli 
Carolina,  and  a  major-?;(  iioral  in  the  army 
of  the  revolution,  entered  the  service  of  his 
country  as  early  as  the  Cherokee  war  in 
1760,  in  the  last  campaign  of  which  he 
commanded  a  company.  At  the  opcnino; 
of  the  war  of  the  revoUition  he  was  appoint- 
ed to  the  colonelcy  of  the  second  regiment 
of  South  Carolina.  He  commanded  the 
fortifications  at  Sullivan's  Island  at  the 
memorable  assault  l)y  the  British  on  the 
28th  of  June,  1776,  when  he  repulsed  their 
forces.  In  reward  for  his  eminent  services 
on  that  occasion  he  received  the  thanks  of 
congress,  and  the  fort  was  afterwards  called 
by  his  name.  In  the  battle  near  Beaufort,  in 
1779,  he  gained  a  victory  over  the  British, 
and  in  1780  was  the  second  in  command 
in  Charleston  during  its  siege.  After  the 
close  of  the  war  he  was  repeatedly  chosen 
governor.  He  died  on  the  27th  September, 
1805.  He  published  memoirs  of  the  revo- 
lution in  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  official  letters.     IC3^  L. 

MoDNTFORT,  William,  a  native  of  Staf- 
fordshire, known  as  an  actor  and  as  a  dra- 
matic writer.  He  possessed  great  comic 
powers,  and  once  displayed  them  with 
effect  before  lord  Jefferies,  and  the  court 
of  London  aldermen,  by  mimicking  the 
gestures,  manners,  and  delivery  of  the 
great  lawyers  of  the  times.  Cibber  speaks 
with  great  approbation  of  his  successful  ex- 
ertions in  comedy  as  well  as  in  tragedy, 
•which  had  not  even  yet  attained  their  high- 
est excellence  at  his  death.  He  was  basely 
murdered  by  captain  Hill  and  lord  Mohun, 
in  Norfolk-street  in  the  Strand,  in  the  win- 
ter of  1692.  Hill  immediately  escaped, 
and  Mohun,  when  tried  by  his  peers, 
was  acquitted,  as  the  evidence  against  him 
was  not  sufficiently  strong  and  connected. 
Mountfort  was  author  of  six  dramatic 
pieces. 

MouRET,  John  Joseph,  a  musician,  com- 
poser of  some  very  elegant  works,  was  born 
at  Avignon,  1682,  and  died  1738,  at  Cha- 
rcnton,  near  Paris. 

MouRGUES,  Michael,  a  French  Jesuit, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  French  Poetry,  and 
on  Geometr)' — and  a  collection  of  French 
bon-mots.     He  died  1713. 

MouRGUES,  Matthew  de,  an  ex-jesuit, 
■nho  wrote  in  favour  of  Richelieu,  but  af- 
terwards deserted  him  to  support  the  cause 
of  the  queen-mother.  He  died  in  the  hos- 
pital of  incurables  at  Paris,  1670.  His 
works  are  chiefly  controversial. 

MouvANs,  Paul  Richard,  a  protestant 
officer,  surnamed  the  Brave.  He  distin- 
guished himself  much  in  the  civil  wars  of 
France,  and  was  slain  in  battle,  1568. 

MoxoN,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Wakefield, 
Yorkshire,  who  became  hydrographer  to 
the  second  Charles,  and  died  about  1700, 
?»ged  73.    Pie  wrote  several  books  on  navi- 


couragement  of  seamen 
ever,  was  more  congenial  to 


galion,  malhejualic*,  a.><lrou(>iny,  McLhaui' 
Exercises,  or  the  Doririnc  of  Handy-work, 
&c.  and  for  snnif  years  tnnirlit  inath«Mn:itics 
in  Warwiik-lanc,  London,  wh<n;  h<  ron- 
structed  globes,  maps,  &.c. 

MoTi.F.,  Waller,  an  inc;(nioii.4  \>riler, 
born  in  Cornwall,  1G72.  Up,  was  for  .som<* 
time  at  Oxford,  and  then  entered  at  thr 
Temple,  where  he  studied  tlie  l-.iw,  and  a<  - 
quired  a  strong  bias  in  favour  of  llie  pro- 
testant succession.  He  was  for  some  tim** 
in  parliament,  where  he  conducted  himself 
in  a  very  honourable  and  independent  m;»n- 
ncr,  and  ably  supported  th(;  bill  for  the  en- 
Retirement,  how- 
him  than  the 
bustle  of  political  life,  and  therefore  he  re- 
moved to  his  seat  at  Bake,  in  Cornwall, 
and  devoted  himself  assiduotisly  to  literary 
pursuits.  He  died  9th  June,  1721,  aged 
49,  and  in  1726  his  v^orks  appeared  in  2 
vols.  8vo.  edited  by  Th.  Serjeant,  esq.  and 
dedicated  to  his  brother,  Joseph  Moylc. 
A  third  volume  was  added  1727,  by  his 
friend,  Mr.  Hammond.  These  volumes 
contain  chiefly  political  pamphlets — disser- 
tations on  some  of  the  works  of  Xcnophon 
and  Lucian — besides  Remarks  on  Prideaux's 
Connexion — letters — and  a  treatise  on  the 
Miracles  of  the  Thundering  Legion,  &.c. 

MoYSE,  Henry,  page  to  James  I.  and  one 
of  the  gentlemen  of  the  privy  chamber,  wa<^ 
born  at  Lanerk  in  Scotland,  1573.  He  ac- 
companied his  master  to  England,  and  as 
he  was  so  near  the  royal  person,  he  wrote 
a  diary  of  what  he  saw  and  knew,  which 
was  published,  1753.  He  lived  in  retire- 
ment the  latter  part  of  life,  and  died  at 
Edinburgh,  1630.  * 

Mozart,  Wolfgang,  a  German  musiciajj; 
born  at  Saltzburg,  where  his  father,  also  an 
eminent  musician,  was  master  of  the  chapel. 
He  possessed  such  strong  natural  powers, 
that  when  a  child  he  played  before  the  em- 
peror, and  he,  in  approbation  of  his  great 
merits,  called  him  the  Little  Sorcerer.  He 
was  in  1763  in  London  with  his  father  and 
sister,  and  after  being  heard  with  equal  ap- 
probation by  the  king  and  the  English  no- 
bility, he  returned  home  three  years  after, 
and  in  1769  went  to  Italy,  where  the  pope 
honoured  him  with  the  order  of  the  golden 
spur.  In  1781  he  settled  at  Vienna,  where 
he  was  liberally  patronised  by  Joseph  II. 
and  the  court,  and  where  he  died  1791; 
aged  35.  Among  his  popular  works,  his 
six  sonatas  for  the  harpsichord,  publisheci 
in  liOndon,  are  particularly  admired. 

MuDGE,  John,  an  ingenious  physician, 
and  able  mechanic,  who  settled  at  Ply- 
mouth, where  he  died  1793,  author  of  a 
treatise  on  Catarrhous  Coughs,  l2mo.  Sec. 
He  also  improved  the  construction  of  the 
reflecting  telescope.  His  brother  Thoma" 
acquired  celebrity  as  an  ingenious  watcfe 
and  clock  maker,  on  which  profession  h»^ 

3f>5 


MUN 


wrote  a  Irctitisc.     Their  father  Zachary 
was  minister  of  St.  Andrew's,  Plymouth, 
and  an  able  divine.     He  wrote  a  volume  of 
admired   sermons — an   Essay   for  a    netv 
version  of  the  Psalms,  &c. 

MuDGE,  Zachary,  an  English  divine,  was 
born  at  Exeter,  where  he  was  educated  for 
the  ministry,  among  the  dissenters,  whom 
he  left,  and  took  orders  in  the  church  of 
England.  In  1716  he  became  mas^ter  of 
ihe  grammar-school  at  Bideford,  in  Devon- 
shire, where  he  remained  till  1736,  when 
he  was  elected  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Andrew, 
Plymouth,  with  which  he  held  a  prebend  in 
the  cathedral  of  Exeter.  He  died  in  1769. 
Mr.  Mudge  published  a  visitation  sermon, 
and  a  volume  of  excellent  discourses.  He 
left  four  sons,  of  whom  Thomas,  the 
second,  was  born  at  Exeter  in  1715,  and 
died  in  1794.  He  served  his  apprentice- 
ship to  Graham,  the  watchmaker,  and  be- 
came equally  eminent  in  that  line  with  his 
master  ;  and  for  his  time-keepers,  which 
were  adjudged  superior  to  any  that  had  ever 
been  invented,  he  obtained  a  parliamentary 
grant  of  three  thousand  pounds.  Dr.  John 
Mudge  was  born  at  Bideford,  and  the  fourth 
son  of  Mr.  Zachary  Mudge,  became  a  phy- 
sician at  Plymouth.  He  published  "  A  Dis- 
sertation on  the  inoculated  Smallpox  ;" 
and  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Catarrhous  Cough." 
He  had  also  a  mechanical  genius,  and  re- 
ceived the  Copleyan  medal  from  the  Royal 
Society  for  improvements  in  the  specula  of 
reflecting  telescopes.  His  son,  major- 
general  Mudge,  was  employed  on  a  trigo- 
nometrical survey  of  Great  Britain,  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  which  he  completed  be- 
fore his  death,  in  1820.  He  was  a  fellow 
of  the  Royal  Society,  in  whose  Transac- 
tions are  some  of  his  papers  on  the  great 
work  in  which  he  was  engaged. — W.  B. 

McDO,  Hernandez,  a  Spanish  painter, 
the  pupil  of  Titian.  Though  deaf  and 
dumb,  he  acquired  eminence,  and  was  in 
the  service  of  Philip  H.  of  Spain,  who  em- 
ployed him  in  ornamenting  the  Escurial, 
and  his  other  palaces. 

MuEHLENBERG,  H.  M.,  D.D.  was  a  na- 
tive of  Germany,  and  came  to  Pennsylva- 
nia in  1742,  where  he  founded  the  first  Lu- 
theran church,  and  officiated  as  its  senior 
pastor.  He  was  eminent  for  his  learning 
and  piety.  He  died  at  Philadelphia  in  1787, 
aged  76.  ItCP"  L. 

MuEHLENBERG,  G.  Henry  Ernest,  D.D. 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  New- 
Providence,  Pennsylvania,  Nov.  17,  1753, 
and  was  educated  at  the  university  of  Halle, 
in  Germany.  He  returned  in  1770,  and 
was  ordained  an  assistant  pastor  of  the  Lu- 
theran church  in  Philadelphia.  He  re- 
moved in  1780,  and  assumed  the  pastoral 
care  of  the  Lutheran  church  in  Lancaster, 
where  he  continued,  distinguished  for  his 
<alents,  piety,  atid  usefulness  until  his 
3R1 


death.  May  23,  1815.  He  was  a  m^n  c-f 
extensive  science,  and  particularly  eminent 
for  his  knowledge  of  botany.  He  enjoyed 
a  correspondence  with  many  of  the  most 
distinguished  cultivators  of  natural  science, 
and  was  a  member  of  several  learned  socie- 
ties at  home  and  abroad.  His  chief  works 
are — Catalogus  Plantarum,  Gramina  Ameri- 
cae  Septentrionalis,  and  Flora  Lancastrien- 
sis.  |C5^  L. 

MuET,  Peter  le,  a  French  architect,  born 
at  Dijon,  1591.  His  abilities  were  employ- 
ed in  fortifying  several  of  the  towns  of 
Picardy,  and  also  in  the  erection  of  the 
church  of  Val  de  Grace,  at  Paris,  under  the 
auspices  of  Anne  of  Austria.  He  wrote 
some  valuable  treatises  on  architecture, 
and  died  at  Paris,  1669. 

MuGGLETON,  Lodovick,  an  English  tar 
natic,  originally  a  tailor.  He  pretended  to 
be  inspired  by  inward  light,  and  while  he 
collected  followers  after  him,  he  made  no 
scruple  of  damning  all  those  who  opposed 
or  differed  from  his  tenets.  His  fame  be- 
gan to  spread  about  1650.  His  books, 
which  were  replete  with  nonsense  and  im- 
piety, were  burnt  by  the  common  hang- 
man, and  himself  pilloried  and  imprisoned, 
but  not  reformed.  He  died  12th  March, 
1697,  aged  90,  and  left  behind  him  a  sect, 
which,  from  the  fondness  of  innovation 
and  mysterious  singularity  in  the  vulgar, 
still  subsists. 

Mdis,  Simeon  de,  an  eminent  orientalist, 
professor  of  Hebrew  at  Paris,  and  author 
of  a  Latin  Commentarj'  on  the  Psalms,  in  2 
vols.  4to.  died  1664,  aged  57. 

Mulgrave,  Constantino  Phipps  lord. 
Vid.   Phipps. 

Mullre,  John,  an  eminent  astronomer, 
called  also  Regiomontanus.     Vid.  Regio*- 

MONTANUS. 

Muller,  John,  a  famous  Dutch  engra- 
ver, brought  up  under  Goltzius,  whose  man- 
ner he  successfully  imitated.  His  works 
are  much  esteemed.    He  flourished  1600. 

MuMMius,  Lucius,  a  Roman  consul, 
known  for  his  triunjph  over  Corinth,  The- 
bes, Chalcis,  &c.  He  conveyed  the  fa- 
mous pictures  and  ornaments  of  the  con- 
quered cities  to  Rome,  and  died  in  exile  at 
Delos. 

Muncer,  Thomas,  a  Saxon  fanatic, 
bom  at  Zwickaw,  in  Misnia.  He  was  one 
of  Luther's  disciples,  but  afterwards  preach- 
ed against  him  with  equal  violence  as 
against  the  pope,  and  became  the  leader  of 
the  anabaptists.  In  conjunction  with  Storck 
he  destroyed  tl>e  images  in  the  churches, 
and  being,  with  all  his  followers,  re- 
baptized  naked,  he  began  to  regard  all 
things  in  common,  and  to  abolish  all  dis- 
tinctions. Backed  by  40,000  enthusiasts,  he 
commanded  the  sovereign  princes  of  Germa- 
ny to  resign  their  authority  to  him, as  arm- 
ed not  only  with  temporal  force  btit  with  di- 


MUN 


MLK 


lections  from  heaven.  His  dcvaatalions 
were  great,  till  the  landgrave  of  llcssc  look 
up  anus.  Miineer,  with  the  title  of  kinu:, 
met  him  in  the  fieUl,  promising  his  associ- 
ates a  complete  victory,  but  after  losing 
7000  of  his  followers,  he  fled  to  i'ranehau- 
scn,  where  he  was  seized,  and  afterwards 
executed  at  Mulliausen,  1625. 

MuNCKEU,  Thomas,  the  learned  author 
«f  Mythographi  Latini,  of  an  edition  of 
Hyginus  with  notes,  &.e.  died  1680. 

MuNDAY,  Antony,  a  comic  pott  in  the 
16th  centuiy,  of  wbom  liltle  is  known. 
He  was  in  the  retinue  of  the  earl  of  Ox- 
ford, and  messenger  of  the  queen's  bed- 
chamber. His  plays  were  said  to  possess 
merit,  but  none  of  them  are  come  down  to 
the  present  times. 

MuNDiNUS,  a  celebrated  anatomist, 
ivhose  work  on  that  subject  was  published 
at  Paris  1478.  He  was  born  at  Florence, 
and  died  at  Bologna  1318. 

Munich,  Burchard  Christopher,  a  native 
of  New  Huntorf  in  Oldenburgh.  He 
learned  the  art  of  war  under  Marlborough 
and  Eugene,  and  for  his  bravery  at  Malpla- 
quet,  was  made  lieutf  nant-colonel.  He 
was  aflcr\vards  in  the  Polish,  and  then  in 
the  Uussian  service,  but  after  being  distin- 
guished by  the  Czar  Peter  I.  and  made 
marshal  by  the  empress  Anne,  and  ac- 
quiring military  glory  in  the  wars  against 
the  Turks,  he  was  disgraced  by  Elizabeth 
in  1741,  and  sent  to  Siberia.  After  20 
years'  exile,  he  was  recalled  by  Peter  HI. 
and  appeared  at  court  in  the  same  sheep- 
skin dress  which  he  had  worn  in  his  cap- 
tivity. After  being  restored  to  the  favour 
of  Peter  and  Catharine,  he  lived  in  retire- 
ment, and  died  1767,  at  Riga. 

MuNNiCKS,  John,  professor  of  physic, 
botany,  and  anatomy,  at  Utrecht,  and  au- 
thor of  a  dissertation  "  de  Urinis,"  &c.  ; 
of  Chirurgia  ad  Praxim  hodiernam  ador- 
nata ;  and  de  Re  Anatomica,  died  1711, 
aged  59. 

MuNSTER,  Sebastian,  a  German  divine, 
born  at  Inghelheim  1489.  He  studied  at 
Heidelberg  and  Basil,  but  after  being  in  the 
society  of  the  Cordeliers,  he  attached  him- 
self to  the  tenets  of  Luther.  He  publish- 
ed a  "  Chaldee  'jrammar  and  Lexicon  ;  a 
Talmudic  Dictionary  ;"  a  Universal  Cos- 
mography, folio  ;  and  a  Latin  Vpr  ion  of 
the  Ohl  Testament,  for  which  two  last 
works  he  was  culled  the  Strabo  f>nd  the 
Esdras  of  Germany.  He  wrote  besides 
other  valuable  works,  but  thourb  living  in 
controversial  times,  he  never  engaged  in 
theological  disputes.  He  died  of  the 
plague  at  Basil,  1552,  aged  63. 

MuNTiNG,  Abraham,  a  learned  botanist, 
author  of  Phylograpiiia  Curicsa,  folio  ;  de 
Herba  Britannica,  4to.  ;  Aloes  Historia, 
4to.  He  was  born  at  Groniugen,  and  died 
1693,  aged  57. 


MuRAi.T,  Bt:ilt  Lewis  do,  a  native  ui 
Berne,  who  di«  d  I7(:(j.  He  travelled  over 
various  partes  of  Kiirupc,  :iud  i»  aulhor  of 
Letters  upon  the  F n  nth  ai.d  Kngli!,h,  'i 
vols.  l2mo.  172(;;    rabU-»,  8vo.  1753,  iu;. 

MuRAT,  .loacliirn,  marshal  of  France, 
and  king  of  Naples,  u:is  burn  in  I7»j7,  in 
the  department  of  Lot,  France.  His  fa- 
ther was  an  i;.r)k"eper,  and  sent  him  to 
Thoulousc,  with  avicw  to  lii.s  tdiicaiioii  lor 
holy  orders.  But  he  soon  returned  and 
employed  himself  as  an  as-tistant  in  the  inn 
till  about  theeommencemci't  of  the  revolu- 
tion, when  he  entered  the  army  as  a  private 
soldier,  and  joining  the  Jacobins,  was  soon 
advanced  to  a  lieutenant-colonelcy.  He 
was  not  long  after  ca.shiered,  with  Buona- 
parte, and  it  was  at  that  time  that  their  in- 
timacy commenced.  He  first  distinguish- 
ed himself  in  the  campaign  of  Italy,  under 
Buonaparte,  where  he  rose  to  the  rank  of 
general.  The  reputation  which  he  gained 
in  the  campaigns  of  17'JG,  1797,  and  1798, 
led  to  his  being  nominated  governor  of 
Rome.  He  attended  Buonaparte  in  the  ex- 
pedition to  Egypt,  and  commanded  a  divi- 
sion. In  1799,  he  married  a  bister  of  the 
First  Consul.  In  the  war  uith  Austria, 
which  took  place  soon  after,  he  command- 
ed the  vanguard  of  the  army  of  Italy.  In 
1801,  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
army  of  observation,  and  in  1804,  became 
govei'nor  of  Paris,  and  marshal  of  the  em- 
pire. He  commanded  the  cavalry  in  the 
campaign  of  1805,  and  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  great  battles  of  that  year,  and 
afterwards  in  those  of  \usterliiz,  Jena, 
and  Eylau.  In  1S06,  he  became  duke  of 
Berg.  In  1808,  he  corrmanded  the  French 
troops  in  Spain,  and  on  the  accession  of 
Joseph  Buonaparte  to  the  throne  of  that 
kingdom,  succeeded  him  in  the  sovereignty 
of  Naples  with  the  title  of  Joachim  I.  He 
commanded  the  French  cavalry  in  the  Rus- 
sian campaign  of  1812.  In  1814,  he  join- 
ed the  cause  of  the  Allies  against  France, 
and  on  their  refu.'-ing  to  fulfil  the  conditions 
of  their  treaty,  he,  at  the  time  of  Buona- 
parte's return  from  Elba,  attempted  to  re- 
volutionize Italy,  and  obtain  its  indepen- 
dence. But  his  army  being  defeated,  he 
was  at  length  taken  prisoner  in  Calabria, 
and  being  condemned  by  a  court  martial, 
was  shot  on  the  1st  of  October,  1815,  in 
the  48th  year  of  his  age.  fCP  L; 

MrpATORi,  Lewis  Antony,  an  Itnlian 
writer,  born  at  A"ip:nola  in  the  Bolognese, 
1672.  He  was  invited,  when  only  22,  by 
Charles  Be  ivjpia'us,  to  be  librarian  at  Mi- 
lan, and  in  1700  he  was  recalled  to  Modena 
by  the  duke,  to  take  care  of  his  library  and 
to  arrange  his  archives.  Thus  in  the  en- 
joyment of  i^ase  and  retirement  he  devoted 
himself  to  literature,  but  he  met,  like  all 
others,  persecution  and  trouble  from  his 
enemies.     He  was  accused  of  heresv  and 

365 


MUK 


MUJl 


iatheism,  and  was  obliged  to  justify  himself 
l)efore  the  pope  Benedict  XIV.  who  receiv- 
ed his  apologies  with  humanity  and  friend- 
ship, and  wrote  him  a  letter  of  approbation. 
He  died  1750.  His  works  have  appeared 
in  46  vols,  folio,  and  possess  great  merit. 
The  best  known  are  Anecdota  quae  ex  Am- 
brosianae  Bibliothecae  Codicibus  nunc  pri- 
mum  eruit  Notis  et  Disquisitionibus,  &c.  ; 
Anecdota  Grseca,  quae  ex  MSS.  nunc  pri- 
mum  eruit ;  Rerum  Italicarum  Scriptores 
ab  Anno  500,  ad  1500;  Antiquitates  Itali- 
€ae  Medii  -S^vi ;  Novus  Thesaurus  Veterum 
Inscriptionum ;  Annali  d'ltalia ;  Delia 
Perfetta  Poesiana  Italiana;  le  Rime  del 
Petrarca  ;  Italian  Poems,  &c. 

MuRETUs,  Mark  Antony,  a  learned  cri- 
tic, born  at  Muret,  near  Limoges,  11th 
April,  1526.  His  abihties  early  displayed 
themselves,  he  read  lectures  on  Cicero  and 
Terence,  at  Auch,  and  afterwards  visited 
Agen,  Villeneuve,  Paris,  Poictiers,  and 
Bourdeaux,  where  he  occasionally  taught 
Latin  authors  for  his  maintenance.  In 
1552,  he  returned  to  Paris,  but  while  he 
distinguished  himself  here  by  his  oratori- 
cal and  poetical  talents,  he  was  accused  of 
an  unnatural  crime.  He  fled  to  Toulouse, 
■where  he  read  lectures  on  civil  law,  but 
here  again  it  is  said  he  forgot  his  character, 
and  was  condemned  in  1554,  say  the  regis- 
ters of  Toulouse,  to  be  burnt  in  effigy  with 
Memmius  Fremiot,  of  Dijon,  his  associate, 
as  being  a  huguenot  and  a  sodomite.  He 
escaped  from  the  public  indignation  to 
Italy,  and  after  instructing  youth  for  seve- 
ral years  at  Padua  and  Venice,  he  was  in- 
vited 1560,  by  cardinal  Hippolite  d'Est  to 
Rome.  Here  he  led  a  life  of  regularity, 
was  honoured  with  the  title  of  citizen  of 
Rome  by  pope  Gregory  XIII.  and  was  so 
much  noticed  by  his  patron  that  he  attend- 
ed him  in  1562,  in  his  office  of  legate  to 
Paris.  At  Paris,  Muretus  acquired  cele- 
brity by  his  lectures  on  Aristotle's  Ethics, 
and  on  civil  law.  In  1576,  he  became  an 
ecclesiastic  and  obtained  some  preferment, 
and  in  the  latter  part  of  life  it  is  said  en- 
tered into  the  society  of  the  Jesuits.  He 
died  at  Paris  4th  June,  1585.  His  works 
are  numerous,  and  consist  of  valuable  ora- 
tions, various  readings  and  translations 
from  Greek  authors,  especially  Aristotle, 
poems,  epistles,  &c.  all  written  in  a  pure, 
polished,  and  elegant  style.  They  were 
collected  together  and  published  at  Verona, 
in  5  vols.  8vo.  Muretus  was  the  friend 
and  correspondent  of  various  learned  men, 
especially  J.  C.  Scaliger,  Lambinus,  and 
others. 

MuRiLLo,  Bartholomew,  a  Spanish  paint- 
er, born  at  Seville,  1610.  His  landscapes 
and  historical  pieces  were  much  admired, 
and  compared  to  those  of  Paul  Veronese, 
and  they  obtained  for  him  from  the  king  of 
366 


Spain  a  patent  of  nobility.     He  died  a^ 
Madrid,  1682. 

Murphy,  Arthur,  a  dramatic  writer  of 
eminence.  He  was  born  in  Ireland  of  res- 
pectable parents,  and  educated  at  the 
school  at  St.  Omer's,  and  on  his  return 
home  he  was  placed  under  the  care  of  a 
relation  in  London,  engaged  in  commercial 
pursuits.  Business,  however,  had  no  at- 
tractions for  him,  and  he  soon  left  the 
house  of  his  friend  to  devote  himself  to 
the  labours  of  a  literary  life.  He  had  a 
strong  partiality  for  the  stage,  but  after  try- 
ing his  powex's  in  Othello  and  other  charac- 
ters, he  resigned  all  pretensions  to  emi- 
nence on  the  theatre,  and  he  determined  to 
support  himself  by  his  pen.  He  studied 
the  law  at  Lincoln's-inn,  and  was  called  to 
the  bar,  but  did  not  practise,  as  the  drama- 
tic muse  engaged  the  whole  of  his  atten- 
tion. He  was  particularly  successful  in 
his  performances  ;  of  the  22  pieces  which 
he  wrote,  most  of  them  were  received  with 
the  most  flattering  applause,  and  several  of 
them  are  still  retained  on  the  stage,  and  at 
certain  seasons  exhibited  to  the  public  with 
increasing  celebrity.  As  a  man  of  letters, 
he  was  intimate  with  the  wits  of  the  times, 
with  Foote,  Garrick,  Johnson,  Burke,  and 
others.  Of  his  dramatic  pieces,  the  best 
known  are  the  Orphan  of  China ;  the  Gre- 
cian Daughter ;  All  in  the  Wrong ;  the 
Way  to  keep  Him ;  Know  your  Own 
Mind  ;  Three  Weeks  after  Marriage  ;  the 
Apprentice  ;  the  Citizen,  &c.  which  pro- 
cured him  with  public  esteem,  both  opulence 
and  independence.  He  wrote  besides  the 
Gray's  Inn  Journal,  a  weekly  paper  ;  the 
Test ;  and  the  Auditor,  in  favour  of  go- 
vernment ;  a  Reply  to  Churchill's  illiberal 
attack  upon  him  ;  and  he  evinced  his  abili- 
ties as  a  learned  scholar  by  his  elegant 
translation  of  Tacitus,  in  4  vols.  ;  and 
Latin  versions  of  the  Temple  of  Fame  ;  of 
Gray's  Elegy,  &.c.  He  wrote  also  Gar- 
rick's  Life.  The  three  last  years  of  his 
life  his  services  to  government  were  re- 
warded by  a  pension  of  200/.  a  year,  anrf 
he  was  also  a  commissioner  of  bankrupts. 
In  his  manners  he  was  affable  and  polite, 
and  his  urbanity  was  seasoned  by  an  inex- 
haustible fund  of  anecdote.  He  died  at 
his  house  in  Brompton-row,Knightsbridge, 
18th  June,  1805,  aged  78. 

Murray,  James,  eafl  of,  natural  son  of 
James  V.  of  Scotland,  by  the  daughter  of 
the  earl  of  Mar,  was  born  in  1529,  and 
created  earl  of  Murray  by  Mary  queen  of 
Scots.  He  proved  the  ingratitude  of  his 
heart  by  his  barbarous  conduct  towards 
this  unhappy  princess,  against  whom  he 
excited  the  nobles  of  the  kingdom.  On 
the  flight  and  disgrace  of  Mary  he  was  ap- 
pointed regent  of  the  kingdom  daring  the 
minority  of  the  young  king,  1567,  and  hf 


MLR 


MUR 


•nas  shot  four  years  after  at  Linlitlij^ow,  by 
Huiniltoii,  u  gciitleinan  whose  wile  he  liad 
seduced. 

Murray,  Thomas,  a  Scotch  portrait 
painter.  He  possessed  abilities,  and  was 
patronised  by  the  royal  family  and  the  no- 
bility, and  died  1724,  a^ed  58. 

Murray,  William,  a  Scotch  divine,  who 
settled  at  Birnungham  as  a  dissenting  mi- 
nister. He  wrote  Closet  Devotions,  Timo. 
and  died  1753,  aged  G2. 

Murray,  James,  a  native  of  Dunkeld, 
educated  at  Aberdeen,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  M.A.  He  refused  preferment  at 
home,  and  settled  in  London,  where  he 
preached  to  a  congregation  in  Swallow- 
street.  He  was  author  of  Aletheia,  or 
System  of  Moral  Truths,  4  vols.  12mo. 
and  he  died  1758,  aged  55.  Another  dis- 
senting divine  of  that  name  wrote  History 
of  the  American  War,  4  vols.  8vo.  ;  Ser- 
mons to  Asses,  12mo.  ;  History  of  the 
Churches  of  England  and  Scotland,  3  vols, 
and  died  1782. 

Murray,  William,  earl  of  Mansfield,  a 
celebrated  lawyer,  fourth  son  of  David, 
viscount  Stormont,  was  born  2d  March, 
1705,  at  Perth,  in  Scotland.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  and  in  1723, 
was  elected  to  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  He 
took  his  master's  degree  in  1730,  and  then 
•went  on  his  travels,  and  at  his  return,  en- 
tered at  Lincoln's  inn,  and  was  called  to 
the  bar.  He  gradually  rose  to  eminence, 
and  distinguished  himself  as  an  eloquent 
orator,  both  at  the  bar  and  in  the  house  of 
commons.  He  was  in  1742,  appointed  so- 
licitor general,  and  during  the  trial  of  lord 
Lovat  before  the  peers,  he  displayed  so 
much  candour  and  liberality,  that  he  recei- 
ved the  thanks  of  the  accused  as  well  as  of 
the  president  of  the  court,  lord  Talbot.  In 
1754  he  succeeded  to  the  oflice  of  attorney 
general,  and  two  years  after  was  raised  to 
the  dignity  of  chief  justice  of  the  king's 
bench,  and  soon  after  created  baron  Mans- 
field. In  the  unsettled  state  of  public  af- 
fairs in  1757,  he  held  for  a  little  time  the 
otiice  of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  till 
by  a  coalition  of  parties,  an  efficient  minis- 
try was  formed,  whose  vigour  and  wisdom 
upheld  the  glory  of  the  British  arms,  and 
the  honour  of  the  nation.  For  some  years 
after  the  accession  of  George  III.  this  up- 
right magistrate  was  attacked  by  malevolent 
insinuations,  but  the  slanders  of  malice, 
and  the  virulence  of  party,  failed  to  influ- 
ence his  conduct,  or  to  interrupt  that  sedu- 
lous attention  which  he  paid  to  the  affairs  of 
his  office.  To  this  unworthy  treatment  he 
alluded  in  pathetic,  but  firm  language,  on 
the  business  of  W  ilkes'  outlawry,  and  con- 
cluded by  observing  that  he  honoured  the 
king,  respected  the  people,  but  that  many 
things  acquired  by  the  favour  of  cither 
ivere  not  worth  bis  ambition,  and  that  he 


wished   popularity,  but  "^uch  popularity  a.*} 
followed  nol  thai  which  m  run  after,      lie 
was   three   times   oflered   the   ji;reat   »cal, 
which    he    declined,  jiul    in    l77fj,  he  waa 
created   an  earl,  with  icm  linder  to  hi>  ne- 
phews by  lady  Stormont.      in    17^0,   when 
London    exhibited   a  scene  of  tumult,  dr.- 
vastation,  and  plunder,  his  bouse  in  Blooms- 
bury-square    became    an  object  of  popular 
fury,  and  was  burnt  down  by  the  mob,  and 
together  with   it  a  very   large,  < olb ction  o( 
books    and     valuable     manuscripts.        Tor 
these,  however,  when  ollered  an   honoura- 
ble   compensation    by  a    vote  of  the  com- 
mons, he   refused  to  accept  any  thing,  but 
devoted  himself  with    increasing   assiduity 
to  the   labours  of  his   liigh   office.     After 
filling  with  unusual  activity  and    unshaken 
integrity   this   elevated  situation  for  many 
years,   the   infirmities    of   age   became  so 
great  that  he  resigned  it  in  January,  1788, 
and   in   his  honourable  retirement  was  ac- 
companied with  the  respect  not  only  of  the 
bar,  but  of  the   whole  nation.     This  vene^ 
rable  man  retained  his  faculties  to  the  last, 
amidst  the   gradual   decay  of  nature,  and 
expired    at  his   seat   at   Caenwood,    20th 
March,  1703,  in  the  S9th   year  of  his  age. 
He  was  buried  privately,  according  to  his 
desire,  in  Westminster-abbey.     As  he  had 
no  children,  his   title   descended  to  his  ne- 
phew  lord   Stormont,  who   also    inherited 
his  immense  fortune.      The  character  of 
lord  Mansfield  stands  high  in  the  records  of 
fame,  for  integrity,  wisdom,  and  sagacious 
discernment.     Whilst  he   presided  in  the 
king's  bench,  the  court  was  remarkable  for 
the   regularity,    the   punctuality,  and    the 
despatch  which  his  attentive  mind  introdu- 
ced.    With  such  impartiality  were  his  de- 
cisions given,  that  only  in  two  cases,  where 
the  opinions  of  the  judges   were  very  dis- 
cordant,  the  judgment  of   the   court  has 
been  reversed,   and  therefore  among  those 
who  have    devoted    the   energies  of  their 
mind   to  promote    the    happiness  and   the 
good  order  of    society,  few   will    appear 
more    entitled   to   the  reverence   and  ho- 
mage  of    applauding   posterity,  than  lord 
Mansfield. 

Murray,  Joseph,  was  for  some  time  one 
of  his  Majesty's  council  and  attorney-ge- 
neral in  T>ew-Vork,  and  at  his  death  be- 
queathed his  whole  property,  amounting  in 
value  to  about  25,000  dollars,  to  King's  col- 
lege. iCj^  L. 

Murray,  William  Vans,  minister  of  the 
United  States  to  the  republic  of  Bata\ia, 
was  born  in  Maryland  about  the  year  17G1. 
In  1783  he  went  to  London  and  entered  a 
student  of  law  at  the  Temple,  where  he  re- 
mained three  years.  On  returning  to  his 
native  state  he  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
law,  but  was,  in  1791,  appointed  to  a  seat 
in  congress,  which  he  held  for  a  number  of 
years,   and   became  greatly    distinguished 

367 


MUR 


MLS 


by  his  eloquence.  Near  the  close  of 
general  Washington's  administration,  he 
ivas  appointed  minister  to  the  Bata- 
vian  republic,  where  he  discharged  the 
duties  of  his  situation  with  ability,  and  pro- 
cured from  the  French  charge  d'atfairs  at 
the  Hague,  some  advances  toward  a  resto- 
ration of  harmony  between  this  country 
and  France,  on  the  communication  of 
which  to  the  American  government,  Mr. 
Murray  was  appointed  envoy  extraordina- 
ry to  France  to  negotiate  a  treaty.  He 
was  soon  joined  by  Mr.  Ellsworth  and  ge- 
neral Davie,  and  co-operated  with  them  in 
forming  the  treaty  of  1800.  He  afterwards 
returned  to  the  Hague,  but  was  soon  re- 
called from  its  having  become  unnecessary 
to  maintain  a  minister  at  that  place.  Soon 
after  his  return  to  Maryland,  his  health  de- 
clined, and  Y.h  death  took  place  on  the  11th 
December,  1803.  He  possessed  great 
keenness  of  wit,  brilliancy  of  fancy,  and 
delicacy  of  taste,  and  had  well  stored  his 
mind  with  science  and  literature. 

Murray,  James,  major  in  the  British 
service  in  India,  was  born  in  Rhode-Island 
about  the  year  1765.  His  original  name 
was  Lillibridge,  which  he  changed  for  that 
of  Murray,  on  account  of  some  dissatisfac- 
tion with  his  relatives.  He  went  to  sea  in 
early  life,  and  after  pursuing  that  occupa- 
tion several  years,  about  the  year  1790  vi- 
sited Tranquebar  on  the  Coromandel  coast. 
Learning  that  the  Mahratta  chiefs  were  de- 
sirous of  obtaining  foreigners  to  discipline 
their  troops,  he  passed  into  their  territory, 
and,  meeting  with  a  flattering  reception, 
enea^ed  in  their  service,  and  soon  distin- 
guished  himself  by  his  courage  and  activi- 
ty. He  continued  there  fifteen  years,  du- 
ring which  he  was  engaged  in  a  great  va- 
riety of  enterprises,  and  encountered  every 
species  of  hardship  and  peril.  He  at  length 
collected  a  large  body  of  cavalry  in  his  own 
name,  took  possession  of  a  considerable 
district  of  country,  and  established  himself 
as  an  independent  sovereign.  On  the  break- 
ing out  of  the  war  between  the  British  and 
India,  he  joined  the  British  with  his  forces, 
and  rendered  them  the  most  important  ser- 
vices. At  the  close  of  that  war,  having 
accumulated  a  large  fortune,  he  resolved  to 
returffto  his  native  country,  and  proceeded 
with  that  design  to  Calcutta,  where  be  died 
in  1806.  ICP  L. 

Murray,  John,  jun.  a  philanthropist, 
was  born  in  the  city  of  New-York,  on  the 
3d  of  August,  1758,  and  was  a  brother  of 
Lindley  Murray,  of  York,  England,  the  dis- 
tinguished grammarian.  He  received  a 
respectable  education,  and  established  him- 
self in  merchandise  at  an  early  age  in  New- 
York.  After  a  few  years  he  withdrew  from 
business,  satisfied  with  his  accumulations, 
and  nobly  devoted  his  income  and  life  to  the 
368 


cause  of  philanthropy.  He  was  for  thirty- 
seven  years  a  governor  of  the  New- York 
Hospital,  took  an  active  part  in  procuring 
the  formation  of  the  society  for  the  manu- 
mission of  slaves,  in  promoting  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  in  the 
state  of  New-York,  and  in  procuring  the 
repeal  of  the  criminal  code  of  that  state,  and 
the  establishment  of  the  penitentiary  sys- 
tem of  punishment.  He  was  the  principal 
means  of  founding  the  New-York  Free- 
school  society,  and  was  for  some  time  its 
vice-president,  and  co-operated  in  the  es- 
tablishment of  most  of  the  charitable  insti- 
tutions which  exist  in  that  city,  and  to 
them,  and  a  variety  of  other  charitable  ob- 
jects, made  liberal  benefactions.  He  was 
characterised  by  great  modesty,  amiable- 
ness  of  disposition  and  manners,  the  most 
scrupulous  integrity,  friendliness  to  Chris- 
tians of  every  denomination,  and  great  be- 
nevolence. He  belonged  to  the  society  of 
Friends,  and  gave  happy  evidence  of  prac- 
tical piety.  He  died  on  the  4th  of  August, 
1819.  ICP  L. 

MuRTOLA,  Gaspard,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Genoa.  His  poem  on  the  creation 
of  the  world,  exposed  him  to  the  censures 
of  Marini,  a  contemporary  poet ;  but  after 
mutual  abuse,  Murtola  at  last  attacked  per- 
sonally his  antagonist,  and  fired  a  pistol  at 
him,  and  nearly  killed  him.  He  wrote  be- 
sides, a  Latin  poem,  Nutriciarum  Libri 
tres — a  poem  on  Janus,  &c.  and  died  at 
Rome,  1624. 

MusA,  Antonius,  a  Greek  physician  in 
the  service  of  Augustus.  He  acquired  some 
reputation  by  first  recommending  the  use 
of  the  cold  bath,  till  the  death  of  Marcellus 
brought  this  salutary  plan  into  disrepute. 
Two  tracts  de  Herba  Botan. — de  Valetu- 
dine  tuenda,  are  ascribed  to  him. 

Mus^us,  a  celebrated  poet  of  Greece 
before  the  age  of  Homer.  The  loves  of 
Hero  and  Leander,  preserved  under  his 
name,  was  the  work  of  a  more  modern  poet. 

MuscHENBROECK,  Pctcr  dc,  a  celebrated 
natural  philosopher  and  mathematician, 
born  at  Utrecht,  1692.  He  was  professor 
of  philosophy  and  mathematics  in  his  native 
town,  and  afterwards  at  Leyden,  and  was 
honoured  with  a  seat  in  the  Royal  society 
of  London,  and  the  academy  of  sciences  at 
Paris.  He  died  at  Leyden  full  of  reputation 
and  literary  honours.  He  wrote  Tenta- 
mina  Experimentorum,  4to. —  Institutiones 
Physicae,  4to. — Compendium  Physicae  Ex- 
perimentalis,  12mo.  and  a  course  of  natu- 
ral and  experimental  philosophy  very  much 
esteemed,  and  translated  into  English  by 
Colson,  2  vols.  8vo. 

MuscuLus,  Wolfgangus,  a  famous  divine, 
boi'n  at  Dicuze,  in  Lorraine,  1497.  He 
was  very  poor,  and  taken  out  of  charity 
among  the  Benedictines,  whose  society  he 


MUS 


Ml  T 


forsook  on  embrftcinpj  the  (ciu;ts  of  Luther. 
)le  retired  to  Strasljurc;,  nhere  he  married, 
but  the  imrrowness  of  liis  circumstances 
obliged  him  to  work  for  his  bread,  and  while 
he  gained  applause  as  a  prcac^her  on  a  Sun- 
day, he  was  under  the  necessity  of  labour- 
ing the  rest  of  the  week  in  transcribing  the 
%v'orks  of  Bucer,  who  kindly  entertained 
him  in  his  house.  From  Strasburg  he  went, 
in  1534,  to  Augsburg,  whore  his  eloquence 
was  so  powerful  that  the  magistrates  ex- 
pelled their  popish  ministers.  In  1548, 
however,  Charles  V.  restored  the  catholic 
rites  at  Augsbui^,  and  Musculus  fled  to 
Switzerland,  where  the  magistrates  of  Bern 
promoted  him  to  the  divinity  chair  in  their 
city.  He  died  there  August  30th,  1563. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  though  he 
was  32  years  old  before  he  became  acquaint- 
ed with  Greek,  and  40  with  Hebrew,  and 
his  abilities  as  a  disputant  were  also  suc- 
cesifully  employed  in  ecclesiastical  confer- 
ences. He  wrote  commentaries  on  some 
of  the  Scriptures,  and  translated  some  of 
the  works  of  the  fathers  into  Latin. 

Musculus,  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  divine, 
professor  at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder.  He 
was  born  at  Schneberg,  in  Misnia,  and  died 
1580.  He  wrote  various  books,  and  aflect- 
ed  to  understand  well  the  prophecies  of 
Scripture. 

MusGRAVE,  William,  a  physician  and 
antiquarj',  born  at  Charlton  Musgrave,  So- 
mersetshire, 1657.  He  was  educated  at 
Winchester,  and  New  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  became  fellow,  and  took  his  de- 
gree of  M.D.  1689.  He  was  made  secre- 
tary to  the  Royal  Society  1684,  and  mem- 
ber of  the  college  of  physicians,  and  in 
1691  he  settled  at  Exeter,  where  he  prac- 
tised with  great  reputation,  and  died  23d 
Dec.  1721.  His  works  were  de  Arthritide, 
&c. — de  Legionibus  Epistola — de  Aquilis 
Romanis — Geta  Britanuicus,  &c. — Belgium 
Britanqicum,  &c.  His  son  was  also  a  phy- 
sician at  Exeter,  and  wrote  some  critical 
pieces.  He  brought  himself  into  public  no- 
tice by  charging  the  ministry  with  bribery, 
at  the  peace  of  1763,  which  he  could  not 
substantiate  when  brought  before  the  com- 
mons.    He  died  1777. 

Musjus,  Cornelius,  professor  of  belles 
lettres  and  languages  in  Flanders,  was  born 
at  Delft,  1503.  He  was  afterwards  placed 
at  the  head  of  a  convent  at  home,  and  put 
to  an  ignominious  and  barbarous  death,  on 
account  of  his  religion,  by  William  Lumei, 
1572.  He  was  author  of  some  poems  much 
admired. 

MussASA,  a  warlike  princess,  who  suc- 
ceeded her  father  Dongy  as  sovereign  of 
Congo.  She  dressed  herself  in  a  male  habit, 
and  often  conducted  her  soldiers  to  battle 
and  to  victory,  and  extended  far  the  boun- 
daries of  her  empire.  She  flourished  in 
the  17th  centun'. 

Vol.  H.        '  47 


Mt.ssATi,  Albrrtin,  a  hislori.Mi  nud  poet, 
of  Padua,  ministrr  to  the  rmprrfr  Henry 
VH.  was  iiutlior  of  de  (i.stis  Ilenii.i  VII. 
Imperat.— de  GcMtu  Italonim  post  llmri- 
cum,  and  died  1.5-2!).  His  workn  were  edit- 
ed at  Venice,  IG.ir.,  folio. 

Musso,  Cornelius,  a  famous  preacher, 
made  bishop  of  Bitonto  by  Popi;  Paul  IV. 
and  sent  to  assist  at  the.  council  of  'rn-iii. 
He  was  born  at  Placcntia,  l.")ll,  ami  died 
at  Rome,  9th  Jan.  1574.  His  scnuous  are 
curious,  and  contain  quotations  from  Ho- 
mer, and  other  mythological  writers,  as 
much  as  from  the  Scriptures. 

MusTArHA  L  succeeded  his  brother  Ach- 
met  as  emperor  of  Turkey,  1617,  and  was 
at  last  strangled,  1623,  by  his  janissaries, 
after  being  deposed,  and  again  reinstated, 
during  a  turbulent  reign  of  six  years. 

MusTAPHA  H.  son  of  the  fourth  Maho- 
met, succeeded  after  his  uncle  Achmet  If. 
1695.  He  was  an  able  warrior,  and  after 
defeating  the  Imperialists  at  Temeswnr,  he 
attacked  the  Venetians,  Poles,  and  Russians 
with  success,  till  a  change  of  fortune  ren- 
dered him  unpopular,  and  obliged  him  to 
make  peace.  He  retired  to  Adrianople, 
where  he  forgot  himself  in  luxury  and  la*-- 
civious  pleasures,  till  a  dreadful  revolt  nf 
his  subjects  compelled  him  to  d(  secnd  frr;i:t 
the  throne,  1703.  He  died  of  melancholy 
six  months  after. 

MusTAPiiA  III.  son  of  Achmet  III.  suc- 
ceeded to  the  Turkisli  throne,  1757.  Hf. 
spent  his  time  in  the  pleasures  of  his  se- 
raglio, and  left  the  cares  of  government  to 
his  ministers  and  favourites.  He  died  177-1, 
before  the  conclusion  of  that  fatal  war 
which  had  been  kindled  between  him  and 
the  Russians. 

MusuRus,  Marcus,  a  learned  native  of 
Condia,  who  taught  Greek  in  the  universi- 
ties of  Venice,  Padua,  and  Rome,  and  con- 
tributed much  to  the  revival  of  letters.  He 
was  made  bishop  of  Malvazia,  in  the  .Alo- 
rea,  by  pope  Leo  X.  and  died  of  a  dropsy 
soon  after,  1517.  He  was  the  intimate 
friend  of  Erasmu",  and  to  his  critical 
knowledge  the  public  was  indebted  for  the 
first  edition  of  Aristophanes  and  Athe- 
nseus.  He  published  also,  Etymologicum 
Magnum  Gra^corum,  a  valuable  work, 
printed  at  Venice,  folio,  1499,  and  Heidel- 
berg, 1594. 

MuTiAN,  Jeremy,  a  painter,  born  at 
Brescia,  152S.  He  studied  the  manner  of 
Titian,  and  his  landscapes  and  historical 
pieces  were  much  admired.  He  died  at 
Rome,  1590. 

Murius,  Callus  Scajvola,  an  illustrious 
Roman,  distinguished  for  his  attack  on  Por- 
senna,  who  had  threatened  tlic  destruction 
of  Rome. 

MuTics,  Hulric,  historical  professor  i»f 
Basil,  was  author  of  a  History  of  Gernia* 
ny,  printed  at  Basil,  1539. 

369 


MYL 


MYT 


McY,  Louis  Nicolas  Victor  count  de,  a 
native  of  Marseilles,  who  acquired  celebri- 
ty in  the  military  profession,  and  signalized 
iiimself  by  his  valour  in  the  battles  of  Fon- 
tenoy,  of  Hastenback,  of  Crevelt,  and  of 
Minden.  He  was  raised  for  his  services  to 
the  rank  of  marshal  of  France,  and  of  war 
minister,  but  died  soon  after  of  the  stone, 
10th  Oct.  1775,  aged  64. 

MuTS,  William,  a  native  of  Sleenvick, 
Over-yssel,  who  was  successively  promoted 
to  the  chairs  of  medicine,  chymistry,  and 
botany,  at  Franeker,  where  he  died  1744. 
He  was  an  able  writer,  and  gave  to  the 
world,  besides  orations,  &c.  Elements  of 
Natural  Philosophy,  4to. — Inventio  Fabri- 
cae  quae  inPartibus  Musculos  componentibus 
extat,  4to. — de  Virtute  Seminali  quaj  Plan- 
tie  et  Animalia  Generi  suo  propagand.  suf- 
ficiunt. 

Muzio,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Padua,  au- 
thor of  Delia  Vergeriane,  lib.  4,  1559.  8vo. 
— di  Fesa  Delia  IMessa,  &c. — Lettere  Cato- 
liche — le  Mentite  Ochiniane  against  Olpi- 
nus — il  Duello  et  la  Faustina — Notes  on 
Petrarch,  &c.  He  also  wrote  against  the 
protestants,  and  died  1576. 

Mydorge,  Claude,  a  native  of  Paris, 
eminent  as  a  mathematician.  He  ably  de- 
fended his  friend  Des  Cartes,  against  the 
.Jesuits,  and  published  four  books  on  Conic 
Sections,  and  other  works.  He  died  1647, 
aged  62. 

Mtlne,  Robert,  an  architect,  was  born 
1734,  at  Edinbui'gh,  where  his  father  was 
of  the  same  profession,  and  a  magistrate  of 
the  city.  The  son  went  to  Rome  for  im- 
during  his  residence  there 


wrovemcnt,  and 


gained  the  first  prize  in  the  architectural 
class  at  St.  Luke's  academy,  of  which  he 
was  elected  a  member.  He  was  also  chosen 
a  member  of  the  academies  of  Florence  and 
Bologna.  On  his  return  home  he  settled  in 
London,  and  was  selected  to  build  Black- 
friar's  bridge.  He  was  also  appointed  sur- 
veyor of  St.  Paul's  cathedral,  and  built  a 
number  of  fine  seats  in  different  parts  of 
the  country.     He  died  in  1811. — W.  B. 

Mtn,  Herbert  Vander,  a  Dutch  painter 
of  Amsterdam.  His  flowers,  &c.  as  well 
as  his  portraits  and  historical  pieces,  were 
deservedly  admired.  He  died  1741,  aged  57. 

Mtrepsus,  Nicolas,  a  physician  of  Alex- 
andria in  the  13th  century.  He  collected 
a  "  Pharmacopoeia,"  from  the  writings  of 
Greek  and  Arabic  physicians,  which  was 
for  some  time  much  followed  among  medi- 
cal men  in  Europe.  It  was  translated  from 
the  Greek  into  Latin,  by  Fusch,  and  pub- 
lished, 1658. 

Mtson,  a  celebrated  Greek  philosopher, 
placed  by  some  among  the  seven  wise  men, 

Mttens^  Arnold,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  best  pieces 
adorn  the  churches  of  Italy.  He  died  1602, 
aged  61. 

Mttens,  Martin,  a  native  of  Stockholm, 
known  as  a  painter.  Though  liberally  in- 
vited by  Peter  the  Great,  whose  portrait 
he  took,  to  settle  in  Russia,  he  refused  it, 
and  after  visiting  Italy  and  other  parts  of 
Europe,  he  lived  at  Vienna,  highly  and  de- 
servedly respected  by  the  emperor  Charles 
VI.  and  by  the  court.  He  died  there  1755, 
aged  60. 


N^V 

NaBI-EFFENDI,  a  Turkish  poet  of  great 
merit.  He  was  well  acquainted  with  the 
classic  writers  of  Greece  and  Rome,  and 
gained  applause  by  his  poems.  He  flour- 
ished in  the  17th  century. 

Nabis,  king  of  Lacedaemon,  disgraced 
himself  by  his  cruelties  and  extortions.  He 
Avas  put  to  death  B.C.  194. 

Nabonassar,  a  king  of  Babylon,  sup- 
posed to  be  the  Baladan  of  Scripture.  His 
name  is  celebrated  in  history  as  the  founder 
of  that  epoch  which  began  B.C.  747. 

Nabopolassar,  king  of  Babylon,  in- 
vaded and  divided  the  kingdom  of  Syria  with 
Astyages,  B.C.  626.  He  was  afterwards 
defeated  by  Necho,  king  of  Egypt,  and  died 
after  a  reign  of  21  years. 

N^vms,  Cneius,  a  Latin  poet,  banished 
from  Rome  by  the  consul  Metellus,  who 
370 


NAI 

was  offended  by  the  satire  of  his  comedies. 
He  died  at  Utica,  B.C.  230. 

Nahum,  one  of  the  minor  prophets,  born 
at  Elkost  in  Galilee.  He  prophesied  in  the 
reign  of  Hezekiah,  and  directed  his  predic- 
tions against  Nineveh.  His  language  is 
bold  and  animated,  possessing  fire  and  sub- 
limity. 

Nairon,  Faustus,  a  Maronite,  nephew 
of  Ecchelensis,  and  professor  of  Syriac  in 
the  Sapienza  college,  at  Rome,  where  he 
died,  1711,  aged  80.  He  vncote  Euoplia 
Fidei  Catholicac,  &c.  1694 — Dissertatio  de 
Maronitarum  Origine,  &c.  1679.  He 
maintains,  in  these  books,  that  the  Maron- 
ites  have  preserved  inviolate  the  Christian 
faith  from  the  time  of  the  apostles,  and 
that  that  they  derive  their  name  not  from 
Maro,  the  Monothelite,  who  died  707,  but 


NAN 


NArt 


tVom  St.  Maro,  an  Anachorct  ol'  the  i'ouiili 
century. 

Nalson,  Valentine,  a  native  of  Malton, 
Yorkshire,  educated  at  St.  John's  (-ollegc, 
Cambridge,  and  made  prebendary  of  York, 
and  rector  of  St.  Mary  there.  He  wrote 
a  volume  of  sermons,  &.c.  and  died  1724, 
aged  83. 

Nalton,  James,  minister  of  St.  Leon- 
ard's, Foster-lane,  was  concerned  in  Love's 
plot,  and  fled  to  Holland.  He  was  after- 
wards ejected  for  nonconformity,  16G2, 
and  died  the  next  year  of  a  dreadful  me- 
lancholy. Some  of  his  sermons  were  pub- 
lished. 

Nancel,  Nicholas  de,  a  native  of  Nan- 
cel,  near  Soissons,  who  became  a  physician 
of  some  eminence,  and  after  practising  in 
several  towns,  settled  at  the  abbey  of  Fon- 
tevrault,  where  he  died,  1610.  He  wrote 
Stichologia  Graeca  Latinaque,  &c.  8vo. — 
the  Life  of  Peter  Ramus — De  Immortali- 
tate  Animae,  Svo.  &c. 

Nanfan,  John,  governor  of  New- York 
under  the  earl  of  Bellamont,  was  a  kins- 
man of  that  nobleman,  and  assumed  the 
administration  after  his  death  in  May,  1701. 
Lord  Cornbury  succeeded  him  in  1702. 
During  the  short  period  that  he  was  in 
power  great  dissensions  existed  in  the  co- 
lony. |C3*  L. 

Nani,  John  Baptist,  a  Venetian  noble, 
proctor  of  St.  Mark,  Avas  born  30th  Aug. 
1616.  He  was,  through  his  abilities,  ad- 
mitted into  the  college  of  senators,  1641, 
and  went  as  ambassador  to  France,  and  in 
that  capacity  had  such  influence  upon  Ma- 
zarine, that  he  obtained  from  the  French 
court  succours  in  men  and  money,  to  con- 
tinue the  war  against  the  Turks  in  Candia. 
He  was  afterwards  ambassador  to  the  em- 
peror, and  received  the  highest  approbation 
from  his  fellow-citizens,  who  appointed 
him,  for  his  services,  proctor  of  St.  Mark, 
and  captain  general  of  the  marine.  He 
died,  much  respected,  5th  Nov.  167S.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  History  of  Venice,  un- 
dertaken at  the  request  of  the  senate,  the 
best  edition  of  which  is  that  of  1679,  2  vols. 
4to.  He  wrote  also  an  account  of  his  em- 
bassy in  France. 

Nannius,  Peter,  born  at  Alcmaer,  1500, 
was  professor  at  Louvain,  and  died  1557. 
He  wrote  Learned  Notes  on  Classic  Au- 
thors— Miscellaneorum  Decas,  &c.  Svo. — 
Dialogues  on  Heroines,  4to.  an  excellent 
work — Paraphrase  on  the  Canticles — a 
translation  of  the  Psalms  into  Latin  verse. 

Nanquier,  Simon,  a  French  poet  in  the 
16th  century.  He  chiefly  excelled  in  Latin 
composition,  and  his  epigrams — his  poem 
De  Lubrico  Temporis  Curriculo,  &,c.  possess 
merit. 

Nantigni,  Lewis  Chazot  de,  a  French 
writer,  author  of  Historical  Genealogies  of 
Kings,  Emperors,  and  other  Sovereigns  of 


lluropc,  4  vols.  4to. — Gpographical  Tabic-'. 
12mo. — Genealogies  in  the  SuppI  nicnt  to 
Moreri,  17 1'J— lli^itoriral,  (itnealo^iral, 
and  Chrorioiogieal  Tables,  '.»  vols.  Ho  died 
at  Paris,  after  being  blind  three  years,  1755, 
aged  65. 

Nantueil,  Robert,  a  French  painter  and 
engraver  of  eminence,  born  at  Rheim.^, 
1630.  He  was  well  educated,  ihoueh  hi« 
father  was  poor,  but  his  exertions  were  not 
sufliciently  rewarded  at  home,  and  there- 
fore he  went  to  Paris,  in  quest  of  employ- 
ment and  patronage.  He  particularly  Ex- 
celled in  taking  likenesses  in  crayons,  and 
his  portrait  of  Lewis  XIV.  was  execute! 
with  such  dexterity  and  elegance,  that  th-^ 
monarch  liberally  rewarded  him  with  100 
louis,  and  gave  him  a  pension,  with  the 
new  appointment  of  designer  and  engrar^M 
to  his  cabinet.  Thus  patronised,  he  soon 
gained  a  considerable  fortune,  and  in  the 
gratitude  of  his  heart,  sent  for  his  aged  fa- 
ther to  share  his  honours  and  his  indepei5- 
dence.  He  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  18th,  167"'. 
His  works  have  been  collected,  and  consi-->i 
of  about  240  prints, 

Naogeorgus,  Thomas,  a  native  of 
Straubingen,  in  Bavaria,  1511.  His  real 
name  was  Kirchmaycr,  but  was  altered  ac- 
cording to  the  fashion  of  the  times.  His 
satires,  which  possessed  merit,  were  cbieflv 
directed  against  the  papists,  and  their 
many  irregularities.  His  best  work  is 
Regnum  Papisticum,  1559,  Svo.  He  died 
1578. 

Napier,  or  Neper,  John,  baron  of 
Merchiston,  was  born  near  Edinburg'i, 
1550.  He  studied  at  the  university  of  St. 
Andrews,  and  after  making  the  tour  of 
France,  Italy,  and  Germaoy,  he  returned 
to  Scotland,  and  devoted  himself  assiduous- 
ly to  mathematical  pursuits.  His  abilities 
were  of  a  superior  cast,  and  he  has  render- 
ed his  name  immortal  by  the  discovery  of 
logarithms,  published  L614.  This  science 
was  afterwartls  further  improved  by  hinj- 
self,  and  also  by  Mr.  Briggs,  geometrical 
professor  of  Gresham  college.  Lord  Na- 
pier published  also  a  useful  work,  called 
Rabdology  and  Promptuary.  His  inven- 
tion of  the  five  circular  parts  in  trigonome- 
try, and  the  mode  of  calculation  by  rods, 
called  Napier's  rods,  or  bones,  were  very 
ingenious  contrivances.  He  is  also  author 
of  an  "  Essay  on  the  Apocalypse,"  which 
proves  his  knowledge  of  theology  in  a  very 
honourable  degree.  He  died  at  Manches- 
ter, 1617.  His  life  has  been  written  by 
lord  Buchan. 

Nare?,  James,  doctor  of  music,  and 
brother  to  Judge  Nares,  was  born  at  Stan- 
well,  Middlesex,  1715.  He  was  one  of  the 
choristers  of  the  royal  chapel,  and  studied 
under  Mr.  Gates,  and  afteruards  Dr.  Pc- 
pusch,  and  in  1734  became  organist  at 
York.     In  1755  he  was  appointed  organis*^ 

^/  1 


KAS 


NAT 


and  coiii'j^oser  to  the  king,  in  tlie  room  of 
Dr.  Green,  and  the  next  year  he  took  his 
musical  degree  at  Cambridge,  and  in  1757 
ivas  made  master  of  the  choristers,  which 
he  resigned,  in  1780,  to  his  pupil  and 
Iricnd,  Dr.  Ayrton.  He  died,  10th  Feb. 
1783.  He  ivas  highly  respected  by  the 
great,  and  by  men  of  learning,  and  his 
works  are  much  admired,  especially  the 
Koyal  Pastoral,  an  ode,  the  words  of  which 
were  written  by  Mr.  Bellamy. 

Narses,  king  of  Persia  after  his  father 
\'arancs,  was  successful  against  the  Ro- 
mans, but  afterwards  was  defeated.  He 
<lied  A.D.  303. 

Narses,  a  Persian  eunuch,  in  the  service 
of  the  Roman  emperors.  He  bravely  head- 
ed their  armies  against  the  Goths,  whom 
he  defeated,  A.D.  552. 

Nash,  Thomas,  an  ingenious  writer, 
born  at  Leostoff,  in  Sufiblk,  and  educated 
at  Cambridge.  He  took  orders,  but  his  ir- 
regularities were  in  the  way  of  his  prefer- 
ment. His  poems,  chiefly  directed  against 
the  puritans,  and  especially  his  "Pierce 
Pennyless,"  possess  merit,  but  with  their 
i-atire,  breathe  nothing  but  disappointment 
and  disgust  at  the  ingratitude  of  mankind. 
He  died  about  1600. 

Na«h,  Richard,  an  extraordinary  cha- 
racter, born  at  Swansea,  Glamorganshire, 
18th  Oct.  1674.  From  Caermarthen  school 
he  went  to  Jesus  college,  Oxford,  where  he 
became  known  more  for  his  love  of  plea- 
sure, and  his  intrigues,  than  for  his  appli- 
cation or  industry.  From  college,  where 
his  extravagances  gave  offence  to  his  supe- 
riors, he  entered  the  army,  and  obtained  a 
I>iiir  of  colours  ;  but  this  profession  he  soon 
relinquished  for  a  town  life,  and  the  study 
t>f  the  law  at  the  Temple.  Admired  and 
courted  as  a  jovial  companion,  he  became 
the  arbiter  elegantiarum  of  the  fashionable 
world,  and  when  the  Middle  Temple,  ac- 
cording to  custom,  exhibited  an  entertain- 
ment for  king  William,  Nash  had  the  ma- 
nagement of  the  ceremony,  which  was  so 
well  conducted  that  the  monarch  offered 
him  the  honour  of  knighthood,  which  he 
declined.  In  1704  Nash  went  to  Bath, 
\vhich  now  began  to  be  a  place  of  resort, 
and  being  elected  master  of  ceremonies,  by 
the  influence  of  his  friends,  and  the  popu- 
larity of  his  own  character,  he  soon  made 
that  city  the  resort  of  the  gay,  the  fashion- 
able, and  the^opulent.  Under  his  direction 
the  greatest  regularity  was  made  to  prevail 
in  the  public  rooms,  and  Bath,  lately 
known  to  few,  became  the  centre  of  attrac- 
tion for  persons  in  the  higher  rank  of  life. 
In  the  midst  of  this  gay  assemblage,  Nash 
supported  his  expenses  chiefly  from  the 
gamingtable  ;  but  with  this  vicious  propen- 
sity predominant  in  his  character,  he  was 
humane,  generous,  and  charitable,  and 
iliouofh  persecuted  bv  creditors,  he  has  often 
379 


been  known  to  bestow  on  the  cravings  of 
indigence,  what  was  due  from  him  to  pa- 
tient industry.  Flattered  with  the  appella- 
tion of  the  king  of  Bath,  and  called,  in  his 
gayer  days,  beau  Nash,  this  umpire  of  fa- 
shion continued  his  career  of  genteel 
dissipation,  though  his  income  was  preca- 
rious, and  his  resources  depended  on 
chance.  In  the  decline  of  life  it  is  said 
that  he  became  very  poor,  and  that  the  pre- 
sents which  formerly  he  had  received  from 
the  partiality  of  the  great,  and  the  favour  of 
the  opulent,  were  all  disposed  of  to  support 
his  necessities.  His  last  moments  brought 
with  them  unpleasing  reflections,  and  he 
expired  in  great  agitation  of  mind,  3d  Feb. 
1761,  aged  87.  As  he  had  so  much  contri- 
buted to  the  celebrity  of  Bath,  and  had 
been  the  chief  promoter  of  the  building  of 
a  hospital,  the  people  of  the  city  showed 
due  respect  to  his  remains,  which  were 
conveyed  with  becoming  funeral  pomp  to 
the  abbey  church,  and  there  interred. 

Nash,  Francis,  a  brigadier  general  in 
the  revolutionary  army,  was  a  captain  in 
Fanning's  regiment,  in  the  expedition  of 
governor  Tryon  against  the  Regulators  of 
North  Carolina  in  1771.  He  distinguished 
himself  by  his  firmness  and  address  in 
maintaining  his  position  in  the  battle  of  the 
16th  May,  when  the  whole  of  the  regiment 
with  the  exception  of  his  company  gave 
way.  It  was  to  a  few  men  of  bravery,  of 
which  number  he  was  one,  that  the  colonj- 
was  indebted  for  the  suppression  of  that 
insurrection.  In  September,  1775,  he  was 
appointed  colonel  of  a  regiment  by  the 
convention  of  North  Cai*olina,  and  briga- 
dier general  of  the  troop  of  that  state  on 
the  continental  establishment  in  Feb.  1777. 
He  was  killed  at  the  head  of  his  brigade  in 
the  battle  of  Germantown,  October  4th, 
1777.  ^CJ=^  L. 

Nasini,  Joseph  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Si- 
enna. He  studied  painting  under  Giro 
Ferri,  and  his  abilities  were  employed  in 
historical  works  by  the  grand  duke  of  Tus- 


cany. 


He  died  1736,  aged  76. 


Nasmith,  James,  a  divine,  was  born  at 
Norwich  in  1740,  and  educated  at  Bene't- 
coUegc,  Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a 
fellowship.  In  1773  he  was  presented  to 
the  living  of  St.  Mary  Abchurch,  which  he 
exchanged  for  Snailwell  in  Cambridgeshire. 
He  took  the  degree  of  doctor  in  divinity  iu 
1797  ;  and  his  last  preferment  was  the  rec- 
tory of  Leverington,  in  the  isle  of  Ely, 
where  he  died  in  1808.  Dr.  Nasmith  pub- 
lished "  A  Catalogue  of  Bene't  college  Li- 
brary ;"  an  edition  of  the  "  Itinei-aries  of 
Simon  and  William  of  Worcester,"  8vo. ;  a 
new  edition  of  Tanner's  "  Notitia  Monas- 
tica  ;"  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  An  Examina- 
tion of  the  Statutes  relating  to  the  Assize  of 
Bread,"  &ic.—  W.  B. 

Natalis,  Michael,  ancngraver  of  Liege, 


NAV 


.NAt 


From  the  Loaae  of  his  father,  who  instruct- 
ed him  ill  the  art  of  eiigniviiif^,  he  went  to 
Kome,  and  studied  under  Joachim  Sand- 
raart.  His  engraved  representations  of 
statues,  after  the  paintings  of  Rubens,  Ti- 
tian, &c.  from  the  Justinian  gallery,  were 
much  admired.     He  died  1670,  aged  61. 

Nathan,  a  prophet  in  the  age  of  David. 
The  pathetic  parable  of  the  poor  man's 
lamb,  by  which  he  reproved  that  monarch's 
cruel  and  unmanly  murder  of  Uriah,  and 
his  adulterous  intercourse  with  Bathsheba, 
his  wife,  is  well  known. 

Nathan,  Isaac,  or  Mordecai,  the  first 
who  published  a  Hebrew  Concordance, 
which  he  completed  1448,  after  10  years' 
labour.  It  was  first  printed  at  Venice, 
1523,  and  afterwards  improved  by  Buxtorf, 
and  edited  Basil,  1632. 

Nattier,  John  Mark  le,  a  French  paint- 
er, born  17th  March,  1685.  His  designs 
for  the  Luxemburg  gallery  have  been  en- 
graved and  printed,  1  vol.  fol.  1710.  He 
was  professor  in  the  academy  of  painting, 
and  was  patronised  by  Lewis,  but  he  de- 
clined the  liberal  invitations  of  the  Czar 
Peter  to  settle  in  Russia.  He  died  1766, 
leaving  three  daughters. 

Nattier,  Lawrence,  a  native  of  Bilbe- 
rach,  in  Swabia,  who  engraved  entaglios, 
and  published  a  book  of  ancient  gems.  He 
died  atPetersburghof  anasthma,  27th  Dec. 
1763. 

Navagero,  Andrew,  a  noble  Venetian, 
whose  abilities  were  employed  as  ambassa- 
dor to  Francis  L  He  died  of  a  fever  at 
Blois,  1529,  aged  44.  He  was  engaged  in 
writing  the  History  of  Venice,  but  burnt 
the  work  in  his  last  illness.  His  poems 
are  preserved  in  the  "  Carmina  Poetarum 
Italorum,"  and  his  other  works  were  print- 
ed at  Padua,  1718,  4to. 

Navagero,  Bernard,  of  the  same  family 
as  the  preceding,  was  bishop  of  Verona, 
and  a  cardinal.  He  assisted  at  the  council 
of  Trent,  and  died  1565,  aged  58.  He 
wrote  the  Life  of  pope  Paul  IV. 

Navarre,  Peter,  a  famous  warrior  in  the 
16th  century.  He  was  born  in  Biscay,  of 
an  obscure  family,  and  after  l)eing  for  some 
time  a  seaman,  he  entered  into  the  service 
of  cardinal  Aragon  as  valet.  He  next 
served  in  the  aimy  of  the  Florentin-es,  and 
then  engaged  in  the  sea  service,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  by  his  valour.  Known 
for  his  bravery,  he  was  employed  by  Gon- 
salvo  de  Cordova  in  the  Neapolitan  wars 
as  captain,  and  he  contributed  much  to  the 
taking  of  Naples  by  the  judicious  manage- 
ment of  a  mine.  His  services  were  re- 
warded by  the  emperor,  who  gave  him  the 
domains  of  Alveto,  in  Naples,  from  which 
he  assumed  the  name  of  Navarre.  He 
afterwards  sailed  in  an  expedition  against 
the  Moors  of  Africa,  and  took  possession 
of  Oran,  Tripoli,  and  other  fortified  places  ; 


but  part  of  hii  anuy  w;w  defeated  by  the 
Moorish  cavalry.  His  campaign-^  in  Italy 
afterwards  were  unforlmiutt,  and  he  wslh 
taken  at  the  battle  of  Ravenna,  Ifil'i,  and 
for  two  years  endured  captivity  in  France. 
The  ill  treatment  of  the  Spunish  king  de- 
termined him  to  ent<!r  into  ihc  service  of 
Francis  I.  and  he  dislinguishcd  himself  in 
several  expeditions,  but  in  hi^  attempt  to 
relieve  Genoa  he  was  tak<;n  by  the  imperial 
troops.  For  three  years  he  languished  in 
the  dungeons  of  Q'.uf,  till  the  treats  of  Ma- 
drid set  him  free.  He  was  at  the  siege  of 
Naples  in  1528  under  Lautrec,  and  was 
taken  prisoner  at  the  retreat  of  Aversa,  and 
again  sent  to  the  uungeons  of  (Euf.  Here 
his  life  was  spared  by  the  duke  of  Orange, 
and  either  in  compassion  for  his  misfor- 
tunes and  his  valour,  or  because  he  was  la- 
bouring under  a  severe  illness,  he  was  not 
beheaded  with  the  rest  of  the  captives  who 
were  devoted  to  destruction.  He  died 
soon  after,  though  some  assert  that  he  was 
strangled  in  his  bed,  in  an  advanced  age. 
An  account  of  his  life  has  been  published 
by  Paul  Jovius,  and  by  Philip  Tomasini. 
His  remains  were  honoured  in  the  17th 
century  by  a  splendid  monument  in  the 
church  of  St.  Mary  the  Neuve,  in  Naples, 
by  the  duke  of  Sessa. 

Navaretta,  Ferdinand,  a  Spanish  Do- 
minican of  Old  Castile,  whose  eloquence 
was  employed  as  a  missionary  in  China, 
1659.  He  was  well  acquainted  with  the 
language  of  tlie  country,  and  on  his  return 
to  Spain  1672,  he  went  before  the  pope  to 
account  for  his  mission.  He  was  made  by 
Charles  II.  archbishop  of  St.  Domingo, 
where  he  died  1689.  He  printed  at  Mad- 
rid, in  Spanish,  his  treatise.  Historical,  Po- 
litical, and  Moral,  of  China,  but  only  one 
folio  volume  appeared,  as  the  two  others 
were  suppressed  by  the  inquisition. 

Navaretta,  Balthasar,  a  Spanish  Do- 
minican, at  the  end  of  the  16th  century, 
who  published  3  vols,  folio.  Controversial 
in  D.  Thoma  ej usque  Schola;  Defensionem, 
1634. 

Nauclerus,  John,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
who  changed  the  name  of  ^  ergcau  into  that 
of  Nauclerus,  and  became  professor  of  law 
at  Tubingen,  and  provost  of  the  ( athtdral. 
He  died  at  the  beginning  of  the  l6th  centu- 
ry.   Hi*  Chronicle  from  the  Creation  to  the 
year  1500,  is  a  work  of  merit,  of  which  the 
best  edition  is  that  of  Cologne  in  folio,  1570. 
Naude,   Gabriel,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Paris,  12th  Feb.  1600.     After  study- 
ing with  great  assiduity  at  Paris,  he  went 
further  to  improve  himself  to  Padua,  where 
he  took  his  degrees  in  physic.     In  1631  he 
was  made  librarian  to  cardinal   Bagni,  at 
Rome,  and  after  his  death  he  was  with  equal 
liberality  patronised  by  Burberini.     He  waa 
invited  by  Richelieu  to  Paris,  and  was  treat- 
ed with  great  kindne.ss  l>y  his  successor  Ma- 

373 


NAVr 


NEC 


zarine,  over  whose  library  be  presided,  and 
from  whom  he  received  several  benefices. 
He  attended  Christina  at  the  court  of  Swe- 
den, but  did  not  remain  long  there  ;  and  the 
fatigues  of  his  journey  threw  him  into  a 
fever,  of  which  he  died  at  Abbeville,  29th 
July,  1653.  He  wrote.  Apology  for  great 
Men  who  have  been  accused  of  Magic, 
12mo. — Advice  for  forming  a  library — Ad- 
dition to  the  life  of  Lewis  XT. — Bibliogra- 
phia  Politica — Syntagma  de  Studio  Milita- 
ri — de  Studio  Liberali — a  Discourse  against 
Libels,  &c. 

Naude,  Philip,  a  mathematician,  born  at 
Metz,  1654.  At  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  he  went  to  Berlin,  where  he  be- 
came professor  of  mathematics,  and  mem- . 
ber  of  the  academy.  He  died  there  1729, 
much  respected.  He  published  a  "  treatise 
on  Geometry,"  in  German,  4to.  and  was 
succeeded  in  his  professorship  by  his  son, 
who  died  1745. 

Navier,  Peter  Toussaint,  a  native  of  St. 
Dizier,  who  died  at  Chalons-sur-Marne, 
1779.  He  practised  as  a  physician,  and  is 
eminently  known  for  his  discovery  of  nitrous 
ether,  and  the  combination  of  mercury  with 
iron,  hitherto  regarded  as  impossibilities. 
His  knowledge  in  epidemical  disorders  was 
very  great,  and  his  prescriptions  very  suc- 
cessful ;  and  to  the  truest  meekness  and 
modestj,  he  united  the  highest  humanity 
and  benevolence.  He  wrote  a  Dissertation 
on  common  diseases — Observations  on  the 
Softening  of  the  Bones — Reflections  on  the 
Danger  of  Hasty  Burials,  and  the  Abuses  of 
Interments  in  Churches — Antidotes  against 
Arsenic,  2  vols.  l2mo — on  the  Use  of  Bur- 
gundy in  putrid  fevers — de  Thermis  Borbo- 
niensibus,  4to.  &c. 

Nayler,  James,  a  quaker,  born  at  Ards- 
ley,  near  Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  1616.  He 
was  in  1641,  a  private  in  the  parliamentary 
army,  and  rose  to  the  office  of  quarter- 
master under  Lambert,  but  quitted  the  mili- 
tary life  in  1649.  The  preaching  and  con- 
versation of  George  Fox  converted  him  to 
Quakerism,  1651,  and  thinking  himself  now 
divinely  inspired,  he  became  an  itinerant 
minister  of  his  persuasion.  In  l656  he  was 
imprisoned  for  his  extravagant  conduct  at 
Exeter,  where  his  followers  addressed  him 
as  the  prince  of  peace  ;  and  afterwards, 
when  liberated  from  confinement,  he  went 
to  Bristol,  he  was  accompanied  by  an  en- 
thusiastic cavalcade,  who  sang  befoie  him, 
holy,  holy,  holy  is  the  Lord  God  of  hosts, 
Hosanna  in  the  highest.  This  fanatic  zeal 
was  noticed  by  the  parliament ;  Nayler  was 
accused  and  condemned,  as  guilty  of  blas- 
phemy, and  as  an  impostor,  he  was  exposed 
in  the  pillory,  and  whipped,  and  branded  en 
the  forehead,  his  tongue  v>as  bored  through 
with  a  red  hot  iron  at  the  Old  Exchange, 
and  he  was  then  imprisoned  in  Bridewell 
for  life.  After  two  years  imprisonment  he 
374 


was  set  at  liberty,  and  in  1060  he  left  Lon- 
don to  return  to  Wakefield,  to  his  wife  and 
family,  but  died  by  the  way,  and  was  buried 
at  King's  Ripon.  His  writings  have  appear- 
ed in  an  8vo.  volume,  1716. 

Neal,  Daniel,  a  native  of  London,  edu- 
cated at  a  dissenting  academy,  and  after- 
wards at  Utrecht  and  Leyden.  He  was 
chosen  pastor  of  a  congregation  of  indepen- 
dents in  Aldersgate-street,  and  afterwards 
in  Jewin-street;  and  died  1743,  aged  65.  He 
wrote  a  History  of  the  Puritans,  4  vols. 
8vo. — History  of  New-England,  2  vols.  8vo. 
— Sermons,  &c. 

Neander,  Michael,  a  learned  protestant, 
born  at  Soza  in  Silesia,  1523.  He  was  made 
rector  of  the  university  of  Ilfeldt,  and  pre- 
sided over  it  for  forty  years,  and  at  Pforts- 
heim,  where  he  died  25th  April,  1595.  He 
was  author  of  Frotemata  Linguae  Graecae, 
8vo. — a  Hebrew  Grammar — Pindarica  Aris- 
tologia — Gnomologia,  &c. — There  was  a 
physician  of  the  same  name,  who  died  at 
Jena  1581,  author  of  Synopsis  Mensurarum 
et  Ponderum,  4to.  1555. 

Nearchus,  one  of  Alexander's  officers, 
who  was  employed  by  his  master  to  examine 
the  Indian  seas  in  a  voyage  of  discovery. 
His  voyage  from  India  to  Ormus,  still  ex- 
tant, has  become  particularly  interesting  by 
the  valuable  annotations  and  ingenious  re- 
marks of  Dr.  Vincent. 

Nebuchadnezzar  I.  or  Nabuchadono- 
sor,  king  of  Nineveh,  and  Babylon,  suppo- 
sed to  be  the  Nabopolassar  who  founded  the 
kingdom  of  Nineveh. 

Nebuchadnezzar  II.  king  of  Babylon, 
is  supposed  to  be  the  son  of  the  preceding. 
He  invaded  Judaea,  and  carried  the  inhabi- 
tants into  captivity.  He  afterwards,  ac- 
cording to  the  relation  of  Scripture,  was 
banished  from  the  society  of  men,  and 
herded  among  the  beasts  of  the  field.  After 
seven  years,  he  was  restored  to  his  dignity, 
and  died  about  562  B.  C.  in  the  44th  year  of 
his  reign. 

Necho,  or  the  Pharaoh  Necho  of  Scrip- 
ture, was  king  of  Egypt  after  his  father, 
Psammeticus.  The  expedition  w^hich  his 
ships  undertook  from  the  Red  Sea  round 
the  coast  of  Africa  to  the  entrance  of  the 
Mediterranean,  is  famous,  and  was  comple- 
ted in  three  years.  Necho  marched  against 
Assyria,  and  in  his  way  defeated  the  Jews 
under  Josiah,  but  was  afterwards  routed, 
and  returned  in  disgrace.  He  died  about 
600  B.  C. 

Neck,  John  Van,  a  native  of  Naarden, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  naked  figures 
were  particularly  admired.  His  best  piece 
is  Simeon  holding  in  his  arms  the  infant  Sa- 
viour, preserved  in  a  church  at  Amsterdam. 
He  died  1714,  aged  79. 

Necker,  Noel  Joseph,  a  native  of  Flan- 
ders, who  applied  himself  to  botany  and  to 
medicine,  in  which    sciences    he  obtained 


NEE 


NEE 


celebrity.  He  wrote  Dolicia-  Gallo-lBel!;ieae 
Sylvestres,  2  vols.r2nio. — Physiologia  Mus- 
corum,  8vo. — Mithodus  Muscorum,  8vo. — 
Hist.  Nat.  duTassilege,  &c.8vo. — Elomenta 
Botanica — Eclaircissemeiis  sur  la  Propaga- 
tion, &c.  8vo.  He  died  at  ISlanheiin  1793, 
aged  61. 

Necker,   James,   a    native  of   Geneva, 
known   as   a   financier.       He    was   at   first 
member  of  the  council  of  200  at  Geneva, 
and  then  went  as  ambassador  from   the  rc- 
iniblie  to  France,  where   in  1705  he  obtain- 
ed the  office  of   syndic  to  the  East  India 
company,  and  in  1775  was  made  director  of 
the  Royal  treasury.     His  abilities  were  so 
highly  respected,  that  he  was,  though  a  fo- 
reigner, twice  elevated  to  the  rank  of  prime 
minister  of  France  ;  but  the  revolution,  to 
which, as  some  imagine, his  financial  schemes 
liad  imperceptibly  contributed,  destroyed  his 
popularity,  and  he  yielded  to  the  storm  and 
retired  to  Switzerland,   where  he  died  at 
Copet,  1304,  aged  72.     He  is  author  of  a 
•work  on  the  Finances  of  France,  3  vols. — 
a  treatise  on  the  Influence  of  Religious  Opi- 
nions, Si£.     His  wife  was  tht.  daughter  of  a 
protestant  divine,  and  she  rendered  herself 
known  not  only  by  her  writings,  but  by  the 
amiable  virtues   of  her  character.     When 
ber  husband  was  luisedto  the  I.ighest  offices 
of  France,  she  did  not  assume  the  manners 
of  supercilious   pride,   but   continued   the 
friend  of  the  learned,   and  the  protectress 
of  the  poor,  whose  necessities  she  relieved 
with  a  liberal  hand.     Among  her  illustrious 
friends  were  Thomas  and  Buffbn.     She  fol- 
lowed her   husband's    disgrace  to   Copet, 
where  she  died  1795.      Her  works  are  a 
treatise  on   Hasty  Burials,  Svo. — Memoir 
on  the  Establishment  of  Hospitals — Reflec- 
tions  on   Divorce — Miscellanies  from  her 
MSS.  published  after  her  death.  Her  daugh- 
ter by  Mr.  Necker,  married  baron  de  Stael 
Holstein,  the  Swedish   ambassador  at  the 
court  of  France,  and  she  has  acquired  some 
celebrity  not  only  by  the   intrigues  which 
she  carried  on  during  the  revolution,  but  by 
"  Delphine,"  a  romance,  full  of  indecent  and 
irreligious  sentiments. 

Neckham,  Alexander,  canon  of  Exeter, 
and  Abbot  of  St.  Mary's,  Cirencester,  was 
admired  as  a  learned  man,  and  as  a  poet, 
and  therefore  called  Miraculum  Ingenii. 
He  wrote  commentaries  on  the  Psalms — a 
treatise  dc  Nominibus  Utensilium,  &c.  and 
died  1227. 

Nectarius,  a  pious  native  of  Tarsus, 
made  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  331.  He 
died  397. 

Needham,  Marchamont,  an  English  wri- 
ter, born  at  Burfnrd,  Oxfordshire,  Aug. 
1G20.  He  was  educated  at  All-Souls  col- 
lege, and  St.  Mary's  hall,  Oxford,  then  ac- 
cepted the  place  of  usher  in  Merchant-tai- 
lors' school,  and  at  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  wars,  became  writer  to  an  attorney  at 


Gray's  Inn.     Here  he  engaj^ed  in  the  publi- 
cation of  a  periodical  paper,  c.ilb d  Mercu- 
rins  Biitunniciis,  in  wlii(  h  h«-   favoured  the 
republican   party  ;    but   afterwards  bo  wm 
reconciled  to    tlu;    royalists,    obtained    the 
king's  pardon,  and  bigan  to  ncrw  hi.-*  cause 
by  his  Mercurius  Pragmaticus.     Thi.n,  how- 
ever, soon  endangered    his  sufeiy  ;   he  wa-s 
imprisoned  by  tiic  parliament  ui  Newgate, 
and  then  persuaded  to  emiirace  the  cauue  of 
the  independents,  which  he   again  did  with 
warmth  in  his  new  paper,  called  Mercurius 
Politicus.     He  had   in   the  mean  time  stu- 
died physic,  and  taken  his  degrees,  and  on 
the  return   of   Charles   II.    he  obtained  his 
pardon  under  the  great  seal,  and  practised 
as  a  physician,   much   respected  among  the 
dissenters.     He  died  .suddenly  1678.     He 
was  a  man  of  great  abilities,  but  his  change 
of  principles  according  to  the  prevalence  of 
party,  rendered  him  suspected  and  despica- 
ble.    Besides  his  Mercuries,  he  wrote  va- 
rious political  pamphlets,  which,  though  reail 
with  avidity  in  his  time,  are  not  now  worth 
recording. 

Needham,  John  Tubcrville,  a  Roman 
catholic,  born  in  London,  1713,  and  edu- 
cated at  Douay.  His  abilities  recommend- 
ed him  to  be  professor  of  philosophy  in 
the  English  college  at  Lisbon,  and  after- 
wards he  became  travelling  tutor  to  several 
English  and  Irish  noblemen.  He  was  fel- 
low of  the  London  Royal  Society,  and  was 
appointed  rector  of  the  academy  of  sciences 
at  Brussels,  where  he  died  1781.  Though 
a  learned,  he  was  a  very  superstitious  cha- 
racter. He  wrote  Inquiries  on  Micro- 
scopical Discoveries,  and  Organized  Bodies 
— Observations  on  Spallanzani's  Discove- 
ries— Inquiries  on  Nature  and  Religion — 
besides  some  Observations  inserted  inBuf- 
fon's  Natural  History. 

Needler,  Benjamin,  a  native  ol  Lalam, 
Middlesex,  educated  at  Merchant-tailors', 
and  St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  of  which 
he  became  felloAv.  He  was  afterwards 
minister  of  Margaret  Moses,  Friday-street, 
from  which  he  was  ejected  for  nonconfor- 
mity, 1662.  He  then  settled  at  North 
Warnborough,  Hants,  where  he  died  Juno, 
1682.  He  wrote  an  Exposition  of  the  first 
five  chapters  of  Genesis. 

Needler,  Thomas,  an  English  writer  of 
the  Navy  office,  author  of  some  prose  and 
poetical  works,  published  by  Duncombe, 
1724,  12mo.  He  was  of  amiable  manners, 
and  died  1718,  aged  28. 

Neefs,  Peter,  a  Flemish  painter,  educa- 
ted under  Steenwick.  His  paintings  in 
perspective,  and  especially  the  inside  of 
churches,  are  much  admired.  His  son  also 
possessed  merit  as  a  painter,  but  inferior  to 
his  father. 

Neer,  Arnold  Van  dcr,  a  native  of  y\m- 
sterdam,  celebrated  as  a  painter  of  land- 
scapes and   moonlight  scenes.      He  died 


.1/  r> 


NEL 


KEL 


1683,  aged  64.  His  son,  called  Hendric, 
was  eminent  as  a  historical  and  portrait 
painter,  and  died  1703. 

Nehemiah,  a  Jew,  son  of  Hachaliah, 
born  at  Babylon  during  th«  captivity.  He 
was  cup-bearer  to  Artaxerxes  Longimanus, 
by  whom  he  was  permitted  to  return  to 
Jerusalem,  to  rebuild  the  city  and  temple, 
which  he  effected  454  B.C.  He  died  at 
Jerusalem  430,  afler  governing  his  nation 
with  justice  and  integrity  30  years. 

Neller,  George  Christopher,  a  learned 
divine,  belonging  to  the  cathedral  of  Treves, 
and  counsellor  to  the  elector.  He  wrote 
Dissertatio  de  Decretis  Basilensibus — de 
Primatu  S.  Ecclesiae  Trevirens. — Herma- 
nia  inauguralis  in  Balduani  Trev.  Docu- 
mentum,  &c. — de  Juribus  Parochi  Primi- 
tivi — de  Genuina  Idea  et  Signis  Parochiali- 
tatis,  &c. — de  Solido  Ficto,  de  Solido  Spe- 
cie! Argento,  &.c.  He  died  at  Treves, 
1734,  aged  74. 

Nelson,  Robert,  a  celebrated  English- 
man, generally  called  the  Pious  Nelson, 
was  born  in  London,  22d  June,  1656.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  school,  and  af- 
terwards privately,  by  Dr.  G.  Bull,  of 
Saddington,  Gloucestershire,  and  then  sent 
to  Trinity  college,  Cambridge.  In  1680  he 
was  admitted  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  in  the  same  year  he  began  his  travels 
in  the  company  of  his  friend  Dr.  Halley. 
He  visited  Paris,  and  afterwards  proceeded 
to  Rome,  where  he  became  acquainted  with 
lady  Theophila  Lucy,  the  rich  widow  of 
Sir  Kingsmill  Lucy,  bart.  and  daughter  of 
Lord  Berkeley,  whom  he  married  on  his 
return  to  England.  This  lady  soon  after 
declared  herself  of  the  catholic  persuasion, 
but  though  she  spoke  and  wrote  in  favour 
of  her  principles,  against  what  her  hus- 
band puijlished,  their  mutual  affection  was 
never  diminished  by  controversy,  or  em- 
bittered by  religious  disagreements.  Firm 
in  his  principles.  Nelson  remained  attach- 
ed to  his  creed,  and  to  his  sovereign,  and 
he  not  only  refused  to  transfer  his  allegi- 
ance to  William,  but  declared  himself  a 
nonjuror.  This  conduct  did  not  render 
him  less  dear  to  his  many  respectable 
friends  ;  he  was  still  regarded  by  Tillotson, 
though  they  disagreed  in  political  opinions, 
and  such  was  their  attachment,  that  the 
venerable  prelate  was  attended  in  his  last 
illness  by  his  worthy  friend,  and  died  in 
his  arms.  About  the  end  of  1709,  he  re- 
turned to  the  communion  of  the  church  of 
England,  and  in  this  he  yielded  to  the  ar- 
a;uments  of  some  able  and  pious  divine. 
He  was,  about  1713,  attacked  by  an  asthma 
and  dropsy  in  the  breast,  of  which  he  died 
at  Kensington,  16th  January,  1714-15. 
He  was  the  first  person  buried  in  the  ce- 
metery of  St.  George's  church,  where  a 
Latin  inscription  by  bishop  Smalridge  re- 
cords his  virtues.  This  great,  learned,  and 
376 


amiable  man  wrote  various  lyorks,  the  best 
known  of  which  are  his  Companion  for 
the  Festivals  and  Fasts  of  the  Church  of 
England,  8vo.  a  useful  work,  often  re- 
printed. He  wrote  besides,  the  Practice 
of  True  Devotion,  l2mo. — Trans ubstantia- 
tion  contrary  to  Scripture,  4to. — the  Great 
Duty  of  frequenting  the  Christian  Sacri- 
fice, 8vo. — the  life  of  his  friend  bishop 
Bull,  8vo. — a  Letter  to  Dr.  Clarke  on  his 
Doctrine  of  the  Trinity — Address  to  Per- 
sons of  Quality,  &c. — the  Whole  Duty  of 
a  Christian,  in  question  and  answer — a 
Letter  on  Church  Government,  &c. 

Nelson,  Valentine,  author  of  some  ser- 
mons.     Vid.  Nalson. 

Nelson,  Horatio  Viscount,  an  illustrious 
English  seaman.  He  was  the  fourth  son 
of  the  Rev.  Edward  Nelson,  and  was  born 
29th  September,  1758,  at  Burnham  Thorpe, 
Norfolk,  of  which  his  father  was  rector. 
He  began  his  education  at  Norwich  school, 
afterwards  removed  to  North  Waltham, 
and  at  the  age  of  12,  when  the  nation  was 
threatened  with  war,  in  consequence  of  the 
disputes  about  the  Falkland  islands,  he  en- 
tered on  board  the  Raisonable  of  64  guns, 
under  his  maternal  uncle  captain  Maurice 
Suckling.  Soon  after  that  ship  was  put 
out  of  commission,  and  the  young  seaman 
went  to  the  West  Indies,  in  the  merchants' 
service,  but  again  joined  his  uncle  on  board 
the  Triumph,  and  in  1773  was  permitted  to 
accompany  the  expedition  which  was  sent 
under  the  command  of  captains  Phipps  and 
Lutwidge  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  to  the 
North  pole.  In  this  voyage  he,  as  coax- 
swain  to  captain  Lutwidge,  gained  great 
reputation  for  boldness,  zeal,  and  perse- 
verance, and  on  his  return  he  went  to  the 
West-Indies,  onboard  the  Sea-horse  under 
captain  Farmer.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant in  April,  1777,  andv/as  immediately 
employed  as  second  of  the  Lowestoffe,  of  32 
guns,  on  the  Jamaica  station,  from  which  he 
was  removed  to  the  command  of  a  schoon- 
er, and  thus  was  enabled  to  acquire  a  per- 
fect knowledge  of  the  intricate  navigation 
of  the  seas  near  Hispaaiola.  In  June, 
1779,  he  obtained,  under  admiral  Peter 
Parker,  the  appointment  of  post-captain, 
and  the  command  of  the  Hinchinbroke, 
and  when  an  attack  was  expected  in  Ja- 
maica from  the  French  forces  under  D'Es- 
tainge,  the  youthful  hero  was  intrusted  with 
the  care  of  the  batteries  of  Port  Royal,  and 
the  defence  of  Kingston  and  Spanish  Town. 
In  the  attack  made  in  1780,  upon  Fort 
Juan,  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  his  perseve- 
rance was  of  infinite  benefit  to  the  public 
service,  and  by  his  intrepidity  the  outposts 
were  gallantly  stormed,  and  the  place  re- 
duced. The  next  ship  which  he  command- 
ed was  the  Janus,  of  44  guns,  and  soon 
after  he  was  removed  to  the  Albemarle,  and 
continued  on   the  American   station  with 


NEt 


NFA. 


Sir  Samncl  Hood  till  the  peace.  In  1783 
he  visJited  France,  and  the  next  year  he  was 
appointed  to  the  Boreas  of  2S  {«;uns,  at  the 
Leeward  ishmds,  and  dnring  his  continu- 
ance in  this  station  he  married,  March, 
1787,  Frances  Herbert  Nesbit,  widow  of 
Dr.  Nesbit,  of  Nevis,  and  daughter  of  W. 
Herbert,  Esq.  senior  judge  of  that  ishmd. 
He  returned  to  England,  Nov.  1787,  and 
retired  to  Burnhain  Thorpe,  in  the  bosom 
of  domestic  happiness,  till  1793,  when  the 
■war  with  France  called  upon  him  for  the 
exertion  of  his  great  talents.  He  obtained 
the  command  of  the  Agamemnon,  of  64 
gnns,  and  joined  lord  Hood  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, where  he  assisted  at  the  taking 
of  Toulon,  and  at  the  siege  of  Bastia,  in 
■which  he  superintended  the  disembarkation 
of  the  troops,  and  ably  commanded  the 
batteries.  He  afterwards  had  a  gallant 
encounter  with  five  French  ships  of  war, 
and  then  supported  the  siege  of  Calvi, 
■where  he  lost  the  sight  of  his  right  eye,  in 
consequence  of  sonie  particles  of  sand  being 
violently  driven  against  it  by  one  of  the 
shots  of  the  enemy's  batteries.  Under  the 
next  commander,  lord  Hotham,  he  conti- 
nued to  distinguish  himself,  particularly  in 
the  engagements  with  the  French  fleet, 
15th  March  and  July,  1795,  and  in  the 
blockade  of  Genoa.  When  admiral  Jervis 
succeeded  in  the  Mediterranean  command, 
the  brave  hero  removed  from  the  Agamem- 
non to  the  Captain,  of  74  guus,  and  soon 
after  obtained  a  commodore's  pendant,  and 
was  employed  in  the  blockade  of  Leghorn, 
and  the  taking  of  Porto  Ferrajo.  On  his 
passage  to  Gibraltar,  in  the  Minerva  frigate, 
he  fell  in  w  ith  two  Spanish  frigates,  one  of 
which,  the  Sabine,  of  40  guns,  he  took,  and 
sailing  immediately  to  join  admiral  Jervis, 
he  was  pursued  by  two  ships  of  the  Spanish 
fleet,  a  circumstance  which  was  quickly 
communicated  to  the  commander  in  chief, 
and  in  a  few  hours  produced  a  general  ac- 
tion. In  this  memorable  fight,  on  the  14th 
February,  1797,  in  which  15  English  ships 
defeated  a  Spanish  fleet  of  27  ships,  and 
took  four  three-deckers,  the  commodore 
behaved  with  his  usual  gallantry.  In  the 
Captain,  to  which  he  had  shifted  his  flag, 
he  attacked  the  Santissima  Trinidada,  of 
136  guns,  and  passing  to  the  Saint  Nicho- 
las, of  80  guns,  and  then  to  the  San  Jo- 
seph, of  112  guns,  he  had  the  happiness  to 
see  both  these  ships  strike  to  his  superior 
valour.  For  his  gallant  conduct  on  this 
occasion,  he  was  created  knight  of  the  Bath, 
and  in  April,  1797,  he  was  made  rear  ad- 
miral of  the  blue,  and  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  inner  squadron  in  the 
blockade  of  Cadiz.  After  making  some 
vigorous,  but  unsuccessful  attacks  on  the 
town,  he  was  sent  by  lord  St.  Vincent,  to 
take  the  town  of  Santa  Cruz,  in  the  island 
of  Teneriffe,  bnt  though  he  obtained  pos- 
YoL.  IT.  4» 


session  of  the    place  for  aftvcn  hours,   he 
was  unable  to  reduce  the  citadel,  and  there- 
fore was  perinitte.l  to  plire  iimi.oleMted  to 
his  fleet.      Uuniii;  thii  (iisperale  ull:uk  ho 
lost  his  right  hand,  which  was  nhattered  by 
a  shot,  but  his  life  was  preserved  by  the  at- 
tention of  his    son-ni-law,  captain  Ne»bit, 
who  dnring  the  darkness  of  the  night,  mi»»- 
ed  him  from  his  side,  and  reluriuiij;,  found 
him  exhausted  on  ihe  ground,  and  carried 
him  safe  ori  his  back  to  the  kiiore,  where  a 
boat  conveyed  him  to  his  ship.     In  conse- 
quence of  his  wound,  the  gallant    admiral 
received  a  pension   of   lOOO^    and  in   the 
memorial  which,   according  to  custom,  ho 
presented  to  his  majesty  on  the  occasion,  he 
declared  in  the  simple   language  of  truth, 
that  in   the  glorious  services  in  which  he 
had  been  employed,   he  had  been  engaged 
with    the  enemy   upwards    of   120   times. 
Among  other  marks  of  public  favour,  he  re- 
ceived the  freedom  of  the  city  of  London  in 
a  gold  box,  worth  100  guineas;   but  these 
honours  excited   him  to  greater  exertions, 
and  he  soon  after  joined  in  the  Vanguard, 
lord  St.  >'incent,  and  was  sent  up  the  Me- 
diterranean to   watch   the  motions   of  the 
French  ships,  which  were  ready  to    con- 
vey  Buonaparte  to  the  invasion  of  Egvpt. 
Notwithstanding    his    vigilanc^e,    the    fleet 
escaped,  but  he  sailed   in  its    pursuit,  and 
after  returning  from   the   Egyptian  shores 
to  Sicily,  almost  in  despair,  he  again  has- 
tened to  the  mouth  of  the    Nile,  and  to 
the  general  joy  of  his  fleet,  perceived  the 
enemy  moored  in  an  advantageous  situation 
in  the  bay  of  Aboukir,  flanked  by  strong 
batteries,    and    supported    by    gun-boats. 
The  attack  immediately   began,  and  by  a 
bold   manoeuvre    on    an   unknown    shore, 
part  of  his  ships  sailed  between  the  enemy 
and  the  land,  and  thus  exiiosed  them  to  a 
double  fire.     The  action  continued  with  in- 
creasing violence  during  the  night,  and  the 
sudden  explosion  of  the  French  admiral's 
ship,    the    Orient,  of  120  guns,  added   to 
the  terrors  of  the  scene.      The  rising  day 
exhibited  to  the  British  seamen,  the  pleas- 
ing sight  of  dismasted  and  submissive  ships  ; 
and  of  the   whole  fleet   only   two  men  of 
war,  and  two  frigates  were  able  to  escape. 
The  fame   of  this  glorious  victory,  which 
thus  captured  or  destroyed  eleven   sail  of 
the  line,  was  received  with  general  exulta- 
tion by  the  people  of  England  ;  the  rest  of 
Europe  re-echoed  the  praises  of  the  British 
hero,  and  the  emperor  of  Germany  was,  iu 
consequence,  prevailed   upon  to  renew  the 
war,   by   breaking   oflT  the  insidious  con- 
ferences of  Kadstadt,   and   the  Porte  de- 
clared  itself  an  open    enemy  against    the 
unprincipled  invaders   of  Egypt.     In    the 
mean  time  these  services  did  not  pass  unre- 
warded ;  the  brave  admiral  was  created  a 
baron,  by  the  title  of  Nelson  of  the  Nile, 
with  the   grant  of    a  pension    of    2000/. 

3.77 


ifEb 


NEI. 


more ;  the  snltan  honoured  him  with  an 
aigrette,  or   plume   of  diamonds,   and  pe- 
lisse, and  the  king  of  Naples  conferred  on 
him  a  valuable  estate  in  Sicily,  with  the 
title  of  duke  of  Bronte.     On  his  retiirn  to 
Naples  the  naval  hero  removed  the  royal 
family  from  the    violent   popular   commo- 
tions which  seemed  to  threaten  their  safe- 
ty, and  even  their  life,  and  in  July,  1799, 
in   consequence    of    the   success    of    the 
Russian  arms  in  Italy,  he  had  the  satisfac- 
tion to  convey  them  back  from  Palermo  to 
their  capital,  and  to  replace  the   monarch 
on  his  throne.  Soon  after  his  return  home, 
•where   he  was  received  with   enthusiastic 
joy  by  every  rank  of  society,  lord  Nelson 
was  called  away  to  break  that  confederacy 
which  the  capricious   politics   of  the  em- 
peror of  Russia  had  formed  with  Denmark 
and  Sweden  against  this  country.     In  con- 
sequence of  this,  the  gallant  admiral  em- 
barked as  second  in  command,  under  Sir 
Hyde  Parker,  and   after  passing  through 
the  Sound  in  defiance  of  the  batteries,  he 
volunteered  to  make  an  attack  on  Copen- 
hagen, 2d  April,  1801.     After  a  most  vigo- 
rous defence,  the   Danes  saw  their  strong 
batteries  silenced,  and  17  of  their  men  of 
war  either  sunk,  burnt,  or  taken.     A  con- 
ference with  the  crown  prince  immediately 
succeeded  this  glorious  victory,  and  after 
peace  was  restored  by  the  heroic  admiral, 
between  the  two  countries,  the  fleet  sailed 
to  complete   its    triumph   over  the  hostile 
squadrons   of   Sweden  and    Russia  ;    but 
the  sudden  death  of  the  emperor  Paul  ren- 
dered further  exertions  unnecessarj'.     For 
these  services,  whi  h  were  chiefly  attribu- 
ted to  him,  and  not  to   the  commander-in- 
ehief,  lord  Nelson  was  created  a  viscount, 
and  his  honours  made  hereditary   in  his 
family,  even  in   the  female  line.     In  Aug. 
1801,   he  made  an  unsuccessful  attack  on 
Boulogne,  but  the    negotiations  for  peace 
prevented  the  destruction    of   the    arma- 
ment in   that  harbour,  which  his   ardent 
mind    would,    no    doubt,    have     accom- 
pli?hed.     The  short-lived  peace  of  Amiens 
restored  him,   for   a  little  time,  to   retire- 
ment ;  but  on  the  recommencement  of  hos- 
tilities, 1803,  he   was  summoned  from  his 
beloved   retreat  at  Merton,    to   take   the 
i3omnaand  of  the  fleet  in  Jhe  Mediterranean. 
Notwithstanding  his  active  vigilance,   the 
French   fleet  escaped    from   Toulon,    and 
from  the   Mediterranean,  and  after  being 
joined  by  the  Cadiz  squadron   they  sailed 
to  the  West  Indies,   but  he  pursued  them 
■with  rapidity,  and  nearly  came  up  to  them 
near  Antigua.      Such,   however,  was  the 
terror  of  his  name,  that  they  returned   in 
consternation,  back  to  Europe,  and  before 
their  entrance  into  Cadiz,  had  a  partial  ac- 
tion near  Ferrol,  with  Sir  Robert  Calder. 
1'hus  baflfled  in  his  attempts  to  overtake  his 
twrified  enemy,  lord   Nelson  retnrnefl  tn 


England  for  the  re-establishment  of  his 
health,  but  in  a  few   weeks  he  was  again 
prevailed  upon  to  take  the  command  of  the 
fleet  with  very  unlimited  powers.     On  the 
19th  of  October,  1805,   Villeneuve,  with 
the   French  fleet,  and   Gravina   with    the 
Spanish,  sailed  from  Cadiz,   and  on   the 
21st,  about  noon,  the  English  squadron  had 
the  satisfaction  to  close  with  them  ofl'  Cape 
Trafalgar.     The  most  precise   orders  had 
been  previously  given  by  the  enlightened 
commander,  so  that  the  fleet  was  not  dis- 
tracted by  signals  ;  and  showing  the  first 
example  of  heroism,  the  admiral  ordered 
his  ship,  the  Victory,  to  be  carried  along 
side    of  his    old    friend,    the    Santissima 
Trinidada.     The  carnage  on  both  sides  was 
dreadful,   and  the  heroic   chief,   unfortu- 
nately not  covering   the   star,  and  other 
insignia,  which  he  wore  on  his  person,  be- 
came a  marked  object  to  the   musketeers 
who  were  placed  in  the  tops  of  the  enemy's 
ships.     A  musket  ball,  from  one  of  the  ri- 
flemen  of  the    Bucentaur,   struck  him  in 
the  left  breast,  and  in  about  two  hours  after, 
he  expired  in  the  arms  of  victory,  retain- 
ing to  the   last  his  firmness  and  heroism, 
and   rejoicing    in   the    glorious    triumphs 
which   his   death   ensured  to  his  country. 
On   his  lamented  fall  the  chief  command 
devolved   on  admiral,   now   lord  Colling- 
wood,  who  improved   the  high  advantages 
already    obtained,  and   in  his  despatches 
paid  an  honourable  tribute,  in  the  language 
of  nature  and  of  affection,  to  the  merito- 
rious services   of  the   departed  hero.     Of 
the   33  ships  of  the  line  in  the  combined 
fleet,  which  thus  engaged  the  inferior  num- 
ber of  27  English  ships,  sixteen  were  de- 
stroyed, four  were  carried  to  Gibraltar,  six 
escaped    into  Cadiz,    mere    wrecks,    and 
four  which  retired  from  the  action,  were  13 
days  after  captured  by  Sir   R.   Strachan's 
squadron.     The  remains  of  the  illustrious 
hero  of  Trafalgar,  were  brought  in  his  own 
ship,   the  Victory,   to   the   mouth   of  the 
Thames,  and  conveyed  to  Greenwich,  and 
on   the   ninth  of   the   following  January, 
they  were  deposited  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral, 
with   all  the  pomp  and  solemnity,  the  tri- 
butes of  regret  and   of  affection,  which  a 
grateful  and  independent  nation  could  pay 
to  a  departed  conqueror.     His  brother,  the 
heir  of  his  honours,  was  raised  to  the  dig- 
nity of  an  earldom,  and  a  handsome   sum 
of  money   was  liberally    voted   by  parlia- 
ment, for  the  purchase  of  an  estate  to  per- 
petuate the  memory  of  the  conqueror,  and 
the  gratitude   of  England.     As  a  profes- 
sional  character,  lord  Nelson  possessed  a 
mighty  genius,  an  ardent  spirit,  and  a  reso- 
lute mind ;  cool,   prompt,  and    discerning 
in  the  midst  of  dangers,  he  roused  all  his 
powerful    energies   into    action,   and   the 
strong  faculties  of  his  soul  were  vigilantly 
exerted  in  the  midst  of  the  furv  of  battle^, 


MiP 


-NJifc 


to  make  cveiy  accident  coutiiijule  to  Ihe 
triumph  oi"  bia  crew,  and  to  the  glory  oi" 
his  country.  So  highly  estaljliabed  was 
Uia  reputation,  tbat  bis  presence  was  a 
talisman  to  the  courage  ol  bis  sailors,  wbo 
lougbt  ujuler  bini  as  sure  of  victory,  and 
regarded  bis  approbation  as  tbc  best  solace 
for  tbeir  fatigues  and  tbeir  sulierings.  In 
his  manners  be  was  polished  and  gmtle  ; 
he  was  no  stranger  to  the  mild  charities 
of  huaian  nature,  and  in  bis  heart  be  felt 
all  the  emotions  of  a  devout  and  pious 
Christian.  His  despatches  from  Aboukir, 
in  which  be  attributed  his  success  to  the 
interference  ol  Providence,  excited  senti- 
ments of  respect  and  admiration  through 
the  nation,  and  it  was  on  that  memorable 
occasion,  that  his  venerable  father  exclaim- 
ed Oh,  my  great  and  good  son  ! 

Nelson,  William,  president  of  the 
council  of  Virginia,  and  one  of  the  judges 
of  that  colony,  was  at  the  head  of  the 
administralion  from  the  time  of  the  death 
of  lord  Bottetourt  in  1771  until  the  ar- 
rival of  lord  Dunmore  in  1772,  and  died 
at  Williamsburgb,  November  lyth,  1772. 

?CP  L. 

Nelson,  Thomas,  governor  of  Virginia, 
held  a  high  rank  among  the  distinguished 
patriots  wbo  adorned  that  state  during  the 
revolution.  When  Virginia  was  threaten- 
ed with  invasion  he  was  appointed  general, 
and  enjoyed  high  popularity  as  an  officer. 
In  1781  he  was  appointed  governor  of  that 
state.     He  died  in  1789.  iCj^  L. 

Nemesianus,  Aurel.  Olymp.  a  Cartha- 
ginian poet,  who  wrote,  in  Latin,  Cynege- 
tica,  a  poem,  and  four  eclogues,  published 
among  the  poets  Rei  Venaticae,  1730.  He 
lived  about  231  A.D. 

Nemesius,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who 
became  bishop  of  Emessa  in  the  fifth  cen- 
tury, and  wrote  Dc  Natura  Hominis,  &c. 

Nemours,  Mary  d'  Orleans,  daughter  of 
the  duke  de  Longueville,  was  born  1625. 
Her  Memoirs  of  the  War  of  the  Fronde 
are  valuable,  as  containing  anecdotes  of 
the  principal  characters  and  events  of  her 
time,  under  the  minority  of  Lewis  XIV. 
They  are  printed  with  those  of  de  Retz 
and  Joli,  and  have  been  translated  into 
English,  in  8  vols.  12mo.     She  died  1707. 

Nexnius,  author  ol  the  History  of  Bri- 
tain, flourished  in  the  ninth  century.  A 
MS.  of  tbis  history  is  preserved  in  the  Bri- 
tish museum,  among  the  Cotton  papers. 

Nei'er,  John  lord.      Vid.  Napier. 

Nepos,  Cornelius,  a  La' in  historian,  pa- 
tronised by  Augustus.  Of  all  bis  works 
there  oniy  remain  the  lives  of  illustrious 
Greek  and  Roman  generals,  a  com|)ositioii 
of  singular  elegance,  and  highly  interest- 


ing. 


Nepos,    Flavins   Julius,    a   Dalmatian, 
»vho,  by  lup   marriuge   w  ith   the   niece  of 


Leo  the  emperor,  obtained  the  Wti»ten. 
empire.  He  was  tta«a*ainated  in  Dalma- 
tia,  4HU. 

Neri,  Philip  de,  an  eminent  historian, 
born  of  an  honourable  family  m  Florence, 
1485.  He  wa.-,  one  uf  Uie  lb  maj^irlratcs 
called  senators,  chosen  by  duke  Alexander 
1532,  and  after  a  life  devoted  to  public  ser- 
vices, be  died  at  Florence,  I7ih  Jan.  1556. 
His  History  of  Florentine  AHairs  from 
1214  to  1537,  appeared  at  Augsburg,  1728, 
in  folio. 

Nehi,  St.  Philip  de,  a  native  of  Florence, 
celebrated  as  the  founder  of  the  congrega- 
tion of  the  priests  of  the  oratory  in  llalv, 
whose  duties  were  to  administer  to  the 
wants  of  the  poor,  to  attend  the  sick,  and 
to  relieve  strangers  and  distressed  pilgrims. 
He  died  1595,  aged  SO,  and  was  canonized 
by  Gregory  XV.  in  1622. 

Neri,  Pompeio,  a  Florentine,  law  pro- 
fessor at  Pisa,  eminently  distinguished  in  the 
afl'airs  of  Maria  Theresa,  and  of  the  duke 
of  Lorraine.  He  was  founder  ol  the  bo- 
tanical academy  at  Florence,  and  died 
there,  1776,  aged  69.  He  was  the  learned 
author  of  Observations  on  the  Tuscan  No- 
bility— on  the  Imports  of  Milan — on  the 
Legal  Value  of  Coin,  and  the  difficulty  of 
settling  it.  Anthony,  the  author  of  the 
Art  of  making  Glass,  printed  at  Florence, 
1612,  was  also  of  this  family. 

Nero,  Claud.  Domit.  Cajsar,  a  Roman 
emperor  after  Claudius,  A.D.  50.  The  be- 
ginning of  bis  reign  was  marked  by  hu- 
manity and  virtue,  but  soon  after,  Nero 
showed  himself  vindictive,  cruel,  and  li- 
centious ;  his  mother  was  inhumanly  mur- 
dered, and  every  species  of  oppression  and 
debauchery  was  indulged.  Rome  was  set  on 
fire,  that  the  tyrant  might  behold  the  dis- 
asters of  which  he  had  read  in  the  con- 
flagration of  Troy,  and  the  virtue  and  ho- 
nour of  the  senate  and  the  people  were 
insulted  and  trampled  upon.  At  last,  a 
conspiracy  was  formed  to  rid  the  world  of 
the  bloody  tyrant,  who  in  the  moment  of 
his  distress,  when  deserted  by  his  flatterers, 
destroyed  himself,  A.D.  68. 

Nerva,  Coceeius,  a  Roman  emperor  af- 
ter Domitian,  A.D.  96.  After  a  short, 
but  glorious,  mild,  and  virti.ous  reign,  this 
excellent  monarch  appointed  Trajan  his 
successor,  and  died  98,  aged  72. 

Nesbit,  Thomas,  ^on  of  the  lord  presi- 
dent Nesbit,  of  Dirlton,  was  born  at  Edin- 
bur«^h,  1672.  He  was  well  skilled  in  an- 
tiquities and  heraldry,  and  wrote  a  \indica- 
tion  of  Scottish  Antiquities,  preserved  in 
MS.  in  tbc  advocates'  library,  Edinburgh. 
He  died  at  Dirlton,  1725. 

Neslk,  N.  de.a  native  of  Mcaux,  known 
by  his  writings.  His  poem,  called  Sanson- 
net,  in  imitation  of  Vert  Vert,  is  much  ad- 
mired.    He   ivrote   besides,    the  Moderr' 

'  370 


NfiV 


NEW 


Arristippus — the  Prejudices  of  the  People, 
2  vols. — the  Prejudices  of  the  Ancients, 
&c.  He  died  in  indigent  circumstances 
at  Paris,  1767,  in  an  advanced  age. 

Nesse,  Christopher,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. When  ejected  from  his  church  at 
Leeds,  in  1662,  for  nonconformity,  he  open- 
ed a  school  fur  10  years,  and  afterwards, 
in  1675,  came  to  London,  where  he  preach- 
ed to  a  dissenting  congregation.  He  wrote 
the  Christian's  Walk  and  Work  on  Earth, 
8vo. — the  Christian's  Crown  and  Giory, 
12mo. — Church  History  from  Adam — An- 
tidote against  Popery — a  Divine  Legacy — 
the  History  and  Mystery  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testament,  4  vols.  fol.  &c.  He  died 
1705,  aged  84. 

Nestor,  a  Russian  monk,  author  of  a 
Description  of  Russia,  and  of  a  Chronicle 
from  858  to  1113,  in  a  simple  and  unadorn- 
ed style,  of  which  MuUer  published  a 
translation  in  German,  1732,  died  1115, 
aged  59. 

Nestorius,  a  Syrian,  who  became 
bishop  of  Constantinople,  431.  He  was 
deposed  for  refusing  to  assent  to  the  doc- 
trine of  the  incarnation  of  the  Redeemer, 
and  his  followers  are  still  found  in  the 
eastern  parts  of  the  world. 

Netscher,  Gaspard,  a  portrait  painter, 
born  at  Prague,  1636.  After  a  series  of 
accidents,  he  settled  at  the  Hague,  where 
he  acquired  reputation  and  opulence.  There 
was  scarce  a  family  in  Holland  but  what 
could  boast  of  a  miniature  from  his  pencil. 
He  died  at  the  Hague,  1684. 

Neubauer,  Ernest  Frederic,  a  native  of 
Magdeburg,  author  of  Academic  Disserta- 
tions— Explanations  of  Scripture — Lives  of 
the  Divinity  Professors  of  Giessen — ser- 
mons, &c.  died  at  Giessen,  where  he  was 
professor  of  antiquities,  and  of  theology, 
1748,  aged  43. 

Neubauer,  Francis,  a  native  of  Bohe- 
mia, educated  at  Prague  and  Vienna.  He 
was  celebrated  for  his  skill  in  music,  and 
was  musician  to  the  chapel  of  the  prince 
of  Nassau.  His  compositions  were  much 
admired,  but  he  unfortunately  disgraced 
himself  by  immoderate  intoxication.  He 
died  1795. 

Neve,  Timothy,  a  native  of  Wotton, 
near  Ludlow,  Shropshire,  educated  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge.  He  afterwards 
kept  a  school  at  Spalding,  and  became  suc- 
cessively canon  of  Peterborough,  preben- 
dary of  Lincoln,  archdeacon  of  Hunting- 
don, and  rector  of  Alwalton,  Huntingdon- 
shire, where  he  died  about  1740.  He  com- 
municated, in  1727,  to  the  Spalding  Socie- 
ty, of  which  he  was  the  joint  founder,  an 
essay  on  the  invention  of  printing,  and  on 
our  first  painters.  His  son  Timothy,  who  was 
born  at  Spalding,  was  of  Merton  college, 

as.o 


Oxford,  and  Margaret  professor  there.    He 
died  1798,  author  of  some  sermons. 

Nevers,  Philip  Julian  Mazarine  Manci- 
ni,  duke  de,  nephew  of  Mazarine,  was  born 
at  Rome,  and  acquired  some  reputation 
by  supporting  Pradon  against  Racine.  He 
wrote  some  sonnets,  poetical  pieces,  &c. 
which  were  admired  as  the  compositions  of 
a  duke,  but  possessed  little  merit.  He  died 
1707,  aged  76. 

Nevisan,  John,  an  Italian  lawyer,  born 
at  A&ti.  He  studied  at  Padua,  and  taught 
at  Turin.  He  is  known  by  his  work  Sylva? 
Nuptiales,  &c.  8vo.  in  which  he  asserts 
curious  things,  but  without  order  or  con- 
nexion. It  is  said  that  the  women  of 
Turin  were  so  offended  against  him  on 
account  of  this  book,  in  which  he  spoke 
with  disrespect  of  the  sex,  that  they  drove 
him  in  disgrace  with  stones  from  the  city, 
and  would  not  suffer  him  to  return  before 
he  entreated  pardon  on  his  knees.  He  died 
1540. 

Neuhoff,  Theodore  Barcn,  king  of 
Corsica.      Vid.  Theodore. 

Neuville,  Charles  Frey  de,  a  Jesuit  of 
Coutances,  long  known  as  an  eloquent 
preacher  in  the  capital.  After  the  banish- 
ment of  his  order  he  retired  to  Compeigne, 
where  he  lived  in  privacy,  and  died  13th 
July,  1774,  aged  81.  He  wrote  sermons, 
8  vols.  12mo.  la  Morale  du  Nouveau  Tes- 
tament, 3  vols.  12mo.  &Cc  His  brother, 
Peter  Claude,  was  also  a  Jesuit,  and  author 
of  16  sermons.     He  died  at  Rennes,  1773. 

Neuville,  Didier  Peter  Chicanau  de,  a 
native  of  Nancy,  in  the  service  of  Stanis- 
laus, king  of  Poland.  He  afterwards  be- 
came professor  of  history  at  Toulouse  and 
died  there  Oct.  1781,  aged  61.  The  best 
known  of  his  writings  is  Dictionnaire  Phi- 
losophique,  &c.  8vo. 

Newcomb,  Thomas,  son  of  a  clergyman 
in  Herefordshire,  was  educated  at  Corpus 
Christi  college,  Oxford.  In  1734  he  be- 
came rector  of  Stopham,  Sussex,  and  after- 
wards lived  at  Hackney,  it  is  said,  in  dis-* 
tressed  circumstances.  He  was  author  of 
various  original  poems,  and  among  other 
things  turned  Hervey's  Meditations  into 
blank  verse,  and  also  the  Death  of  Abel 
from  the  German.  The  school  which  he 
established  at  Hackney  has  long  continued 
to  enjoy  celebrity. 

Newcome,  William,  a  learned  prelate, 
born  at  Abingdon,  Berkshire,  where  his  fa- 
ther was  vicar.  He  was  educated  at  the 
grammar-school  of  his  native  place,  and 
then  elected  on  the  foundation  of  Pembroke 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degrees.  , 
He  was  afterwards  appointed  tutor  to  Mr. 
Fox,  at  Hertford  college,  and  to  this  con- 
nexion he  was  indebted  for  his  elevation  in 
the  church.  He  became  successively 
bishop  of  Ossory  and  Waterford,  and  was 
afterwards  tran^tatfed  to  Armagh,  by  lord 


r»<Evv 


.NLU 


fttzwilliain,  when  lord  lieuieiiaiit.  This 
venerable  prelate  was  a  man  of  amialile 
manrier.s,  and  as  a  scholar  was  eniiiunt  for 
hia  learning,  and  his  extensive  aeiiiuiint- 
anee  with  biblical  knou ledge.  He  died  in 
Ireland,  1799,  aged  7U.  His  pnblications 
were  very  respectable,  and  [)aititularly  a 
letter  to  Dr.  Priestley,  on  tlie  Duration  of 
our  Lord's  Ministry,  8vo. — Observations  on 
our  Lord's  (Jonducl,  4to. — an  iujproved 
Version  of  the  12  Minor  Prophets,  no. — 
Another  Version  ol  Kzekiel — a  Review  of 
the  Chief  DitHculties  in  the  Gospel  History 
relating  to  our  Lord's  resurreciion — a  His- 
torical Review  of  the  English  Biblical 
Translations,  &c.  and  after  his  death  his 
Version  of  the  New  Testament  appeared  in 
2  vols.  8vo.  He  was  member  of  the  Royal 
Irish  academy. 

Newcomen,  Matthew,  a  noncor.formist 
divine,  educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  master's  degree. 
As  member  of  the  Westminster  assembly  of 
divines,  he  assisted  in  the  drawing  up  of 
their  catechism,  and  he  was  one  ol  the  live 
divines  who  attacked  bishop  Hall's  Vin- 
dication of  Episcopacy.  This  curious 
work  was  called  Smectymnus,  from  the 
initials  of  the  authors'  names,  Stephen  Mar- 
shal, Edmund  Calamy,  Thomas  Young, Mat- 
thew Newcomen,  William  Spurstow.  He 
was  ejected  from  the  living  of  Dcdham,  Es- 
sex, in  1662,  and  then  retired  to  Leyden, 
where  he  died,  1666. 

Newell,  Samuel,  missionary  at  Bom- 
bay, was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1807.  He  pursued  his  theological  studies 
at  the  seminary  at  Andovtr,  Massachusetts, 
and  attended  a  course  of  medical  lectures 
at  the  college  in  Philadelphia.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  first  mission  sent  to  the 
East  by  the  American  Board  of  Commission- 
ers for  Foreign  Missions,  and  embarked  at 
Salem  for  Calcutta  in  February,  1812.  Be- 
ing ordered  by  the  government  soon  after 
reaching  Bengal  to  leave  that  country,  he 
proceeded  to  the  Isle  of  France,  and  alter  a 
short  residence  there,  during  which  the 
death  of  Mrs.  Newell  took  place,  he  re- 
moved to  Ceylon,  where  he  remained  so.me 
time,  and  prepared  the  way  for  the  mission 
which  was  afterwards  established  there. 
He  at  length  joined  the  mission  at  Bombay, 
and  continued  t  ere  a  faithful  labourer  till 
his  death,  on  the  30th  of  May,  1821.  His 
talents  were  highly  respectable,  and  he  was 
distinguished  for  modesty,  tenderness  of 
feeling,  and  an  enlightened  and  ardent  zeal 
in  the  cause  of  evangelizing  the  heathen. 

|Q='  L. 
Newell,  Harriet,  the  wife  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Moses  At- 
wood,  of  Haverhill,  Massachusetts,  and 
born  there,  October  10th,  1793.  She  pos- 
sessed a  superior  mind,  enjoyed  an  excel- 
lent education,  and  early  became  a  profes- 


sor of  religion.     On  the  arrival  of  the  u»u>- 
sionaries  at  Calcutta,  bcin;^  dir<  elcd  b)  the- 
government  to  leave  thai  <  ountry,  Mr,  and 
Mis.     Newell    proceeded     to     the    L-de    of 
France,  where   she    died  on  the  iiOlh  .Nov. 
1812.     She  was  a  womaii  ol    uneoiimionly 
amiable  disposition,    and    inlireHlin^  man- 
ncrs,  and    by    her    mlellig.  i,.e,    pieiy,  and 
devoiedness  to  the  cause  in  vshich   she  waji 
embarked,    rendered    herself  an   oljeel   of 
unusual  intere-t  and  respect  to  all  who  be- 
came acquainted   with    her  character  and 
history.  f\:j^  L. 

Newland,  Peter,  a  learned  Dutchman, 
son  of  a  carpenter  at  Dinmiei  nicer,  near 
Amsterdam,  where  he  was  born,  1764.  He 
was  possessed  of  strong  natural  powers,  so 
that  at  the  age  of  10  he  wrote  poetrv  with 
elegance,  and  could  resolve,  without  the  in- 
struction of  a  master,  some  ol  the  most 
(litlicult  problems  of  geometry.  These  great 
talents  were  happily  encouraged  by  the 
government  ;  the  young  prodigy  was  made 
one  of  the  commissioners  of  longitude,  and 
afterwards  he  Idled  with  great  ability  the 
chairs  of  mathematics  and  philosophy  at 
Ltrecht  and  Amsterdam.  He  wrote  poems 
in  Dutch,  on  the  Means  of  enlightening  a 
People — on  the  General  L  tility  of  Mathe-r 
matics — on  Lavoisier's  System — on  the 
form  of  the  Globe — on  the  Course  of 
Comets,  and  the  Uncertainty  of  their  Re- 
turn— on  ascertaining  the  Longitude  at 
Sea — a  Treatise'  on  Navigation,  kc.  He 
died  1794. 

Newman,  Francis,  governor  of  the  colo- 
ny of  New-Haven,  Connecticut,  was  in 
1653,  with  several  others,  appointed  an 
agent  to  governor  Stuyvesant  at  Manha- 
does,  to  olitain  satisfaction  for  the  injuries 
which  the  Dutch  had  inflicted  on  the  colo- 
ny. He  was  afterwards  one  of  the  com- 
missioners of  the  United  Colonies,  and  for 
a  long  time  secretary  during  the  admini.-«tra- 
tion  of  governor  Eaton.  In  1658  he  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  the  colony,  and  con- 
tinued in  the  otiice  till  his  death  in  1061. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  piety  and  prudence. 

ICJ-  L. 

Newman,  Samuel,  was  a  native  of  Bom- 
hay,  England,  and  born  in  1600.  He  was 
educated  at  the  university  of  Oxford,  and 
for  many  years  uas  an  able  minister  of  the 
established  church.  In  1638  he  came  to 
Massachusetts,  and  alter  spending  several 
years  at  Dorchester  and  Weynioulh,  settled 
at  Rchol)Oth,  where  he  remained  greatly 
esteemed  for  his  talents  and  piety  till  hi< 
death  in  1663.  He  compiled  a  concordance 
of  the  Bible,  superior  to  any  which  had  be- 
fore appeared.  It  was  pul.lislied  in  Lon- 
don in  1643,  and  on  being  republished  in 
England  with  considerable  improvements 
was  called  the  Cambridge  Concordance. 
His  poverty  compelled  him,  while  labourinsc 

3?1 


NEW 


NflW 


at  it  in  the  evening,  to  use  pine  knots  i'or 
light.  i'.ZF'  L. 

Newton,  John,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Oundle,  1622.  He  entered,  in 
1637,  at  Edmund  hall,  Oxford,  where  he 
applied  to  astrunomy  and  mathematics. 
After  the  restoration  he  was  rewarded  for 
his  loyalty,  and  made  chaplain  to  the  king, 
created  D.D.  and  appointed  rector  of  Ross, 
in  Herefordshire,  where  he  died  Christmas 
day,  1678.  He  wrote  Astronomia  Britan- 
nica,  in  three  parts,  4io. — Help  to  Calcula- 
tion, with  Tables  of  Declination,  Ascen- 
sion, &.C. — Trigonometria  Britannica,  fol. — 
Geometrical  Trigonometry — Cliiliades  Cen- 
tum Logarithm. — Mathematical  Elements — 
Perpetual  Diary — Ephemerides — Introduc- 
tion to  Rhetoric — Cosmography,  &c. 

Newton,  Sir  Isaac,  a  most  illustrious 
philosopher,  born  of  a  very  ancient  family, 
settled  at  Woolstrope,  Lincolnshire,  where 
he  was  born  Christmas  day,  1642.  He 
early  lost  his  father,  but  his  mother,  though 
she  soon  after  took  a  second  husband,  be- 
stowed particular  care  on  his  education. 
From  Grantham  school,  where  he  was  placed 
at  the  age  of  12,  he  was  removed  at  IS  to 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  as  he  seemed  to 
prefer  studious  pursuits  to  the  management 
of  his  estate.  At  Cambridge,  under  the 
care  of  the  famous  Isaac  Barrow,  he  began 
to  apply  to  mathematics,  but  his  powerful 
mind  so  easily  comprehended  the  elements 
of  Euclid,  that  he  quickly  passed  to  higher 
pursuits,  and  paid  attention  to  Des  Cartes's 
analytical  method,  which  then  was  very 
popular,  and  as  he  proceeded  in  his  studies 
he  made  marginal  notes.  In  1651  he  dis- 
covered a  new  method  of  infinite  series  and 
fluxions,  which  he  afterwards  greatly  im- 
proved, and  the  same  yt-ar  he  lojk  his 
bachelors  degree.  His  next  puruil  was 
the  grinding  of  optical  glasses  in  one  of  the 
figui'Ca  made  by  the  three  sections  of  a 
cone,  for  the  improvement  of  telescopes, 
but  not  succeeding  as  he  expected,  he  pro- 
cured a  glass  prism,  to  make  experiments 
on  the  phasnomena  of  colours,  lately  dis- 
covered by  Grimaldi ;  and  the  result  of  his 
skilful  researches  gradually  matured  his 
new  theory  of  light  and  colours.  Whilst 
he  reflected  on  this  discovery  that  light  was 
not  homogeneous,  but  ahett-rogeneous  mix- 
ture of  refrangible  rays,  he  was  oblig'd  to 
quit  Cambridge  in  1663,  by  the  pia;;ue,  and 
he  retired  to  his  house,  where,  though  de- 
prived of  the  assistance  of  his  books,  new 
truths  were  to  be  opened  to  his  active  mind. 
Whilst  lie  was  sitting  alone  in  his  garden, 
the  falling  of  some  apples  from  a  tree  led 
his  thoughts  to  the  subject  of  gravity,  and 
considering  that  this  power  is  not  sen- 
sibly diminished,  at  the  remotest  distance 
from  the  centre  of  the  earth,  even  at  the  top 
of  the  highest  mountains,  he  thought  tlmt 
y*  must  be  extended  mucli  farther.  Why 
382. 


not  as  high  as  the  moon?  was  his  next 
question  to  himself;  therefore  the  moon 
may  be  influenced  by  this  power  of  gravity, 
and  retained  in  her  orbit,  and  the  whole 
planetary  system  moving  round  the  sun  as 
their  common  centre  may  obey  this  great 
principle,  which,  however,  as  he  calculated, 
must  decrease  in  strength  in  the  duplicate 
proportion  of  the  increase  of  distance.  The 
further  examination  of  this  important  sub- 
ject was  deferred,  as  he  returned  to  Cam- 
bridge ;  and  in  1667,  being  elected  fellow 
of  his  college,  he  devoted  all  his  attention 
to  the  construction  of  a  reflecting  telescope. 
In  1669  he  succeeded  to  the  mathematical 
chair  at  Cambridge,  on  the  resignation  of 
his  friend  Dr.  Barrow,  and  for  three  years 
he  delivered  lectures  on  the  discoveries 
which  he  had  made  in  optics,  and  commu- 
nicated his  theory  of  light  and  colours, 
which  he  had  brought  to  a  great  degree  of 
perfection,  to  the  Royal  Society,  of  which 
he  was  elected  member  in  1672.  Some  time 
after  he  presented  to  the  same  learned  so- 
ciety his  telescope,  with  a  description  of  its 
properties.  While  labouring  on  the  pro- 
blems of  his  great  system,  his  attention 
was  attracted  to  the  comet  of  16S0,  and  by 
repeated  experiments  he  proved  the  truth 
of  Kepler's  supposition  about  the  motion  of 
the  primary  planets,  and  after  establishing 
his  conclusions  on  the  most  infallible  proofs, 
he  in  1687  published,  at  the  request  of  the 
Royal  Society,  the  result  of  his  astronomi- 
cal pursuits,  under  the  title  of  Philosphiae 
Naturalis  Principia  Mathematica.  This 
excellent  performance,  which  set  his  name 
above  the  philosophers  of  ancient  and  mo- 
dern times,  met,  however,  %vith  opposition  ; 
but  though  its  truths  were  delivered  with 
conciseness  and  precision,  and  required 
study  and  labour  to  be  comprehended,  even 
by  the  most  learned  of  mathematicians,  it 
gained  b-"  slow  but  sure  degrees  universal 
praise  and  admiration.  At  this  time  the 
attacks  of  James  II.  on  the  privileges  of 
the  university  were  resisted  with  great 
spirit,  and  Newton  was  appointed  as  one 
of  the  delegates  to  complain  of  the  illegal 
encroachment.  His  eloquence  on  this  oc- 
casion was  so  strong  and  powerful,  that  the 
king  abandoned  his  claims.  He  was  mem^ 
ber  of  the  convention  parliament  in  1688, 
and  when  his  friend,  the  earl  of  Halifax, 
planned  the  recoining  of  the  money  of  the 
kingdom,  he  called  to  his  assistance  the 
abilities  of  Newton,  and  made  him,  in 
16%,  warden  of  the  mint.  In  1699  he  was 
made  master  of  the  mint,  with  an  ample 
salary,  and  enjoyed  the  office  till  hrs  death. 
In  consequence  of  these  appointments  in 
London,  he  resigned  the  emoluments  of  his 
professorship  to  Mr.  AV'histon,  of  Clare  hall, 
his  deputy,  for  whom  he  generously  procu- 
red the  appointment  in  1703.  In  1703  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  KoyaJ  SocietVr 


NEW 


m:vv 


and  for  25  years  be  adorned  the  chair  of 
that  learned  body  till  his  death,  lie  also 
was  made  honorary  member  of  the  aca- 
demy of  sciences  at  Paris,  and  received 
every  mark  of  distinction  from  the  learned 
of  the  continent.  When  he  |)ubli.-<hed,  in 
17U4,  his  theory  of  light,  after  establishing 
its  truth  by  repeated  experiments,  during 
the  space  of  30  years  ;  he  also  made  men- 
tion ol  his  discovery  of  the  nature  of  tlux- 
ions,  which,  since  1672,  had  engaged  his 
attention,  but  had  not  been  communicated 
to  the  public  ,  yet  by  mean  suggestions 
Leibnitz  laid  claim  to  the  merit  of  discover- 
ing them.  While  the  Acta  Eruditorum  of 
Leipslc  attributed  the  honour  to  the  Ger- 
man philosopher,  Keill  of  Oxford  undertook 
the  delence  of  his  friend,  and  proved  by 
the  clearest  evidence,  and  from  extracts 
from  the  papers  of  the  Royal  Society,  that 
this  system,  so  important  in  mathematics, 
originated  first  in  the  genius  of  Newton. 
In  1715  Leibnitz  proposed  to  the  English 
philosopher  his  famous  problem  of  the  tra- 
jectories, which,  while  it  might  liave  puz- 
zled other  mathematieiaiis,  was  resolved  by 
Newton  in  a  few  hours,  alter  the  labours 
and  the  fatigues  of  the  day.  This  great 
man,  who  had  been  in  1705  knighted  by 
queen  Anne,  became  a  great  favourite  at 
the  court  of  George  I.  and  the  princess  of 
Whales,  afterwards  queen  Caroline,  took  in- 
finite pleasure  in  the  conversation  of  the 
philosopher.  As  she  had  an  uncommon 
genius  for  mathematics  and  astronomy,  she 
often  said,  she  considered  herself  happy  in 
being  born  in  an  age  when  she  could  enjoy 
the  conversation  and  the  instruction  of  so 
illustrious  a  philosopher.  At  the  request  of 
the  princess  he  drew  up  his  abstract  of 
chronology,  but  a  copy  of  it  was  imprudent- 
ly communicated  to  signor  Conti,  a  Vene- 
tian, who  with  illiberal  effrontery  had  it 
printed  at  Paris,  and  at  the  same  time  en- 
gaged some  of  the  French  literati  to  attack 
and  abuse  it.  This  drew  a  defence  from 
Newton,  inserted  in  the  philosophical  trans- 
actions, and  soon  after  he  published  the 
Avork  himself.  Having  now  nearly  reached 
the  age  of  80,  Sir  baac,  after  enjoying, 
from  his  regular  and  temperate  habits,  all 
the  blessings  of  health,  found  himself  seized 
by  an  incontinence  of  urine,  which  was 
attended  with  the  excruciating  pains  of  a 
stone  in  the  bladder.  For  a  few  weeks  be- 
fore his  death,  the  agonies  which  he  suffer- 
ed were  very  great,  yet  his  meekness  and 
patience  subdued  them,  and  though  from 
the  severe  paroxysms  which  he  endured, 
large  drops  of  .>weat  ran  down  his  checks, 
he  preserved  his  usual  smile  of  cheerful- 
ness and  serenity.  On  the  night  of  the 
11th  March,  1726-7,  his  intellects  were 
visibly  affected,  and  he  continued  insensible 
till  he  expired  nine  days  after,  aged  85. 
His  hodv  lav  in   state   in   the    .Ternsalem 


chamber,  and  on  the  i.^ih  March,  wa«  con- 
veyed in  becoming  fun.  rul  pouip  to    Weal- 
minster-abbey,  while    llie   lord   chanctllor, 
the  dukes   of  Moulrose  and  Koxburjih,  the 
earls   of  Pembroke,  Sus^ex,  and    MaecU-s- 
field,  supported  the  pall.     He  was  interred 
near  the    entrance  ol   the  ehuir  on  ihe  left 
hand,  and  a  stalely  nioniimenl  with  a  pro- 
per inscription  has  been  erected  to  hii»  ho- 
nour.     Sir  Isaac  had    the  happi[le^<4  of  en- 
joying during  his  life  the  fame,  the  honours, 
and   the  rewards  which  seldom  attend   the 
learned  and  the  great,  but  which  often  arc 
lavished  with   insulting  profusion  on    their 
remains  or  their  posterity.     In   his  person 
this  great  man  was  of  a  middle  stature,  his 
countenance  was   pleasing    and   venerable, 
though    it   did   not   display  that   deep   and 
penetrating  sagacity  which  are  every  where 
perceptible    in    his    writings.     He    never 
made    use  of  spectacles,   and  it  is  said  he 
lost  only  one  tooth  during  the  \vliole  of  his 
life.     In  his  temper   he  was  meek  and  un- 
assuming, and  so  great  a  lover  of  peace  and 
harmony,  that  he  kept  some  of  his  publica- 
tions from  the  eye  of  the  public,   that  he 
might  not  excite  the  envy  and  the  malice  of 
opponents  or  rivals.     With  great  powers  of 
mind,  and  with  a  comprehension  which  em- 
braced at  one  view  the  meaning  of  every 
subject  to  which  he  directed  his  attention, 
and  overleaped  as  tripling  all  the  difficulties 
which  had  arre>ted  tlie  progress  of  other 
philosophers,  he  was  thus  enabled   to  shed 
lustre  on  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  and  the 
country  which  gave  him  birth,  and  to  intro- 
duce such  astonishing  impro>ements,  and 
make    such   stupendous  discoveries  in  sci- 
ence, in  mathematics,   and  in   astronomy, 
as   would  each   oi  them   individually  have 
bestowed  immortality.     To  his  other  great 
qualities  he  added  the  virtues  of  piety,  and 
religious  infidelity  he  marked  with  abhor- 
rence ;  no  remark  of  levity  or  indifference 
on  the  powers  of  the   Deity,  or  on  revela- 
tion, ever  was  made  in  his  presence  without 
drawing   from   him   the  severest  censure  ; 
and  while  he  made  the  Bible  his  favourite 
study,    he  employed   some   portion  of  his 
time  in  proving  the  great  truths  o(  the  pro- 
phetical   writers    of    Scripture.     Arduitly- 
attached  to  the  tenets  and  the  discipline  of 
the  church   of  Enjiland,  he  bore  with  pa- 
tience the  errors  and  the  failings  of  olh  rs, 
and  was  at  all  times  an  <  nemy  to  intolerant 
persecution.     He  was  never  married,  and 
it  is  probable  that  as  his  time  was  devoted 
so  assiduously  to  study,  he  felt  little  of  the 
concerns  of  domestic  life,  and  never  was 
sensible  of   the  want  of  a   companion  at 
home.     In   his  conduct  he  was  charitable, 
and  as  his  income  increased  he  was  propor- 
tionably  more  affected  by  the  wants  of  hi5 
indigent  neighbours.     He  left   32,000/.    at 
his  death,   but    made   no  will.     His    most 
valuable  work?  have  been  collected  and  pub- 


isnsVY 


NIC 


lished,  together  with  an  excellent  com- 
mentary, 1784,  in  5  vols.  4to.  by  bishop 
Horsley. 

Newton,  Richard,  a  learned  divine, 
born  in  Northamptonshire,  and  educated  at 
Westminster,  and  Christ-church,  Oxford. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  an  able  tutor, 
and  in  1710,  was  inducted  principal  of 
Harthall,  when  hi;  took  the  degree  of  D.D. 
By  the  friendship  of  bishop  Compton,  he 
obtained  the  rectory  of  Sudbury,  North- 
amptonshire, and  in  1753  he  was  preferred 
to  a  canonry  of  Christ-church  by  the  in- 
terest of  the  duke  of  Newcastle,  to  whom 
he  had  been  tutor.  In  1740  he  obtained  a 
charter  to  erect  Harthall  into  a  college, 
and  to  separate  it  from  the  superintendence 
of  Exeter  college,  to  which  it  belonged, 
and  this  he  effected  at  great  expense,  and 
■was  himself  the  first  principal.  He  died 
at  Lavendon  Grange,  deservedly  respected, 
2lst  April,  1753.  He  wrote  a  book  against 
Pluralities  and  Non-residence — on  Univer- 
sity Education — and  al^o  edited  Theophras- 
tus,  with  notes  in  English,  which  work  is 
said  to  have  brought  him  1000/.  which  he 
nobly  applied  in  endowments  on  his  col- 
lege. 

Newton,  Thomas,  an  English  bishop, 
born  at  Lichfield,  1st  Dec.  1703.  From 
Lichfield  school  he  entered  at  Westminster, 
and  in  1723,  was  elected  to  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge.  When  in  orders  he  removed 
to  London,  and  became  curate,  afterwards 
assista'.it  preacher  at  St.  George's,  Hanover 
square,  and  next,  afternoon  preacher  to 
Grosvenor  chapel.  He  was  afterwards  tu- 
tor to  lord  Tyrconnel,  and  in  1744  he  ob- 
tained St.  Mary-le-Bow  rectory,  Cheap- 
side,  by  the  friendship  of  the  earl  of  Bath. 
In  1747  he  was  chosen  lecturer  of  St. 
George's,  Hanover  square,  and  that  year 
married  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Trebeck  the 
rector.  He  published  in  1749  his  edition 
of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  with  useful  notes, 
and  a  well-written  life.  In  1756  he  was 
made  king's  chaplain,  and  then  prebendary 
of  Westminster,  and  precentor  of  York, 
and  1761  he  was  nominated  bishop  of  Bris- 
tol with  the  residentiary  ship  of  St.  Paul's, 
which  he  exchanged  in  1768  for  the  dean- 
ery. Satisfied  with  his  ecclesiastical  ho- 
nours he  determined  to  solicit  no  more,  and 
kept  his  word.  He  died  at  the  deanery, 
14th  Feb.  1782,  aged  79.  He  lost  his  wife 
in  1754,  and  in  1761  married  a  second,  a 
daughter  of  John  lord  Lisburne,  widow  of 
Mr.  Hand,  whom  he  describes  as  an  amia- 
ble and  excellent  woman.  His  disserta- 
tions on  the  prophecies  in  3  vols.  8vo.  is  a 
work  of  great  merit.  He  also  preached 
Boyle's  lectures.  After  his  death,  his  mis- 
cellaneous works,  with  memou's  of  his  life 
by  himself,  were  published. 

Newton,  Thomas,  an   Eft^glish   divine, 
born  at  Presbury,  Cheshire.     He  studied 
^^4 


at  Oxford,  and  afterwards  at  Cambridge, 
and  then  obtained  the  grammar-school  at 
Macclesfield.  Besides  divinity,  he  paid  at- 
tention to  medicine,  and  practised  with 
credit.  He  died  at  his  living  of  Ilford, 
Essex,  1607.  He  was  author  of  the  His- 
tory of  the  Saracens,  4to.  ;  Approved  Me- 
dicines, and  Cordial  Receipts,  8vo.  ;  Illus- 
trium  Aliquot  Anglorum  Encomia,  4to.  ; 
Directions  for  the  Health  of  Magistrates 
and  Students  ;  Herbal  of  the  Bible,  8vo. 
&c. 

Newton,  John,  an  exemplary  divine, 
was  born  in  London  in  1725.  He  was 
bred  to  the  sea  under  his  father,  who  was 
master  of  a  merchant-vessel.  Afterwards 
he  sailed  in  the  Guinea  trade,  and  led  a 
very  irregular  life  for  some  years  ;  but  at 
last  he  grew  both  serious  and  studious. 
By  indefatigable  diligence  he  attained  a 
knowledge  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  lan- 
guages ;  and  in  1764  was  ordained  on  the 
curacy  of  OIney  in  Buckinghamshire, 
where  he  became  acquainted  with  Cowper, 
the  poet,  and  Mr.  Thornton,  the  banker ; 
the  latter  of  whom  presented  him,  in  1779, 
to  the  living  of  St.  Mary  Woolnoth,  Lom- 
bai-d-street.  He  died  in  1807.  His  works 
are — 1.  A  Narrative  of  his  own  life,  12mo. 

2.  A  Review  of  Ecclesiastical  History,  8vo. 

3.  Olney  Hymns,  in  which  are  some  by  his 
friend  Cowper.  4.  Omicron's  letters  on  re- 
ligious subjects.  5.  Cardiphonia,  or  the 
Utterance  of  the  Heart,  2  vols.  6.  The 
Messiah,  a  series  of  sermons,  2  vols. — 
W.  B. 

NicAiSE,  Claude,  a  French  antiquary, 
born  at  Dijon.  He  resided  for  some  time 
at  Rome,  and  had  a  most  extensive  corres- 
pondence with  the  learned  men  of  his 
times  in  every  country.  He  published  a 
treatise  de  Nummo  Pantheo  ;  a  Discourse 
on  the  Form  and  Figure  of  the  Sirens ;  a 
Disertation  on  two  of  Raphael's  Pictures, 
and  on  the  schools  of  Athens  and  Parnas- 
sus.    He  died  at  Velley,  Oct.  1 70 1 ,  aged  78. 

NicANDER,  a  native  of  Colophon,  emi- 
nent as  a  physician,  a  grammarian,  and  a 
poet,  B.C.  140.  His  two  poems,  called 
Theriaca  and  Alexipharmaca,  are  still  ex- 
tant. 

NicAUsis,  or  Balkis,  according  to  the 
Arabians,  is  the  name  of  the  famous  queen 
of  Sheba,  whose  visit  to  Solomon  is  men- 
tioned in  Scripture.  She  reigned  in  Arabia 
Felix,  or  according  to  Josephus,  in  Egypt 
and  Ethiopia. 

NicEPHORus,  Gregoras,  a  Greek  histo- 
rian, author  of  a  History  of  the  Eastern 
empire,  from  1204  to  1341,  printed  in  1702, 
Paris,  2  vols,  folio,  and  also  other  works. 
He  was  a  great  favourite  of  the  emperor 
Andronicus. 

NicEPHORUs,  Callistus,  a  Greek  historian 
who  flourished  in  the  same  age  as  the  pre- 
cedine:.     His  <>rclesfffsrtrfll  htstory  extientlff 


MC 


NIC 


from  ibe  birth  of  Christ  to  610,  the  best 
edition  of  which  is  that  of  Paris,  1030. 

NicEPiiOKUs,  Bleminitlas,  a  monk  of 
mount  Athos  in  the  13th  century,  who,  as 
attached  to  the  Romish  church,  refused  to 
accept  the  dignity  of  patriarch  of  Constan- 
tinople. His  two  treatises  concerning  the 
precession  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  were  printed 
at  Rome,  1G59. 

NicEPHORDs  I.  chancellor  of  the  East- 
ern empire,  seized  the  throne  802,  and  ba- 
nished the  empress  Irene  to  Mitylene. 
Though  attacked  by  his  seditious  subjects 
who  raised  Bardanes  one  of  his  generals  to 


III 


the 


1604,  was  a  Vaphlagoniaii,  and  liir.l 
ninth  century. 

NicETAS,  surnamed  Skriiom,  nuthor  of 
Panegyrics  on  (ircgory  Na/ianz.-n— of 
Commentaries  on  Scripture,  and  other 
works,  was  a  deacon  of  Constantinople, 
and  afterwards  bishop  of  ilcmcka  in  thft 
11th  century. 

NicKTAS,  Arhominates,  a  (Jreek  histo- 
rian, born  at  Chone,  or  Colossus  in  Phr)  - 
gia.  He  fled  from  Constantinople  when 
taken  by  the  French,  120-1,  ami  settled  at 
Nice  in  Bithynia,  where  he  died  1200.  He 
wrote  a  History  or  Annals  from   1118  to 


He 


the  throne,  he  overcame  all  opposition,  till     the   death  of  Baldwin,   1205,   of  which    a 

translation  appeared  at  Basil,  by  AVolsius, 
1557,  and  Geneva,  1593. 

Nicholas,  Abraham,  an  English  pen- 
man, born  in  Bread-street,  London.  He 
is  author  of  Examples  of  Penmanship — the 
Penman's  Assistant,  1719— Complete  Wri- 
ting-master, in  31  folio  plates.     He  kept  a 


the  Bulfi;arians  appeared  against  him. 
fell  in  battle  811. 

NicEPHORUs  H.  Phocas,  a  nobleman  of 
Constantinople,  so  popular  that  his  virtues 
elevated  him  to  the  throne,  963,  on  the 
death  of  Romanus  the  younger,  whose 
widow  he  married.  He  attacked  the  Sara- 
cens with  spirit  and  success,  but  at  last  was  school  at  Clapham,  and  died  abroad  about 
assassinated  by  John  Zimisces,  969.  1744,  aged  52. 

NicEPHORus  HI.  a  Roman  general  raised  Nichols,  William,  an  English  divine, 
to  the  throne  of  Constantinople  by  his  born  at  Donington,  Bucks,  1664.  He  wa^ 
army.  He  was  three  years  after,  lOSl,  of  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford,  afterwards  of 
deposed  by  Alexis   Commenus  his  general,     Wad  ham,  and  in  1684  was  elected  fellow  of 


and  soon  after   died  of  grief  in  a  monas- 
tery. 

Niceron,  John  Francis,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  born  at  Paris,  1613.  He 
took  the  habit  of  the  Minims,  but  though 


Merton,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  D.  D. 
1695.  He  was  chaplain  to  lord  Montague, 
and  became  rector  of  Selsey,  near  Chi- 
chester ;  but  it  appears  from  a  letter  of  his 
to  Robert,  earl  of  Oxford,  that  he  was  dis- 


regularly  employed  in  their   ecclesiastical     appointed  in  his  expectations  of  a  promised 


aflfairs,  either  as  visiter  or  professor,  he  de- 
voted much  of  his  time  to  his  favourite 
study  of  optics.  He  died  at  Aix  in  Pro- 
vence, 22d  Sept.  1646,  but  though  only  33 
years  of  age,  he  was  author  of  some  valu- 
able works,  especially  I'Interpretation  des 


prebend  in  the  church  of  Westminster. 
His  life  was  usefully  devoted  to  study,  and 
to  acts  of  piety.  He  died  about  1712. 
His  works  were  numerous  and  valuable ; 
the  best  known  are.  Conference  with  a 
Theist,    2  vols.   Svo. — Defensio    Ecclesi* 


Chiffres,  &c. ;  Thaumaturgus  Opticus,  sive     Anglicanse,   1707,  12mo.    afterwards  pub- 


Adrairanda  Optices,  Catoptrices,  et  Diop- 
trices. 

NicERON,  John  Peter,  the  celebrated 
author  of  "  Memoirs  of  Men  Illustrious  in 
the  Republic  of  Letters,"  was  born  at  Paris, 
March  11th,  1685,  of  an  ancient  family. 
He  early  determined  to  forsake  the  world, 
and  therefore  took  the  habit  of  a  Barna- 
bite  Jesuit  1703,  and  then  studied  at  Mon- 
targes,  Loches,  and  Poitiers.  He  became 
a  very  popular  preacher,  and  to  a  great 
fondness  for  laborious  studies,  he  brought 
an  extensive  knowledge  of  ancient  and 
modern  languages.  He  died  after  a  short 
illness,  8th  July,  1738.  Besides  his  Me- 
moirs, a  valuable  work,  of  which  the  first 


lished  in  Svo.  and  in  English — a  Commen- 
tary on  the  Liturgy  of  England,  in  8vo.  and 
folio,  a  very  useful  book — Religion  of  a 
Prince,  &c. 

Nichols,  Richard,  governor  of  New- 
York,  and  New-Jersey,  was  one  of  the 
four  commissioners  appointed  in  1664,  tu 
inquire  into  the  state  of  the  colonics,  to 
determine  complaints  in  the  various  de- 
partments of  the  governments  of  New 
England,  and  to  subdue  the  Dutch  at  Mau- 
hadoes.  They  reached  Boston  in  July, 
and  soon  proceeded  against  the  Dutch,  and 
governor  Stuyvesant  surrendered  the  go- 
vernment in  August.  After  an  admiiiistra- 
tion  in  New- York,  in  which  he  conducted 


volume  appeared  in  1727,  and  the  39th  in     with  great  prudence,  integrity,  and  mode- 
1738,  to  which  three  more  have  been  added,     ration,  Nichols  returned  to  England,  and 


be  wrote  a  translation  of  Hancock's  book 
on  the  Virtues  of  Common  Water,  2  vols. 
l2mo,  ;  the  Conversion  of  England  to 
Christianity  ;  Ouvington's  Voyages,  &.c. 

NicETAS,    David,  author  of  the  Life  of 
Ignatius  of  Constantinople,  in  Greek,  trans- 


was  succeeded  by  colonel  Lovelace,  in  1 607. 
The  government  of  New-Jersey  he  resign- 
ed to  Carteret,  in  1666.  \CT"  L. 

NicHOLLS,  Frank,  a  physician,  born  in 
London,  1699.  He  was  educated  at  West- 
minster and  Christ-church,  Oxford,  where 


iated  into    Latin  by    Raderi,   Ingolstadt,     he  took  his 'degree  of  M.  D.  1729,  and  be 
Vol,  IL  49  3^5 


NIC 


NIC 


rame  reader  of  anatomy.  His  lectures 
were  popular,  but  it  has  been  observed  that 
his  remarks  on  subjects  of  anatomy,  tended 
to  inculcate  infidelity  in  his  pupils.  He 
married  in  1743,  Dr.  Mead's  daughter,  by 
•\vhoni  be  had  five  children.  He  was  phy- 
sician to  George  II.  and  published  an  ac- 
count of  his  death  in  the  philosophical 
transactions.  He  wrote  besides,  a  tract 
de  Animci  Medici — de  Motu  Cordis  et 
Sanguinis  in  Homine,  and  died  in  1779, 
eged  SO. 

Nicholson,  Sir  Francis,  governor  of 
Virginia,  was  by  profession  a  soldier,  and 
was  lieutenant-governor  of  New- York,  un- 
der Andross,  and  at  the  head  of  the  admi- 
nistration from  16S7  to  1689.  He  entered 
on  the  government  of  Virginia  in  1690,  and 
continued  till  1692,  highly  popular.  From 
1694  to  1699,  he  was  governor  of  Mary- 
land. He  was  then  again  appointed  to  the 
government  of  Virginia,  but  was  greatly 
disliked  by  the  people.  He  was  superse- 
ded in  1705.  He  was  appointed  com- 
jnander  of  the  forces  sent,  in  1710,  against 
Canada,  where  he  captured  Port  Royal,  and 
also  of  the  unsuccessful  expedition  of  the 
flext  year.  In  1713,  he  became  governor 
of  Nova  Scotia,  and  in  1720,  of  Carolina, 
where  he  exercised  a  useful  administration. 
He  returned  to  England  in  June,  1725,  and 
died  in  London,  March  5, 1728.  ICT'  L- 

Nicholson,  James,  captain  in  the  Ame- 
rican navy,  was  born  in  Chestertown,  Ma- 
ryland, in  1734.  His  ancestors,  who  were 
highly  respectable,  were  among  the  first 
jcttlers  of  that  state,  and  held  many  im- 
portant offices  in  it,  both  while  it  remained 
a  province  and  afterwards.  He  became  a 
sailor  in  early  life,  and  spent  several  years 
in  the  occupation.  On  the  commencement 
of  hostilities  between  the  colonies  and 
Great  Britain,  he  was  appointed  by  the  le- 
gislature of  Maryland  to  the  command  of 
the  state  ship,  the  Defence,  and  not  long 
after,  by  congress,  to  that  of  the  frigate 
Trumbull,  of  32  guns,  in  which,  in  March 
1780,  he  fought  a  severe  battle  with  the 
British  ship  Wyatt,  and  subsequently  with 
a  frigate  and  ship,  to  which  the  Trumbull 
was  surrendered.  lC3^  L. 

NiciAS,  an  Athenian,  who  distinguished 
himself  in  the  Peloponnesian  war,  and  was 
sent  by  bis  countrymen  with  Demosthenes 
j)nd  Eurymedon,  to  the  conquest  of  Sicily. 
The  expedition  w  as  unfortunate,  and  after 
two  years'  siege,  the  Syracusans  attacked 
and"  defeated  their  invaders,  and  Nicias 
was  cruelly  put  to  death,  B.  C.  413. 

NicoDEMUS,  a  learned  Jew,  who  visited 
onr  Saviour  privately,  and  became  his  dis- 
<  iple.  On  the  death  of  Jesus,  he  assisted 
Joseph  of  Arimathea  in  preparing  to  pay 
honours  to  the  remains  of  his  master;  but 
though  the  Jews  marked  him  for  destruc- 
tion for  his  attachment  to  the  nev/  doc- 
386 


trines,  it  is  said  that  he  was  saved  by  the 
interference  of  his  relation  Gamaliel.  The 
gospel  ascribed  to  him  is  a  forg-ery  of  the 
Manicheans. 

NicoLAi,  John,  a  native  of  Monza,  near 
Verdun,  who  took  the  habit  of  the  Domini- 
cans, and  was  for  20  years  professor  of 
theology  at  Paris,  where  he  died  1673,  aged 
79.  Besides  an  edition  of  the  works  of 
Thomas  Aquinas,  in  19  vols,  folio,  he  pub- 
lished some  Dissertations  on  Ecclesiastical 
Discipline — a  tract  against  Arnauld,  and 
other  theological  works. 

Nicolas,  a  proselyte  of  Antioch,  who 
became,  on  being  converted,  one  of  the 
seven  first  deacons  of  the  church  of  Jeru- 
salem. He  is  accused  by  some  authors  as 
the  founder  of  the  Nicolastes,  a  sect  which 
admitted  a  community  of  wives,  and  prac- 
tised all  the  impious  rites  of  paganism.  It 
is,  however,  more  probable  that  this  sect 
owed  its  origin  to  another  person. 

Nicolas,  St.  bishop  of  Myra  in  Lycia, 
is  supposed  to  have  lived  in  the  age  of  Con- 
stantino the  Great,  and  to  have  assisted  at 
the  general  council  of  Nice. 

Nicolas  I.  surnamed  the  Great,  was 
elected  pope  after  Benedict  III.  858.  He 
sent  ambassadors  to  Constantinople,  and 
pronounced  an  anathema  against  Photius, 
the  patriarch,  which  proved  the  cause  of 
the  schism  which  separated  the  Greek 
and  the  Latin  churches.  He  died  867, 
much  respected  for  his  zeal,  firmness,  and 
charity.  His  letters  were  published  at 
Rome,  1542,  in  folio. 

Nicolas  II.  Gerard,  of  Burgundy,  be- 
came archbishop  of  Florence,  and  in  1058, 
was  elected  pope.  He  is  the  first  whose 
coronation  is  mentioned  in  history.  He 
was  opposed  by  John,  bishop  of  Valetri, 
under  the  name  of  Benedict  X.  but  he  soon 
destroyed  the  power  of  his  rival.  He  ex- 
tended the  papal  authority  over  some  of  the 
Norman  princes  in  Lombardy  and  Naples, 
and  died  1061. 

Nicolas  III.  John  Gaetan,  was  elected 
pope  after  John  XXI.  1277.  He  sent  mis- 
sionaries into  Tartary,  but  with  little  ef- 
fect ;  and  he  was  guilty  of  some  oppressive 
actions  to  enrich  his  family.  He  died  of 
an  apoplexy,  22d  August,  1280. 

Nicolas  IV.  N.  de  Rubeis,  was  a  native 
of  Ascoli,  and  was  raised  to  the  popedom 
1288,  an  honour  which  he  accepted  with 
much  reluctance.  He  published  a  crusade 
against  the  infidels  for  the  recovery  of  Je- 
rusalem, but  died  before  the  plan  was 
brought  to  maturity,  4th  April,  1292.  He 
was  a  man  of  learning,  and  wrote  some 
Commentaries  on  Scripture,  &c. 

Nicolas  V.  Thomas  de  Sarzanne,  bishop 
of  Bologna,  was  a  native  of  Luni,  and  was 
elected  pope  1447,  on  the  death  of  Euge- 
nius  IV.  He  succeeded  in  restoring  peace 
to  the  church,  which  had  been  torn  to  pieces 


SIC 


MC 


l>y  the  interests  uiul  the  iutii;j;ucs  of  riv.d 
popes,  ami  he  gained  universal  respect  by 
his  great  wisdom  and  moderation.  He.  ce- 
lebrated this  happy  era  by  a  jubilee  in  1450, 
which  drew  to  Rome  an  immense  multi- 
tude of  people.  The  conspiracy  wliich  was 
formed  against  him  by  Stephen  Porcario, 
and  the  taking  of  Constantinople  by  the 
Turks,  and  the  consequent  calamities  of  the 
Christians,  are  said  to  have  afllicted  him 
so  heavily,  that  he  died  of  grief,  24th 
March,  1455,  aged  57. 

Nicolas  of  Damascus,  a  philosopher  and 
historian  in  the  age  of  Augustus,  some  frag- 
ments of  whose  works  remain. 

Nicolas  of  Cusa,  sou  of  a  fisherman, 
rose  by  his  merit,  and  assisted  at  the  coun- 
cil of  Basil,  1431,  and  showed  such  elo- 
quence that  Eugenius  IV.  employed  him  as 
his  ambassador  at  Constantinople,  in  Ger- 
many, and  France.  He  was  patronised  by 
succeeding  popes,  and  made  bishop  of 
Brixen.  He  died  at  Todi,  11th  Aug.  1454, 
aged  53.  He  wrote  several  works  on  theo- 
logical subjects. 

Nicolas  of  Lyra,  so  called  from  the 
place  of  his  birth,  near  Evreux  in  Norman- 
dy, was  a  Jew,  but  was  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity 1291,  and  took  the  habit  of  the  Mi- 
nors. He  taught  divinity  with  great  repu- 
tation at  Paris,  and  obtained  the  confidence 
of  Jane,  queen  of  Philip  V.  and  was  one  of 
the  executors  of  her  will.  He  died  at  Pa- 
ris, 23d  Oct.  1340.  He  wrote  Commenta- 
ries on  the  Bible,  edited  at  Antwerp,  1634, 
in  6  vols,  folio — a  Disputation  against  the 
Jews,  folio — Treatise  against  a  Jewish 
Rabbi. 

Nicolas  of  Munster,  founder  of  a  sect 
called  the  Family,  or  House  of  Love,  about 
1540,  pretended  to  be  inspired  by  the  Holy 
Spirit,  and  therefore  declared  himself 
greater  than  Jesus  Christ.  He  had  many 
followers,  and  supported  his  doctrines  by 
various  publications,  such  as  the  Land  of 
Peace — the  Gospel  of  the  Kingdom,  &c. 
Some  of  the  followers  of  this  sect  appeared 
in  England,  1604,  and  they  presented  to 
James  I.  a  profession  of  their  faith. 

Nicolas  of  Pisa,  an  architect  and  sculp- 
tor of  eminence,  who  built  a  church  and 
convent  at  Bologna,  for  the  fraternity  of 
the  preachers,  and  a  marble  tomb  for  the 
body  of  St.  Dominic.  He  flourished  in  the 
13th  century. 

Nicolas  Eymerick,  a  Dominican  of  Gi- 
ronne,  inquisitor  against  the  Vaudois,  un- 
der Innocent  VI.  was  author  of  the  Direc- 
tory of  Inquisitors,  printed  in  folio,  16S7, 
and  died  in  his  native  county,  1399. 

Nicolas,  Augustine,  an  advocate  of  Be- 
san<jon,  counsellor  to  the  duke  of  Lorraine. 
He  died  at  Besan<^on,  1695.  He  wrote  se- 
veral things  in  verse  and  prose,  of  no  great 
merit. 

Nicole,  John,  a  French  lawver,  born  at 


Chartrcs,  HiOit,  Hi;  ac(juired  soiuo  re|<u- 
tation  as  a  bol«l  haran;^uer,  but  he  was  a 
bad  advocate.  He  died  IGTM,  at  Chartre-j. 
Nothing  of  his  eonipusitiuna  were  preser- 
ved, though  his  friend  MaroUes  saw  bi.s 
translation  of  (|uinliliaii. 

Nicolk,  Cliiude,  relal(;d  to  the  above, 
was  born  at  Chartres,  1611,  and  became 
king's  counsel,  and  presidcuit  in  the  elec- 
tions of  Chartres.  He  died  there,  2*d. 
Nov.  16S5.  He  was  a  good  linguist,  and 
wrote  poetry,  though  his  compositions  were, 
rather  licentious.  His  works  were  printed 
at  Paris,  1660,  in  2  vols.  4to.  and  atjain, 
1693,  2  vols.  12mo. 

Nicole,  Peter,  an  eminent  French  di- 
vine, son  of  John,  above  mentioned,  was 
born  at  Chartres,  lOth  Oct.  1625.  He 
studied  at  Paris  with  great  assiduity,  and 
was  for  some  time  engaged  in  instructin'.; 
youth  under  the  society  of  Port-royal.  He 
assisted  his  friend  Arnauld  in  the  composi- 
tion of  some  of  his  pieces  ;  but  his  letter 
to  Innocent  XI.  in  the  defence  of  the 
bishops  of  St.  Pont  and  Arras,  exposed  hini 
to  persecution,  and  he  withdrew  from  Pa- 
ris. He  afterwards  returned,  but  soon 
quitted  it  for  a  residence  in  Flanders.  He 
rettn'ned  afterwards  under  a  feigned  name 
to  Chartres,  and  died  there  of  an  apoplectie 
lit,  16th  Nov.  1695.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  abilities  ;  his  erudition  was  extcnsivCj 
his  judgment  solid,  but  he  was  little  ac- 
quainted with  the  world  ;  and  his  defence 
of  the  Jansenists,  and  latterly  his  support 
of  Bossuet  against  the  Quietists,  raised  him 
enemies  in  France,  and  caused  an  unpopu- 
larity which  his  private  virtues  did  not  de- 
serve. His  works  are  not  less  than  100  iu 
number,  but  chiefly  on  controversial  sub- 
jects. His  Moral  Essays,  and  his  Treatise 
on  Preserving  Peace  in  Society,  are  mucli 
admired. 

Nicole,  Francis,  a  native  of  Paris,  dis- 
tinguished for  his  extensive  knowledge  of 
mathematics.  His  Essay  sur  la  Theorie 
des  Roulettes — his  Traite  du  Calcul  des 
Differences  Finies — and  his  Traite  des 
Lignes  du  Troisieme  Ordre,  are  most  con- 
vincing proofs  of  the  accuracy  of  his  re- 
searches, and  of  the  depth  of  his  genius. 
He  was  member  of  the  academy  of  sci- 
ences, and  died  lOth  Jan.  175S,  aged  75. 

NicoLO  del  Abbate,  a  painter,  bora 
at  Modena,  and  called  Abbate,  because 
brought  up  by  Priniatic,  abbot  of  St.  Mar- 
tin. He  went  with  his  patron  to  Fi-ance, 
1552,  and  his  pencil  was  employed  iu 
adorning  Fontainebleau,  and  the  noblest 
edifices  of  Paris.  His  style  is  said  to  re- 
semble strongly  that  of  Julio  Uomano,  and 
that  of  Parmesan. 

NicoLsoN,  William,  a  learned  bishop, 
born  at  Orton,  Cumberland,  1655.  He  was 
educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  became  fellow,  1679.    He  was  patroni- 

o47 


MD 


MS 


sctl  by  the  bishop  of  Carlisle,  who  gave  him 
a  prebend  and  the  archdeaconry  of  that 
church,  and  in  1702,  he  succeeded  his  pa- 
tron in  that  see.  He  was  translated  in 
1718,  to  Londonderry  in  Ireland,  and  in 
Jan.  1726-7,  he  was  raised  to  the  see  of 
Cashell,  but  died  the  13th  Feb.  following, 
before  he  took  possession  of  his  new  dig- 
nity. He  was  a  learned  man,  well  skilled 
in  antiquities.  He  published  several  things, 
the  best  known  of  which  are,  his  descrip- 
tions of  Poland,  Denmark,  &c. — the  Eng- 
lish Historical  Library — Tracts  on  the 
Bangorian  Controversy,  &c. 

iNicoMEDES,  -a  mathematician  of  the  se- 
cond centurj',  known  as  the  discoverer  of 
the  conchoid  curve. 

NicoN,  patriarch  of  the  Russian  empire, 
was  born  of  mean  parentage  about  1613. 
He  had  a  strong  prejudice  in  favour  of  a 
monastic  life,  and  the  loss  of  his  children 
determined  him  to  assume  the  habit  of  a 
monk,  and  to  send  his  wife  to  a  convent. 
His  austerities,  as  well  as  his  learning,  by 
degrees  raised  him  to  public  consequence  ; 
he  was  patronised  by  his  sovereign,  and  at 
last  made  archbishop  of  Novogorod,  and 
patriarch  of  Russia.  Some  innovations 
which  he  introduced  into  the  church,  and 
the  publication  of  the  Bible  in  the  Russian 
language,  raised  him  enemies  among  the 
clergy,  and  at  last  by  intrigue  and  violence 
he  was  obliged  to  abdicate  his  high  office, 
1658,  and  to  be  imprisoned  ;  but  the  empe- 
ror Feodor  permitted  him  to  retire  to  the 
privacy  of  his  original  cell.  He  died  1679, 
after  enduring  much  undeserved  persecu- 
tion. He  is  the  author  of  a  chronicle  of 
Russian  affairs,  to  the  reign  of  Alexiowitz, 
printed  at  Petersburg,  2  vols.  4to.  1767. 

NicoT,  John,  master  of  requests  to  the 
French  king,  was  born  at  Nismes.  He 
was  ambassador  from  France  to  Portugal, 
from  whence  he  brought  tobacco,  which  in 
compliment  to  him  was  called  by  the 
French  Nicotiana.  He  wrote  a  French 
and  Latin  Dictionary,  folio — a  treatise  on 
Navigation — the  Treasure  of  French  Lan- 
guage, &c.  and  died  1600  at  Paris. 

NiDHARD,  John  Everard,  a  Jesuit,  born 
at  Falkenstein  in  Austria.  He  accompa- 
nied the  archdutchess  Mary,  when  she 
married  Philip  IV.  of  Spahi,  and  in  this 
new  situation  he  became  a  great  favourite 
with  the  Spanish  monarch.  After  the 
death  of  Philip,  he  was  made  by  the  queen's 
mother  inquisitor  general,  and  minister  ; 
but  his  abilities  were  not  adequate  to  the 
administration  of  the  political  affairs  of  a 
kingdom.  Flushed  with  the  pride  of 
power,  he  treated  the  nobles  with  insolence. 
You  ought  to  respect  me,  said  he  one  day 
to  his  rival,  the  duke  of  Lerma,  for  I  daily 
have  your  God  in  my  hands  and  your  queen 
at  ray  feet.  The  weakness  and  incapacity 
of  his  government  appeared  by  the  suc- 
388 


cesses  of  Lewis  XIV.  in  the  Netherlands^ 
and  in  Franche  Comte,  and  the  favourite  at 
last  gave  way  to  the  intrigues  of  his  ene- 
mies, and  retired  to  Rome  as  ambassador 
from  Spain.  He  was  made  a  cardinal  by 
Clement  X.  and  bishop  of  Edessa.  He 
died  1st  February,  1681,  aged  73.  He 
wrote  a  discourse  on  the  immaculate  con- 
ception of  the  Virgin,  &c. 

NiEUHOFF,  John  de,  a  Dutchman  who 
went  as  ambassador  from  the  Dutch  East 
India  company  to  the  emperor  of  China,  in 
the  middle  of  the  17th  century,  of  which 
he  wrote  an  interesting  account  translated 
into  French  by  Le  Carpentier.  It  is  also 
to  be  found  in  Churchill's  collection. 

NiEUWENTYT,  Bernard,  a  learned  Dutch- 
man, born  at  Westgraafdyk,  North  Hol- 
land, iOth  Aug.  1654.  He  studied  with 
unusual  assiduity,  and  became  a  great  phi- 
losopher and  mathematician,  and  obtained 
high  reputation  as  a  physician,  and  as  the 
upright  and  respected  chief  magistrate  of 
Purmerende.  He  died  1730,  having  been 
twice  married.  He  wi*ote  in  Latin,  Consi- 
derations on  the  Analysis  of  Quantities  infi- 
nitely small — Analysis  of  Curves  by  the 
Doctrine  of  Infinites — on  the  Principles  of 
the  Differential  Calculus — Contemplations 
on  the  Universe^  translated  into  English, 
in  3  vols.  8vo.  called  the  Religious  Phi- 
losopher. 

Niger,  C.  Pescennius  Justus,  governor 
of  Syria,  proclaimed  emperor  of  Rome  by 
his  army  193.  He  was  defeated  and  slain 
by  his  rival  Severus  two  years  after. 

Nigidius   Figulus,  Publius,   a  Roman 
who  assisted  Cicero  in  the  extirpation  of 
Catiline's  conspiracy.  He  sided  with  Pom- 
pey,  and  died  in  exile,  B.  C.  45. 

NiGRisoLi,  Jerome,  an  Italian  physician, 
author  of  Progymnasmata  Medica,  printed 
at  Guastala,  1655.  He  died  at  Ferrara 
1689,  aged  69.  His  son  Francis  was  also 
an  able  physician,  author  of  some  useful 
works,  and  also  de  Veterum  Charts,  ejus- 
que  Usu,  &c.     He  died  1727,  aged  79. 

NiNUS,  founder  of  the  Assyrian  empire, 
was  son  of  Bclus,  and  husband  of  Semi- 
ramis,  to  whom  he  left  his  kingdom,  B.  C. 
2164. 

NiPHUS,  Augustin,  a  famous  philosopher, 
born  at  Jopoli  in  Calabria.  His  works  be- 
came so  popular,  that  Leo  X.  created  hira 
count  palatine,  and  permitted  him  to  blazon 
his  arms  with  those  of  the  Medicis.  He 
died  about  1550.  His  works  are  in  Latin, 
and  various,  and  contain  commentaries 
on  Aristotle  and  Averroes,  14  vols,  folio — 
Treatises  de  Amore — de  Falsa  Diluvii  Prog- 
nosticatione,  4to. 

NisBET,  Sir  John,  lord  advocate  of  Scot- 
land in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  became  po- 
pular by  pleading  against  the  standing  mi- 
litia, and  was  one  of  the  commissioners  ap- 


NIZ 


iNuA 


pointed  about  the  union  of  the  two  king- 
doms. 

NisBET,  Charles,  D.D.  first  president  of 
Dickinson  college,  PeiMisylvaiiiii,  was  born 
in  Haddington,  Scotland,  in  173G,  and  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh.  He  was  for  several 
jears  minister  of  Montrose,  and  on  the 
institution  of  the  college  at  Carlisle  in 
1783,  was  chosen  its  president,  and  in  1785, 
arrived  there,  and  entered  on  the  duties  of 
the  ofiice,  for  which  he  was  happily  fitted 
by  fine  endowments,  uncommonly  exten- 
sive learning,  and  interesting  manners  and 
conversation.  He  continued  there  an  or- 
nament to  the  college,  to  the  church,  and 
to  society,  tUl  his  death  on  the  17th  of  Ja- 
nuary, 1804,  in  the  6Stb  year  of  his  age. 

NiVELLE  DE  LA  CHACSS£E,Peter  Claude, 
a  French  poet,  born  of  an  opulent  family 
at  Paris,  1692.  Though  favoured  by  for- 
tune he  preferred  the  honours  of  literature 
to  all  other  distinctions,  and  acquired  some 
celebrity  by  his  epistle  to  Clio,  and  his  dra- 
matic pieces.  He  was  member  of  the 
French  academy,  and  died  at  Paris,  14th 
March,  1754.  His  pieces  possess  great 
merit,  and  are  much  esteemed  in  France. 
The  best  are  the  School  of  Mothers — Me- 
lanides  la  Gouvernante,  comedies — Maxi- 
mian — Prejuge  ^-la-mode — George  Barn- 
well, tragedies.  These  works  have  ap- 
peared in  5  vols.  12mo.  1763. 

NivERNOis,  Lewis  Julius  Mancini  duke 
of,  minister  of  state,  member  of  the  French 
academy,  and  of  belles  lettres,  and  well 
known  as  a  poet  and  a  writer,  was  born  at 
Paris  16th  Dec.  1716.  He  left  the  military 
profession  to  serve  his  country  as  ambassa- 
dor, and  he  represented  his  sovereign  at 
Rome,  at  Berlin,  and  afterwards  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  negotiated  the  peace  of 
1763.  Distinction  at  the  court,  however, 
had  less  charms  for  him  than  literary  fame, 
and  on  his  return  to  Paris,  he  withdrew 
from  political  life,  and  devoted  himself  to 
the  muses.  His  poetical  imitations  of 
Virgil,  Horace,  Ovid,  Tibullus,  Ariosto,  and 
Milton,  possess  great  merit  and  singular 
beauty,  and  his  songs  and  fables  were  popu- 
lar productions  in  France.  During  the  re- 
volution he  was  dragged  to  prison,  but  he 
had  the  good  fortune  to  be  liberated,  and 
he  died  at  Paris  1798,  at  the  great  age  of 
82.  His  other  works  are  Dialogues  of  the 
Dead — Letters  on  the  Use  of  tlie  Mind- 
Reflections  on  the  Genius  of  Horace,  of 
Boileau,  of  J.  B.  Rousseau — the  Life  of 
Abbe  Barthelimi — Reflections  on  Alexan- 
der the  Great,  and  Charles  XIL— Transla- 
tion of  Tacitus's  Life  of  Agricola — Pope's 
Essay  on  Man,  translated — Portrait  of 
Frederick  the  Great  of  Prussia— Adonis 
and  Richardet,  from  the  Italian,  &c. 

NizoLius,  Marius,  an  Italian  gramma- 
rian,who  published  ThesaurusCiceronianus, 


or  a  dictionary  of  the  word-,  and  cipre8«iou» 
of  Cicero,  &c.  folio— de  \erii  Print  ipiw,  et 
VerA  Katione  philosophandi,  6ir.  1553, 
much  admired  by  Leibnitz.  The  lime  of 
his  d(  ath  is  not  nienliofied. 

Noah,  son  of  Lamech,  was  born  2'J78 
B.  C.  and  was  saved  from  the  dentriK  lion 
of  the  deluge  by  building  an  ark,  in  obt- 
dience  to  the  directions  of  the  Almighty. 
With  him  were  saved  his  wife,  hj»,  ihrce 
sons,  and  their  three  wives,  and  by  them 
the  earth  was  afterwards  peopled.  The 
place  where  the  ark  first  rested  after  the 
sinking  of  the  waters  of  the  flood,  was 
mount  Ararat  in  Armenia.  Noah  died 
2029  B.  C. 

NoAiLLES,  Lewis  Antony  de,  cardinal 
and  archbishop  of  Paris,  was  born  of  an 
illustrious  family,  27th  May,  1G51.  Though 
by  birth  duke  of  St.  Cloud,  and  a  peer  of 
France,  and  the  possessor  of  large  do- 
mains, he  preferred  the  ecclesiastical  state 
to  political  distinction,  and  became  D.D.  of 
the  Sorbonne,  1676.  In  1679,  he  was 
made  bishop  of  Cahors,  and  the  next  year 
translated  to  Chalons,  and  in  1695,  to  the 
archbishopric  of  Paris.  In  this  high  digni- 
ty, he  framed  excellent  regulations  for  the 
government  of  his  clergy,  and  zealously 
opposed  the  prevailing  doctrines  of  Quiet- 
ism, and  of  Jansenism.  In  1700,  he  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  cardinal,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Lewis  XIV.  who  observed  to  him 
that  he  felt  more  pleasure  in  obtaining  for 
him  the  hat,  than  he  would  in  receiving  it. 
The  manner  in  which  he  sanctioned  "  the 
Moral  Reflections"  of  Pasquin  Quesnel  on 
the  New  Testament,  brought  him  unwarily 
into  trouble.  Some  of  the  Jesuits  accu- 
sed the  author  of  heresy  and  sedition,  and 
the  archbishop  shared  in  the  censure,  and 
after  appeals  to  pope  Clement  XL  there 
was  issued  from  Rome  1713,  the  famous 
bull  called  "  Unigenitus"  which  condemned 
the  Moral  Reflections  as  improper  and  dan- 
gerous. The  clamour  of  the  Jesuits,  in- 
creased by  the  intrigues  of  father  Tcllier, 
prevailed,  the  cardinal  was  exiled,  but  af- 
terwards restored  to  favour,  and  his  perse- 
cutor Tellier  disgraced.  The  cardinal  died 
at  Paris,  4th  May,  1729,  and  his  remains 
were  entombed  in  the  cathedral.  His 
brother  Gaston  succeeded  him  at  Chalons, 
and  died  1720. 

NoAiLLES,  Adrian  Maurice,  duke  de, 
son  of  Anne  Julius  duke  of  Noaillcs,  was 
born  1678.  He  early  devoted  himself  to 
the  mililary  service,  and  attended  his  father 
in  the  campaigns  of  Catalonia  in  1693  and 
1694.  He  was  afterwards  employed  under 
Vcndome,  and  then  served  in  Flanders  in 
1696,  and  in  1700  he  accompanied  the 
young  king  of  Spain  to  Madrid,  and  in  the 
war  of  the  Spanish  succession  maintained 
the  honour  of  his  nation  and  the  prowess 
of  his  family.     His  intimacy  and  alliance 

389 


^^0G 


NOL 


ivith  Madame  de  Maintenon  secured  bis 
favour  with  the  monarch,  and  in  1703  he 
was  named  general  of  the  French  armies 
in  Roussillon,  where  he  obtained  some  im- 
portant advantages.  He  took  the  strong 
town  of  Gironne  in  1710,  and  contributed 
to  the  submission  of  all  Arragon,  and  for 
his  services  he  was  made  a  Spanish  grandee 
by  Philip  V.  and  also  raised  to  the  honour 
of  duke  and  peer  of  France.  After  the 
death  of  Lewis  XIV.  he  was  made  by  the  re- 
gent president  of  the  council  of  the  finances, 
and  adinitted  into  the  council  of  the  re- 
gency, but  the  elevation  of  cardinal  du 
Bois  to  the  ministry  proved  his  disgrace. 
He  was  recalled  on  the  death  of  du  Bois  by 
the  regent,  and  restored  with  increased  ho- 
nours to  the  ministry,  and  in  the  campaign 
of  1733,  he  was  invited  to  serve  in  the 
army.  He  distinguished  himself  a;t  the 
siege  of  Philipsburg,  and  was  rewarded 
with  the  rank  of  marshal,  and  the  year 
after  he  drove  the  Germans  from  Worms. 
He  was  in  1735,  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
French  army  in  Italy,  where  he  gathered 
fresh  laurels,  but  in  the  war  of  1741,  he 
was  less  successful.  He  afterwards  aban- 
doned the  military  profession,  and  served 
his  country  in  assisting  as  a  minister  at  her 
counsels,  and  died  universally  respected 
24th  June,  1766,  aged  88.  By  his  wife, 
who  was  niece  to  Madame  Maintenon,  he 
had  tw'}  sons,  both  of  whom  rose  to  the 
rank  ot  marshals  of  France. 

Noble,  Eustache  de,  a  native  of  Troyes, 
who  rose  by  his  abilities  to  the  appointment 
of  procureur  general  of  the  parliament  of 
Metz.  An  accusation  of  being  guilty  of 
malpractices  all  at  once  robbed  him  of  his 
reputation  and  office,  a^id  after  being  im- 
prisoned in  the  Chatelet,  he  was  banished 
for  nine  years.  He  appealed  against  this 
sentence,  and  was  in  consequence  removed 
to  the  prison  of  the  Concierg-erie,  where 
he  became  acquainted  with  Gabrielle  Per- 
reau,  generally  called  la  Belle  Epicere,  a 
woman  of  great  beauty,  and  many  mental 
accomplishments.  He  escaped  from  his 
confinement,  and  was  followed  by  his  frail 
but  faithful  mistress,  by  whom  he  had 
three  children,  and  at  last  he  finished  a  life 
of  adventures,  wretchedness,  and  poverty, 
31st  January,  1711,  aged  68,  and  was  bu- 
ried by  public  charity.  He  wrote  several 
things  divided  into  serious  pieces,  poetry, 
and  romances,  collected  together  in  19  vols, 
12mo.  The  best  known  of  these  are  the 
History  of  the  Dutch  Republic,  2  vols. — 
Account  of  Genoa — Dissertation  on  the 
Year  of  Christ's  Nativity — Secret  History 
of  the  Conspiracy  of  the  Piazzi  against 
the  Medicis — I'Ecole  du  Monde — History 
of  the  dethroning  of  Mahomet  IV. — Tales 
and  Fables,  &c. 

NoGAROLA,  Isotta,    a   learned  lady    of 
Verona.     She  was  well  acquainted  with 
390 


philosophy,  theology,  and  the  leai'ned  Ian* 
guages,  and  her  reputation  was  so  univer-* 
sally  known,  that  cardinal  Bessarion  went 
to  Verona  to  converse  with  her.  In  a 
dialogue  on  the  question  whether  Adam 
was  a  greater  sinner  than  Eve  in  eating 
the  forbidden  fruit,  she  auly  defended  the 
cause  of  the  mother  of  mankind,  against 
Louis  Foscaro,  who  maintained  a  difibrent 
opinion.  She  died  1468,  aged  38,  univer- 
sally respected.  Not  less  than  566  of  her 
letters  were  preserved  in  De  Thou's  librar}'. 
Her  sisters  Genevieve  and  Laura  were 
equally  eminent  for  their  learning  and  piety^ 
One  of  the  same  family,  called  Antoinetta, 
was  also  distinguished  for  her  learning  and 
beauty.  She  married  Salvatico  Bonacoltfj 
a  nobleman  of  Mantua ;  and  her  daughter 
Angela  inherited  her  virtues  and  learning, 
and  acquired  celebrity  by  her  explanation  of 
the  prophecies  and  difficult  passages  of 
Scripture. 

NoGAROLA,  Lewis,  a  noble  Venetian, 
well  skilled  in  the  Greek  language.  He 
translated  into  Latin,  various  Greek  au- 
thors, in  a  style  elegant  and  correct.  He 
was  at  the  council  of  Trent,  and  served  his 
country  in  several  important  offices.  He 
died  at  Verona  1559,  aged  50. 

NoiNviLLE,  James  Bernard  de,  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  inscriptions,  was  a 
man  of  great  information,  and  author  of 
the  History  of  the  Opera,  2  vols.  8vo.-* 
Dissertation  on  Dictionaries,  &c.  He 
died  19th  July,  1768. 

NoiR,  John  le,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Sees, 
who  was  persecuted  for  his  heretical  opi- 
nions, and  at  last  condemned  to  perpetual 
imprisonment.  He  died  at  Nantes  22d 
April,  1692.  His  works  are  numerous, 
and  all  on  subjects  of  divinity  and  ecclesi- 
astical discipline,  and  possess  great  merit, 
notwithstanding  the  charge  of  heresy,  pro- 
duced against  them. 

NoLDius,  Christian,  a  Danish  divine, 
rector  of  Landscroon  college,  and  divinity 
professor  at  Copenhagen,  was  born  at  Hoy- 
boyen  in  Scania,  22d  June,  1626.  He  tra- 
velled over  Germany,  Holland,  and  Eng- 
land, and  was  universally  respected  for  his 
learning  and  virtues.  He  wrote  Concor- 
dantia  Particularum  Hebrseo-Chaldeicarum 
Veteris  Testamenti,  Jena  1734,  4to. — His- 
toria  Idumaea — Sacrarum  Historiarum  et 
Antiquitatum  Synopsis — Logica — Leges 
distinguendi,  &c.  and  died  at  Copenhageit 
1673. 

NoLiN,  Denys,  advocate  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  quitted  his  profession  for  the 
study  of  divinity.  He  wrote  Letters  of  N. 
Indes,  on  the  Septuagint  Version,  &c.  dis- 
sertations on  the  French  Bibles,  &c.  He 
died  1710. 

NoLiN,  John  Baptist,  a  geographer  of 
Paris,  who  died  1st  July,  1762,  aged  76.  He 
bestowed  great  attention  in  the  execution 


NON 


NOK 


•f  his  map!i,  which  are  still  held  in  high  es- 
timation in  Frapce. 

Noi.i.KT,  Dominic,  an  historical  painter, 
iorn  at  Bruges.  His  battles  ami  landscapes 
■were  much  admired.  He  died  173G, 
aged  96. 

NoLLET,  John  Anthony,  a  learned  man, 
born  at  Piinbre,  in  the  dioe«;ss  of  Noyon, 
17th  Nov.  1700.  He  studied  at  Clermont, 
Beauvais,  and  Paris,  and  with  such  success, 
that  he  soon  became  known  to  men  of 
science  and  celebrity.  Though  an  ecclesi- 
astic, he  devoted  himself  assiduou-ly  to 
philosophical  pursuits.  He  visited  England 
^vith  Dufay,  Duhamel,  and  Jussieu,  in 
1734,  and  was  admitted  into  the  London 
Royal  Society,  and  in  a  subsequent  excur- 
sion to  Holland,  he  was  honoured  with 
the  friendship  of  Desaguiliers,  Gravesande, 
and  Mussehembroeck.  On  his  return  to 
Paris  he  gave  lectures  on  experimental  phi- 
losophy, with  illustrations  of  chymistry, 
anatomy,  and  natural  history,  and  with 
such  etTcct,  that  in  1738,  the  ministry,  at 
the  request  of  Maurepas,  established  a  pro- 
fessorial chair  of  experimental  philosophy 
purposely  for  him.  He  was,  in  1739,  ad- 
mitted member  of  the  academy  of  sciences, 
and  a  few  months  after  he  was  invited  by 
the  king  of  Sardinia  to  fdl  the  philosophi- 
cal chair  in  the  university  of  Turin.  He 
•jvas,  in  1744,  recalled  from  Turin  by  the 
court  to  instruct  the  young  dauphin  in  ex- 
perimental philosophy,  and  in  reward  for 
his  services  he  was  appointed  in  1753,  first 
professor  of  experimental  philosophy  in  the 
college  of  Navarre,  and  in  1757,  philoso- 
phical instructer  to  the  Royal  family.  This 
able  philosopher,  who  by  his  experiments 
and  discoveries  contributed  so  much  to  the 
advancement  of  science,  died  at  Paris  25th 
April,  1770,  aged  70.  Besides  lectures  in 
six  vols.  12mo.  he  published  valuable  trea- 
tises on  Electricity,  5  vols. — on  the  Art  of 
making  Experiments,  3  vols.  12mo.  and 
contributed  ingenious  papers  to  the  me- 
moirs of  the  academy. 

NoLLiKiNS,  Joseph  Francis,  a  painter, 
born  at  Antwerp.  He  copied  Watteau, 
and  his  pieces  of  landscapes,  children's 
amusements,  &e.  were  in  high  repute.  He 
settled  at  London,  and  was  patronised  by 
lords  Tilney  and  Cobham.  He  died  21st 
Jan.  171S. 

Nonius,  Marcellus,  a  learned  gramma- 
rian and  peripatetic  philosopher,  whose 
treatise  "  de  Proprietate  Sermonum"  is 
highly  esteemed.  It  was  printed  1471, 
and  in  8vo.  1614,  with  J.  Mereier's  notes. 

NoNNius,  Lewis,  a  learned  physician  of 
Antwerp,  in  the  17th  century,  author  of  a 
curious  treatise,  called  "  Dieteticon,  sive 
de  Re  CibariA,"  with  useful  remarks  to  ex- 
plain some  passages  in  Horace,  Juvenal, 
kc.       He   wrote  also   a  commentary  on 


Greek    Medals— }Iij,pania—Ichthyopbagia 
— E|)i(:(;(liuni  Lipxia*,  ice. 

NuNNius,  P.  ur,  or  Ninks,  n  malliema- 
tician,  born  in  1  l'J7,  at  Al(iiz:.r  in  P.irtu^'ul. 
He  taught  nr.Uhiniaticj  at  Coiml.ra,  and 
was  preceptor  to  Henry,  «on  of  kin^  F.ma- 
nuel.  He  was  :uitbor  of  Lutin  treatises, 
deArte  Navigandi — de  Crepuseuli-. —  Anno- 
tiones  in  Aristotelem  -  and  a  work  on 
Algebra,  written  in  Portuguese  and  in  S|)an- 
ish,  and  much  esteemed.  He  died  1577, 
aged  80. 

NoNNUs,  a  Greek  poet  of  Panopolis  in 
Egypt.  He  wrote  in  the  fifth  century,  an 
Account  of  his  Embassy  in  Ethiopia,  fcc. 
— a  Paraphrase  on  St.  John's  Gospel — 
Dionysiaca,  &ic. 

NooDT,  Gerard,  an  eminent  civilian, 
born  1647,  at  Nimeguen.  He  studied  in 
his  native  town  with  great  reputation,  and 
after  visiting  the  other  uruvcrsities  of  Hol- 
land, Leyden,  Utrecht,  and  Franeker, 
where  he  was  created  LL.D.  he  returned 
to  practice  the  law.  He  distinguished  him- 
self so  much  as  a  pleader,  that  he  waa  ho- 
nourably elected  to  the  law  professorship  of 
Nimeguen,  and  in  1679  to  that  of  Frane- 
ker. He  afterwards  accepted  the  invita- 
tions of  the  magistrates  of  Utrecht,  and  in 
168G  those  of  the  curators  of  Levden  uni- 
versity, of  which  he  was  chosen  rector  in 
1698.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy  at  Leyden, 
15th  Aug.  1725.  He  was  highly  respected 
for  his  knowledge  of  the  law,  and  that  phi- 
losophical ease  with  which  he  discussed 
subjects  of  right  and  jurisprudence.  His 
works  are  all  on  law  subjects,  and  hare 
been  collected  in  one  vol.  4to.  1713. 

NoRADiN,  son  of  Sanguin,  or  Emaded- 
din,  sultan  of  Aleppo  and  Nineveh,  inherit- 
ed with  Sesseddin,  his  brother,  his  father's 
dominions,  when  that  monarch  was  slain 
by  his  eunuchs  at  the  siege  of  Calgembar, 
1145.  He  enlarged  by  his  valour  the  king- 
dom of  Aleppo,  which  he  had  obtained  to 
his  share,  and  he  bravely  attacked  the  cru- 
saders, who  invaded  his  territorie?,  and  de- 
feated Josselin,  count  of  Edessa,  and  after 
seizing  his  dominions,  he  killed  Raymond, 
prince  of  Antioch,  in  a  dreadful  battle.  He 
next  turned  his  arms  against  Iconinm, 
and  then  subdued  Egypt  under  his  pow- 
«;r,  and  caused  himself  to  be  acknow- 
ledged sultan  of  the  country.  He  died 
1174,  universally  respected  as  a  man  of 
generosity,  pinidence,  and  virtue. 

NoRDBERG,  L  A.  was  the  chaplain  and 
the  companion  of  Charles  XU.  in  his  mili- 
tary adventures.  He  wrote  an  account  of 
his  master's  life  in  Swedish,  little  regarded 
by  Voltaire.     He  died  1745. 

NoRDEV,  Frederick  Lewis,  a  learned 
Dane,  born  at  Gluckstadt  in  Holstcin,  22d 
Oct.  1708.  He  was  like  his  father  bred  to 
the  military  service,  and  displayed  in  the 

391 


Is  OR 


NOR 


j>rofessien  great  assiduity,  and  excelled  in 
mathematics,   and  particularly  in  correct 
drawing.     He  was  employed  by  the  king 
of  Denmark  in  travelling,  and  in  examining 
the  construction  of  ships,  especially  the  gal- 
leys and  vessels  which  navigate  the   Medi- 
terranean.     He  visited  with  the  curiosity 
and  the  judgment  of  a  philosopher  and  of 
a    man  of  science,    Holland,   Marseilles, 
Leghorn,  Florence,   and  Rome,  and  every 
where  was  received   with  marks   of  high 
distinction.       From    Italy   he    passed    to 
Egypt,   and  on  his  return  to  Denmark,  he 
^published   an  account  of  his  "  Travels  in 
Egypt  and  Nubia,"  which  is   interesting, 
correct,  and  valuable.    In  the  war  between 
England  and  Spain,  Norden  came  to  Lon- 
don,  where   he    was   treated  with    great 
kindness,  and  he  went  on  board  the  fleet  of 
Sir  John  Norris  as  a  volunteer,  and  after- 
wards,  in  1740,  went  with  Sir  Chaloner 
Ogle  in  the  fleet  to  reinforce  admiral  Ver- 
non.    When  he  found  his  health  declining, 
he  passed  over  to  France,  but  died  at  Paris 
1742,   much  lamented.     When  in  London 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, and  in  return  for  the  honour,  he  pre- 
sented the  public  with  drawings  of  some 
ruins  and   colossal   statues   at  Thebes  in 
Egypt,  1744.     His  travels,  with  plates  and 
drawings,  are  published  in  2  vols,  folio. 

Norden,  John,  an  able  topographer,  sur- 
veyor to  the  king's  lands  in  the  reign  of 
James  I.  He  wrote  various  works,  and 
was  the  first  author  of  a  pocket-companion. 
Some  of  his  books  had  curious  titles,  as 
the  Sinful  Man's  Solace — Contrariety  be- 
tween the  Wicked  and  the  Godly  set  forth 
in  a  Pair  of  Gloves  fit  for  every  Man  to 
wear,  1517.  He  wrote  also.  Labyrinth  of 
Human  Life,  a  poem — a  survey  of  Middle- 
sex and  of  Hertfordshire,  &,c.  He  was, 
according  to  Wood,  born  in  Wiltshire,  and 
studied  at  Oxford.     He  died  about  1625. 

Norden  Fleicht,  Chederig  Charlotte 
de,  a  native  of  Stockholm,  celebrated 
among  the  Swedes  for  her  elegant  poems. 
Besides  an  ingenious  Apology  for  Women, 
a  poem,  she  wrote  the  Passage  of  the 
Belts,  two  straits  in  the  Baltic,  over  Avhich, 
when  frozen,  king  Charles  Gustavus 
marched  his  army  165S.  She  died  29th 
June  1793,  aged  44. 

NORDENSCHOLD,  a  Swcdc,  governor  of 
Finland,  and  knight  of  the  order  of  the 
sword,  is  known  for  his  extensive  know- 
ledge of  political  economy,  which  he 
evinced  in  the  many  valuable  communica- 
tions made  to  the  academy  of  Stockholm. 
This  learned  and  intelligent  man  died  1764. 

NouES,  Jason  de,  a  native  of  Nicosia  in 
Cyprus.  He  left  his  country  when  it  was 
ravaged  by  the  Turks,  and  came  to  Padua, 
where  he  taught  moral  philosophy.  He 
wrote  various  works  in  Latin,  and  in  Ita- 
lian. His  "  Interpretatio"  on  Horace's 
392 


Art  of  Poetry,  was  much  esteemed.    He 
died  1590. 

NoRGATE,  Edward,  an  ingenious  artist. 
There  is  still  preserved  in  the  Stirling  fami- 
ly, a  grant  of  the  government  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia to  lord  Stirling,  by  Charles  I.  in  the 
initial  letter  of  which  the  king  is  represent- 
ed sitting  on  his  throne,  delivering  the 
patent  to  the  earl ;  while  around  the  border 
appears  a  miniature  of  the  customs,  mode 
of  fishing,  hunting,  &c.  of  the  country. 
This  very  able  illuminator  died  1649. 

NoRRis,  Henry,  an  Augustine  monk, 
born  at  Verona,  1631.  He  was  carefully 
educated  by  his  father,  who  was  a  native 
of  Ireland,  and  after  studying  with  great 
success  at  Rimini,  he  came  to  Rome,  where 
he  continued  his  improvement,  and  by  a 
constant  and  regular  application  of  14  hours 
everyday,  he  acquired  extensive  knowledge 
and  equal  celebrity.  He  was  liberally  ap- 
pointed ecclesiastical  professor  at  Pisa,  by 
the  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  he  obtained  great 
reputation  by  his  History  of  Pelagianism. 
This  work,  however,  was  not  without  its 
enemies  ;  he  was  attacked  and  even  de- 
nounced before  the  pope  as  a  heretic  ;  but 
Innocent  XII.  sensible  of  the  merit  of  the 
author,  appointed  him  sub-librarian  of  the 
Vatican,  and  at  last,  in  1695,  gave  him  a 
cardinal'3  hat.  His  abilities  were  after- 
wards engaged  in  all  ecclesiastical  affairs  of 
moment,  and  in  1702  he  was  named  among 
others  to  reform  the  calendar.  He  died  at 
Rome  of  a  dropsy,  1704.  His  works,  which 
are  elegantly  written,  and  abound  with  eru- 
dition, have  appeared  together  in  5  vols, 
fol.  Verona,  1729  and  1730. 

Norman  T,  Alexis,  advocate  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  acquired  deserved  celebri- 
ty in  his  profession  by  his  love  of  justice, 
his  wisdom,  and  his  integrity.  This  uni- 
versally respected  and  most  amiable  man, 
died  4th  June,  1745,  aged  58. 

Norris,  John,  an  English  divine  and  Pla- 
tonic philosopher,  born  1657,  at  Colling- 
borne-Kington,  Wilts,  where  his  father  was 
minister,  and  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  and  Exeter  college,  Oxford.  In 
1680  he  was  chosen  fellow  of  All-Souls, 
and  in  1 689  he  succeeded  to  the  rectory  of 
Newton  St.  Loe,  Somersetshire,  where  he 
married.  In  1691  he  was  made  rector  of 
Bemerton,  near  Sarum,  where  he  died  a 
martyr  to  intense  study,  1711,  aged  54. 
Mild,  humble,  and  amiable  in  his  manners, 
he  was  an  enthusiast  as  a  man,  a  mystic  in 
theology,  and  in  philosophy  an  idealist.  He 
attacked  Locke's  Essay  on  the  Human  Un- 
derstanding, and  wrote  against  Dodwell  on 
the  Immortality  of  the  Soul.  His  works 
are  chiefly  on  moral  and  theological  sub- 
jects, and  against  the  Quakers,  Calvin- 
ists,  and  other  seceders  of  the  day,  and 
his  sermons  are  written  in  a  clear,  pleas- 


NOU 


NOU 


ing,  and  pathetic  style.      He  Wrote  also 
some  poems. 

NoRKi^,  John,  a  native  of  Norfolk,  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  King's  college,  Cam- 
bridge- He  showed  himself  a  grateful  be- 
nefactor to  his  university,  by  the  grant  of 
an  estate  of  190/.  a  year  for  a  tlieologi- 
cal  prol'essorship,  and  for  annual  prizes 
on  divinity  subjects  among  the  students 
ol  Cambridge.  He  was  twice  married,  and 
left  only  one  daughter.  He  died  1777, 
aged  43. 

NoRRis,  John,  one  of  the  founders  of 
the  Theological  seminary  at  Andover,  was 
a  respectable  merchant  of  Salem,  Massa- 
chus(  tts,  and  accumulated  a  large  property, 
which  he  appropriated  with  exemplary  li- 
berality to  useful  objects.  He  gave,  in 
1S08,  10,000  dollars  towards  founding  the 
institution  at  Andover.  His  death  took 
place  in  December  of  that  yt  ar.     iCj^  L. 

Morris,  Mary,  wife  of  the  precedii.g, 
after  a  life  of  distinguished  beneticenee, 
gave,  at  her  decease,  the  sum  of  30,000 
dollars  to  the  same  seminary,  and  the  same 
amount  also  to  the  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions. 


North,  Francis,  lord  keeper  of  the  great 
seal  under  Charles  U.  and  James  H.  was 
the  third  son  of  the  second  Dudley  lord 
North.  He  was  educated  at  Bury  school, 
and  St.  John's  college,  Caml)ridge,  and  af- 
terwards entered  at  the  Middle  Temple, 
and  soon  rendered  himself  eminent  not 
only  as  a  good  lawyer,  but  as  a  great  pro- 
ficient in  mathematics,  history,  music,  and 
philosophy.  He  attended  as  counsel  the 
Norfolk  circuit,  and  soon  distinguished 
himself  as  an  able,  acute,  and  discerning 
lawyer,  and  gradually  rose  through  the 
offices  of  solicitor  and  attorney-general  to 
the  place  of  chief  justice  of  the  Common 
Pleas.  On  the  death  of  lord  Nottingham 
he  succeeded  to  the  seals,  and  in  1683  was 
raised  to  the  peerage  by  the  title  of  lord 
Guilford.  He  died  at  his  house.  Wroxton, 
1685.  He  wrote  an  Index  of  Verbs  Neuter, 
finished  while  at  school,  and  printed  with 
Lily's  Grammar — a  paper  on  the  Gravita- 
tion of  Fluids,  considered  in  the  Bladders 
of  Fishes,  printed  in  Lowthorp's  Philoso- 
phical Transactions  abridged — an  Answer 
about  Sir  S.  Moreland'?  Statu  Barometer, 
an  Essay  on  Music — Concertos — Political 
Papers,  &c. 

North,  Dr.  John,  next  younger  brother 
to  the  preceding,  was  born  Sept.  1645.  He 
was  educated  at  Bury  school,  and  Jesus  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fel- 
low. In  1672  he  was  made  Greek  profes- 
sor of  the  university,  prebendary  of  West- 
minster, 1673,  and  in  1677  he  succeeded 
Dr.  Barrow  as  master  of  Trinity  college. 
In  this  office  he  met  with  some  opposition 

Vol.  li.  50 


from  his  fallows,  but  bin  integrity  remaiu 
cd  unshaken,  lie  tompkltil  the  collegi- 
library  begun  by  his  prcdtccs)ior,  and  died 
1G83,  after  bein;;  for  »ome  time  unhappdy 
robbed  of  his  un<lerHtaiuliri^  l.j  n  dreadful 
palsy.  He  edited  Flato'n  bocrati*  Apologia 
— Crito  Pha-do,  inc.  1673. 

NoHTii,  George,  a  native  of  London,  edu- 
cated at  St.  Paul's,  and  at  Bennet  eollege, 
Cand)ridge,  where  he  took  his  master's  de- 
gree. He  was  made  vicar  of  Codirote, 
Herts,  by  the  bishop  of  Kly,  and  some  time 
after,  for  an  able  treatise  in  defence  of  the 
Antiquarian  Society,  he  was  admitted  fellow 
of  that  learned  body.  He  died  on  his  liv- 
ing, 27th  June,  1772,  and  was  buried  there. 
He  wrote  a  table  of  English  Silver  Coins 
from  th(;  conquest  to  the  Commonwealth 
— Remarks  on  the  Money  of  Henry  III. — 
and  he  began  a  History  of  the  Antiquarian 
Society,  which,  however,  he  destroyed  in 
his  last  illness. 

North,  Frederick,  earl  of  Guilford,  bet- 
ter known  as  lord  North,  the  minister  under 
whose  administration  England  lost  her 
American  colonies.  He  succeeded  Charles 
Townscnd  as  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  ; 
and  in  1770  the  duke  of  Grafton,  as  first 
lord  of  the  treasury,  and  continued  in  that 
high  but  laborious  office  till  the  conclusion 
of  the  war.  As  a  public  character,  lord 
North  was  a  flowing  and  persuasive  orator, 
well  skilled  in  argumentation,  and  master 
of  great  presence  and  coolness  of  mind, 
and  in  private  life  he  was  very  amiable, 
cheerful  and  jocose  in  conversation,  the 
friend  of  learned  men,  and  correct  in  his 
conduct.  The  last  years  of  his  life  were 
afflicted  with  blindness.  He  died  July, 
1792,  aged  60,  much  and  universally  la- 
mented. 

Norton,  Thomas,  an  English  writer, 
born  at  Sharpenhoe,  Bedfordshire.  He  was 
a  barrister,  and  in  his  principles  a  strong 
Calvinist.  He  assisted  Sternhold  and  Hop- 
kins in  their  version  of  the  Psalms  ;  and  to 
the  27  which  he  turned  to  metre,  appeal- 
the  initials  of  his  name.  He  also  translated 
into  English  some  Latin  poems — Calvin's 
Institutes — and  Nowell's  lai^e  Catechism, 
and  assisted  Thomas  Sackville  in  his  play 
called  Ferrex  and  Porrex.  He  wrote  be- 
sides, an  Epistle  to  the  Queen's  poor  de- 
luded subjects  of  the  North,  1560 — a  Warn- 
ing against  the  Practices  of  the  Papists — 
and  other  pieces  against  popery.  He  died 
about  1600. 

Norton',  John,  author  of  "  the  Scholar's 
Vadc  Mecum."  in  which  he  attempted  to 
alter  the  orthography  and  structure  of  the 
English  language  in  the  most  capricious 
manner,  flourished  in  the  age  of  Charles  II. 

NoRTOK,  lady  Frances,  was  descended 
from  the  Frekcs  of  Dorsetshire,  and  mar- 
ried sir  George  Norton,  of  Somersetshire, 

39^ 


NOS 


NOC 


by  wliom  sbe  had  three  children.  On  the 
death  of  her  daughter,  who  had  married  sir 
Richard  Gethin,  she  wrote  the  Applause  of 
Virtue,  4to.  1705 — and  Memento  Mori,  or 
Meditations  on  Death.  She  took  for  her 
second  husband  colonel  Ambrose  Norton, 
and  for  her  third  Mr.  Jones,  and  died  1720, 
aged  about  70. 

Norton,  John,  minister  in  Boston,  Mas- 
frachusetts,  was  born  in  1606,  at  Starford, 
England,  and  educated  at  the  university  of 
Cambridge.  He  studied  theology,  and  soon 
gained  notoriety  by  a  superiority  of  talents 
and  learning.  He  came  to  Massachusetts  in 
1635,  and  not  long  after  settled  at  Ipswich, 
and  obtained  a  high  reputation  both  as  a 
preacher  and  as  an  author,  by  several  books 
which  he  published.  He  assisted  in  form- 
ing the  "  Cambridge  platform  of  church  go- 
vernment." He  removed  to  Boston  about 
the  year  1652,  and  was  eminently  useful  in 
his  ministry  there.  In  1662  he,  with  an- 
other, was  appointed  agent  to  address  king 
Charles  on  his  restoration,  but  not  being 
successful  in  endeavouring  to  procure  the 
king's  favour  to  the  colony,  he  became  un- 
popular on  his  return,  and  died  in  1663. 
He  possessed  a  mind  of  superior  vigour 
and  acuteness,  and  had  enriched  it  with 
extensive  knowledge.  Besides  his  theolo- 
gical writings,  he  published  several  politi- 
cal tracts,  which  were  useful  and  popular. 

ICP  L. 

NosTRODAMtJS,  Michael,  a  celebrated 
French  physician  and  astrologer,  born  at 
St.  Remy  in  Avignon,  Dec.  14th,  1503.  He 
studied  at  Avignon  and  Montpellier,  and 
took  his  doctor's  degree  in  the  last  city, 
1529.  He  practised  for  four  years  at  Agen, 
where  he  married  and  lost  his  wife,  and  af- 
terwards went  to  Marseilles,  and  then  to 
Ais,  where  his  abilities  were  displayed  in  a 
very  successful  manner  in  checking  the 
progress  of  the  plague,  by  a  powder  of  his 
own  invention.  These  friendly  services 
were  acknowledged  by  the  gratitude  of  the 
town,  and  during  some  years  he  received  a 
liberal  pension.  After  some  time  he  quit- 
ted physic  for  the  more  captivating  reputa- 
tion  of  a  prophet  and  astrologer,  and  in 
1555  he  published  hifi  prophecies  in  verse. 
He  was,  in  consequence,  noticed  by  the 
public  as  an  extraordinary  man  ;  but  while 
some  regarded  him  as  a  foolish  visionary, 
and  others  as  an  impious  associate  of  the 
devil,  he  was  sent  for  to  the  court  of  Hen- 
ry II.  and  of  Catherine  of  Medicis,  and 
was  dismissed  loaded  with  presents.  Upon 
this  he  increased  his  work  from  300  qua- 
trains to  a  complete  milliade  ;  and  when  it 
"Was  discovered  that  on  the  king's  death  he 
bad  foretold  it  in  some  enigmatical  way,  his 
fhme  was  spread  over  Europe,  and  he  was 
now  consulted  not  only  by  the  vulgar,  but 
bv  great  men  and  by  princes.  He  chiefly 
394 


lived  at  Salon,  where  Charles  IX.  visited 
him,  and  declared  himself  particularly  his 
patron.  He  died,  however,  soon  after  this 
mark  of  royal  favour,  at  Salon,  July  2d, 
1566.  By  a  second  marriage  he  left  three 
sons  and  three  daughters. 

NoTT,  Edward,  governor  of  Virginfci, 
succeeded  Nicholson  in  1705.  He  was  dig- 
nified with  the  commission  of  chief  gover- 
nor, although  he  was,  in  some  degree,  sub- 
ordinate to  the  earl  of  Orkney,  who  at  that 
time  was  the  nominal  governor.  He  ar- 
rived in  August,  1705,  and  died  in  Au- 
gust, 1706,  when  the  administration  de- 
volved on  Edmund  Jennings.  During  this 
short  period  he  enjoyed  the  esteem  and 
affection  of  the  people.  ICZP"  L. 

NovARiNi,  Lewis,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Ve- 
rona, of  the  order  of  the  Theatins.  He 
wrote  Commentaries  on  the  Four  Gospels, 
and  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  4  vols.  fol. — • 
Electa  Sacra,  6  vols.  fol. — Adagia  Sanct. 
Pati-um,  2  vols.  &c.  He  died  1650,  aged  56. 

NouE,  Francis  de  la,  a  native  of  Britta- 
ny, born  of  an  ancient  family  in  1531.  He 
served  in  Italy  with  distinction,  and  on  his 
return  embraced  the  party  of  the  Calvin- 
ists.  He  took  Orleans  in  1567,  contri- 
buted to  the  victory  of  Jarnac  two  years 
after,  and  then  took  Fontenai,  Oleron,  Ma- 
rennes,  Soubisse,  and  Bronages.  At  the 
siege  of  Rochelle  he  lost  his  left  arm,  and 
had  one  made  of  iron,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  was  called  Iron  Arm.  In  1571 
he  served  in  the  Low  Countries,  where  he 
took  Valenciennes,  and  afterwards  he  was 
employed  at  Rochelle.  He  entered  into 
the  service  of  the  States  General  in  1578, 
and  took  count  Egmont  prisoner,  but  was 
himself  taken  in  battle  two  years  after,  and 
remained  in  confinement  five  years.  He 
afterwards  served  against  the  league,  and 
at  last  perished  at  the  siege  of  Lamballe 
by  a  musket  ball,  1591,  universally  and  de- 
servedly lamented.  He  wrote  Discourses, 
Military  and  Politic,  4to.  His  son  Odet 
served  with  distinction  under  Henry  IV. 
and  died  1618.  He  is  author  of  Christian 
Poems,  &c. 

NouE,  Stanislaus  Louis  de  la,  of  the 
same  family  as  the  preceding,  was  count  of 
Vair,  and  was  born  at  Nazelles,  near  Chi- 
non,  1729.  He  served  with  great  reputa- 
tion in  the  French  army,  in  the  campaigns 
of  1741  and  1756,  and  at  last  fell  in  the  af- 
fair of  Saxenhausen,  1760.  When  Louis 
XV.  heard  of  his  death  he  exclaimed,  "  then 
we  have  lost  the  Loudon  of  France."  This 
brave  warrior  wrote  New  Military  Consti- 
tutions, &c.  printed  at  Frankfort,  8vo. 
1760,  with  plates.  His  life  was  written  by 
Toustain. 

NouE,  John  Sauve  de  la,  a  native  of 
Meaux,  who  acquired  some  celebrity  as  an 
actor.  After  playing  at  Rouen  and  Lisle, 
he  came  to  Paris,  and  exhibited  his  powfTS 


isoi 


NUM 


at  Fontainebleau,  1752.  He  was  patronised 
by  the  duke  of  Orleans  and  by  the  court, 
and  obtained  a  pension.  \  oltairc  wrote 
the  Princess  of  Navarre  on  his  account, 
that  he  might  act  the  chief  character  of  the 
piece.  He  died  15th  Nov.  1761,  aged  GO. 
He  wrote  Mahomet  II.  a  tragedy — Zclisca, 
a  Comedy — the  Return  of  May — the  Cor- 
rected Coquette,  &c.  His  works  were  col- 
lected together  at  Paris,  1765,  in  12mo. 

NouE,  Denis  de  la,  a  printer  of  great 
eminence  at  Paris.  He  published  a  Con- 
cordance of  the  Bible,  &c.  and  died  1650. 
NouE,  N.  la,  a  famous  financier  in 
France  in  the  17th  century.  Though  of 
obscure  origin,  he  raised  himself  to  conse- 
quence, and  by  the  immense  riches  which 
he  possessed,  he  constructed  superb  man- 
sions for  his  residence,  which  excited  the 
envy  of  the  nobility,  and  procured  his 
downfal.  He  was  accused  of  mismanage- 
ment and  rapacity,  1705,  and  condemned 
for  nine  years  to  the  galleys,  and  to  be  pil- 
loried. 

NovATiAN,  a  pagan  philosopher  in  the 
third  century,  who  was  converted  to  Chris- 
tianity, and  privately  ordained  a  bishop. 
He  attempted  to  seize  the  see  of  Rome,  but 
when  opposed  by  Cornelius  he  declared 
himself  the  head  of  a  new  heresy,  which 
considered  it  as  sinful  to  admit  to  the  Eu- 
charist persons  who  had  once  fallen  into 
idolatry.  The  followers  of  this  new  doc- 
trine were  called  Novatians,  or  Catharites, 
i.  e.  pure.  Some  of  Novatian's  works  are 
extant,  published  by  Jackson,  London, 
1728,  in  4to. 

NovATUS,  a  priest  of  Carthage,  who  sup- 
ported the  propriety  of  admitting  to  the 
communion,  even  without  penitence,  per- 
sons %vho  had  fallen  into  idolatry.  He 
afterwards  rejected  the  doctrine,  and 
adopted  that  of  Novatian,  which  was  di- 
rectly opposite  to  his  former  opinion. 
This  great  inconsistency  caused  a  violent 
schism  in  the  church  in  the  third  century. 

NowEL,  Alexander,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Read,  in  Lancashire,  and  educa- 
ted at  Brazen-nose,  Oxford,  of  which  he  be- 
came fellow.  He  was  made  master  of  West- 
minster school,  prebendary  of  Westminster, 
and  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and  in  the  reign  of 
Elizabeth  he  was  elected  member  of  parlia- 
ment, but  did  not  sit  in  the  house,  as  being 
a  clergyman.  His  Catechism  in  Latin, 
printed  1572  and  1578,  was  of  universal  use, 
and  much  admired,  so  that  it  was  trans- 
lated not  only  into  English  but  into  Greek. 
He  died  1602.  His  brother  Lawrence  died 
dean  of  Lichfield,  1576,  and  left  in  MS.  a 
Saxon-English  Dictionary,  now  in  the  Bod- 
leian library. 

Not,  William,  a  lawyer,  born  at  St.  Bu- 
rian,  in  Cornwall,  and  educated  at  Exeter 
college,  from  whence  he  entered  at  Liu- 
rrrln*s  Ion.     He  was  member  for  Helston« 


in  JuuiCb's  reign,  and  uflcrwiirdu  lor  Si.  I»c», 
and  was  a  >iolciit  u|»|mjii(iiI  of  the  mcu^iurea 
of  the  court.  In  nysi  his  opposition 
ceased  ;  he  was  made  by  Cliarles  I.  attor- 
ney general,  and  then  ull  his  :ibilili«  s  were 
exerted  to  support  the  king'h  attempts  to 
levy  money  without  the  parli;uniiil.  To 
his  advice  the  project  for  hliij)  uiomy,  ^j  fa- 
tal to  the  royal  prerogative,  is  uliributcd. 
Though  abused  for  his  attachintni  to  the 
king,  and  his  dereliction  ol'  former  princi- 
ples, Noy  is  universally  acknowledged  to 
have  been  a  good  lawyer,  a  toleralile  ora- 
tor, and  a  man  of  sound  and  strong  judg- 
ment. He  died  Aug.  1634,  at  Tunbridge- 
wells,  where  be  had  retired  for  the  benefit 
of  the  waters,  and  was  buried  at  New 
Brentford.  He  wrote  a  Treatise  on  the 
Grounds  and  Maxims  of  the  Laws  of  Eng^ 
land,  4to. — Perfect  Conveyancer,  &.c. 

NucK,  Anthony,  a  Dutch  physician. 
He  practised  at  the  Hague,  and  was  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  at  Leyden,   and  wrote 

Adenographia Sedlographia,    et   Optra- 

tiones,  et  Experimenta  Chirurgica,  3  vols. 
Lugd.  1722. 

Nugent,  Robert,  earl,  a  native  of  Wcst- 
meath,  Ireland,  who  abjured  the  Roman 
catholic  tenets  for  the  protestant,  and  ob- 
tained a  seat  in  parliament  in  1741,  with 
the  oftice  of  comptroller  of  the  household 
of  the  prince  of  Wales.  As  the  favourite 
of  the  court  he  continued  to  hold  oftices  of 
trust  and  great  emolument,  and  in  1766 
was  created  a  peer  of  Ireland,  and  some 
time  after  advanced  to  an  earldom.  He 
wrote  an  Ode  to  Mankind  in  1741 — Verses 
addressed  to  the  queen,  with  a  new  year's 
gift  of  Irish  manufacture — Verses  on  the 
Memory  of  Lady  Townsend,  besides  odes, 
epistles,  &c.  which  possess  considerable 
merit.     He  died  1788. 

Ndgent,  Thomas,  LL.D.  an  Irishman, 
who  acquired  some  celebrity  by  his  useful 
publications,  especially  his  Vocabulary  of 
the  Greek  Primitives,  8vo. — a  Pocket  Dic- 
tionary of  the  French  Language,  &.c.  He 
also  translated  the  Port  Royal  Greek  and 
Latin  Grammars,  4  vols.  8vo.  and  publish- 
ed a  Tour  in  Europe,  4  vols.  Svo.  His 
daughter  married  the  celebrated  Edmund 
Burke. 

NuMA  PoMPiLius,  second  king  of  Rome^ 
is  known  for  the  laws  which  he  established, 
and  the  respect  for  religion  and  religious 
ceremonies  which  he  introduced  among  his 
subjects.     He  died  B.C.  672. 

NuMENius,  a  Greek  philosopher  in  the 
second  century.  He  was  a  follower  of  the 
doctrines  of  Pythagoras  and  Plato  ;  but 
called  Plato,  Moses  speaking  Greek,  as  he 
considered  him  as  ha\ing  borrowed  muck 
from  the  .Jewish  legislator. 

NuMBRiANLa,  Marcus  Aurel,  son  of  the 
emperor  CmTJs,_  succeeded,  with  his  bro^ 
ther    Carinus,  234.  but  was    soon   afitr 

'S35 


JNYE 


iN  \M 


assassinated   by  his    father-in-law,   Arius 
Aper. 

Nunez,  Ferdinand,  a  Spanish  critic,  born 
at  Pincia,  near  Valladolid.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  belles  lettres  at  Alcala  and  Sala- 
manca, and  died  very  old,  1552.  He  wrote 
Commentaries  on  Pliny,  Pomponius  Mela, 
Seneca,  &c. 

Nye,  Philip,  a  nonconformist,  born  in 
Sussex,  about  15U6.  He  entered  at  Bra- 
zen-nose college,  i.)xfoid,  and  removed  to 
Magdalen  hall,  where  he  was  admitted  to 
his  master's  degrees,  1622,  about  which 
time  he  took  orders.  He  was  for  some 
time  curate  of  St.  Michaers  church,  Corn- 
hill,  but  rejecting  the  doctrines  of  the 
church  of  England,  he  retired  to  Holland, 
and  resided  at  Arnheim,  in  Guelderland. 
On  the  decline  of  the  royal  power  he  re- 
turned to  England,  and  was  made  minister 
ofKimbolton,  Huntingdonshire,  and  after- 
wards was  one  of  the  assembly  of  divines, 
and  became  a  great  champion  of  the  presby- 
tcrians,  and  an  asserter  of  the  solemn 
lieague  and  covenant.     His  seFvices   were 


rewarded  with  the  living  of  Acton,  near 
London  ;  but  he  now  deserted  to  the  inde= 
pendents,  and  was  confidentially  consulted 
and  flattered  by  them,  while  he  converted 
his  influence  and  popularity  to  his  own  ag- 
grandizement, and  the  emolument  of  his 
family.  At  the  restoration  he  was  forbid- 
den to  hold  any  ofiices  whatever.  He  died 
in  the  parish  of  at.  Michael's,  Cornhill, 
27th  Feb.  1672.  He  wrote  several  ser- 
mons and  political  tracts,  and  his  seditious 
views  and  hypocritical  conduct  are  hu- 
morously alluded  to  by  Butler,  who  men- 
tions, in  his  Hudibras,  Philip  Nye's  thanks- 
giving beard. 

Nye,  Nathaniel,  a  mathematician  under 
Charles  H.  master  gunner  to  the  city  of 
Worcester,  and  author  of  "Art  of  Gun- 
nery," 1670,  and  a  treatise  on  Artificial 
Fire  Works. 

Nymannus,  Gregory,  author  of  a  treatise 
on  Apoplexy,  4to. — a  Dissertation  on  the 
Life  of  the  Foetus,  12mo.  &c.  was  professor 
of  botany  and  anatomy  at  Wittemberg,  and 
died  163S,  aged  43. 


OAT 

OaKES,  Urian,  president  of  Harvard 
college,  was  a  native  of  England,  and 
born  about  the  year  1631.  He  was  brought 
to  New-England  three  years  after,  and 
educated  at  the  college  at  Cambridge, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1649.  He  re- 
turned to  England  and  settled  in  the  minis- 
try at  Fichfield,  but  was  ejected  in  1662. 
He  remained  several  years  in  England,  but 
at  length,  at  the  invitation  of  the  church  in 
Cambridge,  returned  and  settled  there  in 
1671.  In  1675  he  was  elected  president  of 
Harvard  college,  and  held  the  office  till  his 
death  in  1681.  He  was  distinguished  by 
great  excellence  of  character,  learning,  and 
usefulness.  ICJ^  L. 

Oates,  Titus,  known  for  his  infamies 
and  plots  under  Charles  U.  was  son  of  an 
anabaptist,  and  born  about  1619.  He  was 
at  first  a  conformist,  then  a  papist,  and 
again  a  conformist,  but  in  his  conduct, 
though  a  clergyman,  very  vicious.  He  was 
chaplain  to  a  man  of  war,  but  dismissed 
for  unnatural  practices  ;  and  when  honest 
resources  failed  he  contrived,  with  Dr. 
Tongue,  to  dinclose  a  pretended  plot  against 
the  king,  in  consequence  of  which  several 
respectable  persons  were  not  only  accused, 
but  upon  his  evidence  condemned  and  exe- 
cuted. This  succeeded  so  well  that  he  was 
rewarded  for  the  discovery  with  a  pension 
of  1200/.  a  year,  and  an  honourable  resi- 
dence at  Whitehall.  Under  Jame?"  II.  his 
396 


OBR 

infamous  conduct  was  reviewed,  and  he 
was,  upon  the  testimony  of  60  witnesses, 
convicted  of  perjury,  and  sentenced  to  be 
whipped  and  pilloried.  He  bore  the  pu- 
nishment with  great  fortitude,  and  when 
released  from  imprisonment,  at  the  revo- 
lution, he  sunk  into  contempt,  and  died 
1705. 

Obadiah,  the  fourth  of  the  lesser  pro- 
phets, was  the  servant  of  Ahab,  according 
to  Jerome,  and  the  protector  of  Elijah, 
though  some  authors  place  him  in  a  more 
recent  age,  as  the  contemporary  of  Hosea. 

OiiRECHT,  Ulric,  a  learned  German,  born 
July  23d,  1646,  at  Strasburg.  He  studied 
at  Strasburg,  Montbeillard,  and  Altorf,  and 
made  the  most  astonishing  progress  in  the 
sciences  as  well  as  in  the  languages,  an- 
cient and  modern.  After  finishing  his  tra- 
vels he  settled  at  Strasburg,  where  he  mar- 
ried the  daughter  of  professor  Boeder, 
whom  he  succeeded  in  the  chairs  of  elo- 
quence and  history.  Upon  the  conquest 
of  Strasburg  by  Lewis  XIV.  Obrecht 
changed  his  religion  from  protestant  to  Ro- 
man catholic,  and  was  in  consequence 
made  by  the  victorious  monarch,  in  1685, 
president  of  the  senate  of  his  native  town, 
with  the  title  of  praetor  royal.  In  the 
midst  of  his  numerous  employments  as  a 
lawyer  and  president,  he  devoted  much  of 
his  time  to  literary  pursuits.  He  died  of  a 
fever,  6th  Aug.  1701.     He  wrote,  amon?: 


UCII 


nl)L 


other  things,  Prodromn«  llenim  Alsaticu- 
rum,  4to. — Exct^rpta  llistorica,  dc  NuturA 
Successionis  in  Monarch,  liispan.  3  vols. 
4(0. — Quiiitilian,  editotl  with  notes,  2  vols. 
4to. — the  Life  of  Pythagoras,  from  lainbli- 
cus — De  Vexillo  Imperii — an  edition  of 
Dictys  Cretensis. 

Obsequens,  Julius,  author  of  a  treatise 
Dc  Prodigiis,  best  edited  by  Schetfer,  1G7D, 
flourished  about  3H'i  A.D. 

Obsop.«us,  John,  a  German  physician, 
born  at  Brettin,  1556.  He  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  physic  at  H(;idelberg,  and  died 
there,  1596.  He  puhli-hed  some  pieces  of 
Hippocrates,  with  remarks,  kc.  His  bro- 
ther Simon  was  also  professor  at  Heidel- 
berg, and  died  1619,  aged  44. 

Occam,  or  Occham,  William,  a  scholas- 
tic divine  of  the  fourteenth  century  ;  the 
disciple  of  Duns  Scotus,  and  so  renowned 
as  to  acquire  the  name  of  the  Invincible 
Doctor.  As  he  belonged  to  the  Cordeliers, 
he  was  engaged  by  Michael  de  Cesena,  the 
general  of  his  order,  to  attack  the  church 
of  Rome,  and  pope  John  XXII.  and  in  con- 
sequence of  this  dispute,  which  gave  rise  to 
the  question  about  the  bread  of  the  Corde- 
liers, both  Occam  and  his  friend  were  ex- 
communicated by  the  pontiff.  Occam  was 
afterwards  reconciled  to  the  see  of  Rome, 
and  died  1374.  His  works,  which  display 
both  wit  and  subtlety,  were  published,  2 
vols.  fol.  Paris,  1476,  are  now  little  re- 
garded. 

OccuM,  Sampson,  an  Indian  of  the  Mo- 
hegan  tribe,  Connecticut,  who  embraced 
Christianity  in  early  life,  and  was  educated 
by  the  reverend  Dr.  Wheelock  for  the  mi- 
nistry. He  was  ordained  in  1759.  He 
went  on  several  missions  to  the  western 
tribes,  and  about  1765  to  London  with  Mr. 
Whitaker,  to  solicit  benefactions  to  Dr. 
Wheelock's  school  for  the  education  of 
Indians.  He  died  in  1792.  He  wrote  an 
account  of  the  Montawk  Indians,  which  is 
preserved  in  the  Historical  Collections. 

rCp-  L. 
Ocellus,  a  Greek  Pythagorean  philoso- 
pher, born   in  Lucania,  and  hence  called 
Lucanus.     His  work  on  the  universe  is  ex- 
tant, edited  at  Amsterdam,  8vo.  1688. 

OcHiNUS,  Bernardin,  an  Italian,  born  in 
Seine,  1487.  He  was  at  first  a  Cordelier, 
but  afterwards  studied  physic,  and  again,  in 
a  moment  of  inconsistency,  returned  to 
the  church,  and  in  1534  became  a  strict 
Capuchin,  and  rose  to  be  the  vicar  general 
of  the  order.  His  eloquence  as  a  preacher 
recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  pope 
Paul  III.  who  made  him  his  confessor  ; 
but  still  inconsistent,  he  became  a  con- 
vert to  the  tenets  of  Luther,  and  preached 
openly  in  favour  of  them.  Thus  an  enemy 
to  Rome  he  made  his  escape  from  Italy, 
and  after  visiting  Geneva,  Lucca,  and  Augs- 
burg>  he  c^me  to  England  with  his  friend. 


Peter  Martyr,  IM?,  and  was  by  Cranmei  ' 
made   prebendary  or  Canii  I  bur>.     On  the 
death  of  Kdward  M  .  he  retired' from  Rng-' 
land   to    Slrasburp;,   to    a»oid  perHerulioti, 
and  then  went  to  lia-^il  ;  and  at  \tinl  m  tiled 
at    Zurich.        Afl<  r   presiding    tiglii    jean 
over  the  Italian  eliurcb  in  ihut  city,  In"  «vae 
banished    by  tin    mat^i-tiait  m  of  the  town, 
156'?,  for   publishing    some  dialo-ll♦•^^  m  fa- 
vour of  polygamy,     he  fled  to  Moravia  and 
Poland,   where    he   joined   the    Soeiniana. 
He  dii  d    of  the  plague   at    Slacow,    1  .64, 
aged  77.      He  wa>  author  of  some  contro- 
versial works,  and  of  some  stimons  in  Ita- 
lian, in  5  vols.  8vo.  some  of  which  have 
been  translated  into  English. 

OcKLET,  Simon,  an  able  divine  and 
orientalist,  descended  from  a  respectable 
Norfolk  family,  but  accidentally  bom  at 
Exeter,  1678.  H«'  was  educated  at  Queen's 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  B.D.  and  in  1705  was  made  vicar 
of  Swavesey,  Cambridg<  shire,  and  in  1711 
Arabic  professor  to  the  university.  He 
died  at  his  living,  9th  Aug.  1720,  much  re- 
spected, but  leaving  his  family  in  distressed 
circumstances.  He  was  a  very  learned 
man  and  well  skilleil  ii  oriental  literature. 
He  published,  1706,  Introductio  ad  Linguas 
Orientales — the  History  of  the  present 
Jews  throughout  the  World,  1707 — the 
Life  of  Hai  Ebn  Yokhdan,  from  the  Arabic 
of  Abu  Jaafar  Ebn  Tophail,  8vo.  1708— 
the  History  of  the  Saracens,  2  vols.  8vo.  a 
most  valuable  work — some  single  sermons, 
&c. 

OcTAViA,  sister  of  Augustus,  married 
Marcellus,  and  after  his  death  was  given  to 
Antony  to  reconcile  him  and  her  brother. 
The  death  of  her  son  Marcellils  is  patheti- 
cally described  by  Virgil.  She  was  a  wo- 
man possessed  of  great  virtues,  and  died 
B.C.  11. 

OcTAViA,  daughter  of  Claudius  and 
Messalina,  married  Nero,  by  w  horn  she  w  as 
divorced,  and  aftenvards  put  to  death  at 
the  age  of  20. 

Odazri,  John,  a  painter  and  engraver, 
born  at  Rome.  He  was  member  of  the 
academy  of  St.  Luke,  and  deserved  by  his 
services  to  be  knighted  by  the  pope.  He 
died  1731,  aged  68. 

Odell,  Thomas,  a  gentleman  of  Buck- 
ino-hamshire.  He  ruined  his  rslatrs  by 
supporting  the  rause  of  the  court,  and  af- 
terwards obtained  the  permission  to  erect 
a  theatre  in  Goodman's-fields,  1729  ;  but 
when  his  theatrical  c  Horts  promised  to  be 
successful,  the  city  magistrates  opposed 
him  and  he  disposed  of  his  property  to 
Mr.  Gitlard.  He  was  in  173S  made  de- 
puty master  of  the  revels,  and  died  May, 
1749.  He  wrote  four  dramatic  pieces, 
which  were  for  a  little  while  favourably  re- 
ceived. 

Odenatc?,    king  of  Palmvra,  was  ad- 

"397 


OFF 


6GI 


ioitted  as  the  associate  of  Gallienus  on  the 
imperial  throne,  for  his  services  against 
Sapor,  king  of  Persia.  He  was  assassina- 
ted by  a  favourite,  267,  and  his  wife  Zeno- 
bia  assumed  the  reins  of  government  at  his 
death. 

Odin,  a  northern  hero,  who  united  in 
bis  person  the  characters  of  priest,  king, 
and  poet,  and  died  about  70  B.C.  He  was 
worshipped  as  a  god  after  his  death. 

Odo,  Saint,  second  abbot  of  Clugni,  was 
born  at  Tours,  879.  The  sanctity  of  his 
life  greatly  contributed  to  the  reputation 
and  increase  of  his  abbey,  and  even  kings 
and  popes  referred  their  disputes  to  his 
unbiassed  judgment.  He  was  a  man  also 
of  great  learning,  and  wrote  some  religious 
books.     He  died  943. 

Odo,  of  Kent,  was  a  Benedictine  monk 
and  prior,  and  abbot  of  his  order  in  the 
12th  century.  He  was  the  friend  of  Thomas 
a  Becket,  of  whose  miracles  he  wrote  an 
account,  besides  Commentaries  on  the 
Pentateuch,  &c. 

Ordoran,  a  monk  of  St.  Peter^le-Vif  at 
Sens,  author  of  "  Chronica  Rerum  in  Orbe 
Gestarum"  till  1302.  He  died  some  time 
after. 

Oecolampadius,  John,  a  German  di- 
vine, born  at  Reinsperg,  Franconia,  1482. 
He  studied  at  Heidelberg,  Bologna,  and 
Tubingen,  and  was  for  some  time  precep- 
tor to  the  son  of  the  elector  Palatine.  He 
was  honoured  with  the  degree  of  D.D.  at 
Basil,  and  soon,  upon  embracing  the  prin- 
ciples of  Luther,  was  made  divinity  profes- 
sor, and  preached  in  that  city.  He  mar- 
ried in  1528,  in  consequence  of  which 
his  friend  Erasmus  jocosely  speaks  of  his 
change  of  situation.  He  died  Dec.  1531, 
leaving  a  son  and  two  daughters.  He 
engaged  against  Luther  in  support  of  Zuin- 
glius  concerning  theEuchari'^t,  and  his  book 
on  the  occasion  is  mentioned  by  Erasmus 
with  credit.  He  translated  Chrysostom's 
commentaries  on  Genesis,  and  some  of 
the  works  of  Nazianzen  and  other  fathers, 
and  wrote  besides  some  Notes  on  Scrip- 
tures, &c. 

(EcuMENius,  a  Greek  writer  in  the  lOth 
century.  He  is  called  by  some  an  able 
interpreter  of  Scripture,  while  others 
speak  with  indifference  of  him.  His  works 
appear  with  those  of  Aretas  at  Paris,  2 
vols,  folio. 

Offa,  king  of  Mercia,  on  the  death  of 
Ethelbald  755,  was  successful  against  the 
kings  of  Kent  and  Wessex,  and  perfidiously 
murdered  Ethelbert,  king  of  the  East  An- 
gles, and  seized  his  kingdom.  His  crimes, 
which  were  great,  induced  him  to  pay  his 
court  to  the  clergy  for  their  support  and  for- 
giveness. He  not  only  made  a  pilgrimage 
to  Rome,  but  was  the  first  who  gave  the 
tenth  of  his  goods  to  the  church,  and  es- 
toblished  the  Peter-pence  tribute.  He 
398 


founded  the  monastery  of  St.  Alban's,  whick 
he  endowed  most  liberally.  He  reigned 
39  years,  and  died  794. 

Ogden,  Samuel,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Manchester  1716,  and  educated  at  the 
grammar-school  there,  and  at  King's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  from  which  he  removed 
to  St.  Johns,  where  he  became  fellow, 
1739.  In  1744  he  was  elected  master  of 
Halifax  school,  which  he  resigned  1753, 
to  reside  at  Cambridge.  He  took  his  de- 
gree of  D.D.  and  in  1764  was  made  Wood- 
wardian  professor,  and  1766  presented  to 
the  rectory  of  Lawford,  Essex,  and  a  month 
after  to  Stansfield,  Suffolk.  He  died  23d 
March,  1778.  It  is  said  that  his  manners 
were  rustic,  and  his  features  occasionally 
disagreeable  and  ferocious,  but  his  heart 
was  most  amiable  and  humane.  His  ser- 
mons have  been  published,  2  vols.  8?o. 
and  defended  by  bishop  Halifax  against 
the  attacks  of  Mainwaring.  They  are  po- 
pular discourses,  elegant,  striking,  and  pa- 
thetic. 

Ogden,  Matthias,  brigadier  general  in 
the  service  of  the  United  States,  entered 
the  army  at  Cambridge  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war  of  the  revolution.  He 
accompanied  Arnold  in  the  expedition  to- 
Canada,  and  was  severely  wounded  at  the 
attack  on  Quebec.  On  his  return  from 
that  campaign  he  was  appointed  to  a  colo- 
nelcy, and  held  the  office  till  the  close  of 
the  war.  Soon  after  the  peace  he  was- 
appointed  brigadier  general.  He  died  in 
1791,  at  Elizabethtown,  New-Jersey. 

rcy  L. 

Ogilbt,  John,  a  Scotch  writer,  born 
near  Edinburgh,  Nov.  1600.  Though  of  & 
respectable  family,  he  was  obliged  for  his 
maintenance  to  pursue  the  profession  of 
dancing- master,  and  in  this  capacity  here- 
commended  himself  to  the  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham and  other  noblemen.  In  1633  he 
was  in  the  family  of  lord  Stafford,  and  was 
by  that  nobleman  appointed  deputy  master 
of  the  revels  in  Ireland.  He  in  conse- 
quence built  a  theatre  in  Dublin,  and  met 
with  great  encouragement ;  but  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Irish  rebellion,  1641, 
he  lost  his  property,  and  returned  to  Eng- 
land poor.  He  then  went  to  Cambridge 
on  foot,  and  applying  himself  with  great 
industry  to  the  learned  languages,  he  was 
enabled  to  translate  the  works  of  Virgil, 
which  appeared  1649-50,  and  produced 
both  money  and  reputation.  He  continued 
to  exert  his  abilities  as  a  writer,  and  gave 
the  world  poetical  translations  of  Homer's 
Iliad  and  Odyssey,  and  in  1660  published 
a  fine  edition  of  the  English  Bible,  with 
plates,  which  he  presented  to  the  king,  and 
also  to  the  House  of  Lords,  by  whom  he 
was  handsomely  rewarded.  In  1661  he' 
was  employed  to  conduct  the  poetical  part 
af  the    kind's  coronation,    end    all  the 


OGL 


OLD 


speeches,  mottos,  &c.  were  thus  submittetl 
to  his   inspection,   and  of  this   he  drew  a 
strikinc;  relation   in   ten    sheets  folio,  and 
afterwards  published  it   in   a   magnificent 
style  as  a   pattern   for  future  similar  so- 
lemnities.    He   obtained  in   1692  the  pa- 
tent   place     of    master    of  the   revels    in 
Ireland,  against  the  application  of  Sir  VV. 
Davenant,  and  afterwards,  though    mined 
by  the  lire  of  London,  he   erected  another 
fortune   as   cosmographer  and  geographic 
printer  to  the  king.     He  died  after  a  life  of 
great   labour  and  chequered  fortunes,  4th 
Sept.  1676,  and  was  buried  in   St.  Bride's 
church.    Fleet-street.       He   published  be- 
sides, an  Account  of  Japan,  folio — an  At- 
las, folio — Fables  of  ^Esop,  in  verse,  2  vols. 
8vo. — a  Book  of  Roads,   8vo.  afterwards 
improved  by  Bowen,  and  latterly  by  Patter- 
son, and  Cary,  &c. 

\    Ogilvie,  John,    a  divine  of  the  church 
of  Scotland,  was   born  in    1733.     He  be- 
came minister  of  Midmar  in  the  county  of 
Aberdeen,  and  received  from  the  university 
there,  the   degree   of   doctor  of  divinity. 
He  was  also  a  fellow  of  tbe  Royal  Society 
of  Edinburgh,   and    greatly    distinguished 
for  his   learning,  genius,   and  piety.     He 
died  in  1814.     His  works  are — 1.  Poems 
on  several  Subjects,  2  vols.  8vo.     2.  Ser- 
mons,   8vo.     3.  Paradise,   a   Poem,    4to. 
4.  Philosophical  and  Critical  Observations 
on   Composition,  2  vols.  8vo.      5.  Rona, 
a  Poem.     6.  Inquiry   into  the    Causes   of 
Infidelity    and    Skepticism,    8vo.   7.  The 
Theology   of    Plato,  compared    with    the 
Principles  of  Oriental  and  Grecian  Philoso- 
phers, 8vo.     8.  Britannia ;  an  Epic  poem, 
4to.     9.   Examination  of  the  Evidence  of 
Prophecy,  in  behalf  of  the  Christian  Re- 
ligion—JT.^. 

Ogle,  Samuel,  governor  of  Maryland, 
arrived  in  the  colony  in  December,  1731. 
He  had  previously  had  a  military  command 
in  the  Irish  establishment.  He  continued 
governor  until  1742,  and  was  again  appoint- 
ed in  the  room  of  Bladen  in  1747.  He 
died  in  1751.  [Cr  L. 

Ogle,  Benjamin,  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil of  Maryland  before  the  revolution,  and 
afterwards  governor  of  the  state.  He 
died  at  Annapolis  July,  1809.  i      L. 

Oglethorpe,  James,  an  English  gene- 
ral. He  was  born  at  Westminster  and 
early  entered  the  army,  and  was  aid-de- 
camp to  prince  Eugene.  In  1732,  he  set- 
tled the  colony  in  Georgia,  and  laid  the 
foundations  of  the  town  of  Savannah  ;  but 
bis  attack  on  Augustine  in  Florida  proved 
unsuccessful,  and  his  conduct  was  submit- 
ted to  the  examination  of  a  court  martial, 
which  acquitted  him.  He  was  engaged 
against  the  rebels  in  1745,  and  was  again 
tried  by  a  court  martial  as  if  guilty  of  cow- 
ard^icft  in  the  adoption  of  dilatory  mea- 


sores,   but  he  was  honourably   acquitted/. 
He  died  1785,  at  the  great  age  of  97. 

OisKL,  James,  prote-^sor  of  civil  law  at 
Groningen,  was  born  at  Dimizie  1631.  He 
wrote  corrections  and  notcn  on  varioufl 
authors — Thesaurus  S«|«rtor.  Numiiina- 
tum  Antiquor.  /tire  tipreMsoruui,  Ito. — 
catalogue  of  his  valuable  library.  He  died 
1686. 

Oeolski,  Simon,  a  Polander,  author  of 
Orbis  Polonus,  or  History  of  Poland,  3 
vols,  folio,  Cracow,  1641,  a  valuable  uork. 
He  was  provincial  of  the  jacolnns  in  Po- 
land, 1649. 

Ok^ki,  Stanislaus,  a  Pole,  who  studied 
divinity  under  Luthei  and  Melanctlion,  and 
preached  with  such  zeal  tbe  tenets  of  the 
reformation  among  his  countrymen,  that 
he  was  called  tbe  Polish  Demosthenes. 
He  afterwards  turned  catholic  and  publish- 
ed his  profession  of  faith  at  Warsaw,  1561. 
He  wrote  besides  eontroversial  tracts,  La- 
tin Annals  of  the  Reign  of  Sigismond  Au- 
gustus, 12mo. 

Olaf,  a  king  of  Norway  in  the  lOth 
century,  who  sent  missiunarits  to  Green- 
land to  convert  the  barbarous  natives  to 
Christianity. 

(^LAHUS,  Nicolas,  made  by  Ferdinand 
king  of  Hungary,  bishop  of  Zagrab,  chan- 
cellor of  the  kingdom,  and  afterwards 
archbishop  of  Stregonia,  was  born  at  Her- 
manstadt,  and  died  at  Tyrnau,  1568,  aged 
75.  He  wrote  a  Chronicle  of  his  Time— a 
History  of  Attila — a  Description  of  Hun- 
gary. 

Olavides,  N.  count  de,  a  native  of 
Spanish  America,  educated  at  Madrid, 
where  his  abilities  soon  began  to  display 
themselves.  He  accompanied,  as  secre- 
tary, count  de  A»aiida,  the  Spanish  ambas- 
sador to  France,  and  at  his  return  was 
made  a  count  by  Charles  III.  and  appoint- 
ed superintendent  of  Seville.  In  this  new 
office  he  directed  his  attention  to  fertilize 
the  hitherto  barren  and  unprofitable  spot 
called  the  Black  Mountain,  or  Sierra  Mo- 
rena,  and  by  his  perseverance,  and  by 
offering  liberal  invitations  to  German  colo- 
nists, he  converted  a  desert  region  into  a 
populous  district.  The  success  of  his  la- 
bours, however,  was  too  great  to  escape 
envy,  he  was  accused  by  his  enemies,  and 
for  three  years  mourned  the  cruelty  of  his 
treatment  in  a  dungeon.  He  escaped  at 
last  to  Venice,  where  he  died  aged  65. 
The  Triumph  of  the  Gospel,  in  4  vols.  4to. 
in  Spanish,  a  work  of  merit,  is  attributed 

to  him. 

Oldcastle,  Sir  John,  the  good  lord 
Cobham,  was  the  first  nobleman  who  suf- 
fered martyrdom  for  his  religion.  He  was 
born  in  the  reign  of  Edward  HI.  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  the  friend  of  pub- 
lic liberty.    He  was  a;fcneral  in  the  French 

TO9 


OLD 


OLD 


campaigns,  and  obliged  the  duke  of  Or* 
leans  lo  raise  the  siege  of  Paris ;  but  as 
he  was  a  follower  of  VVicklille's  doctrines, 
and  maintained  itinerant  preachers  for  their 
greater  dispersion,  he  incurred  the  hatred 
of  the  Romish  clergy,  and  was  accused  of 
heresy  and  disatlection  to  Henry  V. 
Henry  endeavoured  to  reason  witu  him, 
but  wnen  Cobham  declared  the  pope  anti- 
christ, the  monarch,  shocked  at  his  im- 
piety, delivered  him  up  to  the  archbishop, 
WHO  sent  him  to  the  tower.  He  had  the 
art  to  escape  from  connnement,  but  so 
violent  and  watchful  were  his  persecutors, 
that  after  lour  years'  concealment  in 
Waies,  he  was  seized  and  dragged  lo  Lon- 
don. As  a  heretic  and  traitor,  he  was 
hung  up  on  a  gallows  alive,  and  a  tire  light- 
ed under  him,  so  that  he  was  thus  cruelly 
roasted  alive,  in  St.  Giles'  fields,  1417. 
He  wrote  12  conclusions  addressed  to  the 
parhaiuentof  England. 

Oldenburg,  Henry,  a  German,  born  in 
the  dutchy  oi  Bremen.  He  was  consul  for 
his  countrymen  at  London,  under  Cro.a- 
well's  usurpation,  and  was  afterwards  tutor 
to  the  lords  Obryan  and  Cavendish,  and 
during  his  residence  at  Oxford,  he  was  ac- 
quainted with  the  founders  of  *he  Royal  So- 
ciety, Oi  which  he  was  elected  fellow,  and 
assistant  secretary  with  Dr.  VVilkins.  He 
published  in  this  capacity  the  36  numbers 
of  the  philosophical  transactions,  and  had 
a  most  extensive  correspondence  wittt  va- 
rious learned  men.  He  wrote  besides  trans- 
lations, &.C.  and  died  at  Charleton  near 
Green vvich,  Aug.  1678,  and  was  buried 
there. 

Oldenburgen,  Philip  Andrew,  author 
of  "  Thesaurus  Rerum  Publicarum  totius 
Orbis,"  4  vols.  8vo.  and  other  works,  was 
professor  of  history  and  law  at  Geneva, 
where  he  died  1678. 

Olderman,  John,  a  German  writer, 
Greek  professor  at  Helmstadt,  where  he 
died  of  a  dropsy  1723,  aged  37.  He  was 
author  of  som  ingenious  and  valuable  dis- 
sertations, de  Imperfectione  Sermones  Hu- 
mani ;  de  Phraate  Fluvio  ,  de  Ophir ;  de 
Mari  Algoro,  &.c. 

Oldfield,  Anne,  a  celebrated  actress, 
born  in  Pail-Mall,  1683.  Her  father,  who 
was  an  officer,  left  her  in  dependent  cir- 
cumstances, but  her  fondness  for  plays  and 
the  sweetness  of  her  voice,  accidentally 
heard  and  commended  by  Farquhar,  in- 
troduced her  to  Sir  John  \anburgh,and  to 
Mr.  Rich,tbe  patentee  of  the  king's  theatre, 
where  she  first  exhibited  herself.  She  soon 
shone  in  the  characters  of  Leonora,  in  Sir 
C.  Nice,  and  of  lady  Betty  Moodish,  in  the 
Careless  Husband  ;  but  as  virtue  and  con- 
tinence are  seldom  the  inmates  of  a  theatre, 
she  yelded  her  reputation  to  the  solicita- 
tions of  Mr.  A.  Maynwaring,  and  after  his 
death  was  the  mistress  of  general  Chiu"- 
400 


ehill.  By  each  of  these  she  had  a  son,  and 
it  is  to  be  observed,  that,  whilst  devoted  to 
them  she  was  remarkable  for  her  con- 
stancy, exemplary  conduct,  and  fidelity,  and 
in  her  private  chai  acter  she  was  humane 
and  benevolent  in  the  hignest  degree,  as 
the  patroness  of  indigent  merit  in  Savage. 
She  died  Oct.  23d,  1730,  and  her  body, 
after  lying  in  state  in  the  Jerusalem  cham- 
ber, was  buried  in  Westminster  abbey  with 
great  pomp.  Her  wit  and  vivacity  were 
said  to  be  very  engaging,  her  figure  deli- 
cate and  pleasing,  and  her  manners  fasci- 
nating in  the  extreme.  The  becoming 
neatness  of  her  dress,  as  well  as  the  ac- 
quired graces  of  her  person,  and  of  her 
understanding,  have  been  elegantly  noticed 
by  the  Tatler. 

Oldham,  John,  an  English  poet,  bora 
Aug.  9th,  1653,  at  Shipton,  Gloucester- 
shire. He  was  educated  at  Tetbury  school, 
and  removed  to  Edmund  hall,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  hi>  d<  gree  of  B.A.  and  be- 
gan to  cultivate  the  muse.  He  was  after- 
wards usher  of  the  grammar-school  at 
Croydon,  but  the  excellence  of  his  poetry 
wa.5  noticed  by  lords  Rochester  and  Dorset, 
and  other  wits  of  the  age,  and  he  was  re- 
moved from  the  laborious  drudgery  of  a 
school  in  1678,  and  placed  as  tutor  to  the 
grandsons  of  sir  Ed.  Thurland.  He  after- 
wards was  tutor  to  the  son  of  sir  William 
Hickes,  and  then  settled  in  London  as  a 
wit  and  poet.  Lord  Kingston  afterwards 
patronised  him,  and  wished  to  make  him 
his  chaplain  ;  but  though  the  poet  refused 
to  submit  to  the  dependence  of  the  eccle- 
siastic, he  continued  in  his  house  till  his 
death,  occasioned  by  the  smallpox,  9th  Dec. 
1683.  He  was  buried  in  the  church  of 
Holme  Pierrepoint.  His  writings  were 
chiefly  satirical,  and  though  a  man  of  tem- 
perance and  virtue,  he  is  frequently  licen- 
tious in  his  poetry.  The  whole  consists  of 
50  pieces,  the  most  valuable  of  which  are 
the  four  satires  on  the  Jej-uits,  written  1679. 
His  works  were  printed  by  captain  Thom- 
son, 3  vols.  12mo. 

Oldisworth,  William,  joint  writer  in 
the  Examiner,  a  periodical  paper,  and 
author  of  a  V  indication  of  the  bishop  of 
Exeter,  of  stnte  tracts,  of  state  and  mis- 
cellaneous poems,  &c.  of  the  odes  and 
epodes  of  Horace  translated,  «s.c.  died 
15th  Sept.  1734. 

Oldmixon,  John,  a  political  writer,  born 
near  Bridgewater,  Somersetshire.  As  a 
party  writer  he  was  violent  and  severe  in 
the  extreme,  he  opposed  with  unusual  viru- 
lence the  Stuart  family,  and  attacked  the 
great  writers  of  the  time  with  envy  and 
ill  nature.  His  conduct  exposed  him  to 
the  resentment  of  Pope,  who  has  given  him 
a  conspicuous  place  among  the  sons  of 
dulness  in  his  Dunciad.  He  obtained  by 
his  party  zeal   a  post  in  the   revenue  at 


O'Ll'. 


iJlA 


Biidgcwatcr,  where  he  died  9th  July,  174-2, 
at  an  advanced  age.  He  wrote  History  of 
the  Stuarts,  fol. — a  vohime  of  Poems — the 
Life  of  A.  Maynwaring,  Esq. — the  Life  of 
Queen  Anne — a  tragedy — an  opera,  and 
other  tilings. 

Gluts,  William,  an  eminent  English 
writer,  natural  son  of  commissary  Oldys, 
the  chancellor  of  Lincoln,  born  about 
1C87.  Few  particulars  of  his  life  are 
known,  though  it  is  too  apparent  that  he 
was  intemperate,  profligate,  and  licentious. 
He  was  for  some  time  librarian  to  lord  Ox- 
ford, and  ntade  a  catalogue  of  that  cele- 
brated collection,  which  Osborne  the  book- 
seller purchased  for  13,000/.  He  was  also 
Norroy  king  at  arms,  as  being  well  acquaint- 
ed with  heraldry.  He  died  at  the  Herald's 
office,  15th  April,  1761,  aged  74,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Benet's  church,  Paul's  wharf. 
His  chief  works  were  a  Life  of  sir  Walter 
Kaleigh — various  articles  in  the  General 
Historical  Dictionary — those  Lives  marked 
G.  in  the  Biographia  Britannica — Introduc- 
tion to  Hayward's  British  Muse — Observa- 
tions on  the  Catalogue  of  English  Lives — 
Poetical  Characteristics — Health's  Im- 
provement, &c. 

Olearius,  Godfrey,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Hall,  in  Saxony,  1639.  He  became 
professor  of  Greek  and  of  divinity  at  Leip- 
sic,  and  in  consequence  of  his  great  abili- 
ties was  ten  times  rector  of  that  university. 
He  married  professor  Muller's  daughter,  by 
whom  he  had  six  sons  and  six  daughters, 
and  died  Aug.  1713.  He  was  a  great  con- 
tributor to  the  "  Leipsic  Acts,"  and  wrote 
various  works  on  theology,  philosophy,  &c. 

Olearius,  Godfrey,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Leipsic,  23d  July,  1672.  He 
possessed  great  abilities,  and  after  visiting 
Holland  for  some  time,  studied  at  Oxford, 
and  became  professor  of  Greek  and  Latin, 
and  afterwards  professor  of  divinity  at 
Leipsic.  He  died  in  the  flower  of  life, 
10th  Nov.  1715.  He  published  a  Disser- 
tation on  the  Worship  of  God,  by  J.  C. — 
a  History  of  Rome  and  Germany — be- 
sides a  Latin  translation  of  Stanley's  His- 
tory of  Philosophers,  4to.-^and  an  edition 
of  Philostratus,  folio. 

Olearius,  Adam,  a  German  writer,  se- 
cretary to  the  embassy  from  the  duke  of 
Holstcin  to  the  duke  of  Muscovy,  and  the 
king  of  Persia.  He  was  six  years  in  this 
employment,  and  at  his  return  he  published 
an  account  of  his  journey,  with  maps  and 
figures,  folio,  translated  into  French  by 
"Wicquefort.  He  also  published  an  abridg- 
ment of  the  Chronicles  of  Holstein,  from 
1448  to  1663,  8vo.  and  4to.  He  was 
afterwards  librarian  to  the  duke,  and  died 
1671,  aged  68. 

0'Le4.rt,  Arthur,  a  native  of  Cork,  edu- 
cated at  St.  Omer's,  after  which  he  entered 
jnto  the  order  of  the  Franciscans,   and  be- 

Voi..  IT,  :,i 


came  chaplain  to  a  FrcnrL  r<%imrui.  A- 
he  refused  to  engage  ngainst  hi*  rountrjr, 
he  was  dismissed  from  hii  cmpluynimt  in 
the  regiment,  and  permillc-d  to  return  to 
('ork,  where  some  time  after  hi«  real  in 
rousing  up  the  calholies  to  talc  up  arnn 
during  the  American  war  proenred  liim  thrt 
notice  of  the  government  and  a  pc Ufion. 
He  afterwards  came  to  London,  und  dis- 
played great  abilities  as  a  pulpit  oratur. 
He  died  1801,  author  of  some  valuable 
political  tracts,  8vo.  1783 gome  ser- 
mons, &.C. 

Oleaster,  Jerom,  a  Portuguese  Domi- 
nican, chaplain  to  John  III.  king  of  Por- 
tugal. He  was  at  the  council  of  Trent, 
and  for  his  services  was  offered  a  bishopric, 
which  he  declined  for  the  office  of  grand 
inquisitor.  He  wrote  commentaries  on 
the  Pentateuch,  folio — Conimentarj-  on 
Isaiah,  fol.  1628,  Paris,  and  died  1563. 

Olen,  an  ancient  Greek  poet,  author  of 
hymns,  &c.  no  longer  extant.  His  age  ii 
fabulous. 

Olesniki,  Ibigneus,  a  noble  Pole,  who, 
from  being  secretary  to  king  Ladislau*, 
entered  into  orders,  and  was  made  bishop 
of  Cracovia  and  a  cardinal.  He  wa« 
also  ennajred  in  the  service  of  his  coun- 
try  as  an  ambassador.  He  ditd  1455, 
aged  66. 

Olimpo,  Balthasar,  an  Italian  poet  in  the 
16th  century.  His  Pegasea  in  Stanse  Amo- 
rose,  1525,  and  his  Gloria  del  Amore, 
8vo.  1530,  &c.  have  appeared  in  2  vols. 
8vo.  1559. 

Oliva,  Alexander,  general  of  the  Augits- 
tine  monks,  was  born  at  Saxoferato,  1403. 
He  studied  at  Rimini,  Bologna,  and  Perusa, 
and  when  at  Rome,  as  general  of  his  order, 
his  great  learning  was  much  admired,  and 
his  eloquence  in   the  pulpit  so  applauded, 
that  at  last  the  pope  Pius  II.  created  !iim  a 
cardinal,  1460,  and  made    him    bisljop  of 
Camerino.     He  died  at  Tivoli,  14G3,  and 
was   buried    in    the   Augustine   church  at 
Rome.     His   works    are    de    Christi  Ortti 
Sermones   Centum — de  Coenn  ciim  Apos- 
tolis    Facta — -de     Peccato     in     Spiritum 
Sanctum. 

Oliva,  John,  a  learned  ecclesiastic,  born 
at  Rovigo,  in  the  Venetian  territory,  168'J, 
He  was  librarian  to  cardinal  Rohan,  and 
secretary  to  the  conclave.  He  wrote  dis- 
sertations on  subjects  of  antiquity,  and 
edited  Poggio's  works,  and  Silvrstri's  book 
on  Pollux  and  Castor.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1757, 

Olivares,  Gasper  de  Guzman,  count 
de,  an  illustrious  Spaniard  under  Philip  IV". 
He  succeeded  the  duke  of  L'zeda  as  prime 
minister,  and  gained  popularity  by  his  wise 
and  salutary  regulations,  and  improvements 
in  the  state.  Ilis  pride,  however,  created 
him  manv  enemies,  and  not  only  occasion- 

401 


OLI 


OLI 


f.d  the  revolt  of  the  Catalonians,  but  the  total 
separation  of  the  Portuguese  from  the  Spa- 
nish dominions.  Olivares  was  dismissed 
from  office  with  disgrace,  and  died  of  a 
broken  heart  at  Toro,  in  1643. 

Oliver,  Isaac,  an  English  painter  and 
designer.  His  historical  pieces,  and  also 
his  miniatures  were  much  admired  as  pat- 
terns of  superior  excellence.  He  died 
1617,  aged  nearly  60  years,  and  was 
buried  in  Blackfriars.  His  pictures  are 
marked  <^. 

Oliver,  Peter,  eldest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  also  eminent  as  a  miniature 
painter,  and  died  1661,  aged  59.  Some  of 
bis  pictures  were  afterwards  sold  by  his 
widow  to  Charles  U. 

Oliver,  of  Malmsburj-,  a  Benedictine 
monk.  He  was  an  able  mechanic,  but  in 
attempting  to  fly  from  a  tower  with  wings 
which  he  had  made,  he  fell  down  and  frac- 
tured his  legs.     He  died  1660. 

Oliver,  William,  an  able  physician  of 
Bath,  author  of  treatises  on  the  Bath 
Waters,  and  on  Tar  Water.  He  pretended 
to  be  an  atheist,  but  in  his  last  moments 
he  saw  his  error,  and  died  very  penitent, 
1764. 

Oliver,  Claude  Matthew,  a  native  of 
Marseilles,  advocate  in  the  parliament  of 
Aix.  He  contributed  much  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  academy  of  Marseilles,  and  he 
was  one  of  its  first  members.  He  possess- 
ed great  powers  of  mind,  and  a  most  reten- 
tive memory,  so  that  with  little  premedita- 
tion he  supported  the  most  intricate  causes 
at  the  bar  with  the  most  captivating  elo- 
quence, and  the  most  convincing  argu- 
ments. He  died  1736,  aged  35.  He  wrote 
the  History  of  Philip  of  Macedonia,  the 
father  of  Alexander,  2  vols.  12mo.  a  work 
of  merit,  though  negligently  written — Me- 
moir on  the  assistance  given  to  the  Romans 
by  the  people  of  Marseilles,  during  the 
second  Punic  war,  and  the  war  of  Gaul, 
&c. 

Oliver,  Andrew,  lieutenant-governor  of 
Massachusetts,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1724.  He  was  appointed  se- 
cretary of  the  colony  in  1757,  and  held 
the  office  till  1771,  when  he  was  elected 
lieutenant-governor,  and  retained  that 
place  till  his  death  in  1774.  When  the 
stamp  act  was  passed  he  was  appointed  a 
distributor  of  the  paper,  and  incurred  the 
displeasure  of  the  people  by  desiring  to  ex- 
ercise the  office  ;  and  letters  written  by  him 
to  the  British  ministers,  in  which  he  be- 
trayed the  interests  of  the  colonies,  and  en- 
couraged the  ministry  in  their  oppressive 
measuFCs,  being  obtained  by  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, and  sent  to  Boston,  he  totally  lost 
his  reputation,  and  became  an  object  of  de- 
testation. Apart  from  those  acts  he  waa 
highly  esteemed  for  his  talents,  and  the 
402 


friendliness  to  the  interests  of  religion  and 
learning  which  he  had  always  shown. 

ICJ^  L. 

Oliver,  Peter,  LL.D.  chief  justice  of 
Massachusetts,  and  brother  of  the  precc-r 
ding,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1730. 
After  filling  several  offices  in  the  county  of 
Plymouth  with  ability  and  faithfulness,  he 
was  appointed  to  a  seat  on  the  bench  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  at  length  made  chief 
justice,  in  which  situation  he  rendered  him- 
self highly  odious  to  the  people,  by  refusing 
to  receive  his  salary  from  the  legislature, 
instead  of  the  king.  He  was  impeached  of 
treason  against  the  colony,  and  retired  to 
England,  where  he  resided  during  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life.  He  there  received  from 
Oxford  a  diploma  of  doctor  of  laws.  He 
was  a  respectable  writer,  and  intimately 
acquainted  with  the  history  of  the  colony. 
He  died  in  1791.  tCj^  L. 

Oliver,  Thomas,  a  gentleman  of  fortune 
and  literature,  of  great  amiableness  and 
suavity,  who  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1753,  and  afterwards  resided  at 
Cambridge,  was  the  last  lieutenant-gover- 
nor of  Massachusetts  under  the  crown. 
He  left  America  at  the  opening  of  the  war, 
and  lived  in  retirement  in  Europe  till  his 
death,  at  an  advanced  age.  iCp'  L. 

Olivet,  Joseph,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born 
at  Salins,  1682.  He  is  chiefly  known  for 
his  learned  and  valuable  editions  of  Cicero's 
works  printed  at  Paris,  and  then  at  Ge- 
neva, 9  vols.  4to.  He  published  besides, 
translations  of  some  of  the  orations  of  De- 
mosthenes, and  Cicero,  and  of  Cicero's 
treatise  de  Nat.  D.  and  various  other 
works.  He  was  member  of  the  French 
academy,  of  which  he  wrote  the  history, 
and  died  1763,  much  and  universally 
respected. 

Olivetak,  Robert,  a  relation  of  the 
great  Calvin,  who  printed  at  Neufchatel, 
1535,  fol.  a  French  translation  of  the  Bible, 
the  first  executed  from  the  Hebrew  and 
Greek  texts.  It  is  said  that  Calvin  con- 
tributed much  to  the  work.  It  was  called 
the  Bible  of  the  Sword,  because  the  printer 
assumed  a  sword  as  his  emblem.  The 
work  is  now  very  scarce.  Olivetan  died  the 
year  after  at  Rome,  where  it  is  said  he  was 
poisoned  by  the  catholics  on  account  of  his 
publications. 

Olivetra,  Chevalier  Francis  de,  a  noble 
Portuguese.  He  was  employed  in  various 
embassies  and  negotiations,  but  his  enlight- 
ened mind  was  disgusted  with  the  religion 
and  politics  of  a  bigoted  court,  and  there- 
fore abandoning  the  popish  tenets,  he  re- 
tired to  Holland,  and  afterwards  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  lived  in  learned  ease  and  se- 
curity. He  published  in  French  "a  Pa- 
thetic Discourse,  addressed  to  his  country- 
men," in  consequence  of  the  earthquake 
which  overwhelmed  Lisbon.    He  died  18th 


OMA 


«»(>> 


'kt.  1783,  aged  83)  much  and  deservedly 
ie9i)ected. 

Oi.oNNOis,  John  David,  a  native  of 
Olonne,  near  Poitou,  famous  for  his  bold 
adventures  in  the  17th  century.  lie  passed 
early  into  America,  and  afterwards  joined 
the  Buccaneers  on  the  coast  of  St.  Domin- 
go. After  spreading  devastation  and  terror 
on  the  coasts  of  the  Spanish  settlements, 
he  was  at  last  attacked  by  the  native  In- 
dians, who  cut  his  body  in  pieces,  and 
devoured  it. 

Oltbrius,  Flavins  Anieiua,  husband  of 
Phicidia,  the  sister  of  \  alentinian  HI.  was 
sent  into  Italy  with  an  army  against  Kici- 


(|uc.^t.s,  Uu.;u-  wa»  stabbed  ut  Jcru»alciM,  ftt 
tirouz,  a  Persian  slav.-,  OH,  i„  hi,  G3d 
year.  Durini;  his  n-i-,,  ihe  MahouMlaiM 
conquered  3t;,0()()  town*  or  villaKt.i  dr- 
stroyed  4()0U  Chrisli-.m  trtupic,,  a„d  'built 
IIUU  mos^^ues.  (),n:ir  wii,,  ,„  hi.  charac- 
ter, a  great  warrior,  in  hi«  nianiu  rs  au^iirr 
and  virtuous  ;  and  regard^ll^'  merit  as  tbr 
only  title  to  superiority,  he  decland  lb.- 
crown  electi\c,  and  placed  his  son  in  aji 
inferior  situation.  He  laid  the  foundalionj« 
of  (Jrand  Cairo. 

Omar  H.  l.Jth  calij.h  of  the  race  of  thrt 
Onuniades,  succeeded  his  relation  Solyman, 
717.     He  laid  siege  to  Constanlinoplr,  but 


mer,  who  had  rebelled  against  Anthemius.  his  attempts  to  take  it,  supported  by  all  the 

Instead  of  fighting  him,  however,  Kicimer  arts  of  military  warfare,  and  the  courage 

proclaimed  him  emperor,  and  deposed  his  of  a  brave   army,  failed  ;   and  tbe  de^truc- 

master    Anthemius,    and     Olybrius    thus  lion   of    his    lleet    by  a   terrible    tempest, 

raised  to  the  throne  of  the  West,  gave  hopes  obliged  him  to  retire  from  the  walls.     His 

of  a  vigorous  and   peaceful  reign,  but  died  conduct  towards  the    Cliristians   was  very 

a  few  months  after,  23d  Oct.  472.     He  left  cruel  and  vindictive.      He  was  assassinatc(< 

one  daughter,   Juliana,  married  to  the  pa-  at  Edessa,    720,   by  hi-i    own  family,    who 

trician  Areobindus,  who  refused  the  purple  dreaded  lest  his  partiality  for  the  house  ol 

oi"  the  Eastern  empire.  Ali  should  deprive  them  of  the  throne.  He 

Oltmpiodorus,  a  peripatetic  philosopher  had  reigned  two  years  and  five  monllis. 
of  Egypt,  in  the  age  of  the  second  Theo-         Omeis,  iMagnus  Daniel,  author  of  Elhica 

dosiusj   author  of  commentaries  on   Aris-  Pylhagorica — Ethica  Phitonica — Thealnim 


totle's  Meteors,  &.c. 

Olzoffski,  Andrew,  a  learned  Polish 
divine.  He  travelled  to  France  and  Italy, 
and  afterwards  was  in  the  service  of  the 
king  of  Poland,  where  he  served  as  an  able 
secretary,  and  as  ambassador  to  Vienna. 
He  was  made  bishop  of  Culm,  and  after- 
wards high  chancellor,  and  primate  of  the 
kingdom,  and  while  his  wisdom,  prudence, 
and  patriotism,  influenced  and  regulated  the 
affairs  of  the  kingdom,  he  showed  himself 


satisfied  with  the  honours  of  his  country,     suffered  martyrdom. 


>  irtutum  et  \  itiorum  ab  Aristotcle  Omis- 
sor. — Juvenci  Historia  Evangclica  cum 
Notis,  ice.  was  professor  of  belles  Icttres 
at  Altorf,  and  died  there  170S,  aged  G3. 

Onesicritus,  a  cynic  philosopher  ainorii 
the  attendants  of  Alexander  the  Great  in 
Asia.  He  wrote  a  history  of  his  royal  pa- 
tron. 

OxESiMtJS,  a  Phrygian  slave,  converted 
to  Christianity  by  St.  Paul,  and  according 
to  some,  made  bishop  of  Berea,  where  he 


and  refused  the  dignity  of  a  cardinal  offer- 
ed by  the  court  of  Rome.  He  died  in 
1678,  after  an  illness  of  three  days,  aged 
60.  He  published  in  Latin  some  political 
tracts  esteemed  in  his  time. 


Onkelos,  a  Jewish  Rabbi,  in  the  age  of 
Christ,  was  author  of  the  Chaldce  Targum 
on  the  Pentateuch. 

Onomacritus,  a  Greek  poet  abdut  51  »i 
B.C.     The  poem?  which  bear  the  name  of 


Omar  I.   successor  of  Aboukerque,  and    Orpheus  and  Musajus  are  ascribed  to  bini. 


second  caliph  after  Mahomet,  began  to 
reign  634.  After  defeating  Ali,  whom  Ma- 
homet had  appointed  his  successor,  he 
spread  his  conquests  over  Syria  and  Phoe- 
nicia, and  took  the  city  of  Jerusalem  after 
Sm  obstinate  siege.  While  successes  at- 
tended him  in  Judea,  his  generals  extended 
his  conquests  over  Persia  and  Egypt,  and 
increased  the  worshippers  of  Mahomet  by 
the  terror  of  fire  and  sword.     The  fall  of 


Onuphrjcs,  Panvinius,  an  Augustine 
monk  born  1529  at  Verona.  He  continuei 
the  Lives  of  the  Popes,  begun  by  Platina, 
and  dedicated  them  to  Pius  V.  1566.  He 
published  also  other  works,  and  was  ao 
skilled  in  historical  knowledge,  that  he  was 
called  the  Father  of  History.  He  died  «t 
Palermo  in  Sicily,  1568,  aged  39. 

OoRT,  Adam  Van,  an  eminent  painter  of 
perspective  and  arcbitcrture.     Ho  was  born 


Alexandria  under  his  power,  was  marked     at   Antwerp  l5o7,  and  had  among  his  pu- 


by  the  destruction  of  its  celebrated  library, 
which  the  Ptolemies  had  enriched  with  so 
many  valuable  works  j  hut  if  Egypt  mourn- 
ed the  loss  of  the  monuments  of  human 
learning,  she  saw  the  canal  of  communica- 
tion between  the  Nile  and  the  Red  Sea,  re- 
stored to  its  ancient  useful  form  by  the  per- 
severing labour  of  her  conquerors.  While 
oe  promised  himself  more  extensive   con- 


pils  Rubens,  and  also  Jordacns,  who  mar- 
ried his  daughter. 

OosT,  James  Van,  a  painter,  born  at 
Bru'^es  1000.  He  studied  the  manner  of 
Annibal  Caracci  witli  great  success,  and  his 
historical  pieces,  landscapes^  &c.  werf 
much  admired.  His  best  piece  is  a  descent 
from  the  cross,  in  the  Jesuits'  church,  Bni- 
ges.     He  died  IfiTl.     Hi^  son  James  di<- 


OilE 


OHL 


tinguishcd  Limself  also  as  an  artist,  and 
died  1713,  aged  76. 

Opitius,  Henry,  a  Lutheran  divine,  born 
1642,  at  Altcmberg,  Misnia.  He  ivas  pro- 
fessor of  oriental  languages  and  theology 
at  Kiel,  where  he  died  1712.  In  his  fond- 
ness for  Hebrew  literature,  he  wished  to 
reconcile  the  grammar  of  the  Greek  to  the 
rules  of  the  Hebrew,  and  wrote  scmic  fan- 
ciful treatises  on  the  subject.  He  edited 
also  the  Bible  in  Hebrew,  2  vols.  4to. 

Opitius,  Martin,  a  poet,  born  at  Bunt- 
slow  in  Silesia,  1597.  He  died  of  the 
plague  at  Dantzic  1639.  His  poems  in  Latin 
and  in  German,  are  much  admired  for 
their  elegance  and  spirit.  The  best  edition 
is  that  of  Amsterdam,  1638. 

Oporinus,  John,  a  German  printer,  born 
at  Basil,  1507.  He  studied  physic  for 
tome  time,  but  afterwards  applied  himself 
to  Greek  and  Latin,  and  then  began  the 
fcusiness  of  printer.  Though  careful,  yet 
lie  was  involved  in  debt,  and  died  hardly 
solvent,  1569.  He  published  no  book 
which  he  did  not  himself  correct.  Besides 
the  classical  books  which  he  printed,  he 
wrote  Notes  on  Plutarch — on  Cicero's  Tus- 
culan  QutEst.  and  other  authors. 

Oppede,  John  Meynier,  baron  d',  presi- 
dent of  the  parliament  of  Aix,  rendered 
himself  odious  by  the  atrocities  which  he 
committed  against  some  heretics  called  Vau- 
dois.  Not  only  the  19  who  had  been  con- 
demned by  the  parliament  to  the  stake, 
were  destroyed,  but  22  villages  were  devo- 
ted to  the  flames,  and  above  4000  persons 
perished  by  the  sword  or  by  fire,  during  that 
horrible  persecution.  In  other  respects 
Oppede  was  an  upright  magistrate,  but  re- 
ligious zeal  tarnished  his  character.  He 
was  acquitted  when  brought  to  trial,  by  as- 
serting that  he  executed  the  orders  of  his 
sovereign  Francis  I.  and  that  God  had 
commanded  Saul  to  destroy  those  princes 
the  Amalekites.     He  died  1558. 

Oppian,  a  Cilician,  known  as  a  Greek 
poet  and  grammarian  in  the  second  century. 
His  poem  on  fishing  is  still  extant,  &c. 

Opsop'ius,  John,  a  German  critic.  From 
a  corrector  of  the  press  he  became  a  physi- 
cian of  eminence,  and  was  elected  profes- 
sor of  medicine  at  Heidelberg.  He  edited 
some  of  the  works  of  Hippocrates,  with 
learned  notes  ;  but  his  best  known  workis  an 
edition  of  the  Sibylline  Oracles,  published 
at  Paris,  1607.  He  died  1596,  aged  40. 
His  brother  Simon  was  also  a  physician,  and 
died  1619,  aged  44.  Vincent,  a  poet  of 
the  same  age,  wrote  a  Latin  poem  on  the 
Art  of  Drinking,  1578,  8vo. 

Optatcs,  an  African  bishop,  author  of 
an  able  treatise  on  the  Schism  of  the  Do- 
natists.     He  died  384. 

Orellana,    Francis,  a  Spaniard,    who 
accompanied  Pizarroin  his  conquest  of  Pe- 
ru.    From  the  love  of  adventure  he  df  sert- 
404 


ed  his  companions,  and  penetrated  into  the 
country,  and  was  the  first  European  who^ 
saw  the  great  river  Amazon,  the  best  part 
of  whose  course  he  observed,  till  he  reach- 
ed the  Spanish  settlements  of  Cubagnay 
from  which  he  departed  for  Europe.  In 
the  relation  of  what  he  had  seen,  he  united 
the  marvellous  and  the  true,  and  by  report- 
ing that  he  had  passed  through  a  country 
peopled  by  Amazons,  he  gave  that  name  to 
the  great  river  which  he  had  discovered. 
He  afterwards  endeavoured  again  to  dis- 
cover the  mouth  of  that  river,  and  perished 
in  the  attempt  about  1550. 

Organa,  Andrew,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Florence  1329.  He  was  also  dis- 
tinguished as  a  sculptor  and  architect,  and 
as  a  poet.  His  works  are  preserved  at 
Pisa.  In  his  picture  of  the  last  judgment, 
he  represented  all  his  friends  in  Paradise, 
and  placed  his  enemies  in  hell.  He  died 
1389,  aged  60. 

Oribasius,  of  Pergamus,  was  physician 
to  the  apostate  Julian,  and  wrote  a  medical 
collection  from  Galen's  works,  edited  in  4ta. 
Leyden,  1745. 

Origen,  a  father  of  the  church,  born  at 
Alexandria  185.  He  was  a  man  of  austere 
manners,  but  of  great  virtue,  and  his  abili- 
ties as  a  preacher  were  displayed  with  suc- 
cess at  Alexandria,  Rome,  and  Caesarea. 
He  suffered  persecution  under  Decius,  and 
died  254.  His  works,  in  4  vols,  folio,  are 
valuable. 

Origen,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  the 
friend  of  Porphyry. — An  Egyptian  philoso- 
pher of  that  name,  regarded  marriage  as 
an  invention  of  the  devil. 

Orignt,  Peter  Adam,  author  of  a  history 
of  Ancient  Egypt — and  of  a  System  of 
Egyptian  Chronology,  was  also  distinguish- 
ed in  military  life,  and  died  at  Rheims,  his 
native  place,  1774. 

Orkan,  son  of  Othoman,  made  himself 
emperor  of  Turkey  1326,  by  the  destruc- 
tion of  his  elder  brothers,  and  extended  his 
dominions  by  the  conquest  of  Gallipoli,  and 
other  provinces.  He  married  the  daughter 
of  the  emperor  John  Cantacuzenus,  and 
died  1360. 

Orlandi,  Pelegrini  Anthony,  author  of 
the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Printing  from 
1457  to  1500 — a  history  of  Bolognese  wri- 
ters, 4to.  in  Italian — and  Abecedario  Pit- 
torico,  4to.  &c.  was  an  eminent  Italian 
bookseller,  who  died  1730. 

Orlay,  Bernard  Van,  a  native  of  Brus- 
sels, eminent  as  a  painter,  and  as  the 
disciple  of  Raphael.  His  pieces,  which 
possess  merit,  adorn  the  churches  and  pub- 
lic edifices  of  the  Netherlands.  He  died 
1560,  aged  70. 

Orleans,  Louis  of  France,  duke  of,  son 
of  Charles  V.  was  born  1371,  and  he  had  a 
great  share  in  the  affairs  of  the  kingdon* 
during  the  reign  of  his  brother  Charles  Vl- 


OKL 


MUM 


He  was  basely  imirdeied  by  his  uncle  John, 
duke  or  Burgundy,  1407,  and  this  foul 
deed  became  the  source  of  long  and  fatal 
disputes  between  the  houses  of  (irleans  and 
Bui^iindyi 

Orleans,  Charles,  duke  of,  son  of  Louis 
of  France,  was  called  duke  of  Angoulenie 
in  his  father's  life  time.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Ap;incourt,  and 
after  a  captivity  of  25  years  in  England,  he 
returned  to  France,  and  undertook  the  con- 
quest of  Milan,  which  he  claimed  in  right 
of  his  mother.  He  was,  however,  able  to 
conquer  only  the  county  of  Ast.  He  died 
at  Amboise  1465,  leaving  one  son  Charles, 
who  married  Louisa  of  Savoy,  the  mother 
of  Francis  L  He  was  a  liberal  natron  of 
letters,  and  wrote  some  poetical  pieces. 

Orleans,  Louis,  duke  of,  prince  of  the 
blood,  son  of  Philip  the  Regent,  was  born 
at  Versailles,  4th  Aug.  1703.  The  first 
part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  idle  dissipa- 
tion ;  but  after  the  death  of  his  father,  and 
that  of  his  wife,  better  thoughts  succeeded, 
and  he  abandoned  the  world  and  its  follies 
to  devote  himself  to  a  life  of  penitence, 
austerity,  religion,  and  literature.  He 
settled  at  the  abbey  of  St.  Genevieve,  and 
employed  himself  in  works  of  charity  and 
benevolence  till  the  time  of  his  death, 
which  happened  4th  Feb.  1752.  He  was 
an  accomplished  scholar,  and  was  not  only 
well  skilled  in  the  Hebrew,  Chaldee,  Syriac, 
and  Greek  languages,  but  a  perfect  master 
of  botany,  chymistry,  and  painting,  besides 
history,  geography,  and  divinity.  He 
wrote  translations,  paraphrases,  and  com- 
mentaries on  Scripture — a  Literal  transla- 
tion of  the  Psalms — Dissertations  against 
the  Jews — a  liberal  translation  of  St.  Paul's 
Epistles — treatise  against  Plays,  &c.  His 
son  Philip,  who  was  born  12th  May,  1725, 
is  said  to  have  inherited  the  virtuous 
qualities  of  his  father.  He  died  18th  Nov. 
1785. 

Orleans,  Philip  Louis  Joseph,  duke  of, 
was  born  at  St.  Cloud,  13th  April,  1747,  and 
had  the  title  of  duke  de  Chartres  during  his 
father's  life.  From  his  earliest  years  he  de- 
voted himself  to  low  pleasures,  but  with  the 
desire  to  acquire  consideration  in  the  fleet, 
he  entered  in  the  navy,  and  he  obtained  the 
command  of  the  St.  Esprit,  of  84  guns,  in 
1778,  under  the  orders  of  Admiral  Orvilliers. 
The  sight  of  the  English  fleet,  it  is  said,  ter- 
rified the  cowardly  prince,  and  during  the 
action,  which  was  fought  off  Ushant  with 
admiral  Keppel,  it  is  reported  that  he  con- 
cealed himself  in  the  hold  of  the  ship  till 
the  danger  was  over.  This  conduct  was 
ridiculed  not  only  by  the  wits  of  Paris,  but 
by  the  court,  and  the  duke  felt  the  severity 
of  the  satire  so  deeply  that  he  determined 
on  revenge.  His  immense  fortune  gave 
bim  every  opportunity  to  raise  disturbances 
and  create  dissatisfaction,  and  he  followcl 


the  iniquitous  propensities  of  his  heart.  lf» 
1787  he  succcedrd  to  his  father's  title,  and 
soon  alter,  the  revolution  afforded  him  oc- 
casions to  gratify  his  rcvcn;<e  a^^ainsl  the 
courti  Though  exiled  and  threatened,  he 
maintained  his  rancorous  opposition  ;  he 
became  one  of  the  meniljcrs  of  the  national 
assembly,  and  as  if  ashamed  of  his  family 
and  of  his  birth,  he  took  the  name  of  Ega- 
lite.  While  the  factious  and  the  \ile  used 
his  great  opulence,  and  his  powcrOil  influ- 
ence for  their  own  vicious  and  diabolical 
purposes,  he  was  satisfied  if  every  measure 
tended  to  dishonour  the  monarch,  and  to 
overturn  the  throne,  on  which  he  hoped  to 
seat  himself.  At  the  trial  of  Lewis  XVI. 
he  gave  his  vote  with  the  greatest  indiffer- 
ence for  the  death  of  the  king,  a  conduct 
which  shocked  even  the  most  abandoned 
jacobins  ;  but  soon  his  own  fate  was  deter- 
mined by  those  who  had  squandered  his 
riches,  and  abused  his  confidence.  He  was 
accused,  and  though  he  escaped  to  Mar- 
seilles, he  was  seized  and  brought  back  to 
Paris,  and  led  ignominiously  to  the  scaffold, 
6th  Nov.  17'J3.  He  suflered  death  with 
more  courage  than  could  be  expected  from 
a  man  whose  character  and  morids  were  so 
infamous. 

Orleans,  Louis,  an  advocate  of  Paris, 
who  boldly  defended  the  cause  of  the  league 
against  Henry  IV.  The  virulence  of  his 
writings  at  last  caused  his  apprehension  ; 
but  the  mild  monarch  ordered  him  to  be 
liberated  from  prison.  This  compassionate 
conduct  of  the  monarch  made  a  convert  of 
the  advocate,  who  became  loud  in  the 
praises  of  his  benefactor.  He  died  at 
Paris,  1627,  aged  87.  He  wrote  a  Defence 
of  the  United  Catholics  against  the  Protes- 
tants, 8v0i — Address  to  the  English  Catho- 
lics— Commentaries  on  Tacitus  and  Seneca 
— besides  other  political  pieces  now  deser- 
vedly forgotten. 

Orleans,  Peter  Joseph,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Bourges,  1641.  He  professed  belles  lettres, 
and  afterwards  became  preacher  to  his  so- 
ciety, and  died  at  Paris,  3lst  March,  169S. 
He  is  author  of  a  History  of  the  Revolu- 
tions of  England,  3  vols.  4to.  and  4  in  1 2mo. 
— History  of  the  Revolutions  of  Portugal, 
5  vols.  12mo. — History  of  the  two  Tartai- 
Conquerors,  Chunchi  and  Canhi,  8vo. — the 
Life  of  Father  Cotton,  l2mo. — Lives  of 
Lewis  de  Gonzaga,  and  other  Jesuits — tw« 
volumes  of  Sermons — Life  of  Constance, 
Minister  of  the  King  of  Siam,  l2mo. 

Orleans  de  la  Motte,  Louis  Francis 
Gabriel  d',  a  native  of  Carpentras,  who 
became  bishop  of  Amiens  1733.  He  was 
a  most  pious  and  chau-itable  prelate,  and 
died  10th  July,  1774,  aged  91.  His  Spi- 
ritual Letters  appeared  at  Paris,  1777,  in 
r2mo. — and  his  Life  by  Proyart,  in  1788, 
in  l2mo. 

Orme,  Robert,  an  English  writer,  born 

405 


OKS 


ORV 


at  Bombay,  where  his  father  was  a  surgeon. 
From  Harrow  school  he  went  as  writer  to 
India  ;  and  to  the  friendship  of  Lord  Clive 
he  was  indebted  for  his  consequence  in  the 
East.  He  was  in  1755  fourth  member  of 
the  Madras  council,  and  commissary-gene- 
ral, but  returned  to  Europe  in  1759,  and 
was  some  time  after  honourably  appointed 
by  the  East  India  Company  their  histori- 
ographer, with  a  salary  of  300il.  per  an- 
num. He  was  author  of  the  Military  Trans- 
actions of  the  British  iu  India,  3  vols,  of 
which  the  first  volume  appeared  in  1763, 
and  the  second  in  1775.  He  wrote  besides 
Historical  Fragments  of  the  Mogul  Power, 
during  the  reign  of  Aurengzebe.  He  died 
in  1801,  not  in  very  opulent  circumstances, 
aged  73. 

Orobio,  Balthasar,  a  Spanish  Jew,  born 
at  Seville.  Though  educated  secretly  as  a 
Jew,  he  outwardly  professed  the  Roman 
Catholic  faith,  and  became  professor  of 
metaphysics  at  Salamanca.  He  afterwards 
studied  physic,  and  practised  it  at  Seville  ; 
but  as  he  was  suspected  of  Judaism,  he  was 
seized  by  the  inquisition,  and  treated  with 
the  greatest  cruelty  to  oblige  him  to  con- 
fess. His  obstinacy  in  denying  his  religion 
at  last  procured  his  liberation,  after  three 
years'  confinement,  and  he  escaped  from 
the  Spanish  dominions  to  Toulouse,  where 
he  was  made  professor  of  physic.  He  af- 
terwards went  to  Amsterdam,  and  there 
openly  professed  himself  a  Jew,  was  cir- 
cumcised, and  took  the  name  of  Isaac.  He 
here  practised  medicine  with  great  success, 
and  died  1687.  He  wrote  against  Spinoza 
in  his  "  Certamen  Philosophicum,"  and  his 
interview  with  Limborch  on  the  subject 
of  the  Christian  religion,  occasioned  his 
writing  a  book  in  support  of  Judaism,  in 
which  he  displayed  much  ingenuity^  and 
great  metaphysical  subtilty.  His  antago- 
nist afterwards  published  an  account  of  the 
controversy  in  a  pamphlet  called  Arnica 
CoUatio  cum  Judaeo  Erudito,  4to. 

Orosius,  Paul,  a  Spaniard,  the  disciple 
of  St.  Augustinj  by  whose  advice  he  wrote 
a  History  of  the  World  to  the  year  of 
Christ  316, — a  treatise  on  Free  Will,  &c. 
He  flourished  in  the  fifth  century. 

Orphetts,  a  Thracian  poet,  before  the 
age  of  Homer.  His  history  is  fabulous, 
and  the  works  ascribed  to  him  are  by  more 
modern  hands. 

Grsato,  Sertorio,  an  Italian  writer,  well 
skilled  in  antiquities  and  in  ancient  inscrip- 
tions. He  was  born  at  Padua,  and  became 
professor  of  philosophy  there.  He  died  of 
a  suppression  of  urine,  1678,  aged  61.  He 
wrote  besides  lyric  poems  in  Italian,  "  the 
History  of  Padua," — Commentaries  de  No- 
tis  Romanorum,  and  other  works. 

Orsato,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  antiquary,  born  at  Padua,  1673. 
His  dissertations  de  Lucemia  Antiquis — 
406 


de  Strenis  Veterum — de  Patera  Antiquo- 
rum,  &c.  were  much  esteemed.  He  died 
1720. 

Orsi,  John  Joseph,  an  ingenious  phi- 
lologer  and  poet,  born  at  Bologna  1652,  of 
a  noble  family.  He  studied  every  branch 
of  polite  literature,  in  which  he  distin- 
guished himself.  He  died  1733.  He  wrote 
sonatas,  pastorals,  and  other  poems  in  Ita- 
lian— a  Defence  of  Italian  poets,  and  of 
Tasso — Letters — the  Life  of  Lewis  de 
Sales,  &c. 

Orsi,  Francis  Joseph  Au^ustin,  an  able 
writer,  born  in  Tuscany,  1692,  and  raised 
to  the  purple  by  Clement  XIII.  He  is  au- 
thor of  an  *'  Ecclesiastical  History"  in  Ita- 
lian, zO  vols.  4to. — Infallibilitas  Act.  Rom. 
Pontificis,  3  vols.  4to.     He  died  1761. 

Orte,  N.  viscount  d',  governor  of  Bay- 
onne,  distinguished  himself  by  his  huma- 
nity, and  refused  to  put  the  protestants  to 
death  on  the  fatal  massacre  of  St.  Bartho- 
lomew. He  wrote  back  in  answer  to  the 
sanguinary  orders  of  Charles  IX.  that  he  had 
only  good  soldiers,  and  good  citizens  in  his 
garrison,  and  no  executioners. 

Ortelius,  Abraham,  a  famous  geogra- 
pher, born  at  Antwerp,  April,  1527.  He 
travelled  with  the  eyes  of  a  philosopher 
over  England,  Ireland,  France,  Italy,  and 
Germany,  and  was  so  respectable  for  his 
knowledge  of  geography,  that  he  was  ho-' 
nourably  called  the  Ptolemy  of  his  age. 
His  "  Theatrum  Orbis  Terrae,"  in  folio, 
procured  for  him  the  place  of  geographer  to 
Philip  II.  of  Spain.  He  died  at  Antv/erp, 
June  15S8.  He  published  besides,  Syno- 
nyma  Geographia — Aurei  Seculi  Imago — '■ 
Syntagma  Herbarum  Encomiasticum — Iti- 
nerarium  per  Gallia  et  Belgic.  Partes,  &,c. 

Ortojj,  Job,  a  native  of  Shrewsbury. 
He  was  educated  in  his  native  town,  and 
afterwards  under  Dr.  Doddridge,  at  North- 
ampton. When  of  the  proper  age  he  took 
care  of  a  dissenting  congregation  at  Kid- 
derminster, and  then  removed  to  Shrews- 
bury, where  he  died  1783,  aged  66.  He 
had  for  some  years  retired  from  the  pas- 
toral duties  to  private  life.  He  is  author' 
of  an  excellent  Life  of  Dr.  Doddridge — 
Sermons  to  the  aged,  12mo. — Sacramental 
Meditations,  12mo. — Discourses  on  Chris-* 
tian  Worship,  12mo. — Discourses  on  Prac- 
tical Subjects,  8vo. — Practical  Exposition 
of  the  Old  Testament,  published  after  his 
death,  6  vols.  8vo.  He  was  a  frequent  cor- 
respondent with  his  friend  Mr.  Stedman,  a 
clergyman  of  Shrewsbury^  who  has  lately 
published  some  of  his  letters,  which  prove 
him  to  have  been  a  maft  of^  the  most  liberal 
sentiments,  and  an  active  supporter  of 
piety,  virtue,  and  devotion. 

Orville,  James  Philip  de,  a  Dntch  critic, 
of  French  parentage,  born  at  Amsterdam, 
1696.  He  improved  himself  by  travelling 
over  England,  France,  and  Germany^  ann 


US(i 


OS  I 


oil  his  return  was  cicrted  professor  of  elo- 
quence, history,  ftnd  (ireck,  nt  Amstenlnm, 
which  he  held  12 years,  and  resij^ned  J74'2. 
He  died  1751.  lie  continued  with  Bur- 
man,  Observationes  Miscellanc  ac,  10  vols, 
to  which  four  more  wenp  added  after  his 
death.  These  contain  a  Dissertation  on 
Delos,  and  Remarks  on  the  Greek  Romance 
of  Chariton.  He  wrote  besides  a  satire 
apainst  de  Pauw,  called  Critica  Vannus — 
Observations  on  Sicily. 

Osborne,  Francis,  an  eminent  English 
writer,  horn  at  Chicksand,  Bfdfordshire, 
1583.  He  became  master  of  the  horse  to 
William  lord  Pembroke,  but  in  the  civil 
wars  he  sided  with  the  parliament,  and  ob- 
tained some  oftices  under  them,  and  under 
Cromwell.  He  wrote,  while  resident  at 
Oxford,  near  his  son.  Advice  to  a  Son, 
which  was  very  popular,  and  was  therefore 
inveighed  against  by  the  puritans  of  the 
time,  besides  other  things  in  j)rose  and 
verse.  His  works  were  published,  8vo. 
}689,  and  again  1722,  2  vols.  l2mo. 

OsBORN,  Sir  D'Anvers,  governor  of  New- 
York.  He  was  of  Chicksands,  Bedford- 
shire, and  was  appointed  governor  in  the 
place  of  Clinton  in  1753.  He  arrived  in 
New-York  on  the  Gth  of  October,  and  was 
received  with  the  usual  demonstrations 
of  respect,  but  died  on  the  12th  of 
that  month  by  his  own  hand  from  despair 
of  exercising  a  popular  administration  over 
the  colony  which  was  agitated  by  violent 
parties.  He  married  a  sister  of  the  earl  of 
Halifax,  and  derived  his  name  from  the 
marriage  of  Sir  Peter  Osborn,  one  of  his 
ancestors,  to  the  daughter  of  John  d'Anvers, 
Esq.  of  Wiltshire.  l^Zj^  I- 

OsBORN,  John,  a  poet,  was  born  at  Sand- 
wich, Massachusetts,  in  1713,  and  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1735.  He  devoted  himself 
first  to  the  study  of  theology,  and  after- 
wards of  medicine.  He  died  at  Middle- 
town,  ConnecticutjWhere  he  had  resided  for 
some  time,  about  the  year  1753.  He  was 
the  author  of  several  poetical  pieces  of  a 
highly  respectable  character,  particularly,  a 
whaling  song,  and  an  elegy  on  the  death  of 
a  ?ister.  ^Cj^  L. 

Osgood,  Samuel,  postmaster-general  of 
the  United  States,  was  born  at  Andover, 
Massachusetts,  in  February  1748,  and  edu- 
cated at  Harvard  college,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1770.  He  studied  theology, 
but  losing  his  health  became  a  merchant. 
His  talents,  learning,  and  piety  made  him 
the  object  of  public  esteem,  and  he  was, 
while  young,  repeatedly  chosen  a  member 
of  the  state  legislature.  He  served  as  a 
captain  at  Lexington  and  Cambridge  on  the 
memorable  19th  of  April,  1775,  and  was 
soon  after  appointed  aid  to  general  Ward. 
He  left  the  army  in  1776.  He  was  chosen 
member  of  the  senate  after  the  adoption  of 
the  state  constitution  in  1780,  and  the  next 


year  elected  to  a  neat  in  congrrjs.    In  17tii» 
he  was  appointed  by  congrr»*<»  the  first  com- 
missioMf  r  of  th<'  treasury,  m   which    office 
he  continued  till  the  adriptioti  of  the  federal 
constitution.     He  wax  als-.  lor  u  number  of 
years    postmaster-genernl.     Hi-  w.m   after- 
wards supervisor  of  tli*-.  stute  (if  New-^  (»rk. 
He  became   in  ISU.'i  naval   otlicer   for  the 
port  of  Neu-Vork,  and  held  tin-   place-  till 
near  the  close  of  his  life  in  1812.      He  was 
extensively  acquainted  with  science,  litera- 
tur'',  and   theology  ;   published   several  rc- 
spiclable  volumes  on  religious  -sjbjtcts,  and 
was  distinguished  for  integrity,  |)tdjiic  spirit, 
and  piety.  [C/^  L. 

OsiANDER,  x\ndrew,  a  native  of  Bavaria, 
who  studied  at  \Vittt,mbei-g  and  Nurem- 
berg, and  was  one  of  Luther's  first  disci- 
ples. He  was  appointed  minister  and  pro- 
fessor in  the  university  of  Konigsberg,  and 
he  distinguished  himself  by  a  new  opinion 
on  justification,  which  he  asserted  to  arise 
not  from  the  imputation  of  Christ's  justice, 
but  the  union  of  God's  justice  with  our 
souls.  He  defended  these  sentiments  with 
great  vehemence,  t^cn  against  Luther,  and 
ehiedy  rested  on  the  words  of  Isaiah,  the 
Lord  is  our  RiglUeousness.  His  learning 
was  so  respectable,  that  his  tenets  were 
tolerated,  that  no  schism  might  be  kindled 
among  the  protestants.  He  died  17th  Oct. 
1552,  aged  54.  He  was  so  violent  in  his 
temper,  that  he  treated  all  his  opponents  in 
the  grossest  language  of  satire  and  illibera- 
lity.  His  works  are  Harmonia  Evangelica, 
fol.;  Epistolaad  Zwinglium  de  Eucharistia  ; 
Dissertationes  duaj  de  Lege  et  Evangelic  et 
Justificationc  ,•  De  Imagine  Dei  quid  sit. 
His  son  Luke  was  also  a  Lutheran  minister, 
and  died  at  Tubingen,  in  1604.  He  was 
author  of  Commentaries  on  the  Bible  ;  In- 
stitutions of  the  Christian  Religion;  Abridg- 
ment of  the  Centuriatnrs  of  J.Isg'.lc'i-i::'*. 
4to.  ;  Enchiridia  Controversiarum,  &c. — 
Another  Luke  was  chancellor  of  Tubingen 
university,  and  died  1638,  aged  63.  He 
wrote  on  the  Omnipresence  of  Christ,  in 
two  Latin  pamphlets  ;  Funeral  Orations  ; 
Do  Baptismo;  De  Regimine  Ecclesi»,  &.c, 
— There  were  two  others,  Andrew  and 
John  Adam,  who  wrote  some  Latin  trea- 
tises. The  first  died  1617,  aged  54,  and 
the  last  1697. 

Osius,  bishop  of  Cordova,  presided  at 
the  coimcil  of  Nice,  which  had  been  assfm- 
bled  325,  by  Constantine,  agreeable  to  his 
advice.  He  shared  the  confidence  of  Con- 
stantius  as  he  had  shared  that  of  his  father; 
but  in  those  turbulent  times  he  was  perse- 
cuted by  the  Arians,  though  nearly  100 
years  old,  and  at  last  by  threats  and  by 
blows,  he  was  prevailed  upon  to  subscribe 
to  their  confession  of  faith.  This  had  such 
eflect  upon  him  that  he  led  a  life  of  peni- 
tence and  sorrow,  and  soon  after  died,  re- 
nouncing the  tenets    which    he   had  em- 

407 


OSS 


OST 


braced,  and  declaring  them  unchristian  and 
heretical. 

Osius  or  Osio,  Felix,  professor  of  rheto- 
ric at  Padua,  was  born  at  Milan,  1587.  He 
published  Romano  Graecia — Tractatus  de 
Sepulchris  et  Epitaphiis  Ethnicor.  et  Chris- 
tianor. — Elogia  Scriptorum  Illustr. — Ora- 
tiones — Remarks  on  Mussati's  History — 
Collection  of  Historians  at  Padua.  He 
died  at  Padua,  1631. 

OsMAN  L  son  of  Achmet  I.  succeeded 
his  uncle  Mustapha,  161S,  on  the  Turkish 
throne.  His  expedition  in  1G21,  against 
Poland,  was  very  unfortunate,  and  after 
the  loss  of  80,000  men,  and  100,000  horses, 
he  submitted  to  a  disadvantageous  peace. 
These  misfortunes  were  attributed  to  the 
Janissaries,  and  therefore  a  new  militia  of 
Arabs  was  substituted  in  their  room  ;  but 
this  violent  measure  produced  a  revolution, 
and  Osman  was  hurled  from  his  throne, 
and  strangled  by  the  rebellious  soldiery, 
19th  May,  1622,  and  Mustapha  placed  in 
his  room. 

Osman  II.  emperor  of  Constantinople  af- 
ter his  brother  Mahomet  V.  1754,  died  af- 
ter a  short  reign,  29th  Nov.  1757,  aged  59. 
He  renewed,  under  severe  penalties,  the 
Mahometan  law,  that  his  subjects  should 
drink  no  wine. 

Osmond,  St.  a  Norman,  who  followed 
the  fortunes  of  William  the  Conqueror,  and 
was  made  by  him,  chancellor  of  England 
and  bishop  of  Salisbury.  The  liturgy 
which  he  introduced  in  his  diocess  was 
universally  adopted,  and  called  the  liturgy 
of  Salisburj-.  He  died  1099,  and  was 
canonized  by  Calixtus  III, 

OsoRio,  Jerome,  a  learned  Portuguese, 
born  at  Lisbon,  1506.  He  studied  at  Sa- 
lamanca, Paris,  and  Bologna,  and  at  his 
return  home  was  appointed  professor  of  di- 
viiiiiy  at  Coimbra.  His  abilities  recom- 
mended him  to  the  court,  and  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Sylva,  by  the  queen  regent.  He 
went  afterwards  to  Rome,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  the  disasters  of  his  country, 
brought  on  by  the  death  of  king  Sebastian 
in  the  field  of  battle,  and  against  his  advice, 
he  died,  it  is  said,  of  a  broken  heart,  Aug. 
1580.  He  wrote  commentaries,  para- 
phrases, and  other  works,  and  by  the  ele- 
gance and  correctness  of  his  diction,  de- 
served to  be  called  the  Cicero  of  Portugal. 
His  works  were  published  at  Rome,  1592, 
in  4  vols,  folio,  by  his  nephew. 

OsoRio,  Jeromp,  nephew  to  the  above, 
was  canon  of  Evora.  He  wrote  his  un- 
cle's life,  besides  Annotations  on  his  Para- 
phrase—and Paraphrasis  in  Canticum  Car- 
ticorum,  &c. 

OssAT,  Arnaud  d',  a  learned  cardinal, 
born  of  obscure  parents,  at  a  small  village 
in  Almagnac,  23d  Aug.  1536.  He  was 
left  poor  and  destitute  at  the  death  of  his 
parents  in  his  ninth  vear  :  but  Thomas  de 

4ns 


Maria,  a  neighbouring  gentleman,  saw  and 
patronised  his  abilities,  and  by  his  own  as- 
siduous application,  he  soon  became  capa- 
ble to  be   tutor   to   his  patron's   nephew, 
and  other  noblemen.     He  afterwards  stu- 
died at  Bourges,  and  applied  to  the  law ; 
and   was  called  to  the  bar  at  Paris.     In 
1580  he  went  to  Rome  as  secretary  to  the 
archbishop   of  Toulouse,  the   ambassador 
from  France,  and  on  his  death  he  passed 
into  the  service  of  cardinal   d'Este,    and 
then  of  cardinal  de  Joyeuse,     When  Hen- 
ry IV.  of  France  quitted  the  religion  of 
the  protestants,  d'Ossat,  then  French  resi- 
dent at  Rome,  obtained  the  papal  absolu- 
tion, and  for  this  service  was  made  bishop 
of  Rennes.     He  was  afterwards  raised  by 
the  pope  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal,  and 
made  by   Henry,  bishop  of  Bayeux.     He, 
however,   still  continued  at  Rome,  as  pro- 
tector of  the  French  nation,  and  died  there, 
March,  1604,  aged  68.     He  was  buried  in 
St.  Lewis's  church  at  Rome.     He  was  a 
most  able,  skilful,  and  sagacious  negotia- 
tor, and  in  every  thing  which  he  undertook, 
succeeded  to  increase  the  influence  of  his 
master,  and  the  glory  of  his  nation.     His 
"  Letters  "  have  been  frequently  published, 
of  which  the  best  edition  is  that  of  Amster- 
dam, 5  vols.  12mo.  1708. 

OssiAN,  the  son  of  Fingal,  an  ancient 
Scotch  bard,  who  flourished  about  the  be- 
ginning of  the  third  century.  He  accom- 
panied  his  father  in  his  wars,  and  in  the 
latter  part  of  his  life,  which  was  protracted 
to  a  good  old  age,  he  became  blind.  In 
1758,  some  poems  appeared  in  a  flowery 
and  poetical  style,  said  to  be  translated 
from  the  original  Gaelic  poems  of  Ossian, 
by  the  hands  of  Mr.  Macpherson  ;  and  as 
they  immediately  excited  the  attention  of 
the  learned  by  their  beauty  and  simplicity, 
they  produced  an  animated  controversy 
about  their  authenticity.  The  ablest  wri- 
ters of  the  age  were  engaged  in  the  contest, 
which  never,  perhaps,  can  be  decided,  and 
the  poems  have  acquired  a  deserved  cele- 
brity through  Europe. 

OsTADE,  Adrian  Van,  an  eminent  Dutch 
painter,  born  at  Lubec,  1610.  He  studied 
at  Haerlem,  under  Frank  Hals,  but  he  was 
endued  with  such  powers  by  nature,  that 
he  equalled  all  other  painters  in  the  repre- 
sentations of  droll  and  vulgar  scenes.  He 
perfectly  understood  the  chiaro  obscuro, 
and  his  smoking-rooms,  alehouses,  kitch- 
ens, and  stables  are  particularly  admired. 
He  died  at  Amsterdam,  1685,  much  regret- 
ted. His  prints,  engraved  by  himself  in 
aquafortis,  make-  a  set  of  54  pieces.  His 
brother  Isaac  studied  under  him,  and  would 
have  acquired  reputation,  but  died  young  at 
Haerlem. 

OsTERVALD,  Johu  Frederick,  a  protest 
tant  minister,  born  at  Neufchatel,  1663. 
He  wsjs  learned,  pious,   and  humane,  and 


OTH 


OTH 


from  his  Iricndship  with  Tmictiii  and 
Werenfcis  arose  the  common  expression  of 
the  hiumvifate  of  Swiss  theologiuris.  He 
(lied  1747.  i'e  wrote  a  Catecliism  of  the 
Christian  Heli<;ion,  8vo. — Artruments  and 
Kcflections  on  the  Books  of  the  Bible, 
2  vols.  8vo. — Treatise  against  Uncleanness, 
8vo.-ron  the  iSourecs  of  Corruptions,  l'2mo. 
— Sennons,  8vo.  &c.  His  son,  John  Ro- 
dolph,  was  minister  of  the  French  church 
at  Basil,  and  was  universally  esteemed. 
He  wrote  a  Discourse  on  the  Duties  of 
Communicants,  Timo. 

OsTERWT,  Maria  Van,  a  native  of  Delfl. 
She  excelled  as  an  elegant  artist,  and  her 
flowers,  fruits,  and  scenes  of  still  life,  pos- 
sessed particular  beauty,  and  displayed 
great  ease  and  delicacy.  She  died  1693, 
aged  63. 

Oswald,  king  of  Northumberland,  fled 
to  Ireland  at  the  death  of  his  father  Ethel- 
fred,  to  avoid  the  persecution  of  his  uncle 
Edwin,  who  usurped  the  throne.  He  re- 
turned, became  a  Christian,  defeated  and 
slew  Cerdowalla,  king  of  the  Britons,  and 
was  afterwards  killed  in  battle  Avith  Penda, 
king  of  Mercia,  643.  His  virtues  have 
been  recorded  by  monkish  writers,  who  de- 
clare that  miracles  were  wrought  at  his 
tomb. 

Oswald,  Erasmus,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics and  Hebrew  at  Fribourg,  published 
a  translation  of  the  New  Testament  in  He- 
brew, and  other  learned  works,  and  died 
1579. 

OsTMANDTAS,  an  Egyptian  king,  said  to 
be  the  first  who  erected  a  public  library. 

Otiio,  Marcus  Salvius,  became  emperor 
of  Rome  69,  after  the  murder  of  Galba  and 
Piso,  and  three  months  after  he  was  de- 
feated near  Cremona,  by  Vitellius,  who  al- 
so aspired  to  the  throne.  He  killed  him- 
self not  to  fall  into  the  bands  of  the  con- 
queror. " 

Otho  I,  surnamed  the  great,  eldest  son 
of  Henry  the  Fowler,  was  crowned  empe- 
ror of  Germany  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  936. 
He  was  an  active  prince  ;  he  defeated  the 
Danes,  subdued  Bohemia,  and  carried  his 
arms  into  Italy  against  Berenger,  who  had 
assumed  the  title  of  emperor.  Berenger 
was  easily  routed,  and  Otho,  crowned  again 
at  Rome,  by  the  hands  of  the  pope,  John 
XII.  assumed  the  title  of  Caesar  and  Au- 
gustus. Displeased  with  the  chains  impo- 
.«ed  upon  him,  John  XII.  revolted  against 
the  power  of  Otho,  but  he  was  soon  at- 
tacked and  deposed,  and  Leo  VIII.  elected 
in  his  room,  promised  submission  to  the 
imperial  decrees.  The  Romans,  however, 
again  revolted,  and  were  severely  punished 
by  the  offended  emperor.  Afterwards 
Otho  was  engaged  in  a  war  with  the  East- 
ern empire,  because  his  ambassadors  had 
been  treated  with  insult  and  cruelty  by 
Nicephorus,  and  he  therefore  invaded  Apu- 
VoL.  II.  5^ 


lia  and  Calabria,  which  belonged  still  to  th* 
(ircek  emj.erors,  and  after  de«olaling  thf 
country,  h.-  sent  !iis  prisoiifrri  to  Constan- 
tinople with  their  nose»  cut  off.  Peace 
was  at  last  restored  between  John  ZimiHcen, 
the  successor  of  NiccphoriH,  and  Othu,  and' 
it  was  cemented  by  lh(;  marriage  of  I'hro- 
phania  the  niece  of  (he  eastern  prince  with 
the  son  of  Otho.  Otho  died  7th  May,  973 
aged  62. 

Otho  II.  son  and  successor  of  the  great 
Otho,  was  surnamed  the  bloody.  Though 
his  elevation  ^vas  opposed  by  the  arts  of  his 
mother  Adelaide,  he  had  the  courage, 
though  young,  toVxpel  her  from  the  court, 
and  to  defeat  her  partisans,  who  had  raised 
Henry,  duke  of  Ba\aria,  to  the  throne. 
After  routiuo-  the  Danes  and  the  Bohe- 
mians, who  wished  to  take  advantage  of 
the  troubles  of  the  empire,  he  invaded  the 
French  territories  with  an  army  of  60,000 
men  ;  but  peace  was  restored  in  980.  The 
next  year  Otho  crossed  the  Alps,  to  reduce 
the  Calabrians  to  subjection  ;  but  he  wa<? 
defeated  in  a  battle  by  the  Saracens,  who 
supported  the  cause  of  his  enemies  ;  and  in 
his  escape  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  pirates, 
who  restored  him  to  liberty  for  a  large  ran- 
som. Undismayed  by  calamity,  he  assem- 
bled another  army,  and  attacked  the  Cala- 
brians and  Saracens,  and  obtained  a  great 
victory.  He  died  soon  after,  on  his  return 
to  Rome,  according  to  some,  by  poison, 
7th  Dec.  983. 

Otho    III.    only   son    of  Otho  II.  was 
crowned  emperor  at  Aix-la-Chapclle,  983, 
though  only  three  years  old.     His  eleva- 
tion was  opposed  by  the  duke  of  Bavaria, 
who  before  had  rebelled  against  his  father  ; 
but  the  energy  of  his  ministers  defeated 
the  measures  of  his  rivals.     When  lie  took 
the  reins  of  government,  Otho  went  into 
Italy,  where  he  was  crowned  by  the  hands 
of  pope  Gregory  V.  and  soon  after  he  re- 
visited the  countrjr  to   repress  the  insur- 
rection of  Crescentius,    and  of  the   anti- 
pope,  John  XVI.     On  his  return  to  Ger- 
many,   Otho  made   Boleslaus  king  of  Po- 
land, and  soon  after  again  went  to  Italy  to 
defend  it  against  the  Saracens.     He  died 
at  the  castle  of  Paterno,  in  the  Campagna, 
28th  Jan.  1002,  aged  22  ;   after  having  en- 
larged the  power  of  the  pope,  and  enabled 
the  see  of  Rome  to  dispute  for  temporal 
sovereignty  with  his  imperial  successors. 

Otho  IV.  surnamed  the  Proud,  son  of 
Henry  the  Lion,  duke  of  Saxony,  was  elec- 
ted emperor  1197.  After  being  consecra- 
ted at  Rome  by  Innocent  III.  he  laid  claim, 
against  his  solemn  promise,  to  the  territo- • 
ries  of  Ancona  and  Spolctto,  which  had 
been  left  by  Matilda  to  the  Holy  See.  In 
consequence  of  this  he  was  excommunica- 
ted, and  the  princes  of  Germany,  exhorted 
by  their  bishops,  elected  Frederic,  king  of 
Sicily,  emperor.     Otho  in  vain  attempted 

'  409 


oti 


u'nv 


♦o  resist  the  power  of  his  enemies.  Tiioogii 
he  leagued  with  the  court  of  Flanders,  he 
"had  the  misfortune  to  see  his  army  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  Bouvines,  in  1214,  and 
therefore  he  retired  in  disgrace  and  despair 
to  the  castle  of  Hantzburg,  where  he  died 
19th  May,  1218. 

Otho,  bishop  of  Frisingen,  was  author 
of  a  chronicle  in  seven  books,  of  some  me- 
rit, though  abounding  in  fables.  He  died 
at  Morimond,  12th  Sept.  1158. 

Otho,  Venius,  a  Dutch  painter,  born  at 
Leyden,  1556.  He  studied  at  Liege,  and 
afterwards  resided  seven  years  at  Rome, 
where  he  greatly  distinguished  himself. 
He  was  next  patronised  by  the  emperor  of 
Germany,  the  duke  of  Bavaria,  and  the 
elector  of  Cologne,  and  then  returned  to 
Antwerp,  and  afterwards  was  appointed 
master  of  the  mint  at  Brussels,  by  the  arch- 
duke Albert.  He  died  at  Brussels,  1634, 
aged  78.  He  had  Rubens  among  his  pu- 
pils. His  brother  Gilbert  \vas  eminent  as 
an  engraver,  and  Peter  as  a  painter. 

Otjs,  James,  a  lawyer  of  Barnstable, 
Massachusetts,  eminent  for  talents  and 
patriotism.  He  was  for  a  long  time  a 
member  of  the  general  court,  and  of  his 
majesty's  council ;  a  colonel  of  the  militia, 
justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and 
judge  of  probate.  At  the  commencement 
of  the  controversy  with  Great  Britain  he 
distinguished  himself  by  a  zealous  defence 
of  the  colonial  rights.     He  died  in  1778. 

iCP  L. 

Otis,  James,  a  distinguished  civilian  of 
Massachusetts,  and  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  West  Barnstable,  February 
5th,  1725,  and  graduated  at"  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1743.  After  devoting  several  years 
to  the  cultivation  of  literature  and  the 
study  of  law,  he  established  himself  as  an 
attorney  at  Boston,  and  quickly  rose  to  the 
highest  distinction  in  the  profession.  After 
a  long  course  of  successful  practice,  he  was 
in  1661  elected  to  a  seat  in  the  legislature, 
and  continued  a  member  of  that  body, 
in  which  he  held  the  first  rank  in  talents, 
in  zeal  in  defending  the  rights  of  the  co- 
lony against  the  encroachments  of  British 
despotism,  and  in  influence,  till  1772.  To 
recount  the  services  he  rendered  the  pub- 
lic, while  in  the  legislature,  would  be  to 
give  almost  a  complete  history  of  that  pe- 
riod. He  was  in  1765  a  member  of  the 
congress  which  assembled  at  New- York. 
At  length  the  partisans  of  the  British  mi- 
nistry who  held  offices  in  Boston,  provoked 
at  the  bold  opposition  he  maintained  to 
Aeir  ambitious  measures,  viHfied  him 
in  the  papers,  and  proposed  to  the  mi- 
nistry to  arrest  him  for  high  treason.  Otis 
in  return  indignantly  denounced  those  offi- 
cers in  an  advertisement,  and  soon  after, 
in  September,  1769,  meeting  with  one  of 
them^  John  Robinson,  was  attacked  bv 
41ft 


him,  and  others,  and  received  several  se- 
vere wounds.  From  that  time  he  was  sub- 
ject to  the  frequent  loss  of  his  intellect, 
and  in  1772  retired  from  public  life.  He 
survived  till  1783,  when  he  was  struck  by 
lightning  on  the  23d  of  May,  and  expired 
immediately.  He  was  a  man  of  powerful 
genius,  of  great  wit  and  humour,  aad  of  a 
temper  verging  in  ardour  toward  that 
highly  susceptible  and  enthusiastic  com- 
plexion, which  frequently  indicates  a  ten- 
dency to  insanity.  As  an  orator  he  was 
bold,  argumentative,  impetuous,  and  skil- 
ful in  communicating  his  own  excitement 
to  his  hearers.  As  a  lawyer  he  stood  at 
the  head  of  the  profession  in  talents  and 
knowledge  ;  he  was  a  profound  statesman, 
an  inflexible  patriot,  and  a  highly  accom- 
plished classical  scholar.  His  publications 
were  a  Latin  and  Greek  prosody,  and  se- 
veral political  pamphlets.  iCjF'  L. 

Otrokotskiforis,  Francis,  a  Hun- 
garian, who  studied  at  Utrecht,  and  became 
a  protestant  minister  in  his  native  country. 
He  afterwards  embraced  the  catholic  faith, 
and  was  professor  of  law  at  Tirnau,  where 
he  died  1718.  He  wrote  Origines  Hunga- 
rica,  2  vols.  8vo. — Antiqua  Religio  Hungo- 
rum  vere  Christiana  et  Catholica,  8vo.  be- 
sides some  polemical  works,  which  he  refu- 
ted after  he  became  a  member  of  the 
church  of  Rome. 

Ott,  Henry,  a  learned  Swiss  divine, 
born  at  Zurich,  where  he  became  professor 
of  eloquence,  Hebrew,  and  ecclesiastical 
history,  and  where  he  died  1682,  aged  65t 
As  an  orientalist,  his  abilities  were  very 
great,and  he  was  the  correspondent  of  seve- 
ral learned  men  in  Europe. 

Otter,  John,  author  of  Travels  in  Tur- 
key and  Persia,  with  an  account  of  Kouli 
Khan's  expeditions,  was  born  at  Christian- 
stadt,  1707,  and  died  1748. 

Otwat,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  dramatic 
writer,  born  at  Trotting,  Sussex,  March, 
1651.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester 
school  and  Christ  church,  Oxford,  but  left 
the  university  without  a  degree,  and  re- 
paired to  London,  where  he  became  a  wri- 
ter and  actor  of  plays.  By  the  friendship 
of  lord  Plymouth,  natural  son  of  Charles 
n.  he  obtained  a  cornetcy  in  the  army,  and 
embarked  with  the  forces  for  Flanders,  in 
1677  ;  but  a  military  life  proved  disagree- 
able to  him,  and  he  returned  to  London 
poor,  and  necessitated  to  write  for  his  sup- 
port. He  died  April  14th,  1685,  in  a  man- 
ner, says  Dr.  Johnson,  which  I  am  unwill- 
ing to  mention.  Having  been  compelled 
by  his  necessities  to  contract  debts,  and 
hunted  by  the  terriers  of  the  law,  he  reti- 
red to  a  public  house  on  Tower-hill,  where 
he  died  of  want,  or,  as  related  by  one  of 
his  biographers,  by  swallowing,  after  a  long 
fast,  a  piece  of  bread,  which  charity  had 
supplied.     He  went  out,   as  reported,   al- 


OLJI) 


<iVK 


most  naked,  in  the  rage  of  liuii*cr,  und 
finding  a  gentleman  in  a  neighbouring  cof- 
fee-house, asked  bini  for  a  sliilling  ;  the 
gentleman  gave  him  a  guinea  ;  and  Otway , 
going  away,  bought  a  roll,  and  was  ehoked 
with  the  lirst  mouthful.  As  a  writer,  he 
had  extraordinary  powers,  in  touching  the 
heait,  in  his  tragedies,  of  which  his  Orphan, 
and  Venice  Preserved,  are  noble  instances. 
Besides  ten  dramatic  pieces,  he  wrote 
some  miscellaneous  poems  and  translations. 
His  works  have  appeared  in  3  vols.  l5Jmo. 
1757. 

OuDENAUDK,  Robert  Van,  a  native  of 
(ihent,  who  learnt  paijiting  under  Carlo 
Maratti,  and  exercised  his  art  in  his  native 
town,  where  he  adorned  the  churches,  and 
public  and  private  edifices  with  valuable 
paintings.     He  died  1743,  aged  80. 

OuDiNf,  Casimir,  a  French  monk,  born 
at  Mezieres,  1638;  son  of  a  weaver.  He 
burst  from  the  obscurity  of  his  father's 
profession,  and  became  a  recluse  in  the 
abbey  of  Boucilly,  in  Champagne,  where 
Lewis  XIV.  accidentally  passed,  and  disco- 
vered his  abilities,  which  were  soon  after 
employed  in  visiting  the  archives  of  the 
monasteries  of  Lorrain,  Alsace,  Burgundy, 
&c.  In  1690  he  left  France,  turned  pro- 
testant,  and  was  made  under  librarian  at 
the  university  of  Leyden,  where  he  died 
1717.  He  wrote  Commcntarius  de  Serip- 
toribus  Ecclesiae  Antiquis  et  eorum  Serip- 
'tis,  three  vols,  folio — Veterum  aliquot  Gal- 
liae  et  Belgiae  Scriptorum  Opuscula  Sacra, 
&c.  8vo. — Supplement  to  Ecclesiastical 
Authors,  omitted  by  Bellarmine,  8vo. — 
the  Monk  of  Premontre  unfrocked. 

OuDiN,  Francis,  a  native  of  Vignori,  in 
Champagne,  who  studied  at  Langres,  and 
was  admitted  among  the  Jesuits,  1691.  He 
became  professor  of  humanity  and  theolo- 
gy, and  settled  at  Dijon,  where  he  died  of  a 
dropsy  in  the  chest,  28th  April,  1752,  aged 
79.  He  was  well  versed  in  divinity  and 
in  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  the  fathers. 
He  published  Somnia,  an  elegant  Latin 
poem,  odes,  elegies,  &c.  printed  in  his 
Poemata  Didascalia,  3  vols.  12rao. ;  Bi- 
bliotheca  Scriptorum  Societatis  Jesu  ;  Cel- 
tic Etymologies  ;  Commentary  on  St. 
Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Romans;  HistoriaDog- 
matica  Conciliorum  ;  Lives  of  several  Per- 
.sons  included  in  Niceron's  Collection,   &c. 

OuDiNET,  Mark  Anthony,  a  French 
medallist,  born  at  Rheims  1643.  He  quit- 
ted his  professorship  of  law  at  Rheims,  to 
go  to  Paris  with  his  relation  Raissant,  as 
keeper  of  the  medals  in  the  king's  cabinet. 
The  order  and  arrangement  which  he  intro- 
duced in  this  valuable  collection,  obtained 
for  him  a  pension  from  the  king,  and  the 
honour  of  a  seat  in  the  academy  of  belles  let- 
tres.  He  died  at  Paris  1712.  He  wrote  three 
dissertations   of  great  merit   on  medals. 

OuD^ii,  John  Baptist,  a  French  painter, 


who  sludieJ  under  LargilhciT.-s,  and  uch 
quired  great  relcl)rity  in  his  correct  repre- 
sentation of  animala.  Some  (»r  his  hunlinj? 
pieces  adorn  the  palaces  of  France.  Hi.«« 
adoration  of  the  Magi  is  in  high  esteem. 
He  was  treated  with  distinction  by  the 
French  king,  and  received  a  pension.  He 
died  at  Paris,  his  native  town,  1st  May, 
1755,  aged  69. 

OvKRALL,  John,  an  English  prelate, 
born  1559.  He  was  of  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  and  removed  to  Trinity,  where 
he  became  fellow.  In  16'J6  he  was  made 
regius  professor  of  divinity,  D.D.  and  mas- 
ter of  Catherine-hall,  and  in  1601,  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  deanery  of  St.  Paul.  In  1614 
he  was  made  bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Co- 
ventry, and  in  1618  translated  to  Norwich, 
where  he  died  May,  1619.  His  tomb  re- 
mained neglected  tilt  1669,  when  his  pupil 
Cosin,  bishop  of  Durham,  erected  a  monu- 
ment over  it.  Overall  was  a  learned  divine, 
distinguished  by  wisdom,  erudition,  and 
piety,  and  connected  by  literature  with  the 
most  eminent  men  of  the  times.  He  wrote 
a  "  Convocation  book,"  and  other  works. 

OvERBEKE,  Bonaventure  \  an,  a  native 
of  Amsterdam,  eminent  as  a  designer  and 
an  antiquarian.  He  went  three  times  to 
Rome,  to  take  correct  copies  of  her  ancient 
monuments,  and  he  made  beautiful  engra- 
vings of  his  pieces.  The  description  with 
which  he  accompanied  his  plates,  written 
in  Flemish,  was  translated  into  Latin  and 
French,  three  vols,  folio,  and  possesses 
great  merit.    He  died  at  Amsterdam,  1706. 

OvERBURT,  Sir  Thomas,   a  polite  Eng- 
lish  writer,   born   in    1581,  at   Compton- 
Scorfen,    Warwickshire.        He     was     of 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
bachelor's  degree,  and  then  entered  at  the 
Middle  Temple  ;  but  he  soon  relinquished 
the  law  for  literature,  and  for  the  favours 
of  the  court.     He  became  the  confidential 
friend  of  Car,  earl  of  Somerset,  by  whose 
influence  he  was  knighted  ;   but  he  stained 
bis  character  in  promoting  the  amours  of 
that  profligate  nobleman  with  the  licentious 
countess  of  Essex  ;   and  as  if  ashamed  of 
his  conduct,  he  boldly  attempted  to  dis- 
suade him  from  marrying  so  worthless  a 
woman.     Car  was  weak  enough  to  reveal 
the  friendly  advice,  and  the  enraged  coun- 
tess meditated  revenge.     By  the  means  of 
Car,  Overbury  was  appointed  ambassador 
to  Russia,  and  by  his  insidious  advice,  en- 
coura"-ed  to  refuse  the    office,   in   conse- 
quence of  which  the  king  caused  him  to  be 
sent  to  the  Tower  as  a  disloyal  man.     In 
this  place  poison  was  administered  to  him, 
and  he  at  last  thus  fell  a  sacrifice  to  the 
diabolical  intrigues  of  his  perfidious  friend 
and  his  guilty  mistress    15th    September, 
1613.     The  murder,  though  noised  abroad, 
was  hpshed  by    the  power  of  the  oflijD- 
der  •  but  two  vears  after,  it  was  fully  dj.«' 


OYl 


UWA 


closed  ;  the  under-agenls  were  tried,  con- 
demned, and  executed,  but  the  earl  and  the 
countess,  after  being  found  guilty,  -vvere 
pardoned  by  the  king.  Sir  Thomas,  who 
has  been  compared  in  his  learning,  his  %vi3- 
dom,  and  his  melancholy  fate,  to  Germani- 
cus  Caesar,  was  the  author  of  some  %vorks 
in  prose  and  verse,  of  considerable  merit, 
reprinted  1753,  8vo. 

OuGHTRED,  William,  an  English  divine, 
born  1573,  at  Eton,  and  educated  on  the 
foundation  there,  from  whence  he  was  re- 
moved as  fellow  of  Piing's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. In  1603  he  was  presented  to  the 
living  of  Aldbury,  near  Guilford,  where  he 
devoted  himself  to  mathematical  studies. 
During  the  usurpation  of  Cromwell,  he 
was  frequently  molested,  though  a  peaceful 
alid  harmless  resident  in  his  parish,  and  he 
was  liberated  from  the  danger  of  sequestra- 
tion only  by  the  interference  of  Lilly, 
Whitelocke,  and  other  friends.  He  died 
the  beginning  of  May,  1660,  aged  86.  On 
hearing  the  news  of  Charles's  restoration, 
he  expired,  it  is  said,  in  a  sudden  ecstasy  of 
joy.  He  w^as  the  friend  and  correspondent 
of  the  most  learned  men  of  the  times,  and 
as  a  mathematician  his  works  are  nume- 
rous and  valuable.  He  published  inl631,  his 
"  Clavis,"  a  most  valuable  work,  contain- 
ing many  new  theorems  in  algebra  and 
geometry,  which  have  been  adopted  by 
Newton,  and  other  learned  philosophers. 
This  little  volume  became  a  standard  book 
at  Cambridge,  by  the  introduction  of  'Seth 
Ward.  His  "  Opuscula,"  were  published 
after  his  death,  at  Oxford,  1676. 

Ovid,  Pub,  Naso,  a  celebrated  Eatiu 
poet,  born  at  Sulmo,  B.  C.  43.  He  was 
bred  up  for  the  bai',  but  poetry  had  greater 
charms  for  him,  and  under  the  patronage 
of  Augustus,  he  acquired  celebrity  and  ho- 
nours. He  was  afterwards  banished  by  his 
imperial  patron,  for  causes  not  satisfactori- 
ly known,  and  died  on  the  borders  of  the 
Euxine  Sea,  A.D.  17.  His  works,  which 
are  elegant,  polished,  and  animated,  though 
often  licentious,  are  well  known. 

OviEDO,  John  Gonsalvo  de,  a  learned 
Spaniard,  born  at  Madrid  1478.  He  was 
one  of  the  pages  of  Ferdinand  of  Arragon 
and  Isabella,  and  was  at  Barcelona  in 
1493,  on  the  return  of  Columbus  from  the 
discovery  of  the  new  world.  The  adven- 
tures of  this  extraordinary  man  raised  his 
attention  ;  he  became  his  friend,  and  ac- 
companied him  in  his  next  voyage.  As  he 
had  rendered  important  services  to  Spain 
in  the  Avars  of  Naples,  Ferdinand  consi- 
dered him  as  the  fittest  man  to  examine 
the  commerce  and  resources  of  the  new 
world  ;  and  on  his  return  from  the  island 
of  Hayti,  he  published  the  result  of  his  in- 
telligent inquiries,  called  the  General  and 
Natural  History  of  the  West  Indies,  after- 
wards enlarged  to  a  folio  volume,  Salaman- 

m 


ca,  li'65.  In  this  work  he  paid  particular 
attention  to  the  venereal  disease,  which  was 
lately  become  known  in  Europe,  and  which 
some  thought  was  introduced  from  Ameri- 
ca ;  and  he  ascertained  that  the  use  of  guia- 
cum  was  very  salutary  in  the  relief  of  this  . 
terrible  disorder. 

Ousel,  Philip,  a  native  of  Dantzic,  de- 
scended from  a  family  originally  from 
France.  He  became  protestant  minister  at 
Leyden,  and  afterwards  was  appointed 
theological  professor  at  Frankfort  on  Oder, 
where  he  died  1724,  aged  53.  He  was  well 
skilled  in  Hebrew  literature,  and  published 
Introductio  in  Aceentuationem  Hebraeo- 
riim  Metricam,  4to.  in  which  he  supports 
that  the  Hebrew  points  and  accents  are  as 
old  as  the  Bible — deAccentuationeHebraeo- 
rum  Prosaic^,  8vo. — de  Lepra,  4to.  His 
relation  James  wrote  valuable  notes  on  the 
Octavius  of  Minutus  Felix,  inserted  in  the 
variorum  edition  of  1672. 

OuwALER,  Albert,  a  historical  painter 
of  Haerlem,  who  died  1515,  aged  71. 

OwAiN,  a  prince  of  Powys,  who  fled  to 
Ireland,  in  consequence  of  carrying  away 
Ness,  the  wife  of  Gerald,  constable  of  Pem- 
broke. He  succeeded  his  father  Cadwy- 
gan  ap  Bleddyn  in  1110,  and  was  slain  by 
Gerald  four  years  after.  He  was  in  the 
service  of  Henry  I.  of  England,  in  Norman- 
dy,for  some  time,  and  was  knighted  by  him. 

OwAiN,  son  of  Mexen  Wledig,  a  brave 
warrior,  who  broke  the  intimacy  which  ex- 
isted between  the  Britons  and  their  Roman 
conquerors,  and  was  elected  king.  His  ser- 
vices were  such  that  he  became  a  saint  in 
the  British  calendar. 

OwAiN,  or  Owen  Tudor,  lord  of  Pen- 
mynydd,  in  Anglesea,  married  Catharine, 
the  widow  of  Henry  V.  in  1426,  and  was 
father  by  her  of  three  sons,  the  eldest  of 
whom  embraced  the  monastic  life  ;  the  se- 
cond was  Edmund,  earl  of  Richmond,  fa- 
ther to  Henry  VII.  and  the  third  Jasper, 
earl  of  Pembroke.  After  the  death  of  his 
wife,  he  was  confined  in  Newgate,  but  es- 
caped, and  died  in  Wales. 

OwAiN  CivEiLOG,  a  Welch  warrior, 
who  attacked  Hywel,  of  Cadwygan,  and 
Rhys  of  Grufydd,  and  died  about  1197. 
He  was  also  a  poet,  and  some  of  his  verses 
are  preserved  in  the  Welch  Archseologia. 

OwAiN  Glandwr,  or  Owen  Glendow- 
ER,  last  of  the  Welch  princes,  was  in  the 
service  of  Richard  II.  but  was  disgraced  by 
Henry  IV.  In  consequence  of  this  he 
took  up  arms,  burnt  Ruthyn,  and  defeated 
lord  Grey,  who  had,  by  false  accusation, 
obtained  his  lands  from  the  king  ;  but  af- 
terwards he  restored  him  to  liberty  for  a 
large  ransom.  He  continued  his  hostili- 
ties, and  in  1402  routed  Edward  Mortimer 
in  Radnorshire,  and  caused  himself  to  be 
proclaimed,  by  the  voice  of  his  assembled 
and  nnanimotis  people,  independent  sove- 


OWE 


OWL 


veigii  of  Wales.  Though  assisted  by  the 
FiTfU'h,  his  atUiirs,  however,  bccaiuc  despe- 
rate, and  unable  to  witlisiand  tlie  incursions 
of  the  £nglish,  he  led  a  life  of  retirement, 
and  died  at  last  in  1415,  in  the  disguise  of 
a  poor  shepherd. 

Owen,    Dr.   John,    an    eminent    divine; 
among  tlie  independents,  of   whom    he   is 
sometiuies    called    the  prince,   the    oracle, 
and  the  metropolitan.     H(;  was  born  161G, 
at  Uadham,  Oxfordshire,  and  was  cdueateil 
at   Queen's   college,  Oxford,  which   he  left 
in  1G37,  as  unwilling  to  submit  to  the  regu- 
lations introduced  by  Laud,  the  university 
chancellor.     He  afterwards  became  chap- 
lain to  lox'd  Lovelace,  and  at  the  breaking 
out  of  the  civil  war,  embraced  the  party  of 
the  parliametit  with  such  warmth,  that  his 
uncle  discarded  and  disinherited  him.    His 
*'  Display   of  Arminianism,"   published   in 
1642,  rendered   him  very  popular  among 
the    nonconformists ;    he  was  a   frequent 
preacher  before  the  parliament,  and  obtain- 
ed the  friendship  of  Cromwell,  whom  he 
served   faithfully,  and  by  whose  influence 
he  was  made,   in    1650,  dean   of    Christ 
church.      In    1652  he  was,  by  Cromwell, 
chancellor  of    the    university,   nominated 
vice  chancellor,  arid  the  next  year  took  his 
degree  of  D.D.     On  the  protector'?  death 
be  was  removed  from  the  office  of  vice 
chancellor,  and  at  the  restoration  he  was 
deprived  of  his  deanery,  and  retired  into 
the  country.     He  lived  for  some  time  in 
London,  and  then  at  Kensington,  and  died 
at  his  house  at  Ealing,  Middlesex,  24th  Aug. 
16S3,    aged  67.      Though  violent  as  the 
friend  of  party  and  of  usurpation,  it  is  said, 
however,  that  he  possessed  moderation  and 
kindness,  and   frequently  exerted   his  in- 
fluence in  favour  of  such  royalists  as  were 
distinguished  for  virtue  and  learning.     Kis 
w  orks  were  numerous,  amounting  to  7  vols, 
folio,  20  in  4to.  and  30  in  6vo.   the  best 
known  of  which  are,  an  Exposition  of  the 
Hebrews,  4  vols,  folio — Discourse  on  the 
Holy  Spirit,  folio — treatise  on  Original  Sin, 
8vo. — sermons  and  tracts,  folio. 

Owen,  John,  an  English  epigrammatist, 
bpvn  at  Armen,  Caernanonshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Winchester,  and  New  college, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow.  He 
took  the  degree  of  LL.B.  1590,  and  then 
taught  school  at  Tyrlegh,  near  Monmouth, 
and  at  Warwick  on  the  foundation  of  Hen- 
ry VHL  He  had  such  a  vein  for  satire  and 
epigram,  that  he  even  wrote  in  ridicule  of  a 
rich  uncle  on  whom  he  depended,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  excluded  from  his 
will.  He  was  afterwards  supported  by  his 
friend  Williams,  bishop  of  Lincoln.  He 
died  poor,  1622,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Paul's  cathedral.  His  epigrams  have  been 
often  printed.  They  are  in  Latin  and  much 
esteemed,  and  possess  the  elegance  and  hu- 
wonr  of  Martial's  pieces.      Thev  have  been 


translated  into  Engliah,  French,  and  Spa- 
nish. 

OwKN,  Dr.  Henry,  wa.««  born   in  Merio- 
nethshire, and  educated  at  Kuthyn  school, 
and  Jesus  college,  Oxford,  where    he    took 
the  degree  cl  M.l^.      lii-  had  appli,  d  him- 
self to  mathematics,  and  altera  ards  studied 
and  practised  physic,  and  U,>  n  look  order» 
and  obtained  the  livings  of  Lilinoiiton,  and 
St.  Olavc's,  Hart-street,  London.     Hi;   |«-ft 
by  his   wife,  daughter  of  liutler,  bishop  of 
Ely,  one  son  and  five  daughters,  aiul   died 
at  the  close  of  171i5,  aged  SO.     He  was  an 
able  and  pious  divine,  and  wrote  Observa- 
tions on  the  Scripture  Miracles — Ke-marks 
on  the  Four  Gospels — Inquiry  on  the    Sep- 
tuagint  Version — Sermons  at  Boyle's  Lec- 
tures, 2  vols.  8vo. — Introduction  to  Hebrew 
Criticism — Modes  of  Quotation  by  Evange- 
lical writers  explained,  &.c. — Posthumous 
Sermons,  2  vols.  in-c. 

Owen,  George,  a  physician,  born  in 
Worcestershire,  and  educated  at  Merton 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  became  fellow, 
and  took  the  degree  of  ISLD.  1527.  He 
was  physi'.ian  to  Henry  \  III.  v\bo  left  him 
a  legacy  of  100/.  and  afteruard^  to  Edward 
\l.  and  to  Mary,  whom  he  brought  into  the 
world  by  the  Ca;;;arean  operation.  He 
died  lOth  Oct.  1558,  and  was  buried  at  St. 
Stephen's,  Walbrook.  He  published  a 
meet  diet  for  the  new  Ague,  folio.  1558. 

Owen,  Charles,  a  dissenting  divine,  born 
in  Montgomeryshire,  and  educated  at 
Shrewsbury.  He  was  minister  of  a  con- 
gregation at  Bridgenorth,  but  was  obliged 
to  remove  to  London  by  the  violence  of 
party,  till  the  toleration  of  James  II.  per- 
mitted him  to  return.  He  afterwards  went 
to  EUesmere,  and  died  1712,  aged  58.  He 
wrote  some  controversial  tracts  in  favour 
of  his  persuasion. 

Owen,  Rev.  John,  one  of  the  secretaries 
of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society, 
was  born  in  London  about  the  year  1765. 
and  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  where  by 
his  superior  attainments  he  obtained  seve- 
ral prizes,  and  was  elected  fellow  of  the 
Ci-rpus  Christi  college.  He  soon  after 
took  orders  and  became  distiiiguished  as  a 
preacher.  He  preached  some  time  at  Cog- 
glesham,  in  Essex,  and  afterwards  at  Ful- 
ham,  and  at  length  became  minister  of 
Park  chapel,  near  Chelsea,  where  he  la- 
boured with  great  diligence  till  depri\ed  of 
his  health.  He  wa3  presoMt  at  the  meeting 
hcid  at  the  Lon(l'-.n  Ta\crn,  March  7th, 
1804,  to  deliberate  on  the  fonuaiion  of  the 
Bible  Society,  and  was  one  of  the  most  ac- 
tive in  promoting  its  establishment.  From 
that  time  he  devoted  his  life  with  the 
greatest  zeal  to  the  objects  of  the  society, 
and  its  progressive  extension  as  well  as  its 
first  establisliment  was  in  a  great  measure 
etlccted  through  his  instrumentality. 
During  several  of  bis  last  vears  he  sufTcred 

11.1 


OZA 


OZE 


much  from  ill  health  in  consequence  of  his 
arduous  labours.  His  death  took  place  Sep- 
tember 26, 1822.  He  published  "  Travels  in 
Europe,"  "  The  Christian  Monitor,"  "  The 
Fashionable  World  Displayed,"  and  "  A  Vin- 
dication of  the  Bible  Society."     ICP'  L- 

OwTRAM,  William,  prebendary  of  West- 
minster in  the  reign  of  Charles  H.  was  emi- 
nent as  a  preacher,  and  as  a  scholar  in  rab- 
binicaliearning.  He  died  1679.  He  pub- 
lished a  learned  book,  "  de  Sacrificiis,"  and 
after  his  death  a  volume  of  sermons  was 
published  by  bishop  Gardner. 

OxENSTiERN,  Axel,  grand  chancellor  of 
Sweden,  and  prime  minister  to  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  deserved  his  elevation  by  his 
merit  and  his  abilities.  After  the  unfortu- 
nate battle  of  Lutzen,  1632,  in  which  his 
master  lost  his  life,  he  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  affairs,  and  rewarded  this  confi- 
dence of  the  nation  with  the  most  consum- 
mate wisdom,  and  the  strictest  integrity 
exerted  for  the  happiness  of  Sweden.  He 
died  universally  respected,  28th  Aug.  1654, 
aged  71.  The  second  volume  of  the  His- 
tory of  Sweden,  in  German,  is  attributed 
to  him.  Of  his  sons,  John  was  plenipo- 
tentiary at  the  peace  of  Munster,  where  he 
distinguished  himself  by  his  firmness  and 
talents  ;  Gabriel  was  marshal  of  Sweden, 
and  Benedict  grand  chancellor,  and  prime 
minister  of  the  kingdom.  His  grand  ne- 
phew N.  was  distinguished  as  a  man  of 
letters.  He  travelled  over  the  greater  part 
of  Europe,  and  published  Thoughts  on  dif- 
ferent Subjects,  with  Moral  Reflections, 
printed  2  vols.  12mo.  and  died  at  an  ad- 
vanced age,  1707,  governor  of  the  dutchy 
of  Deux-ponts. 

OzANHAM,  James,  a  French  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Boligneaux,  in  Brescia,  1640. 
He  studied  divinity  in  compliance  with 
the  wishes  of  his  father  ;  but  after  his 
death  be  applied  himself  to  mathematics, 
jn  which  he  waa   doomed  to   distinguish 


himself.  He  left  his  country,  and  taught 
mathematics  at  Lyons,  and  afterwards  at 
Paris,  where,  though  occasionally  given  to 
gaming  and  gallantry,  he  acquired  some 
little  property.  The  Spanish  war,  how- 
ever, reduced  his  income  by  lessening  his 
scholars,  and  the  death  of  his  wife,  by 
whom  he  had  12  children,  none  of  whom 
survived  him,  embittered  with  sorrow  the 
last  years  of  life.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy, 
3d  April,  1717,  aged  77.  The  best  known 
of  his  works  are,  a  Dictionary  of  Mathema- 
tics, 4to. — a  Course  of  Mathematics,  5 
vols.  8vo. — Mathematical  Recreations,  4 
vols.  8vo. — Use  of  the  Compass  of  Pror 
portion,  12mo. — Elements  of  Algebra,  4to. 
— Practical  Geometry. 

OzELL,  John,  an  indefatigable  English 
writer,  educated  at  Ashby-de-la-Zouch 
school,  and  afterwards  at  Christ's  hospital. 
His  friends  designed  him  for  a  college  edu- 
cation, but  disdaining  the  restraints  of  uni- 
versity discipline,  he  qualified  himself  by  a 
most  perfect  knowledge  of  arithmetic  for  a 
public  office,  and  obtained  the  appointment 
of  auditor  general  of  the  city  and  bridge 
accounts,  and  auditor  of  the  accounts  of  St. 
Paul's  cathedral,  and  of  St.  Thomas's  hos- 
pital. He  died  loth  Oct.  1743,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Mary,  Aldermanbury  parish. 
Though  he  wrote  nothing  original,  he  yet 
showed  great  assiduity  and  judgment  in  his 
translations  of  foreign  authors ;  and  Mo- 
liere,  by  his  labours,  appears  in  an  English 
dress  far  from  inelegant  and  disinteresting. 
In  his  conversation  and  manners,  Ozell  was 
agreeable  ;  he  had  a  good  knowledge  of 
modern  languages,  and  had  improved  him- 
self by  travelling.  He  was  one  of  those 
heroes  whom  Pope  immortalized  in  his 
Dunciad ;  and  in  consequence  of  this, 
Ozell  published  a  warm  and  self-consequen- 
tial comparison  between  himself  and  his 
antagonist,  more  deserving  ridicule  than 
approbation. 


PAA 

A  A  AS,  Crispin,  a  native  of  Cologne, 
eminent  as  an  engraver,  and  as  the  pupil 
of  Cornehard,  whose  celebrity  he  equalled. 
He  was  patronised  by  the  king  of  Denmark, 
and  died  at  Copenhagen  in  the  beginning 
of  the  I7th  century.  His  engravings  were 
numerous  and  highly  finished,  especially 
those  of  the  Bible,  &c.  His  daughters 
Magdalen  and  Barba  also  acquired  celebri- 
ty as  engravers  ;  and  there  were  besides 
two  engravers  of  the  same  family,  Simon 
and  Crispin  the  younger,  who  were  equally 
'listinguished  by  their  merit. 
414 


PAB 

Paaw,  Peter,  a  native  of  Amsterdam, 
known  as  a  physician  and  botanist.  He 
practised  with  great  reputation  at  Leyden, 
where  he  died,  1617,  aged  53.  His  works, 
once  much  admired,  were  a  Commentary 
on  Vesalius,  4to. — a  treatise  on  the  Plague, 
4to. — Hortus  Lugduno-Batavus,  8vo. — and 
other  works  mentioned  by  Niceron. 

Pabo,  a  British  prince  in  the  fifth  centu- 
ry. It  is  said  that  after  a  defeat  he  retired 
to  the  court  of  the  king  of  Powys,  and  after- 
wards became  a  monk  and  a  saint.  The 
church  of  Mona  wns  foimded  by  him,  an<^ 


PAG 


*'AC 


there  liis  remains  were  deposited  according 
to  the  inscription  which  still  records  hia 
adveuture». 

Paca,  William,  governor  of  Maryland, 
was  graduated  at  the  college  of  Philadel- 
phia in  1758,  and  was  educated  a  physi- 
cian. He  resided  at  Annapolis,  and  was 
several  years  a  delegate  to  the  assembly 
from  that  city,  previous  to  the  revolution. 
In  1774  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
uomuiittee  of  correspondence  of  Maryland, 
and  the  same  year  a  delegate  to  Congress, 
in  which  capacity  he  was  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaration  of  independence  in  1776. 
He  was  afterwards  judge  of  the  court  oi 
appeals  in  cases  of  maritime  captures,  but 
resigned  the  oflice  in  1782  on  being  elected 
governor  of  the  state.  In  1785  he  was 
again  elected  governor,  as  the  successor  of 
Smallwood.  In  1 788  he  was  a  member  of 
the  Maryland  convention  which  ratified 
the  federal  constitution,  and  in  1789  was 
appointed  district  judge  for  Maryland.  He 
died  in  1799.  ICPL. 

Pacatianus,  Titus  Julius  Marinus,  a 
Roman  general  who  revolted  in  Gaul 
against  the  authority  of  the  emperor  Philip, 
and  assumed  the  purple.  He  was  defeated 
and  slain  249. 

Pace,  Richard,  a  learned   Englishman, 
born   1482.     He  was  patronised  by  Lang- 
ton,  bishop  of  Winchester,    and  cardinal 
Bainbridge,  and  recommended  himself  by 
his  great  abilities  to  Henry  VIII.  who  em- 
ployed him   in   several    negotiations.     He 
then  took  orders,  and  was  raised  to  a  pre- 
bend of  York,  and  to   the  deanery  of  St. 
Paul's,  London,  and  also  that  of  Exeter. 
He  was  afterwards  employed  in  an  embassy 
to  Rome,  to  solicit  the  popedom   for  Wol- 
sey,  and  was  next  sent  as  ambassador  to 
Venice.     In   this   distant  employment  he 
felt  all  the  weight  of  Wolsey's  jealousy  and 
resentment,  no  directions  were   sent  him 
for  his  guidance,  and   no  remittances  of 
money  made,  and  in  consequence  of  this 
his  spirits  were  so  affected  that  he  became 
delirious.     He  returned  home,  but  the  ill 
treatment  which  he  had  received  was  not 
sufficient  to  open   the  king's   eyes   to    the 
cruelties  and  oppression  of  his   favourite. 
He  resigned  his  deaneries  some  time  before 
his  death,  and  expired  at  Stepney,  where 
he  had   retired  for  his  health,  1532,  aged 
50.     He  was  a   man   universally  beloved, 
and  by  his  meritorious  services  deserved 
and   enjoyed   the    friendship    of    cardinal 
Pole,    sir    Thomas  More,    Erasmus,   and 
other  learned  men.     He  wrote  Epistles — 
de    Fructu    Scientiarum,   4to. — de    Lapsu 
Hebraicorum  Interpretum,  &c. 

Pacheco,  John  de,  marquis  de  Villena, 
■was  brought  up  with  Henry  IV.  of  Castille, 
and  became  his  favourite.  He  acquired  in 
consequence  so  much  power  that  all  offices 
of  Irust  and  honour  veere  at  his  disposal ; 


but  so  venal  is  the  attachment  of  flattercre, 
that  he  was  bribed  by  Lewis  XI.  of  France, 
and  on  the  peace  of   1M3,  h«-  ronseiiled  lo 
various  articles    which    betrayed     the    in- 
terests of  his  master,  and  were  prejudicial 
to  the  honour  of  his  crown.     The  ifijured 
monarch  expostulated  with   iLe  guilty  ob- 
ject, but  Pacheco,  full  of  resentment,   re- 
volted against  him,  and  placed   the    prince 
Alphonsus   on  the     throne    of  bin   brother. 
Alphonsus,  though  proclaimed  king  of  Cas- 
tille,   14G5,   soon    alter   died,  it   is  said  by 
poison    administered   by    the  loo  powerful 
favourite,  who  now  was  reconciled    to  his 
lawful   sovereign,    and   continued    in    the 
office  of  prime  minister  to  the  end  of  life. 
This  artful  sycophant  died  of  an   abscess 
in  the  throat,  1473,  and  it  is  reported  was 
sincerely  lamented  by    Henr\ ,  who  forgot 
his  perfidy  in   the  vigour   of  his  measures 
for  the  welfare  of  the  kingdom. 

Pachymerus,  (jeorge,  a  Greek  histo- 
rian, born  at  Nice.  He  was  patronised  by 
Michael  Pala;ologus,  and  his  son  Androni- 
cus,  and  obtained  honours  in  church  and 
state.  He  died  1310.  Hi.^  history  of  the 
East,  inserted  among  the  Byzantine  histo- 
rians, has  been  published  with  a  Latin 
translation  at  Rome,  1G69,  folio. 

Paciaudi,  Paul  Marie,  a  native  of  Tu- 
rin, of  the  order  of  Theatins.  He  was 
correspondent  of  the  Paris  academy  of 
belles  lettres,  and  librarian  to  the  duke  of 
Parma.  He  was  an  able  and  learned  an- 
tiquarian, and  wrote  Monumenta  Pelopon- 
nesiaca,  2  vols.  4to. — Memoirs  of  the 
Grand  Masters  of  the  order  of  Jerusalem, 
in  Italian,  3  vols.  4to. — Letters  between 
him  and  count  Caylus,  8vo.  He  died  of 
an  apoplexy,  1785,  aged  75. 

Pacificus,  Maximus,  born  of  a  noble 
family  at  Ascoli,  1400,  was  an  elegant 
Latin  poet.  His  poems  called  "  Hecalale- 
gium,"  were  printed  at  Florence,  1489, 
4to.  and  it  is  remarkable  that  in  them  he 
makes  mention  of  the  venereal  disease, 
supposed  not  to  have  been  known  before 
Columbus  sailed  to  America.  The  be>t  edi- 
tion of  his  works  is  that  of  Parma,  1691,  4to. 
which  is  free  from  all  licentious  passages. 

Pacius,  Julius,  a  native  of  \  icen/a,  who 
travelled  over  Switzerland,  Germany,  and 
Hungary,  where  he  maintained  himself  by 
giving  lectures  on  juri.«|)rudence.  He  was 
afterwards  at  Sedan,  Montpellicr,  Aix,  &.c. 
and  distinguished  himself  so  much  that  he 
was  ofl'ered  a  professor's  chair  at  Ley  den, 
at  Pisa,  and  Padua.  He  settled  at  Padua, 
and  was  honoured  with  the  collar  of  St. 
Mark,  and  afterwards  went  to  Valence, 
where  he  died  1635,  aged  85.  He  is  au- 
thor of  a  treatise  on  Arithmetic,  written 
when  only  13years  old  ;  de  Contractibus, 
fol.  1606;  de  Jure  Maris  Adriatic!,  8vo. 
1669  ;  in  Dccrctalcs  Libri  quinque,  Svo.  j 
Corpus  Juris  Civilis,  fol.  1580;  Aristotelis 

il5 


PAG 


PAG 


Organum,  8vo.  1598;  an  excellent  tmus- 
latioji  of  Aristotle's  Logic.  Pacius  was  a 
firm  protestant,  though  it  is  said  that  by  the 
representations  of  his  pupil  Peiresc  he  em- 
braced the  Catholic  tenets  a  little  before 
his  death. 

Pacorus,  son  of  Orodes,  king  of  Par- 
thia,  is  known  in  Roman  history  for  his  de- 
feat of  Crassus.  He  afterwards  espoused 
the  cause  of  Pompey,  and  was  slain  in  bat- 
tle by  Vejitidius  B.C.  39. 

Pacuvius,  Marcus,  a  Latin  poet,  ne- 
phew to  Ennius.  He  wrote  satires  and 
plays,  now  lost.  He  died  at  Tarentum  B. 
C.  154. 

Padarv,  a  British  bishop,  to  whose  ho- 
nour several  of  the  churches  of  Wales  are 
dedicated.  He  is  one  of  the  three  blessed 
visiters  who  preached  the  Gospel  to  the  as- 
tonished inhabitants.  His  two  companions 
were  Dewi  and  Teilo. 

Paderna,  Paul  Anthony,  a  native  of 
Bologna,  eminent  as  a  historical  and  land- 
scape painter.    He  died  1708,  aged  59. 

Paduan,  Lewis  Leo,  surnamed  the,  was 
a  native  of  Padua,  who  acquired  celebrity 
as  a  painter,  and  as  engraver  of  medals. 
He  died  1615  aged  75.  His  son  Octavian 
excelled  as  a  portrait  painter. 

Paduanino,  Francisco,  a  historical 
painter  of  Padua,  who  died  1617,  aged  65. 
His  best  piece  preserved  at  Venice,  is  the 
Deliverance  of  two  malefactors  at  the  ear- 
nest solicitation  of  a  saint. 

Padilla,  Mary  de,  a  Spanish  lady,  who 
became  the  favourite  of  Peter  the  Cruel, 
king  of  Castille.  She  possessed  such  in- 
fluence over  him  that  three  days  after  his 
marriage  with  the  virtuous  and  beautiful 
Blanche,  of  Bourbon,  he  abandoned  his  law- 
ful wife  for  the  company  of  his  guilty  mis- 
tress. After  his  divorce  from  Blanche, 
and  his  marriage  with  Jane  de  Castro, 
Peter  showed  himself  an  equally  capricious 
lover,  and  two  days  after  he  was  again 
at  the  feet  of  the  all-powerful  Padilla,  who 
died  soon  after,  and  was  buried  with  all  the 
magnificence  due  to  a  crowned  head. 

Paez,  Francis  Alvarez,  a  Portuguese  di- 
vine, of  the  order  of  the  Cordeliers.  He 
was  patronised  by  pope  John  XXIL  who 
made  him  bishop  of  Coron,  afterwards  of 
Sylves,  and  sent  him  as  his  legate  into 
Portugal.  He  died  at  Seville,  8th  May, 
1532.  He  is  author  of  a  famous  treatise 
de  Planctu  Ecclesiae,  in  which  he  boldly 
supports  the  temporal  powers  of  the  see  of 
Rome  ;  a  Summary  of  Theology  ;  Apology 
of  John  XXn.  fol. 

Pagan,  Blaise  Francis,  count  de,  a 
French  mathematician,  born  at  Avignon  in 
Provence,  3d  March,  1604.  He  entered 
into  the  army,  and  early  distinguished  him- 
self in  various  actions,  but  at  the  siege  of 
Montauban  he  lost  his  left  eye  by  a  mus- 
ket shot.  At  the  passage  of  the  Alps,  and 
416 


at  the  siege  of  Susa,  he  bravely  led  on  his 
soldiers  to  glory,  and  in  the  year  1642  he 
was  sent  by  Lewis  XIIL  with  the  rank  of 
field-marshal,  to  gather  fresh  It.  urels  in  the 
service  of  Portugal.  Here,  however,  he 
had  the  misfortune  to  lose  his  eyesight  by 
a  distemper,  and  with  the  volume  of  the 
worJd  thus  closed  upon  hini,  he  retired  to 
study  and  meditation.  The  mathematics 
and  fortification  were  his  favourite  pursuits, 
and  on  these  sciences  he  n  rote  some  valua- 
able  works,  consisting  of  a  treatise  on  For- 
tification ;  Geometrical  Theorems ;  As- 
tronomical Tables  ;  Theory  of  the  Planets  ; 
Historical  Relation  of  the  Amazon  River, 
8vo. ;  Homme  Heroique,  &c.  This  great 
man,  beloved  by  his  sovereign,  respected 
by  his  country,  and  by  all  learned  and  vir- 
tuous men,  for  his  genius,  his  abilities,  and 
his  benevolence,  died  at  Paris,  18th  Nov. 
1665. 

Pagan,  Peter,  professor  of  poetry  and 
histoi-j-  at  Marpurg,  died  at  Wanfrid  1576. 
He  wrote  miscellaneous  poetry ;  Praxis 
Metrica ;  History  of  the  Horatii  and  Cu- 
riatii,  in  elegant  Latin  verse. 

Pagani,  Gregorio,  a  native  of  Florence, 
whose  pictures  were  so  highly  finished  as  to 
be  regarded  equal  to  those  of  Michael  An- 
gelo.     He  died  1560,  aged  31. 

Pagano,  Paul,  a  painter  of  Milan,  whose 
picture,  representing  the  Christian  attribute 
of  Mercy,  in  clothing  the  naked,  is  pre- 
served at  Venice,  and  much  admired.  He 
died  1716,  aged  55. 

Page,  William,  an  English  divine,  au- 
thor of  Animadversions  on  John  Hale's 
Tracts  of  Schism — Genuflexionis  ad  No- 
men  Jesu  Defensio,  Oxon.  1631 — Thomas 
a  Kempis  de  Imitatione  Christi,  translated 
into  English,  &.c.  He  was  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, and  was  in  1619  fellow  of  All  Souls, 
Oxford.  During  the  civil  wars  he  was 
exposed  to  great  persecution  for  his  at- 
tachment to  the  royal  cause,  and  he  died 
about  1669. 

Page,  John,  governor  of  Vii^inia,  was 
born  about  the  year  1743,  and  was  distin- 
guished for  tah;nts,  purity  of  morals,  and 
patriotism.  He  displayed  during  the  war 
of  the  revolution  an  ardent  attachment  to 
the  cause  of  the  colonies,  and  was  in  1776 
one  of  the  most  conspicuous  members  of  the 
convention  which  formed  the  constitution 
of  Virginia,  and  was  appointed  one  of  the 
first  council  under  that  constitution.  He 
was  also  elected  one  of  the  first  members 
of  congress  from  that  state  after  the  esta- 
blishment of  the  federal  government.  In 
1800  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  electors 
of  the  president,  and  in  December,  1802, 
was  chosen  governor  of  the  state.  He 
died  October  11th,  1808.  IC?'  L. 

Page,  Benjamin,  was  born  in  Kensington, 
New-Hampshire,  and  was  the  eldest  mem- 
ber of  oqe  of  the  most  extensive  and  re» 


PAG 


P  U 


^pcctablc  families  in  Maine  lie  was  a 
physician  by  profession,  a  member  of  the 
New-llampshirc  medical  society,  and  for 
several  years,  also,  a  member  of  the  lc;;is- 
laturc  of  that  state.  He  was  a  patriot  of 
the  revolution,  and  acted  many  months  as 
surgeon  in  the  American  army,  during  the 
years  1777-81,  and  was  present  at  the  but- 
tles of  Bennington  and  Ticonderoga.  He 
removed  to  Maine  in  1800,  and  continued 
in  medical  practice,  to  which  he  was  ar- 
dently attached,  until  within  the  few  last 
years  of  his  life.  His  manners  were  court- 
ly, and  his  mind  active  and  intelligent, 
and  he  was  greatly  esteemed  for  his  excel- 
lence as  a  man,  his  usefulness  as  a  physi- 
cian, and  his  patriotism  as  a  citizen.  He 
died  in  Hallowell,  October  28th,  1824, 
aged  78,  in  the  firm  belief  of  the  Christian 
religion,  and  assurance  of  future  happiness. 

iCP  L. 
Page,  John  Odlin,  son  of  the  above,  was 
born  in  Exeter,  New-Hampshire,  in  1772. 
In  the  early  part  of  his  life  he  removed  to 
Maine,  and  soon  became  distinguished  as 
one  of  her  most  worthy  and  enterprising 
citizens.  He  travelled  in  Europe  for  the 
benefit  of  his  health,  and  was  the  bearer  of 
American  despatches  from  Paris  to  London 
in  1811,  where  he  died.  His  i-emains  were 
interred  in  St.  Michael's  church.  He  was 
distinguished  for  his  elegance  of  person, 
urbanity  of  manners,  decision  of  character, 
ardent  philanthropy,  and  love  of  liberty. 

Paget,  William  lord,  though  but  the 
son  of  a  sergeant  at  mace,  was  noticed  by 
Henry  VIH.  and  on  account  of  his  abilities 
•was  patronised  and  made  successively 
clerk  of  the  signet,  of  the  council,  and 
afterwards  of  the  privy  seal.  He  after- 
wards went  as  ambassador  to  France,  and 
on  his  return  was  knighted  by  the  king,  in 
approbation  of  his  conduct.  He  was  soon 
after  made  secretary  of  state,  and  was  one 
of  those  who  were  executors  of  the  mo- 
narch's will.  His  consequence  increased  ; 
in  the  next  reign  he  was  sent  ambassador 
to  Charles  V.  but  his  intimacy  with  Somer- 
set proved  injurious  to  his  interests,  and 
he  shared  his  disgrace,  and  was  sent  a 
close  prisoner  to  the  tower,  and  fined 
6000L  On  the  accession  of  Mary  he  was 
restored  to  favour,  and  continued  in  the 
service  of  the  court  under  Elizabeth.  He 
died  1564,  and  the  queen  in  gratitude  for 
his  public  services  ordered  his  remains  to 
be  conveyed  to  London  at  the  national  ex- 
pense, and  to  be  magnificently  buried. 

Pagi,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Genoa, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  Painting,  in  Italian, 
fol.  He  was  eminent  not  only  as  a  paint- 
er, but  as  an  engraver,  and  died  at  Genoa 
1629,  aged  74. 

Pagi,  Anthony,  a  Cordelier,  the  ablest 
critic  of  his  time,   was  born  at  Rogna  in 

Vol.  n.  53 


Provcncr,  1021.  He  was  pvovinrlal  ofhia 
order,  and  distinf^iiishi-d  himself  by  his 
writings.  His  grt-ut  work  is  "  a  Critique 
on  the  Annals  of  Haroiiiu'*,"  a  niont  valua- 
ble performance,  the  first  volume  of  which 
appeared  at  Paris  1689,  and  the  r<".t  wan 
completed  after  his  death,  ront^xining  i 
vols.  fol.  Geneva,  1705.  He  wrote  besides 
a  Latin  Dissertation  on  the  Consular  Of- 
fice, and  other  things,  and  died  at  Aix 
1699.  His  character  was  that  of  a  learn- 
ed chronologer  and  historian,  candid  and 
moderate  in  his  expressions,  and  simple  iu 
his  .style. 

Pagi,  Francis,  nephew  to  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Lambcsc  in  Provence,  1654. 
He  followed  his  uncle's  example,  and  en- 
tered among  the  Cordeliers,  and  greatly  as- 
sisted him  by  his  learning  in  the  completion 
of  his  Critique  on  Baronius,  of  which  he 
published  the  three  last  volumes.  He 
wrote  besides  in  Latin  "a  History  of  the 
Popes,"  4  vols.  4to.  He  died  Jan.  21st, 
1721.  His  nephew  was  also  a  man  of  let- 
ters, and  published  a  History  of  Cyru3, 
the  fyounger,  r2mo.  1736 — a  History 
of  the  Revolution  in  the  Low  Countriei>, 
1727,  12mo.  &c. 

Pagninus,  Sanctes,  a  Dominican,  born 
at  Lucca,  1466.  He  was  well  skilled  in 
the  knowledge  of  the  learned  langxiages, 
and  particularly  Hebrew,  Chaldee,  and 
Arabic,  and  for  25  years  he  was  engaged 
in  examining  the  Vulgate  Bible  with  the  ori- 
ginals, and  in  consequence  of  these  la- 
bours published  a  new  translation  of  it 
from  the  Greek  and  Hebrew,  in  which  he 
was  liberally  patronised  by  pope  Leo  X. 
and  his  two  successors.  The  work,  how- 
ever, is  blamed  by  father  Simon,  as  bein^- 
too  closely  and  servilely  translated,  and 
in  language  barbarous,  obscure,  and  full  of 
solecisms.  He  wrote  besides  a  Hebrew 
Lexicon,  and  a  Hebrew  Grammar,  much 
commended  by  Buxtorf.  He  died  1536, 
aged  70. 

Paine,  Thomas,  a  political  writer,  was 
born  in  1737,  at  Thetford,  in  Norfolk, 
where  he  was  brought  up  to  the  business 
of  a  stay-maker.  He  afterwards  became 
an  exciseman  at  Lewes  ;  but  being  dis- 
missed for  some  malpractices,  he  went  to 
America,  where  he  contributed  much  to 
the  Revolution  by  a  pamphlet,  entitled 
"  Common  Sense  ;"  for  which  he  w«ls  re- 
warded with  five  hundred  pounds  by  the 
legislature  of  Pennsylvania.  He  also  ob- 
tained a  grant  of  land  in  the  province  of 
New- York.  In  1790  he  came  to  I>ondon, 
and  excited  considerable  notice  by  his 
"  Rights  of  Man,"  in  answer  to  Burke. 
A  prosecution,  however,  being  instituted 
ao-ainst  Paine,  he  went  to  France,  where 
he  was  chosen  into  the  national  assembly ; 
but  in  the  time  of  Robespierre  he  was 
thrown  into  pri^jon,  and  narrowly  escaped 

417 


PA 


PAL 


the  guillotine.  During  this  confinement  he 
Ttrrote  his  infamous  work,  called  "  The 
Age  of  Reason,-'  in  -which  he  endeavoured 
to  bring  i-eligion  into  contempt.  After  his 
liberation  he  published  some  political  tracts 
of  little  moment  ;  but  one  of  them  was  a 
scandalous  attack  upon  the  character  of 
Washington.  In  1802  he  went  to  Ameri- 
ca, where  he  ended  a  debauched  life,  June 
8,  1809.— W.B. 

Paine,  Robert  Treat,  LL.D.  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  American 
independence,  was  born  at  Boston,  March 
11th,  1731.  He  received  his  education 
r.nder  the  celebrated  master  Lovell  of  Bos- 
Ion,  and  at  Harvard  college,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1749.  After  an  interval  of 
several  years,  during  which  he  visited  Eu- 
rope, he  commenced  the  study  of  law, 
and  about  1759  settled  in  the  practice  at 
Taunton.  Ten  years  after,  he  was  elected 
a  representative  from  that  tov/n,  and  con- 
tinued to  be  engaged  in  public  life  without 
intermission  from  that  period  until  his  ap- 
pointment to  the  office  of  attorney  general 
f)f  Massachusetts  under  the  new  constitu- 
tion of  the  state.  During  the  eventful  pe- 
riod of  the  revolution  he  was  a  firm  and 
powerful  supporter  of  the  rights  of  his 
f  ountrymen.  In  1774  he  -vvas  appointed  a 
delegate  from  Massachusetts  to  congress. 
In  1777  he  was  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion which  formed  the  constitution  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  one  of  the  committee 
which  prepared  the  draft  of  it.  He  was 
attornej-  gcnei'al  until  1790,  when  he  was 
appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court,  and 
held  the  office  till  1S03.  The  remainder  of 
his  life  he  spent  in  retirement,  and  died  at 
Boston,  where  he  had  resided  many  years, 
May  12th,  1814,  aged  83.  He  possessed 
an  original,  inquisitive,  and  independent 
mind,  and  great  liveliness  of  fancy.  No 
rnan  of  his  time  was  more  celebrated  for 
brilliancy  of  wit.  He  was  a  profound 
lawyer,  well  versed  in  literature,  and  emi- 
nently upright.  iC3^  L. 

Paine,  Robert  Treat,  a  poet,  was  the  son 
of  the  preceding,  and  born  at  Taunton, 
Massachusetts,  December  8th,  1773.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1792  with  a 
high  reputation  for  genius.  He  was  soon 
after  placed  in  the  counting-room  of  a  mer- 
chant, but  left  it  for  literary  occupations, 
and  published  several  poems  and  orations, 
which  exhibited  uncommon  talents  and 
were  highly  popular.  In  1800  he  began 
the  practice  of  law,  but  failed  of  success 
from  want  of  application,  and  spent  the 
close  of  his  life  in  poverty.  He  died 
November  13th,  1811,  aged  38.  His  works 
have  since  been  published.         ECZP"  L, 

Painter,  Gamaliel,  judge  of  the  county 

court  of  Vermont,  was  born  at  New-Haven, 

Connecticut,  May  22,  1743.     He  enjoyed 

only  the  advantages  of  a  common  educa- 

418 


tion,  and  was  indebted  for  the  influence 
and  offices  to  which  he  was  advanced  to 
the  superior  energy  of  his  mind.  He  re- 
moved in  1773  to  Middlebury,  Vermont, 
and  erected  the  first  house  in  that  town. 
In  1776  he  joined  the  American  array  with  a 
captain's  commission,  and  served  in  the  quar- 
termaster's department.  He  commenced 
the  settlement  of  the  village  of  Middle- 
bury  in  1788,  and  resided  there  till  his 
death,  May  21st,  1819,  aged  76.  He  filled 
at  different  periods  the  otfices  of  represen- 
tative, judge,  and  councillor,  and  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  first  constitution  of  Vermont,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  influential  men  in  the 
state.  He  was  a  principal  patron  of  Mid- 
dlebury college,  one  of  its  trustees,  and  at 
his  death  left  the  institution  a  bequest  of 
about  10,000  dollars.  |CP  L. 

Pajon,  Claude,  a  protestant  divine,  born 
at  Romorantin,  1626.     His  abilities  highly 
recommended  him,  at  the  age  of  24  he  en- 
tered into  orders,  and  soon  after  was  made 
professor  of  theology   at   Saum.ur,  and  af- 
terwards Calvinistic  minister  at  Orleans. 
He  was  engaged  in   controversy  with  Ju- 
rieu,  on  the  power  of  grace,  and   on  the 
conversion  of  sinners  ;  and  his  followers^ 
who  were  numerous   and  respectable,  as- 
sumed the  name   of  Pajonites.      He  died 
1685,  aged  59.      He  wrote  a   Defence   of 
the  Calvinists,  2  vols.  12mo. — Remarks  on 
I'Avertissement    Pastoral,   &c.   works    of 
merit. 

Pajot,  Lewis  Leo,  count  of  Osembray, 
was  born  at  Paris  1678.  He  enjoyed,  in 
consequence  of  his  learning  and  abilities, 
the  favour  of  Lewis  XIV.  and  his  cabinet, 
on  account  of  its  curiosities  in  mechanics 
and  natural  history,  was  visited  with  atten- 
tion by  the  Czar  Peter,  by  prince  Charles 
of  Lorraine,  and  other  great  men.  He 
contributed  much  to  the  memoirs  of  the 
academy  of  sciences,  of  which  he  was  a 
member,  and  left  his  valuable  collection 
to  that  learned  body  for  the  use  of  the 
public.  He  died  universally  lamented, 
1753. 

Pakincton,  lady  Dorothy,  daughter  of 
lord  Coventry,  and  wife  of  sir  Thomas 
Pakington  of  Worcestershire,  is  supposed 
by  Dr.  Hickes  to  be  the  author  of  the 
Whole  Duty  of  Man,  though  some  ascribe 
the  work  to  other  authors.  She  was  emi- 
nently di:--tinguished  for  her  leai'ning,  and 
had  among  her  friends  several  celebrated 
divines,  such  as  bishop  Fell,  Hammond, 
Sanderson,  Hickes,  &c.  She  died  1679, 
and  was  buried  in  Hampton  Lovet  church, 
in  Worcestershire. 

Pal-emon,  Q.  Rhemm.  a  Roman  slave, 
who,  by  his  application  and  ingenuity,  ac- 
quired celebrity  as  a  rhetorician  and  gram- 
marian in  the  age  of  Tiberius. 

Pal.t.phatu?,  a  Greek  philosopher,  an- 


I'AT. 


V\\. 


Uior  ol"  a  book  do  Incredibililjus. 
before  tUe  Christian  era. 

Palafox,  John  dc,  a  Spaniard  of  il- 
lustrious birth,  born  in  Arragon  IGOO.  He 
studied  at  Salamanca,  and  was  patronised 
by  Philip  II.  and  when  he  embraced  the 
ecclesiastical  profession,  he  was  appointed 
bishop  of  Los  Angclos,  in  America,  with 
the  title  of  judge  of  the  administration  of 
the  three  viceroys  of  the  Indies.  In  his 
new  ofHce  he  behaved  with  great  humanity, 
and  though  he  had  to  encounter  the  preju- 
dices and  the  virulence  of  the  Jesuits,  he 
maintained  his  character  of  moderation  atul 
of  benevolence  towards  the  unfortunate  na- 
tives, and  was  rewarded  by  the  king  with 
the  bishopric  of  Osma,  1653.  He  died  30th 
Sept.  1659,  universally  respected.  He  wrote 
the  history  of  the  Siege  of  Fontarabia,  4to. 
— history  of  the  Conquest  of  China  by  the 
Tartars,  8vo. — sermons,  homilies,  and 
other  religious  tracts.  His  works  ha\e 
been  published  altogether  at  Madrid,  1762, 
in  13  vols,  folio. 

Palace,  N.  de  la  Curne,  a  native  of  Aux- 
crre,  member  of  the  French  academy,  and 
that  of  inscriptions  and  belles  lettres,  and 
author  of  valuable  memoirs  of  Ancient  Chi- 
valry, 3  vols.  12mo. — Memoir  on  Glaber's 
Chronicle,  inserted  in  the  papers  of  the 
academy  of  inscriptions.  He  died  at  Paris 
1781,  aged  84. 

Palaprat,  John,  a  French  writer,  born 
at  Toulouse,  1650.  He  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  lawyer,  and  as  a  poet,  and  in  1684, 
was  made  judge  of  the  consistory.  He 
paid  his  court  to  queen  Christina  at  Rome, 
in  1686,  and  afterwards  resided  at  Paris. 
He  wrote  eight  pieces  for  the  stage,  and 
other  things,  comprised  in  5  vols.  12mo. 
He  was  employed  as  a  negotiator,  and 
acted  with  great  sagacity,  and  died  at  Paris 
1721. 

Palati,  John,  a  Venetian  historian  of  the 
17th  century,  whose  principal  work  is  mo- 
narchia  Occidentalis,  sive  Aquila  inter  Lilia, 
ct  Aquila  Saxonica,  2  vols,  folio,  ornament- 
ed with  figures  of  medals,  Sec. 

Palearius,  Aonius,  an  eminent  writer, 
born  at  V'eroli,  near  Rome.  He  studied  in 
various  parts  of  Italy,  and  at  last  fixed  his 
residence  near  Sienna  where  he  married, 
and  maintained  hiiirself  by  instructing  some 
pupils  in  the  learned  languages.  Here  he 
had  an  unfortunate  quarrel  with  a  rival  in 
literature,  and  afterwards,  in  consequence 
of  the  able  defence  which  he  made  of  a  cer- 
tain nobleman,  against  the  accusation  of 
the  monks,  he  became  an  object  of  perse- 
cution, and  retired  to  Lucca,  and  next  to 
Milan.  In  this  place,  where  he  hoped  to 
pass  his  days  in  peace,  he  found  himself 
exposed  to  fresh  persecution,  he  was  again 
accused  by  the  monks  of  heresy,  and  being 
carried  to  Rome,  was  condemned  for  say- 


He  lived     iii^  lUai  Luther's  foUowers  were  to  be  coui- 


mended  in  some  degree,  and  he  was  accor' 
dingly  burnt  to  death,  1566.  The  licst 
known  of  his  works  is  his  Latin  poem  on  the 
Inimorlality  of  the  Soul,  3  vols.  Amsterdam, 
IGUG,  8vo. 

Paley,  William,  an  eminent  F.nglUb  di- 
vine, born  at  Peterborough,  July  17  13.  He 
was  educated  under  his  lather,  who  after 
removing  from  Peterborough,  whert;  he  wa< 
minor  canon  of  the  cathedral,  became  mas- 
ter of  Giggleswich  school,  Yorkshire,  and 
then  entered  at  Christ's  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  bachelor's  degree  in  1763. 
He  was  for  three  years  after  assistant  at 
Greenwich  .school,  till  he  was  elected  fel- 
low of  his  college,  where  he  now  became 
an  active  and  popular  tutor,  and  had  for  h'n 
coadjutor  Dr.  Law,  afterwards  bishop  of 
FJphin.  By  the  kindness  of  this  friend's 
father,  who  was  bishop  of  Carlisle,  he  ob- 
tained a  living  in  Cumberland,  and  next 
Applel)y  in  Westmoreland,  to  which  were 
atierwards  added  a  prebend  in  Carlisle  ca- 
thedral, and  the  living  of  Dalston.  In  1780 
he  was  made  chancellor  of  Carlisle,  and  in 
1785  he  proved  to  the  world  how  well  enti- 
tled he  was  to  the  patronage  of  the  great, 
by  the  publication  of  his  Elenients  of  Moral 
and  Political  Philosophy,  in  4to.  a  most  va- 
luable work,  often  reprinted,  hi  2  vols.  Svo. 
In  1789  he  declined  the  mastership  of  Jesus 
college,  Cambridge,  which  the  bishop  ol 
Ely,  sensible  of  his  great  merit,  wished  to 
confer  upon  him.  He  was  afterwards  pre- 
sented to  a  prebend  at  St.  Paul's  by  the  bi- 
shop of  London,  to  the  sub-deanery  of  Lin- 
coln, by  Dr.  Prettyman,  and  to  the  valua- 
ble living  of  Bishop  Wearmoulh,  by  the 
bishop  of  Durham.  He  published,  in  1790, 
Hora;  Paulinse,  or  the  Truth  of  the  Scrip- 
ture, History  of  St.  Paul,  &c.  Svo. — a  View 
of  the  Evidence  of  Christianity,  3  vols.  Svo. 
1791,  dedicated  to  the  bishop  of  Ely.  Na- 
tural Theology,  Svo.  1802,  besides  some 
single  sermons,  tac.  His  Moral  Philosophy 
is  become  a  popular  book,  and  its  chapters 
are  frequently  subjects  for  disputation  in 
the  schools  of  the  universities,  yet  it  did  not 
establish  its  reputation  without  being  ex- 
posed to  the  censures  of  contemporaries, 
and  remarks  upon  it  have  been  published 
by  Mr.  Gisborne,  and  Mr.  Pearson.  The 
preferment  which  Dr.  Paley  held  was  justly 
due  to  his  merits,  as  the  friend  of  virtue, 
and  the  eloquent  advocate  of  Christianity, 
and  he  must  be  rank.d  among  the  few 
whose  services  to  literature,  to  morality, 
and  to  religion,  are  hon  iiably  rewarded 
by  the  patronage  of  the  gi.  :.'  This  trulj 
illustrious  divine  and  accomp'.i^Ijed  scholar, 
died  at  Sunderland,  25(h  June,  I  '305,  in  hi^ 
62d  year.  His  father,  who  wa^  54  year-' 
master  of  Giggleswich  school,  had  the  hap- 
piness of  seeing  the  distinction  and  the  ho- 
nours which  his    son  had   deservedly  ac- 

419 


PAL 


I'AL 


quired,  and  he  died  29th  Sept.  1779,  a^ed 

Palfik,  John,  an  eminent  surgeon,  born 
at  Ghent,  where  he  acquired  great  reputa- 
tion as  reader  of  anatomy  and  surgery.  He 
died  there  advanced  in  life  1730.  He  wrote 
Osteology,  much  esteemed — Anatomy  of 
♦he  Human  Body,  translated  into  French 
by  himself,  and  with  additions  by  his  friend 
Davaux,  1713,  2  vols.  12mo. 

Palingenius,  Marcellus,  an  Italian  poet 
of  the  16th  century,  born  at  Stellada,  in 
Ferrara.  His  real  name  was  Pierre  Angelo 
Manzoli.  He  wrote  and  dedicated  to  his 
patron  Hercules  II.  duke  of  Ferrara,  his 
poem  in  12  books,  called  Zodiacus  Vitae  ; 
but  he  spoke  with  such  freedom  of  the 
popish  clergy,  that  not  only  the  book  was 
prohibited,  and  publicly  burnt  as  heretical, 
but  the  body  of  the  author  was  ordered  to 
be  dug  up  and  burnt,  which  indignity  was, 
however,  prevented  by  the  dutchess  of  Fer- 
rara. 

Palisst,  Bernard  de,  a  native  of  Agen, 
eminent  as  a  potter,  a  chymist,  and  skilful 
painter  on  glass.  He  was  patronised  by 
Henrv'  III.  who  wished  him  to  embx'ace  the 
Roman  catholic  religion,  which  he,  as  a 
stern  Calvinist,  refused  to  do.  He  was  an 
able  philosopher :  he  first  explained  the  true 
theory  of  springs,  and  made  many  valuable 
discoveries  in  natural  history.  He  wrote 
books  on  subjects  of  agriculture,  fire,  earth, 
salts,  &c.  collected  and  published  at  Paris, 
2  Yols.  8vo.  and  again  in  4to.  1777,  with 
the  notes  of  Faujas  de  St.  Fond.  He  died 
about  1590. 

Palladini,  Arcangela,  a  native  of  Pisa, 
instructed  in  the  art  of  painting  by  her  fa- 
ther. She  acquired  great  celebrity  as  a 
portrait  painter,  and  died  1622,  aged  23. 

Palladino,  James,  an  ecclesiastical  wri- 
ter, called  also  James  of  Taramo,  because 
born  there.  He  was  successively  bishop  of 
Monopoli,  Tarentum,  Florence,  and  Spo- 
Ictto,  and  papal  nuncio  in  Poland.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  is  a  pious  ro- 
mance often  printed,  and  possessing  some 
merit,  in  the  midst  of  many  incongruities, 
called  compendium  per-breve,  Consolatio 
Peccatorum  nuncupatum  et  apud  nonnuilos 
Belial  vocitatum,  id  est  Processus  Luciferi 
contra  Jessum,  Augsburg,  1572,  fol. 

Palladio,  Andrew,  a  famous  Italian  ar- 
chitect, born  at  Vicenza,  in  Lombardy.  He 
ivas  early  instructed  in  architecture,  his  fa- 
vourite study,  by  George  TriflRnus,  and  by 
visiting  Rome  he  had  an  opportunity  of 
"viewing,  and  of  studying  the  venerable  re- 
lics of  ancient  times,  which  had  been  de- 
spoiled by  barbarian  ignorance.  He  made 
very  beautiful  drawings  of  these  precious 
monuments  of  departed  genius,  and  pub- 
lished them  with  commentaries,  and  after- 
wards gave  to  the  v,orld  his  four  books  of 
architecture,  in  1570.  a  work  translated 
420 


into  French,  and  also  into  English,  and 
commented  upon  by  the  excellent  remarks 
of  Inigo  Jones.  The  most  magnificent 
monument  of  his  architectural  genius  is 
the  theatre  called  Degli  Olympici  at  Vi- 
cenza. He  died  1580,  and  after  his  death 
appeared  his  work  on  the  antiquities  of  an- 
cient Rome. 

Palladius,  Rutilius  Taurus  jEmilian, 
a  Latin  writer,  author  of  a  treatise  de  Re 
Rustica,  published  among  the  Leipsic  col- 
lection, 2  vols.  4to. 

Palladius,  a  Cappadocian,  who  from  a 
hermit  became  bishop  of  Helenopolis  in  Bi- 
thynia,  401.  He  was  the  friend  of  Chry- 
sostom,  and  wrote  the  History  of  Ancho- 
rets, printed,  4to.  Paris,  1455. 

Pallajuolo,  Anthony  and  Peter,  two 
Florentine  brothers,  eminent  for  their  mu- 
tual affection,  and  their  reputation  as  paint- 
ers. They  were  among  the  first  who  paint- 
ed successfully  in  oil.  They  both  died 
1498,  aged  above  70. 

Pallas,  a  freedman  of  Claudius.  It  is 
said  that  he  caused  the  death  of  his  master, 
at  the  instigation  of  Agrippina.  He  was 
put  to  death  by  Nero.  Felix,  before  whom 
Paul  appeared,  was  brother  to  this  Pallas. 

Pallas,  Peter  Simon,  a  naturalist,  was 
born  at  Berlin  in  1741.  He  studied  at 
Halle  and  Gottingen,  at  which  last  univer- 
sity he  wrote  a  treatise,  "  De  infestis  viven- 
tibus  intra  viventia,"  or  inquiry  concerning 
worms  in  the  human  body.  In  1760  he 
went  to  Leyden,  where  he  took  his  doctor's 
degree ;  and  the  year  following  visited 
London,  to  improve  himself  in  surgery  and 
medicine.  After  residing  in  England  about 
a  year,  he  returned  to  Berlin,  from  whence 
he  removed  to  the  Hague,  where  he  pub- 
lished his  "Elenchus  Zoophytorum,"  and 
his  "  Miscellanea  Zoologica."  In  1767  he 
went  to  Petersburgh  ;  and  the  next  year 
accompanied  an  expedition  sent  to  explore 
the  distant  provinces  of  the  Russian  em- 
pire ;  which  tour  took  up  six  years,  and 
the  account  of  it  was  published  by  Pallas, 
in  5  vols.  4to.  Soon  after  this  he  printecl 
his  collections  relative  to  the  Monguls. 
In  1794,  Pallas  made  a  journey  into  the 
Crimea,  of  which  he  published  an  account, 
entitled  "  A  Physical  and  Topographical 
Picture  of  Taurida."  Soon  after  this  he 
took  up  his  residence  in  that  country  ; 
where  the  empress  Catherine  gave  him  an 
estate.  He  died  at  Berlin,  in  1811.  His 
other  works  on  natural  history,  are  nume- 
rous and  valuable. — W.  B. 

Pallavicini,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Ge- 
noa, descended  from  a  noble  family.  His 
abilities,  as  well  as  his  birth,  recommended 
him  to  the  pope,  who  employed  him  in  se- 
veral embassies,  and  in  affairs  of  import- 
ance, and  made  him  bishop  of  Pampeluna,^ 
and  a  cardinal.  He  died  1507,  aged  66. 
Pallavicini,     Ferrante,    an    eccentric 


I'AL 


rvL 


Italian,  born  at  Placentia  of  a  nobh;  family. 
He  was  early  distinguished  by  his  learning, 
and  mental  endowments,  and  assumed  the 
habit  of  an  Augustine  friar  ;  l)ut  inst»;ad  of 
a  regular  life  he  devoted  himself  to  the 
amours  of  courtezans,  and  the  most  libidi- 
nous gratifications.  Rendered  poor  by  his 
incontinence,  he  had  recourse  to  his  pen 
for  support,  and  Avrote  his  "  Courier  robbed 
of  his  Mail,"  a  periodical  work,  which  for 
a  while  was  read  with  avidity,  but  soon, 
from  its  satirical  nature,  attracted  the  no- 
tice of  the  inquisition.  For  a  while  he 
avoided  the  dangers  of  persecution  by  tra- 
velling into  Germany  ;  but  upon  his  return 
to  Venice,  he  again  resumed  his  courier, 
and  in  greater  violence  vented  his  satire, 
not  only  against  the  secretary  of  the  repub- 
lic who  had  been  his  enemy,  but  against 
the  pope  L'rban  VIII.  and  all  the  Barberini 
family.  In  consequence  of  this  he  was 
seized,  but  he  made  his  escape  by  means  of 
one  of  his  mistresses,  and  he  might  have 
avoided  the  impending  storm,  had  not 
Morfu,  a  creature  of  the  pope's  nuncio,  pre- 
vailed on  him  to  go  to  France,  in  hopes  of 
meeting  there  encouragement  and  protec- 
tion from  Richelieu.  PaJlavicini  was  caught 
in  the  snare,  but  instead  of  being  conducted 
by  his  perfidious  friend  to  Paris,  he  was 
brought  to  Avignon,  where  his  person  and 
papers  were  seized.  After  some  severe 
and  inhuman  treatment  he  was  brought  to 
trial ;  but  though  he  made  an  able  defence 
he  was  condemned  to  lose  his  head,  which 
took  place  at  Avignon  1644.  Morfu,  who 
was  liberally  rewarded  for  his  villany,  was 
afterwards  murdered  by  one  of  Pallavicini's 
friends.  This  extraordinary  character, 
who  debased  the  best  faculties  of  the  mind 
by  a  whimsical  fondness  for  low  company, 
and  the  most  abandoned  of  prostitutes, 
wrote  some  books  of  merit,  which  were 
printed  at  Venice,  4  vols.  l2mo.  1655,  the 
most  curious  of  which  is  the  Celestial  Di- 
vorce, or  separation  of  Jesus  Christ  from 
the  Roman  church. 

Pallavicini,  Sforza,  an  eminent  cardi- 
nal, born  at  Rome  1607.  Though  eldest 
son  of  a  noble  family,  he  preferred  the  ec- 
clesiastical state,  and  he  entered  into  the 
order  of  Jesuits,  among  whom  he  taught 
philosophy  and  theology,  and  by  his  regu- 
lar and  exemplary  life,  he  gained  the  es- 
teem and  respect  of  the  world.  He  was 
lionoured  with  the  confidence  of  Innocent 
X.  and  made  a  cardinal  by  Alexander  VII. 
He  died  1667,  aged  60.  He  wrote  an 
Italian  treatise  on  Style,  and  on  Dialogue — 
some  letters — but  his  best  known  work  is 
the  History  of  the  Council  of  Trent,  in  op- 
position to  that  of  father  Paul,  written  in  a 
correct  style,  but  considered  as  partial. 
The  best  edition  is  that  of  Rome,  2  vols, 
folio,  1656. 

Fali.iot,  Peter,  a  no.tive  of  P?.ris,  emi- 


nently known  a.s  a  bookseller  and  a  print- 
er. He  settled  at  Uijon,  where  he  died 
1698,  aged  90.  He  wan  well  skilled  in 
genealogies  and  in  h«;ruldry,  and  wrote 
some  curious  works,  Ic  Piirb-ment  de  Bour- 
gogne,  ses  Origines,  (iualitcs,  Blazon,  fol. 
1649 — Science  des  Annoirit.s  dc  Cielliot, 
avec  6000  Ecussons,  Paris,  n;»;(),  folio, 
with  plates  engraved  by  himself.  He  left 
in  MS.  13  vols,  in  folio,  on  the  families  of 
Burgundy. 

Palliser,  Sir  Hugh,  an  Engli.'^h  admiral, 
who  is  known  for  his  dispute  with  admirdl 
Keppel  in  the  battle  otl'  Cshant,  27th  July, 
1778,  which  unfortunately  prevented  the 
total  defeat  of  the  enemy's  fleet.  These 
circumstances, which  proved  so  disagreeable 
to  the  nation,  produced  two  courts  mar- 
tial. Keppel  was  tried  at  the  instance  of 
Sir  Hugh,  and  acquitted,  and  Sir  Hugh,  as 
second  in  command,  was  next  brought  to 
trial,  and  censured  by  bis  Judges.  His 
bravery,  however,  was  never  impeached, 
and  he  was  rewarded  by  the  ministry  with 
the  appointment  of  governor  of  Greenwich 
hospital,  where  he  died  1786,  aged  65.  In 
the  former  part  of  life  Sir  Hugh  had  served 
in  the  Mediterranean  under  admiral  Mat- 
thews, and  he  was  also  at  the  storming  of 
Quebec.  He  was  made  post  1746,  and  al'- 
terwards  was  comptroller  of  the  navy,  and 
in  1773,  created  a  baronet. 

Pallcel,  Francis  Crete  de,  a  native  of 
Duguy  in  France,  son  of  the  post-master 
of  St.  Denis.  He  was  educated  at  Paris, 
and  as  he  possessed  a  strong  propensity 
for  agricultural  pursuits,  he  applied  his  at- 
tention to  the  improvement  of  this  impor- 
tant branch  of  national  prosperity.  He 
was,  on  the  revival  of  the  Paris  agricultu- 
ral society  by  Malesherbes  chosen  one  of 
its  first  members,  1779,  and  in  the  revolu- 
tion he  became  a  member  of  the  national 
assembly,  and  directed  his  labours  to  the 
collection  of  useful  papers  for  the  improve- 
ment of  agricultural  knowledge.  He  was 
also  a  justice  of  peace,  on  which  office 
he  published  a  dissertation.  He  died  1799, 
aged  57.  Some  of  his  papers  have  appear- 
ed in  the  learned  memoirs  of  the  Paris 
academies,  and  reflect  great  honour  on  his 
abilities.  His  observations  on  draining 
marshes  were  universally  admired. 

Palma,  James,  the  elder,  a  painter  born 
at  Sermaletta,  in  Italy.  He  was  the  pupil 
of  Titian,  whose  style  he  adopted,  and 
also  the  manner  of  Giorgione,  though  not 
with  equal  success.  His  pictures,  though 
inferior  to  (hose  of  the  great  masters,  are 
yet  esteemed.     He  died  1588,  aged  40. 

Palma,  James,  the  younger,  was  nephew 
to  the  preceding,  and  was  born  at  Venice. 
He  studied  under  Tintoret,  and  possessed 
graces  and  beauties  of  his  own.  The  ex- 
pression of  his  figures,  the  boldness  ami 
delicacy  of  his  characters  are   much  ad- 

421 


PAL 


PAN 


mired,  and  his  draperies  display  great  taste 
and  judgment.  He  died  1628,  aged  84. 
Palmer,  Samuel,  an  eminent  printer  of 
London,  in  whose  office  for  some  time  the 
celebrated  Benjamin  Franklin  was  employ- 
ed. He  wrote  a  History  of  Printing,  4to. 
of  some  merit,  and  died  1732. 

Palmer,  John,  son  of  the  door-keeper 
of  Drury-lane   Theatre,  imbibed  from  his 
earliest  years  a  strong  partiality  for  the 
stage,  and  despising  the  meaner  occupation 
of  a  fruiterer  to  whom  he  had  bound,  he 
began  his  theatrical  career  in  a  low  charac- 
ter at  Norwich  ;  he  rose  to  provincial  emi- 
nence, and   there  married,  and  instead  of 
fixing  himself  in  some  respectable  compa- 
ny,  he   prefen-ed  the  uncertain  profits  of 
an  itinerant  player  and  lecturer  on  heads. 
He  afterwards  acquired   distinction   as  a 
comic   actor  at  the   Hay-market  and   at 
Drury-lanq  ;  but  his  erection  of  the  Well- 
close  square  theatre  ruined  his  fortunes,  as 
he  was,    through   the   opposition    of    the 
other  theatres,  unable  to  obtain  a  license 
from  the  lord  chamberlain.     Thus  reduced 
from  a  comfortable  situation  to  indigence, 
he  again  engaged  in  provincial  companies, 
and  died  suddenly  while  performing  on  the 
Liverpool  stage  in  the  Stranger,  179S,  aged 
57.     The  last  remarkable  words  which  he 
uttered   when  he  dropped  down  were  en- 
graved on  his  tomb,  "  there  is  another  and 
a  better  world  I" 

Palmieri,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, distinguished  in  the  council  of  his 
country,  where  he  died  1475,  aged  70.  He 
•\\Tote  a  treatise  Delia  Vita  Civile,  8vo. 
1529 — Citta  Divina,  a  poem  in  three  books, 
in  which  he  maintained  that  our  souls  are 
those  angels  which  in  the  revolt  of  Lucifer 
against  God  stood  neuter,  and  that  in  pun- 
ishment for  this  they  are  sent  into  the 
world,  where  their  good  or  evil  conduct  is 
to  entitle  them  hereafter  to  eternal  happi- 
ness or  misery.  This  work  was  condemn- 
ed as  dangerous,  and  was  publicly  burnt. 
He  wrote  besides  a  continuation  of  Pros- 
per's  Chronicle  to  1449,  which  was  after- 
wards continued  still  further  to  1483,  by 
Matthias  Palmieri  of  Pisa,  in  that  age,  who 
was  the  translator  of  Aristeas's  History  of 
the  Septuagint  version,  printed  with  the 
Bible,  2  vols,  folio,  Rome,  1471. 

Palonini,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Cordo- 
va. Though  an  ecclesiastic,  he  employed 
himself  sedulously  in  painting,  and  many 
of  his  pieces,  which  possess  great  merit, 
still  adorn  the  churches  of  Spain,  especial- 
ly Valencia.  He  wrote  the  lives  of  paint- 
ers— a  work  on  painting,  2  vols,  folio,  &c. 
Palsgrave,  John,  an  English  writer, 
born  in  London.  He  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  afterv/ards  at  Paris,  and  when 
Mary  of  England,  sislcr  to  Henry  VIIL 
Avas  married  to  Lewis  XIL  he  was  nomi- 
nated her  tutor  in  the  French  language. 
422 


He  afterwards  returned  to  England,  be 
came  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  settled  at 
Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  B.D. 
He  was  an  able  French  grammarian,  though 
an  Englishman,  and  published  very  useful 
rules  for  the  pronunciation  of  that  language. 
He  translated  also  into  English  the  Latin 
comedy  called  Acolastus,  by  FuUonius.  He 
died  after  1540. 

Paludanus,  John,  a  native  of  Malines, 
divinity  professor  at  Louvaine,  and  minister 
of  St.  Peter's  church  there,  died  1630.  He 
was  an  able  divine,  and  wrote  Vindicise 
Theologicae  adversus  Verbi  Dei  Corrupte- 
las,  2  vols.  8vo.  1620 — Apologeticus  Maria- 
nus,  4to.  de  S.  Ignatio  Concio  Sacra,  8vo. 
— Officina  Spiritualis  Sacris  Concionibus 
adaptata,  4to. 

Paludanus,  Bernard,  professor  of  phi- 
losophy at  Leyden,  travelled  over  the  four 
quarters  of  the  globe,  and  wrote  valuable 
notes  on  Linschot's  Voyages  Maritimes, 
folio.     He  died  at  Leyden  1634. 

Pamelius,  James,  a  learned  Fleming, 
born  at  Bruges,  1536.  He  became  canon 
of  Bruges,  and  archdeacon  of  St.  Omer's, 
and  was  nominated  bishop  of  St.  Omer's 
by  Philip  H.  of  Spain  ;  but  he  died  at  Mons 
as  he  was  going  to  take  possession  of  his 
see,  1587,  aged  51.  He  wrote  Liturgica 
Latinorum,  2  vols.  4to. — Micrologus  de 
Eccles.  Observationibus — Catalogus  Com- 
mentariorum  in  Bibliam,  8vo. — Concilio- 
rum  Paralipomena — besides  editions  of 
Tertullian's  and  Cyprian's  works,  and 
Cassiodorus's  treatise  de  Divinis  Nomini- 
bus,  &c. 

Pammachus,  St.  a  Roman  senator,  con- 
verted to  Christianity.  He  married  Pauli- 
na, daughter  of  St.  Paula,  the  friend  of 
Jerome,  and  by  his  conduct  and  writings 
he  displayed  great  zeal  in  favour  of  Chris- 
tianity. He  founded  a  hospital  at  Porto, 
and  died  410. 

Pamphylius,  a  Macedonian  under  Phi- 
lip, the  father  of  Alexander.  He  was  an 
able  painter,  and  established  a  school  at 
Sicyon.  He  had  Appelles  among  his  dis- 
ciples. 

Pamphylus,  St.  a  priest  of  Caesarea,  in 
Palestine,  who  suffered  martyrdom  under 
Maximin,  308.  His  explication  of  the 
Acts  of  the  Apostles  was  published  by 
Montfaucon. 

Panagioti,  a  Greek  of  Chios,  interpret- 
er to  the  g.-and  Seignor.  He  v/as  a  zealous 
opponent  of  the  patriarch  Cyril  Lucar,  and 
wrote  in  modern  Greek  the  orthodox  con- 
fession of  tiie  Catholic  and  Apostolic  east- 
ern church,  printed  in  Holland.  He  died 
1673. 

Panaru,  Charles  Francis,  a  French  po- 
et, born  at  Couville,  near  Chartres,  1691. 
He  was  drawn  from  obscurity  by  Le 
Grand,  the  player,  and  was  univei-sally  be- 
loved for  his   probity  and   sweetness   of 


PAN 


I'AN 


manners.  lie  died  at  Paiis,  of  an  apo- 
plexy, 1765.  His  works,  consisting  of 
cointdies,  comic  operas,  epif^rams,  noiig!^, 
nnacreontic  odes,  kc.  were  piibli.slicd  in  4 
vols.  12mo.  1763. 

PANciROLi.rs,  Guy,  a  fiiinoiis  lawyer, 
born  of  an  illustrious  family  at  l{c'j;,<j;io, 
1523.  He  studied  law  under  his  father, 
and  improved  himself  further  at  Ferrara, 
Pavia,  Bologna,  and  Padua,  under  the  best 
masters  ;  and  in  consequence  of  his  great 
celebrity  was  nominated  by  the  republic  of 
Venice,  in  1347,  second  professor  of  insti- 
tutes in  the  university  of  Padua.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  chair  of  Roman  law,  but  at 
la^t,  under  pretence  of  ill  treatment,  he  re- 
tired to  Turin,  1571,  and  was  there  made 
also  professor  of  the  Roman  law.  He 
was,  however,  recalled  by  his  grateful 
countrymen,  and  in  1582,  he  was  honour- 
ably replaced  in  his  professoral  chair  at 
Padua.  He  died  1599,  universally  res- 
pected. He  wrote  De  Rebus  Inventis  et 
Perditis,  in  Italian,  translated  by  H.  Sal- 
muth  into  Latin — Commentarius  in  Noti- 
tiam  Utriusque  Imperii,  et  de  Magistrati- 
bus,  folio — De  Magistrat.  Municipal,  et 
Corporibus  Artifieum. — De  XIV.  Rcgioni- 
bus  Roma>,  earumque  il'^difieiie,  &c. 

Panckoucke,  Andrew  Joseph,  a  book- 
seller of  Lisle,  who  died  at  Paris  1753, 
aged  53.  He  was  an  indefatigable  writer; 
the  best  known  of  his  works  are  the  Best 
Studies  for  Young  Ladies,  2  vols.  12mo. — 
Chronological  Epitome  of  the  History  of 
the  Counts  of  Flanders,  8vo. — a  Collec- 
tion of  Bon  Mots,  2  vols.  l2mo. — Diction- 
ary of  French  Proverbs,  8vo. — Philosophi- 
cal Manual,  2  vols.  12mo. — Elements  of 
Geography  and  Astronomy,  12mo. — Essay 
on  Philosophers,  12mo. 

Pakckouke,  Charles  Joseph,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Lisle  1736.  He 
followed  his  father's  profession,  and  as  he 
possessed  genius  and  perseverance,  he  ac- 
quired celebrity  in  the  typographical  art  at 
Paris.  He  wrote  Mathematical  Memoirs, 
addressed  to  the  academy  of  Sciences — 
Translations  from  Lucretius,  Tasso's  Jeru- 
salem, Orlando  Furioso,  &c.  10  vols.  12mo. 
— Philosophical  Discourse  on  the  Beautiful, 
fivo. — another  on  Pleasure  and  Grief — 
Methodical  Encyclopedia,  &c.  He  died  at 
Paris  1799. 

Panel,  Alexander  Xavicr,  a  native  of 
Franche  Comtc,  who  embraced  the  order 
of  the  Jesuits,  and  then  passed  into  Spain, 
where  he  became  preceptor  to  the  royal 
family.  He  wrote  a  Letter  on  the  Medal 
of  Le  Bret,  4to.  ,  Dissertation  on  Alexan- 
der's Medal ;  de  Cistophoris,  4to. ;  de  Co- 
lonia;  Tarracona^  Nummo,  4to.  and  other 
treatises  on  Coins  and  Antiquities.  He 
died  in  Spain,  1777,  aged  82. 

Panetius,  a  stoic  of  Rhodes,  who  set- 
tled at  Rome,  and  had  among  his  pupils 


Lalius,  Scipio,  and  other  illuntrioun  Ro- 
mans. He  exerted  his  influence  &t  Rome 
in  favojir  of  hi.s  countryuun.  He  flourished 
about  150. 

Panigaroi.a,  Francis,  a  native  of  Milan, 
who  was  made  by  Sixtus  V.  bishop  of  Auli, 
in  Piedmont,  and  was    nent   in    15U0  with 
Gaetan    and     Bellarmin     into    France    to 
support  the  interests  of  the   leiigue  against 
Henry  \\.     His  eloquence  was  powerfully 
exet  ted  in  encouraging  the  Parisians  to  re- 
sist their  sovereign,  and  to  submit  to  every 
pri\Htion,  and  to   all  the  horrors  of  famine 
and  iiestilimce,  rather  than  to  yield.    On  his 
return  to  Italy,   he  was  so  zealous  in  re- 
forming tiie  abuses  of  his  clergy  and  of  his 
dioeess,  that  he  was  poisoned,   as  is  gene- 
rally  supposed.     He  died  at  Asti,    1594, 
aged  46.     His  sermons  appeared  at  Rome, 
1596,   in  4to.  but  of  all  liis    works   his    11 
Predicatore,  or  on  the    Eloq<ience  of  the 
Pulpit,  published  at  Venice,  1609,  in  4to.  is 
the  best. 

Panin,  Nakita  Ivanowitz,    count  de,  a 
Russian  statesman,  one  of  the  lieutenant- 
generals  of  the  armies  of  the  C:;^r  Peter, 
originally  of  Lucca,  was  born    15th   Sept. 
1718.     From  being  a  horse  soldier  in  the 
guards  of  the  empress   Elizabeth,   he  be- 
came   by   the   friendship  and  patronage  of 
prince  Kourakin,  gentleman  of  the  imperial 
chamber,  and  rose   gradually    to   olhces  of 
trust  and  dignity.     In  1747  he  was  sent  as 
ambassador  to  Copenhagen,  and  two  years 
after  to  Stockholm,  and  on  his  return  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  the  grand  duke 
Paul,   and   soon  after   became  the   prime 
minister  of  the  gi'eat  Catherine.     During 
bis  residence  at  Stockholm  he  was  so  warm 
an  admirer  of  the  constitution,  and  of  the 
aristocratical  senate  of  the  country,  that 
he  formed  the  plan  of  introducing  it  into 
Russia,     which,  however,     he     had     not 
the  courage  to  effect.     With  great  powers 
of  mind,  and  a  comprehensive  knowledge 
of  the  affairs  and  political  connexions  of 
independent  states,  he  was,  nevertheless, 
indolent  in  business,   haughty  in  his  con- 
duct, and  in  his  manners  luxurious  and  in- 
temperate.      He    died    March,    1783;  but 
though  long  at  the  head  of  affairs,  so  dis- 
interested had  been   his  conduct,  that  his 
property  was  inadequate   to  pay  his  debts. 
His  brother  dii-tinguishcd  himself  as  a  ge- 
neral against  the  Prussians  and   the  Turks, 
and    by   the    taking  of  Bender.     He  also 
established  the  independence  of  the  Crimea, 
and  crushed  the  rebellion  orPutgatschefi',and 
died  soon  after,  respected  as  an  able  general. 
Panixi,  Paul,  a  native  of  Placentia,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter.     His   pieces  in  architec- 
ture are  deservedly  admired.    He  died  1 753, 
aged  67. 

Pannartz,  Arnold,  a  German,  who  left 
Mayence  with  I'lric-Han,  to  come  and 
establish  a  printing-olhce  in  Italy,  in  th(» 


PAO 


PAP 


beginning  of  the  pontificate  of  Paul  II. 
They  first  published  Donatus,  and  then  Lac- 
tantius,  1465,  and  Augustin,  1467,  and  af- 
terwards the  Letters  of  Cicero,  &c.  issued 
from  their  press,  which  was  set  up,  from 
the  monastery  of  Sublac,  their  first  resi- 
dence, in  the  house  of  Francis  de  Maximis, 
a  rich  Roman. 

Pannonius,  James  or  John,  a  Hunga- 
rian bishop,  author  of  some  elegant  epi- 
grams, elegies,  and  poems,  printed  Venice, 
8vo.  1553,  and  among  the  Deiiciae  Poe- 
tarum  Hungaror.  1619.  He  died  1472, 
aged  38. 

Panopion,  a  Roman,  saved,  from  death 
by  the  fidelity  of  his  servant,  who  assumed 
his  dress,  and  suffered  himself  to  be  killed 
for  his  master. 

Panormita,  Anthony,  a  Sicilian,  secre- 
tary to  Alfonso,  king  of  Naples.  He  pos- 
sessed great  poetical  powers,  and  had  such 
venex'ation  for  classical  works,  that  he  sold 
an  estate  to  purchase  a  copy  of  Livy. 
He  died  1471. 

Pansa,  C.  Vibius,  a  Roman  consul, 
killed  in  battle  against  Antony. 

PantjEnus,  a  stoic  of  Sicily,  at  the  head 
of  the  Alexandrian  school  in  the  reign  of 
Commodus.  He  wrote  Commentaries  on 
Scripture,  and  was  an  able  supporter  of 
Christianity. 

Pantin,  William,  a  physician  of  Bruges, 
author  of  a  Commentary  on  Celsus's  treatise 
De  Re  Medici,  fol.  &c.  He  died  1583.  His 
great  nephew  Peter  was  born  at  Thiel,  in 
Flanders,  and  taught  the  learned  languages 
with  reputation  at  Louvain,  Toledo,  &c. 
and  was  dean  of  the  church  at  Brussels, 
where  he  died  1611,  aged  56.  He  wrote  a 
a  treatise  De  Dignitatibus  et  Ofliciis  Regni, 
et  Domus  Regia;  Gothorum,  &c.  besides 
translations  from  Greek  authors,  &c. 
Panvinius.  Vid.  Onuphrius. 
Panzachia,  Maria  Helena,  a  lady  of  Bo- 
logna, of  noble  birth,  born  1668.  She 
possessed  great  abilities  as  a  painter,  and 
her  pieces  on  subjects  of  history,  and 
in  landscapes,  are  much  and  deservedly 
admired. 

Paoli,  Sebastian,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Lucca.  He  was  well  skilled  in  antiquarian 
history,  and  contributed  to  the  Italian  jour- 
nals various  dissertations,  full  of  learning 
and  deep  research,  on  subjects  of  physic, 
history,  sacred  criticism,  and  antiquity.  He 
wrote  besides,  the  lives  of  several  illus- 
trious Italians,  &c.  He  died  of  a  dropsy, 
1751,  aged  67. 

Paoli,  Hyacinth,  a  native  of  Corsica, 
who  acquired  great  weight  among  his  coun- 
trymen, and  was  one  of  their  chief  magi- 
strates, 1735.  In  consequence  of  the  civil 
dissentions  which  distracted  his  country, 
and  the  oppression  of  the  Genoese,  he  left 
Corsica  and  retired  to  Naples,  where  he  died. 
His  son  Pascal  was  distinguishd  by  his 
424 


2eal  in  the  cause  of  Corsican  freedom,  but 
all  his  struggles  against  the  Genoese  and 
the  French  were  unavailing,  and  when  the 
island  became  the  conquest  of  France^  he 
retired  in  1769  to  England,  where  he  gain- 
ed an  honourable  asylum,  and  where  he 
died  in  privacy. 

Paoli,  Pascal  de,  was  born  in  the  island 
of  Corsica,  in  1726.  His  father.  Hyacinth 
Paoli,  after  labouring  in  vain  to  establish 
the  freedom  of  his  country,  went  to  Naples, 
where  Pascal  was  educated  in  the  college 
of  Jesuits.  In  his  twenty-ninth  year  he 
was  chosen  generalissimo  of  Corsica,  where 
he  exerted  himself  in  promoting  such  objects 
as  were  best  calculated  to  secure  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  republic.  The  Genoese, 
however,  having  made  a  transfer  of  the 
island  to  France,  that  power  sent  such  an 
overwhelming  force  into  it  as  compelled 
Paoli  to  seek  an  asylum  in  England,  where 
he  obtained  a  pension.  On  the  breaking 
out  of  the  French  revolution,  he  retmnied 
to  Corsica,  and  prevailed  upon  his  country- 
men to  submit  to  the  English  government ; 
after  which  he  returned  to  London,  and 
died  in  1807.— IT.  B. 

Paoluccio,  Paul  Anafeste,  a  noble  Ve- 
netian, elected  for  his  services  first  doge  of 
Venice,  697.  He  died  717.  Before  his  time 
the  government  had  been  administered  by 
annual  tribunes  for  200  years. 

Papebroch,  Daniel,  a  Jesuit  of  Antwerp, 
born  1628.  He  was  a  respectable  profes- 
sor of  belles  lettres  and  philosophy,  and 
assisted  BoUandus  and  Henschenius  in 
their  collection  of  the  acts  of  the  saints.  In 
these  labours  he  proceeded  with  great  cau- 
tion and  impartiality,  and  rejected  the  im- 
probable legends  of  former  ages,  but  in 
consequence  of  this  he  drew  upon  himself 
the  violent  persecution  of  the  Carmelites, 
because  he  had  called  Berthold  their  first 
general,  and  refused  to  ascribe  the  founda- 
tion of  their  order  to  the  prophet  Elijah. 
Notwithstanding  this  persecution,  which 
dragged  him  as  a  criminal  before  the  pope, 
and  caused  the  Spanish  inquisition  to  con- 
demn 14  of  the  volumes  of  the  acts  of  the 
saints,  in  which  he  was  concerned,  he  con- 
tinued his  literary  labours,  and  died  1714, 
aged  86,  universally  respected  for  his 
learning  and  his  virtues.  He  wrote  also 
Propyloeum  ad  Acta  Sanct.  Maii,  fol. 
which  gives  an  account  of  the  popes. 

Papiinutius,  bishop  of  Thebes,  treated 
with  great  severity  under  the  persecutions 
of  Galerius  and  Maximinus.  He  opposed 
the  celibacy  of  the  clergy,  and  warmly  sup- 
ported the  cause  of  Athanasius  at  the  coun- 
cil of  Tyre. 

Papias,  a  bishop  of  Hierapolis,  author  of 
the  doctrine  of  the  millennium,  or  the  reign  of 
Christonearth  1000 years  before  the  resurrec- 
tion. Some  suppose  him  to  be  the  disciple  of 
St.  John  the  Evangelist.    A  grammarian  of 


PAl' 


PAK 


ihat  name  lived  1053,  and  wrote  Vocabula- 
rium  Latinum,  Milan,  1 17G,  fol. 

Papillon,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Dyon, 
celebrated  for  his  knowledge  of  jurispru- 
dence, and  his  popularity  as  a  pleader.  He 
wai  advocate  in  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
and  died  at  Paris,  1596,  aged  82.  He  wrote 
Libellus  de  Jure  Accrescendi — De  Directis 
Hseredum  Subslitutionibus,  8vo. — Com- 
mentarii  in  quatuor  priorcs  Titulos  Libri 
Primi  Dige.storum,  l2nio.  iic. 

Fapin,  Isaac,  a  French  divine,  born  at 
Blois,  1657.  lie  studied  divinity  at  Gene- 
va, and  also  at  Saumur,  under  his  uncle 
Pajon,  whose  opinion  he  espoused  and  de- 
fended, concerning  the  doctrine  of  effica- 
cious grace,  in  opposition  to  the  reformed 
church,  and  also  to  Jurieu.  This  measure 
proved  offensive  to  the  protestants,  and 
Fapin,  to  avoid  contempt  and  persecution, 
came  over  to  England,  1686,  and  was  or- 
dained according  to  the  forms  of  the  Angli- 
can church.  He  afterwards  left  England, 
and  went  to  Hamburgh,  where  the  resent- 
ment of  Jurieu  followed  him,  and  from 
thence  he  was  invited  to  Dantzic,  to  fill  a 
chair  among  the  French  refugees.  His  re- 
fusal, however,  to  subscribe  to  the  decrees 
of  the  Walloon  churches  in  Holland, 
brought  on  him  fresh  troubles,  and  at  last 
he,  in  1690,  embraced  the  Roman  catholic 
tenets,  for  which  he  was  accused,  not  only 
of  inconsistency,  but  of  all  disregard  for 
religion.  He  died  at  Paris,  19th  .fune, 
1709.  His  theological  works  were  publish- 
ed by  his  relation  Pajon,  of  the  oratory, 
1723,  in  3  vols.  12mo.  His  cousin  Isaac  was 
a  physician,  and  the  author  of  several  medical 
works  ;  and  his  uncle  Nicholas  was  also  an 
eminent  physician,  whose  treatises  on  the 
Saltness  of  the  Sea,  its  Flux  and  Reflux, 
and  on  the  Origin  of  Rivers  and  Fountains, 
&c.  were  much  admired. 

Papiniak,  a  learned  lawyer  of  the  third 
century.  He  was  put  to  death  by  Cara- 
calla,  for  refusing  to  vindicate  that  ty- 
rant's murder  of  his  brother  Geta,  212. 
His  works  on  jurisprudence  are  much 
esteemed. 

Papirius,  Cursor,  a  Roman  dictator, 
who  triumphed  over  the  Samnites,  &c. 

Papirius  Pr-^.textatus,  a  Roman 
youth,  who  was  admitted  into  the  senate, 
and  refused  to  reveal  to  his  mother  the  se- 
crets of  that  august  assembly. 

Papon,  John  Peter,  a  native  of  Pujet, 
near  Nice,  who  was  a  priest  of  the  oratory, 
and  died  at  Paris  in  the  winter  of  1803, 
aged  65.  He  was  a  man  of  amiable  man- 
ners, and  regardless  of  the  calls  of  ambi- 
tion, concealed  himself  during  the  storms 
of  the  revolution.  He  wrote  an  Ode  on 
Death — the  Art  of  the  Poet  and  Orator — 
and  an  Essay  on  Education,  five  times 
edited — Funeral  Oration  on  Charles  Ema- 
nuel, king  of  Sardinia,  8vo. — History  of 

VoT..  TT.  -vj 


Provonce,  4  vols.  4to.— TraveU  m  Pro- 
vence, 2  volumcH,  12mo.— History  of  the 
French  Government,  from  the  A.s»emhly  of 
the  Notables,  22d  Feb.  17H7,  to  the  end  of 
1788,  8vo. — Memorable  epoch  of  the 
Plague,  &.C. 

Pappus,  a  philosopher  of  Alexandria  in 
the  fourth  century,  whose  works  consist  of 
Commentaries  on  Ptolemy's  Almai^ett — a 
Description  of  the  Rivers  of  Libya — Trea- 
tise on  Military  Engines,  &.c. 

Parabosco,  Girolamo,  a  comic  writer, 
born  at  Placentia,  in  the  16th  century.  He 
was  author  of  .«!ix  comedies,  which  possess 
merit  and  originality,  and  he  also  wrote 
some  romances  in  the  style  of  Boccacio 
and  Bandelli,  besides  letters,  &.c.  All  thesp 
were  published  at  Venice,  1558. 

Paracelsus,  Aureoliis  Philippus  Theo- 
phrastus  Bombast  de  Hohenheim,  a  cele- 
brated physician,  born  at  Einfidlcn,  a  vil- 
lage near  Zurich,  1493.  His  father,  the 
natural  son  of  a  master  of  the  Teutonic 
order,  himself  distinguished  as  a  practitioner 
in  medicine,  educated  him  with  great  atten- 
tion, and  permitted  him  to  pursue  his  in- 
clination towards  alchymical  studies.  The 
young  student,  eager  after  fame,  travelled 
through  the  various  countries  of  Europe  in 
pursuit  of  knowledge,  and  carefully  trea- 
sured up  the  medical  information  respect- 
ing cures,  which  he  could  collect  from  phy- 
sicians, barbers,  old  women,  chymists,  and 
conjurors.  On  his  return  to  Switzerland 
he  was  honourably  received  by  the  magi- 
strates of  Basil,  who  in  1527  made  him  pro- 
fessor of  medicine.  He  soon  became  emi- 
nent here  by  the  number,  respectability, 
and  attachment  of  his  pupils  ;  and  by  the 
many  extraordinary  cures  in  the  leprosy, 
itch,  dropsy,  and  particularly  the  venereal 
disease,  which  he  performed  by  the  prudent 
use  of  mercury  and  of  opium,  whose  powers, 
till  then,  were  little  known,  or  unskil- 
fully applied.  In  the  midst  of  his  medical 
celebrity  he  was  called  to  the  bed  of  a  sick 
canon  of  Liechtenfels,  who  had  been  given 
over  by  his  physicians,  and  so  successful 
were  his  applications,  that  by  the  taking  of 
three  pills  of  laudanum,  he  recovered  ;  but 
when  he  demanded  the  100  crowns  which 
the  patient  had  promised,  he  was  rejected 
with  contempt.  The  offended  physician 
brought  his  cause  before  a  court  of  judica- 
ture ;  but  the  judge,  regarding  more  the 
medicine  given  than  the  skill  of  the  practi- 
tioner, awarded  him  but  a  small  gratuity, 
and  Paracelsus,  indignant  at  the  treatment, 
left  the  court  and  the  country  with  the 
highest  disdain.  He  went  to  Alsatia,  where 
he  led  a  wandering,  unsettled  life,  accom- 
panied by  his  friend  and  follower,  Opori- 
nus  ;  but  while  he  pretended  to  have  dis- 
covered the  philosopher's  stone,  and  to 
have  invented  an  elixir  which  would  pro- 
long bis  days  to  the  age  of  Methusalem,  he 

42r> 


PAR 


PAK 


ibnnd.  himself  poor,  and  he  fell  a  sacrifice 
to  a  fever  at  a  public  inn  at  Saltsburg.     He 
died  Sept.  1541,  aged  48,   and  was  buried 
in      St.    Sebastian's    hospital,    Saltsburg. 
The  works  of  Paracelsus  have   been  fre- 
quently edited.     The  best  edition  is  that  of 
Oeneva,  1658,  3  vols,  folio.     The  celebrity 
of  Paracelsus   is  to  be  attributed  as  much 
to  the   ignorance   and   superstition  of  his 
contemporaries,  as  to  the   successful  cures 
which  he  performed  by  the  proper   use  of 
his  empirical  art.     He  pretended  that  there 
was  a  regular  agreement  between  the  pla- 
nets and  the  various   parts   of  the   human 
body,  and  considered  the  seven  planets  as 
equally  corresponding  \\  ith  the  seven  metals 
or  minerals.     With  such   and  similar  chi- 
merical opinions,  the  effect  of  a  heated  and 
disordered    imagination,   which    depended 
more  upon  revelations  from  departed  or  evil 
spirits,  than  the  results  of  sound  and  clear 
experiment,  he  thus  raised  himself  to  con- 
sequence, and  obtained  a  reputation  for  a 
while  regarded  as  the  fruit  of  superior  in- 
telligence, and  of  a  divine  agency. 

Paradin,  William,  a  laborious  French 
historian,  dean  of  Beaujeu,  who  died  about 
1 582,  aged  81 .  He  published  Aristeas'  His- 
tory of  the  Septuagint  Pentateuch,  4to.  ; 
Latin  History  of  his  own  Times,  1552  , 
Annals  of  Burgundy,  in  French,  folio  ;  De 
Bloi-ibus  Galliae  Historia  ;  Memoirs  of  Ly- 
ons ;  De  Rebus  in  Belgio  ;  Historia  Ecclesiae 
Gallicaniae  ;  Chronicle  of  Savoy,  &c. 

Paramo,  Lewis  de,  a  Spanish  inquisitor, 
Tvho  published  "The  Holy  Office,"  at 
Madrid,  in  fol.  1598.  This  work  is  an  ac- 
count of  the  inquisition,  and  is  curious  and 
valuable. 

Parcelles,  John,  a  native  of  Leyden, 
eminent  as  a  painter,  born  1579.  His  sea 
pieces,  his  storms  and  shipwrecks  possessed 
singular  merit.  His  son  Julius  was  also  an 
artist  of  eminence,  and  in  the  same  walk 
of  science. 

Parcieux,  Anthony  de,  a  French  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Clotet  de  Cessoux,  in  the 
diocess  of  Uzes,  1703.  He  studied  at  Ly- 
ons and  Paris,  and  acquired  reputation  by 
his  valuable  and  intelligent  publications,  as 
well  as  by  his  lectures.  He  was  member 
of  the  learned  societies  of  Berlin,  Sweden, 
&c.  and  died  universally  regretted,  2d  Sept. 
1768.  His  works  are  a  Treatise  of  Trigo- 
nometry, 4to.  ;  Essays  on  the  Probability 
of  the  Duration  of  Human  Life,  4to.  ; 
Memoirs  on  the  Practicability  of  bringing 
to  Paris  the  Water  of  the  Yvette,  4to.  His 
nephew,  of  the  same  name,  possessed  equal 
abilities.  He  was  brought  up  at  the  college 
of  Navarre,  at  Paris,  and  at  the  age  of  24 
became  a  public  lecturer.  He  was  in  1779, 
professor  of  experimental  philosophy  in  the 
military  college  of  Brienne,  and  afterwards 
succeeded  to  a  ehair  at  the  Lyceum  at 
Paris.  He  was  author  of  Orozio,  a  tra^re- 
43« 


dy,  Tvritten  when  young,  and  an  elementarj 
book  on  geometrical  and  astronomical  cal- 
culations, &c.     He  died  at  Paris,  1798. 

Pardies,  Ignatius  Gaston,  a  French  Je- 
suit, born  at  Paris,  1636.  He  for  some 
years  devoted  his  time  to  polite  literature, 
and  afterwards  applied  himself  to  the  more 
laborious  ^tudies  of  mathematics  and  philo- 
sophy, in  which  he  became  a  dibtinguished 
professor.  He  died  at  Paris,  at  the  early 
age  of  37,  in  consequence  of  a  contagious 
distemper.  He  wrote  Horologium  Thau- 
maticum  Duplex,  4to.  ;  Dissertatio  de 
Motu  et  Natura  Cometarum,  8vo.  ;  Dis- 
course on  Local  Motion,  l2mo. ;  Elements 
of  Geometry,  12mo. ;  the  Science  of  Mov- 
ing Bodies,  &.c. 

Pare,  Ambrose,  an  eminent  surgeon, 
born  at  Laval.  Though  a  protestant  he  was 
surgeon  to  Henry  H.  of  France,  and  to  his 
three  successors  ;  and  his  services  were  so 
highly  valued,  that  at  the  massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  Charles  IX.  saved  his  life  by 
shutting  him  up  in  his  own  closet.  He 
made  some  useful  discoveries  in  anatomy, 
and  died  much  respected,  Dec.  1590,  at  an 
advanced  age.  His  works  were  translated 
into  Latin  by  Guillemeau,  of  which  the 
best  edition  is  that  of  Paris,  1614,  folio. 

Pare,  David,  a  protestant  divine,  born 
1548,  at  Francolstein,  in  Silesia.  By  the 
jealous  treatment  of  his  stepmother,  his 
studies  were  checked,  and  he  was  placed 
with  an  apothecary,  and  afterwards  with  a 
shoemaker  ;  but  his  father  at  last  recovered 
to  a  sense  of  his  duty,  and  permitted  him 
again  to  cultivate  literature.  By  the  ad- 
vice of  his  master  Schilling  he  exchanged 
his  German  name  of  Wangler  for  the 
Greek  word  Parens,  which  was  equally  de- 
rived from  the  substantive  cheek ;  and  he 
recommended  himself  so  much  by  his  abi- 
lities, that  he  was  patronised  by  the  elector 
palatine,  and  made  theological  professor  at 
Heidelberg.  The  best  part  of  his  life  was 
engaged  in  controversy,  in  which  he  dis- 
played learning,  spirit,  and  moderation. 
He  died  June,  1622,  in  his  Pareanum,  a 
house  which  he  had  in  the  suburbs  of  Hei- 
delberg. Besides  some  tracts  against  the 
pope,  and  Bellarmine,  he  published  a  com- 
mentary on  St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Ro- 
mans, which,  when  translated  into  English, 
was,  for  its  anti-monarchial  expressions, 
condemned  by  the  university  of  Oxford, 
and  burnt  publicly  by  order  of  James  I. 
His  exegetical  works  were  published,  3 
vols,  folio,  Frankfort,  1617. 

Pare,  Philip,  son  to  the  above,  was  a 
celebrated  grammarian,  born  at  Hambach, 
24th  May,  1576.  He  was  early  eminent 
for  his  abilities,  and  was  received  in  various 
universities  of  Germany  with  respect.  He 
was  rector  of  the  college  of  Neustadt,  and 
afterwards  of  Hanau,  and  died  1650.  Be- 
sides publishing  his  father's  works,  and  de* 


1*AK 


PAR 


lending  them  against  David  Owen,  he  wrote 
Lexicon  Criticuin,  Svo.  ;  Lexicon  Plauli- 
num,  or  a  Vocabulary  of  Plautus's  Come- 
dies ;  Galligraphia  Komana,  Svo.;  Ana- 
lecta  Piautina  ;  a  valuable  edition  of  Plau- 
tus  ;  Electa  Syinmachiana,  &c. 

Pare,  Daniel,  son  of  Philip,  was  equally 
known  as  an  able  classical  scholar.  He 
was  unfortunately  killed  by  some  highway- 
men, in  his  father's  lifetime.  He  publish- 
ed the  Hero  and  Leander  of  Musaeus,  with 
notes  ;  Mellificium  Atticum,  4to.  ;  Medulla 
HistoriiE  Ecclesiasticae  ;  Lexicon  on  Lu- 
cretius, &c. 

Pareja,  Juan  de,  a  native  of  the  West 
Indies,  originally  the  slave  of  Diego  Velas- 
quez, the  painter.  With  strong  natural 
genius  for  painting,  he  copied  by  stealth 
the  finished  pieces  of  his  master,  and  he 
acquired  such  skill,  that  he  ventured  to  show 
one  of  his  performances  to  Philip  IV.  of 
Spain,  who  often  visited  the  house  of  Ve- 
lasquez. The  monarch  was  pleased  with 
the  abilities  of  th^  slave,  and  obtained  his 
liberty  ;  but  the  faithful  Pareja  would  not 
abandon  the  service  of  his  master,  to  whom 
he  owed  his  own  celebrity,  and  from  whom 
he  had  received  every  mark  of  kindness 
and  protection.  He  died  1670,  aged  60. 
His  pieces  are  highly  finished,  and  deserv- 
edly admired. 

Parennin,  Dominic, ia  Jesuit  of  Lyons, 
who  went  in  1698  as  missionary  to  China. 
He  was  kindly  treated  by  the  emperor  Cam- 
Hi,  for  whom  he  translated  into  Chinese, 
some  of  the  most  interesting  articles  on 
geometry,  anatomy,  astronomy,  &c.  from 
the  memoirs  of  the  French  academy.  His 
interference  was  honourably  exerted  in 
producing  a  reconciliation  between  the 
courts  of  Moscow  and  Pekin.  He  publish- 
ed the  Chart  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  and 
wrote  besides,  several  curious  letters  on  the 
Chinese,  which  appeared  in  1759,  with  the 
letters  of  Mairan.  He  died  at  Pekin,  27th 
Sept.  1741,  in  a  good  old  age,  and  the  em- 
peror, in  respect  for  his  great  learning  and 
his  many  virtues,  ordered  his  funeral  ex- 
penses to  be  defrayed  by  the  public,  and 
his  remains  to  be  honourably  attended  to 
the  grave  by  the  noblest  of  the  Chinese 
mandarins. 

Parent,  Anthony,  a  French  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Paris,  1666.  His  propensity 
to  mathematical  studies  was  so  great,  that 
even  at  the  age  of  13,  he  filled  the  margins 
of  his  books  Avith  notes  on  the  subject. 
His  friends  indeed  wished  him  to  pursue 
the  law  ;  but  though  he  went  through  a 
course  in  that  faculty,  he  returned  to  his 
favourite  studies  in  the  college  of  Dormant, 
and  soon  after  gave  lectures  on  mathema- 
tics and  fortification.  He  was  made  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  sciences,  to  whose 
memoirs  he  communicated  some  valuable 
papers,  and  was  cut  off  by  tbe  smallpox, 


1716,  aged  50.  His  worki  wrre  M.Uhenia- 
tical  and  Philosophical  Kcsearchc*,  .i  voIn. 
12mo.  ;  Theoretical  and  Practical  Arith- 
metic, Svo.  ;  Klerncnts  of  Mcrhanics  and 
Natural  Philosophy,  12mo.  &.t. 

Parfait,  Francis,  the  historian  of  the 
French  drama,  was  born  of  an  ancient 
family  at  Paris,  1698,  and  died  1753,  much 
respected  for  his  good  nature,  innocent 
conviviality,  and  original  fund  of  anecdotes. 
He  wrote  General  History  of  the  Frenc  h 
Theatre,  15  vols.  12mo.  ;  History  of  the 
Ancient  Italian  Theatre,  2  vols.  ;  Theatri- 
cal Dictionary,  7  vols.  l2mo.  ;  Dramatic 
Pieces,  never  represented,  &.c. 

Paris,  Matthew,  an  English  historian, 
who  was  a  Benedictine  of  the  order  of 
Clugny,  in  the  monastery  of  St.  Alban's, 
in  the  1 3th  century.  He  was  a  universal 
scholar,  and  confessedly  possessed  in  that 
dark  age,  great  and  astonishing  erudition. 
His  abilities,  and  his  well-known  integrity 
were  usefully  employed  in  visiting  and  re- 
forming the  monasteries,  and  in  re-establish- 
ing the  ancient  unsullied  discipline  of  the 
church,  even  against  the  influence  and 
power  of  the  pope.  His  great  work  was 
"  Historia  Major,"  in  two  parts,  from  the 
creation  of  the  world  to  William  the  Con- 
queror, and  from  the  Conqueror  to  the  year 
1250,  which  he  afterwards  continued  to 
1259.  The  work  was  afterwards  brought 
down  to  1273,  by  Rishanger,  a  monk  of  the 
same  monastery.  This  valuable  work  was 
first  published  by  archbishop  Parker,  Lon- 
don, 1571,  folio,  and  by  Dr.  W.  Watts, 
1640,  2  vols,  folio. 

Paris,  Francis,  a  native  of  Chantillon, 
near  Paris.  From  poverty  and  servitude  in 
the  house  of  Varet,  grand  vicar  of  Sens,  he 
rose  to  distinction,  and  by  the  friendship  of 
his  master,  he  was  admitted  into  orders, 
and  procured  the  benefice  of  St.  Lambert. 
He  wrote  the  lives  of  the  saints,  and  other 
works,  and  died  at  Paris,  1718. 

Paris,  Francis,  an  abbe  at  Paris,  of  the 
order  of  the  Jansenists.  He  was  the  son 
of  a  counsellor  of  parliament,  but  he  re- 
nounced the  honours  and  emoluments 
which,  by  means  of  his  family,  he  might 
have  obtained  ;  and  after  bestowing  all  his 
property  on  his  brother,  and  rejecting  the 
preferment  offered  by  cardinal  Noailles,  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  austerities  of  ai\ 
ecclesiastical  life.  He  died  May  1st,  1727, 
at  the  early  age  of  37,  and  was  buried  in 
the  churchyard  of  St.  Medard,  Avhere  hb 
brother  erected  a  njoiuiment  to  his  hoiiuui-. 
Those  who  had  admired  his  sanctity  visited 
his  tomb  in  reverence,  and  at  last  pretended 
that  their  diseases  were  cured  by  the  touch 
of  his  holy  monument.  The  report  uo 
sooner  spread,  than  thousands  flocked  to 
the  hallowed  spot,  through  superstition  or 
curiosity,  till  the  government,  apprehensive 
of  the  enthusiastic  madness  of  tjje  people 

42? 


FAR 


TAK 


ordered  the  churchyard  to  be  shut ;  and 
the  miracles  of  Paris  ceased.  He  wrote 
Annotations  on  the  Epistles  to  the  Romans, 
Galatians,  and  Hebrews. 

Pariseau,  N.  a  native  of  Paris,  distin- 
guished as  a  dramatic  writer.  The  seven 
plays  which  he  produced  were  received 
with  great  approbation  by  the  public,  but 
his  popularity  was  unable  to  save  him  from 
the  horrors  of  the  revolution,  as  he  was 
guillotined  among  thousands  of  other  vic- 
tims, 1794. 

Parker,  Matthew,  the  second  protes- 
tnnt  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  was  born  at 
Norwich,  15U4,  and  educated  at  Benet 
college,  or  Corpus  Christi,  Cambridge, 
where  he  became  fellow.  He  was  not  only 
eminent  as  a  scholar  well  versed  in  anti- 
quity, but  as  a  preacher,  and  he  was  made 
chaplain  to  queen  Anne  Boleyne,  and  to 
Henry  VIII.  and  Edward  VI.  He  was 
chosen  master  of  Corpus  college  by  the  re- 
commendation of  Henry  VIII.  and  under 
Edward  VI.  he  was  elected  dean  of  Lin- 
coln ;  but  under  Mary  he  was  stripped  of 
all  his  ecclesiastical  honours,  on  pretence 
that  he  was  married.  On  the  accession  of 
Elizabeth,  over  whose  education  he  had 
presided,  he  was  recalled  from  privacy,  and 
made  archbishop  of  Canterbury.  His  con- 
secration took  place  in  Lambeth  chapel, 
though  the  malevolence  of  the  Romanists 
spread  the  report  that  this  consecration 
took  place  at  the  Nag's  head,  Cheapside,  a 
wicked  falsehood,  warmly  refuted  by  some 
able  writers.  In  his  new  character  he  be- 
haved with  great  spirit  and  firmness,  and 
zealously  promoted  the  cause  of  the  refor- 
mation not  only  in  his  own  diocess,  but 
over  the  whole  kingdom.  This  venerable 
character  died  May  l7th,  1575,  aged  72. 
He  published  an  edition  of  Matthew  Paris, 
folio — an  historical  work  on  the  Antiquity 
of  the  English  church,  besides  other  works, 
and  he  also  improved  the  translation  called 
the  Bishop's  Bible. 

Parker,  Samuel,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Northampton,  Sept.  1640.  His 
father  was  a  practitioner  of  the  law,  and 
by  his  servility  to  the  parliament  and  to 
Cromwell,  he  obtained  a  place  in  the  high 
court  of  justice,  and  was  made  one  of  the 
barons  of  the  exchequer,  and  sergeant  at 
law  at  the  restoration.  The  son  was  edu- 
cated among  the  puritans,  and  in  1659  was 
admitted  at  VS^adham  college,  Oxford,  and 
became  known  in  the  university  as  a  strict 
and  regulai'  student,  more  given  to  fasting 
and  prayer,  than  to  the  amusements  of  the 
age.  Soon  after,  however,  interest  or  con- 
viction induced  him  to  renounce  his  favour- 
ite opinions ;  he  became  a  zealous  anti- 
puritan,  was  patronised  by  archbishop  Shel- 
don, and  continued  a  servile  and  tempo- 
rising follower  of  the  court.  Under  James 
II.  his  hypocrisy  was  rewarded :  he  was 
428 


made  bishop  of  Oxford,  privy  couuseiiof. 
and  by  royal  mandamus,  appointed  presi» 
dent  of  Magdalen  college  in  the  university, 
against  the  statutes  of  the  society.  Thus 
elevated  in  dignity,  he  sacrificed  his  religion 
to  his  interests,  and  became  contemptible 
to  his  clei^y.  Though  thus  devoted  to  the 
papists,  in  compliance  with  the  times,  it  is 
said  that  he  wrote  a  letter  to  James  II.  to 
persuade  him  to  return  to  the  protestant 
faith.  He  died  at  Magdalen  college,  unla- 
mented,  20th  March,  1687.  He  wrote  va- 
rious things,  respectable  in  themselves,  in 
favour  of  the  papists,  beside  a  history  of  his 
own  times,  which  has  appeared  in  Latin 
and  English.  His  descendants  have  con- 
tinued to  reside  in  Oxford. 

Parker,  Geoi^e,  earl  of  Macclesfield, 
son  of  Parker  the  first  earl  and  lord  chan- 
cellor of  England,  is  known  for  his  know- 
ledge of  mathematics,  wbich  he  evinced  in 
preparing  the  bill  by  which  the  style,  in 
1752,  was  to  be  altered  according  to  the 
Gregorian  calendar.  The  speech  which  he 
spoke  on  the  occasion  was  published,  and 
shows  him  in  a  very  respectable  light.  He 
was  at  one  time  president  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, and  died  1766. 

Parker,  Richard,  a  native  of  Exeter, 
who  served  in  the  navy  as  midshipman,  but 
was  dismissed  from  the  service  for  ill  con- 
duct. He  was  afterwards  as  a  common 
sailor  on  board  of  the  fleet,  and  with  all 
the  mean  arts  which  dissatisfaction  could 
suggest,  he  obtained  universal  influence 
over  the  sailors  during  the  unfortunate  re- 
bellion which  distracted  and  dishonoured 
the  fleet  at  the  Nore,  in  1797.  The  ad- 
dress, ready  elocution,  and  above  all,  the 
deep  dissimulation  which  he  possessed, 
marked  him  for  a  desperate  leader ;  but 
after  he  had  for  some  days  exercised  the 
sovereign  power  over  his  associates  in  the 
character  of  admiral  of  the  fleet,  he  was 
delivered  up  by  his  penitent  associates. 
When  tried  by  a  court  martial,  he  answered 
to  his  accusation  with  great  firmness,  and 
when  condemned,  implored  mercy  on  his 
accomplices.  He  was  hanged  on  board  the 
Sandwich,  the  scene  of  his  short  glory,  ZOib 
June,  1797. 

Parkhurst,  John,  an  able  divine,  born 
in  London,  and  educated  at  Clarehall, 
Cambridge,  where  he  was  elected  felloAV 
in  1751.  He  devoted  himself  much  to 
classical  literature,  especially  Greek  and 
Hebrew,  and  published  an  excellent  Greek 
and  English  Lexicon,  4to.  and  also  a  He- 
brew and  English  Lexicon,  4to.  reprinted 
in  8vo.  These  works  display  great  learn- 
ing and  deep  critical  knowledge.  He  pub- 
lished also  a  pamphlet  against  J.  Wesley — 
an  Answer  to  Dr.  Priestley  on  the  pre- 
existence  of  Christ,  &:c.  a«id  he  ably  de-- 
fended,  with  Bishop  Home  and  other  cele- 
brated characters  of  those  times,  the  popu- 


PAU 


i'AK 


lur  upiniuns  of  Hutcbinuon.  lie  uellled 
at  Epsuru,  in  Surrey,  and  died  universally 
respet'ted,  1797. 

Pakkinsun,  John,  an  eminent  botanist, 
born  1667.  He  was  bred  an  apothecary  in 
London,  and  obtained  such  reputation  in 
his  profession,  and  such  botanical  know- 
ledge, that  he  was  appointed  botanist  to 
Charles  I.  He  published  Paradisus  in  Sole, 
Paradisus  Terrestris,  a  valuable  book,  in 
which  he  described  nearly  1000  plants,  and 
was  thus  the  first  who  gave  figures  of  the 
subjects  of  the  flower  garden.  By  the 
words  Paradisus  in  Sole,  he  quaintly  La- 
tinized his  own  name,  Park-in-sun.  He 
published  besides,  Theatrum  Botanicuni,  in 
which  he  describes  above  3800  plants,  and 
in  this  and  in  his  other  work  he  shows  him- 
self, according  to  Dr.  Pulteney,  more  of  an 
original  author  than  Gerard  or  Johnson. 
He  died  about  1645. 

Parmenides,  a  philosopher  of  Elis,  dis- 
ciple to  Xenophanes,  B.  C  436.  He  main- 
tained the  rotundity  of  the  earth,  &c. 

Parmenio,  one  of  Alexander's  generals. 
His  attachment  was  cruelly  rewarded  by 
the  conqueror,  who  ordered  him  and  his 
son  to  be  put  to  death. 

Parmegiano.    Vid,  Mazzuoli. 

Parmentier,  James,  a  Frenchman,  emi- 
nent as  an  historical  and  portrait  painter. 
He  came  to  England,  and  settled  in  York- 
shire, where  his  abilities  were  exerted  and 
libersilly  patronised.  The  altar  piece  of 
St.  Peter's  church  by  him  is  much  admired. 
He  died  1730,  aged  72. 

Parmentier,  Jean,  or  Jehan,  a  native 
of  Dieppe,  celebrated  as  a  merchant  and  a 
navigator.  He  was  the  first  who  fitted  out 
vessels  to  the  Brazils,  and  also  the  first 
l-'renchman  who  discovered  the  Indies  as 
far  as  the  Island  of  Sumatra,  where  he 
died  1530,  aged  36.  His  knowledge  of  as- 
tronomy and  of  cosmography  was  very 
great,  and  he  constructed  maps  with  much 
skill. 

Parnell,  Thomas,  an  eminent  poet, 
the  friend  of  Pope,  was  born  in  Dublin, 
1679.  He  was  educated  at  Dublin  univer- 
sity, where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.  A. 
J  700,  and  was  ordained.  He  came  to 
England  in  1706,  where  his  fame  had  pre- 
ceded him,  and  he  was  introduced  among 
the  Scriblerus  club,  with  Gay,  Pope,  Ar- 
buthnot.  Swift,  and  Jervas.  He  obtained 
a  prebend  in  Ireland,  and  the  vicarage  of 
Finglass  by  the  recommendation  of  his 
friend  Swift,  from  archbishop  King,  and 
might  have  risen  to  higher  dignities  had 
not  the  death  of  his  wife  rendered  the  lat- 
ter part  of  his  life  melancholy.  He  fled  to 
society  for  relief,  but  acquired,  instead  of 
consolation,  habits  of  intemperance,  which 
proved  fatal.  He  died  at  Chester,  on  his 
way  to  Ireland,  July,  1717,  in  his  39th  year, 
and  was  buried  in  Trlnitv  church  there. 


His  poetical  piccca  were  nclecled  by   Voyc, 
and    publishcii,   1721,  Bvo.  to  which  a  vo- 
lume   wa-s   added    ui    Dublin,    175H.      A»  a 
man,  his   chiirat  Itr  was  benevolent,  mild, 
and  amiable  ;  as  a  pott,   be  posscBned   not 
the    higher   powers  of  the   muse,  but  ele- 
gance,   delicacy,    and  ^race,  every    where 
abound.     The  moral  tendency  of  hix  poems 
besides,    cannot    be  suflicienily    admired  ; 
and   if  he   had    written  only    his    H(  rntit, 
Parnell  would  have  ranked  among  the  most 
pious  and  useful  poets  in  the  English  lan- 
guage.    He  contributed  also  to  the  Spec- 
tator, Guardian,  &.c.  and  the  Life  of  Ho- 
mer, prefixed  to  Pope's  version,  was  writ- 
ten   by   him.     He   had   by    his    wife,   two 
daughters,    who   died   before  him,   and   a 
daughter  who  survived   him.     His  estates 
in   Ireland  were  inherited  by  his  nephew 
sir  John. 

Parodi,  Dominico,  a  painter  of  Genoa. 
He  was  also  eminent  as  a  statuary.  His 
portraits  possess  merit,  and  his  altar  pieces 
are  much  admired.     He  died  1740. 

Parr,  Catherine,  sixth  queen  to  Henry 
VIII.  was  daughter  of  sir  Thomas  Parr, 
and  widow  of  lord  Latimer.  She  was  care- 
fully educated  in  polite  literature,  in  the 
fashion  of  those  days,  and  was  well  skilled 
in  divinity,  upon  which  she  frequently  con- 
versed with  the  king.  She  laboured  much 
for  the  establishment  of  the  reformation, 
and  her  interference  proved  at  one  time  so 
disagreeable  to  the  capricious  monarch, 
that  he  permitted  Gardiner,  and  her  other 
catholic  enemies,  to  draw  articles  of  im- 
peachment against  her,  but  her  prudence 
restored  her  to  the  confidence  and  otTection 
of  the  king.  After  Henry's  death  she  mar- 
ried sir  Thomas  Seymour,  lord  admiral  of 
England,  who  treated  her  with  great  harsh- 
ness, so  that  she  died  the  next  year  in 
child-bed,  not  without  suspicion  of  poison, 
1548.  She  published  her  Lamentations  of 
a  Sinner — Prayers  and  Meditations,  &c. 

Parr,  Thomas,  a  peasant  of  Shropshire, 
who  lived  to  the  great  ai^e  of  152  years  and 
nine  months.  It  is  remarkable  that  he  per- 
formed penance  in  his  parish  church  at  the 
age  of  100,  for  a  bastard  child,  nnd  at  the 
age  of  120  he  married  a  second  wife,  by 
whom  he  had  a  child.  He  was,  in  1635, 
brought  to  London,  and  introduced  by  lord 
Arundel  to  Charles  1.  but  the  change  of 
situation,  and  his  altered  mode  of  life,  and 
particularly  drinking;  wine,  soon  proved  fa- 
tal to  a  constitution  hitherto  su]»ported  by 
more  temperate  and  al)stemious  habits,  and 
he  died  the  same  year. 

Parrhasius,  a  celebrated  painter  of 
Athens,  the  rival  of  Zeuxis,  B.  C.  420. 
From  his  great  success  in  his  art,  he  was 
crowned  king  of  painters. 

Parrhasius,  James,  an  Italian  gramma- 
rian, born  at  Coscnra,  near  Naples,  1740. 
Accordinsr  to  the  affectafion  of  the  time?. 

429 


PAR 


PAll 


he  exchanged  the  name  of  Parasio  for  the 
more  learned  v^-ord  Parrhasius,  and  taught 
belles  lettres  and  rhetoric  at  Milan,  where 
he  v/as  much  admired  for  his  graceful  de- 
livery. On  a  charge  of  improper  converse 
ivith  his  pupils,  he  retired  to  Vicenza,  and 
afterwards  to  Rome,  where  he  was  patro- 
nised by  Leo  X.  His  great  application, 
however,  soon  rendered  bim  incapable  of 
acting  as  professor,  and  upon  bis  return 
home  he  fell  into  a  fever,  which  proved 
fatal.  He  wrote  some  Fiagmt-nts  of  Anti- 
quity— Commentaries  on  Horace's  Art  of 
Poetry — Ovid's  Ibis — Claudian,  &c. 

Parrocel,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Brignoles 
in  Provence,  eminent  as  a  painter  and  en- 
graver. He  studied  at  first  under  one  of 
his  brothers,  and  afterwards  under  Bour- 
gignon,  and  deserved  to  be  admitted  mem- 
ber of  the  French  academy  of  painting. 
His  portraits,  and  also  his  bistorical  pieces, 
and  his  battles,  were  executed  with  great 
taste  and  effect.  He  died  1704,  aged  56. 
His  son  Charles  was  also  an  eminent  artist, 
and  member  of  the  academy,  and  died  1752, 
aged  53.  His  conquests  of  Lewis  XV.  pos- 
sess merit.  Peter,  the  nephew  and  pupil 
of  Joseph,  was  also  distinguished  as  a  pain- 
ter of  merit,  and  died  at  Avignon,  1739, 
aged  74. 

Parry,  Richard,  rector  of  Wicbampton, 
Dorsetshire,  and  preacher  at  Market  Har- 
borough,  Leicestershire,  was  a  student  of 
Christ-church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  M.  A.  1747,  and  that  of  D.D. 
1757.  He  died  at  his  cure,  Leicestershire, 
very  poor,  9th  April,  1780.  He  wrote  some 
sermons,  besides  divinity  tracts — a  Disser- 
tation on  Daniel's  Seventy  Weeks — Re- 
marks on  Dr.  Kennicott,  &c. 

Parry,  Richard,  an  able  divine,  educated 
at  Oxford,  and  made  master  of  Ruthyn 
school,  Denbighshire,  after  which  he  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  St.  Asaph,  1604.  He 
revised  the  first  edition  of  the  Welch  Bible, 
which  was  published  1620. 

Parsons,  Robert,  or  Persons,  an  Eng- 
lish Jesuit,  son  of  a  blacksmith  of  Nether- 
stoway,  near  Bridgewater,  was  born  1546, 
and  educated  at  Baliol  college,  Oxford,  at 
the  expense  of  the  vicar  of  his  parish.  He 
^oon  distinguished  himself  as  an  able  dis- 
putant, and  became  fellow  and  tutor  of  his 
college  ,  but  being  accused  by  his  society 
of  incontinence,  and  of  embezzling  the 
college  money,  he  left  the  university,  and 
retired  to  Antwerp,  then  to  Louvain  and 
Padua,  and  afterwards  to  Rome,  where  he 
renounced  the  protestant  faith,  and  entered 
among  the  Jesuits.  Here  he  acquired  such 
reputation,  that  the  pope  permitted  him  to 
establish  an  English  college  at  Rome,  for 
the  instruction  of  missionaries  to  attempt 
the  conversion  of  the  English  nation  to 
the  catholic  religion.  He  came  himself  in 
fii«;2:uise  to  London,  and  in  the  character 
4^f> 


of  preacher,  he  strongly  and  efficaciously 
recommended  the  Romish  faith  to  his  au- 
ditors, and  prevailed  upon  the  papists  never 
to  frequent  or  join  in  the  service  of  the 
protestant  church.  This  violent  attack 
against  the  established  religion  of  England, 
and  the  doctrme  that  Elizabeth  might  safely 
be  deposed,  were  too  daring  to  be  long  con- 
cealed from  the  penetrating  knowledge  of 
Burleigh,  but  Parsons  escaped  his  pursuers, 
though  some  of  his  associates  were  seized. 
On  the  preparations  of  Philip  to  invade 
England,  the  good  father  was  laboriously 
active  in  stirring  up  not  only  foreigners, 
but  natives  abroad  against  their  country  ; 
and  when  the  armada  was  destroyed  he 
endeavoured  by  means  of  lord  Derby,  to 
excite  a  rebellion  in  the  kingdom.  This 
turbulent,  insidious,  and  intriguing  Jesuit, 
who  proved  so  virulent  an  enemy  to  his 
country,  died  on  the  l8th  April,  1610,  and 
was  Imried  with  all  the  honours  due  to  a 
cardinal,  a  dignity  to  which  he  aspired, 
but  which  he  did  not  obtain.  His  writings 
were  numerous,  amounting  to  33  tracts, 
chiefly  on  divinity  and  controversial  sub- 
jects, and  in  favour  and  support  of  his  reli- 
gion and  politics. 

Parsons,  James,  an  eminent  physician, 
born  at  Barnstaple,  Devon,  March,  1705. 
His  father,  the  youngest  of  nine  sons,  was 
soon  after  his  birth,  appointed  barrack- 
master  at  Bolton  in  Ireland,  and  removing 
with  his  family  into  that  kingdom,  his  son 
received  his  education  at  Dublin  college. 
He  studied  medicine  with  great  assiduity, 
and  after  improving  himself  in  the  celebra- 
ted schools  of  Paris,  he  took  his  degrees  at 
the  university  of  Rheims,  and  returned  to 
London,  1736.  He  became  physician  to 
the  Saint  Giles  infirmary,  and  was  made 
member  of  the  Royal  Society  in  1740,  li- 
centiate to  the  college  of  physicians,  1751, 
and  he  acquired  deserved  reputation,  espe- 
cially in  the  obstetrical  art.  He  was  the 
intimate  friend  of  Dr.  Douglas,  Sir  Hans 
Sloane,  Mead,  and  other  celebrated  men, 
and  the  learned  correspondent  of  Buffon, 
and  other  great  literary  characters  en  the 
continent.  He  died  in  London,  4th  April, 
1770,  and  was  buried  at  Hendon,  17  days 
after,  as  he  had  required  that  his  remains 
should  not  be  entombed  before  a  visible  al- 
teration took  place  in  his  corpse.  He  had 
by  his  wife,  Elizabeth  Reynolds,  two  sons 
and  a  daughter,  who  died  young.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  and  extensive  erudition,  as 
Dr.  Maty,  his  successor  in  the  office  of 
secretary  to  the  Royal  Society,  has,  in  the 
language  of  truth  and  friendship  observed  ; 
and  he  has  obliged  the  world  with  various 
publications,  the  best  known  of  which  is  his 
"  Remains  of  Japhet,  or  Historical  Inquiry 
into  the  Affinity  and  Origin  of  European 
Languages." 

pA^so^'S,  Jonathan,  minister  of  Newbiv 


PAR 


tAK 


lyport,  Massachusetts,  and  distinguished 
for  his  talents,  piety,  and  usefulness,  was 
graduated  at  Vale  college,  in  I72i)  ;  and 
was  soon  after  settled  in  the  ministry  at 
Lyme,  Connecticut,  where  he  continued 
several  years.  He  removed  about  the 
year  1746  to  Newbury  port,  where  he  la- 
boured in  the  presbyterian  church  with 
great  reputation  and  success  till  his  death 
in  1776.  He  was  esteemed  for  his  ac- 
quaintance with  the  classics,  for  superior 
theological  knowledge,  and  unusual  skill  as 
a  reasoner.  |C^"  I-- 

Parsons,  Samuel  H.,  a  general  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was  the 
son  of  the  reverend  Jonathan  Parsons  of 
Newburyport,  and  %vas  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1756.  He  soon  after  esta- 
blished himself  as  a  lawyer  in  New-Lon- 
don county,  Connecticut,  and  rose  to  dis- 
tinction in  the  profession.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution  he  entered 
the  army  as  lieutenant-colonel,  and  during 
the  progress  of  the  war,  through  the  whole 
of  which  he  served  with  reputation,  was 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  major-general.  On 
the  arrival  of  peace  he  resumed  his  profes- 
sion. He  was  not  long  after  appointed  one 
of  the  commissioners  to  form  a  treaty  with 
the  Indians,  northwest  of  the  Ohio  ;  and 
on  the  establishment  of  a  territorial  go- 
vernment over  that  district,  was  appointed 
its  first  judge.  He  removed  to  Marietta, 
and  entered  on  the  office  in  177S.  He  was 
drowned  in  the  great  Beaver  Rivulet,  near 
Pittsburgh,  Nov.  I7th,  1789.       iCP  L. 

Parsons,  Theophilus,  LL.D.  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts, 
was  born  at  Byfield,  in  that  state,  February 
24th,  1750,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1769,  with  a  high  reputation  for 
talents  and  knowledge.  After  qualifying 
himself  for  the  bar,  he  settled  at  Falmouth, 
now  Portland,  Maine,  and  after  the  de- 
struction of  that  place  by  the  British  in 
1776,  removed  to  Newburyport,  Massa- 
chusetts, where  he  soon  rose  to  the  highest 
eminence  in  the  profession.  In  1777  he 
was  one  of  the  delegates  appointed  in  Es- 
sex county  to  consider  the  constitution 
formed  by  the  legislature,  and  drew  up  the 
famous  report  on  it.  called  the  Essex  Re- 
sult, and  in  1780  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  whicn  formed  a  neiv  constitu- 
tion for  the  state,  and  was  one  of  the  most 
able  in  that  body.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
convention  in  1780  which  accepted  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  em- 
ployed his  influence  to  procure  its  adoption. 
In  1800  he  removed  to  Boston,  where 
among  many  distinguished  lawyers,  he 
held  the  first  rank  in  talents,  learning,  and 
extent  of  business.  In  1806  he  was  ap- 
pointed chief  justice  of  the  state,  and  con- 
tinued in  that  station  till  his  death  in  Oc- 
tober, 181,^.     He  was  justly  considered  one 


of  the  greatest  men  who  had  adorned  the 
American  nutiun.  Mis  i,u„(|  « as  of  iho 
first  order.  HIm  memory  relained  whatever 
came  within  his  obbertalion  ;  hi><  imuKinn- 
tion  was  prolific  ;  bin  wit  keen,  and  his 
understanding  M-ldoin  equalhd  in  strength, 
rapidit)  of  perception,  or  facility  in  elan^i- 
fyiiig  its  knowledge.  He  wan  a  powerlul 
speaker,  unrivalled  in  the  knowledge  of  the 
law,  .surpassed  by  few  in  aeqiiaintanee  with 
the  sciences  and  literature,  and  wan  equally 
distinguished  for  integrity  in  public  and 
private  li(e,  /   j-  i^. 

Pauthknay,  John  de,  lord  of  Suubisc, 
was  born  1512.  While  commanding  the 
French  troops  in  Italy,  he  imbilied  the 
principles  of  the  protestants,  which  he  af- 
terwards maintained  with  much  firmness 
and  constancy.  He  was  made  governor  of 
Lyons,  1562,  by  the  prince  of  Conde,  the 
head  of  the  Huguenots,  and  he  bravely 
defended  it  when  besieged  by  the  duke  de 
Nevres.     He  died  1566,  aged  54. 

Parthenat,    Catherine,    daughter    and 
heiress  of  the  preceding,  is  eminent  for  her 
wit,  her  beauty,  and  her  writings.    In  156S, 
at  the  age  of  14,  she  married  du  Quellence, 
baron  du  Pont,  a  man  distinguished  in  the 
wars  of  those  times,  but  accused  of  impo- 
tency  by  the   malice  of  his  mother-in-law. 
While  the  suit    was   pending,  the  husband 
was   slaughtered  among  those  who  fell  in 
the  Bartholomew    massacre ;  and   his   wi- 
dow, who  paid  great  respect  to  his  memo- 
ry, took  for  her  second  husband,  1575,  Re- 
natus,    viscount  Rohan,   who   died    1586, 
leaving  her  two   sons  and  three  daughters. 
She  was  at  Rochelle  when  the  town  was 
besieged,  and  she  shared  with  magnanimi- 
ty  all  the  calamities   of    that    disastrous 
siege,  and  refusing   to  be  included  in  the 
capitulation,   she  was,  with  her  surviving 
daughter,   Anne,    conveyed  a  prisoner  of 
war  to  Niort.      She  died  1631,  aged    77. 
She  wrote  some  poems,  printed  1572,  be- 
sides a  tragedy,  called  Holofernes,  acted  at 
Rochelle,   and   the   Precepts  of  Isocrates, 
translated   into   French,  and   other  works. 
Her  eldest  son  was  the  famous  duke  de  Ro- 
han, who  supported  the  cause  of  the  pro- 
testants with  such  intrepidity  in  the  reign 
of  Lewis  XII.     Her   daughter  Catherine, 
who  married  the  duke   of  Dcux-ponts,  was 
the  celebrated  female  who  so  nobly  met  the 
amorous  addresses  of  Henry  IV.  in  these 
words :   "  I  am  too  poor,  sire,  to  be  your 
wife,  and  too  nobly  born  to  be   your  mis- 
tress." 

Parthenat,  Anne  de,  a  lady  of  illustri- 
ous birth.  She  married  Anthony  de  Pons, 
count  de  Marennes,  and  was  the  most  dis- 
tinguished ornament  of  the  court  of  Re- 
nata,  dutchess  of  Ferrara.  She  was  a 
protestant,  and  well  skilled  in  Grecian  and 
Roman  literature. 

Partridge,  William,   lieutenant-arover- 

431 


PAS 


PAS 


nor  of  New-Hampshire,  obtained  the  ap- 
pointment through  the  agency  of  Sir  Henry 
Ashurst,  and  succeeded  Usher  in  1697.  He 
was  a  native  of  Portsmouth,  and  had  been 
treasurer  of  the  province.  He  was  a  ship- 
wright of  an  extraordinary  mechanical  ge- 
nius, of  a  politic  turn  of  mind,  and  a  popu- 
lar man.  In  1703  Usher  was  again  com- 
missioned as  lieutenant-governor,  and  Par- 
tridge retired  to  Newbury,  where  he  died, 
January  2,  1729.  ICT'  L. 

Paruta,  Paul,  a  noble  Venetian,  who 
usefully  served  his  country  in  various  em- 
bassies, and  was  afterwards  governor  of 
Brescia,  and  procurator  of  St.  Mark.  He 
died  159S,  aged  58.  He  was  the  author  of 
notes  in  Italian  on  Tacitus — Political  Dis- 
courses— a  History  of  Venice,  from  1513, 
to  1572,  and  other  works. 

Pas,  Manasses  de,  marquis  de  Feuquier- 
res,  was  born  at  Saumur,  after  the  death  of 
his  father  who  was  slain  at  the  battle  of 
Ivry.  He  trode  in  the  steps  of  his  father 
for  valour,  and  distinguished  himself  at  the 
siege  of  Roclielle,  where  he  was  taken  pri- 
soner, but  liberated  after  a  month's  con- 
finement. His  abilities  were  equally  dis- 
played in  the  cabinet,  and  he  went  as  am- 
bassador to  the  courts  of  Sweden  and  of 
Grermany.  He  was  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  French  army  with  the  duke  of  Saxe 
Weimar  in  1635,  and  died  of  the  wounds 
which  he  received  at  the  siege  of  Thionville, 
14th  March,  1640.  The  account  of  his 
negotiations  in  Germany  was  published 
1753,  in  3  vols.  12mo. 

Pas,  Anthony  de,  marquis  of  Feuquierres, 
a  famous  French  officer,  whose  military 
merits  remained  unknown  till  his  40th  year. 
In  1688,  at  the  head  of  1000  men  in  Germa- 
ny, he  so  eminently  distinguished  himself, 
and  afterwards  in  Italy,  that  his  promotion 
was  very  rapid.  He  was  so  strict  a  disci- 
plinarian that  the  wits  said  of  him  he  was 
the  boldest  man  in  Europe,  since  he  daily 
slept  in  the  midst  of  100,000  enemies, 
meaning  his  soldiers.  He  died  1711,  aged 
63.  His  memoirs,  which,  as  containing  the 
History  of  the  generals  of  Lewis  XIV.  are 
considered  very  interesting,  were  published 
in  4to.  and  in  4  vols.  12mo. 

Pascal,  Blaise,  a  celebrated  French  di- 
vine, born  at  Clermont  in  Auvcrgne,  19th 
June,  1623.  He  was  educated  by  his  father, 
who  was  president  of  the  court  of  aids  in 
his  province,  and  possessed  great  mathe- 
matical abilities ;  but  while  his  father 
sought  for  distinction  as  the  friend  of  Des 
Cartes,  he  forbade  his  son  the  use  of  all 
books  of  geometry,  that  his  attention  might 
not  be  diverted  from  belles  lettres  and  clas- 
sical knowledge.  Young  Pascal  from  his 
infancy  displayed  extraordinary  abilities  ; 
he  inquired  into  the  reasons  and  causes  of 
every  thing,  and  never  was  satisfied  but 
>vith  what  appeared  most  probable  and  ra- 
432 


tional.  His  father,  who  knew  he  had  no 
opportunity  of  studying  mathematics,  acci- 
dentally discovered  him  surrounded  with 
figures  in  charcoal  on  the  floor  of  his  cham- 
ber, and  found  on  inquiry  that  he  was  en- 
gaged in  what  makes  the  32d  proposition 
of  Euclid's  first  book,  which  the  unassisted 
powers  of  his  genius,  by  a  connected  series 
of  ideas  and  of  demonstrations,  had  pointed 
out  to  him.  At  16  he  wrote  his  treatise  of 
Conic  Sections,  and  so  ably  composed,  that 
Des  Cartes  attributed  it  to  the  labours  of  the 
father  and  not  of  the  son.  At  19  he  con- 
trived an  arithmetical  machine,  much  ad- 
mired for  its  ingenuity,  and  at  23  he  saw, 
corrected,  and  improved  the  Toricellian  ex- 
periment, and  soon  after  solved  a  problem 
proposed  by  Mersennus,  which  had  hitherto 
perplexed  the  ablest  mathematicians  of  Eu- 
rope. But  in  the  midst  of  this  increasing 
reputation,  Pascal  all  at  once  renounced 
literary  and  mathematical  pursuits  for  re- 
ligion, and  after  being  one  of  the  great- 
est of  philosophers,  he  became  the  most 
humble  and  penitent  of  devotees.  He  re- 
jected all  the  pleasures  of  life,  and  fre- 
quently wore  an  iron  girdle  with  sharp 
points  towards  his  skin,  that  he  might  thus 
mortify  himself,  and  by  inflicting  pain  on 
his  body  banish  the  vain  or  profane  thoughts 
which  might  intrude  on  his  holy  medita- 
tions. Though,  however,  regardless  of  the 
world,  he  embraced  the  cause  of  the  Jan- 
senists  against  the  Jesuits,  and  in  his  "Pro- 
vincial Letters,"  attacked  them  with  all  the 
shafts  of  genuine  wit,  yet  with  the  force  of 
truth  and  conscious  virtue.  These  letters, 
according  to  Voltaire,  who  calls  him  the 
first,  and  Boileau  the  second,  satirist  against 
the  Jesuits,  are  a  model  of  eloquence  and 
wit,  equal  to  the  finest  comedies  of  Moliere, 
and  possessed  of  the  sublimity  of  the  finest 
of  Bossuet's  orations.  These  celebrated 
letters  have  been  frequently  published,  and 
have  appeared  in  all  the  languages  of  Eu- 
rope. Pascal  died  at  Paris,  19th  August, 
1662,  aged  only  39.  He  was  in  the  last 
year  of  his  life  engaged  in  a  work  against 
atheists  and  infidels,  which,  however,  he 
did  not  complete.  After  his  death  were 
published  from  among  his  papers,  "  Pen- 
sees,"  on  religion  and  other  subjects,  much 
admired,  and  also  the  "  Equilibrium  of 
Fluids,"  and  the  weight  of  "  the  Mass  of 
the  Air."  Pascal  was  undoubtedly  a  verj" 
extraordinary  man.  If  rivalled  in  talents, 
says  his  biographer,  no  one,  however,  of 
equal  eminence,  can  be  found  who  lived 
with  such  exemplary  innocence.  His 
works  were  printed,  Paris,  5  vols.  8vo. 
1799 

Paschal  I.  St.  Paschasius,  a  Roman, 
who  succeeded  Stephen  IV.  on  the  papal 
throne,  817.  He  was  benevolent  in  his 
conduct,  and  received  with  great  humanity 
the  Greeks  who  had  been  exiled  for  their 


PAS 


PAS 


tilliKbmcnt  to  image  worship.  He  crown- 
ed Lothaire  emperor  at  Romo,  and  died 
12tli  May,  824. 

Paschal  II.  Reiiiicr,  a  Tuscan  who  suc- 
ceeded Urban  II.  on  the  papal  throne  lOO'JL 
He  excommunicated  tlie  antipope  Gilbert, 
and  claimed  with  the  most  unyielding  per- 
tinacity the  right  of  investitures,  which 
was  opposed  by  Henry  I.  of  England,  and 
Henry  IV.  emperor  of  Germany.  Henry 
visited  Italy  in  hopes  of  receiving  from  the 
sovereign  pontiff  the  imperial  crown  ;  but 
Paschal  refused  to  officiate  till  he  renoun- 
ced his  claims  to  the  investitures.  The 
emperor  incensed,  seized  the  person  of  the 
pope,  and  though  the  Romans  immediately 
took  up  arms  in  defence  of  their  sovereign, 
lie  carried  him  away  captive,  and  refused  to 
restore  him  to  liberty,  till  he  had  renounced 
bis  pretensions  to  the  disputed  rights.  This 
extorted  concession  was  cancelled  by  two 
councils  held  at  Rome,  in  1112,  and  1116. 
The  pope,  tired  with  the  dissensions  which 
harassed  him,  wished  to  resign  the  sove- 
reignty, but  died  before,  22d  January,  1118. 
Some  of  his  letters  are  preserved  in  the 
councils  of  P.  Labbe.  There  were  two 
antipopes  of  that  name,  one  in  the  age  of 
Sergius  II.  and  the  other  in  the  reign  of 
Alexander  III. 

Paschius,  George,  author  of  Tractatus 
de  Novis  Inventis  quorum  accuratiori  Cul- 
tui  Facem  praetulit  Antiquitas,  4to. ;  de 
Fictis  Rebus  Publ.  4to.  ;  de  Variis  Modis 
Moralia  Tractandi,  4to.  was  the  son  of  a 
merchant  of  Dantzic,  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  at  Kiel,  and  died 
1707,  aged  56. 

Pasor,  George,  a  protestant,  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  Franeker,  where  he  died  1637. 
He  wrote  Lexicon  Novi  Testamenti,  a 
useful  work.  Manuale  Testamenti,  &c. 
l2mo. ;  Collegium  Hesiodaeum,  &c. 

Pasor,  Matthias,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Herborne,  April  12th,  1599. 
He  studied  at  Heidelberg  and  Marpurg  ; 
but  in  consequence  of  the  wars  which  dis- 
turbed his  countrymen,  he  left  Germany 
and  came  to  England,  and  was  incorpora- 
ted A.M.  at  Oxford,  1624.  He  here  resi- 
ded at  Exeter  college,  and  read  lectures  in 
oriental  languages,  and  with  great  reputa- 
tion and  success,  but  1629,  he  was  induced 
to  go  to  Groningen,  where  he  was  present- 
ed to  some  of  the  professorial  chairs.  He 
died  there  Jan.  1658.  He  wrote  several 
things,  but  never  published  them. 

Pasqualino,  an  Italian  painter,  whose 
conversations,  and  groups  of  common  peo- 
ple were  highly  finished,  and  particularly 
interesting.     He  died  1700,  aged  59. 

Pasquier,  or  Paquier,  Stephen,  an 
eminent  advocate  in  the  parliament  at  Pa- 
ris, rewarded  by  Henry  III.  with  the  ofiBce 
of  advocate  general  to  the  chamber  of  ac- 
v:'Ounts,  in  consequence  of  his  able  plead- 
VOT.   11. 


iiXgs  against  Vcrsoria,  the  delt  ndcr  oi  ihr 
Jesuits.  IIo  resigned  tbij  honomablft 
place  to  his  eldest  son  Throdore,  nnd  died 
at  Paris,  Aug.  .Ust,  1615,  at  lh«;  greul  at;*: 
of  87.  As  a  man  his  character  was  mild 
and  benevolent,  as  a  writer  amte  and  •»cii- 
siblc,  and  as  a  poet  graceful  and  suhlime. 
Of  his  poems  the  best  known  is  his  "I'licc,'* 
or  flea,  in  conseqiienci;  of  a  Ilia  which  he 
saw  on  the  breast  of  the  learned  Callirrin*; 
de  Roches,  1569.  His  other  works  cunsj-.i 
of  epigrams,  epitaphs,  letters,  r«;searchcs, 
portraits,  6i.c.  He  Iclt  three  sons  worthy  of 
him. 

Passemant,  Claude  Simeon,  a  native  of 
Paris,  brought  up  to  trade,  which  he  quitted 
to  pursue  the  bent  of  his  genius  in  the 
construction  of  optical  and  mathematical 
instruments.  Among  his  ingenious  labours 
are  mentioned  an  astronomical  pendulum 
with  a  moving  celestial  sphere,  presented 
to  Lewis  XV.  a  burning  mirror,  and  some 
globes.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  re- 
flecting telescope,  and  another  on  the  use 
of  telescopes.  He  died  suddenly  6th  Nov. 
1769,  aged  67. 

Passerat,  John,  professor  of  eloquence 
in  the  Royal  college  at  Paris,  was  bom  at 
Troyes  in  Champagne,  1534.  He  studied 
law  at  Buurgcs  under  Cnjacius,  and  became 
professor  of  eloquence  upon  the  assassina- 
tion of  Ramus,  1572.  He  acquired  great 
and  deserved  eminence  in  this  employment, 
and  died  of  the  palsy,  1602.  His  works 
are  numerous,  and  his  poetrj-  is  particularly 
admired  :  besides  some  French  and  Latin 
poems,  he  published  Commentaries  on  Ca- 
tullus, TibuUus,  and  Propertius — Orationes 
et  Prajfationes — Conjecturarum  Liber — de 
Literarum  Cognationc,  &c. 

Passeri,  Giovanni  Battista,  a  painter, 
the  pupil  of  Dominichino,  and  author  of 
the  lives  of  the  painters,  sculptors,  and  ar- 
chitects of  his  time,  died  at  Rome  1679, 
aged  70.  He  wrote  also  poetry.  His  ne« 
phew  Joseph  studied  under  him  and  Ma- 
ratti,  and  was  much  admired  for  his  por- 
trait painting.  He  died  at  Rome  1714, 
aged  60. 

Passeri,  Gio.  Battista,  an  Italian  anti- 
quary', born  at  Gubio,  in  the  dutchy  of  Ur- 
bino,  Nov.  1694.  He  studied  the  law  at 
Rome  for  four  years,  and  began  to  make 
collections  of  Etruscan  antiquities  ;  but  in 
1738,  the  loss  of  his  wife  had  such  influ- 
ence on  his  feelings,  that  he  embraced  the 
ecclesiastical  state.  He  became  apostolic 
prothonotary,  and  vicar  general  of  Pesani, 
and  died  Feb.  17S0,  in  consequence  of  be- 
ing overturned  in  his  carriage.  He  wrote 
Lucerna;  Ficliles  Musci  Passeris,  3  vols. — 
on  the  History  of  Fossils — Pictura  Etrus- 
corum  in  Vasualis  in  unum  collects,  Dis- 
sertationibus  Illustratae,  3  vols. — Thesau- 
rus Gemmarum  Astrii  Ferarum  Antiqua- 
rnm,    torn.    2   and  3,  in    continuation  of 


•J  J 


1 


fAT 


PAT 


tiori's  first  vol. — Thesaurus  Gcuiuiaruiu 
Selcctissimarum,  and  other  works  mention- 
ed in  Saxius,  Onoraasticon. 

Passerotti,  Bartholomew,  a  painter  of 
Bologna,  the  disciple  of  Zucchcro.  His 
portraits  were  highly  finished,  and  his 
tfhurch  pieces  were  aiso  much  admired. 
He  died  1595.  His  sons  Tiburzio  and 
Ventura  were  also  eminent  as  painters. 

Passinelli,  Lorenzo,  a  Bolognese  paint- 
er. Several  of  his  historical  pieces  of 
jfreat  value  are  preserved  in  his  native  city. 
He  died  1700,  aged  71. 

Passion  EI,  Dominico,  an  Italian  cardi- 
aal,  born  at  Fossombrone,  in  the  dutchy  of 
Urbino,  1682.  He  studied  at  Rome,  where 
he  made  a  most  valuable  collection  of  books 
and  manuscripts,  and  in  1706  he  came  to 
Paris,  where  he  became  acquainted  with 
Mabillon,  Montfaucon,  and  other  learned 
men.  In  170S,  he  went  to  Holland,  and 
continued  there,  and  attended  the  congress 
of  Utrecht,  1712,  as  the  pope's  secret 
agent.  He  Avas  afterwards  employed  by 
the  pope  in  various  negotiations,  and  every 
where  displayed  his  zeal,  sagacity,  and 
talents.  He  published  an  account  of  his 
Embassy  in  Switzerland,  with  the  title  of 
"Acta  Legationis  Helvetica,"  fol.  J 738. 
While  nuncio  at  Vienna,  he  pronounced 
the  funeral  oration  of  prince  Eugene,  and 
for  his  many  services  was  made  archbishop 
of  Ephesus,  and  raised  to  the  dignity  of 
cardinal  by  Clement  XII.  This  learned 
man,  particularly  distinguished  as  the  friend 
and  patron  of  literature,  died  1,5th  July, 
1761,  aged  79.  His  nephew  Benedict  pub- 
]^shed  his  collection  of  Latin  and  Greek 
inscriptions,  &.c.  Lucca,  1765,  folio. 

Patel,  a  celebrated  French  painter,  of 
%vhose  birth  and  age  nothing  is  known. 
He  is  called  by  his  countrymen,  the  French 
Claude,  as  he  imitated  most  successfully 
that  able  master.  His  buildings,  scenery, 
and  trees,  are  particularly  admired. 

Pater,  Paul,  a  native  of  Menersdorf  in 
Hungary,  who  was  exiled  from  his  country 
tor  his  attachment  to  the  protestant  faith. 
He  became  successively  librarian  to  the 
duke  of  Wolfenbuttle,  mathematical  pro- 
fessor at  the  college  of  Thorn,  and  after- 
wards at  Danlzic,  where  he  died  1724,  aged 
$8.  He  was  an  able  mathematician,  and 
so  ardent  in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge  that 
lie  slept  only  two  hours  in  the  summer  and 
four  in  the  winter.  He  wrote  Labor  So- 
ils, sive  de  Eelipsi  Christo  patiente  Hierc- 
solym.  Visa. ;  de  Astrologia  Persicti ;  de 
Mari  Caspio  ;  de  Coelo  Empyrio  ;  de  Insig- 
nibiis  Turcicis  ex  Variis  Superstitionum  Te- 
nebris  Oricntalium  maxime  lllustratis,  &.c. 
Pater,  John  Baptist,  a  painter,  born  at 
Valenciennes.  He  studied  under  Watteau, 
with  whom  he  unfortunately  quarrelled. 
He  excelled  in  the  colouring  of  his  pieces, 
though  his  designs  were  often  incorrect. 
■134 


He  was  more  anxious  after  money  and  iu- 
dependence  than  after  fame,  and  therefore 
bis  landscapes  were  often  executed  with 
hurry  and  inelegance.  He  died  at  Paris 
1736,  aged  41. 

Paterson,  Samuel,  a  native  of  London,, 
chiefly  educated  in  France.     He  settled  as 
a  foreign  bookseller  in  the  Strand,  but  did 
not  succeed  in  business,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  retired  to  the  continent  in  1776, 
and  made  a  valuable  collection  of  books, 
which  on  his  return  to  England,  he  recom- 
mended to  the  public  in  his  catalogue  called 
Bibliotheca  Universalis  Selecta.     This  per- 
formance was  so  nmch   approved  by  the 
public  that  he  acquired  some  celebrity  as  a 
bibliographer,  and  was  not  only  engaged  as 
a  librarian  by  Lord  Lansdown,  but  was  em- 
ployed by  the  London  booksellers  in  form- 
ing their   catalogues,  several  of  which,  es- 
pecially of  the  Bcauclerk,  Crofts,  Pinelli, 
and  other  collections,  he   completed  in  a 
very  satisfactory  manner.     He  was  author 
of  Cursory  Remarks  on  a  Journey  through 
the  Netherlands  by  Coriat,  3  vols.  12mo.  ; 
Joincriania,   or  Scraps,  2  vols.  8vo. ;  the 
Templar,  a  periodical  paper:  Speculation 
on  Law  and  Lawyers,  8vo.     At  one  time  of 
life  he  w^as  engaged  as  an  auctioneer,  and 
had  the  good  fortune  to  save  from  destruc- 
tion Sir  Julius  Caesar's  manuscripts,  which 
from  mere  waste  paper  were  made  produc- 
tive to  him  of  350/.  He  died  1802,  aged  74. 

Paterculus,  Caius  Velleius,  a  Latin 
historian,  general  of  cavalry  in  Germany 
under  Tiberius.  He  wrote  an  epitome  of 
Roman  history  still  extant. 

Patin,  Guy,  an  eminent  French  writer 
and  physician,  born  at  Houdon,  near  Beau- 
vais,  in  Picardy,  1602.  His  father  intend- 
ed hiin  for  the  active  life  of  an  advocate, 
but  he  soon  found  medicine  more  congenial 
to  his  feelings,  and  after  studying  that 
science  with  great  application,  he  became 
professor  of  physic  in  the  Royal  college  of 
Paris,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  de- 
fence of  the  ancients  against  the  moderns. 
He  also  violently  opposed  the  use  of  Anti- 
mony as  a  medicine,  and  wrote  a  book  on 
it  called  "  Martyrology  of  Antimony,  &c.'' 
His  "  Letters,"  published  in  3  vols,  after 
his  death,  acquired  him  great  celebrity  ; 
they  were  read,  says  Voltaire,  with  avidity, 
because  they  contained  things  which  every 
body  loves,  and  satires  liked  still  more 
He  died  1682.  It  is  said  that  his  features 
greatly  resembled  those  of  Cicero,  as  re- 
presented in  his  statues. 

Patin,  Charles,  second  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Paris  23d  Feb.  1633. 
His  abilities  were  so  early  displayed,  that 
at  the  age  of  14,  he  maintained  for  five 
hours  a  disputation  in  Greek  and  Latin, 
and  was  admitted  M.  A.  with  great  ap- 
plause. He  studied  the  law,  but  had  a 
stronger  inclination  for  phvsic,  in   whic*,t 


ivvr 


V.\T 


fiicully  he  at  last  took  Iiis  df:;icfs.  lie 
practised  with  jijreat  success,  and  read  lec- 
tures to  iminerous  and  adtnirin;;  auditors  ; 
hut  dreading  persecution  and  iniprisoiinient 
for  some  unknown  causes,  he  suddenly  left 
France,  166S.  After  visiting  En<j;lajid  and 
the  North  of  Europe  lie  fixed  at  Basil,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  Padua,  where  he 
became  professor  of  physic,  and  was  ho- 
noured with  the  title  of  kniglit  of  SL  Mark. 
He  died  there  2d  Oct.  1693,  of  a  polypus 
in  the  heart.  His  two  daughters  were  dis- 
tinguished for  their  learning.  They  were 
with  their  mother,  members  of  the  Kico- 
vrati  academy  at  Padua,  of  which  their  fa- 
ther was  president,  and  they  wrote  some 
respectable  books.  His  chief  works  are 
Itinerarium  Comitis  Briemie  ;  Faniilia;  Ilo- 
manae  ex  Antiquis  Numismat.  fol.  ;  Intro- 
duction to  History  by  Medals,  12mo.  ;  Im- 
peratorum  Romanor.  Numismata,  folio ; 
Travels  in  different  parts  of  Europe  ;  Prat- 
tica  della  Medaglie  ;  Suetonius  ex  Numis- 
mat. Illustratus,  4to. ;  de  Optima  Medico- 
rum  Secta  ;  de  Aviccnna  ;  Lycasum  Pata- 
Tinum,  &c.  His  works,  says  Voltaire,  are 
read  by  men  of  learning,  as  bis  father's  are 
by  men  of  leisure. 

Pa.tkul,  John  Reginald  de,  a  Livonian 
gentleman,  who  resented  the  oppressions 
which  his  country  suffered  from  the  power 
of  Charles  XI.  and  XII.  of  Sweden.  He 
appeared  before  Charles  XI.  1G39,  at  the 
head  of  six  other  deputies,  who  were  em- 
powered by  their  country  to  lay  their  gTie- 
vances  at  the  feet  of  their  sovereign,  but 
■the  circumstance  was  regarded  as  treason- 
able, and  he  escaped  with  difficulty  into 
Russia,  from  his  persecutors,  who  condemn- 
ed him  to  death.  Though  afterwards  in- 
vested with  the  sacred  office  of  ambassador 
of  Russia  i/i  Saxony,  Charles  XII.  refused 
to  make  peace  with  Augustus  of  Poland, 
except  Patkul  was  delivered  into  his  hands, 
and  by  this  base  treachery  the  unfortunate 
-man  was  seized,  and  broken  on  the  wheel, 
and  quartered,  at  Casimir,  1707.  This 
cruel  measure,  so  outrageous  to  humanity 
and  to  the  independence  of  nations,  has 
deservedly  fixed  an  indelible  stigma  on  the 
character  of  the  otherwise  heroic  Charles 
X)C  Sweden. 

Patrick,  St.  the  apostle  and  gnardian 
saint  of  Ireland,  was,  as  is  supposed,  a  na- 
tive of  Wales  or  of  Cornwall,  who  was 
seized  by  pirates  and  carried  to  Ireland, 
where  he  converted  the  inhabitants  to 
Christianity.  He  was  made  the  spiritual 
head  of  Ireland,  and  fixed  his  residence  at 
Armagh,  which  is  become  the  metropolitan 
see  ;  and  further  to  establish  the  doctrines 
which  he  taught  with  such  eloquence  and 
effect,  he  built  several  churches  and  reli- 
gious houses.  He  died  about  460,  aged 
S3.     Some  pieces  in  Latin,  under  his  name, 


hH\c   been   punli»hc(l    in    Loniion     6y    nu 
James  Ware,  1G*»8,  in  H\n. 

Patrick,  Peter,  a  native  of  Thtssaloni- 
ca,  in  the  age  of  Juslinian,  ^vliom  In;  sr-nrcU 
as  ambassador  to  Amalasoi»((  (piceii  of  th« 
Goths,  and  Chosroes,  king  of  Persia.  For 
his  services  he  was  made  master  of  the  pa- 
lace. He  is  author  of  the  hiitory  of  am- 
bassadors in  the  collection  of  liyzantine 
historians,  folio.  Louvre,  16H. 

Patrick,  Samuel,  a  Icarnctl  Engli.sh  di- 
vine. He  was  one  of  the  masters  of  the 
Charter-house,  and  is  known  for  his  edition 
of  Hederic's  Greek  Lexicon,  which  Ins 
since  been  improved  by  Ernesti,  Morell, 
and  others. 

Patrick,  Simon,  a  learned  prelate,  son 
of  a  mercer  at  Gainsborough,  Lincolnshire, 
where  he  was  born,  8th  Sept.  1620.  Ilf: 
was  educated  at  Queen's  college,  Cain- 
bridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow,  and  of 
which  in  1661  he  was  elected  master, 
against  Sparrow,  appointed  by  royal  man- 
damus, ilis  opponent,  supported  by  pow- 
er, prevailed,  while  he  himself  retired  from 
Cambridge,  and  became  rector  of  St.  Paul's, 
Covent-gardcn,  where  he  contintied  an  ac- 
tive parish  priest  during  the  whole  of  the 
plague.  He  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  as  % 
member  of  Christ  church  college,  Oxford, 
I666,and  was  made  chaplain  to  the  king.  In 
1672  he  was  made  prebendary  of  Westmin- 
ster, and  in  1679  dean  of  Peterborough. 
During  the  reign  of  James  II.  he  showed 
himself  an  active  advocate  for  the  prote5- 
tant  cause,  and  though  flattered  and  court- 
ed by  the  king,  was  steady  and  sincere  iu 
his  principles.  At  the  revolution  his  abili- 
ties were  employed  in  settling  the  affairs 
of  the  church,  and  in  reviewing  the  liturgy. 
In  16S9  he  was  made  bishop  of  Chichester, 
two  years  after  translated  to  Ely,  where 
he  died,  3l&t  AXay,  1707,  aged  80.  Thii 
worthy  prelate,  so  highly  commended  by 
Burnet,  wrote  sermons — tracts  against  po- 
pery— Commentaries  on  the  Scriptures,  3 
vols.  fol.  which  with  Lowth  on  the  pro- 
phets, Arnold  on  the  apocrypha,  and  Whit- 
by on  the  New  Testament,  contain  a  re« 
gularly  continued  commentary  on  the 
Bible. 

Patrix,  Peter,  a  French  poet,  born  at 
Caen,  1585.  He  became  a  favourite  at 
the  court  of  Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans,  by 
his  wit  and  his  social  conversation.  His 
poems  arc  little  above  mediocrity,  some 
are  licentious,  and  gave  much  sorrow  to 
the  author  in  his  old  age,  when  reflecting 
on  the  fatal  consequences  which  his  line* 
nii-'ht  have  produced  by  the  corruption  of 
mo°rals.  He  died  at  Paris,  167^,  aged  88. 
Among  his  poems, that  called  the  "  Dream,'* 
though  of  a  serious  cast,  is  known  to  most 
English  readers  by  being  introduced  into 
our  common  jest  books.  "  I  dreamt  that, 
buried  in  my  fellow  clav,"  &r. 

435 


PAT 


Ta\ 


i'Aira/.i,  rrancis,  author  of  uiaiogaes  in 
Italian,  on  the  Manner  of  studying  and 
writing  History,  4to.  ;  de  Institutione  Rei- 
publicae  ;  de  Regno  et  Regis  Institutione, 
fol.  J  del  Vero  Regimento;  Poemata  de 
Antiquitatc  Sinarum,  was  bishop  of  Gaieta 
in  Italy,  and  died  there  1494. 

Patrizi,  Franeis,  a  native  of  Cherso,  in 
Istria,  who  became  professor  of  philosophy 
at  Ferrara,  Padua,  and  Rome,  and  distin- 
guished  himself  by  bis  learning,  and  his 
bold  opposition  to  the  phifosophy  of  Aris- 
totle. He  wrote  some  poems  in  Italian  ; 
a  Parallel  of  the  Military  Art  between  the 
Ancients  and  Moderns,  and  edited  the 
works  of  Mercurius  Trismegistus.  He 
died  at  Rome  1597,  aged  67. 

Patru,  Oliver,  a  polite  scholar,  born  at 
Paris  1604.  He  became  eminent  for  his 
knowledge  of  literature,  and  as  an  advo- 
cate, he  was  the  first,  says  Voltaire,  who 
introduced  correctness  and  purity  of  lan- 
guage in  pleadings.  When  admitted  into 
the  French  academy  in  1640,  he  pronounced 
an  animated  speech,  and  from  that  circum- 
stance the  same  adulatory  address  has 
continued  to  be  expected  from  every  new 
member.  As  a  critic  Patru  was  well  in- 
formed and  judicious,  but  rigid,  so  that  he 
was  called  the  Quintilian  of  France,  and 
his  grammatical  decisions  were  submitted 
to  as  oracles.  His  abilities  were  univer- 
feally  respected  not  only  by  the  learned, 
but  the  great,  and  even  by  Colbert,  and  by 
the  king.  He  died  16th  Jan.  1681.  His 
Biiscellaneous  works  were  printed  at  Paris 
1670,  4to.  of  which  the  third  edition  ap- 
peared 1714,  and  the  whole  in  1732, 2  vols. 
4to.  -      -< 

Patten,  Thomas,  fellow  of  Corpus 
Christi,  Oxford,  and  D.D.  1754,  died  1790, 
vector  of  Childrey,  Berks.  He  wrote  the 
Christian  Apology,  a  sermon ;  St.  Peter's 
Christian  Apology,  a  seimon  against  the 
objections  of  Ralph  Hcathcote,  8vo. ;  the 
Sufficiency  of  the  external  Evidence  of  the 
Gospel  against  Heathcote ;  Opposition  be- 
tween the  Gospel  and  the  religion  of  Na- 
ture ;  David's  Character  vindicated,  1762, 
&c. 

Patterson,  William,  governor  of  New- 
Jersey,  was  a  native  of  that  state,  and  edu- 
cated at  Princeton,  where  he  Avas  graduated 
in  1763.  His  superior  talents  procured 
him  several  important  offices,  both  from  his 
native  state  and  from  the  United  States. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  convention  in 
1787  which  formed  the  federal  constitution, 
and  on  the  organization  of  the  new  go- 
vernment was  elected  a  member  of  the 
United  States  senate.  In  1790  he  was 
chosen  governor  of  New-Jersey  ;  and  some 
lime  after  Avas  appointed  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  United  States,  and  held 
the  oflice  till  his  death  in  September,  1S06. 
His  iflents,  inle'<vitv,  arid  pati-iotism.  ren- 


dered  him  one  of  the  most  useful  and  pot^u- 
lar  men  of  that  state.  iCJ^  L. 

Pattison,  William,  an  English  poet, 
born  at  Peasmarsh,  Sussex,  1706.  He  was 
educated  at  Appleby  school,  where  his 
rising  talents  were  noticed  and  encouraged 
by  Mr.  Noble,  a  neighbouring  clergyman, 
and  from  thence  he  went  to  Sidney  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  which,  from  a  spirit  im- 
patient of  discipline,  he  left  without  taking 
a  degree.  He  came  to  London,  bat  as  he 
had  nothing  to  support  him  he  soon  expe-- 
rienced  all  the  horrors  of  indigence  and 
distress.  An  intimate  acquaintance  with 
the  wits  of  the  time,  and  repeated  solicita- 
tions for  the  cold  and  tardy  patronage  of 
the  great,  were  little  calculated  to  dispel 
the  miseries  which  poverty,  intemperance, 
and  imprudence,  gathered  around  him,  and 
therefore  we  find  him  describing  himself 
as  destitute  of  friends,  of  money,  a  prey  to 
hunger,  and  passing  his  nights  on  a  bench 
in  St.  James's  park.  The  success  of  some  of 
his  pieces  recommended  him  at  last  to  Curl, 
who  took  him  into  his  house,  but  a  month 
after  the  smallpox  came  to  put  an  end  to  the 
sufferings  of  a  dejected  and  broken  heart. 
He  died  1727,  in  his  21st  year,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Clement  Danes's  churchyard. 
He  possessed  great  genius,  but  without  the 
cheering  patronage  of  a  friend  his  blossoms 
withered  under  an  unpropitious  sky.  His 
works  appeared,  2  vols.  8vo.  1728. 

Patu,  Claude  Peter,  a  native  of  Paris, 
author  of  some  poems,  dramatic  pieces, 
and  also  plays  translated  from  the  English. 
His  works  possessed  merit,  and  were  re-< 
ceived  with  applause  by  the  public.  He 
died  1757,  aged  28. 

Paucton,  Alexis,  a  French  mathemati- 
cian, born  of  obscure  parents  near  Lassay, 
in  Mayenne.  He  studied  at  Nantes,  where 
he  paid  great  attention  to  mathematics  and 
navigation,  and  afterwards  he  came  to  Pa- 
ris, where  with  some  difficulty  he  recom- 
mended himself  and  obtained  patronage  in 
the  military  school.  He  was  amiable  in  his 
manners  and  possessed  of  great  erudition. 
He  died  at  Paris  1799,  aged  67.  He  is  au- 
thor of  Theory  of  the  Force  of  Archimedes, 
12mo.  ,  Metrology,  or  a  treatise  on  the 
Weights,  Measures,  and  Moneys  of  all 
Countries,  Ancient  and  Modern ;  Theory 
of  the  Laws  of  Nature,  with  Dissertations 
on  the  Pyramids  of  Egypt,  8vo.  It  is  said 
that  he  left  in  MS.  a  translation  of  the 
Hymns  of  Orpheus. 

Pavillon,  Nicholas,  a  French  ecclesias- 
tic, whose  abilities  were  distinguished  at 
Paris, and  became  known  to  cardinal  Riche- 
lieu, who  made  him  bishop  of  Alet.  In* 
his  diocess  he  laboured  with  zeal  for  the 
suppression  of  vice  and  the  dispersion  of 
ignorance,  but  though  he  founded  schools, 
and  in  every  respect  devoted  himself  to  en- 
lighten the  people,  his  conduct  was  niisvt- 


VAl 


PAL 


presented  at  court,  and  the  king  sent  com- 
missioners to  examine  the  complaints  pre- 
ferred a^inst  him.  Though  acquitted,  a 
fresh  offence,  and  his  unwillingness  to  sub- 
mit iX)  the  royal  mandate,  incensed  the  mo- 
narch against  him,  and  he  was  deposed 
from  his  see,  and  died  in  exile,  8th  Dec. 
1677,  aged  above  80.  His  works  are  a 
Ritual  for  his  Diocess  ;  Synodal  Statutes 
and  Ordinances,  &c. 

Pavillon,  Stephen,  a  French  poet,  born 
at  Paris  1652.  He  was  advocate  general 
in  the  parliament  of  Metz,  but  the  labo- 
rious office  was  too  difficult  for  his  weak 
constitution,  and  he  retired  to  literary  ease. 
He  was  a  member  of  both  the  academies, 
and  received  a  pension  from  Lewis  XIV. 
His  poems,  which  arc  after  the  manner  of 
Voiture,  and  possess  some  merit,  were  pub- 
lished in  1720,  2  vols.  12rao.  He  wrote 
also  in  prose,  the  Portrait  of  Pure  Love, 
disinterested  counsels,  and  other  moral 
pieces,  &c. 

Paul,  Mark,  or  Marco  Paulo,  a  Ve- 
netian traveller.  He  penetrated,  1272,  as 
far  as  the  capital  of  Cublai  Chan,  the  sixth 
descendant  of  Genghis  Chan,  of  which  he 
published  an  interesting  account.  Some 
authors  imagine  that  Cambalus,  which  he 
mentions,  is  the  town  of  Pekin.  It  is  re- 
markable that  he  makes  no  mention  of  the 
great  wall  of  China. 

Paul,  St.  originally  called  Saul,  was  a 
native  of  Tarsus,  in  Cilicia,  and  educated 
among  the  Pharisees  of  Jerusalem  under 
the  care  of  Gamaliel.  He  imbibed  among 
this  sect  a  most  violent  hatred  against  the 
Christians,  and  when  Stephen  was  stoned 
he  kept  the  raiment  of  his  murderers  and 
assented  to  his  death.  He  afterwards  set 
out  for  Damascus  with  authority  from  the 
chief  priests  to  imprison  the  Christians, 
but  in  the  way  a  supernatural  vision,  and  a 
voice  from  heaven,  converted  his  rancour 
into  zeal  for  the  persecuted  faith,  and  he 
entered  into  the  city  the  adherent,  and  not 
the  foe  of  the  Christian  name.  From  Da- 
mascus he  went  into  Arabia,  Jerusalem, 
Tarsus,  Caesarea,  and  Antioch,  and  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Paul.  He  preached  the 
gospel  with  such  eloquence  and  efficacy 
that  he  was  called  the  apostle  of  the  Gen- 
tiles. When  accused  by  the  Jews  before 
Felix,  whom  in  his  spirited  address  he 
made  to  tremble,  he  appealed  to  the  empe- 
ror and  was  conveyed  to  Rome  ;  but  after 
two  years  of  captivity  he  was  liberated 
without  any  punishment  from  his  persecu- 
tors. He  afterwards  travelled  over  various 
parts  of  the  world,  where  he  founded 
churches,  and  increased  the  number  of  the 
saints.  He  was  at  last  imprisoned  at  Rome, 
and  put  to  death  by  Nero,  the  emperor, 
29th  June,  66.  A  magnificent  church, 
still  in  existence,  was  built  on  the  spot 
"Hh^re  his  remains  were  deposited.     His 


14  epistles  arc  nervous  ami  pMMiusne. 
Among  his  ronvcrts  were  the  Itarneil  Dio- 
nysiufl,  the  Arropagit. ,  and  according  to 
some,  king  Agrippu  and  many  .ithcrs. 

Paul  i.  pope  after  his  l)roth»  r,  Strphcn 
11.  757,  died  10  years  after,  rc9p<?ctcd  for 
his  wisdom  and  learning. 

Paul  II.  Peter  Barbo,  a  Venetian  noble, 
elected  pope  after  Pius  II.  1464.  He  per- 
mitted the  cardinals  to  wear  a  purpl"-  lialiit, 
and  the  red  rap  of  silk,  and  the  mitre  which 
hitherto  had  distinguished  the  sovereign 
pontiff.     He  died  26th  July,  1471,  aged  54. 

Paul  III.  Alexander  Farnese,  bishop  of 
Ostia,  was  elected  pope  1534,  after  Clement 
VII.  In  his  time  began  the  famous  coun- 
cil of  Trent,  whose  first  sitting  was  in  1545. 
He  made  a  treaty  with  the  Venetians  and 
the  emperor  against  the  Turks,  and  he  es- 
tablished the  inquisition,  and  approved  of 
the  institution  of  the  Jesuits,  but  condemn- 
ed the  interim  of  Charles  V.  and  pursued 
measures  of  severity  against  the  defection 
of  Henry  VIII.  He  was  a  pontiff  of  high 
character,  respectable  in  private  life,  and 
at  all  times  anxious  to  procure  concord 
among  the  Christian  princes.  He  died 
10th  Nov.  1549,  aged  82. 

Paul  IV.  John  Peter  Caraffa,  succeeded 
Marcellus  II.  on  the  papal  throne,  1555, 
aged  near  80.  He  behaved  with  great 
haughtiness  on  his  elevation  ;'he  not  only 
issued  a  bull  against  all  heretics,  but  he 
threatened  with  his  severest  displeasure 
Charles  V.  because  he  did  not  oppose  suffi- 
ciently vigorous  measures  against  the 
protestants  ;  and  when  Elizabeth  by  her 
ambassador  announced  to  him  her  acces- 
sion, he  complained  that  she  had  ascended 
the  throne,  especially  as  she  was  illegiti- 
mate, without  the  concurrence  of  the  holy 
see,  on  which  all  the  crowns  of  Europe 
were  dependent.  His  reign  tended  little 
to  advance  the  true  interests  of  Rome,  so 
that  he  died  unlamented,  18th  Aug.  1559. 
He  wrote  treatises  de  Symbolis  ;  de  Emen- 
dandci  EcclesiA,  &c. 

Paul  V.  Camillus  Borghesc,  a  native  of 
Rome,  made  a  cardinal  by  Clement  VIII. 
and  raised  to  the  popedom  after  Leo  XI. 
1605.  He  was  engaged  in  a  dispute  with 
the  Venetians,  and  as  he  had  humbled  the 
Genoese,  he  expected  the  same  success 
with  this  powerful  republic  ;  but  though 
he  excommunicated  the  doge  and  the  se- 
nate, he  found  his  decrees  little  regarded. 
He  had  recourse  to  arms,  but  withoiit  in- 
timidating the  Venetians,  till  at  last  by  the 
fricndiv  interference  of  Henry  IV.  of 
France  a  reconciliation  was  effected.  Paul 
deserved  the  gratitude  of  the  Romans  for 
the  various  embellisliments  which  he  intro- 
duced, the  collections  of  paintings,  sculp- 
ture, &c.  which  he  made,  and  the  erection 
of  public  fountains  and  aqueducts.  Greater 
as  a  priest  than  as  a  politician,  Paul  acqui- 

4.W 


PAU 


PAU 


red  the  esteem  of  the  learned  whom  he  pa- 
tronised.  He  died  28th  Jan.  1621,  aged  69. 

Paul,  Petrowitz,  emperor  of  Russia, 
son  of  the  great  Catherine  and  Peter  III. 
was  born  1st  Oct.  1754.  He  married  1774, 
the  daughter  of  the  landgrave  of  Hesse 
Darmstadt,  who  died  two  years  after,  and 
for  his  second  wife  he  took  a  princess  of 
Wirtemberg,  niece  to  the  king  of  Prussia. 
He  began  to  travel  in  Europe  in  1780.  and 
during  14  months  visited  Poland,  Austria, 
Italy,  France,  and  Holland,  and  every 
where  displayed  an  amiable  character,  and 
a  strong  desire  of  understanding  the  various 
establiishnients  which  guide  the  destinies  of 
Europe.  On  the  death  of  his  mother  in 
1796,  he  ascended  the  throne,  and  then 
began  to  take  an  active  part  in  the  general 
confederacy  of  Europe,  against  the  tyran- 
nical and  ambitious  conduct  of  France. 
He  sent  the  brave  Suwarrow  into  Italy, 
where  victory  followed  his  steps,  and  he  at- 
tacked the  northern  frontiers  of  France, 
in  conjunction  with  the  English  ;  but  all  at 
once,  while  the  world  expected  still  higher 
exertions  in  the  cause  of  the  allies,  the 
fickle  monarch  was  reconciled  to  his  ene- 
mies. To  show  more  strongly  his  change 
of  sentiments,  he  seized  the  property  of 
the  English,  and  with  unparalleled  cruelty, 
banished  their  unhappy  sailors  to  Siberia, 
while  his  own  subjects  experienced  all  the 
misfortunes  of  distracted  councils  and  of 
capricious  measures.  This  extravagance 
was  stopped  by  the  sudden  death  of  the  un- 
fortunate Paul,  who  was  assassinated  in 
April,  ISOI,  by  some  of  his  discontented 
nobles.  The  cause  of  his  extraordinary 
change  of  politics  has  been  ascribed  to  the 
influence  of  a  beautiful  French  mistress, 
who  was  sent  by  the  cabinet  of  Paris  to  se- 
<;ond  the  labours  of  diplomatic  intrigue,  by 
the  prostitution  of  her  charms  to  the  ca- 
pricious monarch. 

Paul,  a  celebrated  heresiarch  of  Samo- 
sata,  a  city  on  the  Euphrates.  He  was 
raised  to  the  see  of-  Antioch  in  260,  and 
soon  after  he  was  invited  to  the  court  of 
Zenobia,  queen  of  Palmyra,  who  favoured 
the  Jewish  religion,  but  could  not  compre- 
hend the  mysteries  of  Christianity.  Paul 
represented  to  the  queen  that  the  Trinity 
consisted  not  of  three  real  persons,  but 
only  three  attributes,  and  that  the  Saviour 
had  appeared  on  earth  not  as  a  god,  but  as 
a  man  endowed  with  a  superior  portion  of 
wisdom.  This  doctrine,  which  at  first  was 
propagated  to  convert  Zenobia,  was  more 
fully  defended  by  Paul,  and  therefore  drew 
npon  him  the  censures  of  the  church.  He 
was  deposed  from  his  dignity  by  a  synod 
at  Antioch,  270,  and  excommunicated.  His 
followers,  who  were  called  Paulinists,  did 
not  increase,  and  few  of  them  remained  at 
the  end  of  the  fifth  century. 

Paul,  of  Tyre,  a  rhetorician,  who  went 
438 


as  ambassador  from  his  country  to  Adriaji, 
120,  and  obtained  the  title  of  metropolitan 
to  his  native  city. 

Paul,  the  silentiary,  a  Greek  writer,  so 
called  from  the  ofiice  which  he  held  in  the 
palace  of  the  emperor  Justinian.  He 
wrote  in  Greek  verse  a  curious  History  of 
the  Church  of  St.  Sophia,  besides  epigrams 
— a  poem  on  the  Pythic  Baths,  &c. 

Paul,  of  Sancta  Maria,  a  learned  Jew 
of  Burgos,  who,  it  is  said,  was  converted 
to  Christianity  by  reading  a  work  of  St. 
Thomas  Aquinas.  After  the  death  of  his 
wife  he  embraced  the  ecclesiastical  state, 
and  by  his  merits  obtained  places  of  ho- 
nour and  trust.  He  was  preceptor  to 
John  II.  king  of  Castile,  and  was  after- 
wards successively  archdeacon  of  Trevig- 
no,  bishop  of  Carthagena,  and  then  of 
Burgos,  where  he  died  29th  Aug.  1445, 
aged  82.  Some  authors  report  that  he  was 
patriarch  of  Aquileia.  He  was  a  learned 
prelate,  and  wrote  Scrutinium  Scriptura- 
rum,  folio,  1474 — Additions  to  Nicholas 
de  Lyra's  works,  &c.  His  three  sons 
were  baptized  at  the  same  time  with  him, 
when  he  became  a  Christian  convert,  and 
they  all  distinguished  themselves  by  their 
merit.  The  eldest,  Alphonso,  bishop  of 
Burgos,  wrote  an  Abridgment  of  Spanish 
History  ;  the  second,  Gonsalvo,  died  bi- 
shop of  Placentia,  and  the  third,  Alvares, 
published  a  History  of  John  II.  king  of 
Castile. 

Paul,  deacon  of  Aquileia,  was  secretary 
to  Didier,  the  last  king  of  Lombardy^  He 
was  afterwards  in  the  service  of  Charle- 
magne ;  but  when  accused  by  his  enemies, 
of  conspiring  against  the  life  of  his  pro- 
tector, he  was  banished  to  the  island  of 
Tremiti,  in  the  Adriatic.  He  left  his  exile 
for  the  court  of  the  duke  of  Benevento, 
after  whose  death  he  retired  to  a  monas- 
tery. He  died  801.  He  is  author  of  a 
History  of  the  Lombards,  in  6  books,  to 
the  death  of  Luitprand,  744 — History  of 
the  bishops  of  Metz,  and  he  contributed 
much  to  the  composition  of  the  Historia 
Miscellanea,  in  continuation  of  the  work 
of  Eutropius. 

Paul,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Merida,  in  Es- 
tremadura,  in  the  seventh  century,  author 
of  a  History  of  the  Spanish  Fathers,  edited 
at  Antwerp,  1635,  4to. 

Paul,  a  physician  of  ^gina,  in  the  se- 
venth century,  author  of  a  treatise  de  Ro 
Medica,  an  Epitome  of  Galen's  works,  and 
other  Greek  works. 

Paula,  St.  a  Roman  lady  of  noble  birth, 
and  of  great  learning.  She  embraced 
Christianity,  and  when  become  a  widow, 
she  retired  to  Bethlehem,  where  she  built 
a  monastery,  and  displayed  in  the  sight  of 
her  female  associates,  all  the  virtues  and. 
mortifications  of  ascetic  life.  St.  Jerome 
wns  the  director  of  her  charitable  institu- 


PAL 


ML 


lions,  and  be  also  taught  her  to  understanJ 
the  Hebrew  Scriptures.  She  diet!  407, 
a"-ed  60.  It  is  said  that  she  was  descended 
ironi  the  illustrious  families  ol  the  Gracchi 
and  Scipios. 

Paulet,  Williiun,  marquis  of  AViii- 
ihestcr,  son  of  Sir  John  Paulet,  of  Somer- 
setshire, «as  one  of  the  courtiers  of  Henry 
"V  III.  and  of  bis  three  successors.  He  had 
the  art  during  those  times,  when  religious 
opinions  and  political  sentiments  were  so 
liable  to  persecution,  to  retain  his  places, 
and  when  asked  how  he  had  so  securely 
iveathcred  tlie  storm,  he  rci»lied,  by  being 
a  willow,  and  not  an  oak.  He  died  1572, 
aaed  97,  and  transmitted  his  honours  and 
fortunes  to  his  family,  103  ol  whom  he  saw 
descended  from  bis  loins. 

Pauli,  Simon,  author  of  treatises  on 
Malignant  Fevers  ;  against  Tobacco  and 
Tea  ;  Flora  Danica,  4to.;  and  other  medical 
■works,  was  professor  of  medicine  at  Copen- 
hagen, and  physician  to  Christian  V.  who 
rewarded  his  services  by  making  him  bishop 
of  Arrhas.     He  died  16S0,  aged  77. 

Paulian,  Aime  Henry,  a  Jesuit,  born 
at  Nimes,  1722.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
and  wrote  some  valuable  works,  the  best 
known  of  which  are  Dictionnaire  de  Phy- 
s<ique,  5  vgls.  8vo. — Systeme  General  de 
Philosophic,  4  vols.  12mo. — Dictionnr-ire 
Philosopho-Theologique,  4to.  &c.  He  died 
at  the  advanced  age  of  80. 

Paulinus,   St.   a  native  of  Bourdeaux, 

whom  his  learning  and  virtues  recommended 

to  the  highest  offices  of  the  state.     He  was 

made  consul  in  378,  and  soon  after  married 

Therasia,  a  Spanish  lady  of  great  opulence 

and  high  birth.     He  settled  in  Spain,  and 

by  the  persuasion  of  his  wife  became  a 

convert  to  Christianity,  and  he  applied  his 

large  resources  to  charitable  uses,  and  the 

most  benevolent  munificence.   To  increase 

the  labours  of  his  Christian  calling,  he  took 

orders,  393,  and  soon  after  coming  to  Italy, 

w  as  chosen  bishop  of  Nola,  where  he  died 

431,  aged  74.      Some  authors  ascribe  to 

him  the  invention  of  church  bells.     Some 

of   his  Latin  poems,   letters,  and    other 

Avorks,  are  extant.  There  was  another  who 

w  as  bishop  of  Treves,  and  the  defender  of 

Athanasius.     He  died  an  exile  in  Phrygia, 

359.     Another  was  bishop  of  Aquileia,  and 

distinguished  himself   at    the    council  of 

l^-ankfort,  in  794.     He  was  author  of  a 

Treatise  on  the  Trinity  ;  a  book  of  salutary 

instructions,  &:c.  and  died  804. 

Paulmieu  de  Grentemesnil,  Julian 
de,  a  French  physician,  educated  under 
Fernel.  He  was  physician  ta  Charles  IX. 
whom  he  succeeded  to  restore  to  health. 
He  Ams  afterwards  in  the  service  of  the 
duke  of  Anjou,  and  died  at  Caen,  1588. 
He  wrote  treatises  do  Vino  et  Pomaceo ; 
De  Lue  Venerea  ;  De  Morbis  Contagiosis, 
&c.     His  son  James  was  also  a  physician. 


but  educated  in  the  protrstant  failli.  lie 
wrote  Obscrvationes  in  Oplinioa  Auctorc* 
Gra'cos,  4to  ;  u  Lalin  I)(;^<  ription  of  An- 
cient Greece,  4to.  ;  poems  in  (jflcU,  Latin, 
Italian,  French,  and  Spauinh,  not  very  >a- 
Inable.  He  died  at  Caen,  lui  Oct.  1C70, 
aged  83. 

Paulmy,  Mark  Anthony  Hen6dc  Voyer, 
marquis  de,  son  of  the  nian|uis  of  Ar^«-ii«on, 
is  known  for  his  \uluuble  library,  \\hirh  he 
sold  to  the  count  of  Artois,  brother  to  Lew- 
is XVI.  He  was  also  distinguished  us  a 
man  of  letters,  and  was  honoured  with  a 
seat  in  the  French  academy,  and  raised  to 
the  dignity  of  minister  of  state.  He  pub- 
lished Melanges  d'une  grande  Bibliotheque, 
sixty-nine  vols.  8vo.  and  also  essays  in  the 
style  of  Montaigne,  9  vols.  8vo.  1778.  He 
died  1787,  aged  65. 

Paulze,  N.  a  native  of  Montbiiison, 
made  one  of  the  farmers  general  of  France 
by  the  inlluenee  of  his  relation  Terray.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  intellisicnce  and  erudi- 
tion, and  he  formed  a  company  for  the  im- 
provement of  Guyenne,  which  was  not, 
however,  fully  adopted.  He  was  impri- 
soned during  the  revolution,  and  guillo- 
tined, 1794.  The  commercial  details  on 
the  Indies  in  Raynal's  History,  are  attri- 
buted to  his  pen. 

Pausanias,  governor  of  the  kingdom  of 
Sparta,  during  his  nephew's  minority,  was 
brave  in  war  and  intriguing  in  the  cabinet. 
After  seiTing  against  the  Persians,  he  grew 
discontented  with  his  country,  and  made  a 
secret  treaty  with  the  enemy.  The  mea- 
sure was  discovered,  and  to  escape  punish- 
ment he  took  refuge  in  a  temple,  a\  here,  on 
account  of  his  perfidy,  his  mother  first 
brought  a  stone  to  ensure  his  confinement. 
He  was  starved  to  death,  B.  C.  474. 

Pausanias,  a  celebrated  Greek  orator 
and  historian,  who  settled  at  Rome  in  the 
second  century.  Of  his  Account  of 
Greece,  the  best  edition  is  that  of  Kuhniui, 
1G96,  folio. 

Pausias,  a  painter  of  Sicyon,  about  35'J 
B.C.  He  first  applied  colours  to  wood  ana 
ivory,  by  the  power  of  fire,  called  encaustic 
painting.  His  pictures  were  purchased  by 
Scaurus,  and  preserved  at  Home. 

Pautre,  Anthony  le,  an  architect  of  Pa- 
ris, whose  abilities  were  patronised  by  Lew- 
is XIV.  He  built  the  church  of  the  nuns 
of  the  Port  Kojal  at  Paris,  and  contributed 
by  other  works  to  the  embellishment  of 
Paris.  He  was  made  member  of  the  aca- 
demy of  sculpture,  1671,  and  died  a  ft-w 
years  after.  His  works  appeared  at  Paris, 
1652,  in  folio,  with  60  engravings.  One  of 
his  relations,  John,  was  also  a  native  of 
Paris,  and  eminent  as  a  designer  and  en- 
graver, especially  in  architectural  orna- 
ments. He  was  member  of  the  academy 
of  painting  and  sculpture,  and  died  2d  Feb. 
1GS2,  nired  65.     His  works  appeared  in  3 

439 


PAZ 


PEA 


vols,  folio,  adorned  with  above  1000  plates. 
His  son  Peter,  who  was  born  at  Paris,  4th 
March,  1659,  directed  his  attention  to 
sculpture,  and  was  made  director  of  the 
academy  of  St.  Luke.  His  jEneas  and 
Anchises,  which  adorns  the  Thuilleries, 
and  his  Lucretia  stabbing  herself  in  the  pre- 
sence of  her  husband,  are  very  valuable  spe- 
cimens of  his  great  genius.  He  died  at 
Paris,  22d  Jan.  1744. 

Pauw,  N.  de,  a  German  ecclesiastic, 
uncle  to  the  famous  Anacharsis  Cloktz. 
Though  bold  and  singular  in  his  opinions, 
he  was  respected  for  his  learning  and  vir- 
tues, and  was  much  noticed  by  Frederic 
the  Great,  of  Prussia.  He  wrote  Inquiries 
on  the  Greeks,  the  Americans,  the  Chinese, 
and  Egyptians,  7  vols.  8vo.  a  work  full  of 
curious  details,  bold  conjectures,  and  ener- 
getic description,  mixed  with  occasional 
weakness  of  thought  and  paradoxical  senti- 
ments. He  died  at  Xanten,  near  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  in  the  summer  of  1799, 

Pauw,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
eminent  for  his  learning.  He  published 
some  valuable  editions  of  several  Greek 
authors,  especially  of  Anacreon,  1733,  4to. 
Calaber,  -flEschylus,  &c. 

Payne,  Nevil,  a  dramatic  author  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  He  wrote  the  Fatal 
Jealousy — the  siege  of  Constantinople,  tra- 
gedies— the  Morning  Rambles,  or  Town 
Humours,  a  comedy,  1675. 

PaYxNE,  Roger,  an  English  book-binder, 
who  ended  a  life  of  labour,  poverty,  and  in- 
temperance, in  St.  Martin's  lane,  1797,  and 
was  buried  at  the  expense  of  Mr.  Payne 
the  bookseller,  his  friend,  though  no  rela- 
tion. His  workmanship  was  in  a  very  su- 
perior style,  and  consequently  procured 
him  high  prices,  so  that  for  the  binding  of 
an  jEschylus  for  lord  Spencer,  it  is  said 
that  he  received  not  less  than  15  guineas. 
He  was  very  singular  in  his  conduct ;  he 
made  himself  all  his  tools,  and  never  would 
work  before  any  person,  but  always  in 
some  dark  cellar,  and  when  his  necessities 
called  upon  him  for  exertion. 

Pats,  Rene  le,  a  French  poet,  born  at 
Nantes,  1636.  He  was  comptroller  of  the 
imposts  of  Dauphine  and  Provence,  and 
rendered  himself  known  at  court,  and  the 
favourite  of  the  ladies,  by  his  miscellanies, 
called  *'  Amities,  Amours,  et  Amou- 
rettes," published  1685.  He  died  30th 
April,  1690.  He  wrote  besides  Zelotide, 
a  romance,  some  colloquies,  sonnets,  &,c. 

Pazzi,  James,  a  banker  of  Florence,  of 
illustrious  family.  He  headed  the  faction 
which  opposed  the  Medicis,  and  he  con- 
spii'ed  with  Salviati,  archbishop  of  Pisa, 
and  with  cai'dinal  Riario,  to  cut  off  the  two 
brothers,  Julian  and  Laurent,  and  to  seize 
upon  the  sovereign  power.  The  elevation 
of  the  host,  26th  April,  1478,  was  the  signal 
for  this  murderous  action,  and  at  the  mo- 
440 


ment  of  this  solemn  ceremony,  Julian  was 
stabbed  to  the  heart  by  a  brother  of  Pazzi ; 
but  Laurent  escaped  with  a  slight  wound. 
The  popularity  of  the  Medicis,  and  the  atro- 
city of  the  deed  soon  armed  the  people  in 
their  favour,  and  the  conspirators  were 
seized,  and  punished  with  death,  and 
among  them  Pazzi  suffered.  The  house 
of  the  Pazzis  was  aftenvards  reconciled  to 
the  Medicis,  and  became  allied  to  them  by 
marriage.  One  of  their  descendants,  Cos- 
mo, was  archbishop  of  Florence,  1508,  and 
would  have  risen  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal, 
if  he  had  not  died  before  the  elevation  of 
his  uncle  Leo  X.  to  the  chair  of  St.  Peter. 
He  translated  Maximus  Tyrius  into  Latin. 
His  brother  Alexander  wrote  some  trage- 
dies, and  translated  the  Poetics  of  Aristotle. 

Peacock,  Reginald,  an  Englishman, 
made  by  the  interest  of  his  friend  Hum- 
phrey, duke  of  Gloucester,  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph,  and  afterwards  of  Chichester,  from 
which  he  was  banished  in  disgrace,  for 
opposing  the  papal  authority,  and  denying 
transubstantiation.  He  was  obliged  to 
make  a  public  recantation,  and  then  re- 
tired to  an  abbey,  where  he  died  1486.  His 
books  were  burnt  publicly,  as  profane  and 
heretical. 

Peaps,  William,  a  dramatic  writer,  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  where,  it  is  said,  he  wrote 
the  only  piece  mentioned  of  his  composi- 
tion. Love  in  its  Ecstasy,  or  the  Large  Pre- 
rogative, 1649,  in  4to. 

Pearce,  Zachary,  an  English  prelate, 
son  of  a  distiller  in  Holborn,  born  1690. 
He  was  educated  at  Westminster  school 
and  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  university  by  some 
light  compositions,  and  by  some  entertain- 
ing papers  in  the  Guardian  and  the  Specta- 
tor. He  was  patronised  by  lord  Parker, 
earl  of  Macclesfield,  to  whom  he  dedicated 
his  edition  of  Longinus,  and  from  whom  he 
obtained  some  preferment.  He  received, 
in  1724,  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Lambeth  ; 
but  though  noticed  after  the  disgrace  of  his 
friend,  lord  Macclesfield,  by  lord  Hard- 
wicke,  by  Potter,  Pulteney,  Newton,  and 
even  the  queen,  he  was  not  raised  to  any 
ecclesiastical  dignity  till  1739,  when  he 
was  made  dean  of  Winchester.  In  1748,  he 
was  made  bishop  of  Bangor,  and  in  1756, 
bishop  of  Rochester,  and  dean  of  West- 
minster. These  last  honours  were  con- 
ferred unsolicited,  and  the  bishop,  who 
longed  for  the  privacy  of  retired  life,  waa 
anxious  to  resign  ;  but  as  some  of  the  mi- 
nistry objected  to  the  person  thought  of 
for  his  successor,  he  was  permitted  to  divest 
himself  only  of  the  deanery  of  Westminster, 
in  favour  of  Dr.  Thomas.  He  died  June, 
1774.  Dr.  Pearce  was  eminent  as  well  for 
his  philological  learning,  as  his  classical 
knowledge.  He  wrote  a  Vindication  of 
the  Miracles  aG:ainst  the  attacks  of  Wool- 


fEt: 


I'Kl 


ston,  besides  an  Account  of  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge — Letters  Oi^ainst  Conyers 
Middleton,  iic. — a  Htniew  of  Miltoii'.s 
Text — an  Essay  on  the  Origin  of  Tcmpb.s 
— sermons,  &c.  After  his  deatli  appeared 
his  Commentary  on  tlie  four  Evun^clists, 
and  the  Acts,  2  vols.  4to. — and  4  vols  of 
sermons,  8vo. 

Pearson,  John,  an  English  prolate,  born 
12th  Feb.  1612,  at  Snoring,  Norfolk,  and 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  college,  Cam- 
bridge. In  1639  he  resigned  his  fellowship 
at  king's,  and  afterwards  became  chaplain 
to  lord  keeper  Finch,  and  to  lord  Goring, 
and  obtained  the  living  of  Torrington,  Suf- 
folk, and  of  St.  Clement's,  Eastcheap,  Lon- 
don. In  1661  he  became  Margaret  pro- 
fessor at  Cambridge  ;  in  1662  was  made 
master  of  Trinity  college,  and  in  1673  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Wilkins  in  the  see  of  Chester. 
He  died  at  Chester,  16th  July,  16S6.  He 
is  particularly  known  for  his  valuable 
"  Exposition  of  the  Creed,"  which  appeared 
1659,  in  4to.  and  has  often  been  republish- 
ed. He  wrote  besides  "  Vindicia;  Ignatii," 
against  Daiile — Annales  Cyprianici,  &c. 
and  some  posthumous  works. 

Pechantre,  Nicolas  de,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Toulouse,  163S.  He  obtained  three 
times  the  laurel  at  the  academy  of  Floral 
games,  and  acquired  great  popularity  by  his 
tragedy  of  Geta,  acted  at  Paris,  16S7.  He 
ivrote,  besides,  the  tragedies  of  the  Sacri- 
fice of  Abraham — Joseph  sold  by  his  Bre- 
thren— the  death  of  Nei'o — Jugurtha,  &c. 
He  died  at  Paris  1709. 

Pechlin,  John  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Ley- 
den,  %vho  studied  medicine  and  became  pro- 
fessor of  it  at  Kiel.  He  was  afterwards 
physician  to  the  duke  of  Holstein  Gottorp, 
and  preceptor  to  the  prince,  his  son.  He 
■vvrote  treatises  De  Purgantium  Medica- 
ment. Facultatibus — De  Vulneribus  Sclo- 
petorum — De  Aeris  et  Alimenti  Defectu  et 
Vita  sub  Aquis — De  Habitu  et  Colore 
JEthiopum — Observationum  Physico-Medi- 
carum — a  poetical  Panegyric  on  Tea,  in 
Latin,  &c.  He  died  at  Stockholm,  1706, 
aged  39. 

Pechmeja,  John  de,  professor  of  elo- 
quence in  the  college  of  La  Fleche,  was 
born  at  Villa  Franca,  in  Rouergue,  and  died 
April,  1785,  aged  44.  His  Eulogium  on 
Colbert  merited  and  received  the  approba- 
tion of  the  French  academy  in  1773.  His 
best  work  is  his  Telephus,  in  12  books, 
in  which  he  draws  a  beautiful  description 
of  true  friendship,  of  which  he  gave,  with 
his  friend  Du  Breuil,  so  interesting  an  ex- 
ample, that  the  two  friends  were  called  the 
Pylades  and  the  Orestes  of  France. 

Peck,  Francis,  an  eminent  antiquary, 
born  May  4th,  1692,  at  Stamford,  Lincoln- 
shire. He  was  educated  at  Cambridge, 
■where  he  took  his  master's  degree,  and  soon 
tlfter  obtained  the  living  of  Godebv,  near 

Vol.  it.  "     .''>6 


Melton,  Leicestershire,  where  be  died  13Ui 
August,  1743.  lie  publish«<|  1727,  in  folio, 
"  the  Aiiliqiiariari  Aiun.ls  orSt:iti.lord,"  Uc. 
inscril).(l  Hi  the  duke  .,1  KiitlamI— Memoirs 
of  Cromw<ll  and  of  Milton,  2  vol«.  4to. 
He  publisiicd  besides  "  l).-sid.rata  Curio- 
sa,"  2  vols,  containing  curious  \>ivc.v.n  of 
English  history,  &e.  and  it  is  naid,  that  be- 
fore his  death  he  had  in  contcm|dati(>u  nu 
less  than  nine  dillercnt  works  on  historical 
and  antiquarian  subjects. 

Peck  WELL,  Henry,  an  English  divine, 
rector  of  Bloxham,  Lincolnshire,  and  a  po- 
pular Calvinistic  preacher.  He  ehielly  re- 
sided in  London,  where  he  studied  physic 
and  anatomy  for  the  benefit  of  poor  persons 
of  his  persuasion.  He  died  of  a  mortifica- 
tion, caused  by  a  wound  in  the  dissection 
of  a  young  woman  who  had  died  of  a  pu- 
trid fever,  1787,  aged  40.  He  publi.^hed 
some  sermons,  &,c. 

Pecquet,  John,  a  physician,  born  at  Di- 
eppe. He  is  distinguished  for  discovering 
the  receptacle  of  tlie  chyle,  which  he  per- 
ceived to  be  conveyed  by  the  lacteal  ves- 
sels to  the  heart,  and  thence  to  the  subcla- 
vian vein.  This  ingenious  author  died  at 
Paris,  Feb.  1674.  He  published  his  Disco- 
veries in  Anatomy,  4to.  1654 — De  Thoracis 
Lacteis,  1661. 

Pecquet,  Anthony,  a  French  writer, 
grand  master  of  the  water- works,  and  the 
forests  of  Rouen.  He  presided  also  over 
the  military  school  there.  He  wrote  Ana- 
lysis of  the  Spirit  of  Laws  and  of  Political 
Maxims,  3  vols. — the  Forest  Laws  of 
France,  2  vols. — Thoughts  on  Man,  besides 
French  translations  of  Guarini's  Pastor 
Fido,  and  other  Italian  works.  He  died 
1762,  aged  58. 

Peele,  George,  a  native  of  Devonshire, 
in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  entered  at  Broad- 
gate  hall,  Oxford,  and  thence  was  elected 
student  of  Christ-church,  where  he  took 
his  master's  degree  1579.  From  Oxford 
he  went  to  London,  where  he  became  the 
city  poet,  and  had  the  management  of  the 
pageants.  He  died  before  1598.  He  is 
mentioned  by  Wood  as  no  inconsiderable 
poet,  whose  tragedies  and  comedies  were 
acted  at  Oxford  with  great  applause.  His 
pastorals  were  also  in  high  esteem.  Only 
five  of  his  plays  are  known,  Edward  I. — 
King  David  and  fair  Bi  thsabc — the  Turk- 
ish Mahomet  and  Hyren — the  Old  Wives' 
Tale,  &e. 

Peiresc, Nicholas  Claude  Fabri,  descend- 
ed from  a  noble  family  at  Pisa,  was  born 
1580,  and  studied  at  Avignon,  Aix,  and 
Tournon,  under  the  care  of  the  Jesuits.  He 
devoted  Iiimsclf  with  uncommon  assiduity 
to  mathematics,  and  particularly  to  anti- 
quities, though  he  studied  the  law  to  pleasft 
an  uncle  from  whom  he  expected  some  con* 
siderable  property.  In  1599  he  began  to 
travel  in  Italv,  and  after  visiting  Padua,  Ve- 

441 


PEL 


PEL 


nice,  Naples,  Rome,  and  all  the  curiosities 
of  that  celebrated  country,  during  a  resi- 
dence of  three  years,  he  returned  to  France, 
loaded  with  valuable   collections  of  anti- 
quities, and  accompanied  by  the  friendly 
wishes  of  men  of  learning  and  science.    In 
1604  he  took  his  degree  of  doctor  of  laws 
at  Aix,  and  succeeded  his  uncle,  who  fond- 
ly resigned  to  him  his  senatorial  dignity. 
In  1606  he  visited  England,  where  he  was 
honoured  with  the  friendship  and  attentions 
of  Camden,  Cotton,  Saville,  and  other  men 
of  celebrity,  and  even  of  James  I.  himself, 
and  then  returned  through  Antwerp,  Brus- 
sels, and  Paris,  to  his  residence  at  Aix. 
Though  a  layman,  he  was  made  by  Lewis 
XIII.  abbot  of  Santa  Maria  Aquistriensis. 
He  died  at  Aix,  24th  June,  1637,  aged  57, 
of  a  retention  of  urine  ;   and  as  he  was  a 
member  of   the   Humorists'     academy   at 
Rome,  his  eulogium  was  recited   by  Bou- 
ohier,  and  verses  in  his  praise  were  publicly 
repeated,  which  were  afterwards  printed  in 
a  collection  of  funeral  elegies  in  40  differ- 
ent  languages,    called   Panglossia.      This 
learned  man,  so   deservedly  esteemed   by 
Casaubon,  by  de  Thou,  by  Grotius,  by  J. 
Scali;i,er,  and  other  eminent  men,  was  a 
most  amiable  and  benevolent  character,  and 
not  improperly  compared  by  one  of  his  bio- 
gi'aphers  to  the  Roman  Atticus.     He  wrote 
Historia  Provincias  Gallicae  Narbonensis — 
Nobilium    ejusdem    Provinc.    Familiarum 
Origines — Commentarii    Rerum     omnium 
Memoria  dignarum  su^  JEtQ.te  gestarum — 
Liber  de  Ludricis  Naturae  Operibus — Ma- 
thematica  et  Astronomica  Varia — Nummi 
Gallici,  Saxonici,  Britannici,  &c. — Linguae 
Orientales,  Hebraea,  &c.— Observationes  in 
Varies  Auctores,  and  other  learned  works. 
His  library  was  very  choice  and  valuable, 
and  from  it  his  friends  were  at  liberty  to 
take  whatever  pleased  their  taste  or  fancy. 
Pelagius  I.   a  native  qf  Rome,  elected 
pope  555.     He  was  a  moderate  and  pious 
pontiff,  but  laboured  ardently  in  reforming 
the  manners  of  his   clergy,   and  in  promo- 
ting the  true  spirit  of  Christianity.     When 
Rome  was  besieged  by  the  Goths  under  To- 
tila,  and  at  last  plundered,  he  softened  the 
calamities  of  war  among  his  subjects,  by 
his  interference  with  the  enemy's  general, 
who  respected  his   virtues.     He  died  2d 
March,  560.     He   wrote  sixteen  epistles, 
still  preserved. 

Pelagids  II.  a  Roman,  who  succeeded 
on  the  papal  throne  after  Benedict  I.  578. 
He  maintained  with  spirit  the  rights  of  the 
church,  and  opposed  the  pretensions  of 
•Tohn,  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  who  had 
assumed  the  title  of  (Ecumenical  bishop. 
He  died  12th  Feb.  590,  of  a  pestilential 
disorder,  which  proved  very  fatal  at  that 
time,  and  was  so  violent  in  its  effects,  that 
the  patients  expired  suddenly,  either  in 
sneezing  or  in  gaping,  whence  arose,  as  i^ 
442 


supposed,  the  custom  still  observed  of  say' 
ing,  God  bless  you  !  to  persons  who  sneeze, 
and  of  making  the  sign  of  the  cross  on  ther 
mouth  of  those  who  gape. 

Pelagius,  an  illustrious  Spaniard,  rela- 
ted to  the  king  of  the  Visigoths.  He  was 
driven  from  his  possessions  by  the  Moors, 
but  after  an  obscure  exile  of  three  years, 
he  attacked  his  enemies  and  defeated  them 
in  716,  and  assumed  the  title  of  king  of 
Leon  and  the  Asturias.  He  died  737,  uni- 
versally respected  for  valour,  piety,  and 
prudence. 

Pelagius,  a  celebrated  heresiarch  in  the 
fifth  century.  He  was  a  native  of  Wales, 
and  as  is  supposed,  a  monk  of  Bangor,  and 
he  went  to  Rome,  where  he  dropped  his 
name  of  Morgan  for  the  more  classical 
Greek  name  of  Pelagius.  In  his  zeal  to 
make  converts,  and  to  rouse  those  who 
pleaded  temptations  and  human  infirmities 
for  their  lukewarm  conduct  in  the  cause 
of  practical  religion,  he  became  the  sup- 
porter of  new  opinions,  and  rejected  the 
doctrine  of  original  sin,  while  he  maintain- 
ed free  will  in  its  fullest  extent,  and  as- 
serted that  man  may  be  saved  by  his  own 
merits  and  virtuous  exertions.  His  opini- 
ons, which  he  published  in  his  book  against 
St.  Jerome,  drew  upon  him  the  censures 
and  condemnation  of  the  synod  of  Car- 
thage, and  of  several  other  councils.  Pe- 
lagius left  Rome  with  Celestius,  the  ablest 
of  his  followers,  and  retired  to  Jerusalem, 
but  it  is  unknown  where  and  when  he  died. 
He  wrote  besides  letters.  Commentaries  on 
St.  Paul's  Epistles,  &c.  The  History  of 
the  Pelagian  schism  has  been  written  in  a 
very  able  manner  by  cardinal  N orris,  and 
also  by  Patouillet,  12mo.  1751. 

Peletier,  Claude  de,  counsellor  of  the 
Chatelet,  and  of  the  parliament,  president 
of  the  chamber  of  requests,  provost  of  mer- 
chants, and  builder  of  the  quay  which  still 
bears  his  name  at  Paris,  was  born  in  that 
city  1630.  He  was  educated  for  the  law, 
and  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Boileau, 
Bignon,  Lamoignon,  and  other  great  men, 
and  he  succeeded  in  1683  the  famous  Col- 
bert, as  comptroller  general  of  the  finan- 
ces. After  six  years'  laborious  application, 
he  resigned  this  office,  and  exchanged  the 
court  for  a  life  of  retirement  and  devotion. 
He  died  Aug.  1711,  aged  81.  Though 
much  engaged  in  public  affairs,  he  however 
found  time  to  publish  Extracts  and  Collec- 
tions from  the  Fathers,  &c. — Comes  Se- 
nectutis — ComesRusticus — Pithou's  Comes 
Theologus  et  Comes  Juridicus — the  Body 
of  the  Canon  Law,  &.c.  His  brother  Mi- 
chael was  counsellor  of  state,  and  member 
of  the  academy  of  inscriptions,  to  whose 
memoirs  he  contributed.  He  resigned  his 
offices  at  the  age  of  80,  and  retired  to  the 
abbey  of  St.  Victor,  at  Paris,  where  hf 
diedl72.^. 


PKL 


VKL 


Teli.,  John,  an  English  mathematician, 
born  at  Southwyke,  Sussex,  1st  March, 
1610.  He  was  educated  at  Stenning 
school,  and  at  13  entered  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  applied  himself  to 
mathematics  with  unusual  assiduity.  After 
taking  his  master's  degree,  he  was  incorpo- 
rated at  Oxford  in  iGIil,  and  by  his  various 
publications  he  acquired  so  much  reputa- 
tion that  he  was  invited  in  1639  to  fill  up  a 
professor's  chair  at  Amsterdam,  to  which 
he  succeeded  1643.  In  1646,  he  settled  at 
Breda  as  professor  of  philosophy  and  ma- 
thematics, at  the  request  of  the  prince  of 
Orange,  and  in  1652  returned  to  his  native 
country.  In  1654  he  was  sent  by  Crom- 
well as  English  resident  to  the  protestant 
cantons  of  Switzerland,  and  returned  a 
little  while  before  the  protector's  death. 
In  1661  he  was  ordained  by  the  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  and  obtained  from  the  crown  the 
rectory  of  Fobbing  in  Essex,  to  which  the 
bishop  of  London  afterwards  added  the 
rectory  of  Lavingdon  in  that  county. 
Though  respectable  as  a  scholar  and  a  man 
of  science,  Dr.  Pell  was  unfortunately  very 
inattentive  to  the  state  of  his  domestic  af- 
fairs, and  consequently  became  poor  in  his 
old  age,  and  was  even  confined  in  the 
king's  bench  as  a  debtor.  He  died  Dec. 
12th,  1685,  and  was  interred  by  the  chari- 
ty of  Busby,  master  of  Westminster  school, 
and  Sharp,  rector  of  St.  Giles.  He  had 
by  his  wife  4  sons  and  4  daughters.  He 
published  Controversia  cum  Longomontano 
de  Vera  Circuli  Mensura,  4to. — an  Idea  of 
Mathematics,  12mo.— Table  of  10,000 
Square  Numbers,  folio — Demonstration  of 
the  second  and  tenth  book  of  Euclid — De- 
scription of  the  Use  of  the  Quadrant — 
Letter  on  Logarithms — Astronomical  His- 
tory of  the  Heavenly  Motions  and  Appear- 
ances— Eclipticus  Prognostica,  &e.  and  he 
left  various  MSS.  which  by  means  of  Dr. 
Birch  were  obtained  for  the  collection  of  the 
Royal  Society. 

Pellegrin,  Simon  Joseph,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, born  at  Marseilles  1663.  He 
Avas  of  the  society  of  the  Servites,  and  ob- 
tained in  1704  the  prize  of  the  French 
academy,  for  his  poetical  "  Epistle  to  the 
King  on  the  glorious  success  of  his  Arms." 
This  made  him  known  at  Court,  and  by 
means  of  madanie  dc  Maintenon,  he  was 
permitted  to  remove  to  the  ecclesiastical 
order  of  Clugny  ;  but  as  he  kept  a  shop  for 
the  sale  of  poetical  pieces,  amorous  odes, 
and  ballads,  and  even  wrote  for  the  stage, 
he  drew  upon  himself  the  animadversion  of 
cardinal  de  Noailles,  who  insisted  upon  his 
relinquishing  either  his  theatrical  employ- 
ments, or  the  privilege  of  officiating  at  the 
mass.  He  chose  the  latter,  and  subsisted 
afterwards  by  his  pen.  He  died  5th  Sept. 
1745,  aged  82.  His  works  consist  of  dra- 
mas from  the  Old  and  New  Testament ;  the 


Psalius  of  David  ;  besides  a  iranslaiiOM  of 
Horace,  2  vols,  with  notes,  &c. 

Pellf.crini,  Antonio,  a  native  of  Pa- 
dua, celebrated  a-*  an  hinforir  al  p:iintrr. 
He  visited  England  IhrouKh  ll..-  friti.dhhip 
of  the  duke  of  Manchester,  and  several 
specimens  of  his  exrtllont  cxcriition  arc 
preserved  in  this  country.  He  died  1711, 
aged  67. 

Pellegrino,  Tibaldi,  or"  Pei.i.ec;iun  of 
Bologna,  wliere  he  v.as  born  1622,  was 
eminent  as  an  architect  and  painter,  lie 
displayed  his  abilities  at  Koine  and  Pavia, 
and  also  at  Milan,  where  he  built  the  ca- 
thedral of  St.  Ambrose,  and  afterwards  he 
was  invited  to  Spain,  to  direct  the  paint- 
ings and  architecture  of  the  Esrnrial. 
His  services  were  liberally  rewarded  by 
Philip  II.  who  made  him  a  marquis,  and 
sent  him  back  loaded  with  presents.  He 
died  at  Milan,  15'J2,  a;>ed  70. 

Pellegrino  of  Modena,  a  painter,  born 
1511,  was  bred  under  Raphael,  and  em- 
ployed in  adorning  the  Vatican.  He  died 
of  some  wounds  received  in  rescuing  his 
son,  who  had  unfortunately  committed  a 
murder  in  the  streets  of  Modena. 

Pellerin,  Joseph,  commissary-general 
and  chief  clerk  of  the  French  marine,  is 
famous  for  his  fine  and  valuable  collection 
of  medals,  which  was  purchased  by  the 
king  in  1776.  He  published  his  interesting 
Observations  on  Medals,  in  9  vols,  4to. 
with  plates,  a  work  of  great  beauty.  He 
died  Aug.  1782,  aged  99. 

Pelletier,  John  le,  a  native  of  Rouen, 
who  studied  painting,  which  he  afterwards 
abandoned  for  literature.  Blessed  with 
strong  powers  of  mind,  he  made  himself 
completely  acquainted  with  the  learned  lan- 
guages, Italian,  Spanish,  mathematics, 
chymistry,  astronomy,  &c.  without  the  as- 
sistance of  a  master;  and  in  the  latter  pai't 
of  life  he  devoted  himself  to  religious  stu- 
dies. He  died  1711,  aged  7S.  He  wrote 
a  Dissertation  on  Noah's  Ark — on  St.  Be- 
nedict's Hemina — on  the  Journal  of  Tre- 
voux — the  Life  of  Sixtus  V.  by  Leti,  trans- 
lated— Naunton's  Fragmenta  Regalia,  or 
Queen  Elizabeth's  History  translated,  &c. 

Pelletier,  Gaspard,  physician  and 
counsellor  of  Middleburg  in  Zealand,  ac- 
quired reputation  in  his  profession,  and 
died  in  his  native  town,  1G.'(9.  lie  is  au- 
thor of  Plantarum  tuni  Patriarum,  tuin  Ex- 
otiearum  in  Wallaehia,  Zealand,  nascen- 
tium  Synonyma,  8vo.  1610. 

Pelletier,  Bcrtrand,  a  native  of  Bay- 
onnc,  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of 
chymistry  and  pharmacy.  He  settled  at 
Paris  as  an  apothecary,  and  deserved  to  be 
admitted  member  of  the  academy  of  sci- 
ences, and  afterwards  of  the  Institute.  He 
wrote  various  dissertations  in  the  memoirs 
of  the  French  academies,  and  had  a  share 
in   the   Journal  of   Natural   History,  aud 

443 


PEh 


PEN 


wrote  besides,  Observations   on  Al^enic 
He  died  1797,  aged  36. 

Pelletier,  James,  a  French  physician, 
born  at  Mans,  became  principal  of  the  col- 
leges of  Bayeux  and  Mans  at  Paris,  where 
he  died  1582,  aged  65.  He  published  Latin 
Commentaries  on  Euclid — Description  of 
Savoy — treatise  on  the  Plague — Curious 
Dialogue  on  Orthography — Poetic  works — 
a  French  Art  of  Poetry,  and  other  works. 

Pellican,  Conrad,  a  native  of  Rusac  in 
Alsace,  who  became  a  cordelier  in  1494, 
and  afterwards  presided  over  the  convent 
of  Basle.  He  embraced  the  tenets  of  Lu- 
ther, and  abandoning  the  religious  habit 
in  1556,  came  to  Zurich,  where  he  settled 
and  taught  Hebrew,  and  married.  He 
died  1556,  aged  78.  He  was  the  friend  of 
Erasmus,  and  published  some  controversial 
\rorks,  and  commentaries  illustrative  of 
Scripture,  in  7  vols,  fol  much  commended 
by  Richard  Simon. 

Pellison-Fontanier,  Paul,  a  French 
writer,  born  of  an  ancient  family  at  Be- 
ziers,  1624.  He  studied  the  law,  which  he 
afteru'ards  abandoned  for  belles  lettres. 
He  settled  at  Paris,  where  he  became  the 
friend  and  correspondent  of  madame  Scu- 
deri,  and  in  1562  was  made  secretary  to 
the  king,  and  admitted  into  the  French  aca- 
demy, in  consequence  of  hia  excellent 
*'  History"  of  that  society.  He  was  much 
patronised  by  Fouquet,  superintendent  of 
the  finances  ;  but  upon  the  fall  of  that  mi- 
nister, he  shared  his  disgrace,  and  was  sent 
for  four  years  to  the  Bastille.  When  set  at 
liberty  1666,  he  was  honoured  with  the  at- 
tention of  the  learned  and  the  great,  and 
liis  merits  as  well  as  his  innocence  soon  re- 
stored hkn  to  the  favour  of  Lewis  XIV. 
Tvhom  he  accompanied  in  his  expedition 
against  the  United  States,  of  which  he 
wrote  an  interesting  account.  In  1670  he 
renounced  the  proiestant  religion,  and  em- 
braced the  ecclesiastical  life,  and  thus  ob- 
tained preferment.  He  died  at  Versailles, 
7th  Feb.  1693.  His  works  are  very  res- 
pectable, consisting  of  the  History  of 
Lewis  XIV. — the  life  of  Anne  of  Austria 
— History  of  the  Conquest  of  Franche 
Comte — Poems — Historical  Letters — Re- 
flections on  Religious  DifTerciJces — treatise 
on  the  Eucharist — Pleadings  in  favour  of 
his  friend  Fouquet,  &c. 

Pelloutier,  Simon,  a  protestant  divine, 
descended  from  a  Lyonese  family,  but  born 
at  Leipsic.  He  was  member  of  the  Ber- 
lin academy,  and  became  there  an  active 
pastor,  and  distinguished  himself  also  as  an 
able  writer.  His  History  of  the  Celts, 
particularly  of  the  Gauls  and  Germans,  is  a 
valuable  work,  edited  in  2  vols.  4to.  and  8 
in  l2mo.     He  died  1757,  aged  63. 

Pelopidas,    a  celebrated    Theban,   the 
friend  of  Epaminondas.      Devoted  to  the 
i"nHirest  of  his  fellow-citizens.  Pelopidas, 
444 


with  the  assistance  of  his  friend,  raised 
Thebes  from  a  dependent  state  to  glory 
and  victory.  He  was  at  last  slain  in  bat- 
tle, B.C.  364. 

Pemberton,  Henry,  an  English  physi- 
cian of  eminence.  His  treatise  on  Chy- 
mistry,  and  his  View  of  sir  Isaac  Newton's 
Philosophy,  in  4to.  display  his  abilities  as 
a  man  of  science  and  erudition,  in  a  very 
favourable  view.  He  was  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  died  in  an  advanced  old 
age,  1771. 

Pemberton,  Ebenezer,  minister  of  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts,  was  born  in  that  town 
in  1672,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1691.  He  was  afterwards  a  tutor  in 
that  seminary.  He  devoted  himself  to  the 
ministry,  and  in  1700  was  ordained  assist- 
ant pastor  of  the  Old  South  church,  Bos- 
ton, where  he  remained  till  his  death  in 
1717.  He  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
accomplished  preachers  his  country  has 
produced.  He  possessed  a  mind  of  un- 
common energy,  and  had  enriched  it  with 
extensive  learning.  His  style  of  writing 
was  highly  forcible,  and  his  delivery  vigor- 
ous and  impressive.  A  volume  of  his  ser- 
mons has  been  published  since  his  death. 

iCP'  L. 

Pembertox,  Thomas,  distinguished  by 
his  knowledge  of  American  history,  was 
born  at  Boston  in  1728.  He  employed 
himself  a  number  of  years  in  merchandise, 
but  at  length  devoted  his  attention  to 
American  history,  and  wrote  fourteen  or 
fifteen  historical  and  biographical  manu- 
script volumes.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  and  fur- 
nished a  large  proportion  of  its  collections. 
He  bequeathed  his  manuscripts  to  that  in- 
stitution. He  died  on  the  5th  of  July, 
1S07,  in  his  eightieth  year.         rCP  L. 

Pemble,  William,  an  English  ecclesias- 
tic, tutor  and  divinity  reader  at  Magdalen- 
hall,  Oxford.  His  abilities  as  a  scholar 
and  a  divine  were  of  a  superior  rank,  but 
unfortunately  he  did  not  live  long  to  dis- 
play them.  His  works  appeared  in  one 
vol.  folio.     He  died  1623,  aged  32. 

Pembroke,  Thomas,  an  English  painter, 
the  pupil  and  imitator  of  Larroon.  He 
painted  much  for  the  earl  of  Bath,  and  ex- 
celled chiefly  in  historical  pieces  and  por- 
traits.    He  died  at  London  1730,  aged  23. 

Pendleton,  Edmund,  of  Virginia,  who 
was  distinguished  for  talents  and  patriot- 
ism, and  was  one  of  the  most  conspicuous 
among  the  great  men  of  that  state  during 
the  war  of  the  revolution.  His  education 
was  defective,  but  his  fine  endowments  and 
vigorous  application  soon  remedied  that 
disadvantage.  He  was  for  a  long  time  one 
of  the  leading  members  of  the  house  of 
burgesses  of  that  state,  and  in  1773  was 
appointed  one  of  the  committee  of  corres- 
pondence for  gaining  intelligence  of  the 


PEN 

acts  of  tlie  British  government,  and  com- 
municating with  tlie  colonics,  lie  was  a 
member  of  the  congress  of  1774.  In  1787 
he  was  appointed  president  of  the  conven- 
tion of  Virginia,  elected  to  consider  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  em- 
ployed his  inlhience  to  obtain  its  adoption. 
In  1781)  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
United  States'  district  court  for  Virginia, 
but  declined  the  oHice.  He  was  for  many 
years  a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals  of  that 
state,  and  its  president  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  took  place  at  Richmond,  23d 
October,  1803.  He  held  the  first  rank  as 
a  lawyer  and  statesman,  and  was  particu- 
larly distinguished  for  the  force  and  clear- 
ness of  his  thoughts,  for  subtlety  in  dis- 
crimination, and  dexterity  in  argument. 

fCp-  L. 

Penington,  Isaac,  son  of  a  lord  mayor 
of  London,  was  born  1617.  He  was  well 
educated,  and  much  given  to  religious  me- 
ditation ;  and  by  the  conversation  and 
preaching  of  George  Fox,  he  became  a 
zealous  and  active  quaker.  Not  oidy  as  a 
writer,  but  as  a  travelling  minister,  he 
spread  the  tenets  which  he  had  embraced, 
and  at  last  drew  the  attention'of  the  nn- 
gistrates  so  severely  upon  his  conduct,  that 
he  was  imprisoned  not  less  than  six  times 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  After  suflering 
much  undeser\ed  persecution,  this  man, 
who  was  of  inoffensive  manners,  and  of 
a  meek  and  quiet  spirit,  died  at  Good- 
nestone  court,  Sussex,  1679.  His  publica- 
tions were  numerous,  and  all  in  favour  of 
the  quakers.  They  are  mostly  dated  from 
Alesbury,  where  he  chiefly  lived,  and  were 
collected  into  one  folio  volume,  1681,  and 
afterwards  reprinted  in  2  vols.  4to.  and  4 
in  Svo.  The  persecution  exercised  against 
the  son  arose,  it  is  said  by  some,  from  the 
conduct  of  Isaac  Penington,  the  father,  %vho 
was  an  alderman,  violent  against  Charles 
I.  and  who  headed  some  of  the  riots  against 
the  court.  He  sat  also  as  one  of  the 
king's  judges,  and  at  the  restoration  was 
tried  and  condemned,  but  respited,  and 
kept  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower,  where  he 
died. 

Penn,  William,  a  native  of  Bristol,  dis- 
tinguished in  the  British  navy  as  an  able 
admiral.  He  was  commander  of  the  fleet 
in  the  reduction  of  Jamaica  in  1655  by 
Venables,  but  he  lost  for  a  time  the  good 
opinion  of  the  protector,  who  confined  him 
in  the  Tower  for  absenting  himself  from 
the  American  station  without  leave.  He 
was  member  for  Weymouth,  and  after  the 
restoration  he  obtained  a  high  command 
under  the  duke  of  York,  and  greatly  con- 
tributed to  the  defeat  of  the  Dutch  fleet, 
1664.  He  was  knighted  by  Charles  II.  for 
his  services,  and  died  at  his  house,  Wan- 
stead,  Essex,  1670,  aged  49. 
Penn,  William,  a  celebrated  quaker.  son 


of  the  above,   was  born   in  London,  1C44 
From  a  pri\au-  ..cliool  at  Chii^uell,  Ksscx, 
he  entered  in    1660  as  a  gentleman  com- 
moner  at   Chrisl-church,    Oxford  ;   but   as 
he   withdrew   fioni    the    national   fornix  of 
worship   with    other    students,    who,   like 
himself,  had    listened    to  the   pn  aching  of 
Thomas  Loe,  a  quaker  uf  cmineiici  ,  he  was 
fined    for    non-conformity,    aiwl    the    neit 
year,   as   he  pertinaciously  adhered  to  hw 
opinions,  he  was  expelled  from  the  colligc. 
This  disgrace  did  not  promote  his  comfort, 
his  father  considered   his  singularly   sober 
and  serious  conduct  as  tcniling   to   impede 
his  el(\ation  to  the  fa\  ours  of  the  licentious 
court,  and  therefore,  after  being,  as  he  says, 
whipped  and  beaten,   he  was  turned  out  of 
door>,    1662.     Hi^   father,    however,  sent 
him  to  France,  and  on  his  return  he  enter- 
ed at  Lincoln's-inn  as  a  law  student.     In 
166U  he  was   sent  to   manage   an  estate  in 
Ireland, and  during  his  residence  there  he  re- 
newed his  a(  quaintance  \vith  Loc,and  show- 
edsuch  partialitv  to  the  (|u:(kers,  that  he  was 
in  those  days  of  persecution,  taken   up  at  a 
meeting   at   Cork,   and  imprisoned  by  the 
mayor,  who  at  last  restored  him  to  liberty, 
at  the  request  of  lord  Orrery.      His  return 
to  England   proiluced  a  violent   altercation 
with  his  father,  who  wished   him   to  aban- 
don those  singular   habits,   so  offensive  to 
decorum  and  established  forms,  and  when 
he  refused  to  appear  uncovered  before  him 
and  before  the  king,   he  a  second  time  dis- 
missed him  from  his  protc  ction  and  favour. 
In  1668  he  first  appeared  as  a  preacher  and 
as  an  author  among  the  quakers,   and  in 
consequence  of  some  controversial  dispute 
he  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  where   he  re- 
mained in  confinement  for  7  months.     The 
passing  of  the  conventicle  act  soon  after 
again  sent  him  to  prison  in  Newgate,  from 
which  he  was   released  by  the  interest  of 
his  father,  who  about  this  time  was  recon- 
ciled to  him, and  left  him  on  his  decease  some 
time  after  a  valuable  estate  of  about  1500/. 
per  annum.     In  1672  he  married  (nili(  Ima 
Maria  Springett,  a  lady  of  principles  simi- 
lar to  his  own,  and  then  fixed  his  residence 
at   Rickmansworth,    where   he    employed 
himself  zealously  in  promoting  the  cause  of 
the  Friends  by  his  preacliing,  as  well  as  by 
his  writings.     In  1677  he  went  with  George 
Fox  and   Robert  Barclay  to  the   continent 
on  a  religious  excursion  ;  and  after  visiting 
Amsterdam,  and   the  other   chief  towns  of 
Holland,   they  proceeded  to   the  court  of 
princess  FJizabeth,   the   grand-ilaughtcr  of 
James  I.  at  Herwerden  or  Herford,  where 
they  were  received  with  great  kindness  and 
hospitality.     Soon  after  his  return  to  Eng- 
land, Charles  II.  granted  him,  in  considera- 
tion of  the  services  of  his  father,  and  for  a 
debt  due  to  him  from  the  crown,  a  province 
of  North  America,  called  the  New  Nether- 
lands, but  now  denominated  Pennsylvania. 

44^ 


PEN 


PEN- 


In  consequence  of  this  acquisition  be  invited, 
tinder  the  royal  patent,  settlers  from  all 
parts  of  the  kingdom,  and  drew  up  in  twen- 
ty-four articles  the  fundamental  constitu- 
tion of  his  new  province,  in  which  he  held 
out  a  greater  degree  of  religious  liberty, 
than  had  at  that  time  appeared  in  the 
Christian  world.  A  colony  of  people, 
chiefly  of  his  persuasion,  soon  flocked  to 
^hare  his  tortunes  ;  the  lands  of  the  coun- 
try were  cleared  and  improved,  and  a  town 
was  built,  which,  on  the  principle  of  bro- 
therly love,  received  the  name  of  Philadel- 
phia. In  1682  Penn  visited  the  province, 
and  confirmed  that  good  understanding 
which  he  had  recommended  with  the  na- 
tives, and  after  two  years'  residence,  and 
with  the  satisfaction  of  witnessing  and 
promoting  the  prosperity  of  the  colonists, 
he  returned  to  England.  Soon  after 
Charles  died,  and  the  acquaintance  which 
Penn  had  with  the  new  monarch  was  ho- 
nourably used  to  protect  the  people  of  his 
persuasion.  At  the  revolution,  however, 
he  was  suspected  of  treasonable  corres- 
pondence with  the  exiled  prince,  and  there- 
fore exposed  to  molestation  and  persecu- 
tion. In  1694  he  lost  his  wife,  but  though 
severely  afflicted  by  the  event,  he  in  about 
two  years  married  again,  and  afterwards 
employed  himself  in  travelling  in  Ireland, 
and  over  England,  in  disseminating  as  a 
preacher  the  doctrines  of  his  sect.  He 
visited  in  1699  his  province  with  his  wife 
and  family,  and  returned  to  England  in 
1701.  The  suspicion  with  which  he  had 
been  regarded  under  William's  government 
ceased  at  the  accession  of  queen  Anne,  and 
the  unyielding  advocate  of  quakerism  was 
permitted  to  live  with  greater  freedom,  and 
to  fear  persecution  less.  In  1710  he  re- 
moved to  Rushcomb,  near  Twyford,  Berks, 
where  he  spent  the  rest  of  life.  Three  re- 
peated attacks  of  an  apoplexy  at  last  came 
to  weaken  his  faculties  and  his  constitu- 
tion, and  after  nearly  losing  all  recollec- 
tion of  his  former  friends  and  associates, 
he  expired  30th  July,  1718,  and  was  buried 
at  Jordan,  near  Beaconsfield,  Bucks.  The 
character  of  Penn  is  truly  amiable,  benevo- 
lent, and  humane  ;  his  labours  were  ex- 
erted for  the  good  of  mankind,  and  with 
the  strictest  consistency  of  moral  conduct 
and  religious  opinion,  he  endured  persecu 
tion  and  malice  with  resignation,  and 
guided  by  the  approbation  of  a  pure  con- 
science, he  showed  himself  indefatigable 
in  the  fulfilling  of  what  he  considered  as 
the  law  of  God,  and  the  clear  demonstra- 
tion of  the  truth  of  the  gospel.  He  pub- 
lished various  works  to  advance  and  sup- 
port his  religious  opinions,  which  were 
widely  disseminated  among  the  friends  of 
his  persuasion.  The  best  known  of  these 
are  No  Cross,  No  Crown,  to  show  that  the 
denving  of  self  and  daily  bearing  the  Cross 
446 


of  Christ  is  the  only  way  to  the  kingdoni 
of  God — a  Brief  Account  of  the  Rise  and 
Progress  of  the  People  called  Quakers — 
Primitive  Christianity  revived — Innocency 
with  her  Open  Face,  written  in  his  vindica- 
tion when  confined  in  the  Tower. 

Penn,  Thomas,  son  of  William  Penn,  the 
founder  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  March 
8th,  1702,  and  succeeded  to  the  share  in 
the  proprietary  previously  owned  by  his 
brother  John,  who  died  in  1746.  He  left 
the  province  and  went  to  England  in  1741, 
but  had  the  principal  direction  of  its  affairs 
for  half  a  century.  He  was  a  principal 
founder  of  the  college  at  Philadelphia,  and 
the  hospital,  the  library,  and  other  literary, 
charitable,  and  religious  societies,  shared  his 
bounty.  He  died  in  London,  March  2lst, 
1775.  |CJ='  L. 

Pennant,  Thomas,  an  able  naturalist 
and  antiquary,  born  at  Downing,  his  family 
estate  in  Flintshire,  1726,  and  educated  at 
Wrexham  school,  and  Oxford.  He  early 
distinguished  himself  by  his  application  to 
natural  philosophy,  and  after  examining 
with  judicious  attention  whatever  was  cu- 
rious and  valuable  in  England,  he  travelled 
on  the  continent,  and  was  introduced  to 
the  wits  and  learned  men  of  Europe,  espe- 
cially BufTon,  Voltaire,  Linnaeus,  &c.  Soon 
after  his  return  to  England  he  commenced 
author,  and  from  the  year  1750,  when  his 
British  Zoology  appeared,  to  the  time  of 
his  death,  he  was  usefully  employed  in 
elucidating  the  history,  geography,  and 
natural  curiosities  of  his  country.  This 
truly  amiable  and  virtuous  man,  whose 
learning  was  equalled  by  his  goodness  of 
heart,  died  at  Downing,  1793.  His  works 
are  numerous  and  very  respectable,  the 
best  known  of  which  are  Tour  in  Scotland, 
1771,  often  edited — Tours  in  Wales,  from 
Chester  to  London — Account  of  London — 
Literary  Memoirs  of  himself — a  Geogra- 
phical Account  of  India,  of  which  only  the 
first  volume  appeared  before  his  death,  and 
other  publications. 

Penni,  John  Francis,  surnamed  II  Fat- 
tore,  as  the  prudent  steward  of  his  master 
Raphael's  affairs,  was  a  painter,  born  at 
Florence.  His  landscapes  were  much  ad- 
mired. He  died  1528,  aged  40.  His  bro- 
ther Lucas  was  also  eminent  as  a  painter, 
and  was  patronised  by  Henry  VIII.  in 
England,  and  also  by  Francis  I.  at  Fon- 
tainebleau. 

Pennicuik,  Alexander,  a  Scotch  phy- 
sician, born  at  New  Hall,  Edinburghshire. 
His  father,  who  was  of  a  very  respectable 
and  ancient  family,  had  been  surgeon  under 
general  Bannier  in  the  Swedish  army,  and 
the  son,  after  travelling  abroad  settled  in 
his  native  country,  where  he  published  a 
topographical  account  of  Tweedale,  some 
poems,  descriptive  of  the  manners  of  bis 
countrymen.  &>c.     He  died  1722,  aged  70. 


VKF 


t\A' 


It  is  said  that  he  communicaled  to  Aliuu 
Ramsay  the  incidents  which  he  hath  clothed 
in  such  iiitcrestins;  beauty  of  language  in 
his  Gentle  Shepherd. 

Penny,  Thomas,  an  English  naturalist 
of  celebrity.  He  travelled  over  England 
and  other  various  countries  in  search  of 
botanical  knowledge,  and  brought  from 
Majorca  the  curious  plant  called  Hyperi- 
cum Valeraricum,  which  Clusius  in  honour 
of  him  names  Myrto  Cistus  Pennaji.  He 
■was  very  communicative  of  his  informa- 
tion to  his  friends,  especially  to  Lobel, 
Gerard,  Gesner,  and  other  botanists.  He 
wrote  letters  on  insects,  inserted  in  Trew's 
collection.  He  was  fellow  of  the  college 
of  physicians,  London. 

Penruddock,  John,  son  of  Sir  John  of 
Wiltshire,  was  zealous  in  the  cause  of  his 
sovereign  during  the  civil  wars,  and  obtain- 
ed the  rank  ol  colonel  in  ihe  royal  army. 
He  was  defeated  by  colonel  Croke,  who, 
after  he  bad  solemnly  promised  him  pardon, 
caused  him  to  be  beheaded  in  l6o5.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  piety,  and  equally 
distingui^hed  for  the  virtues  of  private  life. 
The  letters  which  passed  between  him  and 
his  wife  after  his  condemnation,  have  been 
published  by  Steele,  and  display  him  in  the 
most  aft'ecting  language,  in  the  amiable 
light  of  the  good  Christian  and  the  loyal 
subject. 

Penrt,  John,  or  Ap-henry,  a  native  of 
Brecknock,  who  studied  at  Cambridge,  and 
afterwards  at  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
master's  degree.  In  consequence  of  some 
offence  he  altered  his  religious  principles, 
and  became  an  anabaptist  or  Brownist,  and 
not  only  preached,  but  wrote  with  great 
virulence  against  the  episcopacy.  His 
writings,  under  the  assumed  name  of  Mar- 
tin Mar-Prelate,  gave  great  offence  to  the 
ministry  ;  and  in  consequence  of  their  se- 
ditious tendency  he  was  arrested,  and  con- 
demned, and  executed  in  1593.  His  pub- 
lications were  numerous  and  all  on  divinity 
subjects. 

Pens,  George,  a  native  of  Nuremberg 
in  the  16th  century.  He  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  painter  and  engraver. 

Pepin,  the  Short,  son  of  Charles  Mar- 
tel,  was  the  first  monarch  of  the  second 
French  dynasty,  and  was  elected  at  Sois- 
sons  752.  Though  small  of  stature  he 
commanded  the  respect  of  his  people,  by 
the  valour  and  heroic  firmness  of  his  con- 
duct. He  listened  to  the  complaints  of  the 
pope  Stephen  H.  and  marched  to  attack 
Astolphus  king  of  the  Lombards  who  be- 
sieged Rome,  and  after  he  had  routed  him, 
he  turned  his  victorious  arms  against  the 
dukes  of  Saxony,  and  of  Aquitaine,  whom 
he  defeated  and  made  tributary  to  his 
power.  He  died  at  St.  Denys,  23d  Sept. 
768,  aged  54,  and  divided  his  poesession? 


among  his  sons,  Charlemagne  and  Carlo- 


man. 


Pepin,  the  Fat,  mayor  of  the  palace, 
governed  Australia,  Neusiria,  and  Bur- 
gundy, and  maintained  hin  power  by  firm- 
ness, vigour,  and  wisdom.  He  died  I6tb 
Dec.  /14,  alter  governing  more  as  a  maa- 
tcr  than  as  a  minister  27  years. 

Pepperell,  Sir  William,  lieutenant-ge- 
neral in  the  British  service,  was  a  native  of 
Maine,  Massachusetts,  and  bred  a  mer- 
chant. He  was  early  appointed  an  oflicer 
in  the  militia,  and  after  advancing  through 
several  grades  of  rank,  was  at  lengili  in- 
trusted by  the  colonies  with  the  command 
of  the  expedition  against  Louisburg,  which 
he  succeeded  in  capturing.  In  reward  for 
his  services  on  that  occasion  he  received 
from  the  king  the  dignity  of  baronet  of 
Great  Britain,  and  was  regarded  with  great 
respect  and  admiration  by  the  colonies. 
He  possessed  great  courage,  activity,  and 
an  aptnes3  for  command,  and  was  prepos- 
s;  ssing  in  his  manners.  Beside-  his  military 
offices  he  held  a  seat  in  his  majesty's 
council  for  thirty-two  years.  He  died  in 
1759,  in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of  his  age. 

(L    L. 

Pepusch,  John  Christopher,  an  eminent 
musician,  born  at  Berlin  1667.  His  abili- 
ties were  so  early  displayed,  that  at  the 
age  of  14  he  was  employed  at  the  Prussian 
court  to  teach  music  to  the  prince  royal. 
In  1700,  became  over  to  England,  and  was 
engaged  at  Drury*lane,  and  acquired  some 
celebrity  and  more  lortune  as  a  teacher. 
In  1713,  he  was  admitted  doctor  of  Music 
at  Oxford,  and  about  1725,  he  married 
Margarita  de  I'Epine,  an  Italian  singer,  of 
light  character,  but  who  had  by  her  engage- 
ments on  the  stage  amassed  a  fortune  of 
10,000  guineas.  This  w'oman,  whose 
figure  and  complexion  entitled  her  to  the 
appellation  of  Hecate,  by  which  her  hus- 
band distinguished  her,  brought  him  one 
son,  who  died  before  his  parents.  Pe- 
pusch lost  his  wife  in  1740,  and  died  him- 
self 20th  July,  1752,  aged  85,  at  the  Char- 
ter-house, of  which  he  was  organist. 

Pepys,  Samuel,  a  learned  Englishman, 
known  as  the  indefatigable  secretary  of  the 
admiralty  under  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 
and  his  brother.  He  introduced  order, 
regularity,  and  method  in  his  department, 
and  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the  col- 
lecting of  memoirs  of  the  navy,  and  other 
valuable  documents,  which  have  hcci\  pre- 
served, together  with  his  library,  at  Mag- 
dalen college,  Cambridge.  To  his  great 
exertions,  his  patriotic  conduct,  and  his 
judicious  arrangements,  the  navy  of  Bri- 
tain is  much  indebted  for  the  superiority  in 
naval  aHairs  which  it  began  to  acquire 
after  the  fatal  effects  of  the  civil  wars. 
This  respectable  man  died  1703.  He  was 
related  to  the  grrcat  enri  of  Sandwich,  who 

447 


PEK 


PER 


fell  gloriously  while  fighting  against  the 
Dutch  fleet,  and  he  was  descended  from 
an  ancient  family  settled  at  Impington, 
Cambridgeshire. 

Peranda,  Santa,  a  native  of  Venice, 
eminent  as  an  historical  painter.  He  imi- 
tated very  successfully  the  st^le  of  Titian, 
Tintoretto,  and  Paul  Feronese,  and  died 
1738,  aged  72. 

Perau,  Gabriel  Lewis  Calabre,  a  French 
ecclesiastic  of  the  Sorbonne.  who  continued 
d'Auvigne's  lives  of  Illustrious  Frenchmen, 
and  wrote  the  life  of  Jerome  Bigno,  be- 
sides an  edition  of  Bossuet's  works,  &.c. 
He  died  March,  1767,  aged  67. 

Perceval,  Spencer,  was  born  in  1762. 
He  was  educated  at  Harrow  school, 
and  next  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  master's  degree  in 
1782,  and  the  year  following  became  a 
student  of  Lincoln's-Inn.  He  commenced 
practice  as  a  barrister  in  the  King's  Bench, 
from  whence  he  removed  to  the  court  of 
Chancery.  In  1796  he  was  made  king's 
counsel,  and,  about  the  same  time,  attract- 
ed the  notice  of  Mr.  Pitt,  by  a  pamphlet, 
proving  that  an  impeachment  of  the  House 
of  Commons  does  not  abate  by  a  dissolu- 
tion of  parliament.  The  same  year  he  was 
returned  for  Northampton.  In  1801  he 
was  made  solicitor-general,  and  the  next 
year,  attorney-general.  On  the  change  of 
administration  in  1807,  he  was  appointed 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  m  which 
situation  he  displayed  great  political  ta- 
lents, particularly  in  the  settlement  of  the 
regency  ;  but,  unhappily,  he  fell  soon  after- 
wards, in  the  lobby  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, by  the  hands  of  an  assassin,  named 
Bellingham,  who  was  actuated  by  no  other 
motive  than  that  of  a  determination  to 
murder  a  minister.  May  11,  1812.—W.B. 

Percival,  Thomas,  an  English  physi- 
cian, born  and  educated  at  Warrington, 
Lancashire.  He  studied  medicine  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  afterwards  visited  the  con- 
tinent, and  took  his  degrees  at  Leyden, 
1765.  He  settled  in  1767,  at  Manchester, 
where  he  continued  to  practise  with  in- 
creasing reputation  till  his  death  in  1804. 
In  private  life  Dr.  Percival  was  a  most 
amiable  man,  and  to  his  zeal  in  the  cause 
of  philosophy,  Manchester  is  chiefly  in- 
debted for  the  establishment  of  its  literary 
society,  to  whose  memoirs  he  made  many 
valuable  contributions.  He  published  be- 
sides moral  and  literary  dissertations — me- 
dical ethics,  &c.  besides  a  Father's  In- 
structions to  his  Children,  &c.  In  his 
principles  Dr.  Percival  was  a  dissenter, 
and  it  is  remarkable  that  one  of  his  sons, 
after  receiving  all  the  instruction  which  so 
able  and  so  learned  a  father  could  commu- 
nicate, became  a  convert  to  the  principles 
of  the  church  of  England,  and  was  made 
one  of  its  most  active  ministers. 
448 


Percy,  William,  the  progenitor  of  tlie 
illustrious  house  of  the  Percys,  was  one 
of  the  courtiers  of  William  the  Conqueror, 
and  attended  him  from  Normandy  on  his 
invasion  of  England,  and  was  rewarded  for 
his  services  and  attachment  by  the  grant  of 
lands  in  the  counties  of  York  and  Lincoln. 
The  Percys,  distinguished  by  their  zeal  in 
the  cause  of  their  sovereigns,  were  raised 
in  1377,  to  the  rank  of  earl  of  Northumber- 
land by  Richard  II.  The  most  celebrated 
of  the  Percys  was  Henry,  surnamed  Hot- 
spur, who  after  being  the  firmest  support 
of  the  throne  of  Henry  IV.'took  up  arms 
against  him,  and  after  various  encounters 
was  at  last  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Shrews- 
bury in  1403.  His  father,  who  had  instiga- 
ted him  to  hostilities,  made  peace  with  the 
conqueror,  but  again  abandoned  his  alle- 
giance, and  at  last  three  years  after  fell  in 
the  field  of  battle,  fighting  against  the 
forces  of  his  sovereign  in  Yorkshire. 

Percy,  George,  president  of  the  colony  of 
Virginia,  was  appointed  by  the  council  in 
the  place  of  captain  John  Smith,  when  he 
returned  to  England  in  September,  1609. 
lord  Delawar  succeeded  him  in  June, 
1610.  He  was  also  at  the  head  of  the  ad- 
ministration from  the  departure  of  lord 
Delawar  in  March  until  the  arrival  of  Sir 
Thomas  Dale  in  May,  1611.         0=  L. 

Percy,  Thomas,  a  learned  prelate,  and 
related  to  the  family  of  Northumberland, 
was  born  at  Bridgenorth,  in  Shropshire,  in 
1728.  He  was  educated  at  Christ-church, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  master's  degree, 
in  1753,  and,  on  entering  into  orders,  was 
presented  to  the  vicarage  of  Easton  Mau- 
duit,  in  Northamptonshire,  which  he  held 
with  the  rectory  of  Wilbye,  in  the  same 
county.  In  1769  he  was  made  chaplain  ia 
ordinary  to  the  king,  in  1778  promoted  to 
the  deanery  of  Carlisle,  and  in  1782  ad- 
vanced to  the  bishopric  of  Dromore  in  Ire- 
land^ where  he  died  in  1811.  His  works 
are — 1.  Han  Kiou  Chouan,  a  translation 
from  the  Chinese.  2.  Chinese  Miscella- 
nies. 3.  Five  Pieces  of  Runic  Poetry, 
translated  from  the  Icelandic  Language. 
4.  A  new  Translation  of  the  Song  of  Solo- 
mon. 5.  Reliques  of  Ancient  English 
Poetry,  3  vols.  6.  A  Key  to  the  New 
Testament,  7.  The  Northumberland  House- 
hold  Book.  8.  The  Hermit  of  Wark- 
worth,  a  poem,  in  the  ballad  style.  9.  A 
translation  of  Wallet's  Northern  Antiqui- 
ties.—IF.  Z?. 

Perdiccas,  one  of  Alexander's  gene- 
rals. He  engaged  after  his  master's  death 
in  the  wars  which  were  kindled  among  the 
ambitious  generals,  and  was  killed  in 
Egypt,  B.C.  322. 

Perefixe,  Hardouin  de  Beaumont  de, 
author  of  an  excellent  History  of  Henry 
IV.  of  France,  was  patronised  by  Riche- 
lieu, made  a  doctor  of  th«  Sorbonne,  pre- 


PER 


pr.K 


Mplor  to  Lewis  XIV.  and  in  16G4,  rtiisCj 
to  the  see  of  Paris.  He  died  1G70,  much 
respected.  He  wrote  besides  Institutio 
Principis,  1647. 

Pereira-Gomez,  George,  author  of  No- 
va Veraque  Medicine,  Expcrimcntis  et  Ra- 
tionibus  l-XidcntibusComprobata,  fol.  1558 
— and  a  now  scarce  treatise,  to  prove  the 
Brute  Creation  to  be  mere  Machines,  1554, 
was  a  physician  of  eminence,  born  at  Me- 
dina del  Campo  in  Spain. 

Pereira  de  Figueiredo,  Anthony,  a 
Portuguese  divine,  born  at  Macao,  14th 
Feb.  1725,  died  at  Lisbon  14th  Aug.  1797. 
In  the  dispute  between  the  courts  of  Rome 
and  Lisbon,  he  published  various  tracts  to 
prove  the  independence  of  kings  in  eccle- 
siastical afiairs,  and  received  the  applause 
of  his  countrymen  for  his  learning  and 
spirited  conduct.  He  wrote  also  a  New 
Method  of  Latin  Grammar,  edited  ten 
times — a  Portuguese  Translation  of  the 
Bible,  23  vols.  8vo. — Tentativa  Theologica, 
1769 — Elements  of  Ecclesiastical  History 
in  the  form  of  dialogues,  2  vols.  8vo.  1765, 
lefit^unfmished. 

Perez,  Anthony,  a  Spanish  writer,  ne- 
phew to  the  secretary  of  Charles  V.  When 
disgraced  in  Spain  he  retired  to  Paris, 
where  he  died  1611.  He  published  "let- 
ters," which  are  well  written  and  interest- 
ing. His  works  appeared  at  Paris  1598. 
There  was  also  a  Spanish  lawyer  of  emi- 
nence of  that  name,  who  died  at  Louvain 
1672,  aged  89.  Also  another  who  was  sur- 
geon to  Philip  II.  and  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  plague. 

Pergolesi,  John  Baptist,  an  Italian  mu- 
sician, born  at  Casoria,  and  educated  under 
Gaetano  Greco  at  Naples.  He  was  after- 
wards patronised  by  pi'ince  Stigliano,  and 
his  operas,  when  introduced  on  the  theatre, 
were  attended  with  extraordinary  success. 
His  Olympiad  appeared  at  Rome,  but  by 
some  accident  did  not  meet  the  applause 
which  its  merits  deserved.  He  died  of  a 
consumption  at  Naples,  at  the  early  age  of 
33,  1737.  In  compliment  to  his  abilities 
he  is  called  by  the  Italians  the  Dominichino 
of  music.  His  chief  woi'ks  are  "  Stabat 
Mater,"  "Dixit  et  Laudate,"  "  Sylve  Regi- 
na,"  la  Serva  Padrona — Orfeo  et  Eurydice. 
Dr.  Burney  thinks  very  highly  of  his  ge- 
nius and  of  his  compositions. 

Periander,  tyrant  of  Corinth,  is  placed 
among  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece, 
though  he  oppressed  his  country,  murdered 
his  wife  Melissa,  and  banished  his  son  Ly- 
cophron.     He  died  B.C.  585. 

Periander,  Giles,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
1540,  who  became  professor  of  belles  let- 
tres  at  Mentz,  and  published  Germania,  in 
qua  Doctiss.  Virorum  Elogia  et  Judicia  con- 
tinentur,  12mo.  1567 — Nobilitatis  Mogun- 
tiae  Diaecesis,  MetropolitanaBquc  Ecclesiae, 
8vo.  1568. 

Vol,.  11.  57 


Pf.ricles,  ftn  illustvlcin  Albanian, 
known  as  a  general,  orator,  and  »tatc»- 
man.  By  his  arts  and  inniicnce  be  gained 
an  extraordinary  asren.lciir\  over  hit  coun- 
trymen, and  prevailed  u|ioii  ih.in  to  1h- 
gin  the  famous  and  fatal  I'eloponneswn 
war.  He  was  cut  off  by  the  idaeuc.  B.C. 
429. 

Peringskioll,  John,  a  native  of  Stregni 
in  Sudermania,  who  became  profes«or  of 
antiquities  at  Upsal,  secretary  to  the  king, 
and  counsellor.  He  wrote  a  historj-  of 
the  Kings  of  the  North,  8vo.  1720— of  the 
Kings  of  Norway,  2  vols.  fol.  1697 — His- 
torical and  Chronological  tables  from  Adam 
to  Christ,  1713,  folio,  besides  an  edition  of 
J.  Messenius's  treatises  on  the  kings  of 
Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway,  14  vols, 
folio,  1700.  He  died  24th  xMarch,  1720, 
aged  06. 

Perizonius,  James,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Dam  in  Holland,  26th  Oct.  1651. 
He  studied  at  Deventer,  and  afterwards  at 
Utrecht  under  the  learned  Grsevius,  and  iu 
1674,  he  removed  to  Leyden.  He  was  af- 
terwards made  rector  of  the  Latin  school 
at  Delft,  and  then  professor  of  eloquence 
and  history  at  Franeker.  He  went  in 
1693  to  Leyden,  to  fill  the  chair  of  elo- 
quence, history,  and  Greek,  and  died  there 
6th  April,  1717.  He  was  a  man  of  ex- 
tensive erudition,  great  application,  and 
sound  judgment.  He  published  various 
works  in  Latin  on  history,  classical  litera- 
ture, and  antiquities,  the  chief  of  which 
are  Animadversiones  Historicae,  8vo. — 
Dissertations  on  various  Points  of  Anti- 
quity, &c. — orations — Origines  Babyloni- 
cae  et  ^gyptiacae,  2  vols.  8vo. — an  edition 
of  .^lian,  2  vols.  8vo.— Historical  Com- 
mentaries— an  edition  of  Q.  Curtius — 
notes  on  Sanctius's  Minerva,  Sec. 

Perkims,  William,  a  native  of  Marston, 
Warwickshire,  educated  at  Christ  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  a  fellow. 
He  was  in  his  principles  a  strict  Calvinist, 
and  his  writings  when  translated  into 
Dutch,  drew  upon  him  the  attack  of  Ar- 
minius,  and  other  polemics,  and  this  occa- 
sioned the  calling  of  the  Synod  of  Dordt 
for  the  settlement  of  theological  disputes. 
His  works  are  comprised  in  3  vols.  fol. 
He  died  1602,  aged  46. 

Pernett,  James,  a  native  of  Forez, 
historiographer  of  Lyons,  and  member  of 
the  academy  there.  He  was  an  able  wri- 
ter, and  assumed  the  pompous  title  of 
Miles  Ecclesise  Lugdunensis.  He  wrote 
History  of  Cyrus,  3  vols.  l2mo.  ;  Coun- 
sels of  Friendships  ;  Letters  on  Physiog- 
nomy, 3  vols.  ;  Abuses  of  Education, 
l2mo.  ;  Picture  of  Lyons  ;  Lyonese  wor- 
thy to  be  recorded,  2  vok.  8?o.  He  died 
1777,  aged  81. 

Pernety,  Anthony  Joseph,  a  relation  of 
the  preceding,  born  at  Roanne  en  Forez i 

4-^9 


PER 


PER 


l3tU  Feb.  1716.  He  became  librarian  to 
ihe  king  of  Prussia,  and  after  residing  for 
several  years  at  Berlin,  he  retnrneel  to 
France,  and  died  in  the  bosom  of  his  fami- 
ly. He  wrote  a  Dictionary  of  Painting, 
Sculpture,  and  Engraving,  l2mo. — Disser- 
tation on  America  against  Pauw,  2  vols. 
8vo. — History  of  a  Voyage  to  the  Mal- 
dives, 8vo.  &c, 

Perouse,  John  Francis  Galoup  de  la,  an 
illustrious  navigator,  descended  from  a  no- 
ble family  at  Toulouse,  and  born  at  Albi, 
1741.  He  early  entered  into  the  French 
ravy,  and  distingoiished  himself  by  his  ser- 
vices for  17  years  in  the  Indian  seas,  and 
in  1778,  was  employed  in  America  under 
d'Estaing.  He  was  present  at  the  taking 
of  Grenada,  and,  in  1782,  he  destroyed  the 
English  factories  which  were  established  in 
Hudson's  bay.  At  the  peace  he  was  se- 
lected by  Lewis  XVI.  to  command  the  As- 
trolabe and  the  Boussole,  on  a  voyage  of 
discovery,  and  the  expedition  was  so  popu- 
lar that  the  monarch  himself  traced  out  the 
places  which  he  wished  the  bold  adventurer 
to  examine.  After  follov/ing  the  track  of 
Cook,  visiting  the  northwest  coast  of 
America,  and  advancing  to  Behring's 
straits,  Perouse  came  down  the  eastern 
roast  of  Asia  along  Japan,  and  in  Feb. 
1788,  visited  Botany  bay  in  New  Holland, 
where  he  was  received  with  merited  dis- 
tinction by  the  English  settlers.  After 
leaving  Botany  bay,  no  intelligence  what- 
ever has  been  received  of  this  unfortunate 
navigator,  but  it  is  imagined  that  he  perish- 
ed with  his  valiant  crew  on  some  unknown 
f^hoals,  or  fell  a  sacrifice  to  the  fury  of  some 
inhuman  savages.  In  1791,  the  national 
assembly  ordered  two  ships  under  Entre- 
casteaux,  and  Petit-Thomas,  to  go  in  pur- 
suit of  him  ;  but  after  exploring  those  seas 
which  he  had  lately  visited,  they  returned 
without  being  able  to  satisfy  their  country- 
men and  the  friends  of  humanity  with  re- 
spect to  the  fate  of  these  unhappy  adven- 
turers. His  voyages,  as  far  as  he  sent  a 
report  of  them  to  Europe,  have  been  pub- 
lished, in  4  vols.  4to. 

Perrault,  Claude,  an  eminent  author, 
born  at  Paris,  1613.  He  was  bred  up  a 
physician,  but  he  practised  only  in  his  own 
family,  and  for  the  poor,  and  abandoned 
the  profession  for  the  more  pleasing  pur- 
suits of  literature  and  the  fine  arts.  In 
architecture  he  was  particularly  great,  and 
ihe  entrance  into  the  Louvre,  as  Voltaire 
observes,  is  one  of  the  most  august  monu- 
ments of  architecture  in  the  world.  At  the 
request  of  Colbert  he  translated  Vitruvius, 
and  adorned  the  work  with  plates.  He 
also  contributed  some  valuable  papers  to 
the  memoirs  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  of 
which  he  was  member.  He  was  unfortu- 
nately engaged  in  a  quarrel  with  Boileou, 
450 


against  whom  he  maintained  the  superior!-^ 
ty  of  the  moderns  against  the  ancients ;  but 
though  the  poet  ridiculed  the  artist,  and 
was  consequently  abused  in  his  turn,  they 
were  afterwards  happily  reconciled.  Per- 
rault died  9th  Oct.  1688,  aged  75.  He 
wrote  besides,  Abridgment  of  Vitruvius, 
12mo. — Description  of  Machines  of  his  own 
Invention — Memoirs  for  a  Natural  History 
of  Animals,  folio — on  the  Ancient  Columns 
of  Architecture  and  their  Ornaments,  &c. 
Though  he  never  practised  physic,  the 
faculty  of  Paris  placed  his  picture  by  the 
side  of  those  of  Fernelius,  Riolanus,  and 
others,  in  respect  not  only  for  his  know- 
ledge of  medicine,  but  for  his  superior  ac- 
quirements in  physics,  and  in  the  fine  arts. 
Perrault,  Charles,  brother  of  Claude, 
was  born  at  Paris,  1626.  His  abilities 
early  recommended  him  to  Colbert,  by 
whom  he  was  made  clerk  of  the  buildings, 
and  afterwards  comptroller  general  of  the 
finances.  This  high  situation  enabled  him 
to  gratify  the  wishes  of  his  heart.  He  pa- 
tronised learned  men,  and  encouraged  the 
arts  and  the  sciences,  and  to  his  honoura- 
ble influence  the  establishment  of  the  aca- 
demies of  painting,  sculpture,  and  archi- 
tecture, was  owing.  The  death  of  Colbert, 
however,  in  1683,  produced  his  disgrace, 
and  he  retired  from  an  ungrateful  court  to 
a  life  of  solitude  and  study.  He  wrote 
various  works  in  verse  and  prose,  and  his 
poem  called  La  Heinture,  was  received  in 
1668  with  great  applause.  Le  Siecle  de 
Louis  le  Grand,  which  appeared  in  1688, 
was  a  declaration  of  war  against  the  opi- 
nions of  learned  men,  and  by  elevating  the 
moderns  to  a  rank  superior  to  the  ancients 
in  every  species  of  composition,  he  brought 
on  a  controversy,  in  which  he  had  to  op- 
pose the  powerful  abilities  of  Boileau,  Me- 
nage, and  other  respectable  writers.  The 
opposition  of  Boileau  was  guided  by  in- 
terest as  well  as  pride  ;  and  when  the  prince 
of  Conti  threatened  to  write  on  his  seat  in 
the  academy,  "  tu  dors,  Brutus,"  thou 
sleepest,  Brutus,  the  poet  considered  him- 
self seriously  called  upon  to  combat  Per- 
rault, which  he  did  most  ably,  in  his  work 
annexed  to  Critical  Reflections  on  Lonsi- 
nus.  These  two  great  antagonists  were 
reconciled  in  1699,  and  Perrault  some  time 
after  published  his  Historical  Eulogiums 
on  the  Great  Men  of  the  17th  century,  2 
vols,  folio.  Perrault  died  1703,  aged  77. 
He  was  a  man  of  great  respectability,  since 
madam  Dacier,  who  has  censured  him  with 
severity  as  an  author,  describes  him  as  a 
pious,  sincere,  virtuous,  polite,  and  modest 
character,  employing  his  influence  not  to 
serve  himself,  but  his  friends.  He  wrote 
besides,  Parallel  of  the  Ancients  and  Mo- 
derns— the  Cabinet  of  the  Fine  Arts,  folio — 
Reflections  on  Longinus,   8vo. — Poem.s — 


PER 


Pi:  It 


•Tacrnub's  Fables,  &c.  He  had  two  otlicr 
brothers,  Nicolas  and  Peter,  also  distin- 
guished in  literature. 

Pekrier,  Francis,  a  French  painter, 
born  at  Ma<'on,  151)0.  He  was  dissipated 
in  his  youtli,  and  ran  away  from  his  pa- 
rents, and  then  joined  himself  to  a  blind 
beggar,  whom  he  accompanied  to  Rome, 
and  with  whom  he  shared  the  alms  obtain- 
ed on  the  road  from  the  hands  of  charity. 
In  the  midst  of  hie  distress  at  Rome  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  his  pencil,  and  soon  Avas 
enabled  to  live  independently.  He  then 
returned  to  France  through  Lyons,  and  af- 
ter a  second  residence  of  10  years  in  Italy, 
be  came  again  to  Paris,  in  high  tavour  with 
the  great.  He  painted  the  gallery  of  the 
Hotel  de  la  Vrilliere,  and  died  professor  of 
the  academy,  1650.  He  etched  some  of 
Raphael's  work's,  and  other  pieces,  and  also 
engraved  in  the  chiaro  obscuro,  some  anti- 
quities in  an  admired  style,  of  which  he 
■was  said  by  some  to  be  the  inventor.  In 
his  manner  he  chiefly  imitated  Lanfranc, 
and  in  his  landscapes  was  little  inferior  to 
Caracci. 

Perrier,  Charles,  a  French  poet,  ne- 
phew to  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Aix  in 
Provence.  As  a  Latin  poet  he  possessed 
such  excellence,  that  Menage,  who  had  the 
settlement  of  a  political  dispute  between 
bim  and  his  pupil  Santeuil,  honoured  him 
with  the  title  of  prince  of  lyric  poets.  He 
afterwards  applied  himself  to  French  poe- 
try, and  with  such  sticcess  that  he  obtained 
twice  the  prize  of  the  French  academy. 
He  died  1692.  Though  respectable  as  a 
writer,  he  was,  as  a  man,  very  affected, 
self-conceited,  and  disagreeably  proud  of 
his  poetical  name. 

Perron,  James  Davy  du,  a  cardinal  ce- 
lebrated for  his  learning  and  his  political 
knowledge.  He  was  born  of  noble  parents, 
25th  Nov.  1556,  and  educated  in  the  pro- 
testant  faith  ;  and  he  displayed  so  much 
attention  to  his  studies,  that  he  was  early 
distinguished  as  a  scholar,  and  in  1576,  he 
was  introduced  by  Desportes,  abbot  of  Tri- 
on,  to  Henry  III.  at  Blois,  as  a  prodigy  of 
great  learning.  As  a  theological  disputant 
he  acquired  much  celebrity  at  Paris  ;  but  he 
soon  after  abjured  the  tenets  of  the  pro- 
testants,  and  laboured  with  great  assiduity 
to  convert  others  to  the  catholic  faith. 
Henry  IV.  was  in  the  number  of  those  on 
whom  his  eloquence  and  subtilty  prevailed, 
and  so  highly  valued  were  his  services,  that 
he  was  made  by  the  grateful  monarch,  at 
first  bishop  of  Evreux,  and  afterwards  grand 
almoner  of  France,  archbishop  of  Sens,  and 
at  last  raised  to  the  dignity  of  cardinal, 
1604.  His  abilities  as  a  negotiator  were 
repeatedly  employed  by  the  king  with  the 
See  of  Rome  ;  and  with  the  most  persua- 
sive eloquence  and  inviolate  integrity  he 
served  his  master  without  injuring  the  in- 


:iri« 


> 
err  on  was 


tcresls  of  the  cLurch.     The   la^t  year^  ot 
Ins  life  were  devoted  to  retirement  and  thr 
revision  of  his  work...     He  di.d  at   V 
5th  Sept.  161S,  uged  C:;.      ])„   p 
universally  acknowledged  t»  be  a  roan  of 
deep  erudition,  well  versed  in  profune  and 
ecclesiastical   history,  artful   and  penetra- 
ting, capable  of  painting  his  plans  as  plau- 
sible and  reasonable,  and  so  powerful  and 
argumentative  in  disputes,  that  tlie  ubh-t 
scholars  were  afraid  of  him,  and  even  Du 
Plessis  Mornay,  himself  so  celebrated,  ap- 
peared against  him  in  the  presence  of  ILn- 
ry  with  almost  inferior  abilities.     He  urole, 
a    Treatise    on     the     Eucharist— another 
against  king  James  I.  of  England— Letters 
— Dissertations— Acts  of  Conference  with 
Du  Plessis  Mornay,  &c.  all  of  which  have 
been  collected  in  3  vols,  folio,  with  an  ac- 
count of  his  life.     The  "  Perroniana,"  pub- 
lished after  his  death,  are  unworthy  of  his 
fame,   and   probably  were    impositions  on 
the  credulity  of  the  world. 

Perron,  Anquetil  du,  a  learned  French- 
man, member  of  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions and  belles  lettrcs,  and  of  the  national 
institute.  He  undertook  a  voyage  to  the 
East,  and  became  acquainted  with  the  ori- 
ginal works  of  Zoroaster,  and  also  the  lan- 
guage of  the  ancient  Persians  ;  and  after 
surmounting  many  difficulties  he  returned 
to  Europe,  loaded  with  the  literary  spoils 
of  India,  wliich  were  deposited  in  the 
king's  library  at  Paris.  An  account  of  this 
journey,  so  interesting  to  science,  was  pub- 
lished in  1771,  3  vols.  4to.  ;  but  it  is  to  be 
lamented  that  he  speaks  with  virulence  an^l 
disrespect  of  the  English,  from  whom  he 
had  received  every  mark  of  attention  and 
courtesy.  This  learned  man  died  at  Paris, 
Nov.  1805,  aged  73.  He  published  several 
historical  works  besides,  and  left  some  va- 
luable MSS. 

Perronet,  John  Rodolphus,  member  ol 
the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  and  of 
the  learned  societies  of  London,  Stock- 
holm, &c.  rose  by  his  merit  to  the  respect' 
able  office  of  diiector  general  of  bridges 
and  roads  in  France.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Beaufire,  and  for  his  services  was  rewarded 
with  the  order  of  St.  Michael,  and  became 
inspector,  and  afterwards  director  of  the 
school  of  engineers  at  Paris,  The  bridges 
of  Neuilly,  Nantes,  Orleans,  &.c.  were 
constructed  under  his  direction,  and  the 
public  roads  of  the  kingdom  were  improved 
by  his  judicious  plans.  This  worthy  man, 
as  respectable  in  private  life  as  he  was  es- 
teemed for  his  public  services,  died  1794, 
aged  86.  He  published  a  Description  of 
the  Bridges  which  he  had  erected,  2  vols, 
folio — Memoirs  on  the  Method  of  Con- 
structing Grand  Arches  of  Stone  from  20t? 
to  500  feet,  over  Valleys,  4to.  &c. 

Perrot,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Sassofer- 
rato,  who  became  archbishop  of  Sipont(^* 

4.'^l 


PivH 


PER 


and  died  1450.  He  was  author  of  a  Com- 
mentary on  Martial ;  of  a  Treatise  on  Hip- 
pocrates ;  and  of  a  Translation  of  Poljbius 
into  Latin,  &.c. 

Perrot,  Sir  John,  was  born  of  a  respect- 
bble  family,  about  1527.  Educated  for  the 
services  of  the  court  in  the  house  of  the 
marquis  of  Winchester,  he  quickly  became 
one  of  the  favourites  of  Edward  VI.  and 
was  made  a  knight  of  the  Bath  at  his  coro- 
nation. Under  Mary  he  was  disgraced, 
and  with  difficulty  escaped  with  his  life,  for 
extending  his  protection  to  some  suspected 
protestants ;  but  in  the  next  reign  he  was 
recalled  to  court,  and  sent  in  1572,  as  pre- 
sident of  Monster,  to  quell  a  dangerous  re- 
bellion in  Ireland.  He  also  distinguished 
himself  as  admiral  of  the  fleet,  against  the 
meditated  invasion  of  Ireland  by  the  Spa- 
niards ;  but  when  appointed  lord  lieutenant 
of  that  kingdom  in  1583,  he  rendered  him- 
self very  unpopular  by  the  severity  of  his 
measures.  His  enemies  had,  in  conse- 
quence, sufficient  influence  to  procure  his 
recall,  and  in  1588,  he  returned  to  England, 
and  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  and  four  years 
r.fter  tried  for  high  treason,  and  condemned. 
His  services  pleaded  so  strongly  in  his  fa- 
vour with  Elizabeth,  that  she  acknowledg- 
ed his  innocence,  and  respited  him.  He 
died  the  same  year  in  his  confinement. 

Perrot,  Nicolas,  sieur  d'Ablancourt,  a 
learned  Frenchman,  born  at  Chalons  sur 
Marne,  April  6th,  1606.  He  studied  at 
Sedan  and  at  Paris,  and  applied  himself  to 
the  law,  and  was  admitted  advocate  of  the 
parliament.  He  soon  after  abandoned 
that  profession,  abjured  the  protestant 
faith,  and  devoted  himself  to  literature. 
His  preface  to  the  "Honnete  Femme"  of 
du  Bosc  procured  him  high  reputation, 
and  soon  after  he  was  again  reconciled  to 
the  protestant  tenets,  and  then  visited  Hol- 
land and  England,  till  the  clamour  excited 
by  his  religious  inconsistency  had  been 
hushed.  In  1637  he  was  admitted  into  the 
French  acadeu'.y,  and  afterwards  under- 
took a  translation  of  Tacitus.  He 
spent  his  last  years  in  retirement,  and 
died  on  his  estate  of  Ablancourt,  of  the 
gravel,  Nov.  17th,  1664.  He  translated 
into  French  Tacitus,  Minutius  Felix,  Lu- 
tian,  Caesar,  Arrian,  Thucydides,  and 
others.  He  wrote,  besides,  a  Discourse 
on  the  Immortality  of  the  Soul ;  and  a 
History  of  Africa,  3  vols.  4to. 

Perrt,  John,  an  Englishman,  captain  in 
the  navy,  and  celebrated  as  an  engineer. 
He  was  employed  by  Peter  the  Great,  of 
Russia,  to  form  a  communication  between 
the  Wolga  and  the  Don,  and  in  making 
the  Veronise  navigable  ;  but  though  thus 
useful  to  the  kingdom,  and  though  labo- 
riously engaged  in  improving  the  Russian 
«avy,  he  was  unhandsomely  treated  by  the 
govermnent,  and  when  unable  to  obtain 
452 


any  remuneration  for  his  services,  bs 
quitted  the  place,  1712,  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  English  envoy,  Mr.  "Whitworth, 
His  abilities  were  next  successively  en- 
gaged in  1721,  in  stopping  the  breach  at 
Dagenham,  in  Essex,  of  which  he  publish- 
ed an  account.  He  wrote  also  the  State 
of  Russia,  1716,  8vo.  and  died  11th  Feb. 
1733. 

Perry,  Oliver  Hazard,  captain  in  the 
navy  of  the  United  States,  was  born  at 
Newport,  Rhode  Island,  in  August,  1785. 
He  entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman,  in 
1798,  and  sei-ved  in  the  Mediterranean 
during  the  war  with  Tripoli.  He  became 
a  lieutenant  in  1810,  and  in  1812  had 
charge  of  a  flotilla  of  gun-boats  in  the  har- 
bour of  NeAv-York.  He  was  soon  after 
removed  to  lake  Ontario,  to  serve  under 
commodore  Chauncey,  and  was  despatched 
by  that  officer  to  take  charge  of  the  squa- 
dron fitting  on  lake  Erie.  Having  equip- 
ped a  fleet  of  nine  small  vessels  he  met  the 
enemy  on  the  tenth  of  September,  who 
were  superior  in  force,  and  succeeded  after 
a  conflict  of  three  hours  in  capturing  their 
whole  fleet.  This  extraordinary  victory 
gave  him  great  reputation,  and  procured 
his  immediate  advancement  to  the  rank  of 
captain.  After  the  peace  he  commanded 
the  Java  in  the  expedition  under  commo- 
dore Decatur  to  the  Mediterranean,  In 
1819  he  sailed  in  the  John  Adams  on  a 
cruise  to  the  West  Indies,  and  died  of  the 
yellow  fever  near  Port  Spain,  Trinidad, 
August  23d,  1820.  Congress  exhibited 
the  respect  in  which  they  held  him,  by 
making  provision  for  the  support  of  his  fa- 
mily. ICZ?"  L. 

Perseus,  son  of  Philip  of  Macedonia, 
was  defeated  at  Pydna,  and  his  kingdom 
destroyed  by  Paulus  jEmilius,  B.C.  16S. 
He  was  carried  a  captive  to  Rome. 

Persius,  Aulus  Flaccus,  a  celebrated 
Roman  satirist  in  the  age  of  Nero.  Cor- 
nutus,  the  stoic,  was  his  master.  He  died 
A.D.  62.  His  satires  are  very  severe  and 
obscure. 

Pertinax,  Publius  Helvius,  a  Roman 
emperor  of  obscure  origin.  From  an  in- 
structer  of  youth  he  became  a  soldier,  and 
on  the  death  of  Commodus,  193,  he  was 
raised  to  the  imperial  purple.  His  virtues 
promised  a  happy  reign  for  Rome,  but  the 
state  was  too  deeply  sunk  into  vice  and  de- 
bauchery to  suffer  the  rule  of  a  magnani- 
mous prince.  He  was  assassinated  by  his 
soldiers  a  few  months  after  his  elevation. 

Perugino,  Pietro,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  1446,  at  Perugia.  He  was  the  disci- 
ple of  Verocchio,  at  Florence,  and  chiefly 
excelled  in  the  natural  and  elegant  expres- 
sion of  his  female  figures.  He  was  the  master 
of  Raphael,  and  was  patronised  by  Sixtus 
IV.  for  whose  chapel  at  Rome  he  painted 
some  beautiful  pieces.    He  was  remarkably 


n/r 


PKT 


fond  of  money,  and  the  lo.^s  of  his  trea- 
sure, which  he  always  carried  about  him, 
and  of  which  he  was  robbed,  caused  his 
death,  1524,  in  his  78th  year.  His  best 
piece  is  an  altar  piece,  in  St.  Peter's 
church,  Perusjia. 

Peruzzi,  Balthasar,  eminent  as  a  paint- 
er and  architect,  was  born  at  Voltcrra  or 
Sienna,  1481.  He  was  patronised  by  the 
popes  Alexander  VI.  Julius  11.  and  Leo  X. 
and  under  the  last  he  finished  some  designs 
and  models  for  the  ornamenting  of  St.  Pe* 
ter's,  under  the  architect  Bramante.  He 
was  taken  prisoner  at  Rome,  when  that 
city  was  sacked  by  Charles  V.  but  he  was 
restored  to  liberty  by  painting  a  portrait  of 
the  constable  Bourbon.  His  execution 
of  the  perspective,  and  of  the  chiaro  ob- 
scuro,  was  so  perfect  as  to  excite  the  as- 
tonishment of  Titian.     He  died  poor,  1556. 

Peselli,  Pesello,  a  painter  of  Florence, 
%vho  died  1517,  aged  77.  He  was  the  pu- 
pil of  Andrea  del  Castagno,  and  his  histori- 
cal pieces,  his  animals,  &c.  were  finished 
in  such  correct  and  elegant  style  as  to  com- 
mand universal  approbation. 

Pesselier,  Charles  Stephen,  member 
of  the  academies  of  Nancy,  of  Amiens, 
Rouen,  and  Angers,  was  born  at  Paris,  9th 
July,  1712.  His  parents  wished  to  edu- 
cate him  for  the  law,  but  such  was  his  par- 
tiality for  literature  and  poetry  that  his 
leisure  hours  were  assiduously  devoted  to 
the  muses.  He  was  united  with  Lallemand 
in  the  management  of  the  finances  of 
the  kingdom,  and  the  plans  he  proposed 
were  applauded  by  the  French  ministry. 
His  extreme  application  to  financial  affairs 
proved  too  powerful  for  his  delicate  con- 
stitution, and  he  fell  a  victim  to  excessive 
mental  fatigue,  24th  April,  1763.  He 
wrote  "  Ecole  du  Temps,"  a  comedy — 
Esope  au  Parnasse,  a  comedy — la  Mascar- 
ade  du  Parnasse,  a  comedy  in  one  act — 
Letters  on  education,  2  vols.  12mo. — Ge- 
neral Idea  of  the  Finances,  folio,  1759 — 
Doubts  addressed  to  the  Author  of  Theory 
of  Taxation,  l2mo. — Fables  after  la  Fon- 
taine's manner,  &c. 

Petavius,  Dionysius,  or  Denis  Petau, 
a  French  Jesuit,  born  at  Orleans  21st  Aug. 
1583.  His  abilities  were  early  observed 
and  encouraged  by  his  father,  and  after  ac- 
quiring the  most  p^^rfpct  knowledge  of 
belles  lettres,  the  classics,  mathematics, 
and  philosophy,  he  was  at  the  age  of  19 
made  professor  of  philosophy  at  Bourges. 
He  was  admitted  among  the  Jesuits  1605, 
and  his  great  and  extensive  erudition  was 
employed  in  the  defence  of  the  catholic 
religion  against  the  protestants,  and  his 
criticisms  were  particularly  directed  against 
Scaliger,  and  even  against  his  friend  Ca- 
saubon.  He  died  after  a  laborious  Ufv 
spent  in  the  service  of  science  and  litera- 
ture, 11th  Dec.  1652,  at  Paris,  in  the  col- 


lege of  Clermont.     He  was,  according  to 
Gasscndus,  the  most  conuummate  scholar 
the   Jesuits   c.wr  had,  and  to  hij^li  w.m  his 
reputation  that  Urban  \  III.  and  Philip  IV. 
of  Spain,  invited  him  with  the  most  liberal 
promises  to  settle  in  their  respective  terri- 
tories, which  his  attachment  to  his  native 
country   and    the    precarious  state    of  bia 
health  obliged  him  to  decline.     As  a  chro- 
nologist  he  was  particularly  eminent,  and 
his    Latin   is   universally  acknowledged  as 
elegant  and  refined.      He  wrote  de  Doctri- 
na  Temporum,  2  vols.  fol. — Uranologia,  3 
vols. — Rationarium     Temporum,   fol.  and 
Leyden,   2    vols.   8vo.    a    valuable    work 
abridged  by  Le  Clerc — Dogmata  Theologi- 
ca,  5  vols.  fol. — the  Psalms  translated  into 
Greek  verse,  12mo. — de  Ecclesia  Hierar- 
chia,  folio,  besides  controversial  pamphlets, 
and  some  valuable  editions  of  some  of  the 
fathers. 

Pethion  de  Villeneuve,  Jerome,  a 
native  of  Chartres,  who  quitted  the  pro- 
fession of  the  law  to  become  a  member  of 
the  constituent  assembly.  His  conduct  as 
a  legislator  was  violent  and  factious,  and 
as  he  possessed  some  powers  as  a  speaker, 
he  contributed  much  in  extinguishing  the 
splendour  which  sun'ounded  the  monarch. 
His  popularity  raised  him  to  the  dangerous 
oflice  of  mayor  of  Paris,  and  on  the  20th 
of  June  he  proved  to  the  people  how  little 
he  respected  the  r.nhappy  Louis.  His  ha- 
tred against  the  king  hastened  the  horrors 
of  the  10th  of  August,  and  of  the  first  days 
of  September ;  but  when  he,  as  first  ma- 
gistrate of  the  city,  might  have  checked  or 
arrested  the  30  assassins  who  murdered  in 
cold  blood  the  most  innocent  victims,  he 
affected  to  permit  the  people  to  punish 
their  enemies.  The  abolition  of  royalty 
and  the  fall  of  Louis  completed  the  gratifi- 
cation of  his  guilty  ambition,  but  while  he 
aspired  to  the  diflScult  office  of  guiding  the 
destinies  of  a  tumultuous  republic,  he 
found  a  powerful  rival  in  Robespierre,  and 
in  the  struggle  was  defeated  by  his  antago- 
nist. Outlawed  by  his  victorious  oppo- 
nents, 31st  May,  1793,  he  tied  from  the 
capital  in  disguise,  and  was  some  time  after 
found  lifeless  in  a  corn-field  near  St.  Emi- 
lion,  in  the  Gironde,  a  victim  to  hunger  and 
misery,  and  with  his  corpse  disfigured  and 
partly  devoured  by  birds  of  prey.  His 
friends  and  supporters  have  represented 
him  as  a  man  of  obliging  mannci.-,  and 
of  strict  undeviating  Mitegi-ity  ;  but  poste- 
rity must  view  him  as  an  ambitious  hvno- 
crite,  whose  sole  aim  was  to  gain  populari- 
ty, and  to  ascend  to  the  sovereignty  on  the 
ruins  of  the  throne.  With  a  j^'easing 
figure  and  captivating  manners  he  pos- 
sessed deep  di?  imulation,  and  ^\hile  he 
affected  the  justice  and  the  sobriety  of 
Aristides,  his  conduct  betrayed  the  dark  de- 
signs of  the  murderer  and  incendiarv.    Hi? 

453 


PET  PET 

works,  containing   some  political    tracts,  master  of  the  kingdom ;  but  the  indigna- 

speeches,  &c.  have  appeared  in  4  vols.  8vo.  tion  of  the  people  rendered  his  possession 

1793.  precarious.     Martin  IV.  excommunicated 

Peter,  chief  of  the  apostles,  was  son  of  him,  together  with  all   the   Sicilians,   and 

John  and  brother  of  Andrew,  and  of  the  also  placed  his  Spanish  dominions  under 

city  of  Bethsaida.     He  was  fishing  on  the  the   same   interdict.     Peter  attempted  to 

borders  of  the  lake  Gennesareth  when  called  ward  off  the  public  odium  by  challenging 

by  Christ  to  become  an  apostle,  and  he  not  his  rival  of  Anjou  ;  but  though  the  day  was 

only  obeyed  the  benign  invitation,  but  ever  appointed  he  had  not  the  courage  to  appear 

after  showed   his   strong  and  decided  at-  against  him  in   the   field.       He  died  at 

tachment  to  the  person  of  his  master.     He  Villefranche,  28th  Nov.  1285,  leaving  Sici- 

was   one  of  the  three  apostles  who  were  ly  to  his  second  son,  James,  and  Arragon 

present  at  the  transfiguration,  and  it  was  to  to  his  other  son,  Alphonso. 
him  particularly  that  the  Saviour  recom-        Peter,  the  Cruel,  king  of  Castile,  suc- 

mended  the  care  of  his  sheep.     \'VTien  Je-  ceeded  at  the  age  of  16  his  father,  Alphon- 

sus  was  betrayed  Peter  displayed  great  cou-  so  XI.  1350.     He  was  wanton  and  tyran- 

rage,and  drawing  his  sword  cut  off  the  ear  of  nical,  and  three  days  after  he  had  married 

the  high  priest's  servant ;  but  when  he  saw  Blanche,  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Bourbon, 

that  his  master  was  detained  as  a  malefac-  he  repudiated  her  with  every  mark  of  dis- 

tor,  his  courage  failed  him,  and  he  followed  grace,  to  renew  his  infamous  connexion 

with   pusillanimous    curiosity,    and  when  with    Maria    de    Pradilla,    his    mistress, 

questioned  who  he  was,  denied  three  times  Another  queen  was  treated  with  equal  in- 

his  blessed  master,  that  the  words  of  Jesus  dignity,  and  Peter  at  last  so  irritated  his 

might  be  fulfilled,  "  before  the  cock  crow  subjects  by  his  inhumanity  that'  they  rose 

thou  shalt  deny  me  thrice."     After  the  as-  up  against  him,  1366,  headed  by  his  natural 

tension  of  Christ  Peter  evinced  great  bold-  brother,  Henry,   count    of   Transtamare. 

ness  in  the  cause   of  the  gospel ;  by  his  Though  for  a  while  he  withstood  his  ene- 

preaching  he  converted  to  the  faith  3000  mies,  by  the  assistance  of  the  English,  he 

souls  at  once,  and  manifested  the  truth  of  soon  found  the  general  odium  too  great  to 

his  doctrines  by  signs  and  miracles.     When  be  conquered,  and  in  a  battle  which  was 

imprisoned  by  Herod  Agrippa,  he  was  set  fought  14th  March,  1369,  he  was  defeated 

at  liberty  by  an  angel,  and  sent  forth  to  and  killed  by  his  brother,  who  ascended  the 

preach  the  gospel  out  of   Judea.     Under  throne. 

the  persecutions  of  Nero,  Peter  was  seized  Peter  Alexiowitz  I.  surnamed  the 
and  put  to  death  at  Rome,  by  being  cruci-  Great,  son  of  Alexis  Michaelpwitz,  Czar  of 
fied  with  his  head  downwards,  A.D.  66.  Muscovy,  succeeded  to  the  throne  on  the 
He  wrote  two  epistles  which  are  among  the  death  of  his  brother  Theodore,  to  the  ex- 
canonical  books,  but  the  gospel,  the  Acts,  elusion  of  his  elder  brother  Iwan,  whose 
&c.  said  to  have  been  written  by  him  are  health  and  intellects  were  too  feeble  to  sup- 
pious  inventions  of  the  monks.  port  the  cares  and  fatigues  of  government. 

Peter,  St.  a  bishop  of  Alexandria,  300,  This  gave  offence  to  the  princess  Sophia,  his 

who  suffered  martyrdom  31 ' .     He  was  a  half  sister,   who  roused  into  rebellion  the 

learned  prelate,  and  formed  the  penitential  Strelitzes,aformidablebodyof  militia,nearly 

fcanons,  and  made  some  wholesome  regula-  resembling  the  Janissaries  of  the  Ottoman 

tions  for  the  suppression  of  vice  in  his  dio-  Porte;  but  Peter  was  too  wise  to  foment  a  ci- 

cess.     Some  of  his  letters  are  extant  in  vilwar,and  he  consented  to  share  the  throne 

Theodoret.  with  his  brother  Iwan.     Without  educa- 

Peter  Chrtsologus,  St.  archbishop  of  tion,  yet  endowed  with  the  strongest  pow- 

ilavenna,  433,  died  about  458.     His  works,  ers  of  nature,  Peter  felt  that  much  was  still 

consisting  of  176  sermons,  &.c.  have  been  to  be  acquired  before  he  could  realize  the 

edited,  Venice,  1750,  fol.  and  Augsburg,  vast  projects  which  he  had  formed  in  his 

1758.  mind.     To  counteract  the  formidable  pow- 

Peter  III.  king  of  Arragon,  succeeded  er  of  the  Strelitzes,  who  were  not  only  de- 

to   his   father,  James  I.    1276.      He   laid  voted  to  the  interests  of  the  intriguing  So- 

claim  to  the   dominions   of  Navarre,  but  phia,  but  more  inclined  to  dispute  than  to 

was  unable  to  establish  his  pretensions  by  obey  the  commands  of  their  superior,  he 

force  of  arms.     As  he  had  married  Con-  determined  to  become  the  favourite  of  the 

stance,  daughter  of  Mainfroy,  king  of  Sici-  army,  and  enlisting  as  a  private  soldier  in  ai 

ly,  he  formed  the  plan  of  seizing  the  king-  company  which  were  dressed  and  discipli- 

dom  against  the  claims  of  Charles  of  An-^  ned  in  the  German  manner  he  gi-adually 

jou,  and  to  support  the  success  of  his  de-  rose  to  command  by  his  services,  and  by 

signs  he  determined  to  assassinate  at  one  sharing  the  toils  and  the  privations  of  the 

blow  all  the  French  in  the    island.     This  military  life.     The  sight  of  some  Dutch 

horrid  massacre,  which  was  perpetrated  on  and  English  ships  roused  his  attention   to 

Easter  day,  1282,  and  which  was  therefore  naval  affairs,  and  while  he  meditated  the 

called  Sicilian  Vespers,  made   him  easily  aggrandizement  of  Russia  he  never  aban- 
454 


PUT 

iloncd  bis  favourite  pchcmc  of  erecting  a 
navy.     By    the   death  of  his   brother,   in 
1696,   he   became  sole  emperor,   und  then 
increased  his  dominions  by  the  conquest  of 
Azoph   from  the    Turks.     Still,    however, 
feeling  his  inferiority  as  a  naval  power,  he 
sent  in  1698  an  embassy  to  Hoilund,  and 
went  in  a  disguised  character  in  the  ambas- 
sador's suite  :  and  that  he  might  personally 
be    acquainted   with   the   process^ of   ship 
building,  he  enrolled   himself  at  Amster- 
dam   among     the    ship     carpenters,     and 
■worked  with  unusual  assiduity,    under   the 
name  of  master  Peter.     The  next  year  he 
passed   over  to    England,  where    in    four 
months   he  acquired  the  complete  know- 
ledge of  ship  building,   and  alter  receiving 
every  mark  of  respect  from  William  III. 
he  left  the  country,   accompanied  by  seve- 
ral   English   ship  builders   and  artificers, 
whom   he   employed  with  great  liberality 
and   kindness   in   his  naval  yards.     From 
England  he  went  to  Vienna:  but  the  intel- 
ligence that  Sophia    had  again   intrigued 
ivith  the   Strelitzes,  and  roused  them  to 
rebellion,  hastened  his  return   to  Moscow. 
The  ringleaders  were  punished  with  seve- 
rity ;  but  the  princess,  who  was  the  most 
guilty,  was   only  confined  with  greater  se- 
verity in  the  solitude  of  a  monastery.     Im- 
proved by  the  view  of  foreign  countries,  the 
forms  of  their  government,  and  the  know- 
ledge of  their  commercial  resources,  Peter 
HOW  displayed  to  the  world  the  enlightened 
plans  of  his  capacious  mind.     He  not  only 
.sent  his  nobles  to  foreign  countries,  to  im- 
prove and  adorn  their  minds,  but  he  libe- 
rally invited  the  wisest  and  the  most  learned 
among  distant  nations  to  come  and  seek  an 
honourable  residence  in  Russia,  and  to  in- 
sti-uct  his  uncivilized  subjects  in  the  various 
arts  which  humanize  and  sweeten  life.  The 
hitherto  barbarous  coasts  of  Russia  were 
therefore   visited  by  sailors,    artists,  me- 
chanics,mathematicians,and  adventurers  of 
rvery  degree  and  profession,  and  though  his 
subjects  viewed  these  new  settlers  with  jea- 
lousy, the  policy  of  Peter  soon  mingled  and 
united  them  by  the  strong  ties  of  mutual 
dependence  and  eocial  union.     In  1700  he 
declared  war  againstCharlesXII.  of  Sweden, 
and  though  frequently  defeated  by  the  supe- 
rior tactics  and  heroic  valour  of  his  enemv, 
he  nevertheless  persevered  with  undaunted 
courage,  observing,  "  though  I  know  I  must 
be  overcome  for  a  great  while,  my  armies 
w  ill  at  last  be  taught  to  conquer."     In  the 
midst  of  his  disasters  in  Poland,  he  formed 
the  vast  project  of  erecting  a  new  metropo- 
lis on  the  Baltic  Sea,  for  his  immense  ter- 
ritories ;  and  after  he  had  added  to  his  do- 
minions the  best  part  of  Livonia  and  Ingria, 
he  in  1703  laid  the  foundations  of  Peters- 
burg, which  he  destined  for  the  northern 
capital  of  his  empii-e.     Though  often  de- 
feated, at  last  the   batilc   of  Pultowa,   in 


PLT 

1709,  came  to   crown  his  carncdl  wiahcs, 
and  he  saw  the  long-\iiloriou»  Swedes  con- 
quered,  and    their   heroic    leader   Charles 
obliged    to   fly  for  Hafcty  into   the   Turkiah 
don.inions.     Peter  used  ihia  great  victory 
like  a  wise   man  ;    the    Swedish    prisoners 
were   induced,   by    liberal  oilers,   to  settle 
among  their  conquerors,  and  not  less  than 
3U0(»  ofliccrs  were    prevniled  upon,    by  the 
kind  treatment  of  the  C/:ir,  to  fix  ihf  ir  re- 
sidence and  spread  civilization,  improve- 
ment, and  the  arts  of  polished  life,  in  vari- 
ous paits  of  his  extensive  empire.     In  con- 
sequence of  the  victory  of  Pultowa,  Peter 
was  enabled  to  secure  the  possession  of  Li- 
vonia and  Ingria,  to  which  he  afterwards 
added  part  of  Pomerania  and  Finland ;  but 
the  intrigues  of  Charles  XII.  at  the   Turk- 
ish court,   at  last  prevailed   upon  the  Otto- 
mans to  break  the  truce,  and  in  1712  Peter 
was  suddenly  surrounded   on  the  banks  of 
the  Pruth,  and  his  army  devoted  to  destruc- 
tion.      While  he  considered   every  thing 
lost,   his  wife  Catherine  had  recourse   to 
stratagem,  and  by  offering  a  large  bribe  to 
the  grand  vizier,  she  saved  her  husband's 
honour,  and  his  army,  and  in  consequence 
of   this   meritorioup   action,    the    grateful 
CzarestabHshcd  the  order  of  St.  Catherine 
into  Avhich  only  women  are  admitted.  The 
defeat  of  the  Swedish  fleet  near  Holstein  in 
1714,   and  the  subsequent  treaty  of  peace 
with   Charles  XII.  now  enabled  Peter  to 
visit  again  foreign  countries  in   pursuit  of 
improvement  and  better  knowledge.      In 
1716  he  was  in  Denmark,  and  after  visit- 
ing the  schools,  public  places,  and  curiosi* 
ties,    he  passed   to    Hamburgh,  Hanover 
Wolfenbuttlc,  and  Holland,  and  the  next 
year  proceeded  to  Paris.     In  the  capital  of 
France  he  was  received  with  great  ceremo- 
ny, and  admitted  member  of  the  academy 
of  sciences  ;  but  despising  the  pomp  and 
pageantry  of  greatness,   he  preferred  the 
conversation  of  the  learned  and  the  intelli- 
gent,  and   returned   home   better  pleased 
with  the  information  which  he  had  received 
than  with  the  unmeaning  marks  of  homage 
which    flattery   had   paid   to   his   imperial 
rank.     When  at  Paris  he  visited   the  tomb 
of  Richelieu,  exclaiming,  "great  minister, 
would    it  might  have  happened   you  had 
lived  in  my  age,  I  would  have  granted  you 
half  of  my   dominions  to   learn  from  you 
how  to  govern  the  rest."  Returned  to  Rus- 
sia, Peter  laboured  earnestly  to  reform  and 
improve  the    character    of    his    countrv. 
After  breaking  gradually  to  pieces  the  dan- 
gerous establishment  of  the   Strelitzes,  he 
established    a    regular    body    of    100,000 
troops  ;  he  built  a  navy  of  forty  ships  of  the 
line  ;  he  established  colleges  and  schools  of 
medicine,  botany,  belles   Icttres,  &c.  in  the 
chief  cities  of  his  dominions,  and  by  pur- 
chasing   pictures    of  value    and  cc'lebritY 
from  Italy,  he  introduced  a  taste  for  paint- 

4-,  5 


PET 

ing  and  the  fine  arts  among  his  subjects  ; 
and  to  supply  resources  for  their  gradual 
improvement,  he  made  the  largest  possible 
collections   of  books  and  manuscripts  in 
various  languages,  which  were  wisely  dis- 
tributed where  they  could  prove  most  use- 
ful.     In   other  respects  he    was    equally 
attentive  to  the  happiness  and  morality  of 
his  people.     Religion,  pure  and  uncorrupt, 
was  made,  as  far  as  his  zealous  endeavours 
could,  to  supersede  superstition  and  igno- 
rance ;  the  patriarcitate,  which   had  once 
been  formidable  even  to  the  sovereign,  was 
abolished,  and  while  canons  the  most  salu- 
tary were  made  for  ecclesiastical  affairs,  it 
was  ordered  that  the  people  should  be  in- 
structed in  religious   knowledge    by   their 
priests  in  their  own,   and   not  in  a  foreign 
language.     The  laws  also  were  rendered 
more  simple  and  less  arbitrary,  and  the  de- 
cisions of  all  law-suits,  were  to  be  announ- 
ced before  the  expiration  of  eleven  days  ; 
and   in   short  every  measure  which  could 
tend  to  meliorate  the  situation  of  the  peo- 
ple, to  inci'ease  their  knoAvledge,  to  enlarge 
their  understanding,  and  to  contribute  to 
their  comfort,   was,  with  the  wisest  and 
most  liberal  policy,  adopted  and  enforced. 
This  truly  great  and  worthy  prince  died  of 
a    strangury,  caused  by  an  imposthume  in 
the  neck  of  his  bladder,  28th  Jan.  1725,  in 
his  53d  yeai'.     Peter  bad  a  son  Alexis,  who 
lived  to  the  age  of  manhood ;  but  he  unfor- 
tunately engaged  in  a  conspiracy   in  1717 
against  his  father,  and  was  condemned  to 
die  :  and  though  the  sentence  was  suspend- 
ed,   he  died    some  short  time  after,   not 
without  suspicion  of  being  cut  off  privately 
by  the  resentment  of  the  Czar,  as  several  of 
his  accomplices  suffered   the   severest  pu- 
nishment of  the  law.     At  his  death,  Peter 
appointed  for  his  successor  his  widow  the 
Czarina,  Catherine,  whom,  from  a  soldier's 
wife  he  had  raised,  in  consequence  of  her 
great  merits  and  heroic  character,  to  share 
his  bed  and  his  throne.     Peter  is  one  of  the 
few   sovereigns  who  have   been   authors. 
He  wrote  several  pieces  on  naval  affairs  ; 
and  as  he  was  member  of  the  Paris  aca- 
demy, he  sent  to  that  learned  body  a  chart 
of  the  Caspian,   which  had  been  taken  by 
his  directions,  and  he  always  received  with 
pleasure  the    volumes    of  their  memoirs, 
which  were  regularly  transmitted   to  him. 
Peter   II.   emperor  of  Russia,   son  of 
Alexis  Petrovvitz,  was  declared  grand  duke 
of  Russia  1726,  and  the  next  year  succeed- 
ed the  empress  Catherine,  at  the  age  of  13. 
The  prominent  feature  of  his  reign  is  the 
banishment  into  Siberia  of  the  great  fa- 
vourite  and   minister,    Menzikoff.       The 
emperor  died  of  the  smallpox,  1738,  aged 

15. 

Peter  III.   Emperor  of  Russia,  son  of 
Anne  Pctrowna,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Pe- 
ter the  Great,  and  Charles  Frederic,  duke 
4.56 


PET 

of  Holstein-Gottorp,  was  bom  1728,  and 
declared  grand  duke  of  Russia  1742,  by  his 
aunt,  the  empress  Elizabeth,  after  whom  he 
ascended  the  throne,  25th  Dec.  1761.  The 
beginning  of  his  reign  was  auspicious  ;  he 
disregarded  the  measures  of  severity  which 
his  predecessors  had  practised,  and  sought 
for  popularity  in  the  mildness  and  justice  of 
his  governnient.     He  was  a  strong  admirer 
of  the  character  of  the  heroic  king  of  Prus- 
sia,  but  unfortunately  wanted  the  vigour 
and  derision  which  marked  that  great  man. 
His  attempts  therefore  to  reform  his  peo- 
ple proved  abortive,  and  rendered  him  con- 
temptible ;  so  that  his  wife  Catherine  took 
advantage  of  his  timidity,  and  dethroned 
him,    6th  July,   1762,    and   assumed    the 
reigns  of  government  under  the  name  of 
Catherine  II.  Peter  died  seven  days  after 
this  degradation  ;  but  though  his  death  was 
attributed   by   some   to   an    hemorrhoidal 
flux,  it  is  too  evident  that  violence  ternji-' 
nated   his    existence.      Little  respect  has 
been  shown  to  his  memory,  and  probably 
because  he  meditated  the  subversion  of  the 
religion  of  his  country,  and  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  simpler  worship  of  the  protes- 
tants,   in  the  stead  of  the  more  ceremo- 
nious and  corrupted  forms  of  the  Greek 
church. 

Peter  Nolasque,  a  native  of  Langue- 
doc,  in  the  service  of  James,  king  of  Arra- 
gon,  under  whose  patronage  he  established, 
in  1223,  the  order  of  Mercy,  whose  sole 
business  was  the  redeeming  of  Christian 
slaves  from  the  power  of  the  infidels.  This 
worthy  ecclesiastic,  who  so  successfully 
and  honourably  contributed  to  soften  jthe 
horrors  of  warfare  and  of  captivity,  died 
1256,  aged  67. 

PEfER  of  Sicily,  was  author,  in  the 
eighth  century,  of  a  curious  and  interesting 
History  of  the  Manichees,  published  at  In- 
golstadt,  by  Mr.  Raderus,  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  1604. 

Peter  of  Cluni,  or  the  Venerable,  was 
born  in  Auvergne,  of  a  noble  family,  and 
embracing  the  ecclesiastical  state,  was 
made  in  1121,  general  of  the  order  of  Clu- 
ni. He  received  with  becoming  magni- 
ficence at  his  abbey,  pope  Innocent  II.  in 
1130,  and  he  afterwards  granted  a  kind 
and  friendly  asylum  to  the  unfortunate 
Abelard.  He  died  24th  Dec.  1156,  aged 
65.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  and 
exemplary  piety.  He  v  rote,  among  other 
things,  treatises  on  the  Divinity  of  Christ 
— against  the  Jews — on  Infant  Baptism — 
the  Authority  of  the  Church — the  Sacrifice 
of  Mass,  &c. 

Peter,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Blois,  who  stu- 
died at  Psris  and  Bologna,  and  was  pre- 
ceptor and  then  secretary  to  William  II. 
king  of  Sicily.  He  was  afterwards  invited 
by  Henry  II.  to  England,  where  he  obtain- 
ed the   archdeaconry  of  Bath,  and  after- 


PET 


l'J7J 


wardfl  that  of  London.  He  was  a  strict 
disciplinarian  in  the  church,  and  a  man  of 
great  piety.  He  died  in  England,  1200. 
Of  his  writings,  183  letters,  65  sermons, 
&.C.  have  been  preserved,  best  edited  hy 
Goussainville,  in  (olio,  liJ67. 

Peter  the  Hermit,  a  gentleman  of 
Amiens  in  Picardy,  who  quitted  the  military 
profession  to  l)ecome  a  hermit  and  pilgrim. 
He  was  actuated  by  the  sentiments  which 
pervaded  the  Christian  world  at  the  close 
of  the  llth  century  ;  and  under  the  expec- 
tation of  the  immediate  dissolution  of  the 
world,  he,  with  many  other  deluded  men, 
hastened  to  the  Holy  Land  in  1093,  that 
there  he  might  terminate  his  days  in  a  spot 
which  had  given  birth  to  the  Saviour  of  the 
world.  On  his  return  he  spoke  in  so  affuct- 
ing  a  manner  of  the  cruel  treatment  which 
the  Christian  pilgrims  experienced  in  Pa- 
lestine, that  Pope  Urban  IL  sent  him  over 
Europe  to  preach  a  general  crusade  to  de- 
liver the  Holy  Land  from  the  oppression  of 
the  infidels.  The  eloquence  of  Peter,  and 
the  spirit  of  the  times  prevailed  ;  a  nume- 
rous concourse  of  people  flocked  together 
for  the  pious  labour,  and  the  holy  hermit 
began  his  march  at  the  head  of  above 
40,000  men,  all  animated  with  the  zeal  of 
devotion,  and  the  hopes  of  celestial  pro- 
tection. In  crossing  Hungary  this  religious 
army  committed  the  most  horrid  excesses, 
and  so  provoked  the  inhabitants  to  revenge, 
that  in  skirmishes  with  them  and  with  the 
Turks,  many  lost  their  lives,  and  only  3000 
reached  the  gates  of  Constantinople.  In 
advancing  through  Asia,  the  siege  of  Anti- 
och  delayed  their  progress,  and  Peter  would 
have  abandoned  the  hopeless  enterprise 
had  he  not  been  bound  by  an  oath  by  Tan- 
cred  to  share  the  dangers  of  the  crusade. 
At  the  conquest  of  the  Holy  Land,  and  in 
the  siege  of  Jerusalem,  1099,  Peter  be- 
haved with  great  valour,  and  for  his  servi- 
ces was  appointed  vicar-general  of  Palestine. 
He  afterwards  returned  to  Europe,  and  died 
at  the  abbey  of  New-Montier,  of  which  he 
•was  the  founder. 

Peter  the  wild  boy,  a  youth  found  in  a 
savage  state  in  the  woods  near  Hamelen  in 
Hanover,  1726,  where  he  had  lived  for  some 
time  on  berries  and  roots.  He  was  about 
12  years  old,  but  it  is  unknown  how  long 
he  had  been  in  that  wild  state  ;  though 
from  the  remains  of  a  shirt  collar  found 
about  his  neck,  it  is  probable  he  had  not 
been  many  years  exposed.  He  came  to 
England  in  1727,  by  the  direction  of  queen 
Caroline,  and  was  placed  at  a  fai-m-house 
at  North  Church,  Herts  ;  but  neither  care 
nor  imitation  could  make  him  articulate 
•words,  and  he  died  in  1785,  a  melancholy 
spectacle  of  savage  idiotism,  and  uncivil- 
ized nature.  He  was  in  his  conduct  very 
tractable.       The  govprnment  very   hand- 

VoT.,  Ik  r>s 


somcly  allowed  a  pension  of  35^.  a  yewr  (ov 
his  support. 

Peter  Lomuard.  Vid.   Lombard. 

Peter  Martyr.  Vid.   Marttr. 

Peter  o'Osma,  an  lircUtsiiistir  of  thr 
loth  century,  at  Salumanca,  uho  ina\  \ni 
.said  to  be  the  foreniimer  of  the  reroriii*- 
tion,  as  he  preachccl  and  wrrttc  n^rainHt  the 
doctr.ncs  and  ihc  inlalliltility  ol  thi:  ciiiirch 
of  Rome.  The  archbishop  of  Toledo  or- 
dered his  writings  to  be  burnt,  and  llu'  popo. 
confirmed  the  sentence  in  1479. 

Peters,  (ierard,  a  native  of  Amsterdam, 
1.580,  who  distinguished  himself  as  a  paint- 
er. His  conversations,  landscapes,  i<.c. 
possess  merit. 

Peters,  Bonaventure,  a  native  of  Ant- 
werp, eminent  as  a  painter.  His  sea  storms 
and  other  marine  pieces,  are  highly  ad- 
mired. He  died  1652,  aged  38.  His  bro- 
ther John  also  excelled  as  an  artist,  in  his 
representation  of  sea  fights,  landscapes,  &c. 

Peters,  Francis  Lucas,  a  paint;r,  born 
at  Mechlin.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Gerard 
Segers,  and  deserved  the  pat'onage  of  the 
archduke  Leopold.  His  landscapes  are 
highly  admired.     He  died  1651,  aged  48. 

Peters,  Hugh,  a  native  of  Fowcy  in 
Cornwall,  educated  at  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  from  which  he  was  expelled  for 
irregularity.  He  next  became  an  actor  on 
the  stage,  and  acquired  some  celebrity  in 
low  and  buffoon  characters,  and  afterwards 
was  ordained  by  bishop  Mountaine,  and  ob- 
tained the  lectureship  of  St.  Sepulchre's 
church  in  London.  An  intrigue  with  a 
married  woman  drove  him  from  England, 
and  after  joining  the  independents  at  Rot- 
terdam, he  passed  to  North  America ;  but 
on  the  breaiking  out  of  the  civil  wars,  he 
returned  to  England.  His  turbulent  spirit 
quickly  engaged  him  in  the  cause  of  the 
parliament,  whose  interests  he  greatly  and 
pow^erfuUy  promoted  in  the  pulpit,  by  his 
vehement  eloquence  and  vulgar  bufiboneiy. 
He  was  so  inveterate  against  the  king,  and 
so  instrumental  to  his  condemnation,  that 
at  the  restoration  he  was  excepted  from  the 
act  of  pardon,  and  therefore  was  hanged 
and  quartered,  16G0.     He  was  then  61. 

Peters  Hugh,  an  English  Jesuit,  known 
in  history  as  the  friend  and  confessor  of 
James  II.  His  advice  contributed  much  to 
the  rash  measures  which  rendered  the  mo- 
narch so  unpopular,  and  which  at  last  has- 
tened his  ruin. 

Peters,  Charles,  the  learned  author  of 
a  "  Critical  Dissertation  on  the  Book  of 
Job,"  was  presented  by  Elizabeth,  lady 
Mohun,  to  the  living  of  Boconnoc  in  Corn- 
wall in  1715,  and  resided  there  till  1727, 
when  he  obtained  that  of  St.  Mabyn  in  the 
same  county,  where  he  resided  till  his  death 
in  1777.  He  was  the  intimate  friend  and 
coiTespondent  of  bishop  Lowth,  who  speak? 


i*KT 


PET 


highly  of  him  in  his  letter  to  Warbuitou.— 
W.  B. 

Petis  de  la  Croix,  Francis,  interpreter 
of  oriental  languages  to  the  French  king, 
visited  Turkey  and  Persia  to  perfect  him- 
self in  the  languages  of  those  countries. 
He  wrote  the  Historj  of  Gengis  Khan,  and 
other  works  on  oriental  history.  He  died 
at  Paris,  1713. 

Petit,  John  Lewis,  a  celebrated  surgeon, 
born  at  Paris,  1674.  Under  the  kind  di- 
rections of  Littre,  the  anatomist,  and  Cas- 
tel  and  Mareschal,  the  surgeons,  he  made 
such  progress  in  anatomical  and  surgical 
knowledge,  that  he  acquired  a  respectable 
practice  in  1700.  In  1726  he  was  invited 
to  Poland,  to  cure  the  king,  and  he  was 
equally  successful  in  his  attendance,  in 
1734,  on  Ferdinand,  afterwards  king  of 
Spain.  Though  solicited  to  settle  abroad 
on  the  most  liberal  terms,  he  preferred  his 
native  country,  where  he  was  noticed,  and 
where  he  was  honoured  with  a  seat  in  the 
academy  of  .sciences,  and  with  the  rank  of 
rector  of  the  royal  school  of  surgery.  He 
died  at  Paris,  20th  April,  1750,  aged  77. 
He  invented  some  valuable  surgical  instru- 
ments, and  wrote  also,  Surgery,  published 
in  3  vols.  8vo.  by  Lesne,  1774 — treatise  on 
the  Diseases  of  the  Bones,  2  vols.  12mo. 
■ — Dissertations  in  the  memoirs  of  the  aca- 
demy— besides  Consultations  on  Venereal 
Complaints. 

Petit,  Anthony,  an  eminent  physican  of 
Orleans.  He  wrote  Chirurgical  Anatomy, 
2  vols.  12mo. — Discourse  on  Surgery — 
Report  in  favour  of  Inoculation — Medical 
Consultations — Project  of  a  Reformation  in 
Medicine,  &c.  He  was  member  of  the 
academy  of  sciences,  and  after  practising 
with  great  celebrity  at  Paris,  he  retired  to 
Olivet,  near  Orleans,  where  he  died,  21st 
Oct.  1794,  aged  72. 

Petit,  Samuel,  an  eminent  scholar,  born 
at  Nismes,  and  educated  at  Geneva,  where 
he  became  professor  of  theology,  of  Greek 
and  Hebrew.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive 
learning,  and  very  amiable  manners,  and 
died  at  Geneva,  Dec.  1645,  aged  51.  He 
wrote  Miscellanea — Eclogae  Chronologicae, 
4to. — Variae  Lectiones — Leges  Atticae,  fol. 
a  valuable  work. 

Petit,  Peter,  a  French  mathematician, 
born  at  Montlucon  in  the  diocess  of  Bour- 
ges,  1598.  He  came  to  Paris,  1633,  and 
•was  employed  as  engineer  by  Richelieu,  and 
visited  the  sea  ports  to  examine  their  sta'e, 
and  suggest  improvements.  These  public 
employments  did  not  prevent  him  from  ap- 
plying to  philosophical  experiments ;  he 
was  the  friend  of  Pascal,  of  Mersennus, 
and  of  Des  Cartes,whose  opinions  he  at  first 
opposed,  but  afterwards  warmly  adopted. 
He  died  1677.  He  was  author  of  Treatises 
on   th«  Compass  of  Proportion — on    the 


(Jonsiruction  and  Use  of  the  Calibre  of  Ar- 
tillery— on  Sight — on  Eclipses — on  pre- 
venting the  Inundations  of  the  Seine— oh 
Comets,  &c. 

Petit,  Peter,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Paris,  1617.  He  studied  medicine, 
and  took  his  degrees  at  Montpellier  ;  but 
he  neglected  the  profession  when  he  came 
to  Paris,  and  was  tutor  to  Lamoignon's 
sons,  and  other  great  men.  He  was  an  ex- 
cellent scholar,  and  wrote  with  great  faci- 
lity. He  died  1687.  His  works  are  vari- 
ous. He  wrote  a  Treatise  on  the  Motion 
of  Animals  ;  Homeri  Nepenthes,  8vo.  ;  a 
Latin  Treatise  on  the  Amazons,  8vo.  and 
in  French  2  vols.  8vo.  ;  Miscellaneous  Ob- 
servations ;  a  Treatise  on  the  Sibyl ;  de 
Nova  curandorum  Morborum  Ratione  per 
Transfusionem  Sanguinis ;  de  Natur^  et 
Moribus  Anthropophagorum,  8vo.  besides 
some  poems,  one  of  which,  Codrus,  in  La- 
tin, is  mentioned  with  great  applause. 

Petitot,  John,  a  celebrated  painter,  born 
at  Geneva,  1607.  From  a  jeweller,  and 
the  trade  of  enamelling,  he  acquired  a 
great  taste  in  painting  ;  and  with  Bordier 
his  friend,  and  afterwards  his  brother-in- 
law,  he  travelled  into  Italy,  and  by  studying 
chymistry  obtained  a  perfect  knowledge  of 
the  useful  preparation  and  management  of 
colours.  They  afterwards  came  to  Eng- 
land, and  Petitot,  whose  pieces  were  now 
in  universal  esteem,  was  introduced  by 
Mayeme  the  physician  to  Charles  I.  and  he 
had  the  honour  to  take  portraits  of  the 
whole  family.  The  unfortunate  death  of 
his  royal  patron,  to  whom  he  was  particu- 
larly attached,  obliged  him  to  fly  to  Paris, 
where  he  was  treated  with  kindness  by  the 
second  Charles,  and  particularly  noticed 
by  Lewis  XIV.  who  granted  him  a  pension, 
and  a  lodging  in  the  Louvre  palace.  The 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  terrified 
the  painter,  who  was  a  zealous  protestant, 
and  after  thirty-six  years  of  residence  he 
quitted  France  for  Geneva.  He  died  at 
Vevay  in  the  canton  of  Berne,  where  he 
had  retired,  1691,  aged  84.  In  his  private 
character  he  was  very  amiable,  and  of  the 
meekest  disposition.  He  lived  in  the 
greatest  harmony  with  his  brother-in-law 
for  fifty  years,  and  separated  from  him  only 
when  their  respective  families  became  too 
numerous  for  the  comforts  and  privacy  of 
one  house.  Petitot  had  seventeen  chil- 
dren by  his  wife,  but  only  one  of  his  sons 
followed  his  profession.  In  the  completion 
of  his  pictures  he  painted  the  heads  and 
hands  with  astonishing  effect  of  colouring, 
and  his  friend  Bordier  painted  the  hair,  the 
draperies,  and  the  ground.  He  is  deser- 
vedly regarded  as  the  inventor  of  painting 
in  enamel,  in  which  he  greatly  excelled. 

Petiver,  James, an  English  botanist,apo- 
thecary  to  the  Charter-house,  and  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society,  was  distinguished  as  p 


PET 


I'l/l 


judicious  collector  of  natural  curiosities. 
Sir  Hans  Sloane  otrered  him  4000/.  for 
his  valuable  museum,  and  he  afterwards 
obtained  it  when  disposed  of  after  his 
death.  He  died  20th  April,  1718,  and  was 
honourably  attended  to  his  grave  by  the 
most  eminent  men  of  the  age.  He  pub- 
lished Musaei  Petiveriani  Centurise  decern, 
8vo.  ;  Gazophylacii  Naturae  et  Artis  De- 
cades decern,  folio  ;  a  Catalogue  of  the 
Plants  on  the  Mountains  near  Geneva  ; 
Pterigraphia  Americana,  folio  ;  Planta;  ra- 
riores  Chinenses,  iitc.  ;  besides  communi- 
cations to  the  piiilosophical  transactions, 
and  assistance  to  Mr.  liay.  His  works  al- 
together appeared,  two  vols,  folio,  and  one 
8vo.  1764. 

Petrarch,  Francis,  a  celebrated  Italian 
poet,  deservedly  called  the  father  of  modern 
poetry,  as  his  genius  and  great  learning 
tended  to  revive  ancient  literature  in  Eu- 
rope. His  father,  who  was  of  noble  birth, 
was  driven  from  Florence  by  the  superior 
influence  of  the  party  of  the  Neri,  and 
retired  to  Arezzo,  where  the  poet  was  born, 
1304.  Afterwards  the  father  settled  at 
Avignon,  and  sent  his  son  to  the  school  of 
Carpentras  ;  and  there,  and  then  at  Mont- 
pellier  and  Bologna,  he  completed  his  edu- 
cation. The  future  bard  was  intended  by 
his  father  for  the  law,  but  poetry,  eloquence, 
and  history,  had  more  charms  for  him  than 
all  the  writers  on  jurisprudence.  Losing 
his  mother  in  1324,  and  his  father  the  next 
year,  he  was  left  to  his  own  independent 
choice,  and  soon  fixed  his  residence  at 
Vaucluse,  five  miles  from  Avignon,  where 
he  devoted  himself  to  literary  pursuits. 
This  spot  became  more  and  more  endeared 
to  him  from  his  love  for  the  beautiful  Laura 
de  Noves,  whom  he  first  saw  and  passion- 
ately admired  in  1627  ;  but  though  the 
warm  feelings  of  his  heart  were  conveyed 
in  the  most  rapturous  language  of  elegant 
poetry,  he  could,  it  is  said,  make  no  impres- 
sion on  the  heart  of  the  unkind  fair.  Per- 
haps to  divert  his  affections,  he  now  began 
to  think  of  travelling,  and  after  visiting 
Paris,  Flanders,  Germany,  and  Rome,  he 
was  at  last  persuaded  to  enter  into  the  ser- 
vice of  pope  John  XXIL  The  love  of 
Vaucluse  and  of  Laura,  however,  prevailed 
over  the  temptations  of  greatness,  and  the 
favour  of  the  powerful ;  and  Petrarch, 
once  more  restored  to  his  favourite  seat, 
again  devoted  his  hours  to  studious  pur- 
suits, and  to  the  praises  of  his  beloved 
mistress.  The  sweetness  of  his  poetry, 
and  the  graces  of  bis  muse  spread  in  the 
mean  time  his  celebrity  beyond  the  confines 
of  Avignon,  and  at  the  same  moment  he 
was  solicited  by  the  senate  of  Rome,  by 
the  university  of  Paris,  and  by  the  king  of 
Naples,  to  come  and  receive  the  poetical 
crown.  The  offers  of  Rome,  once  the 
misu'Cis  of  the   world,  and  the  cradle  of 


poets,  historians,  and  oratory  were  to* 
flattering  to  be  withstood,  -.ukI  the  modeit 
bard  appeared  in  the  rapit.d,  where  the 
poetic  crown  was  fixed  on  his  head  with 
the  most  .solemn  ceremony  by  the  Roman 
senator  Orso  count  d'An^uilbra,  on  Ka.ster- 
day  1341,  and  he  was  declared  a  citizen  of 
Rome.  From  Rome  he  visited  Farin;i,  and 
in  1343  was  drawn  from  his  favourite  \  au- 
cluse  by  pope  Clement  VL  who  sent  him  to 
compliment  Joan  on  her  accession  to  the 
Neapolitan  crown.  While  at  Verona,  in 
1348,  he  was  informed  of  the  death  of  his 
favourite  Laura,  a  melancholy  event  which 
deeply  affected  him,  and  which  he  immor- 
talized by  all  the  powers  of  poetry.  In 
1352  he  bid  adieu  for  ever  to  his  beloved  re- 
treat of  Vaucluse,  which  the  death  of  Laura 
had  converted  from  a  scene  of  pleasure  and 
enjoyment,  to  corroding  care  and  melan- 
choly reflection  ;  and  he  entered  afterwards 
in  the  service  of  the  Visconti  at  Milan,  and 
was  engaged  in  negotiations  and  political 
affairs.  Though  informed  that  his  patri- 
mony was  restored  by  the  Florentines,  he 
preferred  to  these  new  honours  from  the 
city  of  Florence,  the  peaceful  retreat  of 
Arqua,  near  Padua,  given  him  by  his  friend 
and  patron,  Francis  de  Carrara,  and  there 
he  died  July  1374,  aged  70.  Petrarch  was 
an  ecclesiastic,  though  he  never  took  priests' 
orders,  and  he  obtained  an  archdeaconry 
and  two  canonries.  He  was  in  private  life 
a  very  amiable  and  respectable  character ; 
he  neither  coveted  nor  despised  riches  ;  but 
was  guided  by  moderation,  though  flattered 
by  the  great,  and  honoured  by  the  power- 
ful. His  passion  for  Laura  was  of  the 
purest  kind,  though  some  have  ventured  to 
assert,  that  it  was  not  unmixed  with  the 
most  licentious  concessions.  He  had  a 
natural  daughter  by  a  lady  of  respectable 
family.  Petrarch  as  a  poet  is  deservedly 
celebrated  as  one  of  the  restorers  of  classi- 
cal learning,  and  he  displayed  all  the  pow- 
ers of  genius  and  poetical  inspiration,  not 
only  in  his  own  native  language,  but  in 
L:itin.  His  sonnets  are  esteemed  as  the 
sweetest,  the  most  elegant,  and  most  highly 
finished  verses  ever  written  in  Italian,  and 
his  songs  possess  equal  beauty  and  grace. 
His  Latin  poems  are  not  entitled  to  similai- 
praisc.  Ilis  Africa,  or  the  Punic  War,  is 
censured  as  faulty,  incorrect,  and  unclas- 
sical.  His  other  works  arc  De  Remediis 
utriusque  Fortuna',  4to.  translated  into 
French — De  Otio  Religiosorum — De  Ver^i 
SapientiA — De  Vita  Solitariil — De  Con- 
temptu  Mundi — Rcnim  Mcmorabilium  Li- 
bri  Sex — De  Republicu  optime  adminis- 
tranda — Itinerarium  Syriacum — Epistolse 
— Orationes.  His  works  have  been  edited 
in  4  vols,  folio.  Of  his  poems  the  best  edi- 
tions are  that  of  Venice,  2  vols.  4to.  1756. 
His  life  has  been  written  by  twenty-six 
different  authors,   and  of  these  the  most 

459 


PET 


PET 


valuable   are  those  by   Murator'i,   by  De 
Sade,  and  by  Dodson. 

Petre,  Sir  William,  a  native  of  Exeter, 
educated  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  in 
1523,  elected  fellow  of  All-Souls.  He  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  study  of  the  law,  and 
took  his  degree  of  LL.D.  and  was  appoint- 
ed principal  of  Peckwater  Inn.  His  abili- 
ties recommended  him  to  lord  Cromwell, 
who  employed  him  in  visiting  the  monas- 
teries, and  in  the  midst  of  the  plunder  of 
ecclesiastical  property  under  Henry  VIH. 
he  received  a  considerable  share.  He  had 
the  art  to  continue  in  power  under  Henry 
YHI.  Edward  VI.  and  Marj,  though  the 
politics  of  the  three  reigns  were  very  dis- 
similar ;  and  under  Elizabeth  he  added  to 
his  other  employments,  the  office  of  secre- 
tary of  state.  Though  dishonourably  en- 
riched by  the  plunder  of  the  church,  Sir 
William  was  a  man  of  great  talents,  and 
he  evinced  his  respect  for  learning  and 
piety  by  some  munificent  donations  to  Ex- 
eter college,  and  other  charitable  institu- 
tions. His  large  property  in  Essex  has  de- 
volved to  his  descendants,  who  were  en- 
nobled by  James  I.  1603.     He  died  1574. 

Petronius  Maximus,  a  Roman  senator, 
■who  assassinated  Valentinian  III.  and  seiz- 
ed the  throne,  455.  He  married  the  widow, 
who,  ignorant  of  his  crime,  soon  after  call- 
ed to  avenge  the  death  of  her  husband, 
Genseric,  king  of  the  Vandals.  Petronius 
was  put  to  death,  and  his  body  thrown  into 
the  Tiber. 

Petronius  Arbiter,  Titus,  a  Latin  poet, 
who  enjoyed  the  favour  of  Nero.  He  was 
accused  of  a  conspiracy  against  the  tyrant, 
and  destroyed  himself  by  opening  his  veins, 
A.D.  65.  His  poems  are  very  elegant, 
though  licentious. 

Pettus,  Sir  John,  a  native  of  Suffolk, 
who  obtained  the  rank  of  deputy  governor 
of  the  Royal  mines,  and  was  member  of 
parliament  for  Dunwich,  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.  He  wrote  the  History,  Laws, 
and  Places  of  the  Chief  Mines  and  Mineral 
Works  in  England  and  Wales,  fol.  1670— 
Volatiles  from  the  History  of  Adam  and 
Eve,  8vo. — England's  Independency  of  the 
Papal  Power,  4to. — Fleta  Minor,  or  the 
Laws  of  Art  and  Nature  in  knowing,  as- 
saying, &c.  of  Metals,  fol.  16S3,  from  the 
German,  and  translated  while  the  author 
was  in  the  Fleet  prison.  This  intelligent 
man  died  about  1690. 

Petty,  Sir  William,  an  eminent  writer 
born  16th  May,  1623,  at  Rumsey  in  Hamp- 
shire, Avhere  his  father  was  a  clothier.  In 
his  native  town  at  the  grammar-school  by 
strong  application  he  acquired  a  competent 
knowledge  of  Latin,  Greek,  and  French, 
besides  arithmetic,  geometry,  dialing,  and 
navigation,  and  at  the  age  of  15  he  went 
over  to  Normandy  to  improve  himself  fur- 
ther in  the  university  of  Caen.  On  his  re- 
460 


turn  home  he  was  preferred  in  the  navy, 
and  at  the  age  of  20,  being  master,  as  he 
says  himself,  of  threescore  pounds,  be  de- 
termined to  travel  abroad  to  augment  his 
stock  of  knowledge.  He  visited  Leyden, 
Utrecht,  Amsterdam,  and  Paris,  where  he 
studied  medicine,  and  so  managed  his  little 
property  that  at  his  return  to  Rumsey  in 
1646,  he  was  richer  by  101.  than  when  he 
set  out  three  years  before.  In  1647  he  ob- 
tained from  the  parliament  a  patent  for  17 
years  for  bis  invention  of  a  machine  for 
double  writing  ;  but  though  the  scheme  did 
not  succeed,  it  yet  recommended  him  to 
the  notice  of  the  learned,  and  procured 
him  a  settlement  at  Oxford,  where  he  ac- 
quired some  reputation  as  assistant  to  the 
anatomical  professor.  By  ihe  influence  of 
the  parliament  he  obtained  a  fellowship  at 
Brazen-nose,  and  was  created  M.D.  in 
1649,  and  two  years  after  appointed  pro- . 
fessor  of  anatomy,  and  soon  after  music 
professor  at  Gresham  college.  In  1652  he 
went  as  physician  to  the  army  in  Ireland, 
under  Lambert,  Fleetwood,  and  Henry 
Cromwell ,  and  in  1654  he  obtained  the 
permission  ol  the  government  to  measure 
the  various  estates  of  the  island,  so  that  by 
his  persevevance  and  ingenuity,  there  was 
no  estate  worth  60Z.  per  annum,  but  was 
accurately  marked,  and  all  its  boundaries 
ascertained.  He  was  in  1655  made  secre- 
tary to  Henry  Cromwell,  and  three  years 
after  was  elected  member  of  parliament  fov 
West  Looe  ;  but  he  was  at  that  time  ac- 
cused of  some  misdemeanors,  and  though 
he  could  have  vindicated  his  innocence,  and 
proved  the  malice  and  persecution  of  his 
enemies,  he  was  dismissed  from  his  employ- 
ments. At  the  restoration  he  was  treated 
with  great  attention  by  the  king,  and  knight- 
ed, and  by  patent  created  surveyor  general 
of  Ireland.  About  1663  he  invented  his 
double  bottomed  ship,  which  could  sail 
against  wind  and  tide,  of  which  he  gave  a 
model  to  the  Royal  Society,  a  learned  body, 
of  which  he  was  one  of  the  first  members, 
and  the  most  active  promoter  of  its  esta- 
blishment. Sir  William,  whose  mind  was 
perpetually  engaged  in  promoting  the  ho- 
nour of  his  country,  by  useful  projects  and 
ingenious  inventions,  paid  at  the  same  time 
particular  attention  to  his  own  interests, 
and  acquired  honourable  opulence  by  being 
concerned  in  iron  works,  in  a  pilchard  fish- 
ery, in  lead  mines,  and  in  the  timber  trade. 
Though  he  was  a  considerable  sufferer  by 
the  great  fire  of  London,  in  1666,  he  yet 
died  very  rich,  and  left  to  his  family,  estates 
of  the  value  of  not  less  than  15,000/.  a 
year,  at  6  per  cent,  interest.  He  died  of  a 
gangrene  in  his  foot,  occasioned  by  the 
gout,  in  Westminster,  16th  Dec.  1687,  and 
was  buried  at  Rumsey,  in  his  family  vault. 
His  son  was  created  lord  Shelburne,  by 
king  William.     Sir  William  was  a  most 


FEU 


tl-.Y. 


correct  and  intelligent  ^vriter,  and  his  va- 
rious pamphlets  on  subjects  of  political 
economy,  national  and  commercial  pur- 
suits, and  financial  atlairs,  all  amounting  to 
nearly  30,  display  his  abilities  as  a  man  of 
superior  knowledge,  extensive  information, 
and  the  most  consummate  judgment,  to 
which  were  united,  the  purest  benevolence, 
and  all  the  amiable  virtues  of  private  life. 

Fetyt,  William,  a  native  of  Skiplon, 
Yorkshire,  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of 
law  antiquities.  He  studied  the  law,  and 
was  bencher  and  treasurer  of  the  Inner 
Temple,  and  keeper  of  the  records  in  the 
Tower.  He  wrote  the  Ancient  Rights  of 
the  Commons  Asserted,  8vo. — a  Summary 
Review  of  the  Kings  and  Government  of 
England,  and  of  the  Ju>  Parliamentarium, 
or  Rights  of  Parliament,  (olio.  He  died  at 
Chelsea,  1707.  His  valuable  Collection  of 
Parliamentary  Tracts  is  preserved  in  the 
library  of  the  Inner  Temple. 

Peucer,  Gaspard,  an  eminent  physician 
and  mathematician,  born  at  Bautzen,  in  Lu- 
satia,  1525.  He  was  professor  of  medicine 
at  Wittemberg,  and  married  Melancthon's 
daughter,  whose  works  he  edited,  5  vols, 
folio  ,  but  his  opinions  brought  him  into 
trouble.  He  was  for  10  years  imprisoned, 
and  during  that  time  he  committed  his 
thoughts  on  the  margins  of  old  books  by 
means  of  ink,  which  he  made  with  burnt 
crusts  of  bread  infused  in  wine.  He  died 
25th  Sept;  1602.  He  wrote  De  Pracipuis 
Divinationum  Generibus — Methodus  curan- 
di  Morbos  Internos — de  Febribus — Hypo- 
theses Astronomicae — Vita  Illustrium  Me- 
dicorum — the  Names  of  Moneys,  Weights, 
and  Measures. 

Peuteman,  Peter,  a  painter,  born  at 
Rotterdam.  It  is  said  that  he  was  roused 
by  an  earthquake  from  sleep,  in  the  dissect- 
ing room  of  an  anatomical  school,  which  he 
had  entered  to  become  more  familiarized 
■with  the  appearances  of  dead  bodies,  in  the 
representation  of  some  scenes  of  mortality 
in  which  he  was  engaged  ;  and  when  he 
saw,  during  the  violent  concussion,  the 
skeletons  all  in  motion  from  the  ceiling, 
and  the  skulls  rolling  around  him,  he  fled 
with  terror  and  precipitation,  and  never 
recovered  from  the  sudden  shock,  but  died 
soon  after,  1692,  aged  42. 

Peutinger,  Conrad,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Augsburg,  1465.  He  studied  in 
some  of  the  Italian  universities ;  and  at  his 
return  home  was  appointed  secretary  to 
the  senate  of  Augsburg.  He  was  also  use- 
ful to  his  country  as  an  able  negotiator  in 
some  of  the  European  courts.  He  died 
1547.  He  published  Convivial  Discourses, 
8vo.  ;  De  Inclinatione  Romani  Imperii  et 
Gentium  Commigrationibus ;  De  Rebus 
Gothorum,  fol.  ;  Roman*  Vestutatis  Frag- 
menta  in  Augusta  Vindelicorum,  fol.  be- 
sides a  Chart  formed  in  the  reign  of  Theo- 


dosius  the  Great,  containing  the  ro«d«  of 
the  Roman  armi«»  in  the  \N  t-^tern  empire, 
edited  at  Vienna,  17J3,  with  disscrtatiom* 
and  notca  by  Scheib. 

Peykr,  John  Conrad,  a  physician  of 
Schalfhausen,  in  the  17th  cei.tur> ,  famous 
for  giving  first  an  account  of  tin;  ititr-dinal 
glands,  and  of  the  lluul  whicli  lubricates 
the  intestines.  He  publishid  tlxenitatio 
Ariatomico-medica,  kc.  1677  ;  Metliodus 
Histonarum,  tec.  ;  Experimenta circa  Pan- 
creas, &.C. 

Peykere,  Isaac,  a  protestant  writer, 
born  at  Uourdeaux.  He  was  imprisoned  at 
Brussels  for  publishing  a  book  to  prove  that 
Adam  was  not  the  first  man  ;  but  he  was 
set  at  liberty  by  means  of  the  prince  of 
Conde  his  patron,  and  then  went  to  Rome, 
where  he  abjured  his  opinions  and  Calvin- 
ism before  Pope  Alexander  \  II.  He  died 
1676,  aged  S>4.  He  wrote  a  relation  of 
Greenland,  8vo. ;  of  Iceland,  8vo.  ;  and  a 
book  on  the  Restoration  of  the  Jews,  and 
other  things. 

Peyrouse,  Vid.  Perouse. 

Peyssonnel,  Charles,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  Marseilles,  17th  Dec.  1700.  He 
went  as  secretary  to  \  illeneuve,  the  am- 
bassador to  Constantinople,  and  travelled 
over  Asia  Minor,  with  the  judicious  obser- 
vations of  the  philosopher  and  antiquary, 
and  not  only  accurately  marked  the  situa- 
tion of  some  of  the  most  famous  cities  of 
ancient  times,  but  made  the  most  valuable 
collection  of  medals,  coins,  and  curiosities. 
He  was  afterwards  consul  at  Smyrna,  and 
with  equal  zeal  advanced  the  interests  of 
his  country,  and  the  progress  of  science. 
He  was  member  of  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions, whose  memoirs  he  enriched  by  seve- 
ral valuable  dissertations.  He  wrote  be- 
sides an  Eulogy  on  Marshal  Villars  ;  a  Dis- 
sertation on  Coral,  and  other  pieces  on 
Commerce,  &.c.  He  died  1757,  aged  56. 
His  son  was  also  consul  at  Smyrna,  and  u 
man  of  science  and  general  information. 
He  wrote  Historical  Observations  on  the 
Barbarians  who  once  inhabited  the  shores 
of  the  Euxine  and  the  Danube,  4to.  ;  Ob- 
servations on  Baron  de  Tott's  Memoirs, 
8vo. ;  Les  Numeros,  4  vols.  r2mo.  often 
edited  ;  treatise  on  the  Commerce  of  the 
Black  Sea,  2  vols.  8vo.  ;  Political  Situation 
of  France,  2  vols.  Svo.  ;  Discourse  on  the 
Alliance  of  France  with  the  Swiss  and  the 
Grisons,  Svo.  ;  Examen  of  the  Considera- 
tions on  the  Turkish  War  by  Volney.  This 
able  and  indefatigable  author  died  1790,  at 
the  age  of  SO. 

Pezay,  Masson,  Marquis  of,  captain  of 
dragoons,  born  at  Blois.  He  instructed 
Lewis  \M.  in  military  tactics,  and  was 
rewarded  with  the  place  of  inspector  gene- 
i-al  of  the  coasts.  He  behaved  with  haugh- 
tiness in  this  employment,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  complaints  made  against  him  was 

461 


PFE 


PHA 


disgraced  and  banished  to  his  estate,  where 
he  died  soon  after  1778.  He  wrote  poetry 
with  great  success.  His  Zelis  au  Bain,  in 
six  cantos,  Les  Soirees  Helvetiennes,  &c.  ; 
and  the  Campaigns  of  Maillebois,  3  vols, 
are  admired.  He  also  translated  Catullus 
and  Tibullus  in  French  verse,  but  not  ele- 
gantly. 

Pezenas,  Esprit,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born 
at  Avignon,  where  he  also  died  4th  Feb. 
1776,  aged  84.  He  was  professor  of  philo- 
sophy and  hydrography  at  Marseilles,  and 
published  various  things,  the  most  known 
of  which  are  a  treatise  on  Pilotage,  8vo ; 
Theory  of  Gauging,  8vo;  Memoirs  of  Ma- 
thematics and  Philosophy,  &c. ;  besides 
translations  of  Maclaurin's  Algebra  and 
Fluxions  ;  Desagulier's  experimental  Phi- 
losophy ;  Ward's  Young  Mathematician's 
Guide  ;  Baker  on  the  Microscope  ;  Smith's 
Optics  ;  Dyche's  Dictionary  of  Arts,  &c. 

Pezron,  Paul,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Hennebon,  in  Bretagne,  1639.  He 
devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  Greek  and 
Latin  historians,  and  employed  much  time 
in  tracing  the  origin  of  the  language  of  the 
Goths,  and  set  up  a  new  system  of  chrono- 
logy, in  which  he  supposed  that  the  world 
was  far  more  ancient  than  4000  years  ;  but 
nearer  6000  before  the  birth  of  Christ.  He 
was  of  the  order  of  Citeaux,  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  and  in  1697,  abbot  of  Charmoye. 
He  died  lOth  Oct.  1706.  His  works  were 
I'Antiquite  des  Temps  retablie,  4to.  in  which 
he  ingeniously  defends  the  chronology  of 
the  sepiuagint  against  that  of  the  Hebrew 
text ;  a  Vindication  of  that  work  against 
Martianay  et  le  Quien  ;  Evangelical  Histo- 
ry confirmed  by  Jewish  and  Roman  Histo- 
ries ;  on  the  Antiquity  of  the  Nation  and 
Language  of  the  Celts,  8vo.  &c. 

Pfanner,  Tobias,  called  from  his  exten- 
sive knowledge,  the  living  Archives  of  the 
house  of  Saxony,  was  secretary  of  the  Ar- 
chives to  the  duke  of  Saxe  Gotha.  He  was 
born  at  Augsburg,  and  died  at  Gotha  1717, 
aged  76.  He  wrote  the  History  of  the  Peace 
of  Westphalia,  Svo.  ;  the  History  of  the  As- 
semblies of  1652-4;  Theology  of  the  Pa- 
gans ;  treatise  on  the  Principle  of  Historic 
Faith,  &c.  all  in  Latin. 

Pfeffercorn,  John,  a  famous  converted 
Jew,  who  wished  to  persuade  the  emperor 
Maximilian  to  burn  all  Hebrew  books  ex- 
cept the  Bible,  because  they  contained  ma- 
gic,blasphemies,and  other  dangerous  things. 
This  artful  scheme  would  have  been  adopt- 
ed, had  not  Caprio  and  Ulric  de  Hutten 
exerted  themselves  successfully  against  it. 
He  wrote  Narratio  de  Ratione  celebrandi 
Pascha  apud  Judaeos  ;  de  abolendis  Judaeo- 
rum  Scriptis,  &c.  and  died  about  1520. 

Pfeiffer,  Augustus,  a  learned  oriental- 
ist, born  at  La»venbourg,  1640.  He  was 
professor  of  Oriental  languages  at  Wittem- 
bera:,  Leipsic,  and  other  places,  and  became 


superintendent  of  the  churches  of  Lubec, 
where  he  died  Jan.  1698.  He  wrote  Pan- 
sophio  Mosaica  ;  Critica  Sacra  ;  de  Ma- 
sora ;  de  Trihaeresi  Judaeorum ;  Sciagraphia 
Systematica  Antiquit.  Hebraeorum,  and 
his  philosophical  works  were  collected  at 
Utrecht  in  4to.  2  vols. 

Pfeiffer,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Lucerne, 
distinguished  as  a  famous  general  in  the 
service  of  Charles  IX.  of  France.  At  the 
retreat  of  Meux,  he  preserved  that  mo- 
narch's life  against  the  artful  manoeuvres  of 
Conde,  and  by  his  valour  contributed  much 
to  the  victory  of  Montcontour,  in  1569. 
He  influenced  the  Swiss  to  favour  the  cause 
of  the  duke  of  Guise,  and  afterwards  re- 
tired to  his  native  country,  where  he  died 
1594,  aged  64,  chief  magistrate  of  Lucerne. 

Ph-sdon,  a  native  of  Elis,  the  disciple  of 
Socrates.  After  his  master's  death  he  re- 
turned to  Elis,  where  he  formed  the  sect  of 
Elean  philosophers. 

Ph^drus,  a  Thracian,  the  freedman  of 
Augustus.  He  was  an  excellent  poet,  and 
his  fables  possess  great  merit,  beauty,  and 
correctness.  He  was  persecuted  by  Se- 
janes,  in  the  reign  of  Tiberius. 

Ph^drus,  Thomas,  professor  of  elo- 
quence at  Rome,  and  keeper  of  the  Vatican 
library,  in  the  16th  century,  obtained  that 
name  in  consequence  of  performing  the  part 
of  Phaedra  in  Seneca's  Hippolytus.  He  had 
prepared  some  learned  works  for  the  press ; 
but  he  was  unfortunately  run  over  by  a 
cart,  and  though  not  wounded,  died  in  con- 
sequence of  the  fright. 

Phaer,  Thomas,  a  physician  born  in 
Pembrokeshire,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  studied  the  law  for  some  time  at  Lin- 
coln's Inn,  but  afterwards  took  his  medical 
degrees,  1559,  and  published  various  works, 
chiefly  compiled  from  the  French.  He  also 
translated  the  nine  first  books,  and  part  of 
the  10th  of  Virgil's  iEneid,  in  Alexandrines 
of  seven  feet.  The  other  books,  together 
with  Mapheus's  13th  book,  were  afterwards 
finished  by  Thomas  Twyne,  a  young  physi- 
cian, but  with  some  carelessness,  as  he 
prints,  "  they  whisted  all,"  conticuere  om- 
nes,  in  the  opening  of  the  second  book 
*'  they  whistled  all,"  a  ludicrous  mistake. 
He  died  soon  after,  the  12th  August,  1560. 

Phalaris,  a  tyrant  of  Agrigentum  in  Si- 
cily. He  was  particularly  cruel  towards 
his  enemies,  and  the  bull  in  which  he  tor- 
mented those  who  had  incurred  his  displea- 
sure is  well  known.  He  was  at  last  put  to 
death  by  his  subjects,  in  his  brazen  bull,  B. 
C.  561.  The  letters  extant  under  his  name 
are  supposed  to  be  spurious. 

Pharamond,  first  king  of  France,  and 
author  of  the  famous  Sa  ique  law,  which 
forbade  the  succession  of  females  on  the 
throne,  reigned  at  Treves  about  420.  Some 
consider  him  only  as  a  general  of  the  com- 
bined forces  of  the  Franks. 


Pill 


'ill 


riiAK.NAti;s,  son  of  Mithritlatcs  kingol 
I*ontus,  cruelly  revolted  against  his  father. 
He  was  defeated  by  Ca;sar  with  such  facili- 
ty, that  he  expressed  the  rapidity  of  the 
conquest  by  these  words,  veni,  vidi,  vici. 

Phereckates,  a  Greek  comic  poet  in 
the  age  of  Aristophanes  and  Plato.  His 
play^  have  perished. 

Pherecydes,  a  philosopher  of  Scyros, 
B.C.  560,  known  as  the  master  of  the  great 
Pythagoras.  The  invention  of  prosody  is 
attributed  to  him  by  Diogenes.  There  was 
another  of  that  name,  456  B.C.  author  of  a 
history  of  Athens. 

Phidias,  a  celebrated  sculptor  of  Athens. 
He  formed  for  his  country  the  famous  sta- 
tue of  Minerva,  and  when  banished  in  dis- 
grace, he  determined  to  outdo  himself  in 
making  for  the  people  of  Elis  the  beautiful 
statue  of  Jupiter  Olympius,  which  was 
reckoned  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world. 
He  died  about  432,  B.C. 

Philander,  William,  a  native  of  Chatil- 
lon,  secretary  to  cardinal  d'Armagnac,  and 
archdeacon  of  St.  Antoninus.  He  wrote  a 
commentary  onVitruvius,  fol.  1552,  and  a 
commentary  on  part  of  Quintilian,  and  died 
at  Toulouse,  1565. 

Philelphus,  Francis,  a  learned  Italian, 
born  at  Zolentino,  in  the  march  of  Ancona, 
1398.  He  was,  after  studying  at  Padua, 
made  professor  of  eloquence  at  Venice,  and 
went  as  secretary  to  an  embassy  to  Con- 
stantinople, where  he  married  the  daughter 
of  thelearned  Emanuel  Chrysoloras,  1419. 
He  was  afterwards  noticed  by  the  emperor 
John  Palaeologus,  who  sent  him  to  Sigis- 
mund  of  Germany,  to  implore  assistance 
against  the  Turks.  He  afterwards  taught 
at  Venice,  Bologna,  and  other  Italian  uni- 
versities with  great  popularity  ;  but  he  was 
so  sensible  of  his  eminence  in  literature 
that  he  wished  to  tyrannize  over  the  rest 
of  the  learned,  and  therefore  he  quarrelled 
not  only  with  literary  men,  but  with  Cosmo 
de  Medicis,  his  patron  and  friend.  He  died 
at  Florence  31st  July,  1481,  aged  83.  He 
wrote  treatises  de  Morali  Discipline  ;  de 
Exilio  ;  de  Jocis  et  Seriis  Conviviorum  ; 
dialogues,  odes,  and  poems,  &c.  which 
were  all  collected  and  published,  Basle, 
1739,  folio.  His  eldest  son  Marius,  a  man 
also  of  learning,  died  at  Milan,  1480. 

Philemon,  a  comic  poet  of  Greece, 
whose  plays  were,  it  is  said,  imitated  by 
Plautus.  He  died  B.C.  274,  aged  97,  in 
consequence  of  laughing  at  the  sight  of  an 
ass  eating  figs. 

Philetus,  a  Greek  poet  and  gramma- 
rian of  Cos,  preceptor  to  Ptolemy  Philadel- 
phus,  and  author  of  epigrams  and  elegies 
now  lost. 

Phillidor,  N.  a  French  musician  of 
great  eminence.  He  wrote  several  operas 
for  the  Parisian  theatres,  which  were  re- 
ceived with  great  applause,  and  still  pre  re- 


pealed with  iiicreajiiiig  poputarity.  lit 
also  set  to  muMic  the  Canneii  Seculare  of 
Horace,  which  wa^  much  adniircd  both  at 
Paris  and  in  London.  As  a  rulculatur  he 
had  strong  powers,  and  as  a  chenn  player 
he  was  superior  to  excry  other  living  per- 
son, so  that  a  little  before  his  death  he, 
though  blind,  and  aged  80,  laid  a  wager 
against  two  skilful  players,  and  tnat  them 
both  at  the  same  time.  He  died  in  London 
30th  Aug.  1795. 

Philip,  St.  a  native  of  Bethsaida,  on  the 
borders  of  the  lake  of  Gennesarcth,  was 
the  first  whom  Jesus  called  to  become  his 
disciple.  He  was  a  fisherman,  and  was 
also  a  married  man  and  had  several  daugh- 
ters. He  preached  the  gospel  in  Phrygia, 
and  died  there  at  Hierapolis,  though  some 
suppose  that  he  suffered  martyrdom.  The 
person  who  converted  Candace's  eunuch 
to  the  faith  was  also  of  that  name,  and  was 
deacon  in  the  church. 

Philip  II.  king  of  Macedonia,  was  son 
of  Amyntas,  and  ascended  the  throne  360 
B.C.  He  had  in  his  youth  been  educated 
at  Thebes,  and  to  the  information  and 
precepts  which  he  received  from  the  wis- 
dom of  Epaminondas  he  added  the  most 
heroic  valour  and  the  most  ardent  ambi- 
tion. After  defeating  the  Illyriaiis  and 
other  barbarians,  he  made  war  against 
Athens,  and  aspired  to  the  sovereignty  of 
Greece.  His  gold  proved  as  powerful  as 
his  arms,  and  neither  the  eloquence  of  De- 
mosthenes, nor  the  desperate  courage  of 
the  Athenians,  could  oppose  the  torrent  of 
his  victories.  He  was  assassinated  by 
Pausanias  B.C.  336,  while  meditating  the 
conquest  of  Persia,  at  the  head  of  the  Gre- 
cian forces,  of  which  he  had  artfully  been 
declared  the  general,  and  he  left  his  pro- 
jects to  be  pursued  by  his  son  and  succes- 
sor, Alexander  the  Great. 

Philip  V.  king  of  Macedonia,  succeeded 
B.C.  220.  His  jealousy  of  the  Roman 
power,  and  his  alliance  with  Hannibal, 
proved  the  source  of  his  misfortunes.  Hi? 
dominions  were  invaded  by  the  consul  I.je- 
vinus,  and  he  was  conquered.  He  L"  de- 
servedly censured  for  putting  hi;*  eldest  son 
Demetrius  to  death,  at  the  base  instiga- 
tion of  his  other  son  Perseus.  He  died 
B.C.  178. 

Philip,  Marcus  Julius,  the  Arabian, 
from  an  obscure  origin,  and  the  low  rank  ol 
a  common  soldier,  asrcnded  the  imperial 
throne  of  Rome,  by  the  assassination  of 
the  younger  Gordian,  244.  Though  guilty 
of  murder  he  acquired  popularity  at  Rome^ 
by  his  conduct  and  the  magnificent  man- 
ner in  which  he  celebrated  the  secular 
games.  He  was  assassinated  bj  his  sol- 
diers near  Verona,  240. 

Philip  I.  king  of  France,  succeeded  his 
father  Henr}-  I.  lOGO,  at  the  age  of  eight. 
His  minority  was  under  the  care  of  BaW- 

4^3 


PHI 


vm 


win  V.  count  of  F'anders,  but  he  lost  this 
virtuous  guardian  in  1067,  and  gave  way 
to  mad  schemes  of  ambition.  He  was  de- 
feated by  the  Flemings  at  Mont  Cassel,  and 
opposed  with  success  by  William  the  Con- 
queror of  England  ;  but  he  forgot  his  mis- 
fortu  es  in  intoxication  and  voluptuous 
pleasures.  Dissatisfied  with  his  queen 
Bertha,  Le  ca  r  ti.  away  Bertrade,  the  wife 
of  the  count  of  Anjou,  and  married  her,  for 
which  flagitious  conduct  he  was  condemn- 
ed by  pope  Lrban  II.  and  excommunicated 
by  the  council  of  Poitiers.  He  was  after- 
wards, however,  reconciled  to  the  church, 
and  his  marriage  with  Bertrade  declared 
valid.  He  died  at  Melun,  29th  July,  1108, 
after  a  reign  of  48  years. 

Philip  II.  king  of  France,  surnamed 
Augustus,  succeeded  his  father  Lewis  VII. 
1180,  when  15  years  old.  His  youth  pro- 
mised success  to  the  machinations  of  his 
enemies,  and  therefore  the  king  of  Eng- 
land invaded  his  dominions  ;  but  Philip 
bravely  met  him,  and  obliged  him  to  re- 
nounce his  pretensions,  and  to  renew  the 
former  treaties  which  existed  betvveen  the 
two  kingdoms.  In  the  moments  of  peace 
he  devoted  himself  wisely  to  improve  the 
character  of  his  subjects,  and  to  meliorate 
their  situation.  Public  robberies  were  re- 
pressed with  severity,  the  respect  for  reli- 
gion was  enforced,  the  streets  of  Paris 
were  rendered  more  commodious,  and 
were  paved,  and  the  whole  city  was  sur- 
rounded and  fortified  with  walls  and  bat- 
tlements. His  conduct  towards  the  Jews, 
however,  tarnished  the  sjlory  of  his  reign, 
and  all  their  extortions  could  not  justify 
his  cruelty,  nor  permit  that  their  just  and 
lawful  debtors  should  be  discharged  from 
their  bonds.  His  disputes  with  the  count 
of  Flanders,  and  afterwards  with  Henry  II. 
of  England,  were  forgotten  in  his  wishes 
to  accompany  the  crusaders  to  the  Holy 
Land.  With  the  new  king  of  England, 
Richard  I.  he  laid  siege  to  Acre,  at  the 
head  of  300,000  men  ;  but  though  victo- 
rious, he  returned  to  Europe  with  little 
glorj",  and  with  no  solid  advantage.  Jea- 
lousy between  him  and  the  king  of  Eng- 
land had  produced  a  rupture,  but  though, 
on  a  mutual  reconciliation,  Philip  had 
sworn  on  the  gospel  not  to  make  any  at- 
tempt against  his  rival's  dominions  in  his 
absence,  he  had  the  cowardice  to  invade 
Normandy,  and  to  take  Evreux  and  other 
places.  A  defeat  at  Rouen  was  followed 
by  a  truce,  and  the  French  monarch  soon 
after  married  Ingelberge,  princess  of  Den- 
mark, who  was  afterwards  dishonourably 
divorced  for  Agnes,  the  daughter  of  the 
duke  of  Merania.  This  conduct  roused 
the  resentment  of  the  pope,  and  for  fear  of 
excommunication,  the  monarch  resigned 
his  new  bride,  and  was  reconciled  to  his 
insulted  queen.  In  1199  Philip  supported 
4f»> 


the  pretensions  of  Arthur  to  the  crown  of 
England  against  his  uncle,  the  usurper, 
John,  and  on  the  base  murder  of  the  young 
prince,  the  guilty  monarch  was  summoned 
before  the  peers  of  France,  to  answer  for 
his  unnatural  conduct.  Condemned  for 
the  atrocious  murder,  he  was  deprived  of 
his  dominions  on  the  continent,  and  Philip, 
pleased  to  strip  so  powerful  a  vassal,  was 
still  further  animated  in  his  hostility  by 
the  pope,  whom  John  had  offended.  The 
French  monarch  was  empowered  by  Inno- 
cent II.  to  seize  England  ;  but  while  he 
prepared  to  execute  this  pleasing  command, 
the  cowardly  John  resigned  his  dominions 
into  the  hands  of  the  holy  see,  and  Philip 
was  required  to  desist  from  attempts  against 
the  fief  of  the  church.  The  numerous  ar- 
maments which  had  been  prepared  for  the 
conquest  of  England,  alarmed  the  neigh- 
bouring princes,  and  Philip  had  a  war  to 
maintain  against  Germany ;  but  the  fa- 
mous battle  of  Bovines,  in  1214,  restored 
peace  to  France.  Still  ambitious  to  possess 
England,  the  French  king  prevailed  upon 
the  English  barons,  who  offered  him  the 
crown,  to  call  to  their  assistance  his  son 
Lewis,  who,  consequently,  with  his  support, 
invaded  the  British  dominions,  and  was 
crowned  king  at  London.  The  death  of 
John,  however,  frustrated  all  the  plans  of 
Philip  ;  the  English  renounced  their  alle- 
giance to  their  foreign  master  for  their  law- 
ful prince,  and  Lewis  returned  a  private 
man  to  France.  Philip  died  soon  after  at 
Nantes,  l4th  July,  1223,  aged  59.  He  waa 
a  wise  and  politic  prince,  intrepid  as  a  war- 
rior, enlightened  as  a  legislator,  and  im- 
partial as  a  judge.  He  was  the  most  power- 
ful of  the  French  kings  of  the  third  race, 
and  more  than  any  other  enlarged  his 
dominions  by  the  acquisition  of  new  pro- 
vinces. 

Philip  III.  or  the  Hardy,  was  proclaim- 
ed king,  1279,  in  Africa,  on  the  death  of 
his  father  Lewis  IX.  whom  he  had  accom- 
panied against  the  infidels.  After  defeat- 
ing the  Saracens,  and  making  a  truce  for 
10  years  with  the  king  of  Tunis,  he  return- 
ed to  France.  The  murder  of  the  French 
at  Palermo,  at  the  Sicilian  vespers,  roused 
his  indignation,  and  as  Peter,  king  of  Arra- 
gon,  was  the  cause  of  this  dreadful  mas- 
sacre, Philip  marched  against  him  with  an 
army.  He  took  the  towns  of  Elna  and  of 
Gironne,  and  might  have  enlarged  his  con- 
quests had  he  not  been  seized  by  a  violent 
fever,  which  proved  fatal  at  Perpignan,  6th 
Oct.  1285,  in  his  41st  year. 

Philip  IV.  or  the  Fair,  succeeded  his 
father  Philip  III.  at  the  age  of  17.  He  was 
early  engaged  in  a  quarrel  with  Edward  I. 
of  England,  and  had,  in  consequence,  to 
maintain  a  war  against  him,  the  count  of 
Flanders,  and  the  emperor  of  Germany. 
Philip  proved  victorious  in  Guit^nne  antl  at 


Pill 


Till 


Fumes,  1296,  but  six  years  after  lost  tlic 
battle  of  Courtrai,  in  which  the  count  of 
Artois  and  10,000  of  the  chosen  troops  of 
France  lost  their  lives.  Two  years  after 
the  French  army  recovered  their  honour 
at  Mont-cn-Puclle,  where  25,000  Flemings 
were  slain,  and  to  celebrate  this  important 
victory,  the  highly  finished  equestrian 
statue  of  the  monarch  was  erected  in  the 
church  of  Notre  Dame.  The  peace  with 
the  Flemings  was  followed  by  a  new  dis- 
pute with  the  pope  Boniface  VIII.  and  by 
opposing  the  claims  of  the  holy  see,  in  the 
collation  of  benefices,  Philip  saw  himself 
excommunicated,  and  his  kingdom  under 
an  interdict.  The  monarch,  undismayed, 
ordered  the  pope's  bull  to  be  burned  with 
every  mark  of  indignity  ;  but  the  differences 
were  at  last  settled  by  the  death  of  the 
pontiff;  and  the  two  next  successors,  Bo- 
niface IX.  and  Clement  V.  more  peaceful 
and  moderate,  annulled  the  proceedings  of 
their  more  violent  predecessor,  and  a  re- 
conciliation was  effected  with  France.  More 
fully  to  please  Philip,  the  pope  assented  to 
the  abolition  of  the  order  of  the  knights 
templars,  and  these  innocent  victims  to 
royal  prejudice,  were  in  consequence  treat- 
ed with  great  cruelty,  and  the  most  wanton 
persecution.  Philip  died  by  a  fall  from 
his  horse,  29th  Nov.  1314,  aged  46.  He 
had  married  Jane,  the  heiress  of  the  king- 
dom of  Navarre,  by  whom  he  had  Lewis 
X.  whose  only  daughter  Jane  brought  the 
dominions  of  Navarre  to  the  house  of 
Evreux. 

Philip  V.  king  of  France,  surnamed  the 
Long,  was  the  younger  son  of  Philip  the 
Fair,  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  after  his 
brother  Lewis  Hutin,  1316,  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  his  niece,  agreeable  to  the  provisions 
of  the  Salique  law.  He  made  war  against 
the  Flemings,  renewed  the  alliance  with 
Scotland,  and  banished  the  Jews  from  his 
kingdom.  He  formed  the  plan  of  equaliz- 
ing weights  and  measures  all  over  his  do- 
minions, but  could  never  effect  it.  During 
his  reign  leprosy  was  very  prevalent,  and 
as  those  afflicted  with  that  terrible  disorder 
were  exonerated  from  certain  taxes,  and 
enjoyed  peculiar  immunities,  instead  of 
being  lessened  the  evil  seemed  to  increase, 
till  the  general  indignation  was  excited,  and 
the  wretched  sufferers,  accused  of  flagitious 
crimes,  were  either  put  to  death  or  con- 
fined in  prisons.  The  king  died  3d  Jan. 
1531,  aged  28. 

Philip  de  Valois,  first  king  of  France, 
of  the  collateral  branch  of  the  Valois,  was 
son  of  Charles  count  de  Valois,  the  brother 
of  Philip  the  Fair,  and  he  ascended  the 
throne  on  the  death  of  his  cousin  Charles 
the  Fair,  132S.  His  elevation  was  disputed 
by  Edward  III.  of  England,  the  maternal 
grandson  of  Philip  the  Fair,  though  he  had 
lately  done  homage  to  the  new  monarch 
Vol.  IL  59 


for  the  territories  of  (jJuieiiu-,  iu<l  iii 
consequence  of  this  a  terrible  war  wa» 
kindled  l)etw((i\  the  two  nations.  A«su- 
ming  th«;  titir:  of  king  of  Inuirr,  Kdward 
invaded  the  country,  ?«upporl«;(i  hv  the  :irmi 
of  the  Flemings,  and  virtory  niarkcl  hia 
steps.  His  fleet  defeated  the  Frf  nrh  shipt 
in  134U,  and  in  134«  tbr  rclcl.ri*tod  Uttlc 
of  Cressy  was  fought,  in  which  Franc© 
lost  nearly  30,000  men,  among  whom  wi-ro 
the  flower  of  the  French  nobility,  and  thn 
gallant  biiiul  king  of  Bohemia.  The  loss 
of  Calais,  and  other  important  placfs,  were 
the  rewards  of  this  signal  victory  ;  but 
though  Philip  refused  to  accept  the  chal- 
lenge of  his  rival  to  single  combat,  a  short 
cessation  of  arms  was  agreed  upon.  Philip 
died  soon  after,  23d  Aug.  1330,  aged  57, 
leaving  an  impoverished  kingdom,  and  a 
disputed  succession. 

Philip  I.  son  of  the  emperor  Maximi- 
lian, by  his  marriage  in  1490,  with  Jane, 
queen  of  Spain,  the  heiress  of  Ferdinand 
of  Arragon,  and  Isabella  of  Castile,  obtain- 
ed the  Spanish  crown.  He  was  a  man  of 
very  moderate  abilities,  but  regarded  as  the 
fairest  man  of  his  age.  He  died  at  Burgos, 
25th  Sept.  1506,  aged  23,  in  consequence 
of  exerting  himself  too  much  in  playing  at 
tennis. 

Philip  II.  son  of  Charles  V.  and  Isabel- 
la of  Portugal,  was  made  king  of  Naples 
and  Sicily  in  1554,  on  his  father's  abdica- 
tion, and  also  king  of  England  by  his  mar- 
riage with  queen  Mary,  and  two  years  after 
he  ascended  the  Spanish  throne  by  the  ex- 
traordinary resignation  of  his  father.  He 
made  war  against  the  French,  and  obtained 
a  famous  victory  at  the  battle  of  St.  Quin- 
tin,  in  1557,  during  which,  it  is  said,  he 
was  so  terrified,  that  he  made  two  vows  ; 
the  one,  never  again  to  appear  in  a  figlit, 
and  the  next,  to  erect  a  monaster)'  in  ho- 
nour of  St.  Lawrence,  to  whose  powerful 
influence  he  ascribed  the  success  of  hio 
arms.  This  celebrated  victory,  which  might 
have  made  him  master  of  France,  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  capture  of  only  a  few  neigh- 
bouring little  towns,  so  that  Charles,  his 
father,  on  hearing  of  the  battle,  a^ked  if  his 
son  was  at  Paris,  and  being  answered  in  liie 
negative,  turned  his  back  with  contempt  on 
the  messenger.  Another  victory  at  Grave- 
lines  was  equally  abused,  till  the  treaty  of 
Cateau  Cambresis  re-established  peace  be- 
tween the  two  monarchies  in  1550.  On 
his  return  to  Spain,  Philip  gratified  himself 
with  the  exhibition  of  an  auto-da-fe,  when 
the  inquisition  condemned  to  the  flames  40 
wretches  who  wore  accused  of  heresy. 
Sanguinary  in  his  conduct,  and  violent  in 
his  measures,  he  soon  alienated  the  affec- 
tions of  his  subjects,  and  the  Flemings, 
harassed  by  his  oppressions,  threw  off  the 
yoke.  In  vain  the  duke  of  Alva,  by  valouv 
as  much  as  bv  severity,  attempted  to  ro^* 

465 


PHI 


PHI 


frterc  subordination  ;  seven  provinces  were 
severed  from  the  Spanish  yoke,  and  under 
the  name  of  United  Provinces,  established 
their  rank  and  independence  among  na- 
tions. Though  unsuccessful  in  the  Low 
Countries,  Philip  had  the  good  fortune  to 
subdue  Portugal  to  his  power,  and  in  the 
madness  of  his  ambition  he  now  formed 
plans  for  the  subjection  of  England,  which 
the  death  of  Mary  had  placed  under  the 
administration  of  the  heroic  Elizabeth.  In 
1588,  the  Invincible  Armada  sailed  from 
Lisbon,  for  the  conquest  of  England  ;  but 
the  storms  and  the  valour  of  the  English 
■were  enemies  which  the  ambitious  monarch 
was  not  prepared  to  encounter.  The  fleet 
was  dispersed  and  cut  to  pieces,  and  when 
Philip  heard  of  the  loss  of  his  100  ships, 
and  of  20,000  of  his  men,  he  replied  with 
great  resignation,  "  I  had  sent  my  fleet 
against  the  English,  and  not  against  the 
winds  ;  the  Lord's  will  be  done."  Ever  rest- 
less, Philip  still  sowed  dissension  among 
his  neighbours,  by  encouraging  the  league 
in  France  against  their  lawful  sovereign, 
and  by  assuming  the  title  of  protector  of  the 
rebels  ;  but  death,  at  last,  came  to  termi- 
nate his  ambition  and  his  life.  He  died 
13th  Sept.  1598,  aged  72.  Though  repre- 
sented by  some,  ferocious  and  unprincipled 
as  Tiberius,  and  by  others  wise  and  dis- 
creet as  Solomon,  Philip  may  be  considered 
as  a  man  of  great  abilities,  too  much,  in- 
deed, guided  by  superstition,  and  too 
strongly  attached  to  family  pride,  and  the 
love  of  universal  dominion,  yet  endowed 
with  sagacity,  able  and  eager  to  distinguish 
merit,  and  during  a  long  reign,  if  not  the 
^rst  man,  yet  the  chief  personage  in  Eu- 
rope who  could  decide  and  regulate  the  in-? 
terests  of  states,  and  command  respect 
among  all  nations. 

Philip  III.  son  of  Philip  II.  and  Anne  of 
Austria,  succeeded  his  father  on  the  Spa- 
nish throne  at  the  age  of  20.  The  war  of 
the  Netherlands  was  continued  with  in^ 
creased  virulence,  and  he  made  himself 
master  of  Ostend  by  his  general  Spinola, 
after  a  siege  of  three  years,  and  the  loss  of 
80,000  men ;  but  vigour  was  wanted  to 
guide  his  counsels,  and  by  making  peace 
with  his  enemies,  he  firmly  established  the 
house  of  Nassau  in  the  possession  of  the 
rebellious  provinces  of  Holland.  Dissatis- 
fied with  the  conduct  of  his  Moorish  sub- 
jects, who  were  accused  of  being  Mussul- 
mans at  heart,  though  their  general  beha- 
viour was  peaceful,  and  their  industry  was 
the  support  of  the  kingdom,  Philip,  in  an 
unlucky  hour,  issued  a  decree  for  their 
banishment  in  30  days,  and  thus  robbed 
his  kingdom  of  the  arts,  the  knowledge, 
and  the  laborious  services  of  above  a  mil'- 
lion  of  his  subjects.  This  severe  blow  on 
the  population  and  the  industry  of  the 
♦'OTintry  could  never  be  recovered,  though 
466 


the  monarch  granted  the  most  liberal  pri' 
vileges  for  the  encouragement  of  agricul- 
ture  and  of  the  arts.  He  died  soon  after, 
a  victim  to  court  etiquette.  While  in  the 
council  with  his  ministers,  he  complained 
of  the  disagreeable  smell  of  the  brazier 
which  warmed  the  room  ;  but  as  the  of- 
ficer who  took  care  of  the  fire  was  absent, 
no  one  ventured  to  remove  the  offensive 
utensil,  and  in  consequence  the  king  was 
taken  ill,  and  soon  after  died,  31st  March, 
1621,  aged  43. 

Philip  IV.  son  of  Philip  III.  and  Mar- 
garet of  Austria,  was  king  of  Spain  after 
his  father,  1621.  On  his  accession,  the 
war  with  Holland  was  renewed,  as  the 
truce  was  expired  ;  but  though  the  Spa- 
niards were  successful  while  commanded 
by  Spinola,  they  were  defeated  at  sea  by 
the  Dutch,  near  Lima.  In  1635,  Philip  in^ 
creased  the  number  of  his  enemies  by  de- 
claring war  against  France  ;  but  though  at 
first  victorious,  his  troops  were  defeated  at 
Aveness  and  Casal,  and  Artois  was  taken. 
The  Catalonians  also  rebelled  against  theii- 
sovereign,  under  the  patronage  of  France, 
and  Portugal  shook  off  her  foreign  yoke, 
and  re-established  her  monarch  under  the 
auspicious  government  of  the  house  of  Bra- 
gariza,  1640.  These  severe  losses,  occa- 
sioned by  the  incapacity  of  the  monarch, 
and  the  negligence  of  his  minister  Olivares, 
instead  of  rousing  the  nation  to  active  exer° 
tions,  were  received  with  indifference.  Oli- 
vares was  indeed  disgraced  ;  but  the  war, 
instead  of  being  prosecuted  with  vigour, 
was  concluded  with  France  by  a  dishonour- 
able treaty,  which  separated  Rousillon, 
Artois,  and  Alsace,  from  the  Spanish 
crown,  1659.  The  war  with  Portugal  was 
still  continued,  but  two  unfortunate  battles 
soon  obliged  Philip  to  acknowledge  the  in- 
dependence of  his  rebellious  subjects.  This 
weak  and  effeminate  monarch  died  17th 
Sept.  1665,  aged  60,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  Charles  II. 

Philip  V,  duke  of  Anjou,  second  son  of 
Lewis  the  dauphin  of  France,  and  Maria 
Anne  of  Bavaria,  ascended  the  Spanish 
throne  1700,  agreeable  to  the  will  of  the 
last  monarch  Charles  II.  Though  received 
with  acclamations  at  Madrid,  his  elevation 
was  opposed  by  the  archduke  Charles  of 
Austria,  supported  by  his  father,  the  empe-» 
ror,  by  England,  Holland,  Savoy,  Prussia, 
and  Portugal.  The  first  events  of  the  war 
were  disadvantageous  to  the  new  king :  he 
lost  Arragon,  Gibraltar,  the  Baleares,  Sar-- 
dinia,  and  Naples,  and  was  obliged  to  quit 
his  capital ;  but  while  he  thought  of  relin^ 
quishing  his  European  dominions,  and  of 
passing  to  America,  there  to  establish  a 
new  kingdom,  he  received  powerful  assist- 
ance from  France,  under  the  duke  of  Ven- 
dome,  and  in  the  battle  of  Villa  Viciosa,  in 
1710,  he  recovered  his   losses,  and  was 


Pin 


i-iii 


Inoie  (irmly  (ixt'd  on  his  tlironc  l»y  llic  ton- 
quests  of  V  illars  in   riandtrs,  and  by  the 
treaty  of  Utrecht,  in   1713.     Devoted   to 
the  improvement  of  his  people,  under  the 
administration    of    Albcroni,    Philip    still 
sought  the  recovery  of  his  lost  dominions, 
and   by   degrees  made   himself  master  of 
Majorca,  Nlinorca,  Sardinia,  and  Palermo. 
The  measures  which  he  pursued,  and  the 
jealousy  of  his  neighbours  again  kindled  a 
new  war  in  1717,  and  the  Spanish  fleet  was 
defeated  with  great  loss  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, by  admiral  Byng.     These  and  other 
disasters    made   the  monarch  anxious  for 
peace,  and  the  four  allied  courts  of  France, 
Germany,  England,  and  Holland,  insisted, 
as  a  preliminary,   on  the  expulsion  of  the 
intriguing  Alberoni,  from  the  counsels  of 
his   master.     Though   peace  was  re-esta- 
blished in  1720,  Philip  no  longer  found  hap- 
piness in  the  attachment  of  his  people,  but 
ht  became  a  prey  to  superstitious  fears  and 
nljiancholy  suspicions.     Under  this  terri- 
ble mental  calamity  he  resigned  his  crown, 
in  1724,  in  favour  of  his  son  Louis,   and 
retired  to  a  monastery  ;  but   the  sudden 
death  of  the  new  monarch,  a  few  months 
after,  of  the   smallpox,  led  the  kingdom 
without  a  master.     Roused   from  his  re- 
tirement, Philip  again  resumed  the  reins  of 
government ;  and  leaving  all  his  supersti- 
tious apprehensions  behind,  he  became  the 
watchful,  attentive,  and  affectionate  father 
of  hb  people.     In  1733,  he  joined  France 
against  the  emperor,  in  the  war  which  was 
rekindled  in  Europe,  by  the  nomination  of 
Stanislaus  to  the  Polish  throne,  and  he  had 
the  good  success  to  see  his  son,  Don  Car- 
los, with  an  army  of  30,000  men,  conquer 
Sicily  and  Naples,  and  establish  himself  on 
the    throne.     These    happy    events   from 
without,  were  counterbalanced  from  with- 
in, by  the  dreadful  conflagration  w^hich  re- 
duced the  royal  palace  of  Madrid,  the  ar- 
chives of  the  kingdom,  and  the  most  valua- 
ble paintings,  to  ashes.     Peace  was  restor- 
ed in  1736,  and   Carlos  confirmed  in  the 
possession  of  his  Italian  kingdoms.     A  new 
war  was  again  kindled  in  1739,  but  Philip 
died  before  its  conclusion.     He  died    9th 
July,  1746,   aged  63,    after  a  reign  of  45 
years,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  eldest  son 
Ferdinand  VI. 

Philip,  the  Good,  duke  of  Burgundy, 
Brabant,  and  Luxemburg,  succeeded  on  the 
death  of  his  father,  John,  who  was  killed 
at  Montereau,  1419.  To  avenge  the  fate 
of  his  father,  he  warmly  embraced  the  par- 
ty of  the  English  against  Charles  VI.  of 
France,  and  his  successor,  Charles  VII. 
He  defeated  the  dauphin  at  the  battle  of 
Mons-en-Vimen,  1421,  and  attacked  with 
success,  Jacqueline,  countess  of  Ilainault, 
and  obliged  her  to  acknowledge  him  as  the 
successor  to  her  dominions.  In  1435, 
he  abandoned  the  English  interest,  and 
was  reconciled  to  Charles  VII,  but  after- 


AMiiilb  li(>  c.iibiui:td  tiiL- partv  of  Chailcnj 
duke  of  Bcrri,  aguin.'t  hiM  brother,  Lewi* 
XI.  and  engaged  in  all  the  tumults  of  w«r. 
He  intrusted  the  (ummand  of  his  troop*  to 
his  son,  the  count  de  Charoloi-,  who  treat- 
ed with  unparalleled  crutlty  the  town  o! 
Dinan,  near  Liege,  of  whichhe  burned  the 
walls  to  the  ground,  and  put  the  inhabitants 
to  the  sword  ;  and  instead  of  condcmniii" 
such  barbarity,  the  aged  fother  caused  him*^ 
self  to  be  carried  from  his  bed  of  sickness 
to  view  with  delight  the  mournful  hpecta- 
cle.  Philip,  who  by  this  lost  all  title  to 
the  appellation  of  Good,  died  at  Bruges, 
15th  June,  1467,  aged  71. 

Philip  de  Dreux,  son  of  Robert  of 
France,  count  of  Dreux,  was  made  bishop 
of  Bcauvais.  Possessing,  however,  a  strong 
inclination  for  military  affairs,  he  joined 
the  crusades,  and  behaved  with  great  va- 
lour at  the  siege  of  Acre,  1191.  He  after- 
wards joined  Philip  Augustus  in  his  war 
against  the  English,  and  being  taken  pri- 
soner, was  treated  with  njore  harshness 
than  was  due  to  his  rank.  Philip  com- 
plained of  the  severity  of  his  confinement 
to  pope  Innocent  III.  who  claimed  him  a^ 
his  own  son  from  Richard  II.  of  England. 
The  monarch  in  answer,  sent  to  the  pope 
the  bishop's  coat  of  mail,  all  covered  with 
blood,  and  asked  the  pontiff",  in  the  words 
of  Joseph's  brethren  to  Jacob,  "Is  this  thv 
son's  coat?"  upon  which  Innocent  declined 
further  to  intercede.  He  was  set  at  liber- 
ty, 1202,  and  afterwards  fought  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Bovines,  in  1214,  and  again  distin- 
guished himself  against  the  Albigenses,  in 
Languedoc.  He  died  at  Beauvais,  2d 
Nov.  1217. 

Philip,  duke  of  Swabia,  and  son  of  Fre- 
deric Barbarossa,  was  elected  emperor  af- 
ter thedeathof  his  brother  Henry  VI.  1193; 
but  a  more  powerful  party  placed  the  im- 
perial crown  on  the  head  of  Otho,  duke  o( 
Saxony.  This  unfortunate  division  kin- 
dled a  war  in  Germany  ;  but  at  last  the  pops 
threw  the  weight  of  his  authority  on  the 
side  of  Otho,  and  excommunicated  Philip. 
Philip,  however,  made  so  respectful  a  sub- 
mission to  the  sovereign  pontifl",that  he  with- 
drew his  anathema,  and  laboured  earnestly 
to  effect  a  reconciliation  between  the  two  ri- 
vals. Arms,  nevertheless,  would  have  de- 
cided their  different  claims,  had  not  Philijf 
been  basely  assassinated  at  Bamberg,  25tli 
June,  1208,  after  a  reign  of  11  years.  He 
was  a  prince  of  great  wisdom  and  strong 
powers  of  mind,  and  his  meuiory  is  still 
respected  in  Germany. 

Philip,  the  Bold,  fourth  son  of  John, 
king  of  France,  is  celebrated  for  the  valour 
with  which  he  fought  at  the  battle  of  Poi- 
tiers against  the  English,  though  only  16 
years  old,  whilst  his  other  timid  brothers 
fled  from  the  scene  of  slaughter.  He  was 
created  duke  of  Burgundy,  and  during  the 
confusion  which  prevailed  in  France,  titi- 

467 


PHI 


PHf 


«3€r  iiis  nephew  Charles  VI.  he  was  called 
upon  by  the  general  voice  of  the  nation  to 
support  the  tottering  power  of  the  govern- 
snent.  This  elevation,  and  his  marriage 
with  the  queen,  excited  against  him  the 
jealousy  of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  and  laid 
the  foundation  of  that  enmity  which  proved 
so  fatal  to  those  two  illustrious  houses  and 
to  the  kingdom.  This  brave  and  virtuous 
prince  unfortunately  was  profuse  in  his 
liberalities  beyond  example,  so  that  at  his 
death  his  body  was  seized  by  his  creditors, 
and  with  difficulty  redeemed  by  his  dutch- 
ess.  He  died  at  Halle,  in  Hainault,  27th 
April,  1404,  aged  63. 

Philip  of  Orleans.     Vid.  Orleans. 

Philip,  infant  of  Spain,  was  placed  by 
the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  in  possession 
«f  the  dutchies  of  Parma  and  Placentia  ; 
and  after  signalizing  himself  in  Avar,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  happiness  of  his  new 
subjects,  and  to  the  prosperity  of  the  na- 
tion. He  died  1765,  aged  45,  universally 
regretted. 

Philip,  &  Phrygian,  made  by  Antiochus 
Epiphanes  governor  of  Jerusalem.  He 
behaved  with  great  cruelty,  and  compelled 
the  Jews  to  change  their  religion.  He  was 
appointed  by  Antiochus,  on  his  death-bed, 
guardian  of  the  minority  of  his  son  ;  but 
Lysias  seized  upon  the  authority,  and 
obliged  him  to  fly.  Philip  returned  and 
took  Antioch,  but  was  afterwards  defeated 
and  put  to  death  by  his  rival. 

Philip  the  Solitary,  a  Greek  author 
about  1105.  He  wTote  Dioptra,  or  the 
Rule  for  a  Christian. 

Philip,  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  who  travelled  into  the  Levant, 
Persia,  and  India,  and  afterwards  visited 
all  the  convents  of  Europe.  He  died  at 
Naples  1671.  He  wrote  Itinerarium  Ori- 
cntale,  8vo. — Summa  Theologiae,  &c. 

Philip,  Sachem  of  Pokanoket,  New- 
England,  usually  called  king  Philip,  was 
the  youngest  son  of  Massasoit,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  brother  Alexander  in  1657.  He 
soon  after  renewed  the  friendship  which 
had  long  subsisted  between  his  tribe  and 
the  English,  but  in  1675  commenced  a  furi- 
ous war  on  the  English,  which  nearly  in- 
volved them  in  ruin.  He  was  brave,  crafty, 
politic,  possessed  of  great  influence  over 
the  neighbouring  tribes,  and  implacable  in 
his  hostility  to  the  colonies.  He  excited 
many  of  the  frontier  tribes  to  unite  in  his 
attempt  to  exterminate  the  English,  but 
after  many  defeats,  was  at  length  killed  in 
1676,  and  the  power  of  his  tribe  annihila- 
ted .  ICJ^  L. 

Philips,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Ickford, 
Bucks,  educated  at  St.  Omer's  among  the 
Jesuits,  whose  order  he  soon  quitted.  He 
was  promoted  to  a  prebend  in  Tongres  ca- 
fhcdral,  bv  the  influence  of  the  Pretender, 
4fi8 


and  died  at  Liege,  1774,  aged  66.  He 
published  a  letter  to  a  Student  in  Divinity, 
8vo.  1756,  a  performance  of  merit,  and 
three  times  edited — the  life  of  cardinal 
Pole,  2  vols.  4to.  1764,  and  2  vols.  8vOi 
1767,  a  work  of  great  celebrity,  in  which 
he  supported  the  principles  of  the  Romish 
church,  and  attacked  the  tenets  of  the  pro- 
testants,  and  thus  drew  against  himself  a 
host  of  able  and  judicious  opponents.  He 
had  a  sister  of  the  same  persuasion,  who 
died  abbess  of  a  convent  of  Benedictine 
nuns  in  the  town  of  Ghent. 

Philips,  Fabian,  a  learned  antiquary^ 
born  at  Prestbury,  Gloucestershire,  28th 
Sept.  1601.  He  studied  in  the  inns  of 
court  in  London,  and  was  a  zealous  support- 
er of  the  king's  prerogative,  which  he  ably 
defended  with  all  the  information  he  could 
collect  as  filazer  of  the  records  of  London, 
Middlesex,  &c.  from  those  rich  deposita- 
ries of  ancient  customs.  He  strongly  pro- 
tested against  the  beheading  of  Charles  I. 
and  posted  up  his  sentiments  in  the  most 
public  places  of  the  city.  He  wrote  va- 
rious pamphlets,  and  died  17th  Nov.  1690. 

Philips,  Catherine,  a  lady  of  great  ac- 
complishments, daughter  of  Mr.  Fowler,  a 
London  merchant,  born  1631.  She  mar- 
ried at  the  age  of  16,  James  Philips  of  Car- 
digan, Esq.  and  died  much  regretted,  of  the 
smallpox,  in  London,  22d  June,  1664. 
She  translated  Corneille's  Pompey,  and 
also  the  four  first  acts  of  his  Horace,  be- 
sides various  poems  which  she  published 
under  the  assumed  name  of  Orinda,  of 
which  a  second  edition  appeared,  1678. 
Her  poetical  talents  were  very  respectable, 
and  she  deserved  to  be  celebrated  by  the 
learned  men  of  her  age,  by  lords  Orrery, 
Roscommon,  and  by  Cowley  and  others. 
Her  elegant  correspondence  with  Sir 
Charles  Cotterel  appeared  in  1705,  under 
the  title  of  Letters  from  Orinda  to  Poliar- 
chua. 

Philips,  John,  an  English  poet,  born  afe 
Bampton,  Oxfordshire,  30th  Dec.  1676, 
He  was  educated  at  Winchester  school  and 
Christ  church,  Oxford,  where  extraordinary 
application  marked  his  progress  in  litera- 
ture. His  first  poem  was  the  '*  Splendid 
Shilling,"  an  excellent  composition,  which 
describes  the  most  trivial  things  in  the  lofty 
language  of  Milton.  "  Blenheim"  was  the 
next  eflusion  of  his  muse,  and  the  "Cyder," 
a  happy  imitation  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  ap- 
peared 1705.  He  wrote  besides  a  Latin 
"Ode"  to  his  patron  St.  John,  and  it  has 
been  remarked  by  one  of  his  biographers, 
that  such  was  his  addiction  to  tobacco,  that 
he  has  introduced  the  praises  of  the  fra- 
grant fume  in  all  his  pieces  except  Blen- 
heim. This  excellent  poet,  whose  charac- 
ter in  private  life  was  amiable  and  benevo- 
lent, died  of  a  consumption  and  asthma  at 
Hereford,   15th   Feb.   1708,  aged   32.     A 


I'll! 


I'll! 


luonument  was  erected  to  him  in  West- 
minster abbey  by  his  fricnil  clianccllor 
Harcourt,  with  an  inscription  written  by 
Atterbury,  or  as  some  say  Dr.  Freind. 

Philips,  Ambrose,  an  English  poet,  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge. 
While  at  college,  he  wrote  his  "  Pastorals," 
a  species  of  poetry  in  which  he  is  said  to 
have  excelled,  though  Pope  ridiculed  them, 
and  to  render  his  satire  more  poignant,  in- 
troduced into  the  (juardian  a  paper  which 
in  a  delicate  strain  of  irony,  compared  the 
pastorals  of  the  two  rivals,  and  gave  in  an 
afleeted  manner  the  superiority  to  Philips. 
Philips  resented  the  attacks  of  the  satirist, 
and  unable  to  revenge  himself  by  his  pen, 
he  stuck  up  a  rod  at  Button's  coffee-house, 
which  was  frequented  by  all  the  wits  and 
literati  of  the  age,  and  threatened  to  chas- 
tise his  antagonist  wherever  he  saw  him. 
In  his  circumstances  he  was  very  indepen- 
dent, as  connected  with  persons  high  in  the 
state,  and  as  a  friend  of  the  Hanoverian 
succession,  he  was  made  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  and  in  1717  appointed  one  of  the 
lottery  commissioners.  He  was  in  1734 
made  registrar  of  Dublin  prerogative  court 
by  his  friend  Boulter  the  primate,  and  he 
sat  in  the  parliament  of  Ireland  for  Ar- 
magh. He  returned  in  1748  to  England, 
to  live  on  an  annuity  of  400Z.  which  he  had 
purchased  ;  but  a  stroke  of  the  palsy  car- 
ried him  off,  18th  June,  1749,  aged  78,  at 
his  lodgings  near  Vauxhall.  He  wrote 
three  dramatic  pieces  of  some  merit,  the 
Distressed  Mother — the  Briton — and  Hum- 
phrey, duke  of  Gloucester — besides  the 
life  of  archbishop  W^illiams,  and  a  little 
poem  called  "  a  Winter  Piece,"  which  Pope 
condescended  to  commend,  though  he  ridi- 
culed all  his  other  works.  Dr.  Johnson 
says  he  was  eminent  for  bravery,  and  in 
conversation  solemn  and  pompous. 

Phillips,  John,  LL.D.  a  distinguished 
friend  of  learning,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college,  Massachusetts,  in  1735,  and 
for  several  years  held  a  seat  in  the  council 
of  New-Hampshire.  In  1778,  he,  in  con- 
junction with  Samuel  Phillips,  Esq.  his  bro- 
ther, founded  an  academy  at  Andover, 
Massachusetts,  by  liberal  endowments,  and 
eleven  years  after  he  added  to  its  funds  a 
further  bequest  of  $20,000.  He  also,  in 
1781,  founded  an  academy  at  Exeter  by  a 
donation  of  15,000/.  and  at  his  death  be- 
queathed the  whole  of  his  remaining  es- 
tate to  those  institutions.  '  IdJ^  L. 

Phillips,  Samuel,  LL.D.  lieutenant  go- 
vernor of  Massachusetts,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1771.  In  1775,  he  was 
a  member  of  the  provincial  congress,  and 
for  several  years  after  of  the  house  of  re- 
presentatives. In  1780,  he  was  chosen  to 
a  seat  in  the  convention  which  formed  the 
constitution  of  that  state.  He  afterwards 
was  elected  a  member  of  the   senate,  and 


presided    in   that  body  a  number  of  year-?. 
He   also  held   a  seat  on    the  bench  of  the 
court  of  common  pl«  a^  from  )7MI  to  l7'J7. 
In  ISUI,  he  was  chosen  lieulcnant-^^ovcrnor 
of  the  state,  and  died  on  the  lOih  of  Feb. 
of  the  following  year.     He  ponsedscd   re- 
spectable talents,  and  was  diHtiiij»iii,bc(l  for 
integrity,   patriotism,   libirality,  iirid  piety. 
He  gave  considerable  .-ums  both  to  the  aca- 
demy at  Andover,  when;  In-  r<;^iil(;<|,  and  at 
Exeter,    which  his   father   and    uncle   had 
founded  ;     and  presented  handsome  bene- 
factions  to  several  other  pious  and  useful 
objects.  Jdr'  L- 

Phillips,  John,  president  of  the  senate 
of  Massachusetts,  was  a  nephew  of  lieu- 
tenant-governor William  Phillips,  and  gra- 
duated at  Harvard  college  in  1788.  He 
was  bred  a  lawyer,  and  was  appointed  at 
an  early  age  county  attorney  for  Suffolk. 
For  the  last  nineteen  years  of  his  life  h-i 
was  a  member  of  the  senate  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  when  Mr.  Otis  was  elected  into 
the  house  in  1813,  succeeded  him  as  presi- 
dent. He  was  also  a  member  of  the  con- 
vention which  revised  the  constitution  of 
the  slate  in  1820,  and  on  the  incorporation 
of  the  city  of  Boston  in  1823,  was  elected 
the  first  mayor.  He  died  May  29th,  1823, 
aged  fifty-three.  No  man  in  Boston  pos- 
sessed through  life  a  greater  share  of  the 
public  confidence,  or  was  more  continually 
employed  in  the  public  service.  He  was 
industrious,  intelligent,  faithful,  and  dis- 
creet. iCj^  L. 

Philo,  a  Jew  of  Alexandria,  sent  by  his 
countrymen  to  complain  of  the  Greeks,  be- 
fore Caligula,  A.D.  40.     He  wrote  several 
things,  and  was  called  the  Jewish  Plato,  a^ 
he  was  a  Platonist  in  principles. 

Philo,  a  grammarian  of  Byblos,  who 
translated  Sanchoniathon  from  the  Phoeni- 
cian into  Greek. 

Philo,  an  architect  of  Byzantium,  300 
B.C.  He  is  author  of  a  treatise  on  Mili- 
tary Machines,  &c. 

Philolaus,  a  Pythagorean  philosopher 
of  Cretona,  who  asserted  the  rotundity  of 
the  earth,  &c.  B.C.  392. 

Philopoeman,  a  native  of  Megalopolis, 
celebrated  as  a  general  in  the  Acha-an 
league  against  the  Spartans  and  iF.tolians. 
He  was  inhumanly  poisoned  by  Dinocrates, 
the  enemy's  general,  B.C.  183. 

PuiLOPONt-s,  John,  an  Alexandrian, 
author  of  a  Commcntar)-  on  the  Creation, 
&c.  and  head  of  the  tri-theists  in  the 
seventh  century. 

Philostorgr's,  an  Arian  of  Cappadocia 
in  the  fifth  century,  author  of  an  Ecclesi- 
astical History  of  his  own  time,  &ic. 

Philostratps,  Flavins,  a  Greek  sophist 
at  the  court  of  Julia,  the  wife  of  the  em- 
peror Sevenis.  He  is  author  of  the  Life 
of  Apollonius  Tyaneus,   and   other  works. 

PiULOXSNCS,  a  dithvrambic  poet,  at  th«; 

469 


put 


PHO 


court  of  Dionysius  of  Syracuse,  who  died 
at  Ephesus,  380  B.C. 

Philpot,  John,  a  native  of  Hampshire, 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  college. 
He  was  a  strong  friend  of  the  reformation, 
and  was  made  under  Edward  VI.  archdea- 
con of  Winchester,  but  in  the  next  reign  he 
was  convicted  of  heresy  before  Gardiner, 
and  burnt  in  Smithfield,  1555. 

Phinehas,  son  of  Eleazar,  the  son  of 
Aaron,  the  priest,  was  commended  for  his 
zeal  in  the  cause  of  God,  for  killing  the 
Israelite,  and  the  Midianitish  woman,  who 
committed  fornication  in  the  camp  of  Israel, 
B.C.  1455. 

Phips,  Sir  William,  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  born  at  Pemaquid  in  Maine, 
February  2d,  1650,  of  obscure  parents,  and 
was  one  of  the  youngest  of  twenty-six  chil- 
dren which  his  mother  bore.  He  remained 
at  home  without  education  till  18  years  old, 
when  he  bound  himself  to  a  ship-carpenter. 
After  learning  that  trade,  he  removed  to 
Boston,  and  established  himself  in  the 
business,  and  learned  to  read  and  write. 
He  afterwards  went  to  sea,  and  hearing 
that  a  Spanish  ship  richly  laden,  was 
wrecked  near  the  Bahamas,  went  to  Eng- 
land, and  offered  to  search  for  the  treasure. 
He  made  one  voyage  without  success,  but 
on  being  sent  again  by  the  duke  of  Albe- 
marle, he  obtained  from  the  vessel  300,000 
pounds,  16,000  of  which  fell  to  his  share. 
This  success  procured  him  much  ap*- 
plause,  and  the  king,  as  a  reward,  knighted 
him,  and  appointed  him  high  sheriff  of 
New-England.  In  1690  he  commanded  an 
expedition  against  Port  Royal,  and  cap- 
tured that  place.  On  the  gift  to  Massa- 
chusetts of  a  new  charter  he  was  appointed 
governor,  and  soon  after  entering  on  the 
otSce,  put  an  end  to  the  persecution  for 
witchcraft.  In  1694  he  was  removed  from 
the  office,  for  abusing  the  collector  of  the 
port,  but  on  visiting  England  was  excul- 
pated. He  died  on  the  18th  of  February, 
of  the  next  year,  in  his  forty-fifth  year. 
The  important  offices  to  which  he  rose, 
without  the  aid  of  education,  and  the  skill 
with  which  he  conducted  in  them,  show 
him  to  have  possessed  talents  of  a  very 
superior  order.  sC3^  L. 

Phipps,  Constantine,  lord  Mulgrave, 
eldest  son  of  Lord  Mulgrave,  was  born 
1746.  He  early  embraced  the  naval  pro- 
fession, and  by  the  influence  of  friends 
was  made  post-captain  in  1765.  In  1768 
he  was  elected  member  for  Lincoln,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  parliament  by  his 
bold  and  manly  conduct  in  the  several  popu- 
lar questions  which  then  agitated  the  house, 
especially  the  Westminster  election,  and 
the  libel  laws.  His  abilities  as  a  sailor 
were  employed  in  a  voyage  of  observation 
and  discovery  towards  the  north  pole  in 
1 773,  and  he  set  sail  with  captain  Lutwidge 
470 


in  two  ships,  and  at  his  return  published  an 
interesting  narrative  of  his  remarks  and  ob- 
servations in  4to.  He  was  also  author  of 
a  Letter  of  a  Member  of  Parliament  to  his 
Constituents  on  the  Proceedings  of  the 
House  of  Commons  in  the  Westminster 
Election.  He  succeeded  to  the  Irish  ho- 
nours of  his  father  in  1775,  and  in  1790 
was  created  an  English  peer,  and  died  1792. 

Phlegon,  a  native  of  Tralles  in  Lydia, 
author  of  some  historical  tracts  under  Adri- 
an. It  is  said  that  he  mentioned  the  dark- 
ness which  took  place  at  the  crucifixion  of 
our  vSaviour. 

Phocas,  a  Chalcedonian  noble,  who  seiz- 
ed on  the  empire  of  the  East,  by  the  mur- 
der of  the  emperor  Maurice,  and  of  his 
children,  602.  To  maintain  his  power,  he 
dispersed  his  spies  all  over  the  empire,  and 
devoted  to  destruction  those  who  presumed 
to  speak  against  his  tyranny.  But  though 
absolute,  he  dreaded  the  attacks  of  foreign 
enemies,  and  afraid  to  meet  the  Persians 
in  the  field,  he  had  the  art  to  bribe  their 
general  Narses,  and  to  draw  him  to  Con- 
stantinople, where,  in  reward  for  his  trea- 
chery, he  burned  him  alive.  A  conduct  so 
flagitious  at  last  roused  the  general  indig- 
nation, and  Heraclius,  governor  of  Africa, 
boldly  conspired  against  the  monster,  and 
cut  off  his  head  and  his  right  hand,  5th 
Oct.  610. 

Phocas,  John,  a  monk  of  the  12th  cen- 
tury, born  in  Crete,  or  according  to  others 
in  Calabria.  He  for  some  time  was  in  the 
military  service  of  Emmanuel  Commenus, 
but  quitted  it  for  the  monastic  life ;  and 
after  visiting  the  Holy  Land,  he  built  a 
small  church  on  mount  Carmel,  where  he 
fixed  his  residence,  with  other  monks.  He 
wrote  a  Description  of  the  Holy  Land,  of 
Syria,  Phoenicia,  &c. 

Phocion,  an  Athenian  general,  who 
bravely  fought  against  Philip  and  Alexan- 
der. Though  forty-five  times  placed  at  the 
head  of  affairs,  he  was  accused  at  last  of 
treachery,  and  cruelly  put  to  death  by  his 
ungrateful  countrymen,  318  B.C.  His 
death  was  avenged  by  his  son  Phocus. 

Phoctlides,  a  Greek  poet  of  Miletus, 
about  540  B.C. 

Phormio,  a  peripatetic  philosopher  of 
Ephesus.  He  had  once  Annibal  among  his 
auditors,  when  ignorantly  lecturing  on  the 
art  of  war. 

Phormio,  an  Athenian  general,  who  dis- 
played great  bravery  during  the  Peloponne- 
sian  war.  He  sold  his  property  to  supply 
the  pay  of  his  army,  but  refused  the  rank 
of  commander-in-chief. 

Photinus,  bishop  of  Sirmium,  was  de- 
posed for  supporting  that  Christ  was  only 
a  man.  Though  recalled  by  Julian,  he  was 
afterwards  exiled  by  Valentinian,  and  died 
376. 


riA 


I'lC 


Thotius,  patriarch  of  Constantinoidc, 
for  ten  years,  during  which  he  was  exposed 
to  turbulent  opposition  and  cabal.  lie  was 
at  last  deposed,  and  died  in  a  monastery 
891.  He  is  author  of  a  Coinnientary  on 
Ancient  writers,  folio  ;  a  Collection  of  the 
Canons  of  the  Church,  folio  ;  liCtlers, 
folio. 

Fhraates  III.  king  of  Parthia,  after 
Pacorus,  was  murdered  by  his  two  sons 
Orodes  and  Mithridaics,  B.C.  :iG. 

PiiRAATES  IV.  was  raised  to  the  Par- 
thiant  hronc  by  Orodes  his  father,  whom  he 
soon  after  murdered.  His  conduct  was  so 
tyrannical  tliat  his  subjects  revolted,  but  he 
was  restored  to  his  throne  by  the  assistance 
of  the  Scythians,  and  at  last  perished  by 
the  hands  of  his  own  son. 

Phranza,  George,  a  Greek  author,  mas- 
ter of  the  wardrobe  to  the  emperor  of  Con- 
stantinople. When  the  city  was  sacked  by 
the  Turks  he  fled  to  Corfu,  where  he  wrote 
an  History  or  Chronicle  of  his  own  Times, 
to  1641. 

Phreas,  or  Freas,  .John,  an  English 
writer,  born  in  London  about  the  close  of 
the  14th  century,  and  educated  at  Oxford, 
where  he  became  fellow  of  Baliol  college. 
He  settled  at  Bristol,  but  afterwards  travel- 
led to  Italy,  where  learning  was  beginning 
to  revive,  and  meeting  with  his  countryman 
Tiptoft,  eai'l  of  Worcester,  he  dedicated  to 
him  some  of  his  performances.  He  trans- 
lated into  Latin,  Diodorus  Siculus,  and 
Synesius,  &c.  He  took  his  doctor's  de- 
gree at  Padua,  where  he  read  medical  lec- 
tures, as  well  as  at  Florence,  and  Ferrara. 
He  was  presented  by  Paul  II.  to  whom  he 
dedicated  his  Diodorus,  to  the  see  of  Bath, 
but  survived  the  appointment  only  one 
month,  being  poisoned,  it  is  said,  by  a  com- 
petitor. It  is  said  he  acquired  some  for- 
tune by  practising  physic  in  Italy.  He  died 
about  14GC 

Phrynt,  a  celebrated  courtezan  of 
Athens,  the  mistress  of  Prexiteles,  B.  C. 
328.  She  wished  to  rebuild  Thebes,  provi- 
ded her  name  was  inscribed  on  the  walls, 
which  was  refused. 

PnRTNicrs,  a  Greek  orator  of  Bithynia 
under  Commodus,  author  of  some  trea- 
tises, &.C. 

Phrynis,  a  musician  of  Mitylcne,  who 
is  said  to  have  added  two  string-  to  the 
lyre,  which  before  had  only  seven,  B.  C. 
438. 

Pia,  Philip  Nicholas,  an  eminent  chy- 
mist  born  at  Paris  15th  September,  1721. 
He  was  for  some  years  chief  surgeon  of 
the  hospital  at  Strasburg,  and  on  his  return 
to  Paris,  was  named  sheriff  of  the  city  in 
1770.  In  this  last  place  he  exerted  all  his 
influence,  and  the  knowledge  which  he  de- 
rived from  experience,  to  establish  a  society 
for  the  recovery  of  drowned  or  suffocated 
persons.     lie  furnished  the  estahlishment 


with  the  necessary  apparatus,  and  the  firat 
year  not  less  than  '21  pitrioni  wire  uaved 
and  restored  from  lh<t  waters  of  tin-  Seine  ; 
but  the  revolution  unrorlunaltdy  ruined  hi.i 
humane  projects,  and  reduced  him  to  ex- 
treme poverty.  This  benevolent  and  amia- 
ble man  died  11  th  May,  17"J1J.  He  wrote 
an  account  of  his  humane  piojcciN  m  se- 
veral vols.  8vo.  and  Timo.  published  1770, 
and  1773. 

PiAZZi,  Jerome  Bartholomew,  an  Italian 
born  at  Alexandria.  He  turned  prolestant 
from  a  Dominican  friar,  and  came  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  published  a  curious  account 
of  the  inquisition  in  Italy,  with  which  he 
was  well  acquainted,  as  he  had  been  one 
of  its  delegate  judges.  He  maintained 
himself  by  teaching  French  and  Italian  at 
Cambridge,  and  died  there  1745. 

PiAZETTA,  John  Baptist,  a  painter  of 
Venice,  whose  pieces  possess  great  merit 
in  the  elegance,  expression,  and  grace  of 
his  figures.  He  studied  much  the  style  of 
Michael  Angelo  ;  but  in  the  midst  of  his 
great  abilities,  he  was  intemperate  and 
prodigal,  and  died  so  poor  that  his  l)ody 
was  conveyed  to  the  grave  at  the  common 
expense  of  his  friends.  He  died  1754, 
aged  72. 

Pibrac.     Vid.  Faur. 

PiCARD,  John,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
born  at  La  Fleche.  He  was  prior  of  Rille 
in  Anjou,  and  member  of  the  academy 
of  sciences,  and  acquired  great  celebrity 
as  an  astronomer.  By  order  of  the  French 
king,  he  visited,  in  1671,  Uraniburg,  and 
there  assisted  Tycho  Brahc  in  his  celes- 
tial observations,  and  after  his  return  he 
was  employed  with  Cassini  in  measuring 
an  arc  of  the  meridian  in  France.  He 
died  1683.  He  wrote  treatises  on  Level- 
ling— on  Measures — on  Dioptrics — on  the 
Measui'ement  of  the  Earth — an  Account 
of  his  Observations  at  Uraniburg,  &c. — 
besides  communications  to  the  memoirs  of 
the  French  academies.  He  was  also  the 
first  who  applied  a  telescope  to  a  quadrant. 

PiCART,  Bernard,  a  famous  engraver, 
born  at  Paris  1673.  He  studied  design 
under  his  father,  and  perspective  and  ar- 
chitecture under  Sebastian  le  Clerc.  As 
he  was  a  protestant  he  settled  in  Holland, 
where  he  produced  the  best  part  of  his  ad- 
mired pieces.  He  died  at  Amsterdam, 
1733,  12  years  after  his  fiuher,  who  was 
then  nuiety.  His  engravings  were  pub- 
lished, folio,  Amsterdam,  175-1.  His  best 
performance  is  an  illustration  of  the  various 
religious  ceremonies  of  all  nations,  and  his 
plates  for  the  temple  of  the  muses  are  also 
much  admired. 

PiCART,  Michael,  a  native  of  Nurem- 
berg, who  wa'!  professor  of  philosophy  and 
poetry  at  Altorf,  where  he  died  1620,  ag  i 
46.  He  was  tlie  friend  of  Isaac  Casaubon, 
and  published    Commentaries   on  av^me  of 

471 


PIC 


PIC 


Aristotle's  works — Disputes — Harangues 
■—Critical  Essays— a  Latin  translation  of 
Appian,  1604. — His  Liber  Singularis  Peri- 
culorum  Criticorum,  was  published  at  Nu- 
remberg by  John  Saubert,  thirty-seven 
years  after  his  death. 

PicciNi,  Nicholas,  a  celebrated  musi- 
cian, born  at  3ari,  in  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples. He  was  intended  for  the  church  by 
his  father,  but  his  fondness  for  music  pre- 
vailed, and  he  had  for  his  masters  the  fa- 
mous Leo,  and  afterwards  Durante,  who 
saw  and  foretold  his  future  celebrity.  In 
1754  he  began  to  display  his  great  abilities, 
and  soon  acquired  the  highest  reputation 
in  the  cities  of  Italy.  From  Italy  he  came 
to  Paris,  and  for  a  while  divided  the  ap- 
plauses of  the  public  with  Gluck  ;  but  the 
climate  of  France  was  too  severe  for  his 
weak  constitution,  and  he  returned  to  Na- 
ples. Instead,  however,  of  being  received 
with  kindness,  he  was  treated  as  a  revolu- 
tionist, and  accused  before  the  government 
as  a  jacobin,  mischievous  and  violent. 
Without  the  possibility  of  vindicating  him- 
self, he  escaped  from  Italy  and  returned  to 
France,  and  died  at  Passy,  overpowered 
by  age  and  misfortunes,  7th  May,  1800, 
aged  72.  In  private  life  he  was  an  amia- 
ble man,  distinguished  by  benevolence, 
kindness,  and  affability.  His  operas, 
which  he  composed  in  Italy,  are  above 
100  in  number,  besides  those  performed 
in  France,  the  best  known  of  which  are, 
Roland — Atys — Iphigenia  in  Tauris — Di- 
do, &c.  An  account  of  his  life  and  works 
has  been  published  by  his  friend  Ginguene 
at  Paris. 

PiccoLOMiNi,  James,  an  Italian  eccle- 
siastic, born  near  Lucca.  He  became  suc- 
cessively bishop  of  Massa,  of  Frescati,  was 
made  a  cardinal  1641,  and  exchanged  his 
name  of  Ammati  for  that  of  Piccolomini, 
out  of  respect  for  Pius  II.  his  patron.  He 
died  1479,  aged  57,  of  an  indigestion. 
Sixtus  IV,  claimed  the  property  which  he 
had  left  at  his  death  in  the  hands  of  his 
bankers,  and  appropriated  part  of  it  in  the 
endowment  of  the  hospital  of  the  Holy 
Ghost.  Piccolomini  wrote  Commentaries, 
or  History  of  his  own  Times,  from  1464  to 
1469 — besides  Letters,  &c. 

Piccolomini,  Alexander,  author  of  se- 
veral dramatic  pieces,  was  born  at  Sienna, 
where  he  was  coadjutor,  and  also  arch- 
bishop of  Patras.  He  died  at  Sienna,  12th 
March,  1578.  He  was  the  first  who  used 
the  Italian  language  in  philosophical  sub- 
jects. His  works  are  numerous,  the  best 
known  of  which  are  a  treatise  on  the  Sphere 
— Moral  Institutes — a  Theory  of  the  Pla- 
nets— the  Morality  of  Nobles,  &c.  The 
work  called,  ''  Delia  Bella  Creanza  della 
Donne,"  is  attributed  to  him. 

Piccolomini,  Francis,    of  the   same  fa- 
472 


mily,  was  born  1520,  and  taught  for 
twenty-two  years  philosophy  in  the  Ita- 
lian universities.  He  died  at  Sienna,  1604, 
and  his  death  was  mourned  by,  the  whole 
city.  He  wrote  Commentaries  on  Aristo- 
tle, 4to.  Universa  Philosophia  de  Moribus, 
folio. 

PicHEGRU,  Charles,  a  French  general, 
born  at  Arbois  in  Franche  Comte,  1761. 
Though  of  obscure  birth,  he  received  a 
good  education  among  the  monks  of  his 
native  place,  and  then  entering  into  the 
army,  he  rose  from  the  ranks  by  gradual 
steps  to  command,  and  at  the  revolution 
obtained  the  office  of  general.  His  abili- 
ties were  well  known  to  his  superiors,  and 
therefore  were  usefully  employed  ;  and  by 
the  victory  at  Hagenau  over  the  combined 
forces,  he  procured  promotion,  and  was 
named  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  of 
the  north.  The  relief  of  Landau,  the  dis- 
comfiture of  the  Austrians  under  marshal 
Cobourg,  and  the  able  and  rapid  ma- 
noeuvres by  which  he  completed  the  con- 
quest of  Holland,  tended  strongly  to  re- 
commend him  to  the  national  gratitude, 
and  therefore  he  was  elected  in  1797  a 
member  of  the  legislatrue.  In  this  new 
office  his  conduct  was  firm  and  manly  ;  but 
his  opposition  to  the  measures  of  the  di- 
rectory, drew  upon  him  unpopularity,  and 
he  was  one  of  those  unfortunate  victims, 
who  were  accused  of  intentions  to  destroy 
the  republic  and  restore  royalty,  and  who 
were,  without  trial,  and  in  the  most  arbi- 
trary manner,  sent  with  every  mark  of 
ignominy  prisoners  to  Cayenne.  He  had 
the  good  fortune  to  escape  from  this  cli- 
mate which  proved  so  fatal  to  several  of 
his  fellow-sufferers,  and  came  to  England. 
Here  he  remained  an  honourable  exile  till 
1804,  when  he  ventured  to  visit  Paris  in 
disguise ;  but  so  vigilant  is  an  arbitrary 
government,  he  could  not  escape  the  eyes 
of  the  police,  and  as  rumours  of  plots 
against  the  ruler  of  France  were  indus- 
triously circulated, he  was  seized  with  others 
on  suspicion  of  machinations  against  the 
safety  of  the  country,  and  immured  in  the 
Temple.  A  little  time  after,  6th  April, 
1804,  he  was  discovered  in  his  apartment, 
strangled  by  means  of  a  black  silk  hand- 
kerchief, twisted  round  his  neck  with  a 
short  stick,  taken  from  the  faggot  which 
was  to  light  his  fire.  The  position  of  his 
body  was  such  that  no  struggle  seemed  to 
have  been  made  in  the  agonies  of  expiring 
nature  ;  but  though  it  could  easily  be  con-< 
eluded  that  he  had  been  assassinated,  and 
that  he  could  not  possibly  have  been  him- 
self the  cause  of  his  own  suffocation,  the 
corpse  was  examined  before  a  select  num- 
ber of  medical  men,  and  a  prolix  report 
was  drawn  up  to  prove  that  he  had  destroy- 
ed himself.     So  improbable  an  imputatior^ 


yiP 


ITV- 


aigjiinsl  a  man  who  had  braved  death  lu  u 
thousajid  dangers,  could  not  be  believed 
wen  in  ibe  streets  of  Paris. 

PicHON,  John,  a  native  of  Lyons,  emi- 
nent among  the  Jesuits.  He  was  employ- 
ed in  Lorraine  by  king  Stanislaus  ;  but  iiiii 
zeal  gave  oHence  to  his  superiors,  and  his 
book  called  the  Spirit  of  Jesus  Christ  and 
of  the  Church,  610.  not  only  was  condemn- 
ed at  Ivonie,  but  received  afterwards  the 
severe  censures  of  the  author  himself.  He 
died  5th  Alay,  1751,  ag(  d  68. 

PiCHOT,  Peter,  a  physician  of  eminence 
at  Bourdeaux,  in  the  loth  century.  He 
publisi.ed  treatises  on  the  Plague  j  de  Moi- 
bis  Animi  ;  de  Rheumatismo,  isLc. 

PicHou,  N.  a  Frencli  poet  of  Dijon,  who 
■»vas  assassinated  in  1631,  in  the  flower  of 
his  age.  He  was  author  of  some  diama- 
tic  pieces  of  no  great  merit,  I'Aminte,  a 
pastoral  ;  a  poetical  translation  of  the  pas- 
toral of  la  FUis  de  Scire. 

Pickering,  John,  LL.D.  and  F.A.Acad, 
was  born  at  Newington,  New- Hampshire, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1761. 
He  was  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  sustained 
some  of  the  first  offices  in  the  state  with 
great  respectability.  He  was  a  principal 
member  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  New-Hampshire,  and 
was  at  the  head  of  the  administration 
from  the  period  of  governor  Langdon's  re- 
signation in  1789  until  a  new  election  took 
place.  In  1787  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  convention  which  framed  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  but  declined 
taking  his  seat  in  it.  He  was  a  judge  of 
the  supreme  court  of  the  state  from  1790 
to  1795,  and  at  one  period  chief  justice. 
Afterwards  he  was  judge  of  the  district 
court  of  the  United  States,  for  New- 
Hampshire.  For  several  years  before  his 
death  his  reason  was  impaired,  and  he 
was  removed  by  impeachment  in  1804. 
He  died  at  Portsmouth,  April  11th,  1805, 
aged  67.  Ik    L. 

PiCTET,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
who  after  studying  in  his  native  city,  with 
great  reputation,  and  travelling  over  Hol- 
land, England,  and  other  parts  of  the  con- 
tinent, was  honourably  solicited  to  fill  the 
chair  of  theology  at  Leyden.  He  declined 
the  liberal  offer,  and  preferred  the  divinity 
chair  of  his  native  town,  which  he  filled 
with  great  ability.  He  died  at  Geneva 
9th  June,  17-24,  aged  69.  He  was  a  most 
benevolent  man,  and  a  most  pious  and  vigi- 
lant pastor.  He  was  author  of  Christian 
Theology,  3  vols.  4to.  in  Latin — Christian 
Morality,  8  vols.  12mo. — History  of  the 
11th  and  12th  centuries,  2  vols.  4to.  trea- 
tise against  Religious  indifference — ser- 
mons— letters — and  other  religious  tracts. 
Pious.  Vid.  Mirandula. 
PiDou,  Fmncis,  lord  of  St.  Olon,  a  na- 
tive of  Touraijio,  became  gentleman  in  or- 
VOL.  n.  60 


diuary  to  L(«wi«  \f\.  who  di.»co»f;red  hii. 
abilities,  und  empluje.]  hiui  an  his  aiuboflSft- 
dor  to  Madrid,  tienoa,  and  Morocco.  Hr 
acquitted  himself  nmcli  ti>  lh»-  •.ati-ifuction 
of  his  master,  and  was  m-.uU:  knight  of  St. 
Lazarus.  He  died  at  Pans  17-2ii,  aged  Hi). 
He  wrote  the  pnsent  State  of  Morocco 
1694,  r2mu. —  the  must  remarkable  Kvcnts 
in  the  Reign  of  Lewis  XI \.  12mo. 

Pierce,  Edward,  an  English  painter  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  I.  and  11.  He  excelleU 
in  drawings  of  arcliitecturc,  per^-pective, 
altar  pieces,  &c.  ;  but  unfortunately  the  best 
part  of  his  work^  was  destroyed  in  the  lire 
of  London.  He  died  in  London  about  1715, 
leaving  three  sons. 

Pierce,  James,  a  native  of  Exeter,  emi- 
nent as  a  presbyterian  di\me.  He  was  at 
the  head  of  a  dissenting  congregation  in  his 
native  town  ;  but  in  1725  his  preaching  in 
favour  of  Aiianinm  produced  a  violent  dis- 
pute, in  consequence  of  which  he  wan  ex- 
pelled from  his  meeting,  and  opened  an- 
other in  conjunction  with  his  friend  Hailct. 
He  also  published  a  vindication  of  his  con- 
duct, and  of  bis  principles,  in  a  p:)mphlet 
called  Western  Inquisition,  which  occasion- 
ed a  tedious  paper  war.  He  wrote  also 
a  Commentary  on  St.  Paul's  Epistles,  4to. 
— sermons — a  Vindication  of  the  Protest- 
ant Dissenters,  English  and  Latin,  ice.  He 
died  1730. 

PiERiNO,  or  PiRiNO  DEL  Vaga,  a  nativc 
of  Tuscany,  son  of  a  soldier,  and  nursed 
by  a  she-goat.  He  was  taught  painting  by 
Vaga,  and  exchanged  the  name  of  Buona- 
corsi  for  that  of  his  teacher.  By  great  ap- 
plication he  acquired  extensive  reputation, 
and  was  engaged  by  Raphael  in  the  comple- 
tion of  his  designs  at  Rome  in  the  Vatican, 
and  afterwards  he  embellished  Doria's 
palace  at  Genoa,  and  adorned  other  cities 
of  Italy  with  the  extraordinary  labours  of 
his  pencil.  His  passage  of  the  Jordan,  the 
fall  of  the  walls  of  Jericho,  the  sun  stand- 
ing still  at  Joshua's  command,  are  among 
bis  best  pieces.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy, 
1547,  in  his  47th  year. 

PiERQUiN,  John,  son  of  a  lawyer  at 
Charleville,  studied  at  Rheims,  where  he 
took  his  divinity  degrees.  He  was  for  40 
years  minister  of  Chatel  in  the  diocess  of 
Rheims,  and  died  there  1742,  aged  70.  He 
wrote  on  the  Colour  of  Negroes  ;  on  Rais- 
ing Spirits  ;  on  the  Sai)bath  of  Witches  ; 
Magical  Transformations  ;  Proof  of  Inno- 
cence by  Immersion  ;  Amphibious  Animals; 
on  the  Conception  of  Jesus  Christ,  a  di-- 
scrtation  ;  Life  of  St.  Ju\in,  Uc. 

PiERSON,  Christopher,  a  historical  and 
portrait  painter,  born  at  the  Hague.  His 
bunting  pieces  were  particularly  admired. 
He  died  I7l4,  aged  83. 

PiERSON,  Abraham,  first  president  of 
Yale  college,  Connecticut,  was  educated  at 
llai-v^d  where  be  obtained  bis  degree  in 

473 


PIG 


PIL 


1668.  He  studied  theology  and  settled  at 
Killingworth,  Connecticut.  He  soon  be- 
came conspicuous  for  his  learning  and  ta- 
lents as  a  preacher,  and  in  1701,  when  the 
college  was  established  at  Say  brook,  was 
chosen  its  i-ector,  and  held  the  office  till  his 
death  in  1707.  He  was  greatly  respected 
for  his  abilities  and  piety.  He  wrote  a  sys- 
tem of  natural  phdooophy,  which  wasjor  a 
long  time  studied  in  the  college.  fCj^  L. 
PiETRO  Di  Petri,  a  historical  painter. 
He  was  a  native  of  Rome,  and  the  pupil 
and  imitator  of  Carlo  Maratti.  He  died 
1710,  aged  51. 

PiETRO  DE  LA  Francisca,  a  native  of 
Florence,  distinguished  as  a  painter,  and  as 
a  popular  writer  on  arithmetic  and  geome- 
try. He  was  patronised  by  Nicolas  V.  and 
employed  in  adorning  the  Vatican.  He 
died  1443. 

PiGALLE,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  sculp- 
tor, born  at  Paris,  1714.  By  the  liberality 
of  the  elder  Conston  he  was  enabled  to  go 
to  Italy,  where,  with  assiduous  zeal,  he  stu- 
died the  works  of  the  beat  masters.  On  his 
return  to  France  he  was  patronised  by 
Lewis,  who  made  him  knight  of  the  order 
of  St.  Michael,  and  chancellor  of  the  acade- 
my of  painting.  His  best  works  are  a  Mer- 
cury and  Venus,  for  the  king,  and  present- 
ed by  him  to  the  king  of  Prussia;  Saxe's 
Monument ;  the  Staiue  of  Lewis  XV.  ; 
Voltaire  ;  a  Boy  holding  a  Cage  ;  a  Girl  ex- 
tracting a  Thorn  from  her  Foot,  &.c.  He 
died  at  Paris,  20th  Aug.  1735. 

PiGANioL  DE  LA  FoRCE,  John  Aymar 
de,  a  native  of  Auvergne,  who  acquired 
some  eminence  as  a  writer  iSl^eograpby 
and  history.  He  is  author  ofSPi^fscription, 
Historical  and  Geographical,  of  France,  15 
vols.  12mo.  a  work  of  merit ;  a  Description 
of  Paris,  10  vols.  12mo.  afterwards  abridg- 
ed in  2  vols.  12mo.  ;  Description  of  Ver- 
sailles and  Marly,  2  vols.  l2mo.  ;  Voyage 
de  France,  2  vols.  &,c»  This  respectable 
man,  amiable  in  private  life,  died  at  Paris, 
Feb.  1753,  aged  80. 

PiGHius,  Albert,  a  native  of  Kampen  in 
Overyssel,  who  studied  at  Cologne,  and 
Louvaine,  and  was  provost  of  St.  John's 
church  at  Utrecht,  where  he  died  1542,  aged 
52.  He  was  author  of  Assertio  Hierarchiae 
Ecclesiasticae,  fol.  and  controversial  works 
against  Luther,  Melancthon,  and  the  other 
great  reformers. 

PiGHius,  Stephen  Vinand,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, nephew  to  Albert,  was  born  at  Kam- 
pen in  Overyssel,  1520.  He  was  well  vers- 
ed in  Roman  antiquities,  and  was  patro- 
nised by  Cardinal  de  Granvelle,  and  by  the 
prince  of  Juliers  and  Cleves.  to  whose  son 
he  was  tutor.     He  died  at  Santcn,   where 


he  was  canon,  in  his  85th  year.  He  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Valerius  Maximus — 
Latin  Annals  of  Rome,  3  vols.  fol. — Her- 
/!ulf»s  Prodicus,  a  pane^vrir  on  the  prema- 
474 


ture  death  of  his  illustrious  pupil,  and  otW 
works. 

PiGNONi,  Simon,  a  native  of  Florence, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  pieces  are  on 
religious  subjects,  and  are  few,  but  very 
valuable.     He  died  1612. 

PiGNORius,  Laurentius,  a  learned  Ita- 
lian, born  at  Padua,  1571.  He  was  canon 
of  Treviso,  and  died  of  the  plague  at  Pa- 
dua, lUSl.  He  wrote  Mtnsa  Isiaca,  to  il- 
lustrate the  Egyptian  antiquities  ;  poems; 
a  treatise  De  Servis  et  eorum  apud  Veteres 
Ministeriis  ;  Origini  de  Padoua,  and  other 
works. 

PiGRAT,  Peter,  an  eminent  surgeon  at 
Paris,  employed  in  the  aimies  of  Henry 
IV.  and  Lewis  XIII.  He  was  the  disciple 
and  rival,  and  yet  the  friend,  of  the  cele- 
brated Ambrose  Pare,  and  published  Chi- 
rurgica  cum  aliis  Medicinae  Partibus,  &c.  ; 
Epitome  Praeceptorum  Medicinae,  &c.  He 
died  1613. 

Pike,  Zebulon  Montgomery,  a  brigadier 
general  in  the  army  of  the  United  States, 
was  born  at  Lamberton,  New-Jersey,  Ja- 
nuary 5th,  1779.  When  young  he  entered 
the  army  employed  on  the  western  frontier, 
as  a  cadet,  and  was  some  time  after 
advanced  to  the  rank^f  lieutenant.  In 
l805^e  was  employea*%t  the  head  of  a 
small  party  to  explore  the  Mississippi,  while 
Lewis  aiid  Clarke  were  sent  on  a  similar 
errand  up  the  Missouri.  He  was  afterwards 
despatch^l?^ traverse  the  interior  of  Loui- 
siana, ^d  examine  its  principal  rivers. 
He  publ^bed  an  account  of  both  those  ex- 
peditions. In  1810  he  received  the  com- 
mission of  colonel ;  and  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war,  in  1812,  was  stationed  on 
the  northern  frontier.  In  the  beginning  of 
1813,  he  was  appointed  brigadier  general, 
and  in  April  of  that  year  despatched  at  the 
head  of  about  1500  troops  against  York, 
the  capital  of  Upper  Canada,  and  in  a  suc- 
cessful assault  on  that  place  was  killed, 
with  many  of  his  troops,  by  an  explosion  of 
the  magazine  of  the  fort.  IdP  L. 

Pilate,  Pontius,  a  Roman  governor  of 
Judea.  It  was  before  him  that  our  Saviour 
was  brought,  and  by  him  he  was  ignomini- 
ously  condemned  to  death,  through  the 
fear  of  the  Jews,  though  he  asserted  him- 
self, from  the  tribunal,  his  innocence.  Pi- 
late was  removed  from  Judea  by  Tibe- 
rius for  his  cruelty  and  oppression,  and 
sent  an  exile  to  Gaul,  where  he  hanged 
himself,  A.D.  37.  The  letter,  said  to  be 
written  by  him,  to  Tiberius,  giving  an  ac- 
count of  our  Saviour,  and  his  miracles,  is 
spurious. 

Pilatre  du  Rosier,  Francis,  a  native 
of  Metz,  who  learned  the  business  of  an 
apothecary  in  his  native  town,  and  then 
eame  to  Parij,  where  he  established  a  mu- 
seum, and  studied  chymistry.  The  disco- 
very of  balloons  by  Mont^olfier,  roused  all 


I'lL 


PliN 


Uis  ftttention,  and  he  was  one  of  the  lirst 
who  ventured  to  ascend  the  air  in  those 
frail  and  dangerous  vehicles.  Alter  va- 
rious successful  experiments  in  the  pre- 
sence of  the  learned  of  Paris,  and  also  of 
ihe  Royal  lainily,  Pilatre  formed  the  hold 
plan  of  passing  over  to  England.  He  came 
to  Boulogne,  and  on  the  loth  June,  178.), 
he,  accompanied  hy  his  friend  Komaiii, 
rose  in  a  heautil'ul  balloon  before  tiiousands 
of  spectators,  with  the  hopes  of  crossing 
the  channel.  Half  an  hour  after,  however, 
the  machine  caught  fire,  and  the  two  un- 
fortunate aeronauts  were  precipitated  from 
a  height  of  aho\e  1500  feet  to  the  ground, 
and  dashed  to  pieces.  Pilatre  was  taken 
up  dead  ;  but  his  companion  showed  signs 
of  life  for  a  few  minutes.  They  were 
buried  in  the  village  of  Wimille,  where  a 
monument  records  their  merits  and  their 
misfortune.  •  ^^ 

Piles,  Roger  de,-^n  ingenious  painter, 
born  at  Clamecy,  1635.  He  studied  at  Ne- 
vers  and  Auxerre,  and  afterwards  at  Paris. 
He  was  tutor  to  Ainelot,  son  of  the  presi- 
dent of  that  name,  a  bom  he  attended  when 
sent  as  ambassador  to  N'enice,  and  other 
European  courts,  and  thus  had  the  oppor- 
tunity of  viewingyie  finest  executions  of 
art.  Aftei  thus  visiting  Lisbon  and^^wit- 
zerland,  he  was,  in  16li2,  sent  to  Holland 
as  a  secret  negotiator,  but  in  the  character 
of  a  picture  virtuoso.  His  intrigues,  how- 
ever, were  discovered,  and  hS^bs  thrown 
into  prison,  from  which  the  "f^^l^r  Rys- 
wick  liberated  him.  In  his  c^^Hnnent  he 
wrote  the  lives  of  painters,  and  *n  his  re- 
turn to  France  received  a  pension.  He  died 
1709,  aged  74.  He  published  besides  a 
Translation  of  Dufresnoy  ;  an  Abridgment 
of  Anatomy  accommodated  to  Painting  and 
Sculpture  ;  Dissertation  on  the  Works  of 
Famous  painters  ;  Dialogues  on  the  Know- 
ledge of  Painting,  &c. 

PiLKiNGTON,  Laetitia,  a  lady  of  great  wit 
and  literary  celebrity,  daughter  of  Dr.  Van 
Lewen,  of  Dutch  extraction,  was  born  in 
Dublin,  1712.  She  became  early  known 
for  her  poetical  talents,  and  out  of  her 
many  admirers  she  selected  the  Rev.  Matt. 
Pilkington,  author  of  some  miscellanies, 
for  her  hu.sband  ;  but  her  union  was  attend- 
ed with  unhappiness.  The  husband  grew 
jealous,  and  the  wife  rendered  the  quarrel 
more  inveterate  by  her  levity  of  conduct. 
They  separated,  but  afterwards  she  follow- 
ed her  husband  to  London,  and  lived  with 
bim  ;  but  at  last,  the  apprehension  of  a  gen- 
tleman in  her  bed-room,  at  two  o'clock  in 
the  morning,  rendered  the  breach  between 
them  incurable.  She  attempted  to  vindi- 
cate herself  by  saying,  that  this  nocturnal 
intruder  was  waiting  for  her  reading  a 
book,  which  he  refused  to  lend  ;  but  the 
apology  is  as  improbable  as  it  is  indelicate. 
iSbe  afterwards  lived  on  tJie  generosity  of 


liie  gieai  und  the  learned,  and  ei.peciiilly  ui 
Cibber,  and  at  one  time  j»el  up  with  a  slock 
of  hve  guineas,  a  amull  nliop  !or  hook«,  in 
St.  .James'.s-strett.  She.  died  noon  after  at 
Duldin,  2yth  Aug.  17JU,  agi-d  VJ.  .she  wrotr 
I  he  Turki-sli  Court,  or  l..ondon  Appn  nticc, 
a  comedy  ;  tiu  Koinan  Father,  a  lni;;<  dy  ; 
Memuirs  of  herself,  i».e.  besides  liglii  pocuiji 
of  considerable  merit. 

Pii.ON,    (.iermaiii,    a    native  of   Maine 
known   as   an   able  sniljitor  and  ar(hiiecl. 
The    ingenious    productions  of  hi.i    chiscJ 
ailorn  the  churches  and  the  palaces  of  Parii«. 
He  died  1590. 

PiLON,  Frederic,  a  native  of  Cork,  in 
Ireland,  who  studied  medicine  at  Ldin-> 
burgh,  under  Dr.  Cullen,  but  quitted  it  for 
the  stage.  Nature  had  not,  however, 
formed  him  for  eminence  as  an  actor,  and 
he  had  recourse  to  his  pen,  and  commenred 
author  by  the  publication  of  an  Kssay  on 
the  Character  of  Hamlet,  as  performed  hy 
Henderson.  He  afterwards  wrote  the  In- 
vasion, or  a  Trip  to  Brighton,  well  receiv- 
ed in  1778.  He  wrote  besides  the  Humours 
of  an  Election,  a  farce,  1780;  He  would 
be  a  Soldier,  a  comedy,  represented  with 
applause  at  Covent  Garden,  1786.  This 
author,  whose  merit  began  to  be  liberally 
patronised  by  the  town,  and  whose  compa- 
ny was  courted  by  the  witty  and  the  fashion- 
able of  the  times,  unfortunately  gave  way 
to  debauched  habits,  and  died  of  intempe- 
rance, 17S8,  aged  39. 

PiLPAT,  an  ancient  Bramin  fabulist, 
whose  fables,  written  above  2000  years  ago, 
were  translated  into  French  from  the  Greek 
orPersianJby  Galland,  1755.  It  is  supposed 
that  he  ^^Hl  governor  of  Indostan,  and 
counsellor  to  an  Indian  king.  The  "  Ship- 
wreck of  the  Floating  Islands"  is  also  attri- 
buted to  him. 

PiNiEUS,  Severinus,  or  Pinead,  an  emi- 
nent surgeon,  born  at  Chartres,  1550.  He 
became  surgeon  to  the  king,  and  acquired 
reputation  in  cutting  for  the  stone,  an  ope- 
ration then  little  understood.  He  publish- 
ed a  Latin  Treati.se  on  the  Marks  of  Virgi- 
nity, much  read,  besides  a  French  Account 
of  Stones  extracted  from  the  bladder.  He 
died  at  Paris,  1619. 

PiNAs,  John,  a  native  of  Hacrlem,  1696, 
who  studied  painting  in  Italy.  His  beau- 
ties, and  particularly  his  mode  of  colouring, 
were  imitated  with  great  success  by  Rem- 
brandt. His  brother  James  also  acquired 
reputation  as  an  eminent  painter. 

PiMDAn,  prince  of  lyric  poets,  was  bom 
at  Thebes  in  Baotia.  He  was  particularly 
happy  in  celebrating  the  conquerors  at  the 
public  games  of  Greece,  and  his  fame  was 
so  highly  honoured,  that  when  Alexander 
sacked  Thebes,  he  spared  the  house  where 
the  poet  was  bom.  He  died  al>out  B.C.  440. 

PiNEATT,  Gabriel  du,  a  native  of  Angers, 
-^vho  wa^cnTlodto  Umj  Ijar,  and  came  to  P?-* 

4V.^ 


FIN 


PIN 


ns,  where  he  acquired  great  celebrity  by  his 
genius  and  eloquence.  His  abilities  were 
so  respectable,  and  his  opinions  so  disinter- 
ested, that  he  was  contidentially  consulted 
in  all  affairs  of  moment,  so  that  he  was 
made  master  of  requests  by  Mary  de  Me- 
dicis,  and  by  her  son  Lewis  XIII.  mayor 
and  captain  genergil  of  the  town  of  Angers. 
He  ivas  so  universally  respected  tUai  he 
acquired  the  extraordinary  appellation  of 
father  of  the  people.  He  died  loth  Oct. 
1644,  aged  71.  He  was  author  of  Latin 
Notes  on  the  Canon  Law,  in  opposition  to 
Du  Moulin — Commentaries,  Observations, 
and  Consultations  on  various  Questions  on 
Custom  and  Law,  with  Dissertations,  &c. 
2  vols.  fol. 

Pineda,  John,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born  at 
ScTille.  He  was  well  skilled  in  oriental  li- 
terature, and  taught  philosophy  and  theo- 
logy in  several  colleges.  He  died  1637, 
much  regretted.  He  wrote  Commentaries 
on  Job,  2  vols.  fol. — and  also  on  Ecclesias- 
tes — a  learned  work  De  Rebus  Solomonis, 
fol. — a  Universal  History  of  the  Church, 
in  Spanish,  4  vols.  fol. — a  History  of  Fer- 
dinand II.  in  Spanish,  &c. 

PzNELLi,  John  Vincent,  an  Italian,  son 
of  a  noble  Genoese,  was  born  at  Naples 
1533.  He  settled  at  Padua,  where  he 
i-howed  his  taste,  and  the  fruit  of  his  excel- 
lent education,  by  holding  a  learned  cor- 
respondence with  the  most  scientific  men 
of  Europe,  and  by  making  a  noble  collec- 
tion of  books,  which,  to  his  honour,  was 
freely  opened  to  the  perusal  of  the  curious. 
He  died  1601,  and  his  excellent  library, 
enriched  with  the  most  valuable  MSS.  and 
the  most  curious  specimens  of  antiquity, 
medal,  and  botany,  was  removed  from  Pa- 
dua to  Naples,  where  his  descendants  pre- 
served it.  In  1785,  on  the  death  of  Ma- 
phajus,  his  descendant,  who  had  been  a 
learned  printer  at  Venice,  this  noble  collec- 
tion p??sed  into  the  hands  of  an  English 
bookseller,  and  was  sold  in  London  by  pub- 
lic auction  in  1790. 

PiNET,  Anthony  du,  a  native  of  Besan- 
<.on,  who  defended,  in  the  16th  century, 
the  protestant  tenets,  which  he  had  em- 
braced. He  also  translated  Pliny's  Natu- 
ral History  into  French,  Lyons,  2  vols.  fol. 
1566,  and  Paris  1608,  a  work  of  great  me- 
rit, on  account  of  his  learned  notes. 
•  PiNET,  N.  a  merchant  of  Paris,  to  whose 
intrigues  the  scarcity  of  grain,  during  the 
year  1789,  was  attributed.  He  was  sum- 
moned to  Marly,  to  discover  to  the  king's 
ministers  the  cause  of  this  supposed  mo- 
nopoly; but  a  few  days  after  the  conference 
he  was  found  murdered  in  a  wood  near 
Passy,  29th  July,  1789. 

PiNGERON,  I.  C.  a  native  of  Lyons,  au- 
thor of  some  works  of  merit  on  commercial 
and  political  subjects.     He  also  translated 
■^vcral  works   from  the    Itnlten    and  the 
470 


English.     He  died  at  Versailles  1795,  age  d 
60. 

PiNGRE,  Alexander  Guy,  librarian  of  St. 
Genevieve,  was  born  at  Paris,  14th  Sept. 
1711,  His  great  abilities,  and  his  partiality 
for  astronomy  soon  recommended  him,  and 
he  was  sent  by  the  French  government,  in 
1760,  to  the  South  Seas,  to  observe  the  pas- 
sage of  Vsrnus  over  the  sun'b  disc.  He  af- 
terwards went  with  Courtanvaux,  to  Hol- 
land, to  ascertain  the  accuracy  of  the  sea 
time-pieces  of  Le  Roy,  and  then  embarked 
as  historian  on  board  of  the  Isis  and  Flora, 
on  a  voyage  of  discovery.  He  was,  for  his 
services  to  science,  made  marine  astrono- 
mer, and  admitted  member  of  the  academy 
of  sciences,  and  afterwards  of  the  Institute. 
This  venerable  philosopher  died  at  Paris, 
1796,  aged  84.  His  works  are,  State  of 
the  Heavens  from  1755  to  1757  -Memoir 
on  the  Discoveries  in  t'^o  South  Seas,  4to. 
— a  Historical  and  Tt^uretical  Treatise  on 
Comets,  2  vols.  4to. — a  translation  of  Ma- 
nilius's  Astronomy,8vo. — History  ol  Astro- 
nomy in  the  17th  Century — Memoirs  of  the 
Abbe  Arnaud,  &c. 

PiNKNET,  William,  LL.D.  a  learned  and 
eloquent  lawyer,  was  born  at  Annapolis, 
Maryland,  March  17th,  1765.  Having  pre- 
pared himself  for  the  bar  under  the  instruc- 
tion of  judge  Chase,  he  was  admitted  to 
practise  in  1786,  and  immediately  gave  pro- 
mise of  high  distinction.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  convention  of  Maryland,  which 
ratified  the  federal  constitution,  and  in  1 789 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  state  legisla- 
ture. In  this  station  he  continued  until 
1792,  when  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
executive  council,  and  became  its  president. 
In  1795  he  was  again  a  member  of  the  le- 
gislature. In  1796  he  was  appointed,  in 
conjunction  with  Mr.  Gore,  a  commissioner 
under  the  British  treaty.  The  state  of 
Maryland  also  employed  him  to  procure  an 
adjustment  of  its  claims  on  the  Bank  of 
England,  and  he  recovered  for  it  the  sum 
of  800,000  dollai's.  His  agency  detained 
him  in  England  until  1804,  when  he  re- 
turned and  resumed  the  practice  of  law. 
His  experience,  his  talents,  and  his  inti- 
mate acquaintance  with  the  political  affairs 
of  the  period  led  to  his  appointment  in  1806 
as  envoy  extraordinary  to  London,  and  on 
the  return  of  Mr.  Monroe  in  1808  he  was 
clothed  with  the  authority  of  minister  ple- 
nipotentiary. He  returned  to  the  United 
States  in  ISII.  He  was  soon  after  elected 
a  member  of  the  senate  of  Maryland,  but 
resigned  his  seat  after  a  short  time,  and  in 
December  1811,  received  the  appointment 
of  attorney  general  of  the  United  States. 
This  office  he  sustained  with  high  reputa- 
tion until  1814,  when  he  resigned  it.  Du- 
ring the  incursion  of  the  British  into  Mary- 
land, he  commanded  a  battalion  of  rifle- 
men,    and    wo.s     engaged    and    severely 


k-W 


i'tii 


^rounded  in  the  battle  of  Bladciisburj^li  in 
August  1B14.  Soon  iifter  this  event  lit:  was 
elected  a  representative  in  cungreHs,  and 
in  1816,  was  appointed  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  Russia,  anil  envoy  to  Naples,  alter 
his  return  he  was  appointed  in  1811)  one  of 
the  senators  of  Maryland  in  e(*ngress,  and 
continued  in  that  station  till  his  death  al 
Washington,  February  25th,  182"^.  He 
possessed  splendid  talentci,  and  was  one  of 
the  most  aceomplished  orators  and  states- 
men of  his  time.  ICJ^  L. 

PiNON,  James,  a  native  of  Paris,  distin- 
guished at  the  bar  for  his  eloquence,  his  in- 
tegrity, and  extensive  information.  He  was 
also  a  good  Latin  poet,  and  wrote  De  Anno 
Romano,  a  poem,  dedicated  to  Lewis  XI IL 
&c.  His  poetical  pieces  were  published  at 
Paris,  1615,  and  1630,  8vo.     He  died  1641. 

PiNSON,  Richard,  a  native  of  Normandy, 
in  the  service  of  Caxton.  It  is  said,  that 
like  his  master,  he  excelled  as  a  printer,  as 
he  was  honoured  by  the  patronage  of  Hen- 
ry VH.  and  VIH.  He  printed  the  Magna 
Charta,  and  various  books,  which  are  now 
very  scarce,  but  objects  of  great  curiosity. 
He  died  1530. 

PiNTOR,  Peter,  a  native  of  Valencia,  in 
Spain  ;  physician  to  pope  Alexander  VH. 
He  was  an  able  writer,  and  died  at  Rome, 
1503,  aged  83.  His  works,  now  scarce,  are 
Aggregator  Sententiarum  Doctorum  de 
Curat.  Pestilentiae,  fol.  1499— De  Morbo 
Foedo  et  Occulto,  &c.  1540,  4to.  a  work  in 
which  he  asserts  that  the  venereal  disease 
was  known  in  Europe  before  1496. 

PiNTURiccio,  B'.^rnardino,  an  Italian 
painter,  who  was  patronised  by  pope  Inno- 
cent VIII  and  Alexander  VI,  His  histori- 
cal pieces  and  portraits  were  much  admired. 
He  died  1513,  aged  59. 

Piper,  Francis  le,  an  English  painter, 
descended  from  a  VValloon  family,  settled 
in  Kent.  He  was  early  fond  of  designing, 
and  took  particular  delight  in  drawing  ugly 
faces.  He  was  so  happy  in  delineating  the 
features,  that  he  could  draw  from  memory, 
90  that  he  was  said  to  steal  a  face,  and 
every  person  either  deformed  or  averse  to 
be  exhibited  on  canvass,  was  afraid  in  his 
company,  of  having  his  imperfections  made 
the  subject  of  his  pencil.  His  fortune  was 
independent,  therefore  he  never  took  any 
thing  for  what  he  drew  ;  so  that  by  fre- 
quenting the  Mitre  tavern,  in  Stock's  mar- 
ket, he  contributed  to  the  celebrity  of  the 
house,  by  his  humour  and  vivacity,  and  to 
its  ornament  by  giving  it  many  of  his  pieces. 
In  the  last  part  of  his  life  he  brought  on  a 
fever  upon  himself  by  free  living,  and  upon 
being  bled,  the  surgeon  unfortunately 
pricked  an  arterj-,  which  accident  proved 
mortal  1740. 

Piper,  Count,  counsellor  of  state  and 
first  minister  to  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden, 
was  t^ken  prisoner  by  the  Rn^sians,  at  tlm 


fatal  l)attlr  of  Pultowu,  and  conrf yed  to  fr- 
tersbui-.  IIh  eapiivuj  wiii  n  n.lcrcU 
more  dreadful,  as  the  Czar  Feicr  suspected 
hiui  to  be  the  euuv  of  the  war  whieh 
Charles  had  uiulcrlaken  again«i  Uuvma. 
lie  died  in  the  forlre-ju  ol  Schlun-  Uiurg 
1716,  aged  70,  and  hi-  remain;,  were  deli- 
vered to  the  ."-(vvediih  Miunar(!h,  wU,,  by  a 
mai^iuiieeiit  luncra.  atoned  lor  the  hard- 
hhijis  wliii  h  his  iiiini'ltr  had  i  ndur<  d. 

PlRANESi,  John  Baptist,  an  eminent  ar- 
chitect and  engraver,  born  at  \  enice.  He 
settled  at  Rome,  where  he  acquired  great 
celebrity.  His  style  of  etching  was  so  free 
tltat  he  generally  drew  all  at  uiiee  upon  the 
plate  without  a  previous  sketch,  so  that  his 
plates  were  very  numerous  and  equally  well 
finished.  His  engravings  have  been  col- 
lected in  several  vols,  folio,  containing  a 
very  gr<at  number  of  most  interesting  and 
valuable  plates.  He  was  intimate  with 
some  of  the  English  artists,  especially 
Mylne,  the  architect  ol  Blackfriar's  bridge, 
and  promised  to  dedicate  one  of  his  works 
to  lord  Cliarleinont,  but  erased,  in  conse- 
quence of  a  quarrel,  the  name  of  his  patron 
from  his  plates.  He  died  about  1778.  His 
daughter  Laura,  was  also  famous  as  an  en- 
graver after  the  manner  of  her  father,  and 
died  1785.  One  of  his  sons  was  employed 
in  a  diplomatic  line. 

PiROMALLi,  Paul,  a  Dominican  of  Ca- 
labria, sent  as  missionary  into  the  East. 
During  his  residence  in  Armenia  he  con- 
verted to  the  catholic  faith  several  Eutyche- 
ans  and  other  heretics,  and  aAer  visiting 
Persia  and  Georgia,  he  returned  to  Europe 
to  represent  Urban  VIII.  as  his  nuncio  in 
Poland.  On  his  return  to  Italy  he  was 
seized  by  pirates  and  carried  to  Tunis,  and 
when  set  at  liberty  he  was  received  by  the 
pope  with  every  mark  of  kindness  and  es- 
teem. After  revising  an  Armenian  Bible, 
he  was  again  sent  into  the  East,  and  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  Nassivan.  After  a  re- 
sidence of  nine  years  there  he  returned  to 
Italy,  and  died  three  years  after,  at  Basig- 
nano,  1667.  He  was  a  zealous  and  most 
learned  ecclesiastic.  He  was  author  of 
Controversial  and  Theological  Tracts — 
two  Dictionaries,  the  one  Latin-Persian, 
and  the  other  Armenian-Latin— an  Ar- 
menian Grammar — and  a  Directory. 

PiRON,  Alexis,  author  of  Mrtromanie,  a 
comedy,  and  of  other  works,  plays,  poems, 
tale>,  &c.  collected  in  7  vols.  8vo.  was  bom 
at  Dijon,  1679.  His  vivacity,  and  the  wit 
and  agreeable  manner  of  his  convcr^ation, 
rendered  him  the  friend  and  favourite  of  the 
"■reat  at  Paris.  He  died  1778.  His  come- 
dies are  said  to  be  far  superior  to  his  trage- 
dies, and  the  best  of  his  works. 

PisAN, Thomas,  an  astrologer  of  Bologna. 
He  went  to  Venice  at  the  solicitation  of 
Forli,  counsellor  of  the  republic,  whose 
(laughter  he  married,  tuid  afterwards  whefl 

47V 


PIS 


PIT 


invited  by  Charles  V.  of  France,  he  settled 
in  Paris,  and  died  there  1380,  the  very  day 
it  is  said  which  he  had  foretold. 

Pisan,  Christina  de,  daughter  of  the 
above,  was  born  at  Venice  13o3,  and  went 
with  her  father  to  Paris,  where  at  the  age 
of  15  her  beauty  and  wit  procured  an  ex- 
cellent husband,  whom  she  lost  ten  years 
after.  Sue  was  patronised  and  pensioned 
by  Charles  V.  whose  history  she  wrote. 
She  died  about  .420.  She  iv  rote  besides, 
a  hundred  stories  of  Troy  in  rhyme — a 
collection  of  poems — Treasure  of  the  City 
of  Ladies. 

PiSANi,  Victor,  a  Venetian  general  who 
distinguished  himself  against  the  Genoese 
and  the  Dalmatians.  An  unfortunate  ex- 
pedition turned  his  popularity  into  public 
odium,  but  the  sentence  of  death  was 
changed  into  imprisonment  for  five  years. 
At  the  expiration  of  his  confinement  the 
sailors  of  Venice  loudly  demanded  him  to 
conduct  them  against  the  Genoese,  who 
threatened  their  country  with  a  dreadful 
war,  and  he  was  received  with  acclama- 
tions, and  led  his  countrymen  to  victory. 
He  died  in  the  midst  of  his  successes, 
1380. 

PiscATOR,  John  Fischer,  professor  of 
theology  at  Strasburg,  was  obliged  to  fly  to 
Herborn,  on  embracing  the  tenets  of  the 
Cahinists.  He  was  author  of  valuable 
Commentaries  on  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments— Arnica  Collatio  de  Religione  cum 
C.  \  orsitio,  4to.  and  died  1546. 

PisiSTRATUs,  an  Athenian  general,  who 
by  artifice  seized  upon  the  sovereign  power 
of  his  country.  Though  absolute,  he  paid 
respect  to  the  laws  and  privileges  of  his  fel- 
low-citizens, and  he  died  B.  C.  528,  in  pos- 
session of  the  supreme  power,  which  was 
inherited  by  bis  sons,  but  soon  after  lost. 

Piso,  Cneius,  a  Roman  consul,  accused 
of  poisoning  Germanicus  in  Syria,  upon 
which  he  destroyed  himself,  A.  D.  20.  A 
senator  of  that  family  assumed  the  impe- 
rial purple  on  Valerian's  death,  but  was  de- 
feated by  Valens,  and  put  to  death  261. 

PissELEU,  Anne  de,  a  woman  of  great 
beauty,  born  in  Picardy.  She  was  one  of 
the  maids  of  honour  to  Louisa  the  mother 
of  Francis  L  and  she  captivated  the  heart 
of  the  young  prince.  More  freely  to  en- 
.ioy  her  company,  he  married  her  to  John 
de  Brosses,  who  in  thus  assenting  to  a  dis- 
graceful union,  recovered  some  lands 
which  his  family  had  lost,  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  duke  of  Etampes,  that  his  guilty 
wife  might  shine  with  greater  splendour  in 
a  corrupt  court.  Though  the  new  dutchess 
had  a  polished  mind,  and  deserved  to  be 
called  the  fairest  of  the  learned,  and  the 
most  learned  of  the  fair,  yet  she  used  her 
powerful  influence  to  crush  her  enemies  ; 
and  to  enrich  herself  she  hesitated  not  to 
betray  the  secrets  of  the  state  to  the  emis- 
47« 


saries  of  Charles  V.  After  the  death  of 
Francis  she  retired  to  one  of  her  estates  in 
the  country,  by  order  of  the  next  king, 
Henry  li.  and  there  she  died  neglected  and 
despised  1576.  In  the  last  years  of  her  life 
she  became  a  convert  to  the  principles  of 
the  protestants. 

PiSTORius,  John,  a  native  of  Nidda,  wh© 
studiea  medicine  and  afterwards  the  law, 
and  became  counsellor  to  the  margrave  of 
Baden  Uourlach.  Some  time  after  he  again 
changed  his  profession,  and  abandoning  the 
protestant  tenets  embraced  the  catholic 
laith,  and  became  a  doctor  of  divinity, 
counsellor  to  the  emperor,  and  provost  of 
the  cathedral  of  Breslaw,  and  prelate  to 
the  abbot  of  Fulda.  He  was  author  of 
treatises  against  the  Lutherans — Artis  Ca- 
balisticse  Scriptores,  a  curious  collection— 
Scriptores  Rerum  Polonicarum — Scriptores 
de  Rebus  Germanicis,  3  vols.  fol.  a  valuable 
collection,  &c.     He  died  1603,  aged  52. 

PiTAU,  Nicolas,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
eminent  as  a  painter  and  engraver.  His 
portraits,  especially  that  of  St.  Francis  de 
Sales,  and  his  engraving  of  the  Holy  family 
after  Raphael,  were  deservedly  admired. 
He  died  1671,  aged  38. 

PiTCAiRNE,  Archibald,  an  able  physician, 
of  an  ancient  family,  born  at  Edinburgh, 
25th  Dec.  1652.  From  Dalkeith  school  he 
was  removed  to  Edinburgh,  and  applied 
himself  to  divinity,  and  afterwards  to  civil 
law  ;  but  at  last  adopted  physic  and  mathe- 
matics as  his  favourite  profession.  He 
studied  for  some  time  at  Paris,  and  on  his 
return  to  Scotland,  excited  the  public  atten- 
tion by  a  small  publication  in  which  he  dis- 
puted the  right  of  Harvey  to  the  discovery 
of  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  which  he 
asserted  was  fully  known  to  Hippocrates. 
In  1692,  he  was  invited  to  Leyden  where 
he  accepted  a  chair  as  professor  of  medi- 
cine ;  but  the  next  year  he  returned  to 
Scotland  and  married.  He  acquired  here 
greater  reputation  by  his  pen  than  by  his 
profession.  His  Dissertationes  Medicse, 
appeared  1701,  and  were  again  edited  1713. 
He  wrote  besides  some  obscure  Latin  sati- 
rical poems,  chiefly  levelled  against  the 
friends  of  the  revolution,  which  he  by  no 
means  approved.  He  died  1713.  His  Ley- 
den lectures  were  published  after  his  death. 
His  only  daughter  married  the  earl  of 
Kelly. 

PiTHOU,  Peter,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Troyes  1539.  He  studied  at  Paris 
under  Turnebus,  and  at  Bourges  under  Cu- 
jacius,  and  soon  became  distinguished  at 
the  bar  as  a  learned  and  eloquent  civilian. 
He  escaped  with  difficulty  the  slaughter  of 
St.  Bartholomew,  and  as  if  the  catastrophe 
influenced  his  opinions  he  immediately  em- 
braced the  Romish  faith.  He  visited  Eng- 
land in  the  retinue  of  the  duke  of  Mont- 
iTipreBcy,  and  ?g  great  was  his  charpcter 


PIT 


PIT 


ioT  learning  and  integrity  that  Ferdinand, 
duke  of  Tuscany,  referred  some  intricate 
points  to  bis  impartial  decision,  and  the 
third  and  fourth  ilenries  employed  his  uhi- 
lities,  not  only  to  oppose  the  league,  but  to 
support  the  (jaliican  cliurch  :igainst  the 
Usurpations  of  the  Roman  ponliti.  Filhou 
died  on  his  birthday  1596.  Ho  published 
some  valuable  works  on  law,  history,  und 
classical  literature,  and  to  his  indefatigable 
industry  we  are  indebted  for  the  discovery 
of  Fha'drus,  of  the  Novella  of  Justinian, 
and  other  ancient  books  buried  in  obscuri- 
ty. The  best  known  of  his  works  are 
treatise  on  the  Liberties  of  the  Gallican 
Church,  4  vols.  fol. — Comnu  ntary  on  the 
Customs  of  Troyes,  4to. — notes  on  authors, 
&c. 

PiTHOU,  Francis,  brother  of  Peter,  was 
born  at  Troyes  1544,  and  became  procureur 
general  of  the  chamber  of  justice  under 
Henry  IV.  against  the  financiers,  and  after- 
wards was  admitted  into  the  kitip;'s  council. 
He  discovered  the  fables  of  Pha'drus, 
which  he  published  conjointly  with  his  bro- 
ther. He  was  a  learned  and  amiable  man, 
and  published  of  his  own  a  comparison  of 
the  laws  of  the  Romans  with  those  of  Mo- 
ses, r2mo.  ;  an  edition  of  the  Salique  Law 
with  notes ;  treatise  on  the  Greatness  and 
the  Rights  of  the  French  Monarch} ,  8vo.  ; 
an  edition  of  Comes  Theolo<rus  ;  Observa- 
tiones  ad  Codicem,  fol.  ;  Antiqui  Rhetores 
Latini,  Rutilius  Lupus,  Aquila  Romanus, 
&c.  He  died  universally  respected  7th 
Feb.  1621. 

PiTiscus,  Samuel,  a  learned  man,  born 
at  Zutphen  1637.  He  studied  at  Deventer 
and  Groningen,  and  was  elected  master  of 
the  school  at  Zutphen,  and  afterwards  ob- 
tained the  direction  of  the  college  of  Je- 
rome at  Utrecht,  where  he  died  1717.  He 
was  author  of  several  learned  works,  Lexi- 
con Latino-Belgicum,  4to. ;  Lexicon  Anti- 
quitatum  Romanorum,  fol.  ;  besides  an 
edition  of  Rufmus's  Rom.  Antiquities  ;  and 
editions  of  Suetonius,  Q.  Curtius,  Aurclius 
Victor,  &c. 

PiTiscus,  Bartholomew,  the  learned  au- 
thor of  Thesaurus  Mathematicus,  fol.  and 
of  a  treatise  on  Trigonometry,  died  1613. 

Pitkin,  William,  was  appointed  a  judge 
of  the  superior  court  of  Connecticut  in 
1711,  and  in  1713  chief  justice.  He  was 
twenty-six  years  a  magistrate,  and  died  at 
Hartford,  April  5th,  1723,  aged  50. 

ICJ^-L. 

Pitkin,  William,  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut, was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was 
elected  governor  in  1766.  He  was  appoint- 
ed a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  in  1741, 
and  chief  justice  in  1 754.  In  this  office  he 
succeeded  Mr.  Fitch,  and  continued  until 
chosen  governor.  In  1754  he  was  one  of 
the  delegates  to  the  convention  at  Albany, 
and  a  member  of  the  committee  appointed 


to  draw  up  the  plan  of  union  which  wan 
adopted  on  thiil  occaaion.  Ht  died  at 
East-llarlford,  October   Isl,    17by. 

K  r    L. 
PiTOT,  H.  nry,  a  French  malh.niaiirian, 
who  was  born  at  Araiuom  in  the  dion-ssef 
Uses,  2Uth  May,  IGliJ),  and  died  ihtrt  27th 
Dec.  1771.      He  was  »elf-tau^ht   in  laatbe- 
matical  knowledg*-,  but  so  re»p«  «iabi«   ibat 
he  gained  the  friendship  of  th«-  ^real   K«-uu- 
mur,   and  in  1724,  was  aduiitted  iniu  ihe 
academy    of  sciences.     He    was   in    1740, 
appointed    by    the   stales   of    Laiiiiui  doc, 
their   chief  engineer,   and    he   embellished 
the  province   with  various  monuments  of 
his  gi  iiius  and  abilities.      He  also  coineyed 
water  to    Montpellier   from  a  distance   of 
nine  miles,  by  canals  which  must  ever  ex- 
cite the  admiration  of  travellers.     He  was, 
in  1754,    honoured   with    the   order  of  St. 
Michael,  and  he  had  been  long  before  elect- 
ed memt)er  of  the    Royal  Society  of  Lon- 
don,  in  consequence  of  his  treatise  on  the 
Theory    of    the    Management  of   \  essels, 
1731,   which   was   translated    into  English 
and    much   applauded.       He   enricln-d   the 
memoirs   of    the   French   academics  with 
valuable  communications. 

Pits  or  Pitseus,  John,  an  English  bio- 
grapher, born  at  Alton,  Hants,  1560,  and 
educated  at  W  inchtster  school,  and  New 
college,  Oxford.  After  two  years  residence 
at  Oxford  he  went  to  Douay,  and  thence  to 
Rbeims,  and  next  to  Rome,  wliere  he  stu- 
died seven  years  and  became  a  priest.  The 
civil  wars  of  France  drove  him  from  the 
country  to  Lorraine,  and  afterwards  to 
Germany.  By  the  patronage  of  cardinal 
Lorraine  he  obtained  a  canonry  at  Verdun, 
and  afterwards  was  confessor  to  the  dutch- 
ess  of  Cleves  for  12  years.  He  next  was 
promoted  to  the  deanery  of  ^'erdun,  where 
he  died  1616.  He  wrote  a  useful  work 
collected  from  English  history,  containing 
the  lives  of  the  kings,  bishops,  apostolical 
men,  and  writers  of  England,  in  four  large 
volumes  ;  but  of  these  only  part  wa>  pub- 
lished under  the  title  of  "  de  Illustribus 
Angliae  Scriptoribus,"  and  some  other 
works. 

Pitt,  Christopher,  an  English  poet,  born 
at  Blandford  1699,  and  educated  at  Win- 
chester school,  where  he  distinguished  him- 
self so  much,  that  when  chosen  to  college 
he  presented  to  his  electors  a  poetical  trans- 
lation of  Lucan's  Pharsalia,  which  unfor- 
tunately is  not  now  extant.  In  1722  he 
obtained  from  his  relation  Mr.  Pitt  of 
Stratfieldsea,  the  living  of  Pimpern,  Dor- 
setshire, and  after  taking  his  master's  de- 
gree in  1724,  he  went  to  reside  in  his  na- 
tive county.  He  closed  a  life  of  benevo- 
lence and  virtue  174S,  and  was  buried  at 
Blandford,  where  a  stone  records  the  can- 
dour and  simplicity  of  his  manners,  and 
assert?  that  he  lived  innocent  and  died  b^- 

470 


prr 


Pill 


loved.  He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  author 
of  an  eloquent  translation  ol  the  JEutid, 
wUich  rivals  Drydeii's,  but  ol  wuich  it  ma) 
be  said,  that  while  Pitt  pleases  the  critic, 
Dryueii  chaims  the  people,  and  that  I'ltt  is 
quoted  while  Urjden  is  read  ;  each  indeed 
possesses  peculiar  beauties,  but  li  Dryden 
is  admired  lor  bis  vig.ui,  i'lit  is  entitled  to 
the  highest  coinmeiiuation  lor  tUe  excel- 
lence ol  uis  lints,  and  tue  correctness  ol 
bis  versihcatiOi..  iie  ai^o  tiansiated  V  Ida's 
Art  ol  Foetry,  anu  wrote  besides  some 
poems  pubiisUeu  in  an  o^o.  vol. 

1*1X7,  UiUiam,  earl  ol  Chatham,  an  illus- 
trious   statesman,    born    l.th   JSov.    1706. 
His  lather  uas  Robert  i'ltt  ol   Buconnock 
in  Cornuall,  esq.  and  his  grandfather  Tho- 
mas, was  the  governor  ol  Madras,  who  ac- 
quired some  property   in   the   Jiast   Indies, 
and    purcUased   lor    20,400/.    a  celebrated 
diamond,   weighing  127  carats,   which  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Regent,   because   sold 
by  him  to  the  duke  of  Orleans  the  regent  of 
France  for  135,000/.     The   }0ung   states- 
man was  educated  at  Eton,  and  in  1726,  he 
entered  at  Trinity  college,   Oxford,  which 
he  left  for   the  military  profession,  and  the 
rank  of  cornet.     A  ditierent  held  of  action, 
however,  was  destined  for  the  exhibition  of 
his  powers,  and   in    1735,  he  was  elected 
into  parliament  for   Old  Sarum,  and  soon 
began  to  distinguish  himself  as  an  eloquent 
and    well-informed   speaker.     He   enlisted 
eariy  in  tlie   ranks   of  opposition  against 
Walpole,  and  in  his  speeches   against  the 
Spanish  convention,  and  against  the  bill  for 
registering  seamen,   displayed  such  acute- 
ness,  vehemence,  and  deptii  ol  argumenta- 
tion as  astonished  the   house,  and  marked 
him  as  worthy  of  the  highest  offices  of  the 
state.     The  dutchess  of  Marlborough  also, 
the  inveterate  enemy  ol  Walpole,  applaud- 
ed the  patriotism  of  the  young  orator,  and 
in  her  will  left  him  an  honourable  legacy  of 
10,000/.  for  defending,  as  she  said,  the  laws 
of  his  country,  and  preventing  its  ruin.  In 
1746  his  abilities  w'ire  solicited  to   support 
the  administration  which  had  succeeded  to 
Walpole,  and   he  became  joint  vice-trea- 
surer of  Ireland,  and  soon  after  treasurer, 
and  pay-master   of  the   army,    and   privy 
counsellor.      In   1755,    he   re.-,igned;    but 
though  the  next  year  he  received  the  seals 
of  secretary  of  state  for  the  Southern  de- 
partment, his  continuance  in  office  wa>  of 
short  duration,  the  public  voice  of  applause, 
however,  accompanied  him  in  his  retire- 
ment, and  had  such   effiict  on  the  govern- 
mf;!it,  that  in  June,  1757,  he  was  reinstated 
in  his  office  of  secretary.     The  restoration 
of  this   favourite  of  the   people  to  power, 
Avas  the   beginning  of  a  new  era  of  splen- 
did   conquests,    and    of    national    glory. 
The     arms     of    England     proved     every 
where  successful  in  consequence  of  the  ju- 
dicious plans  of  the  new  minister  :  Quebee 


was  conquered,  the  French  were  defeated 
in  Africa,  and  in  the  East,  and  the  shores 
of  Europe  too  witnessed  the  bravery  and 
the  victories  of  the  British  by  sea  and  land. 
The  death  of  George  II.  in  the  midst  of 
these  brilliant  achievements,  and  the  acces- 
sion of  deorge  III.  was  soon  followed  by 
the  resignation  of  the  popular  minister,  who 
refused  to  co-operate  with  an  administra- 
tion, which  by  the  influence  of  lord  Bute, 
as  it  is  supposed,  thwarted  his  vigorous 
measures.  His  retirement  was  accompa- 
nied not  only  by  the  regrets  of  the  nation, 
but  by  the  honourable  grant  of  a  peerage 
to  his  lady,  and  a  pension  of  3000/.  The 
peace  ol  1763  was  censured  by  this  saga- 
cious patriot,  who  declared  that  England, 
from  the  extent  of  her  victories,  was  en- 
titled to  more  solid  advantages  ;  yet  whilst 
he  blamed  the  minister,  he  did  not  continue 
a  petulant  and  capricious  opposition,  but 
remained  silent  till  the  question  of  general 
warrants  in  1764  called  forth  all  his  elo- 
quence, and  the  keenness  of  his  satire 
against  the  illegality  and  oppression  of 
those  unpopular  engines  of  arbitrary  power. 
In  1766  he  was  prevailed  upon  to  accept 
the  privy  seal  in  the  administration,  and 
with  it  an  earldom  ;  but  he  resigned  the 
office  Nov.  1768,  and  ever  after  refused  to 
be  connected  with  the  government.  His 
health  indeed  declined,  and  a  hereditary 
gout  helped  to  undermine  his  constitution, 
without,  however,  diminishing  the  ener- 
getic powers  of  his  mind.  When  the  sub- 
ject 01  the  American  war  engaged  the  at- 
tention of  the  public,  lord  Chatham  burst 
forth  from  his  retirement,  and,  in  his  place 
in  the  house  of  lords,  vindicated  the  honours 
of  his  country,  and  deprecated  severe  mea- 
sures against  the  discontented  colonists. 
On  one  of  these  occasions,  after  the  duke 
of  Richmond  had  replied  to  his  powerful 
and  convincing  arguments  in  favour  of 
conciliation,  the  venerable  peer  rose  up  to 
answer  the  speech  of  his  opponent,  but  his 
debilitated  constitution  sunk  under  the  at- 
tempt, and  he  fell  in  a  fit  into  the  arras  of 
those  who  were  near  him.  This  extraor- 
dinary event,  which  exhibited  a  favourite 
statesman  breathing  his  last,  while  he 
uttered  the  most  animated  sentiments  for 
the  honour,  the  glory,  and  the  independ- 
ence of  his  country,  happened  8th  April, 
1778,  and  he  died  on  the  ensuing  11th 
May.  All  ranks  and  all  parties  now  united 
to  pay  due  respect  to  the  memory  of  the  de- 
parted patriot ;  the  unpopularity  which  for 
a  while  had  obscured  his  career,  because 
he  had  accepted  a  pension  and  a  peerage, 
had  now  disappeared  in  his  unshaken  cha- 
racter of  the  statesman,  and  the  sagacious 
defender  of  the  liberties  of  his  country.  A 
public  funeral  and  a  monument  in  West- 
minster-abbey, at  the  expense  of  the  na- 
tion,  were  immediately  voted  by  parl.ia- 


1- 


PIT 


PIT 


incut,  as  a  testimony,  as  the  inscri].i;.)ii  re- 
cords, to  the  virtues  and  abilities  of  a  man, 
during  whose  administration  divine  provi- 
dence had  exalted  Great  Britain  to  a  height 
of  prosperity  and  glory  unknown  to  any 
former  age.  As  a  statesman,  says  one  of 
liis  biographers,  lord  Chatham  was  born 
with  all  the  graces  of  the  orator,  and  pos- 
sessed every  requisite  to  bespeak  respect, 
and  even  awe.  A  manly  figure  and  pene- 
trating look  fixed  attention  and  command- 
ed reverence,  and  the  keen  lightning  of  his 
eye  spoke  the  high  spirit  of  his  soul,  even 
before  the  lips  had  begun  utterance.  The 
roost  fluent  and  ready  orators  have  shrunk 
back  appalled  from  his  all-powerful  elo- 
quence. He  had  not,  indeed,  the  correct- 
ness of  language  so  striking  in  the  great 
Roman  orator,  but  he  had  the  verba  ar- 
dentia,  the  bold  glowing  words,  which 
darted  with  such  irresistible  efficacy,  that 
Walpole,  surrounded  with  power  and  the 
unshaken  support  of  a  decided  majority, 
never  heard  his  voice  in  the  house  of  com- 
mons without  being  alarmed  and  thunder- 
struck. Lord  Chatham  had  by  his  wife, 
daughter  of  Richard  Grenville,  five  chil- 
dren, John,  the  inheritor  of  his  titles,  Wil- 
liam, the  subject  of  the  next  article,  Charles, 
who  died  young,  Hester,  who  married  lord 
Stanhope,  and  is  since  dead,  and  Harriot, 
who  married  Mr.  Elliot,  and  is  also  dead. 
His  lady  died  in  1803,  at  Burton  Pynsent, 
in  Somersetshire,  an  estate  which  was  left 
to  him  in  1766,  in  consequence  of  the  ex- 
ertion of  his  great  talents  in  the  service  of 
his  country,  by  sir  William  Pynsent,  who 
in  thus  showing  his  admiration  for  the  cha- 
racter of  the  great  statesman,  disinherited 
liis  own  relations.  Some  letters  from  lord 
Chatham  to  his  relation,  the  first  lord  Ca- 
melford,  when  resident  at  Cambridge,  were 
published  in  1804,  by  lord  Grenville.  The 
life  of  lord  Chatham  has  been  published  in 
3  vols.  Svo. 

Pitt,  William,  a  celebrated  statesman, 
second  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
Hayes,  28th  May,  1759.  From  his  earliest 
years  he  was  instructed  by  his  father,  who 
foresaw  the  future  greatness  of  his  son,  and 
taught  him  to  argue  with  logical  precision, 
and  to  speak  with  elegance,  correctness, 
and  force.  He  was  afterwards  under  the 
tuition  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  W^ilson,  and  at  the 
proper  age  he  was  admitted  member  of  Pem- 
broke-hall, Cambridge,  where  he  had  for 
his  tutors  Dr.  Turner,  since  dean  of  Nor- 
wich, and  Dr.  Prettyman,  bishop  of  Lincoln. 
Under  the  guidance  of  these  able  men,  he 
rapidly  matured  his  knowledge  of  classical 
literature,  and  of  mathematics,  and  he  left 
the  university  with  the  degree  of  M.A.  and 
a  high  character  for  application,  for  abilities, 
and  for  correctness  and  propriety  of  de- 
portment. He  next  entered  as  student  at 
Lincoln's-Inn,  and  was  called  to  the  bar, 

Vot,  II.  61 


and  aflcru aids  wf lit  once  oi  i.virc  on  llir 
western  circuit,  whore  he  was  occa-sionally 
employed  as  junior  counsel.  A  higher 
situation,  however,  aw.iiled  him.  At  the 
general  eleclion  he  was  proposed  as  mem- 
ber for  Cambridge  university,  but  few  se- 
conded his  pretensions,  and  the  next  year 
he  obtained  a  seat  for  Appleljy,  on  the  in- 
terest of  sir  J.  Lowther.  In  the  house  he 
enlisted  on  the  side  of  opposition  against 
lord  North  and  the  American  war ;  and  his 
first  speech,  in  support  of  Mr.  Burke's  bill, 
displayed  that  commanding  eloquence 
which  many  of  the  members  had  before  so 
warmly  applauded  in  his  illustrious  father. 
The  first  motion  which  he  oflered  to  parlia- 
ment was  for  the  more  equal  representa- 
tion of  the  people  in  parliament ;  and 
though  it  was  lost  by  a  small  majority,  it 
rendered  him  a  popular  and  a  leading  mem- 
ber in  the  Commons.  On  the  death  of  lord 
Rockingham,  he  accepted,  at  the  age  of  22, 
the  office  of  chancellor  of  the  exchequer  j 
and  under  the  administration  of  which  he 
formed  a  part,  the  American  war  was  con- 
cluded. Though  he  ably  defended  the  con- 
duct of  his  colleagues,  the  terms  of  the 
peace  were  regarded  by  the  majority  of  the 
nation  as  unpopular,  and  the  ministry  was 
dissolved.  Restored  to  privacy,  Mr.  Pitt 
passed  some  months  on  the  continent ; 
and  after  visiting  Italy,  and  several  of  tho 
German  courts,  he  returned  to  England, 
and  on  the  dismissal  of  the  coalition  ad- 
ministration of  Mr.  Fox  and  lord  North, 
he  was  selected  for  the  arduous  office  of 
first  lord  of  the  treasury,  and  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer,  l8th  December,  1783. 
Thus  seated  at  the  head  of  affairs,  he  bent 
the  great  powers  of  his  mind  to  the  framing 
of  a  bill  for  the  regulation  of  India  affairs, 
which  might  be  more  palatable  to  the  na- 
tion, and  less  objectionable  than  that  of 
Mr.  Fox.  His  attempts,  however,  were  at 
first  unavailing,  as  his  predecessors,  though 
dismissed  from  office,  still  retained  their 
influence  in  the  Commons ;  and  in  con- 
sequence of  this  struggle  between  the 
house  and  the  king's  prerogative,  an  ap- 
peal was  made  to  the  sense  of  the  nation 
in  a  new  parliament.  The  people  warmly 
seconded  the  measures  of  the  youthful  pre- 
mier, and  the  new  parliament  not  only  ap- 
proved of  his  India  bill,  but  adopted  his 
financial  system  for  the  reduction  of  the 
national  debt  by  a  sinking  fund,  and  ce- 
mented the  commercial  treaty  which,  un- 
der his  auspices,  had  been  concluded  with 
France,  on  a  basis  advantageous  to  the  in- 
terests and  the  prosperity  of  England.  Du- 
ring the  unfortunate  illness  with  which 
the  king  was  afflicted  in  1783,  Mr.  Pitt 
was  supported  by  the  unanimous  concur- 
rence of  the  nation  in  boldly  resisting 
the  right  of  the  prince  of  Wales  ^o  assume 
the  reigns  of  Qrovornment,  which  Mr,  Fox, 

481 


I'lT 


PIT 


^Yilh    more    -ivnrmth    than    constitutional 
knowledge,  had  hastily  asserted.    Hitherto 
popular,  and  successful  as  a  peace  minister, 
Mr.  Pitt  had  now  to  contend  with  a  new 
and  formidahle  hydra  in  the  French  revo- 
lution.    The  murder  of  the  French  king, 
and  the  ambitio3|i«  views  of  the   rulers  of 
France,  were  jfroductive  of  disputes  with 
England,  and  war  was  declared  in  1793. 
During  the  continuance  of  hostilities  for 
right  years,  in  situations  where  all  prece- 
dents were  unavailing,  and  all  the  political 
principles  of  former  times  disregarded,  the 
premier  conducted  the  affairs  of  the  nation 
with  that  vigour  and  manly  energy  which 
future  historians  will  celebrate  to  his  ho- 
nour and  glory.    Amidst  the  political  cares 
of  the  continent,   his  mighty  mind  planned 
in   ISOO   the    union   with  Ireland,   which 
though  at  first  opposed  upon  national  and 
constitutional  grounds,  was  completed  un- 
«lcr   his   auspices,    and    promises    to    add 
jttrength,  solidity,  and  effect  to  the  power 
nnd  prosperity  of  the  sister   islands.     He 
soon  after  retired  from  the  head  of  affairs, 
in   consequence  of  disputes   with  respect 
to   the   catholic   emancipation  ;   but  more 
probably  to  make  room  for  an  administra- 
tion, which  might,  with  more  propriety,  and 
greater  probability  of  success,  negotiate  a 
peace  with  France.     The  insidious  peace 
of  Amiens,  effected  under  the  administra- 
tion of  Mr.  Addington,  met  with  the  appro- 
hation  of  Mr.  Pitt,  as  the  most  advantageous 
ivbich  the  situation  of  the  continent,  and 
the  gigantic  power  of  France  could  allow, 
and  in  1804  he  was  again  replaced  at  the 
htad  of  affairs.     Difficulties,  however,  sur- 
vounded  him  on  all  sides  ;  many  of  his  old 
colleagues'had  joined  the  ranks  of  opposi- 
tion, and  not  a  few  condemned  the  method 
\}y  which  he  had  regained  his  ascendency 
in  the  king's  councils,  and  it  may  be  assert- 
ed  that   all   the   complicated  machine   of 
government  was  to  be  directed,  in  all  its 
minute  parts,  by  him  alone.     Unappalled 
by  the  dangers  which  threatened  his  coun- 
try,  and  actively  awake  to  resist  all  the 
attacks    of   parliamentary    opposition,  he 
formed    that    powerful    confederacy  with 
Russia  and  Austria,  which,  had  it  been  bet- 
ter conducted  by  the  generals  of  the  bel- 
ligerent powers,  might  have  checked,  if  not 
totally   crushed,  the   colossal   influence  of 
France.     In  the  mean  time,  while  public 
affairs  assumed  the  most  threatening  aspect, 
a  hereditary  gout  weakened  the  delicate 
constitution  of  the  minister,  and  the  seeds 
of  the  illness  under  which  he  laboured,  in 
1802,  and  which  had  never  been  completely 
eradicated,    produced   the   most  alarming 
debility  in  the  nervous  system.     Excessive 
anxiety,    application  to  business,  and  be- 
sides, a  constant  privation  of  rest,   thus 
contributed  to  the  general  breaking  up  of 
his  constitution,  and  the  intelligpnoe  of  the 
482 


fatal  disasters  at  Austerlitz,  and  the  failure 
of  his  favourite  plan  for  the  deliverance  of 
Europe   from   French    tyranny,    hastened 
his  end.     He  expired  at  his  house  at  Put- 
ney, Surrey,  on  the  23d  Jan.  1806,  and  the 
last  words  w  hich  quivered  on  the  dying  lips 
of  this   most  extraordinary  and  patriotic 
man  lyere.  Oh,  my  country  !     By  a  vote  of 
the  commons,  in  which  it  is  painful  to  ob- 
serve the  names  of  several  of  his  former 
friends  among  the  89  who  opposed  the  man- 
ly and  dignified  motion  of  Mr.  Lascelles, 
his  remains  were  buried  in  Westminster 
abbey,  by  the  side  of  his  father,  at  the  pub- 
lic expense,   and  with  becoming  funeral 
pomp ;    and  the   heart   of  every  lover  of 
virtue  and  patriotism  must  assent  to  the 
truth  of  the  emphatical  words  which  the 
herald  pronounced   after    the   corpse  had 
descended  to  the  tomb  :  non  sibi  sed  patriae 
vixit.     By  the  same  vote  of  the  commons, 
the  debts  of  the   departed   premier  were 
discharged  by  the  public,  and  it  is  not  a 
small  proof  of  his  great  disinterestedness 
and  undeviating  integrity,  that,  during  a 
long  administration  of  above  20  years,  he 
not  only  did  not  accumulate  riches,  but 
died  insolvent.     To  appreciate  the  charac- 
ter of  so  mighty  a  mind  is  no  easy  task. 
His  histoi*y  is  the  history  of  civilized  na- 
tions ;  as  his  counsels  directed   or  influ- 
enced every  measure  which   was   carried 
into  execution  in  every  corner  of  the  habi- 
table globe.     To  him  particidarly  belonged 
constancy  and  steadiness  of  purpose  and 
principle,  a  pride   of  superiority,  arising 
from  the  consciousness  of  great  talents  and 
firm   integrity ;    and   when,   therefore,  he 
had  fixed  upon  an  end,  he  maintained  his 
opinion   against  all  obstacles.     This  firm 
adherence  to  principles  which  eventually 
might  be  erroneous,  was  indeed  a  foible ; 
but  it  was  the  foible  of  a  great  genius  and 
of  a  lofty  mind.     His  eloquence,  if  it  did 
not  possess  the  veheinence  of  Fox,  nor  the 
brilliant  splendour  of  Burke,  was  always 
correct,  powerful,  and  convincing  ;  he  had 
a  perfect  command  of  language,  and  in  the 
arrangement  of  his  matter,  he  was  natural 
and  luminous  ;  without  art,  without  affec- 
tation.    Thus  elevated  above  the  rest  of 
the  world  in  situation,  in  talents,  and  it> 
character,  it  is  not  a  matter  of  surprise  that 
he  had  not  only  political  but  private  de- 
tractors, and  that  at  a  period  when  obloquy 
is  hurled  against  whatever  is  most  dignified 
and  sacred  among  mankind,  his  conduct 
was  attributed  to  motives  of  pride,  of  am- 
bition, and  of  tyranny.     Envy,  indeed,  as 
one  of  his  biographers  observes,  may  re- 
vile, and  self-interest  may  seek  to  blacken  ,• 
but  his  fame,  in  spite  of  every  effort  to  blast 
it,  in  spite  of  all  the  assaults  of  little  and 
low  minds,  will  flourish  while  this  kingdom 
or  its  language  shall  last.     No  state  chi- 
canery, no  narrow  system  of  vicious  polf-. 


PIU 


Pit 


iics  sunk  him  to  the  \o\c\  of  tlic  guilty 
great.  He  was  noble,  elevated,  niiignani- 
mous  in  his  plans  ;  his  object  was  Eng- 
land, his  ambition  was  fame  ;  an  ambition 
that  would  have  raised  his  country  above 
all  the  world,  and  himself  along  with  her 
glory.  The  penetration  of  his  mind  was 
sagacious,  was  infinite,  and  his  schemes  of 
government  and  policy  were  formed  to 
aflect  not  only  his  country,  not  the  present 
age  only,  but  Europe  and  the  world,  and 
to  transmit  the  fruits  of  his  administration, 
the  labours  of  his  mighty  genius,  to  the 
admiration,  and  to  the  blessings  of  distant 
posterity. 

PiTTACus,  a  native  of  Mitylene,  one  of 
the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece.  He  was  at 
the  head  of  the  government  of  his  country, 
and  displayed  great  moderation.  He  died 
579  B.C. 

Pius  I.  St.  succeeded  Hyginus  as  pope, 
142,  and  suffered  martyrdom  157.  It  is 
said)  but  not  well  supported,  that  he  order- 
ed the  celebration  of  Easter  to  take  place 
the  Sunday  after  the  14th  day  of  the  March 
moon. 

Pius  II.  j3Eneas  Sylvius  Piccolomini. 
Vid,  iENEAS  Sylvius. 

Pius  III.  Francis  Thodeschini,  son  of  a 
sister  of  Pius  II.  was  made  archbishop  of 
Vienna,  and  a  cardinal  by  his  uncle.  He 
succeeded  Alexander  VI.  in  thtj  papal 
chair;  but  when  his  virtues  promised  a 
happy  reign  he  was  suddenly  snatched 
away,  21  days  after  his  election,  13th  Oct. 
1503. 

Pius  IV.  John  Angelo,  cardinal  de  Medi- 
cis,  brother  of  the  famous  Marquis  de  Ma- 
rignan,  and  not  of  the  Florence  family,  was 
born  at  Milan  1499.  He  was  early  distin- 
guished by  his  merit,  and  employed  by 
Clement  VII.  and  his  successors  in  several 
honourable  embassies,  and  in  1549  he  was 
created  a  cardinal  by  Julius  III.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  popedom  on  the  death  of 
Paul  IV.  1559,  and  evinced  his  zeal  for  the 
church  by  his  enmity  against  the  Turks 
and  against  heretics.  He  re-established 
the  council  of  Trent,  and  when  it  separated 
in  1563  he  aflBrmed  its  decriees  by  a  bull. 
A  conspiracy  formed  against  him  by  Bene- 
dict Accolti  and  others,  in  1565,  was  disco- 
vered, and  the  conspirators  punished.  He 
died  9th  Dec.  1565,  aged  66. 

Pius  V.  Michael  Ghisleri,  was  born  at 
Bosco,  in  Tortona^  l7th  Jan.  1504,  and 
embraced  the  Dominican  order.  He  was 
made  archbishop  of  Sutri  by  Paul  IV.  and 
afterwards  appointed  inquisitor  general  in 
the  Milanese  and  in  Lombardy,  where  his 
proceedings  were  often  marked  by  cruelty 
and  oppression.  He  was  elected  pope 
after  Pius  IV.  1566;  but  though  in  this 
new  dignity  he  attempted  to  reform  the 
morals  of  Kome  and  pf  his  church,  and  to 
•'orrect  abuses,  his  measures  frequently  de- 


generated into  severity,  and  ii'iiiicicil  liii/t 
unpopular  among  his  subjects.  His  publi- 
cation of  the  bull  calU'.d  In  Coena  Domini, 
by  which  he  attempted  to  enforce  the  pow- 
er and  superior  jiirisdictioa  of  the  papal 
see  in  tem|)oral  allairs,  raised  him  many 
enemies.  He  joined  his  forces  to  those  oi' 
the  Spaniards  and  >'enetiuns  against  the 
Turks,  and  under  his  auspices  the  famous 
battle  of  Lepanto  was  fought,  157i,  in 
which  the  infidels  were  so  dreadfully  de- 
feated. He  died  of  the  stone,  30th  April, 
1572,  aged  68,  and  he  was  regarded  as  so 
formidable  that  the  sultan  Selim  noticed 
his  death  by  three  days  of  public  rejoicings. 
Some  of  his  letters  have  been  published. 

Pius  VI.  John  Angelo  Braschi,  was  bora 
at  Cesena,  27th  Dec.  1717.  He  was  pa- 
tronised by  Benedict  XIV.  who  made  hira 
treasurer  of  the  apostolical  chamber,  and 
he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  cardinal  by 
Ganganelli,  whom  he  succeeded  on  the  pa- 
pal throne,  1775.  His  reign  was  one  of 
the  longest,  and  likewise  one  of  the  most 
unfortunate  in  the  Roman  history,  and 
some  assert  that  in  his  pontificate  was 
fully  verified  the  Latin  adage  ; 

Semper  sub  Sextis  perdita  Romafuit. 

His  government  was  marked  by  popular 
and  useful  measures  ;  he  redressed  abuses, 
punished  the  peculation  of  his  officers,  and 
laboured  successfully  in  completing  the 
noble  museum  of  the  Vatican,  begun  by  his 
predecessor,  by  the  collection  of  vases., 
medals,  statues,  and  monuments,  which 
were  dispersed  through  the  ecclesiastical 
states.  Of  this  valuable  treasure  a  magni- 
ficent account  with  engravings  has  appeared 
in  6  vols.  fol.  From  the  arts  Pius  turned 
his  attention  to  commerce  ;  the  port  of 
Ancona  was  repaired  and  embellished,  and 
the  Pontine  marshes  were  drained  of  their 
pestilential  waters.  This  labour,  which 
had  engaged  the  attention  of  the  ancient 
Romans,  and  had  been  attempted  by  Au- 
gustus and  some  of  his  successors,  and  by 
several  popes,  was  regarded  as  an  object  of 
great  public  utility.  To  convert  to  pur- 
poses of  agriculture  and  commerce  the  vast 
marshes  which  extend  from  the  Appenines 
to  the  sea,  and  from  Astura  to  Terracina 
and  the  Neapolitan  frontiers,  and  to  re- 
move those  noxious  vapours  which  render 
the  neighbouring  lands  unhealthy  and  dan- 
gerous to  the  inhabitants,  was  reserved  ia 
some  degree  for  the  perseverance  of  Pius. 
By  yearly  visiting  the  spot  he  gave  vigour 
and  encouragement  to  the  work ;  canals 
were  constructed  to  drain  the  superabun- 
dant marshes,  the  Appian  way  was  repair- 
ed, or  rather  a  new  road  was  built  40  miles 
in  length,  overshadowed  with  rows  of  pop- 
lars, and  houses  were  erected  for  the  con- 
venience of  travellers.  At  Rome  Pius 
adorned  the  city  with  a  new  church  an(* 

483 


PIL 


m 


s.omc  hospitals,  and  in  the  provinces  his 
magnificence  was  equally  displayed.  In 
his  character  he  was  raild,  and  in  his  con- 
duct hospitable,  and  Joseph  II.  of  Germany, 
Paul  of  Russia,  and  other  princes,  were 
witnesses  of  his  kindness  and  of  his  virtues. 
In  ecclesiastical  affairs,  though  he  was  suc- 
cessful against  the  innovations  of  Leopold 
in  Tuscany  in  1775,  he  found  himself  una- 
ble to  stop  the  reforming  hand  of  the  Ger- 
man emperor.  The  suppression  of  monas- 
teries, and  the  rejection  of  the  papal  supe- 
riority in  Germany,  alarmed  the  Roman 
see  ;  and  Pius  repaired  in  person  to  Vien- 
na ;  but  though  treated  with  deference  and 
respect,  the  innovations  of  the  imperial 
reformer  could  not  be  checked.  Pius  had 
fresh  troubles  to  meet  in  Italy,  and  the 
court  of  Naples  disputed  his  right  of  nomi- 
nation to  the  sees  of  Naples  and  Potenza. 
The  payment  of  a  tribute,  on  the  accession 
of  the  Neapolitan  monarch  to  the  throne, 
at  last  settled  the  dispute  ;  but  new  quar- 
rels arose  with  the  Venetians  and  the 
court  of  Modena,  when  the  French  revolu- 
tion began  to  engage  the  attention  of  Eu- 
rope, and  in  its  rapid  vortex  to  drown  all 
inferior  considerations.  Pius  naturally  dis- 
approved of  the  conduct  of  the  French 
reformers,  who  levelled  their  impious  hands 
against  all  ecclesiastical  establishments, 
and  he  embraced  the  cause  of  the  allies. 
He  received  with  kindness  the  banished 
priests,  and  this  particularly  drew  upon  him 
the  vengeance  of  the  French  rulers.  Bo- 
naparte was  directed  to  attack  the  Roman 
states,  and  after  taking  Urbino,  Bologna, 
Ancona,  &.c.  he  checked  his  conquests,  and 
offered  peace  to  the  sovereign  pontiff,  on 
condition  of  his  paying  a  large  sum  of  mo- 
ney, and  of  sending  to  Paris  the  choicest 
pieces  in  painting  and  sculpture  preserved 
at  Rome.  A  reconciliation  thus  tyranni- 
cally effected  proved  not  of  long  duration. 
Basseville,  the  new  French  ambassador, 
behaved  with  such  haughtiness  that  the  in- 
dignant Romans  assassinated  him,  1793; 
and  though  the  pope  was  incapable  of  pre- 
venting this  horrid  deed,  yet  his  enemies 
easily  persuaded  themselves  that  he  was 
privy  to  it.  The  subsequent  death  of  Du- 
phot,  who  in  the  midst  of  Rome,  while  he 
attempted  to  restore  order  and  tranquillity, 
was  stabbed  fatally,  called  on  the  French 
government  for  severe  measures.  Rome 
was  therefore  taken  by  the  orders  of  Bona- 
parte, and  the  captive  pope  dragged  a  pri- 
soner from  his  palace,  and  conveyed  amidst 
the  insults  of  the  French  soldiery,  first  to 
Sienna,  and  afterwards  across  the  Alps 
into  France.  At  Briancon  his  presence 
converted  the  tumults  and  the  ferocity  of 
his  oppressors  into  admiration  and  reve- 
rence, and  at  a  moment  when  he  expected 
to  be  murdered  by  them,  he  saw  the  en- 
vasred  multitude  suddenlv  nioved  with  com- 


passion,  and  fall  down  at  his  feet.  Firom 
Briancon  he  passed  on  to  Gap,  Grenoble, 
Voiron,  and  to  Valence,  where  he  was  per- 
mitted to  rest.  Here  his  sufferings  were 
completed ;  after  an  illness  of  11  days, 
from  fatigue  and  old  age,  he  died  29th  Aug. 
1798,  aged  82.  His  remains  were  buried 
at  Valence  by  order  of  Bonaparte  ;  but  af- 
terwards they  were  removed  to  Rome  in 
1802,  and  entombed  with  great  funeral 
pomp.  This  prelate,  so  well  known  by  his 
misfortunes,  was  possessed  of  many  vir- 
tues, and  the  humility,  patience,  and  meek- 
ness with  which  he  endured  the  indignities 
of  his  barbarous  persecutors,  entitled  him  to 
universal  veneration. 

PiVATi,  John  Francis,  a  Venetian  law- 
yer, known  for  his  laborious  compilation 
of  a  general  dictionary  of  arts  and  sciences, 
which  appeared  at  Venice  in  10  vols.  fol. 
1746. 

Pix,  Mary,  daughter  of  Mr.  Griffith,  a 
clergyman,  was  born  at  Nettlebed,  Oxford- 
shire, and  married  Mr.  Pix.  She  wrote  10 
plays,  which  possess  little  merit,  and  she 
died  about  1720. 

PiZARRO,  Francis,  the  conqueror  of  Pe- 
ru, was  the  illegitimate  son  of  a  gentleman 
by  a  woman  of  low  condition,  and  bom  at 
Truxillo.  Though  thus  obscurely  born, 
and  obliged  to  keep  hogs  for  his  support,  he 
possessed  an  undaunted  courage,  and  em- 
barked for  America  with  other  adventu- 
rers. In  1524,  fired  with  the  love  of  glory, 
he  united  with  Almagro  and  Lucque  to  go 
in  quest  of  new  undiscovered  countries. 
After  incredible  hardships  and  unceasing 
perseverance  he  was  enabled  to  penetrate 
into  Peru,  1531,  where  he  seized  perfi- 
diously the  monarch  Atahualpa,  and  after- 
wards cruelly  and  inhumanly  put  him  to 
death.  The  possession  of  an  opulent  Icing- 
dom,  and  the  servile  submission  of  the  in- 
habitants, did  not  inspire  the  Spaniards 
with  the  love  of  ease  and  tranquillity,  but 
produced  quarrels,  and  Almagro  and  Pizar- 
ro  met  in  arms,  1538,  to  decide  their  supe- 
riority. Almagro  was  defeated  and  put  to 
death  ;  but  the  son  and  the  friends  of  the 
fallen  chief  united  against  their  oppressor, 
and  Pizarro  was  assassinated  in  his  palace, 
after  making  an  obstinate  resistance,  26th 
June,  1541.  This  bold  adventurer,  who 
knew  not  even  how  to  read,  was  fully  form- 
ed for  command.  He  laid  the  foundation 
of  the  city  of  Lima,  and  might  deserve  the 
name  of  a  hero,  were  not  perfidy  and  cruel- 
ty indelible  stains  on  his  character. 

Pizzi,  Joachim,  a  native  of  Rome,  edu- 
cated among  the  Jesuits,  and  made  in  1759 
director  of  the  academy  of  Arcades.  He 
possessed  genius  as  a  poet,  and  vigour  and 
correctness  as  a  writer.  His  works  are  the 
A  ision  of  Eden,  a  poem  in  four  cantos— the 
Triumph  of  Poetry,  a  poem — Discourse  on 
Traffic  and  Comic  Poetrv — Dissertation  on 


I'LA 


I'LA 


Antique  Cameo,  &c.  He  died  17U0,  aged 
74. 

Placcius,  Vincent,  an  able  philologcr, 
born  at  Hamlturgh  1642.  lie  .studied  at 
Helinstadt  and  Leipsic,  and  after  travelling 
over  France  and  Italy,  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence  and  morals  in  his  na- 
tive city,  where  he  died,  1699,  much  re- 
spected and  beloved.  He  published  Thea- 
trum  Anonymorum,  et  Pseudonymorum,  2 
vols.  fol. — Liber  de  Juris  Consulto  Perito, 
Svo. — de  Arte  Excerpendi,  &c.  8vo. — Car- 
mina  Juvenilia,  Svo. 

Place,  Francis,  a  Yorkshire  gentleman, 
eminent  as  a  painter  and  engraver.  As  he 
worked  only  for  his  amusement  his  pieces 
are  scarce,  but  possess  merit.  His  etch- 
ings and  his  mezzotinto  prints  were  in 
great  estimation,  especially  those  of  arch- 
bishop Stern,  and  of  Henry  Gyles,  a  glass 
painter  in  his  neighbourhood.  He  died  1728. 

Placentinus,  Peter,  a  German  Domini- 
can, author  of  "Pugna  Porcorum,"  a  poem 
of  360  verses,  in  which  every  word  begins 
with  a  P,  Antwerp,  1530.  He  wrote  also 
a  Latin  History  of  the  bishops  of  Tongres 
and  Liege,  and  died  at  Maestricht,  1548. 

Placette,  John  de  la,  a  protestant  mi- 
nister, bom  at  Pontac,  in  Bearn,  1639.  At 
the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  he  re- 
tired to  Denmark,  and  then  to  Holland, 
and  settled  at  the  Hague,  and  lastly  at 
Utrecht,  where  he  died,  1718.  He  wrote 
Moral  Essays,  6  vols.  l2mo. — Treatise  on 
Pride,  Svo. — on  Conscience,  translated  in- 
to English  by  Basil  Kennet — on  Good 
Works — on  Restitution — Christian  Reflec- 
tions, &c.  and  a  Treatise  against  Bayle  on 
the  Origin  of  Evil,  and  the  Trinity. 

Plantin,  Christopher,  an  eminent  print- 
er, born  near  Tours.  He  settled  at  An- 
twerp, and  though  not  a  man  of  learning, 
he  published  the  most  correct  and  elegant 
editions  of  various  authors.  He  acquired 
riches  as  well  as  fame  by  his  profession, 
and  was  extremely  liberal  and  humane. 
He  died  1589,  aged  65.  His  chief  work  is 
said  to  be  a  Polyglott  Bible. 

Plakudes,  Maximus,  a  monk  of  Con- 
stantinople in  the  fourth  century.  He  was 
in  the  train  of  the  imperial  ambassador  to 
Venice,  and  on  his  return  was  imprisoned 
in  consequence  of  his  strong  partiality  for 
the  Latin  church.  He  wrote  a  curious, 
but  improbable  Life  of  ^sop,  and  also  a 
Greek  Anthologia. 

Plater,  George,  was  a  judge  of  the 
court  of  appeals  of  Maryland,  and  after  the 
revolution,  governor  of  the  state ;  under  the 
old  confedei-ation  he  was  a  delegate  to 
congress,  and  in  1788,  was  president  of  the 
convention  of  Maryland,  which  ratified  the 
federal  constitution.  He  died  at  Annapo- 
lis, Feb.  10th,  1792,  aged  56.      lxj=^  L. 

Platina,  Bartholomew  Sacchi,  a  learn- 
ed Italian,  born  at  Piedena,  near  Cremona, 


1421.     lie  abandoned  the  military  life  for 
the   church,    urid    gou)'^   to  Koine,  by  the 
friendship  and  protection  of  cardinal    Bcb- 
sarion,  he  obtained  some  pnrfernient,  and 
was  appointed  apostolical  alibrcvialor.     Hc 
was  deprived  of  this  oflice,  which  was  abo- 
lished by  the  succeeding  pope,  Paul  IL  but 
when   he   respectfully  complained   of  the 
treatment,  as  he  had  purchased  the  [)ldce, 
he  was  indignantly  rejected  by  the   sove- 
reign pontitr,  and  even  imprisoned  and  put 
to  the  rack.     The  next   pope,  Sixtus  IV. 
made  amends  for  his  sufferings,  and   ap- 
pointed him  to  be  librarian  to  the  Vatican. 
He  died  of  the  plague,  1481.     He  wrote 
the  Lives  of  the  Popes,  printed  first  Ve- 
nice,   1479,   folio — History   of  Mantua — 
the  Life  of  Nerio  Cappani,  and  some  other 
works,  all  in  Latin,  and  collected  in  folio, 
1752. 

Plato,  a  celebrated  philosopher  of 
Athens.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Socrates, 
after  whose  death  he  travelled  into  various 
countries,  and  then  settled  at  Athens, 
where  his  lectures  were  attended  by  nu- 
merous and  respectable  auditors.  After  a 
life  devoted  to  virtue  and  philosophy,  he 
died  at  Athens,  348  B.C.  aged  81.  His 
writings  are  very  valuable,  as  not  only  his 
language  is  very  beautiful  and  correct,  but 
his  philosophy  sublime,  so  that  some  wri- 
ters have  imagined  he  drew  many  of  his 
opinions  concerning  the  Supreme  Being, 
from  the  writings  of  Moses,  while  he  resi- 
ded among  the  Egyptian  priests. 

Plautus,  Marcus  Aceius,  a  Roman 
comic  poet  of  great  celebrity.  Only  19  of 
his  plays  are  extant,  which  abound  in  hu- 
mour and  interest,  though  often  expressed 
in  coarse  language.  He  died  about  184  B.C. 

Playfair,  John,  was  born  at  Bervie, 
near  Dundee,  of  which  parish  his  father 
was  minister,  in  1749.  He  received  his 
education  at  St.  Andrews,  and,  in  1772, 
succeeded  to  his  father's  living  ;  but  re- 
signed it  some  years  afterwai'ds,  and  went 
to  Edinburgh,  where  he  became  professor 
of  mathematics.  W^hen  the  royal  society 
^vas  established  there,  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  secretaries,  and  contributed  many 
papers  to  the  memoirs  of  that  institution. 
In  his  latter  years  the  professor  applied  to 
the  study  of  geology,  which  he  pursued  with 
indefatigable  ardour  ;  and,  in  1816,  under- 
took a  journey  to  the  Alps,  for  the  purpose 
of  making  observations  on  those  mountains. 
He  died  at  Edinburgh,  July  20,  1819.  His 
works  are — 1.  Elements  of  Geometry,  Svo. 
2.  Illustrations  of  the  Huttonian  Theory  of 
the  Earth.  3.  A  Letter  to  the  Author  of 
the  Examination  of  Professor  Stewart's 
Statement.  4.  An  edition  of  Euclid.  5. 
System  of  Geography,  5  vols.  4to.  6.  Out- 
lines of  Philosophy,  Svo. —  W.  B. 

Platford,  John,  a  stationer  and  seller 
of  music  books,  &c.  in  Fleet-street,  Lou- 

485 


VLiJ 


PLU 


•don,  was  distinguished  as  a  "writer.  He 
published  an  introduction  to  the  skill  of 
music,  1655,  several  times  reprinted,  and 
by  other  books  he  contributed  much  to  the 
improvement  of  the  printing  of  music.  He 
also  edited  the  psalms  and  hymns  in  metre, 
with  their  appropriate  tunes,  8vo.  airs  and 
songs  for  the  bass-viol,  &.c.  He  died  1693, 
aged  80,  and  was  honoured  with  an  elegy 
by  Tate  the  poet  laureate. 

Plempius,  Vopiscus  Fortunatus,  a  native 
of  Amsterdam,  who  took  his  medical  de- 
grees at  Bologna,  and  practised  in  Holland. 
He  was  made  professor  of  medicine  at  Lou- 
vain,  where  he  died  12th  Dec.  1671,  aged 
70.  He  was  author  of  Ophthalmographia, 
or  de  Ocuii  Fabrica,  4to. — de  Togatorum 
Valetudine  tuenda — de  Affectibus  Capillo- 
rum  et  Unguium  Natur^ — Tractatus  dePes- 
te — Antymus  Coningius  Peruviani  Pulveris 
Defensor  repulsus  a  Melippo  Protymo,  a 
refutation  of  the  utility  of  the  bark  which 
was  introduced  by  Coningius,  the  assumed 
name  of  the  Jesuit,  Fabri,  and  thus  attacked 
by  Plempius,  under  the  appellation  of  Pro- 
tymus. 

Plessis  Richelieu.   Vid.  Richelieu. 

Pliny,  Caius  Secundus,  the  Elder,  was 
a  celebrated  philosopher,  born  at  Verona. 
He  perished  during  an  eruption  of  Vesu- 
vius, while  he  approached  too  near  to  make 
observations  on  the  awful  phenomenon, 
A.  D.  79.  Of  his  works,  which  were  nu- 
merous, only  his  Natural  History  remains, 
which  is  a  valuable  compilation  af  facts 
and  observations,  by  the  hand  of  a  judi- 
cious master. 

Plint,  Caecilius  Secundus,  the  Younger, 
was  the  nephew  of  the  preceding.  He 
studied  under  Quintilian,  and  enjoyed  the 
friendship  of  Trajan,  who  made  him  con- 
sul. He  was  for  some  time  governor  of 
Bithynia,  where  he  checked  the  persecu- 
tion excited  against  the  Christians.  He 
died  A.  D.  113,  universally  respected.  His 
letters,  &c.  are  fine  specimens  of  correct 
Avriting. 

Plot,  Robert,  an  English  philosopher 
and  antiquary,  born  at  Sutton  Barn,  Kent, 
1641,  and  educated  at  Wye  school  in  that 
county.  In  1658,  he  entered  at  Magdalen 
hall,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  master's 
degree,  and  afterwards  removed  to  Uni- 
versity college,  where  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  LL.  D.  1671.  He  was  elected 
member  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  appoint- 
ed one  of  its  secretaries,  and  as  such  pub- 
lished the  Philosophical  Transactions  from 
No.  143,  to  166,  inclusive.  In  1683,  he 
was  nominated  by  Ashmole  first  keeper  to 
his  newly  erected  museum,  and  made  also 
professor  of  chymistry,  and  in  1688,  histo- 
riographer to  the  king.  He  was  made  in 
1695,  by  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  Mowbray, 
herald  extraordinary.  He  died  of  the  stone, 
30th  April,  1696,  at  Borden,  leaving  two 
^ons.  Dr.  Plot,  whose  chief  delight  was 
4«,6 


the  advancement  of  natural  history  and  aA- 
tiquities,  published  the  Natural  Histories 
of  Oxfordshire  and  Staffordshire,  both  in 
folio,  as  essays  towards  a  Natural  History 
of  England — de  Origine  Fontium,  &c. — an 
Account  of  Elden  Hole — several  valuable 
papers  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions, 
&c.  He  left  behind  him  several  MSS.  for 
the  Histories  of  Kent,  Middlesex,  and  Lon- 
don, which  he  intended  to  publish. 

Plotinus,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  born 
at  Nicopolis  in  Egypt.  He  settled  at  Rome, 
and  died  in  Campania,  270,  aged  66.  His 
works  were  collected  by  his  pupil  Porphyry. 

Plowden,  Edmund,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
born  in  Shropshire,  1517.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge,  but  afterwards  re- 
moved to  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  de- 
grees in  physic,  and  practised  as  a  physi- 
cian. He  soon  after  abandoned  physic  for 
the  law,  entered  at  the  Middle  Temple, 
and  was  made  a  sergeant.  As  he  was  a 
Roman  Catholic  his  preferments  ceased  on 
the  accession  of  Elizabeth.  He  died  1584. 
His  "  Reports"  are  held  in  great  esteem, 
and  show  great  learning,  judgment,  and 
sagacity. 

Pluche,  Antony,  a  French  writer,  born 
at  Rheims,  1668.  He  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  application,  and  at  the  recom- 
mendation of  Rollin,  was  made  tutor  to  the 
son  of  the  intendant  of  Rouen,  after  which 
he  went  to  Paris,  and  gave  lectures  on  his- 
tory and  geography.  He  was  presented  in 
1749,  to  the  abbey  of  Valence  St.  Maur, 
and  died  of  an  apoplexy,  1761.  His  works 
are  Spectacle  de  la  Nature,  7  vols.  l2mo. 
an  excellent  work,  twice  translated  into 
English,  and  also  into  most  European  lan- 
guages— Histoire  du  Ciel,  2  vols.  12mo. 
containing  a  Mythological  History  of  the 
Heavens,  also  translated  into  English — la 
Mechanique  des  Langues,  12mo. — Harmo- 
nic des  Pseaumes  et  de  I'Evangile,  12mo. 

Plukeket,  Leonard,  a  v.ell-known  Eng- 
lish botanist,  born  1642,  and  educated,  as  is 
conjectured,  at  Cambridge.  He  took  his 
degrees  in  physic,  but  as  he  was  without  a 
patron,  he  had  to  struggle  with  numerous 
difficulties,  till  in  his  old  age  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  queen  superintendent  of 
Hampton-court  garden,  and  honoured  with 
the  title  of  Royal  Professor  of  Botany. 
His  great  work  is  his  "  Phytographia,"  to 
the  completion  of  which  he  devoted  much 
of  his  time  and  of  his  money.  He  had 
correspondents  for  bis  botanical  researches 
all  over  the  world  ;  but  though  he  assisted 
Ray  with  liberal  contributions,  he  differed 
much  from  Sloane  and  Petiver,  and  cen- 
sured their  labours  with  some  asperity. 
He  died  about  1705.  His  Phytographia 
appeared  in  four  parts,  1691-1696,  con- 
taining 338  plates,  4to.  He  published  be- 
sides, Almagestum  Botanicum,  4to.  1696, 
containing  6000  species — Almagesti  Bo- 
tanici  Mantissa,   4to.  1700,  with  25  nc^v 


PLU 


POC 


ylalcs — Amalthcum  Botanicum,  1705,  4to. 
&c.  His  Herbarium  contained  8000  plants, 
and  is  now  in  the  British  museum.  His 
•works  were  reprinted  1769,  4  vols,  and  in 
1779,  by  Dr.  (iiscke  of  Hamburi^h  Avith  a 
Linnean  index. 

Plumier,  Charles,  a  famous  French  bo- 
tanist, born  at  Marseilles,  1646.  He  was 
of  the  order  of  Minims,  and  studied  mathe- 
matics at  Toulouse  under  Maignan,  but  af- 
terwards applied  himself  to  botany  and  na- 
tural history.  His  reputation  was  now 
such  that  he  was  employed  by  Lewis  XIV. 
to  go  to  the  West  Indies  in  search  of  curi- 
ous and  medicinal  plants.  He  performed 
three  voyages  for  this  laboriou-  and  useful, 
object,  and  explored  not  only  St.  Domingo, 
but  the  neighbouring  islands,  and  part  of 
the  continent.  His  zeal  was  honourably 
rewarded  by  a  pension  from  the  king,  and 
the  appointment  of  royal  botanist.  While 
at  the  request  of  M.  Fagon,  the  king's  phy- 
sician, he  meditated  a  fourth  voyage  in  the 
cause  of  natural  history,  he  was  attacked 
by  a  pleurisy,  as  he  waited  for  the  ship  near 
Cadiz,  and  died  there,  1706.  His  works 
are  valuable,  Nova  Plantarum  Americana- 
rum  Genera,  4to. — Description  of  the 
Plants  of  America,  folio. — Treatise  on 
American  Ferns,  folio. — the  Art  of  Turn- 
ing, folio,  with  plates — Dissertations  on 
Cochineal,  in  the  Journal  des  Sqavans.  Be- 
sides these  he  left  1400  drawings,  which 
might  make  10  volumes  more. 

Pluquet,  Francis  Andrew,  a  native  of 
Bayeux,  who  exchanged  his  canonry  for 
the  professorship  of  history  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Paris.  He  was  an  able  lecturer 
and  a  diligent  and  elegant  Avriter,  and  died 
of  an  apoplexy,  1790,  aged  74.  He  wrote 
an  Examination  of  Fatalism,  3  vols.  12mo. 
— a  Dictionary  of  Heresies,  2  vols.  8vo. — 
the  Classical  Books  of  Chinese,  7  vols. 
12mo. — Treatise  on  Luxury,  2  vols.  l2mo. 
— a  Treatise  on  Sociability,  2  vols,  in  which 
he  establishes  the  natural  propensity  of  man 
to  kindness  and  religion,  against  the  opi- 
nions of  Hobbes. 

Plutarch,  a  celebrated  philosopher  and 
historian  of  Cheronaea  in  Boeotia.  He  tra- 
velled over  various  countries  to  improve 
himself,  and  was  honourably  received  by 
the  emperor  Trajan,  who  raised  him  to  the 
office  of  consul.  He  died  in  his  native 
town  at  an  advanced  age,  A.  D.  140.  The 
best  known  and  most  valuable  of  his  many 
works,  is  the  Lives  of  Illustrious  Men,  a 
composition  of  great  merit  and  singular  in- 
terest. 

Pluvinel,  Antony,  grand  equery  and 
chamberlain  to  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and 
his  ambassador  to  Holland,  was  born  in 
Dauphiny,  and  died  at  Paris,  1620.  He 
was  the  first  who  opened  a  riding  school  in 
France.  He  wrote  "  I'Art  de  monter  a 
Cheval,"  the  Art  of  Riding,  with  plates, 
folio. 


PocAiio>}TA«;,  the  daiighter  of  Powhatan, 
Indian  chief  of  Virginia,  wa/i  born  about 
the  year  1595.  She  became  warudy  at- 
tached to  the  English,  and  rendered  them 
on  several  occasions  the  most  important 
services.  When  the  savages  had  captured 
captain  Smith,  in  1607,  and  were  in  the 
act  of  putting  him  to  death,  she  threw  her- 
self on  him,  and  protecting  him  from  the 
blow  of  the  executioner,  persuaded  her-  fa- 
ther to  spare  his  life.  Two  years  alter,  at 
the  hazard  of  her  life,  she  revealed  to 
Smith  a  plot  the  Indians  had  formed  of  ex- 
terminating the  English,  and  saved  them 
from  destruction.  In  1612,  she  wa:  seized 
by  captain  Argal,  and  detained  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining  a  favourable  peace  from 
her  fath.  r,  and  while  with  the  English  re- 
ceived the  offer  of  marriage  from  Thomas 
Rolfe,  an  Englishman  of  good  character, 
to  whom,  by  the  consent  of  Powhatan,  she 
was  soon  united.  By  that  event  she  re- 
stored peace  to  the  colony,  and  secured  it 
for  many  years.  In  1616,  she  accompanied 
her  husband  to  England,  and  was  received 
with  attention  at  court.  She  there  met 
with  Smith,  and  displayed  towards  him 
much  atrcction.  She  soon  after  died  at 
Gravesend,  when  about  to  return  to  Vir- 
ginia. She  left  one  son,  from  whom  de- 
scended several  respectable  families  in  Vir- 
ginia. tCj^  L. 

PococKE,  Edward,  a  celebrated  oriental- 
ist, born  at  Oxford,  Nov.  8th,  1604.     He 
was  educated  at  Thame  school,  and  at  14 
entered  at   Magdalen  hall,  Oxford,  from 
which,  two  years  after,  he  removed  to  a 
scholarship  at  Corpus,  and  afterwards  be- 
came  a  fellow  of  the  college.     He  soon 
distinguished  himself  by  his  great  know- 
ledge of  classical   and  oriental  literature, 
and  by  the  friendship  of  G.  Vossius,  and 
other  learned  men  ;  and  by  the  interest  of 
Selden  he  obtained,  when  in  orders,  the 
place  of  chaplain  to  the  English  factory 
at  Aleppo.     He  reached  Aleppo  in  1630, 
and  devoted  himself  with  unusual  assidui- 
ty to  the  further  acquisition  of  the  orien- 
tal languages.     He  was,  in  1631,  employed 
by  Laud  to  make  a  collection  of  such  valua- 
ble and  curious  MSS.  and  of  such  coins  as 
might  enrich  a  university  library ;  and  in 
1636  he  was  informed  by  that  liberal  pa- 
tron that  he  was  nominated  by  him   to  fill 
his  newly  founded  Arabic  professorship  in 
Oxford.     He  returned  in  consequence  to 
England,  but  afterwards  he  went  to  Con- 
stantinople,   in    company    with    Greaves, 
who  was  going  to  explore  the  antiquities  of 
Egypt.    He  was  invited  by  Laud  in  1640  to 
return,  and  in  his  way  through  Paris,  he 
became  acquainted  with  Grotius,  to  whom 
he  communicated   his  intention   of  trans- 
lating his  book,   de  Veritate   Christ.  Re- 
ligionis,  into  Arabic,  which  the  pious  au- 
thor heartily  approved.     When  he  reached 

487 


POC 


POG 


England,   he  found  his  leai'ncd  patron  in 
the  Tower,  and  his  death  and  the  conse- 
quent confusion  of  the  nation,  tended  little 
to  ensure  him  tranquillity  in  the  prosecution 
of  his  studies.     In  1643  he  was  presented 
by  his  college  to  the    rectory  of  Childrey, 
Berkshire,  where  he  retired  to  perform  his 
ecclesiastical  duties  ,  but  he  was  deprived 
of   his    professorship    by    the    republican 
plunderers.     His    great    merit,    however, 
pleaded  in  his  favour,  he  was  in    1647  re- 
stored to  his  salary,  and  the  next  year  no- 
minated by  the  king,  then  a  prisoner,  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  and   a  canon   of  Christ- 
church,    an  appointment  approved  by  the 
parliament,  but  rescinded  when  he  refu3ed 
to   subscribe  to  tlie  engagement.     Though 
deprived  of  his  canonry,  he  yet  read  lec- 
tures, and  in  1652  assisted  in  preparing  the 
edition  of  the  Polyglott  Bible.     The  resto- 
ration reinstated  him  in  all  his  offices,  and 
he  soon  after  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  but  he 
■was  neglected  among  those  who  had  by  their 
services  contributed  most   to  the  advance- 
ment of  religion  and  learning  in   the  king- 
dom.    He  died  at  Oxford,  lOth  Sept.  1691, 
aged  87,  and  was  buried  in  the  cathedral, 
where   a    monument   records  his  merits. 
As  a  scholar  and  orientalist  his  abilities 
were  most  eminently  displayed.     His  sole 
ambition  was  the  advancement  of  oriental 
literature,   to  which  he    devoted    himself 
with  the  most  assiduous  care.     His  works 
are    Specimen    Historiae    Arabum,    1648, 
much   commended   by  Prideaux,    Ockley, 
Selden,  Reland,  and  others — Porta  Mosis, 
or     six    prefatory    Discourses   of   Moses 
Maimonides — Eutychius's     Annals — Abul 
Feraji  Historia  Dynastarum,  4to. — Com- 
mentaries   on    Micah,   Malachi,    Hosea, 
and  Joel,  folio — St.  Peter's  second  Epistle, 
the  second  and  third  of  John,  and  that  of 
Jude,  translated  into  Syriac — Letters  with 
several  learned  men,  published  by  Twells, 
2  vols,  folio,   1740.      Dr.  Pococke  was  fa- 
ther of  nine  children.     His  eldest  son  Ed- 
ward,  rector  of   Minal,  Wilts,  published 
under    his    father's   direction,   an  Arabic 
work,  called  Philosophus  Autodidactus,  sive 
Epistola  Jaafar  Ebn  Tophail,  &c.  translated 
afterwards  by  Simon  Ockley. 

Pococke,  Richard,  a  learned  divine,  re- 
lated distantly  to  the  celebrated  orientalist. 
He  was  born  l704,  at  Southampton,  where 
his  father  was  master  of  the  free-school, 
and  he  was  educated  at  Corpus  Christi, 
Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  LL.D. 
1733.  He  travelled  into  the  East  in  1737, 
and  returned  in  1742,  and  in  1744  was 
made  precentor  of  Waterford.  He  ac- 
companied as  chaplain  lord  Chesterfield  to 
Ireland,  and  was  appointed  by  him  arch- 
deacon of  Dublin,  and  under  another  vice- 
roy, the  duke  of  Devonshire,  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Ossory,  1756.  In  1765  he  was 
translated  to  Elphin  and  Mcath,  and  died 
488 


the  September  of  that  same  year,  of  a  fit 
of  apoplexy  during  his  visitation.  He  pub- 
lished a  most  valuable  and  interesting  ac- 
count of  his  travels,  under  the  title  of 
"  Observations  on  Egypt,  Palestine,  the 
Holy  Land,  Syria,  Mesopotamia,  Cyprus," 
&.C.  3  vols,  folio.  He  enriched  also  the 
British  museum  by  the  gift  of  various  vo- 
lumes of  MSS.  from  4811 — 4827. 

PoERSON,  Charles  Francis,  a  native  of 
Paris,  eminent  as  an  historical  and  portrait 
painter.  He  was  made  director  of  the 
French  academy  of  painting  at  Rome,  and 
died  1725,  aged  72.  His  father,  who  was 
a  native  of  Lorraine,  was  also  a  good 
painter,  and  died  1660. 

PoGGio   Bracciolini,  Johu  Francis,    a 
learned  and  illustriou;^  character  born  of  a 
respectable  family  at   Terranuova  in  Flo- 
rence,   1380.      He    studied    at  Florence, 
where  he  learnt  Latin  under  John  of  Ra- 
venna, and  Greek  under  Emanuel  Chryso- 
loras,    and    applied   also    to  the  Hebrew, 
though  some  commentators  assert  that  that 
language  was  not  cultivated  in  Italy  before 
the  fifteenth  century.     He  was   for  some 
time  at  Rome,  where  he  held  the  place  of 
writer    of   the    apostolic    letters    for   10 
years,  and  afterwards  became  secretary  to 
the  pope.    In  1414  he  attended  the  council 
of  Constance,  and  directed  all  his  attention 
to  the  recovery  of  classical   authors  from 
the  wrecks  of  time  ;  and  to  his  indefatiga- 
ble researches  posterity  is  indebted  for  the 
preservation  of  Quintilian,  Silius  Italicus, 
Ammian   Marcellinus,    Lucretius,  Tertul- 
lian,  and  other  authors.      He  next  extend- 
ed  his  researches  to   England,  and  from 
London  passed  into  Germany  and  Hun- 
gary, and  on  his  return  to  Rome,  married 
a  lady  of  great  beauty,  and  young,  though 
he  himself  was  54.     After  continuing  apos- 
tolic secretary   under  seven  popes,  during 
40  years,  he  was  prevailed  upon,  in  1453, 
to  become  secretary  to  the  republic  of  Flo- 
rence, and  died  in  the  neighbourhood,  at 
an  elegant  villa,  which  he  had  built  for  his 
summer  retreat,    1459,  aged  79,  leaving  a 
widow  and  six  children,  five  of  whom  were 
boys,   distinguished    afterwards  for  their 
abilities.     The   works  of  Poggio   were  a 
Latin   History  of  Florence  from  1350  to 
1455,   4to.  ;  Epistles ;  de   Varietate  For- 
tunae ;     FuneraJ    Orations  ;    Facetiae,    or 
Witticisms,  certainly  unworthy  of  the  au- 
thor ;  a  translation  of  Diodorus   Siculus  ; 
of  Xenophon's  Cyropaedia,  &c.     To  Pog- 
gio literature  is  much  indebted.     He  not 
only  cultivated   letters  himself,  but  pro- 
moted their  advancement.     Erasmus  has 
censured  his  private  character,  which  cer- 
tainly was  not  always  free  from  blame ; 
but   Michiavel    and  others   speak  in  the 
highest  praise  of  his  learning,  and  the  dis- 
interestedness of  his  conduct ;  and  his  un- 
availing interference  in  favour  of  the  unfor- 


yui 


v<n 


Uinate  Jerome  of  Prague  at  Constance, 
must  be  recorded  with  every  mark  of  ap- 
probation, llii*  son  James,  translated  his 
Florentine  history  into  Italian,  and  also 
X^uoi»bou's  Cyrus  ;  and  after  maintaining 
a  character  worthy  of  his  father,  was  put 
to  death  as  concerned  in  the  conspiracy  of 
tjie  ^azzi,  in  1478. 

PoiLLi,  Francis,  a  French  engraver 
born  at  Abbeville,  1622.  He  studied  un- 
der Duret,  and  at  Rome,  and  was  made  en- 
graver to  the  French  king,  1G64.  After 
enjoying  great  reputation  as  an  excellent 
engraver,  and  a  fair  character,  he  died  at 
Paris,  1693.  His  brother  Nicolas,  who 
died  three  years  after  him,  possessed  also 
merit  as  an  engraver. 

PoiNsiNET,  Anthony  Alexander  Henry, 
a  dramatic  writer,  born  at  Fontainebleau. 
His  pieces  were  acted,  but  have  little  to  re- 
commend them.  He  was  fond  of  travel- 
ling, and  unfortunately  lost  his  life  in 
the  Gaudalquiver,  where  he  was  drowned 
during  an  excursion  in  Spain,  1 769,  aged  34. 

PoiRET,  Peter,  a  mystic  enthusiast,  born 
at  Metz,  1646,  and  educated  at  Basil.  He 
became  minister  at  Heidelberg  and  An- 
Avell,  and  by  reading  the  works  of  Madame 
Bourignon,  and  other  mystical  writers,  he 
became  an  infatuated  enthusiast.  He 
afterwards  retired  to  Holland,  and  died  at 
Keinsberg,  May,  1719.  He  wrote  the  Di- 
vine (Economy,  7  vols.  8vo.  translated  into 
English  ;  Cogitationes  Rationales  de  Deo, 
Auimii,  et  Malo  ;  Solid  Principles  of  Chris- 
tian Religion ;  Peace  of  Good  Souls, 
12mo.;  Theology  of  the  Heart,  2  vols. 
l2mo  ;  de  Eruditione  Triplici,  2  vols.  4to. ; 
Life  of  Madame  Bourignon. 

PoiRiER,  Germain,  a  native  of  Paris, 
who  was  of  the  order  of  the  Benedictines 
of  St.  Maur,  which  he  quitted  in  1769.  He 
was  engaged  as  a  coadjutor  in  the  art  of 
verifying  dates,  and  be  continued  with 
Precieux  the  11th  volume  of  the  historians 
of  Gaul  and  France,  begun  by  Bouquet. 
He  was  afterwards  member  of  the  national 
institute,  and  died  at  the  beginning  of  1803, 
aged  SO. 

Pois,  Anthony  le,  a  physician  to  Charles 
III.  duke  of  Lorraine,  was  well  skilled  in 
the  knowledge  of  antiquities.  He  wrote 
a  valuable  Discourse  on  Medals  and  An- 
cient Engravings,  4to.  and  died  in  his  na- 
tive town,  Nancy,  1578. 

Pois,  Nicolas  le,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  eminent  as  a  physician.  His 
son  Charles  was  also  a  physician  in  the 
household  of  the  duke  Henry  H.  and  the 
father  and  the  son,  assuming  in  Latin 
the  name  of  Pisones,  published  some  me- 
dical tracts,  which  were  considered  as  so 
valuable,  that  Boerhaave  republished  them 
at  Leyden,  1736,  ia  2  vols.  4to. 

PoiSLE,  John,  a  counsellor  of  the  par- 
liament of  Paris,  who  acquired  riches  by 


means  of  bribery  and  corruption,  which 
procured  his  disj^ruce,  1582.  His  son 
James,  who  died  16'23,  was  author  of  some 
poetry. 

PoissoN,  Nicolas  Joseph,  a  priest  of  the 
oratory,  admired  for  his  eloquence,  and 
made  superior  of  the  alibey  of  NCndoiiie. 
He  died  at  Lyons,  5th  May,  171U,  very 
old.  He  wa>  the  friend  of  Des  Cartes,  and 
was  eminent  as  a  philosopher.  He  wrote 
Delectus  Auctorum  Ecclesia;  Universalis, 
sen  Gemma  Conciliorum,  2  vols,  folio  ; 
Remarks  on  Des  Cartel's  Discourses  on 
Method,  Mechanics,  and  Music  ;  a  treatise 
on  Benefices ;  Account  of  his  Travels  in 
Italy  ;  treatise  on  the  Rites  and  Ceremonies 
of  the  Church,  &c. 

PoissoN,  Raymond,  son  of  a  mathema- 
tician at  Paris,  was  patronised,  after  the 
early  death  of  his  father,  by  the  duke  of 
Crequi ;  but  he  quitted  the  profession  of  a 
courtier  for  the  stage.  He  was  afterwards 
noticed  by  Lewis  XIV.  and  died  at  Paris, 
1690,  respected  as  one  of  the  first  come- 
dians of  the  French  stage.  He  wrote  the 
Baron  de  la  Crasse  ;  the  Good  Soldier, 
comedies  of  one  act,  Lubin  ;  the  Fool  of 
Quality,  6i.c.  published  together  at  Paris  in 
2  vols.  l2mo.  1743. 

PoissoN,  Paul,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  eminent  also  as  a  comedian.  He 
died  at  St.  Germaine-en-Laie,  1735,  aged 
77.  His  son  Philip  was  likewise  a  come- 
dian of  celebrity,  who  died  at  Paris,  1743, 
aged  60.  He  was  author  of  six  comedies, 
published  in  2  vols.  12mo. 

PoissoNNiER,  Peter  Isaac,  a  French  phy- 
sician, born  at  Dijon  5th  July,  1720.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  who  read  chymical  lec- 
tures at  Paris  ;  and  he  acquired  such  re- 
putation as  a  medical  man,  that  he  was 
sent  by  the  court,  at  the  request  of  Eliza- 
beth, empress  of  Russia,  who  wished  for 
the  advice  of  an  eminent  physician.  On 
his  return  he  was  admitted  into  the  academy 
of  sciences,  made  first  a  physician  to  the 
army,  &c.  and  obtained  a  pension  of  12,000 
livres.  The  revolution  not  only  stripped 
him  of  his  independence,  but  sent  him  with 
all  his  family  into  confinement ;  but  he 
was  restored  to  liberty  after  the  fall  of 
Robespierre,  and  died  1797,  aged  79.  He 
wrote  treatises  on  the  Means  of  rendering 
Sea  Water  potable ;  on  the  Fevers  of  St. 
Domingo ;  on  the  Diseases  of  Seamen,  2 
vols.  8vo.  ;  Abridgment  of  Anatomy,  2 
vols.  l2mo.  ;  Course  of  Surgery,  volume 
5th  and  6th,  &c. 

Poitiers,  Diana  de,  dutchess  of  Valen- 
tinois,  was  born  31st  of  March,  1500. 
When  her  father,  the  count  of  St.  \'allierj 
was  condemned  to  lose  his  head  for  favour- 
ing the  escape  of  the  constable  Bourbon, 
Diana  obtained  his  pardon  by  throwing 
herself  at  the  feet  of  Francis  I.  and,  ac» 
cordiog  to  some,  by  yielding  her  person  to 

489 


POL 


POL 


the  wishes  of  the  monarch.  After  the 
death  of  her  husband  de  Breze,  grand 
seneschal  of  Normandy,  she  was  seen  and 
admired  by  Henry  II.  and  though  aged  40, 
she  so  captivated  the  heart  of  the  young 
monarch,  who  was  only  18,  that  till  his 
death  in  1559,  she  i-emaincd  sole  mistress 
not  only  of  his  atlcctions,  but  of  the  king- 
dom. She  died  in  retirement,  2Gth  April, 
1566,  aged  66.  To  groat  personal  charms 
she  united  unusual  powers  of  mind,  and 
commanding  dignity  of  manners. 

PoivRF,  N.  a  native  of  Lyons,  who  em- 
bmccd  the  ecclesiastical  order,  and  went 
as  missionary  to  China,  where  he  travelled 
with  the  sagacity  of  a  philosopher  and  a 
naturalist.  On  his  return  to  Europe,  the 
ship  in  which  he  was  emharked  was  at- 
tacked by  Barnet,  the  English  admiral,  and 
during  the  fight  he  lost  his  right  arm,  w  hich 
■was  shot  off  by  a  canon  ball,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  renounced  the  eccle- 
siaiitical  state.  He  was  afterwards  employed 
by  the  French  East  India  company  in  1743, 
to  open  an  intercourse  with  Cochin-China, 
and  in  1766  he  was  sent  by  the  duke  de 
Choiseul  to  the  isles  of  France  and  Bour- 
bon, with  full  powers  to  improve  their 
commerce  and  agricu'tuie.  He  there  in- 
troduced the  cultivation  of  various  trees, 
especially  the  bread-fruit  tree,  the  musca- 
dine grape,  the  clove,  &.c.  He  returned  to 
Pmncc,  and  died  at  Lyons,  6th  Jan.  17S6. 
He  is  author  of  the  Voyage  of  a  Philosopher, 
12mo. — on  the  Dying  of  Silks — on  the 
History  and  Manners  of  China — Orations, 
&c. 

PoLAN,  Amand,  a  native  of  Oppaw  in 
Silesia,  professor  of  theology  at  Basil, 
wbere  he  died  17th  July,  1610,  aged  49. 
He  wrote  Commentaries  on  Ezekiel  and 
Daniel,  Dissertations,  &c.  and  was  dis- 
tinguished as  an  able  and  learned  protes- 
tant. 

Pole,  Reginald,  cardinal  and  archbishop 
of  Canterbury,  was  of  royal  descent,  as 
being  the  son  of  lord  Montague,  the  couain 
of  Henry  VII.  by  Margaret  the  daughter 
of  George  duke  of  Clarence,  the  brother 
of  Edward  IV.  He  was  born  at  Stoverton 
castle,  Worcestershire,  1500,  and  after  re- 
ceiving in:-tiuction  from  the  Carthusians, 
he  entered  at  the  age  of  12,  at  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  had  Linacre  and 
X<atimf  r  for  his  tutors.  He  took  his  first 
degree  at  15,  and  when  admitted  into  or- 
ders he  was  made  prebendary  of  Salisbury, 
and  soon  after  dean  of  Exeter.  Thus 
liberally  patronised  by  tl;e  favour  of  his  re- 
lation Henry  ^■III.  he  was,  with  a  splendid 
allowance,  permitted  to  go  to  Italy  to  finish 
his  edu.'ation,  and  in  the  universities  of 
Padua,  Venice,  and  Rome,  he  acquired  dis- 
tinction by  the  extent  of  his  learning,  his 
engaging  manners,  and  exemplary  pie- 
tv.  He  returned  in  1525  to  England,  and 
•1W> 


■tt^3  received  with  great  kindness  by  Hen- 
ry ;  but  the  agitation  of  the  divorce  from 
Catherine  soon  after  disturbed  the  harmo- 
ny which  subsisted  between  him  and  the 
court.  Henry  wished  to  add  to  the  fa- 
vourable opinion  of  foreign  universities 
the  assent  of  his  respectable  kinsman. 
Pole,  however,  refused  to  approve  what 
his  conscience  condemned,  and  after  with- 
drawing from  the  presence  of  the  king, 
who  at  one  time  was  so  enraged  that  he 
seized  his  poignard  to  stab  him,  he  obtain- 
ed permission  to  travel.  In  Italy  the  Eng- 
glish  ecclesiastic  found  retirement  and 
tranquillity  in  the  bosom  of  his  friends,  and 
in  his  intercourse  with  learned  societies  ; 
but  Henry,  incensed  against  the  pope,  not 
only  divorced  his  queen  to  marry  Ann 
Boleyn,  but  determined  to  shake  off  the 
Roman  yoke,  and  relying  on  the  affection 
of  his  subjects,  declared  himself  supreme 
head  of  the  church.  To  reconcile  this  to 
the  feelings  of  the  people,  a  book  was 
written  in  its  favour  by  Sampson,  bishop 
of  Chichester,  and  sent  over  to  Italy  for 
the  approbation  of  Pole.  Without  imme- 
diately answering  the  king's  request,  Pole 
expressed  soon  after  his  sentiments  in  a 
little  book  called  Pro  Unitate  Ecclesiasti- 
ca,  which,  in  maintaining  the  papal  supre- 
macy, highly  offended  Henry,  and  procured 
not  only  the  withdrawing  of  all  his  pen- 
sions and  his  ecclesiastical  revenues,  but 
the  i)assing  of  a  bill  of  attainder  against 
him.  Stripped  of  his  honours  in  England, 
Pole  found  protection  and  favour  at  Rome  ; 
he  was  created  a  cardinal,  and  sent  as  le- 
gate to  France  and  Flanders,  where,  how- 
ever, the  intrigues  of  Henry  were  so  pow- 
erful, and  his  influence  so  great,  that  he 
returned  to  Rome  for  safety.  He  next 
went  as  legate  to  the  council  of  Trent, 
and  maintained  by  his  eloquence,  as  well 
as  by  his  pen,  the  cause  of  the  papal  see. 
On  the  death  of  Paul  III.  1549,  Pole  was 
twice  elected  by  the  cardinals  to  succeed 
to  St.  Peter's  chair,  but  he  rejected  the 
proffered  honour,  and  soon  after  retired  to 
a  monastery  in  Verona,  where  he  con- 
tinued till  the  death  of  Edward  VI.  On 
the  accession  of  Mary,  Pole  was  selected 
as  the  fittest  legate  to  reconcile  England  to 
the  holy  see  ;  and  after  he  was  informed 
that  the  bill  of  attainder  which  condemn- 
ed him  and  set  a  price  on  his  head  was  re- 
pealed, he  returned  to  his  native  country. 
He  appeared  before  the  parliament,  and 
easily  prevailed  upon  them  to  be  recon- 
ciled to  the  ceremonies  of  Rome,  after  the 
example  of  their  queen  ;  and  after  he  had 
granted  them  absolution,  he  made  his  pub- 
lic entry  into  London,  with  all  the  solemn- 
ity of  Italian  pomp.  But  though  invested 
with  great  authority  as  the  legate  of  the 
pope,  and  the  favourite  of  the  queen,  Pole 
did  not  assent  at  first  to  those  violent  mea- 


VOL 


htji. 


sjL»res  which  bigotry  and  perseculioii  wish- 
ed to  follow.  Mild  hy  iiaturt-,  and  humane 
in  his  disposition,  he  prcfern'd  llio  arms  of 
persuasion  to  the  violence  of  authority ; 
but  his  opposition  was  at  last  overpowered, 
and  by  the  influence  of  the  queen,  some 
severe  measures  were  adopted  against  the 
protestants,  which  reflect  di?<grace,  not  so 
much  upon  the  heart  as  upon  the  accom- 
modating conduct  of  the  legate.  His  for- 
bearance, indeed,  had  been  such  that  he 
%vas  accused  to  the  pope  as  a  heretic,  and 
for  a  while  his  legatine  powers  were  with- 
drawn from  him  ;  but  the  respectability  of 
his  character,  and  the  good  opinion  of  the 
queen,  prevailed  at  Rome,  and  restored 
htm  to  his  office.  On  the  death  of  Gar- 
diner, whose  violent  measures  he  repro- 
bated, he  wascoiifirmed  by  the  pope  in  the 
see  of  Canterbury,  to  which  he  had  before, 
on  the  expulsion  of  Cranmer,  been  elect- 
ed ;  and  to  his  other  dignities  was  added 
the  honour  of  being  chancellor  to  both  uni- 
versities. He  was  attacked  by  a  quartan 
ague  which  proved  fatal,  Nov.  iSth,  1558, 
16  hours  after  the  death  of  his  royal  mis- 
tress, whose  demise  is  said  to  have  hasten- 
ed his  own.  From  Lambeth  he  was  re- 
moved to  Canterbury,  where  he  was  bu- 
ried. If  his  attachment  to  the  see  of  Rome 
had  not  been  so  bigoted  and  violent,  Pole 
might  have  shone  a  very  perfect  character, 
as  in  learning,  piety,  eloquence,  humility, 
and  all  the  amiable  virtues  of  private  and 
of  public  life,  no  man  was  superior  to  him. 
Besides  the  tract  already  mentioned,  he 
■wrote  two  defences  of  it  ;  one  addressed 
to  Henry,  and  the  other  to  Edward  VI.  and 
several  other  pieces. 

PoLEMBERG,  Comclius,  an  eminent 
Dutch  painter,  born  at  Utrecht  1586.  He 
went  to  Rome,  where  he  studied  with  great 
success  the  manner  and  beauties  of  Ra- 
phael, and  surpassed  his  contemporaries  in 
the  delicacy  of  his  touches,  and  the  ele- 
gance of  his  figures.  His  landscapes  were 
also  much  esteemed.  He  was  invited  to 
England  by  Charles  I.  and  painted  here 
some  valuable  pieces  ;  but  he  returned, 
during  the  civil  troubles,  to  his  native 
country,  and  died  at  Utrecht  1660,  in  great 
affluence  and  reputation. 

PoLEMON,  a  Greek  philosopher,  the  dis- 
ciple of  Xenocrates.  By  the  representa- 
tion of  his  ma-^ter,  whose  school  he  once 
entered  in  a  state  of  intoxication,  he  was 
persuaded  to  reform  his  conduct,  and  he 
became  a  most  temperate  man,  and  a  very 
intelligent  instructer.     He  died  B.C.  270. 

PoLENi,  John  Marquis,  a  native  of  Pa- 
dua, eminent  as  a  professor  of  astronomy 
and  mathematics.  He  was  in  1739  admit- 
ted into  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris, 
after  obtaining  three  prizes  from  that  re- 
spectable body,  and  he  was  also  honoured 
V  ith  a  seat  in  the  London  Roval  Society, 


the  Herliu,  and  other  learned  socieiith. 
His  knowledge  of  hydraulics  waa  such, 
that  he  was  consulted  by  several  states, 
and  was  appointed  surveyor  of  the  water 
works  of  the  Venetian  territories.  He 
was  also  an  able  architect,  and  hi»  opinion 
was  solicited  by  pope  Benedict  XIV .  about 
St.  Peter's  church  at  Rome.  He  was  the 
friend  and  corrcopondent  of  all  the  great 
men  of  Europe,  of  Newton,  Leibnitz,  Cas- 
sini,  the  Bernouillis,  tec.  He  was  also 
well  skilled  in  anticpjarian  knowledge,  and 
published  a  supplement  to  the  collections 
of  Graevius  and  Gronovius,  5  vols.  fol. 
1737,  Venice,  lie  died  at  Padua  1761, 
aged  78. 

PoLi,  Martin,  a  native  of  Lucca,  who 
studied  and  professed  chymistry  at  Rome. 
it  is  said  that  he  discovered  some  powerful 
agent  of  destructive  effect  in  niilitary  af- 
fairs, which  he  communicated  to  Lewis 
XIV.  The  monarch  commended  his  in- 
genuity, and  rewarded  him  liberally  with  a 
pension,  and  the  title  of  engineer  ;  but  in- 
sisted that  the  secret  should  die  with  him, 
observing  that  the  methods  of  destroying 
life,  and  increasing  human  miseries  are 
already  sufficiently  numerous.  This  able 
man,  who  had  been  admitted  associate  in 
the  academy  of  sciences,  and  was  invited 
by  the  French  king  to  settle  at  Paris,  died 
there  of  a  violent  fever  soon  after  his  ar- 
rival 29th  July,  1714,  aged  52.  He  pub- 
lished II  Triomfo  degli  Acidi,  an  Apologv 
for  Acids,  &c.  1706. 

PoLiDORo,  Da  Caravaggio,  a  painter  so 
called  from  the  village  of  Caravaggio  near 
Milan,  where  he  was  born  1495.  He  waa 
origuially  a  day  labourer  to  carry  the  stones 
and  mortar  for  the  masons  in  the  buildings 
of  the  Vatican  ;  but  while  he  supplied  ma- 
terials for  the  fresco,  his  genius  incited  him 
to  observe  with  accuracy,  and  to  copy  with 
success  the  figures  desci'ibed  upon  it.  The 
first  exertions  of  his  pencil  were  so  re- 
markably spirited  that  Raphael,  astonished 
at  his  powers,  encouraged  him,  and  employ- 
ed him  among  the  other  artists  in  the  deco-- 
rations  of  the  Vatican  ;  and  not  only  that 
noble  building,  but  many  other  edifices  were 
ornamented  by  the  labours  of  his  genius. 
When  Rome  was  besieged  by  the  Spaniards 
he  fled  to  Naples,  and  afterwards  to  Mes- 
sina, where  he  was  murdered  by  his  ser- 
vant, who  had  observed  the  great  sums  of 
money  which  he  had  drawn  from  the  bank,- 
with  the  intention  of  returning  to  Italy. 
He  died  1543,  aged  48.  The  murderer  was 
discovered,  and  torn  to  pieces  between  four 
horses. 

PoLiER,  Charles  do,  a  native  of  Lau- 
sanne, educated  at  Gottingen.  He  way- 
lieutenant  in  a  Swiss  regiment  in  France, 
but  soon  left  the  profession  of  arms  for 
literature,  and  became  tutor  to  lord  Ty- 
rone's rhildren.     He  tJied   at  his  patroir* 

4^i 


JPUL 


POL 


seat  uear  VVaterford,  1782,  aged  29.  He 
made  some  ingenious  communications  to 
the  Manchester  society,  of  which  he  was 
a  member,  and  memoirs  of  him  by  Dr. 
Percival  have  appeared  in  their  transac- 
tions. 

PoLiGNAC,  Melchior  de,  a  French  car- 
dinal, born  of  a  noble  family  1662.  He 
studied  at  Paris,  and  was  well  versed  in  the 
philosophy  of  Aristotle,  and  afterwards 
embraced  the  doctrines  of  Des  Cartes, 
both  of  which  he  ably  defended.  He  ac- 
companied cardinal  de  Bouillon  to  Rome, 
and  was  afterwards  sent  by  Lewis  XIV.  as 
ambassador  extraordinary  to  procure  the 
succession  to  the  croAvn  of  Poland  in  fa- 
vour of  the  prince  de  Conti,  upon  John 
Sobicski's  death.  His  ill  success  on  this 
business  produced  his  disgrace  at  court ; 
but  he  was  afterwards  restored  to  favour, 
and  sent  to  Rome,  and  in  1709  employed  as 
one  of  the  plenipotentiaries  at  the  con- 
ferences at  Gertruydenburg  ;  and  five  years 
after  he  assisted  at  the  settling  the  peace 
of  Utrecht.  Clement  XI.  raised  him  to 
the  dignity  of  cardinal,  and  he  resided  at 
Rome  UKder  Lewis  XV.  as  minister  of 
France.  In  1726  he  was  raised  to  the  see 
of  Auch,  and  1732  made  commander  of 
the  order  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  He  died  at 
Paris  1741,  aged  81.  He  was  member  of 
the  French  academies,  and  evinced  his 
abilities  by  his  Latin  poem  called  Anti-Lu- 
cretius, seu  de  Deo  et  Natura,  in  nine 
books,  inculcating  doctrines  exactly  con- 
trary to  those  of  Lucretius. 

PoLiNiERE,  Peter,  a  native  of  Coulonce 
near  Vire,  who  studied  philosophy  at  the 
Harcourt  college,  Paris,  where  he  took  his 
degree  of  doctor  in  medicine.  He  was  so 
well  versed  in  philosophy,  mathematics, 
and  chymistry,  that  he  was  the  first  who 
read  lectures  on  those  abstruse  sciences  at 
Paris,  where  he  had  the  king  frequently 
among  his  auditors.  He  died  suddenly  at 
bis  house  at  Coulonce,  9th  Feb.  1734,  aged 
63.  He  was  a  man  of  great  learning,  but 
little  acquainted  with  the  world,  and  more 
fond  of  his  books  and  of  retirement  than 
of  public  life.  He  wrote  Elements  of  Ma- 
thematics— treatise  on  experimental  Phi- 
losophy, 2  vols.  l2mo.  1741. 

PoLiTi,  Alexander,  professor  of  rheto- 
ric, philosophy,  and  divinity,  at  Genoa, 
was  born  at  Florence,  1679.  In  1733  he 
became  professor  of  eloquence  and  Greek 
at  Pisa,  and  died  there,  July  23,  1752,  of 
an  apoplexy.  He  is  known  for  his  edition 
of  Eustathius's  Commentary  on  Homer, 
with  a  Latin  translation  and  notes,  5  vols, 
fol. — the  Roman  Martyrology,  corrected 
in  fol. — Orations  in  the  Academy  of  Pisa, 
&c. 

PoLiTiANo,   Angelo,    an   ingenious  Ita- 
lian, born  July,  1454,  at  Monte  Pulciano, 
*n  Tuscany.     His  real  name  wa.s  Ba^o,  or 
4?i'J 


according  to  others  Ambrogini.  He  learni 
Greek  under  Andronicus  of  Thessalonica, 
and  studied  philosophy  under  Ficinus,  and 
Argyropylus.  He  was  noticed  by  the  Me- 
dicean  family,  and  was  for  some  time  pre- 
ceptor to  Lorenzo's  children,  and  after- 
wards professor  of  Greek  and  Latin  at  Flo- 
rence. He  was  the  intimate  friend  of  the 
learned  men  of  the  times,  and  especially  of 
Picus,  of  Mirandula.  He  died  1494,  and 
some  have  attributed  his  death  to  his  great 
grief  for  the  misfortunes  of  the  Medicean 
family,  who  kad  been  cruelly  expelled  from 
their  country.  Politiano  was  a  man  of 
great  erudition,  vast  application,  and  a  most 
sound  judgment.  As  a  poet  his  lines  on 
the  tournament  of  Julian  de  Medicis  are 
much  admired.  He  wrote,  besides,  the 
history  of  the  Pazzi  conspiracy — Miscella- 
nea— some  other  poems,  and  a  Latin  trans- 
lation of  Herodian,  so  elegant  and  so  spi- 
rited that  it  is  doubted  which  is  the  more 
valuable,  the  original  or  the  version — a 
treatise  on  Anger,  &c.  His  works  altoge- 
ther were  printed  in  1550,  3  vols.  8vo.  and 
1553,  folio,  Basil.  Though  admired  for 
his  learning,  wit,  and  vivacity,  by  Erasmus 
and  others,  Paul  Jovius  has  described  him 
as  a  malevolent  satirist,  who  viewed  the 
literary  labours  of  others  with  mean  jea- 
lousy, and  with  ferocious  virulence  resisted 
every  criticism  upon  his  own  productions. 

PoLLio,  Caius  Asinius,  a  Roman  of  great 
celebrity  under  Augustus.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Mecaenas,  of  Virgil,  and  of  Ho- 
race, and  himself  a  man  of  learning.  He 
died  A.D.  4,  aged  80. 

Pollock,  Thomas,  was  at  the  head  of 
the  administration  in  North  Carolina,  from 
the  death  of  governor  Hyde  in  1712  till  the 
arrival  of  his  successor.  He  had  been 
twenty  years  the  deputy  of  lord  Carteret 
or  his  father,  and  was  much  esteemed  for 
his  integrity.  On  the  death  of  governor 
Eden  he  was  again  placed  at  the  head  of 
the  government,  but  died  soon  after  in  1722. 

rC?-  L. 

Pollux,  Julius,  a  native  of  Nancrates^ 
in  Egypt,  in  the  reign  of  Commodus,  au- 
thor of  Onomasticon,  or  Greek  Vocabulary 
of  groat  merit. 

Poli.?:nus,  a  Macedonian,  author  of 
Stratagems  in  War,  in  the  age  of  Antoni- 
nus and  Verus,  to  whom  the  work  is  in- 
scribed. 

PoLTBius,  a  Greek  historian,  of  Megalo- 
polis. He  was  the  friend  of  the  great  Phi- 
lopoemen,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a 
soldier  against  the  Romans  in  the  Macedo- 
nian war.  After  the  ruin  of  Macedonia, 
Polybius  became  the  friend  of  the  Romans 
and  of  Scipio,  and  wrote  a  valuable  and  in- 
teresting Universal  History,  of  which  only 
part  remains.     He  died  B.C.  121. 

PoLTCARp,  St.  a  bishop  of  Smyrna,  wb© 
suifered  martyrdom,  10&,    aged    95.     Ar» 


eoM 


i'uiy 


epistle  lifoiii  liim  to  the  Philippmns   is  pre- 
served. 

PoLYtLBTUS,  a  sculptor  of  Sieyon,  of 
great  celebrity.  He  was  regarded  as  the 
first  artist,  and  Phidias  as  the  second,  in 
Greece.      He  flourished  B.C.  232. 

PoLTDORE  \  iRGiL,  a  native  of  Urhino, 
who  came  to  Knglaiid  in  the  suite  of  Cor- 
neto,  the  papal  legate.  He  so  pleased 
Henry  N  HI.  by  his  manners  and  his  learn- 
ing, that  he  detained  him  in  Knglaiid  by 
giving  him  the  archdeaconry  oi  Wells,  and 
prevailed  upon  him  to  employ  his  talents  in 
a  history  of  the  country.  He  afterwards 
left  England  in  consequence  of  the  tyran- 
nical conduct  of  VVolsey,  who  had  impri- 
soned him  one  year  for  revenge,  because 
his  patron,  Corneto,  had  solicited  the  see 
of  York,  and  he  retired  to  Italy,  where  he 
died,  1555.  His  works  are  the  History  of 
England  to  the  end  of  the  seventh  Henry's 
reign,  dedicated  to  Henry  VHl.  a  work 
written  in  elegant  Latin,  but  not  very  ac- 
curate as  a  history,  edited  at  Basil,  1534, 
fol. — de  Inventoribus  Rerum,  l2mo. — trea- 
tise on  Prodigies,  fol. — Corrections  on  Gil- 
das — Collection  of  Proverbs. 

PoLTGNOTUs,  a  Greek  painter  of  Rhodes. 
His  painting  of  the  battle  of  Marathon  was 
very  celebrated. 

PoMBAL,  Sebastian  Joseph  Carvalho, 
marquis  of,  a  famous  Portuguese  minister, 
born  at  Soure,  near  Coimbra,  1699.  He 
studied  at  Coimbra,  and  afterwards  em- 
braced a  military  life,  which  he  quitted  for 
retirement  and  a  union  with  Donna  Alma- 
da,  a  rich  and  noble  Spanish  lady,  who 
died  1739.  He  was  in  1745  sent  ambassa- 
dor to  Vienna,  where  he  married  the  count- 
ess of  Daun,  related  to  the  marshal  of  that 
name,  and  by  means  of  this  lady,  who  be- 
eame  a  great  favourite  with  the  queen  of 
Portugal,  he  rose  to  eminence  in  the  state. 
On  the  succession  of  Joseph  to  the  throne, 
1750,  Pombal  was  appointed  secretary  for 
foreign  affairs,  and  he  displayed  his  abili- 
ties by  the  wisdom  of  his  administration, 
and  the  excellent  regulations  which  he  in- 
troduced for  the  promotion  of  the  agricul- 
ture, the  finances,  and  the  marine  of  the 
kingdom.  A  haughtiness  in  his  conduct, 
however,  displeased  some  of  the  nobles, 
arid  a  conspiracy  was  secretly  formed 
against  him  and  the  king ;  but  the  disco- 
very of  it  brought  disgrace  and  death  on 
the  accomplices,  and  the  Jesuits,  who  were 
concerned  in  the  plot,  were  expelled  from 
the  kingdom.  In  the  dreadful  earthquake 
•which  destroyed  Lisbon,  1755,  Pombal 
showed  great  benevolence,  and  the  most 
liberal  patriotism,  and  by  his  means  the 
city  rose  from  her  ruins  with  nev/  splen- 
dour and  increased  magnificence.  On  Jo- 
seph's death,  1777,  Pombal  fell  into  dis- 
grace and  was  banished  to  one  of  hie  es- 
♦at€Sj  where  he  died,  May,  1782,  c^gedSo. 


Though  accused  of  avarice  and  pride,  bfc 
possessed  undoubted!)  great  talents.  His 
memoirs  appeared  at  Pari><,  1783,  in  4  Tola, 
rimo. 

PoMET,  Peter,  a  wholesale  druggist  at 
Paris,  superintendent  of  the  materia  medi- 
ca  in  the  king's  gardens,  o(  which  he  drew 
up  an  account.  He  acquired  opulence,  and 
also  literary  reputation  by  his  works,  espc- 
ciall)  his  General  History  of  Drugs,  101)4, 
fol.  republished  by  his  son,  1735,  2  vols. 
4to.     He  died  I69y,  aged  41. 

PoMKY,  Francis,  a  Jesuit  of  Lyons, 
known  by  his  Pantheum  Mysticuni,  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Andrew  Tooke,  as 
his  own  performance.  He  wrote,  besides, 
a  French  and  Latin  Dictionary,  4to. — Flo<? 
Latinitatis — Libitina,  or  on  the  FuneralF 
of  the  Ancients — Novus  Rhetoricae  Can- 
didatus,  and  died  at  Lyons,  1673,  aged  55. 

PoMFRET,  John,  an  English  poet,  born 
about  1667,  at  Luton,  Bedfordshire,  where 
his  father  was  rector.  He  was  educated 
at  Cambridge,  and  when  in  orders  obtained 
the  living  of  Maldon,  in  Bedfordshire.  In 
1703  he  came  to  London,  for  institution  to 
a  larger  living,  but  found  bishop  Conipton 
strongly  prejudiced  against  him,  for  four 
lines  in  his  poem  called  Choice,  in  which  it 
was  falsely  said  that  he  preferred  a  mis- 
tress to  a  wife,  and  before  the  prelate's 
scruples  could  be  removed,  the  unfortunate 
candidate  for  his  favour  caught  the  small- 
pox, and  died  of  it,  aged  35.  In  his  "  Cru- 
elty and  Lust,"  he  has  introduced  the  cha- 
racter and  conduct  of  Kirk  with  great  effect 
and  pathos.  No  poem,  says  Johnson,  has 
been  oftener  perused  than  his  Choice.  He 
pleases  many,  and  he  who  pleases  must 
have  merit.  A  volume  of  his  poems  ap- 
peared, 1699,  and  two  other  pieces  were 
published  after  his  death  by  Philaiethes. 

Pompadour,  Jane  Antoinette  Poisson, 
marchioness  of,  the  mistress  of  Lewis  XV. 
was  daughter  of  a  financier,  and  married 
D'Etiole,  nephew  of  Normand  Tournehem. 
The  licentious  monarch  first  saw  her  while 
he  was  hunting  in  the  forest  of  Senar,  and 
from  that  time  he  made  her  his  favourite, 
and  raised  her,  in  1745,  to  the  rank  of  a 
marchioness.  She  enjoyed  great  influence 
at  court  till  her  death,  1764,  at  the  age  of 
44.  The  liberal  manner  with  which  she 
patronised  the  arts  and  literature,  has  in 
some  degree  blunted  the  shafts  of  criticism 
against  the  infamy  of  her  life.  Her  me- 
moirs have  been  published,  2  vols.  8vo, 
and  also  her  letters,  3  vols,  in  which  she 
is  represented  as  having  great  influence  iiv 
the  politics  of  France,  and  especially  iu 
the  war  of  1 756. 

PoMPEY,  Cneius  the  Great,  a  celebrated 
Roman,  who,  after  bearing  the  highest  ho- 
nours of  the  state,  and  distinguishing  him- 
self in  war,  formed  the  first  triumvirate 
with  J.  Caesar  aud  Crassas.     A  union  ill 

493 


¥0U 


PON 


ceiuenteil  was  quickly  broken,  and  war  was 
declared  between  him  and  Caesar.  The 
battle  of  Pharsalia  proved  fatal  to  the  cause 
of  Pompey  and  of  Rome,  and  the  great  fu- 
gitive, flying  from  his  enemy,  was  basely 
murdered  in  Egypt  by  order  of  king  Ptole- 
my, whom  he  had  formerly  established  on 
the  throne,  B.C.  49. 

PoMPiGXAN,  John  James  le  Franc,  mar- 
quis of,  a  French  writer,  born  at  Montau- 
ban,  1709.  He  was  educated  for  the  ma- 
gistracy ;  but  his  genius  led  him  to  the  cul- 
tivation of  the  muses,  and  his  tragedy  of 
Dido  raised  him  to  the  rank  of  an  able 
poet,  liitle  inferior  to  Racine.  He  became 
a  member  of  the  French  academy  in  1760, 
and  he  had  the  courage  to  pronounce,  at 
bis  admission,  a  discourse  in  favour  of 
Christianity,  by  proving  that  the  man  of 
religion  and  virtue  is  the  only  true  philoso- 
pher, an  orarion  which  drew  upon  him  the 
ridicule  and  satire  of  the  profligate  philoso- 
phers of  the  times  ;  of  Voltaire,  Helvetius, 
and  their  infidel  associates.  This  illiberal 
treatment  drove  him  from  Paris  to  his  es- 
tate, where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  days  in 
the  labour  of  true  philosophy  and  active 
religion,  and  died  there,  of  an  apoplexy, 
1784,  highly  and  deservedly  respected. 
His  works,  consisting  of  dramatic  pieces 
— moral  discourses — sacred  odes — an  Imi- 
tation of  the  Georgics — Voyage  de  Langue- 
doc — Eulogium  on  the  duke  of  Burgundy, 
&c.  were  published  in  6  vols.  8vo. 

PoMPiGNAN,  John  George  le  Franc  de, 
a  learned  French  prelate,  brother  to  the 
preceding,  born  at  Montauban,  22d  Feb. 
1715.  He  was,  at  the  age  of  29,  made 
bishop  of  Puy,  and  afterwards  translated  to 
the  see  of  Vienne.  At  the  revolution  he 
■was  deputy  from  Dauphine  to  the  constitu- 
ent assembly,  and  became  one  of  the  mi- 
nistry. The  pope  wrote  to  him,  and  called 
upon  him  to  exert  his  authority  and  influ- 
ence to  prevent  all  the  mc'litated  innova- 
tions in  the  church.  He  died  at  Paris, 
29th  December,  1790.  He  was  author  of 
sixteen  different  works,  the  best  known  of 
which  are  Critical  Essay  on  the  Present 
State  of  the  Republic  of  Letters  on  the 
Secular  Authority  in  Matters  of  Religion 
• — Religion  avenged  on  Incredulity  by  In- 
credulity itself — Skepticism  convicted  by 
the  Prophecies — Letters  from  a  Bishop,  2 
vols. — Pastoral  Letters — Defence  of  the 
Clc-rgy  of  France  in  Religion,  &c. 

PoMPONATiU'^,  Peter,  an  Italian  philoso- 
pher, born  at  Mantua,  1462.  He  was  of  a 
dwarfish  stature,  but  possessed  great  ge- 
nius, and  taught  philosophy  with  uncom- 
mon success  at  Padua  and  Bologi>a.  His 
book  "De  Immortalitate  AnimEe,"  in  1.")16, 
occa«ioned  a  violent  controversy,  but  while 
he  maintained  the  immortality  of  the  soul 
^s  a  matter  of  faith,  and  not  by  the  support 
^  philosophical  reasoning,  he  was,  though 


patronised  by  Bembo,  universally  brandeii 
with  the  name  of  an  atheist.  His  work, 
therefore,  was  condemn'  d  and  publicly 
burnt.  His  philosophical  works  were 
printed  at  Venice,  folio,  1525.  He  was 
three  times  married,  and  had  only  one 
daughter.     He  died  1525. 

PoMPONius  Ljstus,  Julius,  an  eminent 
scholar,  whose  real  name  was  Julio  Sanse- 
verino,  born  at  Amendolara,  in  Calabria, 
1425.  He  was  well  acquainted  with  Latin, 
though  totally  ignorant  of  Greek,  but  ra- 
ther inclined  to  heathenism,  since  he  is 
said  to  have  dedicated  altars  to  Romulus, 
and  to  have  refused  to  read  the  Bible,  for 
fear  of  acquiring  a  bad  and  corrupted  taste- 
He  was  accused  of  conspiring  against  pope 
Paul  II.  and  in  consequence  fled  to  Venice, 
but  returned  to  Rome  after  that  pontifTs 
death.  It  is  said  that  before  his  death  he 
became  a  sincere  and  penitent  Christian. 
He  died  1495.  He  wrote  Abridgment  of 
the  Lives  of  the  Caesars,  fol. — de  Romanae 
Urhis  Vetustate,  4to. — De  Mahumedis  Ex- 
ortu,  fol. — De  Sacerdotiis,  Legibus,  &c. 
4to. — De  Arte  Grammatica — Vita  Statii  et 
Patris  ejus — Editions  of  Sallust,  Pliny,  and 
Cicero — Commentaries  on  Virgil,  Quinti- 
lian.  Columella,  though  some  consider 
these,  from  their  Greek  quotations,  with 
which  he  was  unacquainted,  as  the  work 
of  some  other  person. 

PoNA,  John  Baptist,  author  of  Diatribe 
de  Rebus  Philosophicis,  Venice,  1590 — La- 
tin poems— II  Tirreno,  a  pastoral,  &c.  was 
a  native  of  Verona,  who  died  there  very 
young,  1588.  His  brother  John  was  an 
eminent  botanist  at  Verona,  and  wrote 
Plantae  quae  in  Baldo  Monte  reperiantur, 
4to.  re-printed  in  De  I'Ecluse's  Historia 
Rariorum  Stirpium — Del  \  ero  Balsamo 
degli  Antichi,  4to.  Venice,  1623. 

PoNA,  Francis,  a  physician  of  Verona, 
who  died  there,  1652,  aged  58.  He  is 
author  of  Medicina  Anmiae,  4to. — Lucerna 
di  Eureta  Misoscola,  4to.— Saturnalia,  8vo. 
— L'Ormondo,  a  ronr-  ;ice,  4to. — Messalina, 
a  romanc. — Galeria  delle  Donne  Celebri, 
12mo, — L'Adamo,  a  poem — tragedies  and 
comedies — Delia  Contraria  Forza  di  dne 
Belliocchi,  4to. 

Pons,  John  Francis  de,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, of  an  illustrious  family,  born  at 
Marly.  He  studied  at  Paris,  and  obtained 
a  canonry  at  Chauraont,  which  he  re^^igned 
to  settle  at  Paris,  to  indulge  his  literary 
pursuits.  He  ably  defended  La  Mothe 
against  Mad.  Dacier.  He  was  a  learned 
man,  deformed  in  his  person,  but  of  the 
best  character.  He  died  at  Chaumont, 
1732,  aged  49.  He  was  author  of  a  Sys- 
tem of  Education  — Four  Dissertations  on 
Languages,  &.c.  printed  together,  12mo. 
1738. 

PovT,  Lewis  du,  a  Jesuit  of  Valladolid,^ 
whose  meditations;  written  in  Spanish-  have 


roN 


POO 


been  twice  translated  into  French.  lie  died 
1624,  aged  70. 

Pont  de  Vesle,  Antony  de  Ferriol, 
count  de,  a  comic  writer,  who  loved  rttire- 
ment,  but  was  drawn  into  public  life  by  his 
XiuvU-  cardinal  de  Tcncin.  He  was  made 
o-ovcrnor  o(  Font  dc  \  esle,  and  uitcndaiit 
general  ol  marine,  and  died  at  Fans,  3d 
Sept.  1774,  aged  77.  He  was  autlior  ol 
the  Complaisant,  a  couiedy — the  Coxcomb 
Punished  a  comedy — Sleep  Walker,  a  I'arce 
— songs,  and  many  other  fugitive  pie*  es. 
His  uncle  Ferrioi,  ambassador  at  Constan- 
tinople, published  100  engravi;  gs  in  folio, 
1715,  explanatory  of  the  dress  and  man- 
ners ol  the  Eastern  nations,  &c. 

PoNTANus,  John  Jovian,  a  learned  Ita- 
lian, born  at  Cerreto,  1426.  He  was  pre- 
ceptor, and  afterwards  secretary  to  Alphon- 
so,  king  of  Arragon,  whom  by  his  inliueiice 
he  reconciled  to  his  father  Ferdinand. 
These  services  ought  to  have  been  reward- 
ed, but  Pontanus,  finding  himself  neglected, 
inveighed  in  his  Dialogue  on  Ingratitude, 
against  the  conduct  of  the  prince,  who 
nobly  disregarded  the  satirical  attack.  He 
died  1503,  aged  77.  He  wrote  "the  His- 
tory of  the  wars  of  Ferdinand  I.  and  Jolm 
of  \njou,"  4  vols.  Svo.  Basil,  1556.  His 
other  works,  which  are  miscellaneous,  and 
contain  some  licentious  and  indelicate 
poetry,  appeared  at  Venice,  3  vols.  4to. 
His  epitaph  on  himself  has  been  imitated 
by  Dr.  Forster. 

Po.NTANUs,  or  DupoNT,  Peter,  a  gram- 
marian of  Bruges.  Though  he  lost  his 
sight  at  the  age  of  three,  he  acquired  great 
reputation  as  a  teacher  of  belles  lettres  at 
Paris.  He  died  at  the  end  of  the  16th 
century.  He  is  author  of  a  Treatise  on 
Rhetoric,  and  on  the  art  of  making  verses. 

Pontanus,  James,  a  Jesuit  of  Brugg, 
in  Bohemia,  who  taught  belles  lettres  in 
Germany  with  great  reputation,  and  died  at 
Augsburg,  1626,  aged  84.  He  wrote  In- 
stitutiones  Poetioae,  Svo. — Commentaries 
on  Ovid's  Tristia  et  Epist.  de  Ponto — on 
Virgil — Translations  from  Greek  authors, 
and  other  works  in  prose  and  verse. 

Pontanus,  John  Isaac,  an  author,  born 
in  Denmark,  ol  Dutch  parents.  He  be- 
came historiographer  to  the  king  of  Den- 
mark, and  died  at  Harderwyck,  where  he 
had  for  some  time  tauglit  medicine  and 
mathematics,  1640,  aged  69.  He  was  au- 
thor of  Historia  Urbis  et  Renim  Amstelo- 
dam.  fol. — Itinerariu  Gallia;  Narbonens. 
l2mo. — Rerum  Danicarum  Historica  cum 
Chorographic;i  Rcgni  Urbiumque  Descrip- 
tione,  fol.  a  valuable  work — Disceptationes 
Chorographica;  de  Rheni  Divortiis  et  Os- 
tiis,  et  Accollis  Popul^s  adversus  P.  Cluve- 
rum,  Svo. — Observationes  in  Tractatum  de 
Globis  Coelesti  et  Terr.  Svo. — Discussiones 
Historicae,  Svo.  against  Selden's  Treatise 
on  the  Sea — Historia  Geldrica,  fol.  trans- 


lated afterwards  into  Flemish— Originea 
Francica-,  4to.  a  learned  book— Historia 
Llrica,  lol.— ihe  Life  of  Frederic  II.  of 
Denmark,  6ic. 

Pontas,  John,  a  learned  French  eccle- 
siastic, wlio  died  at  Fari.,,  27tli  April, 
1728,  aged  90.  He  was  author  of  Scrip- 
tura  Sacra  uliique  sibi  con.-stans — Dietio- 
nare  dcs  cas  de  Conscience,  three  vols.  fol. 
and  other  spiritual  v\orks. 

Pontchasteau,  Sebastian  Joseph  de  Cam- 
bout,  baron  de,  a  French  author,  nearly 
related  to  Richelieu.  He  was  born  in  1634, 
and  alter  travelling  over  Italy  and  Germa- 
ny, he  bid  adieu  to  the  world,  and  passed 
several  years  of  his  life  engaged  as  the  gar- 
dener of  the  Port  Royal  congregation.  He 
afterwards  retired  to  Rome,  and  then  to 
Orval,  and  died  at  Paris,  27th  June,  1699, 
aged  57.  His  acts  of  charity  and  devo- 
tion were  very  numerous  and  singular. 
He  was  author  of  Treatises  on  the  Cul- 
tivation of  Fruit-trees,  12mo. — on  the 
Moral  Practice  of  the  Jesuits — Letter  to 
Perefjxe,  &c. 

Pontedera,  Julian,  a  native  of  Pisa, 
professor  of  botany  at  Padua,  and  superin- 
tendent of  the  botanic  garden  there.  He 
was  member  of  the  learned  societies  of 
Paris,  and  died  1757,  aged  69,  universally- 
respected  (or  his  extensive  knowledge  of 
botany.  He  wrote  Compendium  Tabu- 
larum  Botanicaium  in  quo  Plantae  272, 
in  Italia  nuper  detectae,  recensentur,  Pa- 
tavii,  1718,  4to.— de  Florum  Natural,  4to. 
— Antiquitat.   Latin.    Graec.  Enarrationes, 

&.C. 

PoNTHiEU,  Adelaide,  a  French  lady, 
whose  adventures  during  tiie  crusades  un- 
der St.  Louis,  have  furnished  a  subject  to 
\  ignancourt  for  a  romance,  and  to  La 
Place  for  a  tragedy,  and  to  St.  Marc  for  an 
opera. 

PoNTOPPiDAN,  Eric,  bishop  of  Bergen, 
in  Norway,  was  author  of  a  valuable  His- 
tory of  the  Reformation  in  Denmark,  fol. 
and  another  of  Norway,  translated  into 
English.  He  died  about  1750.  His  uncle 
ol  the  same  name  was  a  native  of  'he 
island  of  Funen,  and  became  bishop  of 
Drontheim,  where  he  died  1678,  aged  62. 
He  wrote  a  Danish  grammar,  much  esteem- 
ed, and  other  learned  works. 

Pontormo,  James,  a  painter,  who  was 
born  at  Florence,  and  died  there,  1556. 
aged  63.  His  early  pi(  ces  di-played  ge- 
nius, and  were  ailmired  bv  Raphael  and 
Michael  Angelo  ;  but  he  afterwards  aban- 
doned the  vigour  and  chaste  style  of  his 
genius  by  imitating  the  cold  taste  of  the 
German  school.  His  last  pieces  are  not  so 
highly  valued  as  the  first. 

Pool,  Rachel  Van,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, eminent  as  a  painter  of  flowers,  fruits, 
&c.  She  died  1750,  aged  86.  Her  hus- 
band, Jurjan  Pool,  was  also  an  eminent 

495 


POP 


PO? 


ariidt  in  portrEuts,  who  died  five  years  be- 
fore her,  aged  79. 

Poole,  Matthew,  an  eminent  nonconfor- 
mist, born  at  York,  1624.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge,  wtiere 
he  took  his  master's  degree,  and  when  or- 
dained according  to  ihe  t»;ncts  of  the  pres- 
b>terians,  he  was  made  minister  of  St. 
Michael  le  Q,uern,  in  Loudon,  from  which 
he  was  ejected  in  1662  for  nonconformity. 
Among  his  other  works  he  wrote  with 
great  zeal  against  the  papists,  and  accord- 
ing to  Titus  Oates's  deposition  in  1679,  he 
was  on  the  list  of  those  who  were  to  be  cut 
off.  In  consequence  of  this  meditated  vio- 
lence he  retired  to  Holland,  and  died  at 
Amsterdam,  Oct.  1679.  He  possessed 
great  learning,  and  was  indefatigable  in  his 
studious  pursuits.  Besides  English  Anno- 
tations on  the  Bible,  completed  after  his 
death,  in  2  vols,  folio,  and  other  things, 
he  compiled  that  useful  work,  "  Synopsis 
Criticorum  Biblicorum,"  or  Elucidations 
of  Scripture  by  various  hands,  5  vols.  fol. 
1669. 

Pope,  sir  Thomas,  a  native  of  Dedding- 
ton,  Oxfordshire,  educated  at  Eton,  after 
which  he  studied  the  law.  In  1536  he  was 
appointed  treasurer  of  the  court  of  aug- 
mentations, and  afterwards  visiter  of  reli- 
gious houses,  and  in  1540  he  was  knighted, 
and  made  master  of  the  jewel  office  in  the 
Tower.  He  has  rendered  himself  cele- 
brated as  the  munificent  founder  of  Trinity 
college,  Oxford,  in  1554.  He  died  in  Lon- 
don four  years  after,  aged  46,  and  his  re- 
mains with  those  of  his  wife  were  interred 
in  the  chapel  of  his  college.  He  was  a 
man  of  high  respectability,  and  the  friend 
of  the  learned  and  the  great.  He  was  or- 
dered by  Henry  VIII.  to  communicate  to 
his  friend  sir  Thomas  More  the  mournful 
intelligence  of  his  approaching  execution. 

Pope,  Alexander,  an  illustrious  English 
poet,  born  Sth  June,  168S,  in  the  Strand, 
where  his  father  was  a  hatter.  He  learned 
writing  by  imitating  printed  books,  and  at 
eight  years  of  age  he  was  placed  under  the 
care  of  a  priest  named  Taverner,  under 
whom  he  learned  the  rudiments  of  Latin 
and  Greek.  He  next  was  sent  to  a  popish 
school  near  Winchester,  and  then  removed 
to  a  seminary  near  Hyde-park  corner.  At 
the  age  of  12  he  went  to  live  with  his  pa- 
rents at  Binfield,  in  Windsor  forest,  and 
first  discovered  his  taste  for  poetry  by  read- 
ing Ogilby's  Virgil  and  Sandys's  Ovid  ;  but 
the  writings  of  Spenser,  Waller,  and  Dry- 
den,  now  became  his  favourite  employ- 
ment. He  early  began  to  try  his  strength 
in  poetry,  and  it  is  said  that  at  the  age  of 
10  he  converted  some  of  the  stories  of  Ho- 
mer into  a  play,  which  his  school-fellows 
acted  with  the  assistance  of  his  master's 
sardener,  who  undertook  the  part  of  Ajax. 
Kis  first  regular  composition  was  his  Ode 
19fi 


Dn  Solitude ;  but  his  pastorals,  begun  iu 
1704,  introduced  him  soon  as  a  promising 
bard  to  the  wits  of  the  age,  especially  Wy- 
cherley  and  Walsh,  who  applauded  the  la- 
bours of  the  youth,   and   strongly  recom- 
mended to  him  to  study  correctness.     In 
1 704  he  also  wrote  his  first  part  of  Windsor 
Forest,  which   was   not  completed  till  six 
years  after,   and   inscribed  to  lord  Lans- 
down.     The   Essay  on  Criticism  appeared 
in   1708,   and   in   this  most   incomparable 
performance,  though  not  yet  20  years  old, 
he  evinced  all   the  taste,  the  genius,  and 
judgment  of  the   most  mature   reflection, 
and  the   most  consummate  knowledge  of 
human  nature.     The  fame  of  the  essay  was 
soon   surpassed    by  the  Rape  of  the  Lock, 
which   was   published  in  1712.     The  poet 
chose  for  his  subject  the   sportive  conduct 
of  lord  Petre  in  cutting  off  a  lock  of  Mrs. 
Fermor's  hair  ;  and  he  had  the  happinesS; 
by  the  elegant  and  delicate  effusions  of  his 
muse,  and  the  creative  powers  of  his  ima- 
gination, to  effect  a  reconciliation  between 
the  offended  parties.    The  Temple  of  Fame 
next  engaged  the  public   attention,  and  in 
1713  he  published   Proposals  for  a  transla- 
tion of  Homer's  Iliad  by  subscription.  This 
was   generously   supported  by   the  public, 
and  the  poet  received  from  his  subscribers 
6000^  besides  1200/.  which  the  bookseller 
Lintot  gave  him  for  the  copy.    Thus  raised 
to  independence  by  the  efforts  of  his  genius, 
Pope   purchased  a  house  at  Twickenham, 
where  he  removed  with  his  father  and  mo- 
ther, 1715.     In  1717  he  published  a  collec- 
tion of  his  poems  ,  but  in   his  edition  of 
Shakspeare,   which  appeared  in  1721,   he 
proved  to  the  world  that  he  had  consulted  his 
private  emolument  more  than  his  fame.  The 
success  with  which  the  Iliad  had  been  receiv- 
ed, encouraged  him  to  attempt  the  Odyssey 
with  the  assistance  of  Broome  and  Fenton, 
whose  labours  he  rewarded  with  500/.  and 
he  received  the  same  honourable  subscrip- 
tion  as   before,   but   only  600/.   from  the 
bookseller.     In  1725,  he  joined  Swift  and 
Arbuthnot  in    writing  some    miscellanies, 
and  in  1727  he  published  his  Dunciad,  with 
notes  by  Swift,  under  the  name  of  Scrible- 
rus.     This  singular  poem  owed  its  origin 
to  the  severe  and  illiberal  remarks  to  which 
the  poet  had  been    exposed  from   the  infe- 
rior scribblers  of  the  day,  and  after  long  ex- 
hibiting patience,  he  revenged  the  attack  by 
the  keenest  of  satires.     As  a  composition, 
the  Dunciad  is  a  work  of  great  merit ;  and 
Gibber  himself,  the  hero  of  the  piece,  bears 
the  most  manly  testimony  to  the  talents  of 
his  persecutor,  by  declaring  that  nothing 
was  ever  more  perfect  and   finished  in  its 
kind  than  this  poem.    The  principles,  how- 
ever, of  the  poet  must  be  condemned  ;  if  it 
was  justice  to  retort  abuse  on  those  who 
had  offended  him,  it  was  the  most  illiberal 
and  profligate  conduct  to  haag  up  ta  im- 


^■ 


pUf 

woital  ignominy  the  characters  of  mcu  of 
genius,  talents,  and  rcspcctabihty,  who  in- 
stead of  censuring  him  had  been  loud  in  hia 
praise.     Lord  Bolingbroke  in  1721)  entreat- 
ed him  to  turn  his  thoughts  to  moral   sub- 
jects, and  this  produced  his  Essay  on  Man,' 
a  work  of  acknowledged  merit,  containing 
a  system  of  ethics  in  the  Horatian  way.  In 
his  ethic  epistles,  it  is  supposed  that  he  re- 
flected, in  the  character  of  Timon,  on  the 
duke  of  Chaiidos  ;  and  this  propensity  was 
unfortunately     indulged     in    bis     satires, 
which  he  continued  till  1739,  and  in  which 
he  censures  in  the  severest  language,  per- 
sons of  the  highest  rank  and  birth.     A  col- 
lection of  his  letters  appeared  in  1737,  and 
the  following  year  a  translation  of  his  Es- 
say on  Man,  was  published  in   France  by 
Resnel,  and  at  the  same  time  a  severe  ani- 
madversion  on  it  by  Cronsaz,  a  German 
professor,    who   declared  it  nothing  but  a 
system  of  materialism.     This  publication 
was  answered  by  Warburton,  and  appeared 
as  a  commentary  on  the  republication  of  the 
poem  in  1740.    In  1742  the  poet  gave  to  the 
world  a  fourth  book  of  his   Dunciad,   and 
prepared  a  more  perfect  and  comprehen- 
sive edition  of  his  works  ;  but  death  stop- 
ped bis  hand.     His  constitutional  attack 
of  the   headach  was  now  increased  by  a 
dropsy  in  the  breast,  which  baffled  all  re- 
lief, and  he  expired  30th  May,  1744,  aged 
56.     He   made,  by  his  will,   Miss  Blount 
heiress  to  his  property  during  her  life,  and 
he  bequeathed  the  property  of  all  his  works 
to  his  friend  Warburton,  who  accordingly 
in'  1751,  published  a  complete  edition  of  the 
whole,  in  9  vols.  8vo.     A  very  interesting 
Essay  on  his  writings  and  genius  appeared 
in  1756,  and  in  1782,  by  Dr.  Warton,  and 
it  was  again  reprinted  with  a  new  edition 
of  his  works  by  the  learned  author  in  1797. 
Though  a  catholic  in  religion,  it  is  generally 
supposed  that  Pope  was  little  more  than  a 
deist,  as  his  Essay  on  Man  fully  justifies  ; 
yet  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  he  attended 
the  service  of  the  English  church.     In  his 
person  he  was  little  and  somewhat  crook- 
ed ;  but  the  powers  of  the  mind  compen- 
sated for  all  the  defects  of  the  body.     He 
was    capricious   in  his  friendships  ;    and 
though  he  was  courted  by  men  of  rank  and 
fashion,by  lords  Harcourt,  Bolingbroke,and 
others  distinguished  for  opulence,  as  well  as 
celebrity  and  wit,  yet  he  never  forgot  the 
homage  which  should  be  paid  to  the  man  of 
poetical  eminence,  and  of  acknowledged 
literary  fame.     His  manners,  as  lord  Or- 
rery has  observed,  were  delicate,  easy,  and 
engaging;   he  treated  his  friends  with   a 
politeness  that  charmed,   and  a  generosity 
that  was   much  to   his   honour.       Every 
guest  was  made  happy  within  his  doors  ; 
pleasure  dwelt  under  his  roof,  and  elegance 
presided  at  his  table. 
,PoPHAM,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  English 
'  Vol.  II.  63 


I'OK 

lawyer,  born  at  llunlwortu,  Somcrjctsliire, 
1531.  He  was  of  Baliol  college,  Oxford, 
and  afterwards  went  to  the  Middle  Tem- 
ple, and  rose  to  high  honours  in  the  law. 
He  was  solicitor  and  attorney-general,  and 
in  1592  was  made  chief  justice  of  the 
King's  Bench.  He  was  considered  as  a 
severe  judge  against  robbers ;  but  his 
strictness  proved  of  service  to  the  kingdom; 
and  reduced  the  number  of  depredators. 
He  died  1G07,  aged  76,  and  was  buried  at 
AVellington.  He  published  Reports  and 
Cases  in  Elizabeth's  Reign,  folio — Resolu- 
tions and  Judgments,  &c.  4to. 

PoPHAM,  Sir  Home  Riggs,  a  naval  officer 
and  knight  commander  of  the  Bath,  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1762.  He  rose  to  the 
rank  of  lieutenant  in  the  American  war, 
and  after  the  peace  went  to  India,  where 
he  commanded  a  country-ship  and  disco- 
vered a  passage  for  navigation  at  Pulo  Pe- 
nang.  In  1794  he  rendered  such  service 
to  the  duke  of  York  in  Holland  as  to  be  ap- 
pointed to  the  rank  of  master  and  comman- 
der, and  shortly  after  attained  that  of  post 
captain.  He  was  next  employed  in  the 
Baltic,  %vhere  the  emperor  of  Russia  gave 
him  the  cross  of  Malta.  In  1800  he  was 
appointed  to  a  command  in  the  East  In- 
dies, and  in  1803  he  entered  the  Red  Sea, 
where  he  settled  advantageous  terms  of 
eommexTc  for  the  English  merchants.  On 
his  return  home,  however,  his  conduct  was 
rigorously  examined,  and  the  most  unfa- 
vourable report  of  it  was  made  to  the 
house  of  commons  ;  from  which  he  was  ef- 
fectually cleared  on  farther  inquiry.  He 
was  afterwards  engaged  in  the  expedition 
againstBuenosAyres;  but  though  successful, 
he  was  brought  to  a  court-martial,  and  cen- 
sured for  it  when  the  administration  by 
whose  orders  he  acted  could  no  longer  pro- 
tect him.  After  the  last  peace  he  obtained 
the  appointment  of  commander-in-chief  on 
the  Jamaica  station,  from  whence  he  had 
but  just  returned,  when  death  closed  ^i-* 
services  at  Cheltenham,  Sept.  13th,  1620. 
Sir  Home  published — "  A  Statement  of 
the  Treatment  experienced  by  him  since 
his  return  from  the  Red  Sea,"  and  "A 
Description  of  Priiice  of  Wales's  Island." 
—W.  B. 

PoRDAGE,  Joan,  an  English  enthusiast, 
during  the  civil  wars.  He  was  for  some 
time  vicar  of  St.  Laurence's,  Reading,  but 
deprived  by  the  Berkshire  commissioners 
on  an  accusation  of  magic.  He  afterwards 
practised  medicine,  and  acquired  celebrity 
as  an  astrologer,  well  versed  in  the  abstruse 
science  of  alchymy.  He  was  author  of 
Manifest  Innocence,  in  answer  to  Fowler's 
Dsemonium  Meridianum,  and  of  some 
other  mystical  treatises  of  little  merit.  He 
died  about  1670. 

PoRDENONE,  John  Anthouy  Licinio,  ai 
painter,  born  in  the  village  of  Pordenone, 

497 


y 


POR 


POR 


near  t'dino,  1484.  lie  studied  attentively 
the  works  of  Giorgone,  and  by  Lis  abilities 
firserved  to  be  called  the  rival  of  the  great 
Titian.  He  was  for  some  time  at  Genoa, 
under  the  patronage  of  Doria,  and  then 
■went  to  Venice,  and  to  Fcrrara,  where  he 
died  1540,  it  is  said  by  the  efi'ects  of  poi- 
son, administered  by  some  painters  jealous 
of  bis  fame.  He  was  knighted  for  his  ser- 
vices by  Charles  V.  His  nephew,  called 
the  younger  Pordenone,  born  at  Venice, 
studied  under  him,  and  became  also  emi- 
nent.    He  died  at  Augsburg,  1570. 

PoREE,  Charles,  a  French  Jesuit,  born 
iicar  Caen  in  Normandy,  ICun.  He  acqui- 
red reputation  as  professor  of  belles  let- 
frcs,  rhetoric,  and  theology  at  Caen,  and 
afterwards  in  the  college  of  Louis  the 
(Jreat  at  Paris.  He  died  1741,  at  Paris. 
He  wrote  comedies  and  tragedies  in  Latin 
— Orations,  3  vols. — poems,  &c. — His  bro- 
t!)cr,  Charles  Gabriel,  was  of  the  society  of 
the  oratory,  and  canon  of  Bayeux  cathe- 
dral, and  died  at  his  cure  of  Louvigny, 
}icar  Caen,  1770,  aged  85.  He  was  author 
of  la  Mandariuade,  or  Histoire  du  Manda- 
rinat  do  I'Abbe  de  St.  Martin,  3  vols. 
l*2mo. — Letters  on  burying  in  Churches, 
&c. 

PoRPiiTRT,  a  Platonic  philosopher  of 
Tyre,  who  wrote  a  violent  book  against 
the  Scriptures,  which  was  publicly  burnt  by 
order  of  Theodosius  the  Great.  He  wrote 
besides  various  treatises,  and  died  at  the 
end  of  Dioclesian's  reign. — There  was  a 
j'oet  of  that  name  in  the  reign  of  Constan- 
tine. 

PoRSENNA,  king  of  Etruria,  supported 
the  cause  of  the  exiled  Tarquin  against  the 
Romans,  and  laid  siege  to  Rome.  His 
measures  proved  unsuccessful  against  the 
■\alour  of  Rome. 

Porta,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Castel-Nuo- 
vo,  known  as  a  painter.  He  took  the 
name  of  his  master  Salviati,  and  acquired 
celebrity  by  his  pieces  in  oil  and  in  fres- 
co. He  wrote  also  some  mathematical 
treatises,  which,  it  is  said,  he  afterwards 
destroyed.  He  died  at  Venice  1585,  aged 
60. 

Porta,  John  Baptist,  a  Neapolitan,  emi- 
nent for  his  learning,  and  his  knowledge  of 
mathematics,  medicine,  and  natural  histo- 
ry. As  he  admitted  a  society  of  learned 
friends  into  his  house,  he  was  accused  of 
magical  incantations,  and  exposed  to  the 
censures  of  the  court  of  Rome.  He  died 
1515,  aged  70.  He  invented  the  Camera 
Obscura,  improved  afterwards  by  Graves- 
ande,  and  formed  the  plan  of  an  Encyclo- 
pedia. He  wrote  a  Latin  treatise  on  Na- 
tviral  Majgic,  8vo.— another  on  Physiogno- 
my, mixed  with  Astrology,  &c.— de 
Occultis  Literarum  Notis— Physiognomica, 
^eu  Methodus  cosniosccndi  ex  Inspectione 
49S 


vires  Abilas  cujusque  Rei,  folio — de  Distil- 
lationibus,  4to.  &c. 

Porta,  Simon,  or  Portius,  a  Neapoli- 
tan, the  disciple  of  Pomponatius.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  learning,  and 
became  professor  of  philosophy  at  Pisa,  and 
then  retired  to  Naples,  where  be  died, 
1554,  aged  57.  He  is  author  of  treatises 
de  Mente  Humana — de  Voluptate  et  Do- 
lore — de  Coloribus  Oculorum,  4to. — de 
Rerura  Naturalium  Principiis  Libri  Duo — 
Opus  Physiologicum,  4to. — de  Conflagra- 
tione  Agri  Puteolani,  4to. 

Porte,  .foseph  de  la,  a  native  of  Be- 
fort,  who  died  at  Paris,  Dec.  1779,  aged  61. 
He  was  for  some  time  among  the  Jesuits, 
but  quitted  their  society  for  a  literary  resi- 
dence at  Paris.  jHe  published  the  Anti- 
quary, a  comedy  of  no  great  merit,  and  af- 
terwards was  engaged  in  a  periodical  work, 
called  Observations  on  Modern  Literature, 
which  ended  in  the  ninth  volume.  After- 
wards he  assisted  Freron  in  the  40  first 
volumes  of  the  Literary  Year,  and  he  pub- 
lished separately  the  Literary  Observer. 
He  next  was  engaged  in  the  publication  of 
the  School  of  Literature,  2  vols.  12mo. — 
Dramatic  Anecdotes,  3  vols.  8vo. — Literary 
History  of  French  Ladies,  5  vols.  8ro. — 
the  French  Traveller,  twenty-four  vols. 
12mo. — Pensees  de  Massillon,  &c. 

Porte,  Peter  de  la,  a  domestic  in  the 
service  of  Ann  of  Austria,  and  of  Lewis 
XIV.  He  was  concerned  in  the  intrigues 
of  the  French  court,  and  fell  under  the  dis- 
pleasure of  cardinal  Mazarin,  who  sent 
him  to  the  Bastille.  He  died  at  Paris, 
13th  Sept.  1680,  aged  77.  His  memoirs 
were  published  at  Geneva,  1756,  in  12mo. 

Porter,  Francis,  a  native  of  Meath  in 
Ireland,  who  was  educated  in  France,  and 
was  admitted  into  the  order  of  the  Recol- 
lects, and  was  afterwards  divinity  professor 
in  the  convent  of  Isidorus  at  Rome,  where 
James  II.  gave  him  the  title  of  his  histo- 
riographer. He  published  Seeuris  Evange- 
lica  ad  Hagresis  Radicis  posita — Palinodia 
Religionis  praetense  Reformatae — Compen- 
dium Annalium  Ecclesiastieorum  regni  Hi- 
bernian, 4to.— Systema  Decretorum  Dog- 
matic, ab  initio  naseentis  Eecles.  per 
summ.  Pontifie.  Coneil.  Generalia  et  Par- 
ticul.  hue  usque  editorum  1698.  He  died 
at  Rome  7th  April,  1702. 

PoRTES,  Philip  des,  a  French  poet, 
born  at  Chartres  1546.  He  greatly  im- 
proved the  French  language,  and  was  libe- 
rally rewarded  for  his  poetical  works. 
Henry  Ill.bestowed  on  him  10,000  crowns, 
Charles  IX.  gave  him  800  crowns  of  gold 
for  a  poem,  and  admiral  de  Joyeuse  con- 
ferred on  him  an  abbey  for  a  sonnet. 
Though  in  high  favour  with  the  court,  and 
promoted  to  various  benefices,  he  yet  re- 
fused a  bishopric.      He  was  an  eminent 


FO.S 


i»oT 


fticnd  to  learned  mon.  He  obtained  latterly 
the  friendship  of  Henry  IV.  and  died  1G0«]. 
He  wrote  a  translation  of  the  Psalms — Imi- 
tations of  Ariosto — Christian  poems — tlic 
Amours  of  Hippolytua  and  Diana — Sonnets 
— Elegies,  &.c. 

PoRTUS,  Francis,  a  native  of  Candia, 
educated  at  the  court  of  Hercules  II.  of 
Ferrara,  after  whose  death  he  retired  to 
Geneva.  He  taught  at  Ferrara,  and  after- 
wards at  Geneva  the  Greek  language,  and 
at  Geneva  embraced  the  protcstant  tenets. 
He  died  15S1,  aged  70.  He  wrote  Addi- 
tions to  Constantine's  Greek  Lexicon,  folio 
— Commentaries  on  Pindar,  Thucydides, 
Longrnus,  Xenophon,  and  other  Greek 
authors.  His  son  iEmilius  was  also  an 
able  Grecian,  and  published  Dictionarium 
lonicum  et  Doricum,  GroDco-Latinum,  2 
vols.  8vo. — a  translation  of  Suidas,  and 
other  learned  works.  He  was  professor  of 
Greek  at  Lausanne  and  Heidelberg. 

PoRUS,  king  of  India,  is  celebrated  in 
history  for  the  bold  resistance  which  he  op- 
posed to  the  invasion  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  and  the  noble  answer  he  made  when 
asked  how  he  wished  to  be  treated. 

PosiDippus,  a  Greek  poet,  B.  C.  280. 
His  dramatic  pieces  have  perished. 

PosiDONius,  an  astronomer  of  Alexan- 
dria, who  called  the  circumference  of  the 
earth  30,000  furlongs. — A  stoic  philoso- 
pher of  Rhodes,  B.C.  30. 

PossEviN,  Antony,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Mantua  1533.  He  distinguished  himself 
as  a  preacher,  and  was  employed  by  pope 
Gregory  XIII.  in  embassies  to  Poland,  Swe- 
den, Germany,  and  other  courts.  He  died 
at  Ferrara,  26th  Feb.  1611,  aged  78.  He 
wrote  Bibliotheca  Selecta  de  Katione  Stu- 
diorum,  2  vols,  folio — a  Latin  Description 
of  Muscovy,  folio — Miles  Christianus — 
Apparatus  Acer,  2  vols,  folio — Confutatio 
Ministrorum  Transilvaniae  et  Fr.  Davidis 
de  Trinitate,  &c. — He  had  a  nephew  of 
his  name,  physician  at  Mantua,  who  wrote 
Gonzagarum  Mantuae  et  Montis  Serrati 
Ducum  Historia,  1628,  4to. 

Post,  Francis,  an  eminent  painter,  born 
at  Haerlem,  where  he  also  died  1680.  He 
was  in  1647  in  the  West  Indies,  and  em- 
ployed his  pencil  most  successfully  in  deli- 
neating the  beauties  and  the  scenery  of  that 
quarter  of  the  globe. 

PosTEL,  William,  a  French  visionaiy, 
bom  at  Doleric  in  Normandy,  1510.  At  the 
age  of  eight  he  lost  both  his  parents  by  the 
plague,  and  had  now  to  struggle  with  po- 
verty, and  a  supercilious  world.  By  perse- 
vering assiduity,  however,  he  not  only 
gained  his  livelihood,  but  improved  his  mind 
by  study,  and  going  to  Paris,  he  became 
the  assistant  and  the  companion  of  some 
students  in  the  college  of  St.  Barbe.  His 
merits_  at  last  became  known  to  Fn<.nci5  !> 


who  si-nt  him  to  the  F,a«t  to  colled  curious 
MSS.     At  his  return  he  was  rewarded  with 
the  place  of  professor  roy;il  of  mathematics 
and  languages,  with  a  good  salary  ;  but  his 
strong  attachment  to  the  chancellor  Poyet 
proved  fatal  to  his   happiness  ;   and  by  th«-. 
influence  of  the  queen  of  Navarre,  he  was 
deprived  of  his  literary  honours,  and  banish- 
ed from  France.     Now  a  fugitive,  he  wan- 
dered from  Vienna  to  Rome,  where  he  be- 
came a  Jesuit,   and   afterwards  retired  to 
Venice,  where  he  was  imprisoned.     When 
liberated,  he  again  came  to  Paris,  and  then 
to  Vienna,  where  he  obtained  a  professor- 
ship ;  but  afterwards  he  made  his   peace 
with  his  French  persecutors,  and  was  re- 
stored to  his  chair  for  a  while,  till  another 
fit  of  madness  and  eccentricity  drove  him 
away  to  die  a  penitent  fanatic  in  a  monas- 
tery,  where  he   expired,  6th  Sept.  1581, 
aged  71.     Though  wild  and  extravagant  in 
his  conduct,   he  was  a  man  of  deep  erudi- 
tion, and  of  extensive  information,  so  that 
his  lectures  were  attended  by  the  most  nu- 
merous and    respectable   audiences.     His 
opinions  were  at  times  as  extravagant  as 
his  conduct.     It  was  not  only  at  Rome  that 
he  exposed  himself  to  persecution,  for  as- 
serting that  general  councils  were  superior 
to  the  pope,  but  at  Venice  he  formed  a  ri- 
diculous attachment  to  Joan,  an  old  maid, 
in  whom  he  pretended  that  the  redemption 
of  women,  hitherto  imperfect,  was  now  ac- 
complished.    His  works  are  26  in  number, 
on  curious  and  strange  subjects,   the  best 
known  of  which  are,  Clavis  Absconditoruni 
a  Constitutione  Mundi,  12mo.  1547 — His- 
tory  of   the    Gauls — Description    of    the 
Holy  Land — de  Phoenicum  Literis — de  Ori- 
ginibus   Gentium — Alcorani   et    Evangelii 
Concordia,  8vo. — de  Linguae  Hebraic.  Ex- 
cellentia — de  Ultimo  Judicio,  &c. — de  Tri- 
bis  Impostoribus,  &c.  attributed  by  some  to 
him. 

PosTHUMUs,  Mar.  Cass.  Latienus,  a  Ro- 
man general  made  emperor  after  ^^alerian's 
death,  261.  His  valour  and  virtues  pro- 
mised happiness  to  Rome,  when  he  was 
murdered  with  his  son  by  his  rebellious 
soldiers,  267. 

PosTLETHWATTE,  Malachi,  the  learned 
author  of  the  English  Commercial  Dic- 
tionary, 2  vols.  fol.  a  work  of  great  merit 
and  utility,  was  a  London  merchant,  and 
died  1767. 

PoTAMON,  a  philosopher  of  Alexandria  in 
the  age  of  Augustus,  was  chief  of  the  Ec- 
lectic sect. 

PoTAMoy,  an  orator  of  Lesbos,  whose 
panegyric  on  Tiberius  was  much  admired, 
though  too  full  of  flattery. 

PoTE,  Joseph,  an  English  bookseller  and 
printer,  settled  at  Eton,  where  he  died 
1787,    He  publisbeti  an  interesting  Hf*- 

499 


PUT 


PUT 


{ory  of  Winusor  castle,  and  of  its  antiqui- 
ties, and  of  St.  George's  college  and  chapel, 
4to. 

PoTEMKiN,  Gregory  Alexander,  a  Russian 
prince  descended  from  a  Polish  family,  and 
born  at  Smolensko  in  1736.  He  was  an 
ensign  in  the  horse-guards  when  his  person 
first  attracted  the  notice  of  Catherine,  and 
he  rapidly  rose  to  the  envied  situation  of 
favourite,  and  of  war  minister.  He  sug- 
gested to  his  imperial  mistress  the  necessity 
of  seizing  upon  the  Crimea,  and  by  his  ad- 
vice the  foundations  of  Cherson  were  laid 
in  1778  on  the  banks  of  the  Nieper,  and  a 
new  city  suddenly  arose,  important  for  its 
maritime  situation,  and  well  protected  by  a 
population  of  above  40,000  inhabitants. 
In  the  enjoyment  of  the  favours  of  the 
empress,  Potemkin  sighed  for  new  distinc- 
tions, and  to  obtain  the  ribband  of  St. 
Geoi^e,  which  was  bestowed  only  on  vic- 
torious generals,  he  persuaded  his  mistress 
io  declare  war  against  the  Turks  1787,  and 
Le  took  the  field  in  person  at  the  head  of 
150,000  men.  In  the  midst  of  the  winter 
Le  laid  siege  to  Oczakow,  which  he  took  by 
assault,  and  delivered  up  to  the  plunder  of 
his  licentious  troops,  who  sacrificed  to  their 
fury  upwards  of  25,000  men.  Thus  vic- 
torious he  was  received  by  Catherine  with 
unusual  pomp  ;  the  most  splendid  presents 
V  ere  lavished  upon  him,  and  he  was  better 
enabled  to  indulge  that  fondness  for  luxury 
and  debauched  intemperance  which  covered 
his  table  with  the  choicest  dainties,  and  the 
rarest  fruits  at  the  most  extravagant  ex- 
pense. He  attended  afterwards  the  con- 
gress of  Yassi,  which  was  to  cement  a  re- 
conciliation between  the  Russians  and  the 
Turks  ;  but  his  intemperance  here  brought 
on  indisposition,  and  as  he  wished  to  re- 
move to  the  more  salubrious  air  of  Nico- 
laeff  his  distemper  grew  so  violent,  that  he 
alighted  from  his  carriage  by  the  way, 
und  expired  suddenly  under  a  tree,  14th 
Oct.  1791,  aged  55.  His  remains  were 
ronveyed  to  Cherson,  and  buried  by  order 
of  the  empress  under  a  magnificent  mau- 
.*oleum.  Potemkin  in  his  character  was 
violent,  haughty,  and  tyrannical ;  not  only 
the  courtiers  of  Catherine  felt  the  over- 
bearing power  of  this  guilty  favourite,  but 
tven  foreign  ambassadors  were  treated  with 
studied  disdain  and  ceremonious  superiori- 
ty. His  intemperance  at  table  has  been 
ijientioned  as  so  extraordinary,  that  it  is 
.«aid  he  generally  devoured  a  whole  goose, 
or  a  ham  for  his  breakfast,  with  a  copious 
draught  of  wine,  and  feasted  the  rest  of  the 
day  with  equal  voracity.  It  is  reported 
that  not  satisfied  with  the  pompous  title  of 
rhief  of  the  Cossacks,  he  aspired  to  the 
dignity  of  duke  of  Courland,  and  to  the 
throne  of  Poland,  and  in  the  midst  of  his 
♦Icvotion  there  were  not  tome  wanting  who 
."iOO 


expected  that  at  the  head  of  the  Russian 
armies  he.  would  declare  himself  indepen- 
dent, or  presume  to  dethrone  his  benefac- 
tress. 

PoTENGER,  John,  son  of  the  master  of 
Winchester  school,  was  born  at  Winches- 
ter, July  21st,  1647.  He  was  of  Corpus 
Christi  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
batchelor's  degree,  and  then  entered  at  the 
Temple,  and  was  called  to  the  bar.  He 
married  the  daughter  of  Sir  John  Ernie, 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  and  died 
comptroller  of  the  pipe  oflfice.  He  died  Dee. 
18th,  1733,  and  was  buried  in  the  parish  of 
Highworth,  Wilts.  He  wrote  a  Pastoral 
Reflection  on  Death,  a  poem — the  Life  of 
Agricola,  from  Tacitus — poems,  epistles, 
discourses,  &c. 

PoTER,  Paul,  a  native  of  Enckuysen,  in 
Holland,  eminent  as  a  painter.  His  land- 
scapes, farms,  cattle,  &c.  are  much  admired, 
and  it  is  said  that  he  was  superior  to  all 
other  artists,  in  throwing,  with  effect,  the 
rays  of  the  meridian  sun  upon  the  various 
rural  objects  of  his  pieces.  He  died  at 
Amsterdam  1654,  aged  29. 

Pott,  Percival,  a  very  able  surgeon, 
born  in  Thread-needle-street,  London, 
Dec.  1713.  Though  he  might  have  obtain- 
ed preferment  in  the  church,  by  means  of 
his  patron,  bishop  Wilcox,  he  chose  the 
profession  of  a  surgeon,  and  under  the  ju- 
dicious directions  of  Mr.  Nourse,  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself.  In  1745  he  was  elect- 
ed surgeon  of  Bartholomew  hospital,  and 
by  sound  judgment,  attention,  and  expe- 
rience, he  was  enabled  to  introduce  a  mild 
and  rational  mode  of  practice  in  the  treat- 
ment of  his  patients.  In  1764  he  was 
made  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  the 
next  year  he  attracted  the  public  attention 
by  his  lectures,  and  then  removed  from 
Watling-street  to  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  in 
1777,  to  Hanover  square.  After  a  long 
life,  devoted  to  the  service  of  mankind, 
universally  respected  and  admired,  he  died 
Dec.  1788,  in  consequence  of  a  cold  which 
he  caught  in  visiting  a  country  patient. 
This  worthy  man  advanced  the  science  of 
surgery,  not  only  by  the  result  of  lo.ig  ex- 
perience, but  by  the  invention  of  several 
surgical  instruments,  and  by  the  publication 
of  some  valuable  treatises.  The  chief  of 
his  works  are,  a  Treatise  on  the  Hernia — 
on  the  Wounds  of  the  Head — Observations 
on  the  Fistula  Lacrymalis — Remarks  on 
the  Hydrocele — on  the  Cataract,  &c.  all  of 
which  have  been  collected  and  published 
1790,  in  3  vols.  8vo.  by  his  son-in-law  Mr. 
Earle. 

Pott,  John  Henry,  a  learned  German 
chymist,  author  of  a  treatise  De  Sulphuri- 
bus  ]\Ietallorum,  173S,  4to. — Observationes 
circa  Sal,  1741,  2  vols.  4to.  and  other 
works,  in  high  reputation. 


I'UT 


POU 


Pott,  John,  succeeded  West,  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  government  of  Virginia 
in  1G28,  and  continued  in  otfice  until  the 
arrival  of  Sir  John  Harvey,  in  1029.  Du- 
ring this  period  the  assembly  was  twite 
convened,  and  many  regulations  adopted 
for  the  defence  of  the  colony.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  council  under  the  provi- 
sional government  constituted  by  the  king, 
in  1625,  and  is  styled  by  Burk  a  doctor  in 
physic.  fC?^  L. 

Potter,  Christopher,  an  English  divine, 
born   in    Westmoreland,    1591.      He   was 
educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  his   degrees,  and  became   fellow, 
and  also  succeeded  his  uncle,  Dr.  Barnaby 
Potter,  1626,  as  provost.  He  published  a  ser- 
mon, preached  at  his  uncle's  consecration  at 
bishop  of  Carlisle,  1628,  and  he  himself  was 
made  dean   of   Worcester,    1635,   aiid   in 
1640,  vice-chancellor  of  Oxford.     He  sig- 
nalized himself  by  his   loyalty  during  the 
civil  wars,  and  sent  his  plate  to  the  king, 
saying  that  he  wished  rather  to  diink  like 
Diogenes   in   the  palm  of  his  hand,  than 
that   his   majesty   should   want.     In   Jan. 
1646,  he  was  nominated  to  the  deanery  of 
Durham  ;  but  he  died  in  his   college  the 
following  March,  and  before  he  was  install- 
ed.    He  wa?  a  learned  and  exemplary  cha- 
racter.    He   wrote  besides  some  tracts  on 
predestination  against  the  Calvinists. 

Potter,  Paul,  or  Poter,  a  Dutch  paint- 
er.     Vid.  Poter. 

Potter,  John,  primate  of  England,  was 
born  at   Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  1674.     He 
was  educated  at  University  college,  Oxford, 
and  at  the  age  of  19,  began  to  distinguish 
himself  as   an   able    Grecian,    and    acute 
critic,  by  his  publication  of  Variantes  Lec- 
tiones  ad  Plutarchi  Librum  de  audiendis, 
&c.     He  was,   in  1694,   chosen   fellow  of 
Lincoln  college,  where  he  became  an  emi- 
nent and  popular  tutor.     He  was  in  1704, 
made  chaplain  to  archbishop  Tenison,  and 
went  in  consequence  to  reside  at  Lambeth. 
In  1708  he  was  appointed  canon  of  Christ 
church,   and  regius  divinity  professor,  and 
in  1715,  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Oxford. 
In  1737  he  succeeded  Wake,  at  Canterbury, 
and  after  supporting  this  high  office  with 
becoming   dignity,  died  1747.     In  his  ^^ri- 
vate  character,  it  i?  said,  that  he  was  haugh- 
ty, and  to  prove  this,  it  is  mentioned  that 
he  disinherited  his  son  for  marrying  below 
his    rank.     He   published    Antiquities    of 
Greece,   2  vols.   8vo.  which    have   passed 
through   several   editions — an    Edition    of 
Lycophron,  folio,  much  valued — Discourse 
on   Church  Government — Edition  of  Cle- 
mens Alexandrinus,  &c.     His  theological 
works,  charges,  &c.   were  edited,   3  vols. 
8vo.  Oxford,  1753. 

Potter,  Francis,  an  English  divine  born 
in  W^iltshirc,  and  educated  at  Oxford.     He 


succeeded  his  father  as  minister  of  Kil- 
mington  10.^7,  and  was  admitted  member 
of  the  Royal  Society  in  conseciucncc  of  his 
presenting  a  curious  hydraulic  machine  to 
that  learned  body.  He  was  equally  emi- 
nent as  a  painter ;  but  his  Explication  of 
the  Number  GOG,  in  the  Apocalypse,  4to. 
Oxford,  1642,  does  not  reflect  much  on  his 
sense  or  genius  as  a  commentator.  He 
died  blind,  1678. 

Potter,  Robert,  a  learned   divine,  was 
born  in  Norfolk  in  1721,   and  educated  at 
Emanuel-college,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
his  bachelor's  degree   in  1741.     His  first 
preferment  was  the  vicarage  of  Seaming  in 
Norfolk,  where  he  wrote  several  ingenious 
poems  in  imitation  of  Pope,   which   were 
published  in  one  volume,   octavo,  in  1774. 
In  1777  appeared   his  translation  of  ^s- 
chylus,  with  notes,  4to.  ;  reprinted  in  1779, 
in  2  vols.  8vo.     In  1781  came  out  the  first 
volume  of  his  translation  of  Euripides,  and 
the   second  volume  in  the  following  year. 
In  1788  he  printed  his  Sophocles,  for  which 
his   old  school-fellow,  lord  Thurlow,  gave 
him  a  prebend  in  the  church  of  Norwich  ; 
and  bishop  Bagot  presented  him  to  the  vi* 
carages  of  Lowestoft  and  Kessingland.  He 
died   at   Lowestoft  in  1804.     Besides  the 
above  works,  Mr.  Potter  wrote  *'  Observa- 
tions on  the  Poor  Laws  ;"  an  "  Answer  to 
Dr.   Johnson's    Lives  of  the  Poets ;"  *'  A 
Translation  of  the  Oracle  concerning  Baby- 
lon," &c.—FF.  B. 

PoucHARD,  Julian,  a  native  of  Lower 
Normandy,  who  was  engaged  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Journal  des  S<;avans,  and  was 
also  professor  of  Greek  in  the  royal  college 
at  Paris.  He  wrote  a  discourse  on  the 
Antiquity  of  the  Egyptians — another  on 
the  Liberalities  of  the  Romans,  &c.  and 
died  1705,  aged  49. 

PouGET,  Francis  Ame,  a  French  divine, 
born  at  Montpellier,  1666.  He  was  priest 
of  the  oratory,  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  re- 
gent of  an  ecclesiasticnl  school  at  Mont- 
pellier, vicar  of  St.  Roche,  Paris,  and  died 
at  the  convent  of  St.  Magloire,  1723.  He 
was  an  able  theologian,  and  is  said  to  have 
proved  his  powers  by  the  penitence  and 
conversion  of  La  Fontaine.  He  wrote  a 
"  Catechism  of  Montpellier,  or  a  Body  of 
Divinity,"  5  vols.  12mo.  afterwards  traasla- 
ted  into  Latin,  in  2  vols.  foK— Christian  In- 
structions on  the  Duties  of  the  Knights  of 
Malta,  12mo.  Sac. 

Poulle,  Lewis,  preacher  to  the  king, 
and  abbot  of  Nogent,  dic*^  at  Avignon,  his 
native  place,  Sth  Nov.  1781,  aged  79.  Be- 
sides eloquence,  which  he  possessed  in  the 
highest  degree,  he  was  also  eminently 
known  as  a  poet,  and  he  obtained  the  po- 
etical prize  at  Toulouse,  in  1732  and  1733. 
His  sermons  were  very  popular,  and  it  is 
remarkable  that  he  never  committed  them 

501 


PUU 


POW 


to  paper,  but  retained  them  in  his  memory, 
and  at  last,  after  the  lapse  of  forty  years, 
he  was  with  difficulty  prevailed  upon  by  his 
friends,  to  favour  the  public  with  discourses, 
which  had  charmed  and  consoled  the  most 
numerous  audiences.  They  appeared  in 
2  vols.  l2mo.  1778. 

PouPART,  Francis,  a  native  of  Mans, 
who  studied  anatomy  and  philosophy  at 
Paris,  and  took  his  degree  of  M.  D.  at 
Rheims.  He  wrote  a  Dissertation  on  the 
Leech,  in  the  Journal  des  S<:avans — a  Me- 
moir on  Hermaphrodite  Insects — History 
of  the  Formica-Leo,  and  Formica-Pulex, 
besides  other  valuable  tracts,  inserted  in  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  of 
which  ho  was  a  member.  Though  in  nar- 
row circumstances,  he  maintained  his  cha- 
racter of  gayety,  good  humour,  and  modes- 
ty.    He  died  Oct.  1709,  aged  48. 

PouRBUs,  Peter  and  Francis,  father  and 
son,  two  eminent  Flemish  painters.  The 
father  was  born  at  Gonde,  and  died  at  An- 
twerp, 1 583.  The  son  was  born  at  Bruges, 
and  died  at  Paris,  1622.  The  landscapes 
^nd  animals  of  the  father  were  much  ad- 
mired ;  but  the  son  was  superior  in  his  por- 
traits and  historical  pieces. 

PouRCHOT,  Edme,  a  native  of  Pouilly, 
near  Auxerre,  who  became  professor  of 
philosophy  in  the  college  of  the  Grassins, 
and  then  of  that  of  Mazarin,  at  Paris.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  information,  and  inti- 
mate with  Racine,  Despreaux,  Mabillon, 
Montfaucon,  and  the  other  learned  men  of 
his  time.  He  wrote  Institutiones  Philoso- 
phical, edited  a  fourth  time  in  4to.  1744, 
and  5  vols.  l2mo.  and  also  other  works, 
and  died  at  Paris,  22d  June,  1734,  aged  83. 

PouRFouR,  Francis,  a  physician,  who 
died  at  Paris,  his  native  place,  1741,  aged 
77.  He  is  author  of  three  letters  on  a  New 
System  of  the  Brain,  4to.  ;  Dissertation  on 
the  New  Method  of  Operating  for  the  Cata- 
ract, 19mo.  ;  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Eyes, 
4to.  in  three  letters,  &c.  He  was  also  a 
most  skilful  herbalist,  and  after  his  death, 
which  happened  at  Paris,  18th  June,  1741, 
in  his  77th  year,  there  was  found  among 
his  papers  a  valuable  MS.  herbal,  of  30  folio 
vols,  of  which  the  plants  had  been  carefully 
prepared  by  himself. 

PoussiN,  Nicolas,  an  eminent  French 
painter,  born  at  Andely,  in  Normandy, 
1594.  He  studied  at  Paris,  and  in  his  30th 
year  passed  to  Rome ;  but  scarce  able  to 
maintain  himself  by  his  pencil,  till  his  ge- 
nius burst  through  the  clouds  of  prejudice, 
and  established  his  character  as  a  great  and 
sublime  artist.  He  devoted  much  of  his 
time  to  the  contemplation  of  the  sculptured 
heroes  of  ancient  Rome,  and  her  various 
relics  of  antiquity  ;  and  thence  arose  that 
exactness  in  the  manners  and  customs,  the 
times  and  places,  ivhicU  he  every  where 
502 


mingles  with  elegance  of  form,  correctuesa 
and  variety  of  proportions,  and  interesting 
air,  and  boldness  of  feature.  His  fame 
was  so  great,  that  Lewis  XIH.  sent  him 
an  invitation  which  he  could  not  refuse  j 
but  though  he  was  flattered,  and  lodged  in 
the  Thuilleries,  he  sighed  for  the  classic 
retreats  of  his  favourite  Rome,  and  at  last 
returned  there,  and  died  there  of  a  paraly- 
tic stroke,  1665.  His  chief  works  in 
France  were,  the  Lord's  Supper ;  the  La- 
bours of  Hercules,  for  the  Louvre,  which 
he  did  not  complete,  in  consequence  of  the 
satirical  remarks  made  by  Vouet  and  his 
pupils,  upon  him. 

PoussiN,  Gaspar,  a  painter.  His  real 
name  was  Dughet,  but  he  assumed  that  of 
Poussin,  when  that  celebrated  artist  mar- 
ried his  sister.  His  landscapes  are  much 
admired,  and  as  he  studied  with  unusual 
attention  the  various  views  of  nature,  it  is 
to  his  highest  credit  that  he  has  been  ena- 
bled to  convey  his  observations  into  his 
pieces.  His  land  storms  have  particular 
expression  ;  but  his  figures  are  said  to  want 
dignity.  He  is  mentioned  by  Mason,  as 
uniting  in  his  pieces  the  style  of  his  bro- 
ther-in-law, and  of  Claude  Lorraine.  He 
died  1675,  though  some  place  his  death  in 
1663,  at  the  age  of  about  63". 

PowEL,  David,  a  learned  Welchman, 
born  in  Denbighshire,  1552.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford,  and  on  the  foundation  of 
Jesus  college  there,  he  became  D.  D.  in 
1583.  He  was  vicar  of  Ruabon,  Denbigh- 
shire, and  had  some  other  preferment  in 
the  church  of  St.  Asaph.  He  died  1590, 
and  was  buried  in  his  own  church.  He 
published  Caradoc's  History  of  Cambria, 
with  annotations,  4to.  1584;  Annotationes 
in  Itinerarium  Cambriae  per  Sylv.  Geral- 
dum,  1585  ;  Annotationes  in  Cambriae  De- 
script,  per  Gerald. ;  De  Britannied  Histo- 
ric recte  Intelligendci ;  Pont.  Virunnii  His- 
toria  Britannica. 

Powell,  William  Samuel,  an  able  divine, 
born  at  Colchester,  27th  Sept.  1717.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  became  fellow,  1740, 
and  master,  1765,  after  promoting  its  inter- 
ests as  an  active  tutor.  He  was  also  arch- 
deacon of  Colchester,  and  rector  of  Fresh- 
water in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  died  Jan. 
19th,  1775.  He  published  a  well-known 
sermon  on  subscribing  to  the  39  articles, 
and  other  excellent  discourses. 

Powell,  George,  an  actor,  considered 
for  some  time  as  the  successful  rival  of  Ret- 
terton,  till  his  irregularities  and  his  propen- 
sity to  drinking  ruined  him  in  the  public 
opinion.  CoUey  Cibber  compares  him  to 
Wilks.  He  died  1714.  He  wrote  Alphon- 
so,  a  tragedy,  and  other  dramatic  pieces. 
His  great  character  was  Alexander. 

Powell,  Foster,  a  famous  pedestrian 


?uV 


PKA 


vvho  frequently  walked  from  Lomloa  to 
York  in  a  short  period  of  time,  with  great 
rase.  Though  high  wagers  depended  upon 
his  exertions,  and  though  he  betted  much 
npon  himself,  yet  he  died  poor,  in  1793, 
ao-cd  59.  He  was  then  an  under  clerk  in 
an  attorney's  office. 

Powhatan,  father  of  Pocahontas,  and 
emperor  of  the  Indians  in  Virginia  when 
the  English  made  their  first  settlement  in 
1607,  was  the  most  powerful  of  the  Indian 
kings,  swaying  the  sceptre  over  thirty  na- 
tions. He  was  remarkable  for  the  vigour 
of  his  body  and  the  energy  of  his  mind  ; 
also  equally  eminent  for  skill  in  intrigue, 
courage  in  battle,  equanimity  in  victory, 
and  fortitude  in  the  hour  of  adversity.  He 
commanded  the  highest  respect  from  his 
subjects,  and  lived,  for  a  savage,  in  great 
dignity  and  splendour.  He  was  always  at- 
tended by  a  guard  of  forty  warriors,  and 
■watched  by  a  sentry  at  night.  He  was 
hostile  to  the  English,  and  came  near  ef- 
fecting their  destruction  repeatedly  ;  but 
on  the  marriage  of  his  daughter  to  Rolfe, 
he  became  friendly,  and  remained  at  peace. 
He  died  soon  after  hearing  of  the  death  of 


his  daughter. 


?CP  L. 


PowNALL,  Thomas,  an  English  writer, 
born  in  Lincolnshire.  He  went  early  to 
America,  and  obtained  the  government  of 
New-Jeisey,  and  afterwards  that  of  Massa- 
chusetts, which  he  exchanged,  in  1760,  for 
that  of  South  Carolina.  During  the  Ameri- 
can war  he  returned  to  England,  and  was 
made  comptroller  general  of  the  expendi- 
ture, &c.  of  the  army  in  Germany,  and  was 
also  elected  member  of  the  commons  in 
three  parliaments.  He  afterwards  retired 
from  public  business  for  the  pursuit  of  lite- 
rary labours,  and  died  at  Bath,  much  re- 
spected, 1795,  aged  73.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  information,  and  well  skilled  in  anti- 
quities, and  contributed  much  to  the  me- 
moirs of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  of  which 
he  was  a  member.  He  wrote  Memoirs  on 
Drainage  and  Navigation  ;  Letter  to  Adam 
Smith  on  his  Wealth  of  Nations  ;  Treatise 
on  Antiquities  ;  Memorials  to  ithe  Sove- 
reigns of  Europe  ;  Memorial  to  the  Sove- 
reigns of  America  ;  the  Right,  Interest,  &c. 
of  Government  concerning  East  India  Af- 
fairs ;  Topographical  Description  of  Part 
of  North  America ;  Description  of  Anti- 
quities in  the  Provincia  Uomana  of  Gaul : 
Intellectual  Physics ;  Essay  on  the  Nature 
of  Being  ;  Treatise  on  Old  Age,  &c. 

PoYET,  William,  a  native  of  Angers,  who 
was  patronised  by  Louisa  the  mother  of 
Francis  I.  and  became  at  last  chancellor  of 
France,  1538.  He  for  a  while  maintained 
Lis  power  by  flattery,  but  the  displeasure  of 
the  queen  of  Navarre  and  of  the  dutchess 
d'Etampes,  the  king's  mistress,  hastened 
his  disgrace,  and  he  was  in  1545,  deprived 


of  all  his  honours  by  a  decree  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  and  confined  in  the  tower  of 
Bourgcs.     He  died  1548,  aged  74. 

PoYNiNGS,  sir  Edward,  ;i  gentleman  of 
Kent,  who  recommended  hiniself  to  the  fa- 
vour of  Henry  VII.  by  whouj  he  was  sent 
to  Ireland.  In  this  new  government  he 
displayed  great  courage,  firmness,  and  wis- 
dom ;  the  rebellions  of  lord  Desmond  and 
Kildare  were  overpowered,  a  parliament 
was  called,  and  salutary  laws  were  enacted. 
In  the  next  reign  Poynings  was  made  a  privy 
counsellor,  and  appointed  governor  of  Tour- 
nay,  in  Flanders. 

Pozzo,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Trent,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter  and  architect.  Some  of 
his  pictures  adorned  the  church  of  St.  Ig- 
natius at  Rome.  He  wrote  2  vols,  on  per- 
spective, with  little  judgment.  He  died 
1709,  aged  67. 

Pozzo,   Modesta.     Vid.   Fonte   Mode- 

RATA. 

Pradon,  Nicolas,  a  French  poet,  who 
affected  to  be  the  rival  of  Racine.  Through 
prejudice  and  party,  his  Hippolytus  and 
Phaedra,  for  a  time  balanced  the  merits  and 
the  popularity  of  that  great  poet ;  but  his 
presumption  and  ignorance  have  been  se- 
verelv  censured  by  Boileau.  He  was  born 
at  Rouen,  and  died  at  Paris,  1693.  His 
works  were  printed,  1744,  in  2  vols.  l2mo. 

Pratt,  Samuel  Jackson,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  at  St.  Ives,  in  Hunting- 
donshire, in  1749.  He  went  on  the  stage 
early  in  life  ;  but  failing  in  that  line,  he 
became  an  itinerant  lecturer,  and  next  a 
bookseller  at  Bath,  where  he  published  se- 
veral poems,  and  novels  under  the  name  of 
Courtney  Melmoth.  The  principal  of  his 
poems  were,  the  tears  of  Genius  on  the 
Death  of  Goldsmith  ;  a  sentimental  piece, 
entitled  Sympathy ;  and  Landscapes  in 
verse.  His  best  novels  were.  Liberal  Opi- 
nions, 5  vols. ;  Emma  Corbctt,  3  vols.  ; 
the  Pupil  of  Pleasure,  2  vols. ;  and  Family 
Secrets,  5  vols.  ;  Besides  these  works,  he 
published  Gleanings,  or  Travels  Abroad 
and  in  England,  3  vols.  8vo.  He  also  wrote 
the  fair  Circassian,  a  tragedy,  and  some 
other  works.  He  died  at  Birmingham  in 
1S14.— fr.  B. 

Pratt,  Charles,  carl  of  Camden,  third 
son  of  sir  John  Pratt,  chief  justice  of  the 
king's  bench,  was  born  1713.  From  Eton 
and  from  King's  college,  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  his  master's  degree,  he  entered  at 
the  Inner  Temple,  and  studied  assiduously 
the  law.  His  merits,  however,  remained 
buried  in  obscurity,  till  called  forth  by  the 
protection  of  Henley  and  of  Mr.  Pitt ;  and 
when  the  former  was  made  chancellor,  in 
1757,  be  obtained  the  ofticc  of  attorney  ge- 
neral for  his  friend.  In  1762,  he  was  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  chief  justice  of  the  com- 
mon pleas,  and  it  was  in  this  office  that  l»e 

r.03 


?RA 


PRE 


gained  such  deserved  popularity,  when  after 
a  patient  hearing  of  arguments  on  both 
sides,  he  pronounced  the  detention  of  Mr. 
Wilkes  illegal,  against  the  opinion  and  the 
wishes  of  government.  This  Impartial  con- 
duct procured  for  him  the  thanks  and  the 
freedom  of  the  city  of  London  in  a  gold 
box  :  his  picture  was  placed  in  Guildhall 
as  an  honourable  testimonj  of  his  virtues, 
and  various  ciiics  in  the  kingdom  re-echoed 
the  sentiments  of  th-^  capital.  In  1765,  he 
was  raised  to  tlu  [iecrage,  and  in  1766,  ad- 
vanced to  the  seals  ,  but  iiis  opinion  on  the 
Middlesex  elcrtion  ".vas  so  opposite  to  the 
views  of  the  mml.tr}  that  he  was  stripped 
of  his  honours,  though  he  had  the  satisfac- 
tion to  see  some  of  his  colleagues  proud 
to  share  his  disgrace.  In  the  American 
war  he  reprobated  the  violent  measures 
pursued  by  lord  North,  and  in  the  case  of 
the  libel  laws  he  wished  to  give  greater 
power  to  the  deliberation  of  jurymen.  In 
17S2,  he  was  appointed  president  of  the 
council ;  and  though  the  next  year  he  re- 
signed for  a  little  time,  be  continued  in  the 
honourable  office  till  his  death.  This  vene- 
rable character  died  18th  April,  1794. 

Pratt,  Benjamin,  chief  justice  of  New- 
York,  was  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  born 
about  the  year  1710,  and  educated  at  Har- 
vard college,  where  he  was  graduated  in 
1737.  He  studied  law,  and  entered  on  the 
practice  in  Boston,  where  he  soon  became 
one  of  the  most  conspicuous  in  learning 
and  eloquence.  He  possessed  an  under- 
standing of  great  energy  and  clearness,  a 
splendid  fancy,  a  philosophical  accuracy  of 
thought,  and  great  independence  of  feeling. 
From  erainence  at  the  bar  he  soon  rose  to 
political  distinction,  and  was  a  bold  and 
ardent  friend  of  freedom.  He  was  much 
esteemed  by  governor  Pownall,  and  lost 
bis  popularity  in  Boston  by  proposing,  for 
the  accommodation  of  that  governor  on  his 
leaving  the  province,  that  a  public  ship 
should  be  allowed  to  convey  him  to  Eng- 
land. Soon  after,  however,  by  the  influ- 
ence of  Pownall,  be  was  appointed  chief 
justice  of  New- York,  and  gained  the  high- 
est reputation  in  discharging  the  duties  of 
the  office.  He  died  on  the  5th  of  January, 
1763,  in  the  fifty-fourth  year  of  his  age. 
Judge  Pratt  wrote  poetry  of  a  very  respect- 
able character,  and  made  an  extensive  col- 
lection of  materials  for  a  history  of  New- 
England,  which  his  early  death  prevented 
bis  completing.  ?C5^  L. 

PuAXAGORAS,  a  Greek  historian  of 
Athens,  lie  wrote  a  History  of  Athens — 
of  Constantine — and  of  Alexander,  about 
345  A.  D. 

Praxeas,  author  of  a  heresy  in  the  se- 
cond century,  maintained  that  there  is  but 
one  person  in  the  trinity,  the  same  which 
suffered  on  the  cross. 
504 


Praxiteles,  a  Grecian  sculptor,  B.  C. 
364.  His  statues  of  Venus  and  Phyrne 
were  much  admired. 

Preble,  Edward,  captain  in  the  navy  of 
the  United  States,  was  born  at  Falmouth, 
now  Portland,  Maine,  August  ISth,  1761. 
After  having  made  several  voyages  as  a 
sailor,  he,  in  1779,  entered  the  navy  as  mid- 
shipmun,  and  not  long  alter  became  a  lieu- 
tenant in  a  sloop  ol  war,  commanded  by 
captain  Little,  where  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  capturing,  with  a  small  party,  a  Bri- 
tish vessel  at  Penobscot.  After  the  peace 
of  1783,  he  was  employed  in  merchant  ves- 
sels, till  1798,  when  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  brig  Pickering,  and  soon 
after  to  that  of  the  Essex,  in  which  he  made 
a  voyage  as  a  convoy  to  Batavia.  In  1803, 
he  was  intnisted  with  the  command  of  a 
fleet  sent  to  act  against  the  Barbary  states. 
By  his  skilful  and  vigorous  exertions  he 
soon  procured  a  peace  from  the  emperor  of 
Morocco,  and  repeatedly  attacked  Tripoli 
with  considerable  success,  injuring  the  bat- 
teries, and  destroying  several  vessels.  He 
was  superseded  in  the  command  in  Sep- 
tember, 1804,  and  returned  to  the  United 
States,  greatly  applauded  for  his  bravery 
and  success.  His  conduct  commanded 
high  respect,  also,  in  Europe.  The  pope 
remarked  that  he  did  more  toward  hum- 
bling these  barbarians,  than  all  the  states 
of  Europe  had  ever  done.  His  health  be- 
gan to  decline  in  1806,  and  on  the  25th  of 
August,  1807,  he  died,  in  the  forty-sixth 
year  of  his  age.  iC3*  L. 

Premontval,  Peter  le  Guay  de,  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Berlin, 
was  born  at  Charenton,  1716.  He  wrote 
Monogamia,  or  a  Tract  on  single  Marriage. 
3  vols.  8vo. — Preservative  against  the  Cor- 
ruption of  French  Language  in  Germany, 
8vo. — the  Mind  of  Fontenelle,  12mo. — 
Thoughts  on  Liberty — Memoirs  on  the  Ber- 
lin Academy.  He  inclined  to  the  doctrines 
of  Socinus  and  Epicurus,  and  of  fortuitous 
creation.     He  died  at  Berlin,  1767. 

Preston,  Thomas,  fellow  of  King's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  was  doctor  of  civil  law, 
and  master  of  Trinity  hall  in  Elizabeth's 
reign.  WTien  the  queen  visited  the  univer- 
sity, 1564,  he  played  with  such  success  in 
the  Latin  tragedy  of  Dido,  that  her  majesty 
settled  a  pension  of  201.  on  him.  He 
wrote  some  dramatic  pieces. 

Preston,  John,  master  of  Emanuel  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  was  an  able  writer  in  fa- 
vour of  the  Puritans.     He  died  162S. 

Prestre  le.     Vid,  Vauban. 

Preti,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Tuscany, 
distinguished  as  a  poet.  He  died  at  Barce- 
lona 1626.  His  elegant  poems  were  pub- 
lished 1666,  in  12mo. 

Preville,  Peter  Lewis  Dubus  de,  an 


J*R1 


PKl 


•^imiitiit  French  actor.  He  was  intended  by 
his  iuircnts  lor  the  ccclcsiastic-al  profession  ; 
but  far  some  childish  misconduct,  he  left 
Iiis  lathcr'd  house,  and  after  working  for  a 
little  time  with  some  masons,  lie  joined 
himself  to  a  company  of  strolling  players. 
From  Lyons,  where  he  first  gained  popu- 
larity, he  came  to  Paris,  and  in  his  exhi- 
bition before  the  royal  lamily,  he  so  much 
pleased  the  iving,  Lewis  XV.  that  he  was 
made  one  of  the  comedians  of  the  court. 
He  withdrew  from  the  stage  in  1785,  but 
again  reappeared  in  1792,  in' support  of 
his  profession,  which  bad  suHered  by  the  rc- 
vo.ution.  He  afterwards  retired  to  the 
house  of  his  daughter  at  Beauvais,  where 
he  died  blind  in  IbUO.  As  an  actor  he  pos- 
sessed great  powers,  he  could  adopt  the 
manners  and  expressions  of  every  age  and 
profession,  and  after  exciting  the  loudest 
laughter,  he  has  been  known  to  rouse  the 
deepest  compassion,  and  to  draw  tears  from 
his  auditors. 

pREVOT  d'Exiles,  Antony  Francis,  a 
French  writer,  born  at  Hcsdin  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Artois,  lb97.  He  was  educated 
among  the  Jesuits,  but  relinquished  their 
society  for  the  army,  and  afterwards  re- 
tired among  the  Benedictines  of  St.  iMaur. 
The  love  of  pleasure  and  of  the  world, 
however,  pre\ ailed  upon  him  again  to  vio- 
late his  vows,  and  tly  from  the  monastery. 
He  went  to  Holland,  where  he  formed  a 
connexion  with  a  woman  of  some  merit 
?ind  beauty,  and  with  her  visited  England 
1733,  and  the  following  year  returned  to 
France.  Under  t  e  patronage  of  Couti  he 
promised  himself  a  peaceful  old  age  ;  but 
a  fatal  accident  terminated  his  days.  On 
the  23d  Nov.  1763,  he  was  found  in  an  apo- 
plectic fit  in  the  forest  of  Chantilly,  and  a 
surgeon,  suppo  (iig  hicn  dead,  opened  his 
body.  I'ue  beginning  of  the  operation 
restored  the  fallen  man  to  his  senses,  but 
too  late,  as  the  vital  parts  had  been  lacera- 
ted. He  is  known  as  the  author  of  trans- 
lations of  Clarissa  Harlowe,  and  of  sir 
Charles  Grandison  into  French,  besides 
which  he  wrote  Memoirs  of  a  Man  of 
Quality,  in  6  vols,  a  romance  of  some 
merit — History  of  Cleveland,  natural  son 
of  Cromwell,  6  vols. —Pro  and  Con.,  a  pe- 
riodical journal,  continued  in  20  vols,  in 
which  he  censured  with  too  much  freedom 
the  works  of  his  cotemporaries — the  Dean 
of  Coleraine,  a  novel — a  General  History 
of  Voyages — History  of  Margaret  of  An- 
jou,  2  vols.  l2mo.  and  other  works. 

Priceus  or  Price,  John,  an  English- 
man who  resided  in  Paris,  but  returned  to 
England  in  1646,  which  he  left  in  conse- 
quence o(  the  civil  wars.  He  afterwards 
settled  at  Florence,  where  he  became  a 
Roman  Catholic,  and  was  made  keeper  of 
the  medals  to  the  grand  duke,  and  Greek 
professor.     He  diod  at  Romp,  1676,  a^ed  76. 

Vnr  .    n.  (^1 


He  wrote  notes  on  the  Psalms — on  Si, 
Matthew — on  the  Acts — on  Apnh  ins,  HlfiO, 
&c.  in  which  he  evinced  extensive  erudi- 
tion and  great  taf^te. 

Price,  Sir  John,  a  gentleman  oi'  Breck- 
nockshire, who  was  employed  in  surveying 
the  monasteries  which  were  dcjumed  to 
dissolution  at  the  reformation.  He  v/ha 
well  skilled  in  aiiti(|uities,  and  wrote  a  de- 
fence of  British  History  in  answer  to  Poly- 
dore  Virgil,  published  by  his  son  Ilichard, 
1573.     He  died  about  15o3. 

Price,  Richard,  an  eminent  dissenting 
minister  and  ai)le  political  writer,  bora 
about  1723  in  Glamorganshire.  He  was 
educated  for  the  ministry  among  the  dis- 
senters, and  began  early  to  preach  at  New- 
ington,  Middlesex,  and  afterwards  removed 
to  Hackney.  In  1764,  he  was  elected  fel- 
low of  the  Royal  Society,  and  some  years 
after  obtained  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  a 
Scotch  university.  In  1772,  he  commenced 
author  by  his  appeal  to  the  public  on  the 
national  debt,  and  in  I776,during  the  party 
disputes  which  attended  the  beginning  of 
the  American  war,  he  published  his  famous 
observations  on  the  nature  of  civil  govern- 
ment. This  work,  which  did  not  pass 
without  censure  from  various  writers,  ac- 
quired great  popularity,  and  procured  for 
its  author  the  thanks  of  the  common  coun- 
cil of  London  that  year.  As  preacher  at 
the  m  eting-house  in  the  Old  Jewry,  he  de- 
livered a  discourse  in  1789,  which  was  af- 
terwards made  public.  In  this  sermon  "on 
the  Love  of  Our  Country,"  he  enlarged  on 
the  French  revolution  with  party  preju- 
dices, and  with  democratic  zeal,  and  as- 
serted the  right  of  the  people  to  cashier 
their  governors  for  misconduct ;  but  what- 
ever may  be  the  opinions  of  politicians  on 
popular  subjects,  it  must  reflect  disgrace  on 
the  man  who,  assuming  the  character  of 
a  Christian  minister,  rejoices  at  the  misfor- 
tunes of  fallen  greatness,  and  triumphs  on 
the  ruins  of  a  throne.  These  allusions  to 
the  fate  of  the  French  monarch  were  read 
and  commented  upon  by  Mr.  Burke  with 
the  noble  indignation  of  offended  virtue  • 
but  the  pamphlets  which  have  appeared  in 
consequence  of  this  controversy,  though 
numerous,  deserve  now  little  the  notice  of 
the  world,  only  so  far  as  they  recommend 
the  cultivation  of  benevolence  and  charity 
among  men,  and  loyal  attachment  to  that 
government  which  protects  eciually  the  per- 
son and  the  property  of  all  its  subjects. 
Dr.  Price  died  19th  March,  1791.  As  a 
political  writer  he  carried  his  ideas  of 
equality  and  liberty  much  farther  than  th.e 
vices  and  pas:?ions  of  men  will  with  safety 
allow.  As  a  calculator  on  political  ques- 
tions he  was  eminently  distinguished.  His 
works  are  four  dissertations  on  Providence 
and  Prayer,  on  the  Evidences  of  a  Future 
Statp,  «n  the  Imprtrtanrc  ftf  Christia-nitv-- 


PRI 


vm 


-a  Revieu'  of  the  Principal  Questions  and 
Diliiculties  in  Morals,  8vo. — Observations 
6n  Reversional  Payments,  Annuities,  &c. 
2  vols.  8vo. — Discussion  of  the  Doctrines 
of  Materialism  and  Necessity,  in  a  Corres- 
pondence AVith  Dr.  Priestley,  8vo. — Essay 
on  the  Population  of  England  and  Wales, 
8vo. — a  volume  of  sermon  -  on  various  oc- 
casional subjects.  Mrs.  Chapone  has  de- 
scribed him,  in  her  miscellanies,  as  a  very 
amiable  man  in  private  liie. 

pRicHARD,  Rees,  a  native  of  Llando- 
very, in  Caermarthenshire,  educated  at  St. 
.John's  college,  Oxford.  He  wrote  some 
poetical  pieces,  which  are  still  read  with 
fond  partiality  by  the  Welch,  and  died  1644, 
vicar  of  his  native  village,  rector  of  Llame- 
dy,  chancellor  ol  St.  David's,  and  preben- 
dary of  Brecon. 

Pkideaux,  John,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Stowford,  Devonshire,  1578.     His 

when   disap- 
clerkship   of 


parents  were  very  poor,  and 

the 


pointed  as  candidate  for 
Ugborough  church,  near  Harford,  he  tra- 
velled on  fool  to  Oxford,  and  from  the  mean 
occupation  of  a  helper  in  the  kitchen  of 
Exeter  college,  he  rose  to  be  one  of  its 
most  respectable  fellows,  and  in  1612,  was 
elected  the  rector  of  the  society.  In  1615 
he  was  made  regius  professor  of  divinity, 
and  canon  of  Christ  church,  and  afterwards 
served  the  office  of  vice  chancellor,  and  in 
1641,  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Worcester. 
The  troubles  of  the  state  exposed  hirfi  to 
great  persecution  for  his  loyalty,  so  that  he 
died  poor,  of  a  fever,  at  the  house  of  his 
son-in-law.  Dr.  H.  Sutton,  atBredon.Wor 
cestershire,  1650.  He  wrote  various  works 
in  Latin,  besides  orations,  lectures,  and 
Fasciculus  Controversiar.  Theologicarum. 

Prideaux,  Humphrey,  an  eminent  di- 
vine, bo.n  at  Padstow,  Cornwall,  3d  Maj-, 
1648.  He  was  educated  under  Busby,  at 
Westminster,  and  entered  at  Christ  church, 
Oxford,  1668  ;  and  in  1676,  when  he  took 
Ijis  master's  degree,  he  published  his  Mar- 
mora Oxonicnsia,  &c.  in  fol.  a  work  of  some 
merit,  which  explained  more  fully  than  Sel- 
uen's  account,  the  Arundelian  marbles. 
This  publication  recommended  him  to  the 
patronage  of  Finch,  lord  Nottingham,  the 
chancellor,  who  gave  him  the  living  of  St. 
Clement's  in  Oxford,  and  afterwards  added 
a  prebend  in  the  church  of  Norwich,  in 
1681.  He  refused,  in  1691,  the  Hebrew 
professorship  at  Oxford,  of  which  he  after- 
wards repented  ;  but  in  1702  he  was  pro- 
moted to  the  deanery  of  Norwich.  He 
was  unfortunately  afflicted  with  the  stone, 
for  which  he  was  cut  in  1712;  but  so  un- 
skilfully was  the  operation  performed,  that 
he  was  afterwards  obliged  to  void  his  urine 
through  the  orifice  by  which  the  stone  had 
been  extracted.  This  disagreeable  acci- 
dent disabled  him  from  appearing  in  the 
pulpit  ;  but  his  hours  were  devoted  to  the 
or  6 


public  service,  and  he  then  wTote  his  con- 
nexions of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,  2 
vols,  folio,  and  4  vols.  8vo.  a  work  of  great 
merit  and  utilitv,  which  has  been  transla- 
ted  into  various  languages,  and  often  edit- 
ed.    This  worthy  character,   amiable    in 
private  life,  and   respectable  as  an   intelli- 
gent and   learned   author,  died   1st   Nov. 
1724.     He  wrote    besides,    the   Right    of 
Tithe-i  ;    Directions    for   Church  wardens  ; 
some  pamphlets  ;    sermons,   and  a   lite  of 
Mahomet,    of   which   three  editions  were 
sold  in  one  year,  as  pait  of  a  larger  w  urk  on 
the   Saracen   Empire,  a  design    which  he 
abandoned. 

Prie,  N.  de  Bertolet,  marchioness  de,  an 
intriguing  female,  wtio  on  her  return  Irom 
Turin,  where  her  husband  tue  marquis  de 
Prie  was  ambassador  from  France,  became 
the  favourite  ol  Bourbon  the  pi  ime  minister. 
After  dispensing  for  some  time  tue  lavours 
of  the  court  in  the  mosi  capricious  manner, 
she  was  exiled  to  a  country  seat  by  the  car- 
dinal  de    Fleury  ;    and   the    disgrace  had 
such  eiiect  upon  her  mind  that  she  soon  af- 
ter died  of  a  broken  heart,  1727,  aged  29. 
Priestley,  Joseph,  an  English  puiioso- 
pher  and  dissenting  divine,  born  at  Field- 
head,  Yorkshire,  1733.     He  was  educated 
at  Daventry,  under  Dr.  Ashworth,  for  the 
ministry  among  the  dissenters,  and  at  the 
proper  age  he  took  care  of  a  congregation 
at   Needham  market,    Sutfolk,    and  after- 
wards at  Nantwich,  Cheshire.     He  became 
in  1761,   professor  of  belles  iettres  in  the 
Warrington    academy,    and     after    seven 
years  residence  there  he  removed  to  Leeds, 
and  two  years  after  accepted   the  office  of 
librarian   and   philosophical  companion  to 
the  earl  of  Shelburne.     In  this  retreat  the 
philosopher  devoted  himself  laboriously  to 
metaphysical   and  theological  studies,  and 
published  various  works,  and  when  at  last 
he  separated  from  his  noble  patron,  he  re- 
tired with    an  annual  pension   of  150/.  to 
settle  at  Birmingham  as  pastor  to  a  unita- 
rian congregation,   in   1780.     While  here 
usefully  employed  in  advancing  the  cause 
of  philosophy,  and  too  often   engaged  in 
theological  disputes,  he  became  the  victim 
of  popular  fury,  and  the  conduct  of  some 
of  his  neighbours  in  celebrating  the  anni- 
versary of  the  French  revolution   in  1791, 
Avith  more  intemperance  than  became  Eng- 
lishmen and    loyal     subjects,    excited    a 
dreadful  riot.  Not  only  the  meeting-houses 
were  destroyed   on  this  melancholy  occa- 
sion, but    among   others    Dr.    Priestley's 
house,  library,  manuscripts,  and  philosophi- 
cal apparatus,  were  totally  consumed,  and 
though  he  recovered  a  compensation  by  su- 
ing the  county,  he  quitted  this  scene  of  pre- 
judice and   unpopularity.      After   residing 
some  time  at  London  and  Hackney,  where 
he  preached  to  the  congregation  over  which 
his   friend  Price  once  presided,  he  deter 


I'KI 


j'hi 


Jiuitied  to  quit  his  native  country,  und  seek 
a  more  peaceful  retreat  in  America,  where 
some   of  liis    family  were  already   settled. 
He  left  England  in  I7'J4,  and  (ixcd  li is  resi- 
dence at  Northumberland,  in  Ti  nnsylvania, 
where  he  died  in  18U4.      His  writings  were 
very  nunjerous,  and  he  long  attracted  the 
public    nolice,  not   only  b^    discoveries  in 
philosoph},  but  by  the  boldness  of  his  the- 
ological   opinions.      Had  be    confined  his 
studies  merely  to  philosophical  pursuits,  his 
name    would   have  descended   to  posterity 
with  greater  lustre  ;    but  he  who  attempts 
innovations  in  government  and  religion  for 
singularity,  and    to   excite  popular  preju- 
dices,  must  be   little  entitled    to  the  ap- 
plauses of  the  world.     His  chief  publica- 
tions are,   an   Examination    of  Dr.   Reid's 
Work  on  the   Human  Mind,  Dr.  Beattie's 
on   Truth,  and  Dr.   Osborne's  on  Common 
Sense,    1755;    Disquisition  on  Matter  and 
Spirit,   in   which   he  denied  the  souTs  im- 
materiality,   1777  ;     Experiments  and  Ob- 
servations on  various  kinds  of  Air,  2  vols. 
8vo.  and  other  learned  and   valuable  com- 
munications   to   the  philosophical  transac- 
tions ;  Letters  to  Bishop  Newcome  on  the 
Duration  of  Christ's  Ministry  ;  History  of 
the    Corruptions   of    Christianity,  2   vols. 
8vo.   a   work   of  singular  character,  which 
brought  on  a  controversy  with  Dr.  Horsley, 
and  also  excited  the  animadversion  of  the 
monthly  reviewers  and  other  writers ;   His- 
tory of  Early  Opinions  concerning  the  per- 
son  of   Christ,   &c.      He  also   published 
charts  of  History  and  Biography  ;   History 
of  Electricity ;   History  and  Present  State 
of  Discoveries  relating   to  Vision,    Light, 
and  Colours  ;   Lectures  on  the  Theory  and 
History  of  Language,  and  on  the  principles 
of  Oratory  and  Criticism,  &.c.     He  at  one 
time  adopted  the  doctrine  of  philosophical 
necessity,  in  which  Dr.  Price  ably  opposed 
him ;  and  in  America  he  defended  his  So- 
cinian   principles  with  great   warmth  in  a 
controversy  with  Dr.  Linn,  of  Philadelphia. 
His  discoveries   and  improvements  in  the 
knowledge   of    chymistry  were  very  great 
and  important ;  but  he  lived  to  see  the  ge- 
neral  explosion  of  the  doctrine  of  phlogis- 
ton, which  he  had  so  zealously  established, 
and  so  pertinaciously  defended.     From  his 
extensive  information  as  a  philosopher,  he 
had   correspondents  in  eveiy  part  of  the 
world,   and   was  member  not  only  of  the 
London   Society,    but    of    other   learned 
bodies  in  the  two  continents. 

Prieur,  Philip,  a  native  of  Normandy, 
professor  of  belles  lettres  in  Paris  universi- 
ty, and  author  of  Dissertatio  de  Literis  Ca- 
nonicis,  8vo.  &c.  He  also  edited  Cyprian, 
Arnobius,  Minutius  Felix,  &c.  fol.  and 
died  1680, 

Primaticcio,  Francesco,  a  noble  Bo- 
lognese,  known  as  a  painter  and  architect. 
He  was  patroiiis^d  by  Francis  L  kins  of 


i"  runro,  Hud  as  commirtHarj'  gcncr.il  oi  the 
lloyal  buildings,  he  improved  the  taste  of 
the  nation  in  the  arts.  Hr  died  at  Paris, 
much  respected,  ir)7(),  aged  HO. 

PuiMEROSE,  (iillvrt,  a  Scotch  divine, 
minister  of  the  French  church  in  London, 
chaplain  to  James  L  and  canon  of  Windsor. 
He  was  made  D.D.  at  Oxford  by  royal 
nianilaiTius,  and  died  1642.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  Jacob's  Vow  in  opposition  to  the 
vows  of  monks  and  friars,  in  French,  4 
vols.  4to. — the  Trumpet  of  Sion,  in  IS 
sermons,  and  other  theological  works.  His 
son  James  was  a  physician,  who  for  some 
time  practised  at  Paris,  and  afterwards  set- 
tled in  Yorkshire.  He  wrote  several  trea- 
tises de  Mulicrum  Morbis,  4to. — de  Circu- 
latione  Sanguinis — Enchiridion  Medico- 
Practicum — Ars  Pharmaceutica — de  Vnlgi 
Erroribus  in  MedicinA,  8vo.  translated  into 
French  by  Ro>tagny,  and  into  English  by 
Dr.  Witlie,  1651,  8vo. — Acadcmia  Mons- 
peliensis  Descripta,  &.c. 

Prince  de  Beaumont,  Mad.  !e,  a 
French  lady,  born  at  Rouen.  She  wa? 
long  engaged  in  education  in  England,  and 
b}  her  various  popular  pid)lications  render- 
ed instruction  pleasing  and  delightful  to 
her  youthful  readers.  Her  pietes  are  Ic 
Magasin  des  Enfans — des  Adolescentes — 
I'Education  complete — and  other  works, 
all  of  which  are  highly  interesting:,  and 
promote  the  cause  of  morality  and  virtue. 
She  died  1780. 

Prince,  John,  a  native  of  Axminster, 
Devon,  educated  at  Brazen  Nose,  Oxford. 
He  became  curate  of  Bideford,  and  after- 
wards obtained  St.  Martin's,  Exeter,  the 
vicarage  of  Totness,  and  then  Berry  Po- 
meroy,  where  he  died  1720.  He  is  author 
of  the  Worthies  of  Devon,  fol.  a  work  of 
merit,  now  scarce — Humble  Defence  of 
the  Exeter  bill,  &c. — Letters  to  a  Young 
Divine — sermons  and  tracts,  &c. 

Prince,  Thomas,  governor  of  Plymouth 
colony,  New-England,  was  a  native  of 
England,  and  came  over  to  Plymouth  in 
1621.  He  was  for  many  years  an  assist- 
ant, and  was  chosen  governor  in  1634  and 
1638,  and  again  in  1657,  from  which  time 
he  held  the  office  till  his  death.  He  was 
happily  qualified  for  the  station  by  great  in- 
tegrity and  piety.  He  was  zealously  opposed 
to  those  whom  he  deemed  heretical,  but  did 
much  service  to  the  colony  by  promoting  the 
employment  of  educated  clergymen,  in  place 
of  lay  preachers,  whom  many  were  desirous 
of  introducing  into  the  churches,  and  also 
by  strenuously  encouraging  the  establish- 
ment of  grammar-schools.  He  died  in  1673, 
in  the  73d  year  of  his  age.  jdP"  L. 

Prince,  Thomas,  minister  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  was  a  native  of  Middlebo- 
rough,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1707.  After  studying  theology  he 
visited  Enscland,  and  preached  at  Comb^. 

507 


l^KI 


FRI 


ivliere  iie  v.as  invited  to  settle,  but  he  pi<;- 
ferred  to  return  to  America.  Soon  after 
his  arrival  at  Boston  in  1718  he  wa£  or- 
dained pastor  of  the  Old  South  church  in 
that  town,  and  laboured  there  with  great 
popularity  and  usefulness*  till  his  death  in 
1758.  He  possessed  a  fine  mind,  and  had 
enriched  it  with  an  extent  of  learning  which 
had  been  seldom  equalled  in  New-England. 
He  published  a  valuable  Chronological  His- 
tory of  New-England,  and  made  large  col- 
lections for  a  civil  and  religious  history  of 
it  in  manuscripts  and  books,  many  of  which 
unhappily  were  destroyed  during  the  war 
of  the  revolution.  iC3^  L. 

pRiNGLE,  Sir  John,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, born  in  Roxburghshire,  10th  April, 
1707.  He  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh, 
and  afterwards  completed  his  education 
under  Boerhaave  at  Leyden,  where  he  took 
his  medical  degrees.  He  was  in  1742  ap- 
pointed physician  to  the  army  in  Flanders, 
and  he  attended  the  forces  of  the  duke  of 
Cumberland  to  the  battle  of  Culloden,  after 
•which  he  settled  in  London,  and  was  made 
physician  to  the  queen  in  1761  His  prac- 
tice was  great,  and  his  reputation  such 
that  he  was  created  a  baronet  in  1766,  and 
elected  president  of  the  Royal  Society,  from 
1772  to  1778,  and  physician  to  the  king. 
This  respectable  rnan  died  in  London,  18th 
Jan.  1782.  He  is  author  of  Observations 
on  the  Diseases  of  the  Army,  8vo. — Me- 
moirs on  Septic  and  Antiseptic  Substances, 
Svo.  for  which  he  received  the  gold  medal 
of  the  Royal  Society — Observations  on  the 
Treatment  of  Fevers  in  Hospitals  and  Pri- 
sons— Anniversary  Discourses  before  the 
Royal  Society. 

pRioLO,  Benjamin,  author  of  a  good  La- 
tin History  of  France,  from  the  death  of 
Lewis  Xni.  1643,  to  1661,  was  born  of  a 
noble  family  at  \  enice,  1602.  After  stu- 
dying at  OrtluiZ,  Monlauban,  and  at  Ley- 
den, under  Heinsiusand  \  ossius,  he  visited 
Paris,  and  afterwards  Padua,  and  at  last 
became  the  friend  and  the  associate  of  the 
duke  de  Rohan.  After  his  patron's  death, 
1638,  he  retired  to  Geneva,  and  afternards 
was  engaged  in  various  negotiations  in  fa- 
vour of  the  French  court.  He  died  of  an 
apoplexy  at  Lyons,  1667,  as  he  was  going 
on  a  secret  embassy  to  Venice.  The  best 
edition  of  his  history  is  that  of  Leipsic, 
1686,  8vo. 

Prior,  Matthew',  an  English  poet  of  ce- 
lebrity. He  was  born  21st  July,  1664,  in 
London,  where  his  father  was  a  joiner. 
After  his  father's  death,  his  uncle,  a  vintner 
near  Charing-cross,  took  care  of  him,  and 
sent  him  to  Westminster  school,  with  the 
intention  of  bringing  him  up  to  his  business  ; 
t»ut  while  he  pursued  occasionally  his  stu- 
dies he  was  fortunately  called  to  settle  a 
dispute  on  a  passage  in  Horace,  by  some 
company  in  hi?  uncle's  housie,  and  lord 
5n«? 


Dorset  was  so  pleased  with  his  abilities  and 
ingenuity  that  he  liberally  patronised  him. 
He  was  therefore  sent  to  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  soon  became  fel- 
low ;  and  the  application  which  he  bestow- 
ed to  learning  advanced  him  still  more   in 
the  good  opinion  of  his  patron  and  of  his 
friends.     In  1686  he  joined  his  friend  Mr. 
Montague,     afterwards    lord    Halifax,    in 
ridiculing  tlie  Hind  and  Panth;  r  of  Dryden, 
in  the  story  of  the  country  and  city  mouse, 
and   at   the  revolution,  when  his  poetical 
merits  became  publicly  known,  he  was  in- 
troduced  by  lord  Dorset  to  king  William, 
a^id  employed  about   the  court.     In  1690 
he  was  secretary  to   the  plenipotentiaries 
at  the  Hague,  and  the  king,  sensible  of  his 
merits,  kept  him  about  his  pei'son,  as  gen- 
tleman of  his  bedchamber.     He  was  after- 
wards secretary  of  the  negotiations  at  Rys- 
wick  in  1697,  and  also  principal  secretary 
of  state  in  Ireland,  and  the  next  year  he 
went  as  secretary  to  the  embassy  in  France. 
In  1700  he  was  one  of  the  lords  commis- 
sioners of  trade  and  plantations,  and  ob- 
taining a  seat  in  parliament  for  East  Grin- 
stead,  he  voted  for  the  impeachment  of  the 
lords  who  had  advised  the  partition  treaty. 
Though  he  celebrated  the  illustrious  deeds 
of  the  English  at  the  battle  of  Blenheim,  yet 
he  was  an  advocate  for  peace,  and  in  1711 
he  was  sent  by  queen  Anne  to  France  as 
ambassador  plenipotentiary.    He  continued 
in  that  character  even  after  the  accession 
of  George  I.  but  he  was  accused  by  the 
parliament,  and  committed  to  close  custo- 
dy ;  yet,  though  exempted  from  the  act  of 
grace  passed  in  1707,  he  was  liberated  from 
confinement,   and  no  charge  laid   against 
him.     He   retired  from   public,  life  to  his 
seat,  Down-hall,  Essex,  engaged  solely  in 
literary  pursuits.     He  was   employed   for 
some  time  on  a  history  of  his   own  time, 
but  he  was  suddenly  carried  off  by  a  fever, 
Sept.  18,  1721,  in  his  58th  year,  at  Wim- 
ple,  the   seat   of  lord   Oxford.      He  was 
buried  in  Westminster  abbey,  and  a  monu- 
ment, for  which  he  laid  apart  500/.  was 
erected  over  him,  with  an  elegant  inscrip- 
tion by  Freind,  the  master  of  Westminster 
school.     The  History  of  his  own  Time  ap- 
peared after  his  own   death  ;  but  though 
said  to  be  published  from  his  papers,  was 
evidently    a   spurious    composition.      The 
poems  of  Prior  are  chiefly  on  light  subjects, 
but  written  with  elegance,  ease,  and  spirit. 
His  Solomon  on  the  Vanity  of  the  World, 
was   inscribed   to   his    early  patron,   lord 
Dorset.     His  works  have  appeared  in  va- 
rious editions.     He  continued  till  his  death 
fellow  of  St.  John's  college,  and  when  cen- 
sured by  his  friends  for  keeping  so  small 
an  income,  -when  he  was  the  favourite  of 
the  court,  he  replied  that  what  he  had  be- 
sides was  precarious,  but  tlrat  his  fellow- 
ship would  always  be  bread  and  cheese  to 


?K0 


I'KY 


llim.  When  hliowii  Avitli  great  pomp  and 
parade  the  apartments  and  curiosities  of 
Versailles,  in  which  the  viciories  of  Lewis 
XI\  .  were  described,  and  asked  wluther 
kinii,  William's  victories  were  so  reprcsiiit- 
cd  111  his  palaces,  he  nobly  answered,  "  no, 
the  moiiuineiits  of  my  master's  actions  are 
to  be  seen  every  where  but  in  his  own 
Louse." 

Priscianus,  a  famous  grammarian  of 
Cai»area,  A.L).  525. 

Priscillian,  a  Spaniard,  who  became 
the  chief  of  a  sect  in  the  fourth  century. 
He  was  beheaded  384.  He  favoured  the 
errors  of  the  Gnostics  and  the  Manichees. 

Pritz,  or  Pritius,  John  George,  a  pro- 
testant  divine,  born  at  Leipsic  1662.  He 
was  professor  of  divinity  at  Gripswalde, 
and  died  much  beloved,  as  one  of  the  mi- 
nisters of  Frankfort,  24th  Aug.  1732.  He 
published  an  Introduction  to  the  New  Tes- 
tament, 8vo. — de  Immortaiitate  Hominis — 
an  edition  of  Macarius's  works — Milton's 
Letters — an  edition  of  the  Greek  Testa- 
ment, &.C. 

Probus,  M.  Aurel.  Valer.  a  general, 
made  emperor  of  Rome  at  the  death  off  a- 
citus,  276.  He  was  successful  against  the 
Goths  and  other  barbarians  ;  but  at  last  was 
murdered  by  his  own  soldiers,  282.  He  was 
a  prince  of  great  worth,  and  deservedly  be- 
loved by  his  subjects. 

Procaccini,  Camillo,  a  painter  of  Bolog- 
na. In  his  last  supper,  preserved  in  Genoa 
cathedral,  the  figures  are  represented 
larger  than  life,  and  with  the  most  striking 
effect.  He  died  1626,  aged  80.  His  bro- 
ther Julius,  who  also  died  in  1626,  was  an 
artist  of  great  genius  and  superior  celebrity. 
This  family  produced  several  men  of  emi- 
nence in  painting. 

Proclus,  a  Platonic  philosopher  of  Ly- 
cia,  who  attacked  the  Christian  religion 
"ivith  great  acrimony.     He  died  about  485. 

Proclus,  St.  the  disciple  of  Chrysostom, 
and  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  died  447, 
author  of  some  theological  works. 

Procopics,  a  Cilician,  the  relation  of 
Julian.  After  the  death  of  the  next  empe- 
ror, Jovian,  he  retired  among  the  barba- 
rians, but  afterwards  returned  to  Constan- 
tinople, during  the  absence  of  Valens, 
and  proclaimed  himself  emperor,  365. 
He  was  defeated  and  beheaded  the  next 
year. 

Procopius,  a  Greek  historian,  patronised 
by  Belisarius  and  by  Justinian.  He  was 
author  of  a  History  of  the  Wars  of  the 
Goths,  Persians,  and  Gauls,  &c. 

Procopius,  a  Greek  sophist  of  Gaza, 
A.D.  560.  Author  of  Commentaries  on 
the  books  of  Kings,  the  Chronicles,  Isaiah, 
&c. 

Prodicus,  a  sophist  of  Cos,  about  396 
B.C.  He  taught  at  Athens,  where  Socra- 
tes, Euripides,  &c.  attended  his  lecturer. 


Pronapides,  a  (j'nck  poet,  f^aid  to 
have  been  the  ma>t»r  of  the  gnat  Homer, 
and  t^o  have  taugiithis  countrymen  to  write 
from  the  lelt  to  the  right. 

PhOPERTits,  Sextus  Aurelius,  a  Ro- 
man poet  of  merit,  eonti  iiipoiary  v\ith 
Tibullus,  U\id,  and  Micanas.  He  died 
about  ly  B.C. 

Prosper,  St.  a  Christian  writer  «)f  the 
fifth  century,  the  disciple  o(  Augustine. 
Thou;;h  dissipated  in  the  beginning  ol  life, 
he  reformed  his  manners,  and  l>eeaiii<  an 
able  advocate  of  the  faith,  and  died  about 
463. 

Protagoras,  a  Greek  philosopher  of 
Abdera.  He  was  banished  from  Athen.s  for 
supporting  atheism.  He  died  in  Sicily  about 
4U0  B.C. 

Protogenes,  a  painter  of  Rhodes,  spa- 
red and  patronised  by  Demetrius  at  the 
siege  of  the  place  about  300  B.C. 

Provenzale,  Marcello,  an  Italian,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter  in  moi-aic.  His  pieces 
were  much  admired.  He  died  1639, 
aged  64. 

Prudentius,  Aur.  Clement,  a  native 
of  Saragossa,  in  Spain.  He  was  distin- 
guished as  an  advocate,  a  soldier,  a  ma- 
gistrate, and  a  poet.  His  Latin  poems 
were  edited  by  Elzevir,  with  Heinsius's 
notes,  1667. 

Prusias,  a  king  of  Bithynia,  at  whose 
court  Annibal  took  reiuge.  When  he 
seemed  inclined  to  betray  'he  illustrious 
fugitive,  Annibal  destroyed  himself.  Pru- 
sias was  put  to  death  by  his  subjects, 
B.C.  149. 

Prynne,  William,  an  English  lawyer, 
distinguished  during  the  civil  wars.  He 
was  born  at  Swanswick,  Somerset.-^hire, 
1600,  and  educated  at  Bath  grammar- 
school,  and  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  from 
whence  he  removed  to  Lineoln's-inn,  l(i20. 
His  Histriomastix,  or  Discourse  on  Stage 
Plays,  in  1632,  was  noticed  by  the  court, 
as  it  was  supposed  to  throw  reflections  on 
the  queen,  and  the  author  was  condemned 
by  the  star-chamber  to  be  pilloried,  to  pay 
a  fine  of  5000/.  and  to  lose  his  ears.  This 
severity  did  not  check  his  pen  ,  he  wrote 
other  books,  which  satirically  reflected  on 
the  conduct  of  Laud,  and  for  this  offence 
he  was  in  1637,  again  brought  before  the 
star-chamber,  and  condemned  to  be  pil- 
loried, fined  5000/.  to  lose  the  remainder 
of  his  cars,  to  have  S.  L.  schismatical  le- 
veller, branded  on  both  his  checks,  and  to 
be  imprisoned  for  life.  He  was,  pursuant 
to  the  sentence,  confined  in  Mount  Orgueil 
castle  in  Jersey  ;  but  in  1610  he  was  set  at 
liberty  by  the  Commons,  and  he  returned 
to  London  in  triumph.  He  was  member 
for  Newport,  in  Cornwall,  in  the  long  par- 
liament, and  was  one  of  the  visiters  at 
Oxford  in  1647.  He  was  a  violent  enemy 
tn  I^ud.,  and  was  the  chief  manager  of  hf« 

509 


PSA 


FFO 


trial ;  but  he  attacked  with  equal  violenee 
the  independents,  and  did  not  spare  their 
leader  Cromwell,  by  whom  he  was  impri- 
soned in  Dunster  castle,  Somersetshire. 
He  was  restt)red  to  his  seat  in  parliament 
when  the  recall  o(  Charles  II.  took  place, 
and  sat  afterwards  for  Bath.  At  the  resto- 
ration He  was  made  ke>  per  of  the  records 
in  the  Tower,  with  a  salary  of  500/.  per 
annum,  and  died  at  Luicoln's-inn,  24th  Oct. 
1661^.  He  wrote  a  great  number  of  books, 
ehiefly  on  politics  and  r-  ligion,  the  best 
known  of  which  are,  his  History  of  Laud, 
folio — the  Lives  of  John — Henry  III. — 
and  Edward  I. — Records,  3  vols.  fol.  &c. 

Przipcovids,  Samuel,  a  Socinian  writer, 
expelled,  1658,  from  Poland  with  his  par- 
tisans on  account  of  his  opinions.  He 
retired  to  Prussia,  and  died  there  1670, 
aged  80.  His  uorks,  which  are  all  on 
theological  subjects,  appeared  in  one  vol. 
fol.  1692. 

PsALMANAZAR,  Georgc,  an  extraordinary 
character,  whose  real  naine  and  birthplace 
are  unknown,  though  he  is  supposed  to  be 
a  native  of  France.  With  an  excellent 
education,  obtained  in  some  of  the  colleges 
of  the  Jesuits,  he  began  at  an  early  age  to 
impose  upon  the  world,  first  in  the  habit  of 
a  pilgrim,  and  afterwards  in  the  character 
of  a  native  of  Formosa.  He  travelled  from 
Germany  to  Liege,  pretending  to  be  a  Ja- 
panese converted  to  Christianity  ;  but  af- 
terwards he  professed  himself  to  be  a  hea- 
then, and  by  the  assiduity  and  zeal  of  the 
chaplain  of  brigadier  Lauder's  regiment, 
stationed  at  Sluys,  he  was  admitted  into 
the  pale  of  the  Christian  church,  and  was 
baptized.  The  conversion  of  so  able  and 
so  extraordinary  a  man,  procured  an  easy 
introduction  to  Compton,  the  bishop  of 
London,  and  Psalmanazar  was  taken  into 
his  house,  and  patronised  as  a  deserving 
character.  He  was  prevailed  on  to  trans- 
late the  church  catechism  into  the  Formo- 
san  language,  and  he  also  composed  a 
grammar  of  that  language  ;  and  though 
there  were  some  who  suspected  the  impo- 
sition, yet  he  was  generally  considered  by 
the  learned  as  a  man  of  superior  abilities, 
and  a  great  prodigy.  He  afterwards  pub- 
lished his  History  of  Formosa,  which  quick- 
ly passed  through  two  editions  ;  and  that 
greater  confidence  might  be  placed  in  his 
narrations,  he  accustomed  himself  to  feed 
on  raw  flesh,  roots,  and  herbs.  Some  ab- 
surdities, however,  were  discovered  in  his 
history,  and  at  last,  after  living  some  years 
on  the  credulity  of  the  public,  he  confessed 
himself  an  impostor,  and  declared  his  sor- 
row for  the  impropriety  of  his  conduct. 
Though  thus  disgraced  and  abandoned  by 
his  former  patrons,  yet  he  found  sufficient 
means  to  subsist  by  his  pen  ;  he  undertook 
a  share  in  the  Universal  History,  and  dis- 
pl^Yed  in  the  execution  great  abilities.  He 
=^10 


lived  many  years  after  in  an  exemplary 
manner,  and  died  1763,  fully  sensible,  and 
sorry  for  the  vile  imposition  which  he  h%d 
practised. 

PsAMMENiTUS,  a  king  of  Egypt  after 
Amasis,  B.C.  525.  He  was  defeated  by 
Canibyses,  and  put  to  death  six  months 
after. 

PsAMMETicus,  a  king  of  Egypt,  who 
shared  the  sovereign  power  with  11  other 
princes.  When  exiled  by  his  royal  asso- 
ciates, he  returned,  and  with  the  assist- 
ance of  the  Greeks  defeated  them,  and 
made  himself  sole  monarch.  He  died 
616  B.C. 

PsELLUs,  Michael  Constantius,  a  Greek 
writer,  who  flourished  about  1 105,  and  was 
tutor  to  Michael,  son  of  the  emperor  Con- 
stantine  Dumas.  He  was  a  good  scholar, 
and  wrote  comments  on  24  of  Menander's 
plays  t.:idnt  in  his  time.  He  wrote  be- 
sides, de  quatuor  Mathematicis  Scientiis, 
1556,  8vo.-— de  Lapidum  V  irtutibus,  8vo. — 
de  Operatione  Dsemonum,  8vo. — de  V  ictus 
Ratione,  Svo. — Synopsis  Legum,  Versibus 
Graecis  edita. 

Ptolemy  Lagus,  or  Soter,  was  the  son 
of  Arsinoe,  the  mistress  of  Philip  of  Mace- 
don,  and  he  became  one  of  the  generals  and 
favourites  of  Alexander  the  Great.  On  the 
hero's  death  he  obtained  Egypt  as  his 
share  of  the  spoils,  and  founded  there  a 
kingdom,  and  made  Alexandria  his  capital. 
He  patronised  learning  and  the  arts,  and 
died  B.C.  285. 

Ptolemi  Philadelphus,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  like  his  father  a  zealous 
patron  of  learned  men,  and  of  commerce 
among  his  subjects.     He  died  B.C.  246. 

Ptolemy  Evergetes,  son  and  succes- 
sor of  Philadelphus,  was  a  mild  and  benevo- 
lent prince.  He  conquered  Syria  and  Cili- 
cia,  and  died  B.C.  221. 

Ptolemy  Philopater,  son  of  Ever- 
getes, was  cruel  in  his  behaviour  to  the 
Jews,  whom  afterwards  he  favoured.  He 
died  B.C.  204. 

Ptolemy  Epiphanes,  succeeded  his 
father  Philopater,  and  was  poisoned  by  his 
successor  Philoiuetor,  180  B.C. 

Ptolemy  Philometor,  the  murderer  of 
the  preceding,  was  slain  in  a  battle  against 
Alexander  Bala  of  Syria,  B.C.  146. 

Ptolemy  Physcon,  succeeded  Philome- 
tor, his  brother,  and  proved  tyrannical  to- 
wards his  subjects.     He  died  116  B.C. 

Ptolemy  Lathyrus,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther, Physcon,  but  was  banished  to  Cyprus 
by  his  mother,  who  placed  his  brother 
Alexander  on  the  throne.  He  regained 
his  power  after  his  brother's  death,  and 
died  B.C.  81. 

Ptolemy  Auletks.  illegitimate  son  and 
successor  of  Lathyrus,  maintained  his 
power  by  an  alliance  with  the  Romans.  He 
died  B.C.  S\. 


PDF 


PUL 


"Vtolemt  DioNTsius,  son  of  Auletee, 
married  his  sister  Cleopatra,  and  became 
the  murderer  of  his  benefactor  Pompey. 
He  was  drowned  in  the  Nile,  B.C.  46, 

Ptolemy,  Claudius,  a  mathematician, 
born  at  Pelusium,  138.  His  geography,  in 
which  he  places  the  earth  in  the  centre  of 
the  universe,  is  a  valuable  work. 

PubLius  Syrus,  a  Syrian  .^lave,  who 
was  set  at  liberty  by  iiis  masti^r,  and  distin- 
guished himself  at  Rome  as  a  poet,  44  B.C. 
His  moral  sentences  are  excellent. 

Pucci,  Francis,  a  noble  Florentine,  who 
left  the  pcipish  tenets  for  the  protestant, 
but  afterwards  returned  at  Prague  to  his 
ancient  principles.  He  travelled  thruugli 
Poland,  and  with  new  inconsi^tency  again 
embraced  the  protestant  faith,  for  which 
he  was  sei/ed  at  Strasburg,  and  hurried  to 
Rome,  and  burnt  as  a  heretic,  1600.  In  a 
book  inscribed  to  pope  Clement  V  HI.  1592, 
he  supported  the  opinion  that  Christ  by  his 
death  had  made  sufficient  atonement  for 
the  sins  of  mankind. 

PuFFENDoRF,  Samuol  de,  a  famous  civi- 
lian and  historian,  born  1631,  at  Fleti,  near 
Chemnitz,  in  Upper  Saxony,  where  his  fa- 
ther was  minister.  He  studied  at  Grim 
and  Leipsic,  and  Jena,  and  by  his  great  ap- 
plication qualified  himself  to  become  an 
active  and  distinguished  counsellor  in  some 
German  court.  He  was  advised  by  his 
brother  to  seek  for  preferment  and  honour 
out  of  his  country,  and  in  consequence  he 
accepted  the  place  of  tutor  to  the  son  of 
M.  Coyet,  a  noble  Swede,  who  was  ambas- 
sador at  the  court  of  Denmark.  War  be- 
tween the  two  countries,  however,  obscu- 
red his  pleasing  prospects  ;  he  was  seized 
with  all  the  retinue  of  the  Swedish  ambas- 
sador, and  imprisoned,  and  during  the  te- 
dious hours  of  his  confinement  for  eight 
long  months,  he  digested  in  his  mind  ob- 
servations on  what  he  had  read  in  Grotius's 
book,  de  Jure  Belli  et  Pacis,  and  Hobbes's 
work,  and  afterwards  published  it  at  the 
Hague,  1660,  by  the  title  of  Elementorum 
Jurisprudentiae  Universalis  Libri  duo,  and 
this  gave  rise  to  his  excellent  treatise  de 
Jure  Naturae  et  Gentium.  His  literary  re- 
putation now  procured  him  the  appoint- 
ment of  professor  of  the  law  of  nature  and 
of  nations  at  Heidelberg,  on  the  presenta- 
tion of  the  elector  palatine,  and  in  1670  he 
was  honourably  invited  by  Charles  XI.  of 
Sweden,  to  be  professor  in  the  newly  found- 
ed university  of  Lunden.  His  fame  con- 
tinued to  increase  as  a  writer,  and  as  a 
pjofessor,  and  he  was  nominated  historio- 
grapher and  counsellor  to  the  king,  and 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  Swedish  baron. 
He  was  afterwards  in  16S8  invited  to  Ber- 
lin in  the  most  liberal  manner,  with  the 
distinction  of  historiographer  and  counsel- 
lor, by  the  elector  of  Brandenberg,  to  write 
the  life  of  the  elector,  Williom  the  Gre«t, 


d  Nations,  2  vols. 


and  he  died  there  1694,  of  a  nuortilicatioii 
in  one  of  his  toe-*,  in  con-.equenc  of  cut- 
ting the  nail.  This  niost  enlight<  iied  phi- 
losopher wrote  various  works,  the  most, 
known  of  which  arc  History  of  Sweden, 
from  1628  to  1654  -History  of  Charles 
Gustavus,  3  vols,  folio — History  of  the 
elector  VVilliam,  2  vols,  folio — A  Historical 
and  Political  Discnption  of  the  Papal 
State — introduction  to  the  History  ol  the 
princip:il  European  States,  8vo. — a  treatise 
on  the  Law  o(  Nature  a 
4to. — Opuscula  Juvenilia,  &.c. 

PuGATscHEFF,  Yciuelka,  a  Cossack, 
who,  after  serving  against  the  Prussians 
and  the  Turks,  deserted  from  the  army,  and 
after  spending  some  time  among  som*  Po- 
lish hermits,  appeared  in  Kussia,  and  iaid 
claim  to  the  crown  as  the  real  Peter  III. 
He  met  with  some  success,  and  might  have 
seized  Moscow  ;  but  at  last  the  crutlties 
which  he  exercised  u,on  the  inhabitancs  of 
the  places  where  he  passed,  revolted  even 
his  own  followers  against  him,  and  he  was 
delivered  up  to  the  officers  of  Catherine. 
He  was  conveyed  in  an  iron  cage  to  iMos- 
cow,  where  he  was  beheaded  21st  Jan. 
1775,  and  in  his  last  moments  he  showed 
as  nmch  weakness  as  he  had  display  ed 
vigour  and  intrepidity  at  the  head  ol  his 
desperate  adherents. 

PuGET,  Peter,  a  French  painter  born  at 
Marseilles  1623.  His  talents  were  equally 
eminent  as  a  sculptor,  and  an  architect,  and 
his  Milo,  Crotona,  and  Perseus,  and  An- 
dromeda, in  the  park  at  Versaille>,  are 
pleasing  proofs  of  the  power  of  iiis  chisel. 
Several  of  his  paintings  are  presei^ved  at 
Aix,  Toulon,  Marseilles,  and  in  the  south 
of  France.     He  died  1694, 

Pulaski,  Count,  brigadier  general  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was  a 
Polander  of  distinguished  birth,  courage, 
and  patriotism.  He  made  great  eflbrts  to 
restore  his  country  to  freedom  and  inde- 
pendence, but  without  success.  In  1771 
with  a  few  accomplices  he  seized  king; 
Stanislaus,  and  carried  him  prisoner  from 
his  palace  through  a  numerous  body  of 
guards,  but  he  soon  escaped  and  declared 
Pulaski  an  outlaw.  He  left  his  native 
country,  and  soon  after  came  to  the  United 
States,  and  ofll'ered  his  services  against  the 
British.  He  was  appointed  a  brigadier  ge- 
neral, and  raised  a  corps  of  cavalry  of  se- 
veral hundred,  with  which  he  served  some 
time  with  the  northern  army,  and  after- 
wards with  the  southern.  He  was  mor- 
tally wounded  in  the  atta<k  on  Savannah 
on  the  !Hb  of  October,  1779,  and  died  two 
days  after.  Congress  voted  to  erect  a 
monument  to  his  memory.  IdP*  L. 

PuLCHERiA,  St.  daughter  of  Arcadius, 
ascended  the  throne  uith  her  brother 
Theodosius  the  younger,  and  at  his  death 
in  450,  she  married  Marcianus.     She  wa*: 

511 


PXJL 


PUR 


•z  great  patroness  of  learned  men,  and  in 
her  conduct  very  devout  and  exemplary. 
She  assembled  the  council  of  Cbaiteuon, 
451,  and  died  three  jears  after. 

PuLci,  Lewis,  an  Italian  poet  of  merit, 
born  ol  a  noble  family  at  Florence,  Dec. 
nd,  1431.  He  was  the  friend  of  Lorenzo 
de  Medici.  His  chief  work  is  iMorgante 
Maggiore,  asi  epic  romance,  wiiich  lliough 
coun)aied  by  some  to  the  coiiipositiuus  oi 
Tasso  and  Ariosio,  has  been  rigutly  cun- 
sidtred  by  otbtrs  as  a  vuigar  and  prolane 
woik,  vvbicu  unites  the  most  solemn  and 
serious  subjects  with  the  burlesque  and 
comic.  He  wrote  besides  a  poem  on  a 
tournament  at  Florence,  14tJS,  calied  Ciios- 
tra  di  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  and  some  son- 
nets. He  died  about  1487.  His  brothers 
Luke  and  Bernard  were  also  known  as  the 
successful  votaries  of  tiie  muses. 

PoLiGO,  or  PuGLio,  Dominico,  a  native 
of  llorence,  distinguished  as  a  portiait 
painter.      He  died  1527,  aged  53. 

PuLMANNUS,  Theodore,  properly  Poel- 
MAN,  a  Dutch  commentator,  born  ai  Cran- 
enbuigh  in  the  dutchy  of  Cieves,  1510. 
Fiom  a  fuller  he  became  a  scholar,  and  an 
able  critic,  and  at  the  press  of  Plantm  u- 
perintended  the  publication  of  some  valua- 
ble editions  of  Virgil,  Lucan,  Horace,  Ju- 
venal, Terence,  Ausonius,  and  other  au- 
thors.    He  died  at  Sa.amanca  about  1 580. 

PuLTENEY,  William,  earl  o(  Bath,  was 
born  of  an  ancient  and  opulent  family, 
16S2.  He  was  early  elected  into  the  Hou-.e 
of  Commons,  and  was  an  able  and  elo- 
quent opposer  of  the  ministry  in  queen 
Anne's  reign.  At  the  accession  of  George 
I.  he  was  made  secretary  at  war  ;  but  after 
some  years  of  co-ope lation  with  sir  Ro- 
bert Wal[iol'',  he  disagreed  with  liiin,  and 
ivarmly  opposed  his  measures  for  advancing 
the  interests  of  Hanover  at  the  expense  of 
England.  DifTerence  of  opinion  produced 
altercation,  and  altercation  hatred,  so  that 
TV'aipole's  measures  were  opposed  with  per- 
sonal virulence,  and  the  kmg  at  last  struck 
off  the  name  of  Pulteney  from  the  list  of 
privy  counsellors,  and  put  him  out  of  the 
commission  for  the  peace.  These  violent 
steps  increased  the  opposition,  and  the  po- 
pularity of  Pulteney,  and  his  sarcasms  and 
his  attacks  were  pointed  with  the  most 
powerful  effect  against  the  minister,  who 
often  declared  that  he  dreaded  his  tongue 
more  than  another  man's  sword.  At  last 
opposition  prevailed,  VValpoIe  was  dis- 
graced in  1741,  and  Pulteney  rose  in  his 
seat,  and  was  restored  to  the  privy  council, 
and  made  earl  of  Bath  ;  but  when  he  got 
into  place  he  lost  his  popularity,  and  after- 
wards despised  that  good  public  opinion 
which  he  could  not  procure.  He  died  Sth 
June,  1764,  and  without  issue.  He  was 
concerned  in  the  "  Craftsman,"  and  wrote 
*nmc  political  pamphlet?. 


Pulteney,  Richard,  a  native  of  Lough- 
borougti,  Leicestershire,  who  after  prac- 
tising as  an  apothecary  at  Leicester  took 
his  medical  degrees  at  Edinourgh,  1764. 
He  was  patronised  by  his  relation  the  earl 
of  Bath,  and  settled  at  Blandford,  Dorset- 
shire, where  he  acquired  great  reputation 
in  nis  prolession.  He  was  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  other  learned  bodies, 
and  died  1801,  aged  71.  He  is  author  of 
a  lienerai  V  iew  oi  the  Life  and  Writings 
of  Linnajus,  1781 — Historical  and  Biogra- 
phical 8kv  tcUes  of  the  Progress  of  Botany 
in  t^ngiaiiU,  2  vols.  8vo.  and  he  made  be- 
sides vaiuabie  communications  to  the  His- 
tory ol  Lcicestershu'e  by  Mr.  JNichols,  and 
to  tuat  of  Dorsetshire  by  Hutchins,  newly 
edited  by  Gough  ;  but  he  particularly  con- 
tributed to  the  pages  of  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine,  which  he  enriched  by  various 
dissertations  and  papers  on  antiquities,  and 
especially  on  history,  a  science  to  which  he 
was  very  partial,  and  which  he  had  studied 
with  great  skdl  and  attention.  An  Ac- 
count of  his  Life  has  been  published  by 
Dr.  Maton  in  4to. 

PuNTORMo,  Giacomo,  an  Italian  painter, 
the  pupil  oi  Leonard  de  Vinci,  and  Andrea 
del  Saito.  His  pieces,  which  are  much 
admired,  are  generally  on  sacred  subjects. 
He  died  1558,  aged  61. 

PuRBACH,  George,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Purbach.  He  was  eminent  as  a 
divine  and  philosopher,  and  particularly  ap- 
plied himself  to  astronomy,  in  which 
science  he  made  several  observations,  and 
for  the  improvement  of  which  he  invented 
some  instruments,  and  calculated  useful  ta- 
bles. He  translati  d  Ptolemy's  Almagest, 
and  died  at  Vienna,  1462,  aged  39. 

PuRCELL,  Henry,  a  celebrated  musical 
composer,  born  in  1658.  His  abilities 
were  early  dispiayeci,  so  that  at  the  aj,c  of 
18  he  was  ap|Jointed  organist  of  Westmin- 
ster, and  in  1682  he  was  made  one  of  the 
organists  of  the  chapel  royal.  He  soon 
distinguished  himself  by  the  publication  of 
some  sonatas,  and  anthems,  and  divided 
equally  his  services  between  the  church 
and  the  theatre.  Dryden,  some  of  whose 
poetry  he  set  to  music,  has  highly  compli- 
mented his  powers,  and  from  the  superior 
style  of  his  church  music,  he  deserved  the 
greatest  encomiums.  He  died  of  a  con- 
sumptive disorder,  21st  Nov.  1695,  leaving 
a  wife  and  children  not  amply  provided 
for.  He  was  buried  in  Westminster  ab- 
bey, and  his  early  death  was  seriously  la- 
mented. His  works  were  published  by 
subscription,  under  the  title  of  Orpheus 
Britannicus,  1698,  and  dedicated  to  his  pa- 
troness lady  Howard.  His  brother  Daniel, 
a  famous  punster,  was  organist  of  Magda- 
len college,  Oxford,  and  of  St.  Andrew's, 
Holborn. 

PrncHAs,  S«mnel,  an  able  divine,  born 


I'L  I 


n  \ 


Tliaxstciil,  r.shcv,  1J77,  aiul  cdiKalcd 
at  Cambridge.  He  obtained  in  h;04  the 
vicarage  of  Eastwood,  Essex,  whiob  he  in- 
trusted to  the  care  of  his  brother,  to  prose- 
cute with  greater  facility  his  studies  in 
London.  He  obtained  afterwards  the 
living  of  St.  Martin's,  Ludgate,  London, 
and  was  also  chaplain  to  archbishop  Abbot. 
He  died  about  1028.  His  great  work  was 
"  his  Pilgrimage,  or  Relations  of  the  World, 
and  the  Religions  observed  in  all  ages, 
&c."  5  vols,  folio.  These  are  a  valuable 
compilation. 

PuRvER,  Antony,  an  extraordinary  cha- 
jacter,  born  at  Up-Hursborn,  Hants,  1702. 
His  parents  were  quakers  ;  but  though  he 
was  taught  only  to  read  and  write,  he  ap- 
plied himself  with  such  assiduity  that  he 
was  well  versed  in  the  most  diflicult  parts 
of  arithmetic,  and  had  such  a  retentive 
memoiy,  that,  %vhen  young,  in  12  hours  he 
could  repeat  12  of  the  longeijt  and  most 
difficult  chapters  in  the  Bible.  He  was  ap- 
prenticed to  a  shoemaker,  but  still  turned 
his  thoughts  to  learning,  and  acquired  such 
a  knowledge  of  the  learned  languages,  that 
he  began  to  translate  the  Bible  from  the 
original  text.  To  maintain  himself  he  kept 
school  at  his  native  village,  and  at  Tren- 
chay,  Gloucestershire,  where  he  married, 
and  afterwards  settled  at  Andover,  where 
he  completed,  in  1764,  his  translation  of 
the  Old  and  New  Testament,  a  most  labo- 
rious work,  the  fruit  of  30  years'  applica- 
tion. It  appeared  in  2  vols,  folio,  by  the 
generosity  of  his  friend  Dr.  Fothergill, 
who  gave  him  lOOOL  towards  his  expenses, 
and  though  it  is  occasionally  deficient  in 
judgment  and  taste,  it  yet  possesses  great 
and  pleasing  simplicity,  as  being  very  lite- 
ral. As  a  preacher  among  the  quakers, 
Purver  was  highly  respected.  He  died  at 
Andover,  1777,  and  was  buried  there  in  the 
ground  of  the  quakers'  meeting. 

PuTEANUS,  Erycius,  properly  Vande- 
PUTTK,  an  eminent  scholar  born  at  Venlo, 
Guelderland,  1574.  He  studied  at  Dort, 
Cologne,  Louvain,  and  afterwards  at  Pa- 
dua, and  in  1601,  was  chosen  professor  of 
eloquence  at  Milan.  His  reputation  as  a 
teacher  was  so  great  that  the  king  of  Spain 
appointed  him  his  historiographer,  and  the 
Romans  enrolled  him  in  the  number  of 
their  patricians.  In  1601  he  was  appoint- 
ed to  succeed  his  master,  the  celebrated 
Justus  Lipsius,  in  the  professor's  chair  at 
Louvain,  and  was  further  honoured  with 
the  title  of  governor  of  the  castle  there. 
He  died  at  Louvain  1646.  He  wrote  se- 
veral works  on  literary  and  political  sub- 
jects, the  best  known  of  which  is  his  Sta- 
tem  Belli  et  Pacis,  the  balance  of  peace 
and  war,  1633,  during  a  negotiation  be- 
tween the  Spanish  monarch  and  the  United 
Provinces.  His  works  form  5  vols,  folio. 
Putnam,  Israel,  maior-ceneral  in  the 
Vol.  II.  fi- 


ariu^  ul  iiit;  L  lilted  Stalc.i,  uas  born  ai' 
isalcm,  Massachusetts,  the  7ih  of  January, 
171S.  He  possessed  a  mind  of  great  vi- 
gour, but  had  not  the  advantages  of  a 
thorough  education.  In  173J  he  removed 
to  Pomfrct,  Connecticut,  and  employed 
himself  in  agriculture.  He  there  gave  an 
example  of  the  singular  couragt:,  which  cha- 
racterized him  as  a  military  oiliccr,  by  de- 
scending at  the  most  imminent  hazard  of 
his  life  into  a  cavern,  and  shooting  a  wolf 
which  he  and  his  neighbours  had  driven 
thither.  During  the  war  of  1755  with  the 
French  he  commanded  a  company,  and 
was  engaged  in  several  contests  with  the 
enemy,  in  which  he  displayed  the  most  ad- 
venturous bravery  and  great  skill.  In  1756 
he  fell  with  his  party  into  an  ambuscade, 
and  was  taken  prisoner,  and  subjected  to 
the  most  cruel  tortures  by  the  savages. 
He  was  released  in  1759,  and  at  the  con- 
clusion of  the  war,  returned  to  his  farm. 
He  served  in  the  expedition  against  Cuba 
in  1762,  as  lieutcnant-colouel,  and  in  1764 
as  colonel  under  general  Bradstrect  in  the 
campaign  against  the  savagci.  Soon  after 
the  battle  at  Lexington  he  joined  the  army 
at  Cambridge  at  the  head  of  a  regiment, 
and  was  not  long  after  appointed  major- 
general,  and  signalized  himself  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Bunker's  Hill.  On  the  arrival  of 
general  Washington  he  was  given  the  com- 
mand of  the  reserve.  In  1776  he  was  de- 
spatched to  New- York  to  complete  its  forti- 
fication begun  by  general  Lee,  and  after- 
wards sent  to  Philadelphia  to  fortify  that 
city.  During  the  winter  of  1777  he  was 
stationed  w'ith  a  small  body  at  Princeton, 
and  in  the  spring  was  appointed  to  a  sepa- 
rate command  at  the  Highlands,  where  he 
continued  most  of  the  time  till  the  close  of 
1779,  when  he  was  seized  with  a  paralytic 
affection,  and  disqualified  for  further  ser- 
vice. He  died  the  29th  of  May,  1790. 
He  possessed  an  excellent  judgment,  great 
enterprise,  the  most  intrepid  courage,  and 
ardent  patriotism;  and  was  justly  consi- 
dered one  of  the  most  eflicient  of  thi 
American  officers.  iCIJ^  L. 

PuTscHius,  Elias,  an  eminent  gramma- 
rian born  at  Antwerp,  15S0.  He  publish- 
ed Sallust  with  notes  and  fragments,  be- 
sides a  collection  of  33  old  grammarians, 
and  died  at  Stade  1606. 

PuY,  Peter  de,  a  learned  Frenchman,  au- 
thor of  some  valuable  political  works  ou 
the  salique  law,  and  other  antiquarian  sub- 
jects. He  was  born  at  Paiis,  and  died  1 652, 
aged  69,  universally  lamented.  Voltaire 
as  well  as  De  Thou  speaks  highly  of  his 
abilities. 

Put  Seguu,  James  de  Chastenct,  lord 
of,  a  celebrated  general,  born  of  a  noble 
family  at  Armagnac,  1600.  He  served  his 
country  43  years,  and  though  present  at 
120  sieges,  and  30  battles,  in  which  he  be^ 


f\S 


PVT 


liaved Avrtli  aitivity  and  courage,  lie  was 
never  wounded.  He  died  at  his  castle  of 
Bernouille,  near  Guise,  1682.  His  me- 
moirs, extending  from  1617  to  1658,  have 
appeared  in  2  vols.  12mo.  and  are  written 
with  boldness  and  truth.  His  son  James 
was  marshal  of  France,  and  author  of  a 
work  on  the  Military  Art,  in  folio,  and 
two  vols.  4to.  1748.    He  died  1743,  aged  88. 

Ptle,  Thomas,  M.A.  an  eminent  divine, 
born  at  Stodey  near  Holt,  Norfolk,  1674. 
He  was  educated  at  Caius  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  then  became  minister  of  King's 
Lynn,  where  he  distinguished  himself  as 
a  good  preacher,  and  as  an  exemplary  man. 
He  engaged  warmly  in  the  Bangorian  con- 
troversy, and  for  his  services  he  was  made 
prebendary  of  Salisbury,  by  Dr.  Hoadly, 
and  two  of  his  sons  also  were  presented  to 
prebends  in  the  church  of  Winchester. 
Hb  paraphrase  on  the  Acts,  and  all  the 
epistles,  is  an  excellent  work,  often  re- 
printed. He  published  besides  3  vols,  of 
sermons.  This  excellent  character  died  at 
tynn,  1757. 

Pym,  John,  a  celebrated  republican, 
member  of  Parliament  for  Tavistock.  He 
distinguished  himself  by  his  virulence 
against  the  unfortunate  Charles,  and  ac- 
quired such  power  and  influence  among  his 
partisans,  that  he  was  called  king  Pym. 
He  died  1643  of  an  imposthame  in  his 
bowck. 

Ftnaker,  Adam,  a  landscape  painter, 
born  at  Pynaker,  near  Delft,  in  Holland, 
1621.      He  improved  himself  at   Rome, 


and  acquired  great  celebrity  by  the  exceP 
lence  and  correctness  of  his  pieces,  espe« 
cially  his  cabinet  pictures.     He  died  1673. 

Pyrrho,  a  Greek  philosopher,  founder  of 
the  sect  of  Skeptics,  who  doubted  of  every 
thing.     He  died  about  300  B.C. 

Pyrriius,  a  king  of  Epirus,  celebrated 
in  history  as  the  friend  and  alley  of  the 
Tarentines  in  their  war  against  the  Ro- 
mans. He  afterwards  made  war  against 
Sicily  and  against  Sparta,  and  was  killed  at 
Argos  by  a  tile  thrown  down  upon  his  head 
by  a  woman,  B.C.  272. 

Pythagoras,  a  celebrated  philosopher, 
born  at  Samos.  After  visiting  Egypt  and 
other  places  to  improve  his  knowledge,  and 
cultivate  his  mind,  he  settled  at  Crotona  in 
Italy,  where  he  established  a  famous 
school.  He  also  reformed  the  effeminate 
manners  of  the  Crotonians,  and  rendered 
infinite  service  to  mankind,  by  the  wisdom, 
prudence,  and  virtues,  with  which  he  in- 
spired his  numerous  pupils.  He  was  well 
acquainted  with  the  true  system  of  the  uni- 
verse, as  he  placed  the  sun  in  the  centre. 
He  was  the  author  of  the  absurd  doctrine 
of  the  transmigration  of  souls,  and  forbade 
the  eating  of  animal  flesh.  He  died  about 
490  B.C. 

Pytheas,  a  Greek  philosopher,  in  the 
age  of  Aristotle.  His  discoveries  about 
the  different  length  of  the  days  in  various 
climates,  appeared  astonishing  to  the  phi- 
losophers of  his  age. 

Pytheus,  a  rhetorician  of  Athens,  known, 
as  the  rival  of  the  great  Demosthenes. 


aUA 

vJuADRATUS,  St.  a  disciple  of  the  apos- 
tles, and  the  learned  author  of  an  apology 
for  the  Christians,  a  valuable  work,  which 
he  himself  presented  to  the  emperor  Adri- 
an. Some  suppose  him  to  be  the  angel  or 
bishop  of  Philadelphia  mentioned  in  the 
Apocalypse,  and  it  is  asserted  that  he  was 
made  bishop  of  Athens  about  126.  Only 
fragments  of  his  apology  remain. 

QuADRio,  Francis  Xavier,  a  Jesuit,  born 
2^d  Dec.  1 695,  in  the  Valteline.  He  was  of 
a  melancholy  turn  of  mind,  and  retired  to 
Zurich,  where,  with  the  consent  of  the 
pope,  he  became  a  secular  priest.  He  died 
at  Milan,  21st  Nov.  1756.  He  is  author 
of  a  treatise  on  Italian  poetry,  under  the 
name  of  Joseph  Mary  Andrucci — History 
of  Poetry,  2  vols. — Historical  Dissertations 
on  Rhaetia  and  the  Valteline,  3  vols.  4to. 
1755. 

QuAiNi,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Bologna 
Jiaown  as  a  painter.     He  assisted  his  mas- 


QUA 

ter  Cignari  in  some  of  his  most  celebrated 
works,  and  died  1717,  aged  74. 

QuARLES,  Francis,  an  English  poet  born 
at  Steward's  in  the  parish  of  Rumford,  Es- 
sex, 1592.  He  was  educated  at  Christ  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  then  entered  at  Lin- 
coln's inn,  and  was  afterwards  cup-bearer 
to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  James  I.  electress 
Palatine,  and  queen  of  Bohemia.  He  was 
next  secretary  to  archbishop  Usher  in  Ire- 
land, and  was  a  great  sufferer  in  the  Irish 
rebellion.  He  did  not  meet  that  friendly 
reception  in  England  which  his  loyalty  de- 
served, and  it  is  said  that  the  loss  of  his 
valuable  MSS.  preyed  deeply  upon  his 
mind,  and  hastened  his  death,  which  hap- 
pened 1644.  He  was  eminent  as  a  poet, 
and  in  no  case,  says  Langbaine,  offended  in 
his  writings  against  the  high  duties  he  owed 
to  God,  to  his  neighbour,  and  to  himself^ 
He  wrote  some  theatrical  pieces,  but  th^ 
best  known  of  his  works  are  his  Emblems. 


<ii;k 


H\jV. 


-Metlitations,  niid  llierogljphi<<.  Some 
have  imagined  that  Pope  ^vas  unich  indebt- 
ed to  his  writiiigri.  lie  was  father  of  18 
children  by  his  first  wife,  and  one  of  his 
sons,  John,  became  known  as  a  poet,  and 
particularly  as  an  active  royalist  in  the 
king's  army.  He  died  of  the  plague  in 
London,  1665,  aged  41. 

QuATROMANi,  Sertorio,  a  native  of  Co- 
senza  in  Naples.  He  obtained  admission 
into  the  Vatican  by  means  of  his  friend 
Paul  Manutius,  and  in  this  valuable  library 
he  devoted  himself  with  indefatigable  dili- 
gence to  the  study  of  Greek  literature. 
His  great  abilities  recoinmended  him  to  the 
notice  of  the  duke  of  Nocera,  in  whose 
service  he  was  for  some  time  employed. 
He,  after  his  patron's  death,  went  into  the 
family  of  the  prince  of  Stigliaaio,  but  soon 
left  him,  and  died  1606,  aged  65.  He  was 
in  his  temper  capricious  aud  haughty,  easily 
ofl'ended  at  trifles,  and  censorious  on  the 
faults  of  others.  He,  however,  possessed 
learning  and  information,  and  his  transla- 
tion of  the  iEneid  into  Italian  verse  is  held 
in  estimation.  His  other  works  have  been 
collected  in  1714,  in  8vo.  containing  Latin 
and  Italian  verses,  letters,  &c. 

QuELLiN,  Erasmus,  a  painter  of  Ant- 
werp, the  disciple  and  successful  imitator 
of  Rubens.  He  died  1678,  aged  71.  His 
60n  John  Erasmus  was  also  distinguished 
as  a  good  artist,  and  some  of  his  pieces 
adorn  the  churches  of  Antwerp.  He  died 
at  Antwerp,  1715,  aged  85. 

QuENSTEDT,  John  Andrew,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  author  of  a  Latin  account  of  learn- 
ed men  from  Adam  to  1600,  4to. — Sculptu- 
ra  Veterum,  8vo.  his  best  work — a  System 
of  Divinity,  according  to  the  Confession  of 
Augsburg,  4  vols,  folio,  and  some  other 
works.  He  was  born  at  Quedlinburg,  and 
died22d  May,  1688,  aged  71. 

QuENTAL,  Bartholomew  du,  a  native  of 
the  Azores,  distinguished  for  his  piety  and 
learning.  He  became  confessor  to  the  king 
of  Portugal,  and  refused  a  bishopric,  that 
he  might  with  greater  ardour  devote  him- 
self to  preaching,  and  to  the  more  laborious 
works  of  charity.  He  died  20th  Dec. 
1698,  aged  72.  ,  Clement  XL  gave  him  the 
appellation  of  the  Venerable.  He  wrote 
Meditations,  &c. —  Sermons  in  Portuguese, 
&c. 

QuERENGHi,  Anthony,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Padua,  1546.  He  was  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  popes,  and  was  secretary  to  the 
sacred  college.  He  died  at  Rome,  1st 
Sept.  1633.  His  Latin  poems,  and  some 
Italian  poetry,  were  published  at  Rome, 
1616  and  1629. 

QuERLON,  Anne  Gabriel  Meusnier  de,  an 
eminent  scholar,  born  at  Nantes,  loth 
April,  1702.  For  22  years  he  published  a 
periodical  paper  for  Brittany,  and  other 
prints,  and  haiialsDSDme  share  in  the  Journal 


Enrjclopciliqup.  TIo  dird  \pji!,  \7iQ. 
universally  regrcllt^d.  His  rhicf  work*  arc 
Les  Impostures  innocenles,  a  little  enter- 
taining novel — Collertion  Historii|ue — 
Marsy's  Latin  Poem  on  Painting,  transla- 
ted into  French — Editions  of  LucretiuiK, 
with  notes — also  of  Pha^drus,  and  of  Aua- 
creon. 

QuERNO,  Camillo,  an  Itali.ui  poet,  born 
at  Monopolis,  in  Naples.  He  carried  hii 
poem,  called  Alexiada,  containinj;  20,000 
lines,  to  Leo  X.  who  honoured  him  with  his 
friendship,  and  made  him  hisbulFoon,  1514. 
After  the  taking  of  Rome,  he  retired  to 
Naples,  and  died  in  the  hospital  there, 
about  1528. 

QuESNAT,  Francis,  an  eminent  French 
physician,  born  at  Ecquevilli,  1694.  Though 
the  son  of  an  obscure  labourer,  he  rose  to 
reputation  in  his  profession,  and  became 
first  physician  to  the  king  of  France,  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris, 
and  of  the  London  Royal  Society.  He 
had  an  early  taste  for  agriculture,  and  was 
a  leading  man  in  the  society  uf  Economists. 
He  died  Dec.  1774.  His  works  are  Obser- 
vations on  Bleeding,  l2mo. — Essay  on  Ani- 
mal Economy,  3  vols.  12mo. — the  Art  of 
Healing  by  Bleeding — Treatise  on  Con- 
tinued Fevers,  2  vols.  12mo. — on  Gangrene, 
12mo. — on  Suppuration — Physiocratia,  &c. 
besides  an  elegant  poem,  called  the  Farm 
House. 

QuESNE,  Abraham,  marquis  du,  a  native 
of  Normandy,  who  entered  into  the  naval 
service   of  France,   under  his  father,  and 
soon  distinguished  himself.      He  was,   in 
1637,  at  the  attack  of  the  Isles  of  St.  Mai- 
garet,  and  the  next  year  he  greatly  contri- 
buted to  the  defeat  of  the  Spanish  fleet  at 
Cattari.     He  afterwards  signalized  his  va- 
lour before  Tarragona,  Barcelona,  and  be- 
fore Cadiz,  and  in  1644  he  went  into  the 
service  of  Sweden,  and  was  particularly- 
instrumental  in   the  defeat  of  the   Danish 
fleet.     He  was  recalled  home  in  1647,  and 
intrusted  with  a  squadron  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean,  and   he  next  obliged  Bourdeaux, 
which  had  revolted,  to  surrender,  and  after- 
wards, in  1676,  in  three  engagements,  de- 
feated the  combined  fleets  of  Holland  and 
Spain,  under  Ruyter,  near  Sicily.     It  was 
on  this  memorable  occasion  that  the  follow- 
ing verses  were  written,  alluding  to  the  de- 
feat  and  the  death  of  the  great   Ruyter^ 
who  perished  in  the  second  engagement : 

Ternd  in  oceanojam  solo  nornine  classes, 
Ter  mine  in  Sicido  territus  ipse  rui. 

Si  vera  inversiim  quondam  dedit  amtna/iOJ/if «, 
*Vm7JC  Rui-ter  7iomen  veriiis  omen  habet. 

He  next  carried  the  terror  of  his  arms 
agahist  Algiers  and  Genoa,  and  every  where 
commanded  respect  and  submission.  This 
gallant  officer  was  deservedly  ennobled  by 

515 


QUI 


QUI 


tlic   French   king.     lie  died  at  Paris,  2d 
Feb.  1688,  aged  78,  leaving  four  sons. 

QuESNEL,  Pasquier,  a  doctor  of  the  Sor- 
bonne,  and  priest  of  the  oratory,  born  at 
Paris,  1634.  In  1675  he  published  at  Paris 
!he  works  of  St.  Leo,  2  vols.  4to.  and  as 
his  notes  defended  the  ancient  Gallican 
ihurch,  against  the  opinions  of  the  Roman 
pontiffs,  the  work  was  condemned  at 
Rome,  and  the  author,  in  1685,  retired, 
through  fear  of  persecution,  to  Brussels. 
He  published  in  1687,  his  Moral  Reflections 
on  the  New  Testament;  but  though  he 
?eemed  strongly  to  favour  the  Jansenists, 
the  work  was  well  received,  and  became 
very  popular,  on  account  of  the  meekness 
and  philanthropy  of  his  sentiments  ;  but 
the  work,  though  thus  publicly  counte- 
nanced, and  even  commended  by  pope  Cle- 
ment XI.  was  soon  after  attacked  by  the 
.Jesuits,  and  condemned,  for  reasons  of 
state,  even  by  the  pope  himself,  who  issued 
against  it  his  famous  bull,  called  Unigenitus. 
By  the  influence  of  the  .Jesuits,  Quesnel 
was  seized  and  imprisoned  ;  but,  by  means 
of  a  Spanish  gentleman,  who  secretly 
espoused  his  cause,  he  escaped,  and  reach- 
ed Amsterdam,  where  he  died  1719.  He 
was  author  of  various  works,  but  chiefly 
on  polemical  subjects.  The  author  of  the 
History  of  the  Jesuits,  was  also  a  Quesnel, 
Peter,  and  he  died  at  the  Hague,  1774. 

QuESKOT,  Francis,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
eminent  as  a  sculptor.  His  works,  chiefly 
bas-reliefs  in  bronze,  ivory,  marble,  or  wax, 
possess  great  elegance,  beauty,  and  charac- 
ter. They  generally  represent  children, 
bacchanals,  &e.  and  are  much  sought  after. 
He  died  at  Leghorn,  1644,  aged  42.  His 
brother  Jerome,  who  died  at  Ghent,  1654, 
was  also  an  eminent  sculptor. 

QuEVEDO  DE  ViLLEGAS,  Francisco  de,  a 
Spanish  author,  born  at  Madrid,  1570.  He 
possessed  great  powers  of  writing  in  verse 
as  well  as  prose,  and  on  subjects  of  wit,  of 
morality,  and  of  science,  showed  himself 
correct,  judicious,  and  enlightened.  His 
works  were  published  by  Gonzales  de  Sa- 
las,  under  the  title  of  Parnasso  Espagnol, 
in  3  vols.  4to.  His  "  Visions,"  a  prose 
work,  have  been  indifferently  translated 
into  English,  from  a  French  version,  and 
some  others  of  his  works  have  also  appear- 
ed in  an  English  dress.  His  satire  was  so 
keen,  and  so  imprudently  used,  that  he 
rendered  count  d'Olivares,  the  prime  minis- 
ter, his  enemy,  and  in  consequence  of  this, 
was  imprisoned,  till  the  fall  of  the  royal 
favourite.  He  died  1645,  or,  according  to 
some,  1647. 

QuiEN  DE  LA  Neufville,  Jamcs  Ic,  a 
French  author,  born  at  Paris,  1647.  He 
was  successively  an  officer  in  the  French 
guards,  an  advocate  at  the  bar,  and  lastly 
a  literary  character.  His  General  History 
?f  Portugal,  2  vols.  4fo.  procured  his  ad- 
r>ie 


mission  into  the  academy  of  Inscriptions 
at  Paris.  He  afterwards  published  a  Trea- 
tise on  the  Use  of  Posts  among  the  An- 
cients and  Moderns,  l2mo.  1734,  which 
was  so  well  received  that  it  gained  him  the 
office  of  director  of  the  posts  of  French 
Flanders.  In  1713  he  went  with  the 
French  ambassador  to  Portugal,  and  was 
received  with  great  kindness  by  the  court, 
and  rewarded  with  a  pension.  Out  of 
gratitude  to  the  monarch,  he  determined  to 
continue  bis  History  of  Portugal,  which 
had  concluded  in  1531,  at  the  death  of 
Emanuel  I.  ;  but  excessive  application 
brought  on  disease.  He  died  at  Lisbon, 
20th  May,  1728,  aged  81,  leaving  two  sons. 

QuiEN,  Michael  de,  a  French  Dominican, 
born  at  Bologne,  1661.  He  was  an  able 
scholar,  and  well  versed  in  oriental  litera- 
ture. He  published  Panoplia  contra  Schis- 
ma  Graecorum,  4to. — Nullity  of  the  Eng- 
lish Ordinations,  against  Courayer — Oriens 
Christianus  in  quatuor  Patriarchatus  diges- 
tus  in  quo  exhibentur  Ecclesiae,  Patriarchse, 
casterique  Praesides  Orientis,  3  vols,  folio — 
Defence  of  the  Hebrew  Text  against  Per- 
ron, besides  an  edition  of  John  Damasce- 
nus,  2  vols.  fol.     He  died  at  Paris,  1733. 

QtJiLLET,  Claudius,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  Chinon,  in  Tourraine,  1602.  He 
studied  physic,  and  practised  for  some 
years  ;  but  his  views  were  changed  by  his 
interference  with  the  affair  of  the  nuns  of 
Loudun,  who  were  said  to  be  possessed  of 
the.  devil.  He  ridiculed  the  measures 
which  were  pursued  there  by  the  secret  in- 
trigues of  Richelieu ;  and  in  consequence 
of  this  he  fled  to  Rome,  for  fear  of  persecu- 
tion. He  became,  at  Rome,  acquainted 
with  d'Etrees,  the  French  ambassador, 
who  made  him  his  secretary  ;  and  there  he 
wrote  his  famous  poem  called  "  Callipae- 
dia,"  on  the  Art  of  having  fine  Children, 
in  which  he  reflected  with  satirical  severity 
on  cardinal  Mazarine.  The  cardinal,  in- 
stead of  persecuting  the  author,  made  him 
his  friend,  and  gave  him  an  abbey,  and 
Quillet,  in  gratitude,  when  he  published 
the  second  edition  of  his  poem,  erased  the 
offensive  parts,  and  dedicated  it  to  his  no- 
ble patron.  This  well-known  poem  is  dir 
vided  into  four  books,  and  is  written  in 
elegant  poetry,  and  contains  many  very 
beautiful  passages.  The  work,  however, 
though  defended  by  Bayle  and  de  la  Mon- 
noye,  as  containing  only  the  language  of  a 
man  who  wrote  like  a  physician,  has  been 
deservedly  censured  by  Baillet,  as  abound- 
ing in  description  both  indelicate  and  licen-f 
tious.  The  Callipsdia  has  been  translated 
into  English  by  Rowe.  He  wrote,  besides, 
two  other  short  Latin  poems.  He  died 
1661,  aged  59,  and  left  his  papers,  with 
500  crowns,  to  Menage,  for  the  printing  of 
his  Henriade,  a  Latin  poem,  in  honour  of 
Henrv  IV. 


*iH 


QLI 


Qciw,  James,  a  celebrated  actor,  born  ii\ 
K'ing-8trcet,  Covent  Garden,  21th  Feb. 
1693,  and  descended  from  a  respectable  fa- 
mily in  Ireland.  He  was  intended  for  the 
bar  ;  but  in  consequence  of  the  law-suits 
which  took  place  after  his  father's  death, 
he  had  little  left  to  depend  upon  ;  and 
therefore  turned  his  thoughts  to  the  stage. 
After  performing  inferior  parts  on  the  Dub- 
lin theatre,  he  came  to  London,  and  en- 
gaged himself  with  the  managers  of  Drury- 
lane,  and  two  years  after,  1717,  he  re- 
moved to  Rich's  theatre,  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields.  The  following  year  he  had  an  un- 
pleasant dispute  with  Bowen,  a  fellow  actor, 
at  a  tavern,  and  in  consequence  they 
fought,  and  Bowen  died  some  time  after  of 
his  wounds.  In  this  unfortunate  dispute, 
for  which  Quin  was  tried,  and  found  guilty 
of  manslaughter,  it  does  not  appear  that 
his  conduct  was  very  blamable,  as  Bowen 
was  the  aggressor ;  and  therefore  he  suf- 
fered little  diminution  of  the  public  favour. 
In  1732  Quin,  who  was  now  become  a 
popular  performer,  removed,  with  the  Lin- 
«-oln's  Inn  Fields  company,  to  Covent  Gar- 
den, which  was  opened  on  the  7th  Dec. 
for  their  reception  ;  but  two  years  after,  he 
quitted  it  for  Drury-lane.  In  this  theatre 
he  continued  a  favourite  actor  till  1742, 
when  he  returned  again  to  his  old  friend 
Rich,  at  Covent  Garden.  At  this  time  he 
had  to  struggle  against  the  rising  fame  of 
young  Garrick,  of  whom  he  said  sarcasti- 
cally, that  he  was  a  new  religion,  and  that, 
as  Whitefield,  he  was  followed  for  a  time, 
but  that  people  would  all  come  to  church 
again.  In  this,  however,  he  was  disap- 
pointed ;  Garrick,  contrary  to  his  expecta- 
tions, rose  to  high  and  deserved  reputa- 
tion ;  but  the  two  rival  heroes,  who  now  di- 
vided the  applauses  of  the  town,  were  pre- 
vailed upon  to  act  together  in  the  Fair  Pe- 
nitent. Their  appearance  on  the  stage  to- 
gether was  received  with  loud  and  reite- 
rated plaudits,  and  each  performed  with 
admirable  success,  and  fully  supported  his 
former  claims  to  superior  eminence.  In 
1751  Quin  retired  from  the  stage  to  Bath, 
though,  in  a  few  instances,  he  afterwards 
appeared  in  the  character  of  FalstafT,  for 
the  benefit  of  his  theatrical  friends  ;  and 
the  19th  March,  1753,  was  the  last  time  of 
his  acting,  when,  in  compliment  to  his 
abilities,  the  price  of  admission  to  the  pit 
and  boxes  was  raised  to  five  shillin^rs. 
This  respectable  actor  died  at  Bath,  of'  a 
fever,  2l9t  Jan.  1766,  aged  73.  His  great- 
est characters  were  Cato,  Othello,  Richard 
III.  &c.  He  was,  in  consequence  of  his 
merit,  patronised  by  Frederic,  prince  of 
Wales,  and  he  had  the  honour  to  teach  his 
children  a  correct  mode  of  pronunciation 
and  delivery.  When  he  was  informed  of 
the  graceful  and  dignified  manner  in  which 
the    present    king    pronounced    his    first 


speech,  at  the  meeting  of  parliament,  the 
veteran  performer  exclaimed,  with  eager 
exultation,  "  It  was  I  who  taught  the  boy." 
In  his  character,  Quin  whs  a  man  of  strong 
sense;  his  wit  was  pointed,  often  coarse, 
and  in  his  temper  he  was  occasionally  vio- 
lent, but  not  devoid  of  the  noblest  feel- 
ings of  human  nature.  When  Thomson, 
the  author  of  the  Seasons,  was  arrested, 
Quin,  who  knew  him  only  by  character, 
nobly  stepped  forth,  and  liberated  the  poet 
from  the  spunging-house  l)y  paying  the 
debt  and  the  costs.  He  was,  at  times,  in- 
temperate in  the  use  of  the  bottle,  and 
some  pleasant  stories  are  related  of  his  cha- 
racter as  an  epicure. 

QuiNAULT,  Philip,  a  celebrated  French 
poet,  born  at  Paris  1635.  His  first  thea- 
trical piece,  called  "  Les  Sceurs  Rivales,"  a 
comedy,  appeared  before  the  public  when 
he  was  only  18,  and  his  future  years  were, 
with  equal  diligence  and  good  success,  de- 
voted to  the  muses.  His  marriage  with  a 
rich  widow  set  him  above  dependence,  and 
he  afterwards  became  auditor  of  accounts. 
Though  satirised  by  Boileau,  he  was  com- 
mended by  his  contemporaries  ;  and  Vol- 
taire has  observed  of  him,  that  artless  and 
inimitable  strokes  of  nature  frequently 
appear  with  interesting  charms  in  his  wri- 
tings. His  works  consist  of  16  dramatic 
pieces,  which  have  all  appeared  on  the 
stage,  besides  operas,  which  were  set  to 
music  by  the  famous  Lully.  His  works 
were  published  at  Paris,  with  his  life  pre- 
fixed,  in  5  vols.  12mo.  1778.  He  was 
member  of  the  French  academy,  and  of 
that  of  inscriptions,  and  died  at  Paris, 
1688. 

QuiNCY,  Jolin,  author  of  a  Dictionary 
of  Physic,  8vo. — a  Universal  Dispensatory, 
8vo. — Chymical  Pharmacopoeia,  4to.  be- 
sides a  Translation  of  Sanctorious's  Apho- 
risms, and  other  valuable  works  ;  was  a 
physician  of  high  reputation,  who  practised 
with  success  in  London,  and  died  there, 
1723. 

QuiNCT,  Edmund,  agent  for  Massachu- 
setts at  the  court  of  Great  Britain,  %vas 
born  at  Braintree,  October  21st,  16S1,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1699.  In 
1718  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court,  and  held  a  scat  for  a  long 
time  in  the  house  of  representatives,  and 
in  his  majesty's  council.  In  1737  he  was 
selected  as  an  agent  to  the  British  court  to 
procure  a  decision  of  the  controversy  re- 
specting the  boundary  line  between  Massa- 
chusetts and  New  Hampshire,  and  died 
while  in  London,  on  the  23d  of  Febru- 
ary, 1738,  in  his  fifty-seventh  year.  The 
general  court  testified  the  high  respect  in 
which  they  held  him,  by  erecting  a  monu- 
ment to  his  memory  in  Bunhill  Fields,  on 
which  they  commemorate  him  as  distin- 
jTuished   for  talents,  learning,  piety,  and 

517 


QUI 


am 


uprightness,  and  ability  in  discharging  the 
vaiuous  public  duties  to  which  he  had  been 
called.  \ar  L. 

QoiNCY,  Josiah,  jun.  a  distinguished 
lawyer,  orator,  and  patriot,  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  was  born  in  that  place  in 
1743,  and  educated  at  Harvard  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1763.  He  ear- 
ly became  eminent  in  the  practice  of  law, 
from  superior  talents  as  a  speaker,  and 
extremely  popular  for  his  courage  and  zeal 
in  the  cause  of  liberty.  In  1774  he  took 
a  voyage  to  Europe  for  the  benefit  of  his 
health,  and  to  advocate  the  cause  of  the 
colonies.  He  died  on  his  return  on  the 
25th  of  April,  1775,  the  day  the  vessel  ar- 
rived in  the  harbour  of  Cape  Ann.  His 
eminent  talents,  and  zealous  attachment 
to  the  cause  of  freedom,  as  well  as  his 
amiable  and  interesting  manners,  made  his 
death  a  subject  of  universal  lamentation. 

QciNTiLiAN,  Marcus  Fabius,  a  Roman 
orator  and  critic  of  great  celebrity.  He 
was  intimate  with  Pliny,  and  patronised  by 
the  emperors,  and  he  established  a  school 
of  rhetoric  at  Rome,  where  he  died  about 
60  A.D.  His  Institutioues  Oratoricae  are 
well  known,  edited  by  Burman,  4  vols.  4to. 
Ley  den,  1724. 

QuiNTiNiE,  John  de  la,  a  famous  French 
gardener,  born  at  Poitiers  1676.  He  stu- 
died philosophy  and  the  law,  and  was  ad- 
mitted an  advocate  at  Paris.  After  prac- 
tising with  great  reputation,  he  devoted 
himself  totally  to  agricultural  pursuits,  and 
enlarged  his  knowledge  of  that  pleasing 
science  by  travelling  into  Italy,  and  by  vi- 
siting England.  He  received  liberal  offers 
from  Charles  II.  to  settle  in  England  ;  but 
he  preferred  the  service  of  his  king,  and 
was  appointed  director  general  of  the  fruit 
and  kitchen  gardens  of  Lewis  XIV.  He 
died  at  Paris,  after  1700,  universally  re- 
gretted. He  published,  in  2  vols.  4to. 
"  Directions  for  the  Management  of  Fruit 


and  Kitchen  Gardens,"  which  have  beeit 
adopted  throughout  Europe. 

QuiRiNi,  Angelo  Maria,  a  Venetian  car- 
dinal, born  1680,  or,  according  to  others, 
1684.  He  was  admitted  among  the  Bene- 
dictines  at  Florence,  and  after  storing  his 
mind,  with  astonishing  application,  he 
began,  in  1710,  to  travel  over  Germany, 
Holland,  England,  and  France ;  and  every 
where  received  distinguishing  marks  of  re- 
spect and  esteem.  Thus  noticed  and  ho- 
noured by  the  friendship  of  Basnage,  Gro- 
novius,  Kuster,  Bentley,  Newton,  Burnet, 
Cave,  Potter,  Fenelon,  Montfaucon,  and 
other  learned  characters,  he  returned  to 
Italy,  and  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  car- 
dinal, and  of  archbishop,  by  Benedict  XIII. 
This  amiable  man,  equally  respected  by 
protestants  and  catholics,  for  his  liberality 
and  benevolence,  as  well  as  for  his  learning, 
died  in  the  beginning  of  Jan.  1755,  of  an 
apoplexy.  His  works  are  numerous  and 
respectable,  the  best  known  of  which  are 
Primordia  Corcyrae,  ex  Antiquissimis  Mo- 
numentis  Illustrata,  4to. — Veterum  Brixioe 
Episcoporum  Vitae — Specimen  Varias  Lite- 
raturae  quae  in  Brixia,  ejusque  Ditione, 
Typographiae  in  Cunabula  florebat,  4to. — 
Enchiridion  Graecorum — Gesta  et  Epistola; 
Franc.  Barbari — De  Mosaicae  Historian 
prsestanti^,  &c.  His  valuable  library  was 
presented  to  the  pope,  to  adorn  the  Va- 
tican. 

QuiRos,  Fernand  de,  a  Spanish  navi- 
gator, who,  under  the  patronage  of  Philip 
III.  discovered  the  Society  Islands,  and 
other  places  in  the  great  Pacific  Ocean,  in 
1605. 

QuiSTORP,  John,  a  Lutheran  divine,  au^ 
thor  of  Commentaries  on  St.  Paul's  Epis- 
tles ;  Articuli  Formulae  Concordiae  Illus- 
trati ;  Manuductio  ad  Studium  Theologi- 
cum.  He  was  the  friend  of  the  great  Gro* 
tins,  and  attended  him  during  his  last  illness. 
He  died  at  Rostock,  his  native  place,  1646, 
aged  62. 


RAB 

IXABAN-MAUR,  Magnentius,  a  native  of 
Fulda,  of  noble  birth.  He  studied  at  Ful- 
da,  and  afterwards  at  Tours,  under  Alcui- 
nus,  and  on  his  return  home  he  was  elect- 
ed abbot  of  Fulda.  He  was  made  archbi- 
shop of  Mayence  in  847,  and  afterwards 
engaged  in  a  controversy  with  Gotescalc, 
whose  doctrines  he  condemned,  and  whose 
person  he  delivered  up  to  Hincmar,  archbi- 
shop of  Rheims.  He  died  at  Winsel,  856, 
aged  68.  His  works,  which  are  numerous, 
5JS 


RAB 

and  on  theological  subjects,  were  published 
at  Cologne,  1627,  in  6  vols,  folio. 

Rabaud  St.  Etinne,  John  Paul,  a  pro- 
testant  minister,  born  at  Nismes,  from 
which  place  he  was  sent  as  deputy  to  the 
constituent  assembly.  He  possessed  elo- 
quence and  address  ;  but  though  deluded 
by  the  factious  spirit  of  the  times,  he  re- 
sumed his  moderation  in  the  convention, 
and  spoke  with  boldness  against  the  punish-* 
ment  of  Lewis  XVI.     Tliese   sentiments 


ItAU 


i{AC 


marked  him  for  death  under  tlic  saiiguiiiAi-y 
Robespierre,  and  thoujijh  he  escaped  to 
Bourdcaux,  he  was,  two  months  after, 
seized  and  brought  to  Paris,  where,  the 
day  after,  he  was  guillotined,  28th  July, 
1793,  aged  50.  He  was  a  man  of  learning 
and  information,  and  published  a  Letter  on 
the  Life  and  Writings  of  Gebelin,  8vo. ; 
Letters  on  the  Primitive  History  of  Greece, 
8fo.  ;  Considerations  on  the  Interest  of  the 
Tiers  Etat.  ;  Pieces  on  the  Revolution,  &c. 
Rabel,  John,  a  native  of  Fleury, eminent 
among  French  portrait  painters.  He  died 
1603. 

Rabelais,   Francis,   a    celebrated    wit, 
born  1483,  at  Chinon,  in  Touraine,  where 
his  father  was  an  apothecary.     He  was  ad- 
mitted among  the  Franciscans  at  Poictou ; 
but  he  excited  the  envy  of  the  fraternity,  on 
account  of  the  application  with  which  he 
studied  literature,   and  especially  Greek, 
then  regarded  as   a  barbarous   language. 
An  intrigue  exposed  him  to  fresh  insults, 
and  he  escaped  at  last  from  persecution, 
and  was  permitted  by  pope  Clement  VIL 
to  renounce  the  order  of  Franciscans,  and 
to  enter  into  the  society  of  the  Benedic- 
tines, whom  also  he  soon  after  left.     He 
next  settled  at  Montpellier,  and  took  his 
degrees  in  medicine,  and  became  a  popular 
professor.     When  du  Prat  the  chancellor, 
abolished  the  privileges  of  Montpellier  uni- 
versity, that  learned  body   deputed  their 
professor  to  go  to  Paris,  and  his  eloquence 
and  arguments  proved  so  powerful  that  the 
decree  was  reversed,  and  Rabelais's   suc- 
cessful  interference   was  ever  after  com- 
memorated by  investing,  in  the  robe  which 
he  wore,  all  future  candidates  for  academi- 
cal honours.     He  quitted  Montpellier  in 
1532,  for  Lyons  ;  but  in  1534,  followed  du 
Bellay,  bishop  of  Paris,  to   Rome,  as  his 
physician,  and  six  months  after,  returned 
lo  France,  and  obtained  from  the  Roman 
pontiff,  the  privilege,  though  now  a  lay- 
man, of    holding   ecclesiastical  benefices. 
In  consequence  of  this  he  obtained  the  ab- 
bey of  St.  Maur,  near  Paris,  and  died  1553. 
His  chief  work  is  the  "  History  of  Gargan- 
tua  and  Pantagruel,"  a  satirical   romance 
against  priests,  popes,  fools,  and  knaves, 
which,  though  praised  by  some  as  a  maga- 
zine of  wit,  learning,  and  science,  may  be 
considered  as  a  bold,  unintelligible  rhapso- 
dy, wild  and  irregular,  and  disgraced  by 
profane  allusions,  coarse  raillery,  obscene 
and  vulgar  jests.     He  wrote,  besides,  some 
medical  works,  and  other  tracts,  the  whole 
of  which  have  been  published  in  5  vols.  8vo. 
1715,  and  in  1741,  3  vols.  4to.     The  works 
have  appeared  in   an  English  dress  twice, 
by  Motteaux,  1708,  and  latterly  by  Ozell, 
5  vols.  l2mo.     Rabelais  was  universally  ac- 
knowledged as  a  man  who  possessed  great 
l»rilliancy  of  wit,  and  smartness  of  repartee. 
Rabirius,  a  Latin  poet,  who  celebrated 


the  victory  of  Augustus  over  Antony V 
forces  at  Actium.  Tliere  was  an  architect 
of  that  name  in  Doniitian's  reign. 

Raburn,  William,  governor  of  Georgia, 
was  born  in  Halifax  county, North  ('arolina, 
April  8th,  1771,  and  removed  to  Georgia  at 
the  age  of  fifteen,  where  with  few  advan- 
tages of  education,  he  rose  by  his  superior 
mental  powers,  industry,  and  exemplary 
moral  and  religious  deportment,  to  the 
highest  honours  of  the  state.  After  having 
been  a  judge  of  the  inferior  court  and 
member  of  the  assembly  and  senate,  he 
was  in  1817  elected  governor.  The  second 
year  of  his  administration  was  memora- 
ble for  the  Seminole  war  on  the  frontiers 
of  Georgia  and  the  neighbouring  Spanish 
territory.  He  held  the  ofl5ce  till  his  death, 
October  23d,  1819.  iCJ^  L. 

Rabutin.  Vid.  BussY. 
Racan,  Honorat  de  Bueil,  marquis  of,  a 
French  poet,  born  at  Roche  Racan,  in  Tou- 
raine, 1589.  He  wrote  pastorals,  sacred 
odes,  letters,  and  memoirs  of  his  friend 
Malherbe,  of  whom  he  learnt  the  art  of 
poetry,  and  though  not  a  first-rate  poet, 
deserved  to  be  highly  commended  by  Boi- 
leau  and  by  Menage.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  French  academy,  and 
died  1670.  His  works  were  edited  1660, 
Svo.  and  1720,  2  vols.  12mo. 

Racchetti,  Bernard,  an  Italian  painter. 
His  views  of  perspective  and  architecture 
were  highly  finished.  He  died  I702,aged63. 
Racine,  John,  an  illustrious  French 
poet,  born  at  Ferte-Milon,  1639.  He  was 
educated  at  Port  Royal,  where  his  abilities 
began  to  unfold  themselves  by  the  most  ra^ 
pid  progress  in  the  attainment  of  the  Greek 
and  Latin,  and  by  an  excessive  fondness 
for  the  sublime  compositions  of  Luripidcs 
and  Sophocles.  He  afterwards  went  to 
Paris,  and  was  one  of  those  who  employed 
their  muse  in  celebrating  the  king's  mar- 
riage ;  and  so  successful  and  popular  Avas 
his  Nymphe  de  la  Seine,  on  this  occasion, 
that  the  courtiers  were  full  of  his  praises, 
and  the  monarch  settled  on  him  a  pension 
for  the  rest  of  his  life.  Thus  distinguished 
he  began  to  turn  his  thoughts  to  higher  sub- 
jects, and  in  1666,  he  produced  his  Alexan- 
dra. About  this  time  he  was  engaged  in  a 
controversy  with  Nicole,  of  the  Port  Royal, 
who  had  inveighed  against  romance  and 
dramatic  writers,  and  denominated  them 
poisoners  not  of  bodies,  but  of  souls,  and  ia 
consequence  of  this  attack,  produced  two 
spirited  pamphlets.  L:  l668,hc  produced  his 
"  Plaideurs,"  a  comedy,  and  Andromache, 
a  tragedy  ;  and  in  1G70  appeared  Britanni- 
cus,  Berenice  in  1671,  Bajazet  in  1672, 
Mithridates  in  1673,  Iphligenia  in  1675, 
and  Phcedra  in  1677.  These  were  repre- 
rcnted  with  increased  applause  ;  but  such'i-s 
the  envy  which  generally  attends  greatnc;^ 
und  superior  merit,  that  a  cabal  was  raiscC 

519 


ilAC  UAI> 

against  the  poet,  and  Pradon,  a  writer  of  poet  of    considerable    merit,  and  besides 

little  capacity,  was  prevailed  upon  to  pro-  poems,  wrote  Reflections  on  Poetry — the 

duce  a  Phaedra  to  oppose  the  noble  compo-  Life  of  his  Father,   2  vols.  1747 — a  prose 

sition  of  Racine.     This  treatment  hurt  the  translation  of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  and 

feelings  of  the   poet,    and   with   a    mind  other  works. 

strongly  alive  to  the  violence  of  persecu-  Rack,  Edmund,   a  native  of  EUingbam, 
tion,  he  formed  a  design  of  becoming  a  Car-  Norfolk,  who  from  a  spinning  boy,  became 
thusian  friar.     He  had  formerly  worn  the  the  menial  servant,  and  afterwards  the  ap- 
ecclesiastical  habit  at  the   Port  Royal,  but  prentice  and  journeyman  of  a  woollen  dra- 
bis   confessor   in  this  instance,  with  com-  per.     The  little  opportunities  which  were 
mendable  sincerity,  expostulated  with  him,  allowed  him  for  improvement  were  usefully 
and  prevailed  upon  him  to  marry,  and  thus  and  laboriously  employed,   and  in  1758  he 
instead  of  bidding  adieu  to  the  world,  to  settled  at  Bradford,  Essex,  in  business  for 
become  one  of  its  most  useful  and  honour-  himself,  and  afterwards  retired   to  Bath, 
able  members.      He  followed  the  advice,  master  of  an  honourable  competency.     He 
and  was  thus  a  father  of  seven  children  ;  here  established  the  agricultural  society,  to 
but  superstitiously  credulous,  he  determined  which  he  became  secretary,  though  a  qua- 
nevcr  to  write  for  the  theatre,  and  to  com-  ker.     He  wrote  the  ruins  of  an  Ancient 
pletc  his  full  atonement  before  the  church.  Cathedral,   a    poem,    1768 — a  volume   of 
he  was  reconciled  to  the  gentlemen  of  the  poems,    1775 — Mentor's  Letters,    1777 — 
Port  Royal,  and  all  those  whom  satire,  ill  Poems  and  Essays  1781.     He  also  contri- 
language,  or  jocularity  had  made  his  ene-  buted  materially  to  CoUinson's  History  of 
mics.     In  spite,  however,  of  his  pious  re-  Somersetshire,    and  died   1787,    aged  52. 
solutions,  he  was  prevailed  upon  by  Mad.  Racle,  Leonard,  an  architect,  born  at 
Maintenon  to  write  a  sacred  tragedy  to  be  Dijon.     By  study  and  application  he  emer- 
acted  by  her  young  ladies  at  St.  Cyr„  and  ged  from  obscurity  and  acquired  distinc- 
this    produced     Esther,    and    afterwards  tion.       He  joined  the  Reyssouze   to  the 
Athalie, which  last  was,  when  after  his  death  Saone,  built  the  harbour  of  Versoix,  and  in 
introduced  on  the  public  theatre,  rewarded  1786  obtained  the  prize  of  the  Toulouse 
with  the  most  unbounded  applause.     He  academy,  by  his  memoir  on  the  erection  of 
was  in  1673  admitted  member  of  the  French  an  iron  bridge  of  a  single  arch  of  400  feet 
academy,    and  in  1677  he  was  employed  span.     He  was  the  friend  of  Voltaire  and 
with  Boileau  his  friend  to  write  the  history  built  his  house  at  Ferney.     He  declined 
of  Lewis  XIV.;  but  the  efforts  of  these  two  the  liberal  offers  of  Catherine  of  Russia, 
great  geniuses  proved    abortive,    and  the  and   preferred  the  honours   of  his  native 
work  was  never  completed.     Racine  after-  country.     He  died  at  Pont-de-Vaux  1792. 
wards   drew  up  the  History   of  the  Port  He   wrote   besides  Memoii-s  on   the  Pro- 
Royal,  2  vols.   12mo.   in  an  elegant  and  perty  of  the   Cycloid — on   regulating  the 
pleasing  manner.     His  excessive  sensibility  Course  of  the  Rhone  and  the  Ain,  &c. 
at  last  proved  the  cause  of  his  death.     He  Radcliffe,  Alexander,  an  oflicer  of  the 
wrote  a  memorial  on  the  Miseries  of  the  army,  better  known  as  a  poet.     He  traves- 
Poor,  which  he  lent  to   Mad.  Maintenon,  tied    Ovid's    Epistles,    and  wrote  besides 
but  it  fell  accidentally  into  the  hands  of  the  other  works  of  Ioav  humour,  such  as  News 
king,  who  expressed  his  indignation  at  the  from  Hell — the  Sword's  Farewell,  &c.    He 
presumption  of  the  poet.     Racine  heard  of  died  at  London  about  1700. 
the  royal  displeasure,  and  was  so  terrified  Radcliffe,    John,  a   celebrated  physi- 
that  he  fell  into  a  fever,   and  though  the  cian,  born  at  Wakefield,  Yorkshire,  1650. 
king  was  very  kindly  inquisitive  after  his  From  the  school   of  his  native   town   he 
welfare,  the  disorder  at  last  proved  fatal,  came  to  University  college,   Oxford  ;  but 
He  died  1699,  and  was  buried  in  the  Port  not  finding,  as  he  expected,,a  vacant  fellow- 
Royal  monastery.     A  pension  was  honour-  ship,  he  removed  to  Lincoln,  where  he  be- 
ably  settled  by  the  king  on  his  family.    He  came  fellow.     He  took  his  master's   de- 
wrote  besides,  Canticles  or  Hymns,  for  the  gree  in  1672,  and  then  laboriously  devoted 
use    of   St.    Cyr — Letters   and   Epigrams,  himself  to  the  study  of  medicine,   botany, 
&c.     He  has  often  been  compared  to  Cor-  and  chymistry.     In  1675  he  took  the  de- 
neille,  and  on  them  Perrault  observes,  that  gree  of  M.  B.  and  began  to  practice  with 
if    Corneille  surpassed   Racine  in   heroic  increasing  reputation.      In   1677,   he  re- 
sentiments,  and  the  grand  character  of  his  signed  his  fellowship  in  consequence  of  a 
personages,  he  was  inferior  to  him   in  mo-  quarrel  with  the  rector  of  the  college,  upon 
ving  the  passions,   and  in   purity   of  Ian-  whom  he  had  imprudently  been  severe  in 
guage.     His  works  appeared  at  London,  2  the  criticisms  of  his  gayer  hours,  and  in 
vols.  4to.  1723.  1682,  he  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  and  two 
Racine,  Lewis,  son  of  the  poet,  was  ho-  years  after  removed  to  London.     Here  his 
nbured,  though  an  ecclesiastic,  with  a  civil  reputation  had  preceded  him,  he  quickly 
appointment,    by    cardinal    Fleury.        He  became  the  most  popular  practitioner  of  the 
died  1763,  aged  71.      He  was  himself   a  town,  and  added  to  his  other  honours  tTic 
520 


KAl> 


JtAi 


lixle  oi"  physician  to  the  priiiccbs  Anne  ol' 
Denmark.     In  1693,  his  umrriage  with  the 
daughter  of  a  rich  citizen  was  prevented 
by  the  discovery  of  the  incontiiienct;  of  the 
fair  one,  and   this  so   irritated   the   disap- 
pointed lover,  that  he  ever  after  spoke  with 
iuditlerence  and  even  contempt  of  the  sex. 
^VTien  called  in  1699,    to  attend  king  Wil- 
liam, his  rough  address  proved  very  offen- 
sive to  the  court.     The  king  showing  him 
his  swollen   ancles,   asked  his   opinion  ;   I 
Avould  not,   answered  the   blunt  physician, 
Lave  your  majesty's  two  legs  for  your  three 
kingdoms.      Though    discarded  from    the 
court,  he  found  his  practice  undiminished 
in  the  town  ;  but  his  popularity  created  him 
enemies,   and  while   his  opinion  was  con- 
sulted above  that  of  others,  his  medical  op- 
ponents censured  him  as  an   adventurous 
empiric,  whom  success  and  not  merit  had 
raised  to  eminence.     On  the  last  illness  of 
queen  Anne,  it  is  said  by  some  of  his  bio- 
graphers   that    he    refused   to    visit    her, 
though  requested  by  the  privy  council  ;  but 
it  seems  by  his  own  statement,  that  he  was 
never  solicited  to  attend,  and  that  the  un- 
popularity which  consequently  awaited  him 
on  the  occasion  of  the  queen's  death,  and 
the  attempts  to  censure  him  in  the  house  of 
commons   were    totally   unmerited.       He 
died  Nov.  lit,  1714,  aged  64,  three  months 
after  the  queen  ;  and  it  is  said  that  the  pub- 
lic odium  which  was  heaped  on  him  in  con- 
sequence of  the  charge  of  disrespect  and 
obstinacy  towards  his  sovereign,  hastened 
his  death.     He  was  buried  in  St.    Mary's 
church,  Oxford,  with  great  solemnity.     In 
his   character  and  conduct  Radcliffe  was 
violent,  fickle,  and  avaricious.     His  maxim 
to  make  a  fortune  was  to  use  all  mankind 
ill  ;  but  though  he  practised  in  some  degree 
what  he  taught,  it  has  been  observed,  that 
Mead, who  followed  a  contrary  rule,  obtain- 
ed much  greater  opulence.     The  vast  bulk 
of  his  fortune  was  left  to  charitable  pur- 
poses ;  besides  creating  two  travelling  fel- 
lowships in  University  college,  Oxford,  he 
left  ample  provision  for  the  erecting  of  an 
infirmary,  and  of  a  splendid  library  in  his 
favourite  city,  which  bear  his  name.     The 
library,    in   the  erection    of  %vhich  above 
40,000/.   were  expended,   was  finished  in 
1747,   and  opened   12th  April,  1749,  with 
great  academical  pomp.     Dr.  Radcliffe  was 
chosen  member  of  parliament  for  Bucking- 
bam  the  year  before  his  death. 

Radegonde,  St.  daughter  of  Bertarius, 
king  of  Thuringia,  renounced,  at  the  age  of 
10,  paganism  for  the  Christian  faith,  by  the 
direction  of  Clotaire,  who  afterwards  mar- 
ried her.  She  united  to  personal  charms 
the  most  amiable  virtues  of  private  life  ;  but 
such  was  her  attachment  to  religious  duties, 
that  she  obtained  from  her  husband,  six 
yeai's  after  her  marriage,  the  permission  of 
retiring  from  the  ^vorld  and  of  devoting  her* 
Vol.,  11.  «'*? 


self  to  the  seclusion  of  a  monustei).  she 
died  13th  Aug.  5S7,  aged  68,  at  the  abbey  ol 
St.Croix,  alter  performing  arts  of  the  great- 
est charity  and  most  ex«inplary  devotion. 

Rademaker,  Gerard,  a  [laintcr  ol  Am- 
sterdam, whose  pieces  of  architecture  and 
perspective  were  much  admired.  He  died 
1711,  aged  38.  His  relation  Abraham  ex- 
celled in  landscape  painting,  and  died  at 
Haerlem  1735,  aged  60. 

Ragotzki,  Francis  Leopold,  prince  of 
Transylvania,  was  imprisoned  at  Neustad^ 
in    1701,   on    suspicion    of   attempts     to 


make  the    Hungarians  revolt 


against 


the 


emperor,  he,  however,  escaped  soon  after, 
and  from  Poland  repaired  to  Hungary, 
where  he  joined  the  disalil'ected,  and  was 
declared  chief  of  the  insurgents.  Success 
emboldened  him,  and  when  degraded  by 
the  imperial  court,  and  condemned  to  lose 
his  head,  he  caused  himself  to  be  proclaim- 
ed protector  of  Hungary  and  prince  of 
Transylvania.  In  1713,  when  peace  wa.s 
restored,  he  retired  to  France,  and  from 
thence  went  to  Constantinople,  where  the 
Turks  paid  great  deference  to  him.  He 
died  at  Rodosto  on  the  sea  of  Marmora, 
8th  April,  1735,  aged  56.  His  Memoirs  on 
the  Revolutions  of  Hungary,  in  2  vols.  4to. 
or  six  in  12mo.  are  interesting;  but  the 
Testament  Politique  et  Moral,  which 
passes  under  his  name,  is  supposed  to  be  a 
fictitious  publication. 

Ragueau,  Francis,  a  professor  of  juris- 
prudence at  Bourges,  author  of  a  Commen- 
tary on  the  Customs  of  Herri ;  and  of  an 
account  of  the  Royal  Rights.  He  died 
1605. 

Raguenet,  Fi-ancis,  a  learned  ecclesias- 
tic of  Rouen,  who  obtained  the  prize  of 
eloquence  in  the  French  academy,  1689, 
on  the  subject  of  the  dignity  and  merit  of 
martyrdom.  His  parallel  of  the  Italian  and 
French  music  and  operas,  in  which  he  al- 
lows the  superiority  to  the  Italians,  occa- 
sioned a  long  paper  war  between  him  and 
Frenuse.  He  died  in  a  good  old  age,  1722. 
He  wrote  besides,  the  Monuiiieiits  of  Rome, 
or  a  Description  of  the  Finest  Works  of 
Painting,  Sculpture,  &c.  of  Rome,  with 
Observations,  12mo. ;  History  of  Oliver 
Cromwell,  4to.  ;  History  of  the  Ancient 
Testament ;  History  of  Tnrenne,  12mo.  &,c. 
Raikes,  Robert,  a  printer  and  philan- 
thropist, was  born  at  Gloucester  in  1735. 
He  was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  after- 
wards succeeded  his  father  in  the  printing- 
business,  which  he  carried  on  with  credit 
and  advantage.  In  178 1,  he  i>lanned  the 
institution  of  Sunday-schools,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  Rev.  ^Ir.  Stock.  Mr.  Raikes 
died  at  Gloucester,  in  iSll. —  JV.  B. 

Rainaldi,  Oderic,  a  priest  of  the  oratory, 
who  died  about  1670.  Ho  published  a^ 
Continuation  of  Baronius,  in  9  vols.  fol. 
from  1199,  to  1567. 

.V3J 


KAL 


liAL 


Kainaud,  Theophilus,  a  Jesuit,  boru  at 
^>ospelIo  in  Nice,  1583.  He  was  engaged 
in  teaching  belles  lettres  and  theology 
among  the  Jesuits,  and  died  at  Lyons  31st 
October,  1663,  aged  80.  Though  learned 
and  well  informed,  he  was  singular  and  ca- 
pricious in  his  conduct,  and  his  writings  are 
often  obscure  and  uninteresting.  His  works 
appeared  at  Lyons,  1665,  in  20  vols.  fol. 

Raine,  Matthew,  a  divine,  was  born  in 
1760,  and  educated  first  under  his  father, 
who  was  a  clergyman,  at  Hackforth,  in 
Yorkihire  5  and  next  at  the  Charter-house, 
from  whence  he  was  elected  to  Trinity- 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a 
fellowship.  In  1791  he  was  appointed 
n  aster  of  the  Charter-house  school.  In 
T798  he  took  his  doctor's  degree;  and 
in  1809  was  elected  preacher  of  Gray's 
Inn.  He  died  in  181 0.  Dr.  Raine  pub- 
lished only  two  sermons. —  W.  B. 

Rainolds,  John,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Pinto,  Devonshire,  1549.  He  was  of 
Merton  college,  Oxford,  and  afterwards  re- 
moved to  Corpus  Christi,  where  he  became 
fellow.  In  1598,  he  was  made  dean  of  Lin- 
coln, but  the  next  year  exchanged  it  for  the 
presidentship  of  his  college.  He  was  of- 
fered a  bishopric  by  Elizabeth,  but  modest- 
ly refused  it.  He  died  1607.  He  was  a 
man  of  such  learning,  that  he  was  called  a 
living  library,  &.c.  His  private  character 
was  exemplary  for  piety  and  every  virtue. 
He  was  one  of  those  divines  employed  in 
the  translation  of  the  Bible  under  James  1. 
He  wrote  besides  Censura  Librorum  Apo- 
cryphorum  Vet.  Testament!  ;  Apologia 
Thesium  de  SacrA  Script,  et  Eccles.  ;  de 
Romanae  Eccles.  ;  Ido!at.  in  Cultu  Sancto- 
rum, &c.  He  had  a  brother  William,  ori- 
ginally of  New  college,  who  turned  papist, 
and  became  Hebrew  professor  of  the  Eng- 
lish college  at  Rheims.  He  was  author  of 
Calvino-Turcismus,  8vo.  ;  a  Defence  of  the 
Rhemish  Translation  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, &c.  and  died  at  Antwerp,  1594. 

Raleigh,  sir  Walter,  an  illustrious  Eng- 
lishman, born  at  Hayes,  in  the  parish  of 
Budley,  Devonshire,  1552.  He  was  for 
some  time  at  Oriel  college,  Oxford  ;  but  the 
pursuits  of  ambition,  and  an  active  life, 
were  more  congenial  to  his  feelings  than 
academical  labours.  In  1569,  he  accom- 
panied the  gentlemen  volunteers  whom  Eli- 
zabeth sent  to  France  to  support  the  pro- 
testants,  and  there  he  continued  for  nearly 
six  years.  Though  afterwards  he  residc'd  in 
the  Middle  Temple,  he  paid  no  attention  to 
the  law,  but,  in  1578,  embarked  for  the 
Netherlands  with  the  troops  sent  against 
the  Spaniards,  and  the  next  year  he  went 
with  his  half-brother,  sir  Humphrey  Gilbert, 
on  an  expedition  to  discover  and  colonize 
.«omc  part  of  North  America.  The  plan 
did  not  succeed,  and,  in  1580,  he  engaged 
%s  captain  in  the  wars  of  Ireland,  and  be- 


came  one  of  the  commissioners  for  the  gv- 
vernment  of  Munster  in  lord  Ormond's  ab- 
sence.    On  his  return  to  England  he   be-* 
came  a  favourite  of  the  court,  by  his  polite 
attention  and  gallantry  to  the  queen.  Walk- 
ing in  the  number  of  her  attendants,  he  ex- 
tricated her  from  a  dirty  part  of  the  road 
which  she  was  afraid  to  cross,  by  spreading 
his  new  plush  cloak  on  the  ground,  over 
which  she   gently  trod   and   passed  clean 
and  dry.     This  courtesy  gained  him  the 
queen's  favour,  and  he  gradually  rose  to 
places  of  honour  and  distinction.    In  1583, 
he  sailed  again  with  his  brother  Gilbert  in 
an  expedition  to  Newfoundland  ;  but  though 
his  companions  were  attacked  by  a  conta- 
gious disease,  and  his  brother  was  drowned 
on  his  return,  he  still  was  animated  with 
the  desire  of  new  discoveries.     In   1514, 
therefore,  he  obtained  letters  patent,  and 
sailed   to   America,   where  he   discovered 
Wigandacoa,  which  was  called  Virginia,  in 
honour  of  his  virgin  mistress,  and  in  this 
country   he   afterwards   in   a  second   and 
third   voyage  settled  flourishing  colonies. 
He  had  been  chosen  member  of  parliament 
for  Devonshire  in  1584,  and  knighted,  and 
now  the  favour  of  the  queen  appointed  him 
seneschal  of  Cornwall,  and  warden  of  the 
Stannaries  ;  but  the  wish  to  improve  navi- 
gation  by  the  discovery  of  the  northwest 
passage,  and  by  visiting  distant  countries, 
was  still  the  ruling  object  of  his  ambition. 
A  fourth  and  a  fifth  expedition  were  fitted 
out   to   Virginia  ;  and  if  he  had  done  no 
other  service  to  the  nation,  his  recommen- 
dation of  tobacco,  which  he  first  introduced 
into  the  country  from  Virginia,  would  in  a 
commercial   point  of  view  have  procured 
him  high  distinction.    In  1.588,  his  courage 
was  eminently  displayed  against  the   Spa- 
nish armada,  to  the  destruction  of  which  he 
ably  contributed,  and  the  following  year  he 
was  employed  with  a  fleet  in  the    restora- 
tion of  Don  Antonio,  the  expelled  king  of 
Portugal.     In  1592,  he  was  at  the  head  of 
the  expedition  sent  to  attack  the  Spaniards 
at  Panama,  and  on  his  return  he  became 
an  active  and  eloquent  speaker  in  the  house 
of  commons  ;  but  he  incurred  the  displea- 
sure of  the  clergy,  and  the  public  odium,  by 
accepting  the  grant  of  the  manor  of  Sher- 
borne, which  formerly  belonged  to  the  see 
of  Salisbury.     Though  stigmatised  by  his 
enemies  with  the  name  of  atheist,    it   ap- 
pears, however,  that  he  was  a  zealous  as- 
serter  of  God  and  of  his  providence.     In 
1593,  he  highly  offended  the  queen  by  an 
amour  with  one  of  her  maids  of  honour, 
daughter   of  Sir   Nicholas   Throgmorton  ; 
but   after    being    imprisoned    for    several 
months,   he   made  due  reparation  for  his 
violation  of  decorum  by  man-ying  the  lady, 
with  whom  he  lived  in  the  enjoyment  of 
uninterrupted  domestic  harmony.     He  en- 
gaged, in  1595,  in  the  discovery  and  con- 


KAI. 


liAM 


quc^i  01"  fiulana,  in  South  Amerito,  and 
after  storiiiing  the  city  of  .St.  Joseph,  and 
taking  the  Spanish  governor  prisoner,  he 
returned  to  England.  He  was  afterwards 
employed  against  Cadiz,  and  then  became 
active  in  his  opposition  to  Essex,  and  great- 
ly contributed  to  the  defeat  of  his  treason- 
able designs  ;  but  on  the  death  of  the  queen 
his  happiness  was  at  an  end.  On  the  ac- 
cession of  James,  Raleigh  was  not  only 
stripped  of  his  honours,  but  tried  and  con- 
demned for  high  treason,  on  charges  not 
only  frivolous,  but  oppressive  and  arbitra- 
ry. Though  reprieved  he  remained  for  se- 
veral years  a  prisoner  in  the  Tower,  while 
his  estates  were  lavished  on  Car,  the  royal 
favourite.  During  his  long  captivity,  which 
was  soothed  by  the  attentions  of  his  wife, 
the  heroic  prisoner  devoted  himself  to  lite- 
rary pursuits,  and  wrote  some  valuable 
works,  among  which  is  his  History  of  the 
World,  of  which  the  first  volume  appeared 
in  16l4,  folio.  In  1616,  after  a  confine- 
ment of  nearly  thirteen  years,  this  illustri- 
ous character  was  permitted  to  leave  his 
prison,  and  James,  as  if  pretending  first  to 
discover  his  merits,  sent  him  on  an  expedi- 
tion to  explore  the  golden  mines  of  Guiana. 
The  affair  proved  unfortunate  :  sir  Walter 
lost  his  eldest  son,  who  was  killed  by  the 
Spaniards  at  St.  Thomas,  and  after  destroy- 
ing the  town,  Avhich  was  burnt  against  his 
orders,  he  returned  home  to  meet  the  most 
cruel  and  arbitrary  treatment.  Incensed 
at  his  conduct,  the  Spaniards  were  loud  in 
their  complaints  by  Gundamor  their  am- 
bassador, and  James  ordered  Raleigh  to  be 
seized.  Though  no  blame  could  attach  to 
him  for  his  conduct  in  Guiana,  the  king, 
determined  on  his  punishment,  ordered  his 
execution  on  his  former  attainder.  In  vain 
the  unfortunate  leader  pleaded  in  his  de- 
fence, and  asserted  that  his  life  could  not 
be  taken  away  in  consequence  of  a  sentence 
passed  fifteen  years  before,  and  which  had 
been  revoked,  since  in  his  late  expedition 
the  king  had  granted  him  power  of  life  and 
death  over  his  crew.  Nothing,  however, 
availed ;  and  the  pusillanimous  James, 
either  to  please  the  vindictive  Spaniards, 
or  to  gratify  his  own  personal  enmity,  as- 
sented to  his  death,  and  thus  brought  eter- 
nal disgrace  upon  his  otherwise  illustrious 
reign.  This  injured  hero  was  beheaded  in 
old  palace  yard,  29th  Oct.  1618,  and  suf- 
fered with  great  magnanimity.  His  body 
was  interred  in  St.  Margaret's,  Westmin- 
ster, but  his  head  was  preserved  for  several 
years  in  his  family.  Without  hesitation, 
sir  Walter  must  be  pronounced  one  of  the 
greatest  and  most  useful  characters  of  those 
times.  His  perseverance  in  making  disco- 
veries and  in  visiting  foreign  countries  first 
inspired  the  nation  with  that  ardour  after 
maritime  distinction,  which  has  since  not 
only  increased  its  oommerce  and  prosperi- 


ty, but  raised  its  glory  to  the  most  exalted 
rank.  He  was  dislingnished  not  only  as  u 
bold  navigator  and  a  valiant  leader,  but  as 
an  able  negotiutor  ;  and  as  a  man  of  let- 
ters, his  valualtle  works,  conqjoscd  in  the 
obscurity  of  a  dungeon,  on  subjects  of  his- 
tory, politics,  geography,  and  philosophy, 
as  well  as  some  respectable  poetical  pieces, 
will  transmit  his  name  with  honour  to  the 
most  distant  posterity.  His  son  Carcw, 
who  was  born  in  the  tower,  was  author  of 
some  sonnets,  and  he  wrote  also  a  Defence 
of  his  Father  against  the  Attacks  of  James 
Howell.  He  was  made  governor  of  Jer- 
sey in  1659,  and  died  1666. 

Ralph,  James,  a  miscellaneous  writer, 
originally  a  schoolmaster  at  Philadelphia. 
He  came  to  London  in  the  beginning  of 
the  second  George's  reign,  and  wrote  him- 
self to  notice.  His  "  Night,"  a  poem,  and 
some  theatrical  pieces,  were  received  with 
applause.  His  History  of  England  pos- 
sesses merit,  and  some  of  his  political  pam- 
phlets for  a  time  enjoyed  popularity.  He 
died  of  the  gout,  January  24th,  1762,  at 
Chiswick.  He  was  one  of  the  heroes  of 
Pope's  Dunciad. 

Ramazzini,  Bernardin,  an  Italian  physi- 
cian, born  at  Capri,  near  Modena,  1633. 
He  studied  and  took  his  degrees  at  Parma, 
and  after  visiting  Rome,  settled  at  Modena, 
where  he  became  medical  professor,  and 
practised  with  great  success.  In  1700,  he 
removed  to  Padua,  and  though  blind,  dis- 
charged the  duties  of  professor  with  great 
applause.  He  died  1714,  upon  his  birthday, 
5th  Nov.  aged  81.  His  works  appeared  at 
London,  1716,  in  4to. 

Rameau,  John  Philip,  a  celebrated  mu- 
sician, born  at  Dijon,  25th  Sept.  1683.  He 
at  first  travelled  over  the  country  with  a 
strolling  company,  and  afterwards  was 
made  organist  of  Clermont  cathedral  in 
Auvergne.  He  now  studied  the  principles 
of  his  art  with  great  success,  and  produced 
his  Treatise  on  Harmony,  and  his  new 
System  of  Music.  In  1750,  he  gave  to  the 
public  his  famous  "  Demonstration  of  the 
Principles  of  Harmony,"  in  which  he  makes 
the  whole  depend  on  a  single  and  clear 
principle,  the  fundamental  base  ;  and  for 
this  excellent  work  he  has  been  deservedly 
called  the  Newton  of  that  science.  He  was 
made  manager  of  the  opera  at  Paris,  and 
for  his  great  merit  appointed  composer  to 
Lewis  XV.  and  by  him  honoured  with  the 
order  of  St.  Michael,  and  raised  to  the  rank 
of  nobility.  He  died  at  Paris,  Sept.  12, 
1764.  He  was  a  man  of  exemplary  cha- 
racter, a  good  husband,  and  a  benevolent 
neighbour.  As  a  theorist  he  is  deservedly 
admired  by  Handel,  but  as  a  composer, 
some  dispute  his  merit. 

Ramelli,  Felix,  a  native  of  Asti,  who 
though  an  ecclesiastic,  became  an  eminent 
painter,  and   wn*!   liighlv  honoured  at  the 

533 


RAM 


KAM 


(U)urt  ef  the  king  of  Sardinia  for  the  excel- 
lence of  his  highly  finished  miniature  por- 
traits.    He  died  1740,  aged  74. 

Ramsat,  Andrew  Michael,  called  also 
the  chevalier  Ramsay,  was  a  Scotchman, 
born  at  Ajt,  9th  June,  1686.  He  studied 
at  Edinburgh,  and  was  tutor  to  lord  We- 
niys's  son  at  St.  Andrew's,  and  afterwards 
travelled  to  Leyden,  where  the  conversa- 
tion of  Poirct,  the  mystic  divine,  shook  his 
religious  principles.  In  1710,  he  visited 
the  celebrated  Fenelon,  at  Cambray,  and 
became  by  his  persuasion  a  convert  to  the 
catholic  faith,  and  in  consequence  of  this 
connexion,  obtained  the  place  of  tutor  to 
the  duke  of  Chateau  Thiery,  and  to  the 
prince  of  Turenne,  and  was  made  knight 
of  St.  Lazarus.  He  was  afterwards  at 
Rome,  engaged  in  the  education  of  the 
children  of  the  pretender,  called  there, 
James  III.  but  soon  after  returned  to  Scot- 
land, where  he  was  favourably  received. 
In  1730,  he  was  honoured  by  the  university 
of  Oxford  with  a  doctor's  degree,  and  after- 
wards returned  to  France,  and  died  in  the 
service  of  his  patron,  the  duke  of  Turenne, 
at  St.  Germain-en-laie,  6th  May,  1743. 
He  wrote  Discourse  sur  la  Poesi  Epique  ; 
la  Vie  de  Fenelon,  in  return  for  the  influ- 
ence of  the  learned  prelate  in  his  conver- 
sion ;  Essay  sur  le  Gouvernment  Civil ; 
les  Voyages  de  Cyrus,  the  best  of  his 
works  ;  Histoire  de  M.  de  Turenne  ;  la 
P5ychometre,or  Reflections  on  lord  Shaftes- 
bury's Characteristics;  besides  a  Plan  of 
Education  and  Philosophical  Principles  of 
Natural  and  Revealed  Religion,  2  vols.  4to. 
and  smaller  pieces. 

Ramsat,  Charles  Lewis,  a  Scotchman, 
author  of  a  Treatise  on  Short-hand  ivri- 
ting,  dedicated  to  Lewis  XIV.  and  transla- 
ted into  French,  Paris,  1681. 

Ramsat,  Allan,  a  Scotch  poet,  born  at 
Peebles,  1696.  He  was  originally  a  barber 
at  Edinburgh  ;  but  possessing  emulation, 
and  a  strong  genius,  he  devoted  himself  to 
the  muses,  and  was  honoured  with  the  pa- 
tronage of  the  great  and  learned.  Of  all 
his  poems  the  most  deservedly  known  is 
His  **  Gentle  Shepherd,"  a  pastoral  comedy, 
which  was  first  acted  at  Edinburgh,  1719, 
and  which  for  merit,  simplicity,  and  ele- 
gance, is  most  universally  admired.  For 
some  time  the  poet  kept  a  bookseller's 
shop,  but  retired  in  his  old  oge,  and  died  a 
private  man,  1763,  aged  67.  His  poems 
form  2  vols.  4to.  and  his  songs  4  vols. 

Ramsat,  David,  M.  D.  the  historian, 
was  born  in  Lancaster  county,  Pennsylva- 
nia, April  2d,  1749,  of  intelligent  and  pious 
parents,  who  gave  him  a  religious  edu- 
cation. He  early  exhibited  a  superiori- 
ty of  talent,  and  made  uncommon  profi- 
ciency in  his  studies,  both  at  school  and  at 
college.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
^  1765.     After  two  vear.^  devoted  to  gene- 


ral  literature,  he  commenced  the  study  of 
medicine  at  Philadelphia,  and  received  a 
diploma  of  Bachelor  of  Physic,  from  the 
Medical  college  of  that  city  in  1772,  with 
the  highest  reputation  for  talents  and  learn- 
ing. After  practising  medicine  a  short 
time  in  Maryland,  he  went,  in  1773,  to 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  where  he  soon 
rose  to  eminence  in  the  profession,  and  en- 
joyed extensive  employment.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  war  of  the  revolution  he 
took  a  decided  and  active  part  in  the  cause 
of  freedom,  and  contributed  much  to  its 
promotion  by  his  exertions  in  the  legisla- 
ture of  South  Carolina,  of  wh'ch  he  was  a 
member  during  the  whole  war  ;  and  in  the 
army,  where  he  served  for  some  time  as  a 
surgeon,  as  well  as  by  his  conversation  and 
numerous  publications  in  the  papers.  He 
was  one  of  the  privy  council  for  some  time, 
and  was  banished,  with  others,  by  Corn- 
wallis  to  St.  Augustine,  where  he  remained 
eleven  months.  On  his  return  he  exhibited 
his  moderation  and  wisdom  by  opposing 
the  acts  of  the  legislature  confiscating  the 
estates  of  the  royalists.  In  1782,  he  was 
elected  to  a  seat  in  congress,  and  was  a 
conspicuous  member  of  that  body.  He 
was  again  elected  in  1785,  and  chosen  pre- 
sident, pro  tempore,  during  the  illness  of 
Hancock,  and  discharged  the  duties  of  that 
station  through  the  year.  In  1786,  he  re- 
sumed his  profession,  and  was  distinguish- 
ed for  an  assiduous  attention  to  its  duties, 
and  for  skill.  He  was  a  rigid  disciple  of 
doctor  Rush.  During  the  progress  of  the 
revolution,  doctor  Ramsay,  employed  him- 
self in  collecting  material.'  for  a  history  of 
that  event ;  and  his  great  impartiality,  his 
fine  memory,  which  retained  whatever  came 
within  his  observation,  and  his  extensive 
intercourse  with  many  of  the  principal  per- 
sons, both  of  the  army  and  national  legis- 
lature, eminently  qualified  him  for  that 
task.  He  gave  his  History  of  the  Revolu- 
tion in  South  Carolina  to  the  public  in  1785, 
a  work  characterized,  like  all  his  others,  by- 
vigorous  thought,  neatness  of  style,  judi- 
ciousness, and  fidelity.  In  1790,  he  pub- 
lished a  History  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion ;  in  1801,  a  Life  of  Washington  ;  and 
in  1808,  a  History  of  South  Carolina.  He 
also  wrote  a  Universal  History,  and  a  His- 
tory of  the  United  States  up  to  the  year 
1808,  which  have  been  published  since  his 
death.  He  was  distinguished  through  the 
whole  course  of  his  life  by  great  enterprise, 
industiy,  and  perseverance.  The  chief  de- 
lect in  his  character  was  a  want  of  judg- 
ment in  affairs  foreign  to  his  profession, 
which  led  him  into  fallacious  schenn^es  of 
acquiring  wealth  and  promoting  the  public 
good,  and  involved  him  in  disappointments 
and  losses.  He  was  eminently  philanthro- 
pic and  pious,  engaged  with  ardour  in 
every  plan  to  advance  the  well-being  nf 


RAM 


RAN 


mankind,  and  exhibited  a  bright  example  of 
the  Christian  virtues.  He  died  on  the  7th 
of  May,  1815,  of  a  wound  received  in  the 
street  from  a  maniac.  [IZJ^  L. 

Ramsay,  Martha  L.  wife  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  the  daughter  of  Henry  Laurens, 
president  of  congress,  and  born  in  Charles- 
ton, South  Carolina,  Nov.  3d,  1759.  She 
possessed  a  superior  mind,  and  early  be- 
came distinguished  for  her  attainments  in 
knowledge,  and  for  piety.  On  the  com- 
mencement of  the  American  revolution  in 
1775,  she  left  America,  and  resided  in  Eng- 
land .-jnd  France  till  1785,  when  she  re- 
turned to  Charleston,  and  was  married  to 
Doctor  Ramsay  in  January,  1787.  Her 
death  took  place  on  the  lOthof  June,  1811. 
Her  superior  sense  and  excellence  of  cha- 
racter rendered  her  an  object  of  universal 
esteem.  A  memoir  of  her  life  was  publish- 
ed by  Doctor  Ramsay.  ICJ^  L 

Ramsden,  Jesse,  a  native  of  Halifax, 
Yorkshire,  son  of  a  clothier.  In  1751,  at 
the  age  of  21,  he  abandoned  his  father's 
business,  and  came  to  London  to  be  an  en- 
graver, and  then  applied  himself  to  the  ma- 
king of  mathematical  instruments,  in  which 
he  showed  great  skill  and  ingenuity.  He 
was  admitted  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
1786.  His  improvements  in  the  theodo- 
lite, the  barometer,  Hadley's  quadrant,  and 
other  mathematical  and  optical  instru- 
ments, were  very  important  to  science,  and 
he  acquired  no  little  celebrity  from  his  as- 
tronomical apparatus  and  quadrants. 

Ramus,  Peter,  a  learned  Frenchman, 
born  at  Verm?ndois,  in  Picardy,  1515. 
Though  of  a  reepectable  family,  his  parents 
were  poor ;  but  such  was  his  devotion  to 
literature,  that  rather  than  abandon  it,  he 
was  content  to  attend  the  college  of  Na- 
varre at  Paris  in  the  humble  character  of  a 
servant.  Assiduity,  however,  overcame 
every  difficulty,  and  when  a  candidate  for 
his  master's  degree,  he  boldly  attacked  the 
prejudices  of  the  times,  by  assuming  for  his 
thesis  that  all  that  Aristotle  had  written 
was  false.  This  kindled  a  violent  disturb- 
ance in  the  university  of  Paris,  where  Aris- 
totle's works  were  regarded  as  the  effu- 
sion of  more  than  human  powers,  and  the 
young  professor  was  not  only  accused  of 
intentions  of  sapping  religion,  but  he  was 
forbidden  to  teach  philosophy ;  and  that 
his  disgrace  might  be  more  publicly  known, 
the  sentence  was  published  in  every  street 
in  Paris,  and  his  person  and  character  ex- 
posed to  ridicule  on  the  stage.  He,  how- 
ever, was  gradually  restored  to  public  fa- 
vour^ and  in  1551,  was  made  Royal  profes- 
sor o-  philosophy  and  eloquence  ;  but  the 
Sorbonne  viewed  with  a  jealous  eye  his 
elevation,  and  when  he  attempted  an  inno- 
vation in  the  pronunciation  of  Latin,  by 
pronouncing  Quisquis  with  the  sound  of 
*he  Q,  and  not  Ki^kis^  as  in  the  old  wav. 


he  was  exposed  to  great  virulence,  till  the 
matter  being  referred  to  a  court  of  justice, 
was  dismissed,  and  every  person  allowed  to 
pronounce  his  words  a.s  \n-  |.|.;aM(Ml.  Whea 
Ramus  deserted  the  catholic  n;ligion  for 
the  protestant,  he  exposed  liimscif  to  fresh 
persecutions,  and  was  in  consequence  dri- 
ven from  his  professorship  ;  but  though  af- 
terwards restored  for  a  while  to  favour,  he 
found  himself  still  attacked  by  new  injuries, 
and  at  last  fell  by  the  hands  of  the  assas- 
sins in  the  massacre  of  St.  BartholomeWj 
1572.  His  body,  after  being,  it  is  said, 
thrown  out  of  a  window,  having  the  bowels 
dispersed  about  the  streets,  was  dragged 
with  every  species  of  ignominy  by  his  Aris- 
totelian adversaries,  and  thrown  into  the 
Seine.  He  wrote  various  learned  works, 
the  best  known  o(  which  are  Treatises  on 
Arithmetic  and  Geometry ;  de  Militia  Cae- 
saris  ;  de  Moribus  V  eterum  Gallorum  ; 
Grammars  in  Latin,  French,  and  Greek, 
&.C.  As  a  scholar  and  mathematician  he 
was  very  respectable ;  and  his  followers, 
called  Ramists,  for  a  while  became  very  nu- 
merous in  England  and  Scotland,  and  par- 
ticularly in  Germany. 

Ramusio,  John  Baptist,  secretary  of  the 
council  of  10  in  the  Venetian  republic,  died 
at  Padua,  1557,  aged  72.  He  Avas  author 
of  a  Treatise  de  Nili  Incremento  ;  a  Col- 
lection of  Maritime  Voyages,  in  3  vols.  fol. 
in  Italian.  He  was  for  some  time  ambas- 
sador from  Venice  to  France,  Rome,  and 
Switzerland. 

Rang,  John,  a  native  of  Montpellier,  ad- 
mired as  a  painter.  He  was  a  great  fa- 
vourite in  Spain,  and  was  chief  painter  to 
the  king.     He  died  at  Madrid,  1735. 

Range,  Armand  John  le  Boutillier  de,  a 
French  ecclesiastic,  born  at  Paris,  9th  Jan. 
1626.  He  was  so  well  .skilled  in  Grecian 
literature  that  at  the  age  of  13  he  published 
an  edition  of  Anacreon  with  notes  ;  but 
after  taking  orders,  and  being  presented  to 
some  abbeys,  he  gave  way  to  his  licentious 
inclinations,  and  became  an  abandoned  sen- 
sualist. Returning  once  from  a  distant  voy- 
age, he  entered  privately  the  apartments  of 
his  mistress,  but  instead  of  finding  the  usual 
caresses  of  affection,  he  saw  her  head  in  a 
platter,  cut  off,  because  a  small  leaden 
coffin  could  not  contain  the  length  of  her 
dead  body.  This  sudden  shocking  sight 
operated  so  powerfully  upon  his  feelings, 
that  he  retired  to  a  monastery^  and  devoted 
the  rest  of  life  to  refor-n  and  improve  the 
monks  of  la  Trappe.  He  died  there  in  the 
midst  of  his  society,  136th  Oct.  1700,  much 
and  deservedly  respected.  He  published  a 
translation  of  the  works  of  Dorothee,  8vo. ; 
Explanation  of  St.  Benedict's  Rules ;  In- 
structions and  Maxims  ;  Moral  Reflections 
on  the  Four  Gospels,  in  4  vols.  kc. 
.  Randolph,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Kent, 
pducated  at  Christ-rhtirch,  and  made  ma^o- 


RAN 


RAP 


ter  of  Broadgate-hall,  Oxford,  1 549.  He 
Tvas  disgraced  by  Mary  on  account  of  his 
religion,  but  his  abilities  as  a  negotiator 
were  employed  by  Elizabeth  in  France, 
Russia,  and  Scotland,  and  he  was  knighted 
for  his  services,  and  made  chamberlain  of 
the  exchequer  and  master  of  the  posts.  He 
died  1590,  aged  60.  He  wrote  an  Account 
of  his  Embassy  in  Russia,  1568,  inserted 
in  Hakluyt's  Voyages  ;  Letters,  Instruc- 
tions, &c. 

Randolph,  Thomas,  an  English  poet, 
born  at  Newnham,  Northamptonshire, 
1605  where  his  father  was  steward  to  lord 
Zouch.  He  was  educated  at  Westminster 
school  and  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
"where  he  became  fellow.  He  possessed 
great  genius,  but  unfortunately  was  too 
much  addicted  to  pleasure,  and  thus  short- 
ened his  life.  He  was  the  friend  and  fa- 
vourite of  Ben  Jonson,  who  often  called 
him  his  son,  and  in  his  poems  he  displayed 
all  the  vivacity  of  a  genuine  wit.  He  died 
1634,  when  not  yet  30.  His  works,  among 
ivhich  is  the  "  Muse's  Looking-Glass,"  a 
superior  comedy,  and  three  other  dramatic 
pieces,  were  collected  by  his  brother  Ro- 
bert, of  which  the  fourth  edition  appeared 
in  1664.  Robert  himself  was  a  poet,  and 
■was  of  Christ-church,  Oxford,  and  became 
rector  of  Donington,  Lincolnshire,  where 
he  died  1671,  aged  60. 

Randolph,  Edward,  an  agent  sent  from 
Great  Britain  to  ascertain  the  state  of  the 
New- England  colonies,  and  who  gave  them 
great  trouble  by  his  hostility  to  their  in- 
terests. He  came  to  Boston  in  1676,  and 
was  the  principal  means  of  depriving  Mas- 
sachusetts of  her  charter.  He  was  a  con- 
spicuous character  during  the  government 
of  sir  Edmund  Andross,  and  was  imprison- 
ed with  him  in  1689  as  a  traitor.  He  was, 
however,  released,  and  went  to  the  West 
Indies,  where  he  died.  He  was  violent 
in  his  prejudices,  arbitrary,  unjust,  and 
implacable  in  enmity  to  the  colonies. 

?C3^  L. 

Randolph,  Peyton,  first  president  of  the 
American  congress,  was  a  native  of  Virgi- 
nia,  and  one  of  the  most  distinguished  law- 
yers and  patriots  of  that  state.  He  was  as 
early  as  1756  appointed  king's  attorney  for 
that  colony,  and  held  the  office  for  many 
years.  In  1766  he  was  elected  speaker  of 
the  house  of  burgesses,  and  in  1773  a  mem- 
ber of  the  committee  of  correspondence. 
The  following  year  he  was  appointed  a  de- 
legate to  the  congress  which  assembled  at 
Philadelphia,  and  was  elected  its  president, 
and  also  presided  in  the  congress  of  1775, 
till  obliged  to  return  to  Virginia,  when  Han- 
cock was  chosen  his  successor.  He  soon 
resumed  his  seat  in  congress,  but  died  sud- 
denly on  the  22d  of  Oct.  1775,  aged  52. 

ICJ^  L. 

Randolph,  Edmund,  governor  of  Virgi- 
nia, was  the  son  of  John  Randolph,  attor- 
526 


ney-general  of  that  colony  before  the 
revolution.  He  was  an  eminent  lawyer, 
and  a  warm  friend  of  the  revolution. 
After  having  held  several  honourable 
stations  in  the  state  he  was  in  1779 
elected  to  a  seat  in  congress,  and  held  it 
till  1782.  In  1787  he  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  formed  the  federal  con- 
stitution, but  voted  against  its  adoption. 
The  next  year  he  was  chosen  governor  of 
Virginia,  and  in  1789  was  appointed  attor- 
ney-general of  the  United  States,  and  in 
1794  secretary  of  state,  but  engaged  in  an 
intrigue  with  the  French  minister,  by 
which  he  lost  the  confidence  of  the  cabinet, 
and  resigned  in  August,  179,*^.  He  died 
Sept.  12;h,  1813.  |C3^  L. 

Rannequin,  N.  a  celebrated  engineer, 
born  at  Liege,  1648,  and  known  for  the  ma- 
chine of  Marly,  which  raised  water  to  the 
top  of  a  hill  502  feet  above  its  level,  and 
with  such  power  that  not  less  than  5258 
tons  are  forced  up  every  24  hours.  This 
able  man  died  1708. 

Rans,  Bertrand  de,  a  native  of  Rheims, 
who,  after  living  in  deep  solitude  as  a  her- 
mit in  the  forests  of  Parthenay  and  Tour- 
nay,  imposed  himself  in  1226  upon  the  cre- 
dulity of  the  people  as  the  emperor  Bald- 
win I.  of  Constantinople,  who  about  20 
years  before  had  been  defeated  by  the  Bul- 
garians, and  put  to  death.  Though  the 
daughter  of  Baldwin,  who  was  governess  of 
Flanders,  discovered  his  artifice,  the  im- 
posture prevailed,  and  Rans  was  acknow- 
ledged by  the  Flemish  nobility  as  their  law- 
ful sovereign.  At  last  deception  ceased, 
and  the  usurper,  when  tortured,  confessed 
his  guilt,  and  was  hanged  at  Lisle. 

Rantzan,  Josias,  a  noble  native  of  Hol- 
stein,  who  left  the  Danish  service  for  the 
French,  and  was  made  marshal  of  the  king- 
dom by  Lewis  XIII.  He  was  wounded 
and  lost  an  eye  1636  at  Dole,  and  after- 
wards lost  an  arm,  a  leg,  and  one  of  his 
ears.  In  1645  he  became  a  protestant, 
and  died  five  years  after  in  prison.  He  is 
chiefly  known  as  the  active  instrument  by 
whom  the  protestant  religion  was  establish- 
ed in  Denmark. 

Raodx,  John,  a  native  of  Montpellier, 
eminent  as  a  painter  of  historical  pieces, 
and  of  portraits.  He  was  of  the  Paris  aca- 
demy of  painting,  and  died  at  Paris,  1734, 
aged  57. 

Raphael,  d'Arezzio,  a  native  of  Arez- 
zio,  the  pupil  of  Zucchero,  admired  as  a 
historical  and  portrait  painter.  He  died 
1580,  aged  28. 

Raphael,  Sanzio,  an  illustrious  painter, 
born  at  Urbino,  on  Good  Friday,  1483. 
His  father  was  a  painter,  and  under  him 
and  Perugino  he  first  began  to  cultivate  his 
talents,  after  which  he  visited  Sienna,  and 
Florence,  to  see  the  incomparable  works  of 
Leonardo  da  Vinci,  and  Michael  Angelo. 
By  studying  thus  tixe  best,  masters,  he  soon 


JtAJt* 


KAb 


vuse  lu  cuiincncc  ami  reputatiuii,  and  lue- 
riled  the  appellation  of  the  divini-  Kapliacl. 
He  also  fxfflh'd  aa  an  arcliitrct,  and  was 
employed  by  Leo  X.  in  Ihr  building  of  St. 
Peter's  at  Rome,  and  be  enjoyed  the  patro- 
nage and  esteenj  not  only  of  the  popes,  but 
of  I'raneis  I.  ol  France,  and  of  other 
prinees.  He  unfortunately  wa^  too  much 
given  to  licentious  pleasures,  which  at  last 
hurried  him  to  an  untimely  grave,  on  his 
birthday,  1520.  He  was  buried  in  the  Ro- 
tunda at  Rome,  where  these  two  lines  by 
Bembi  mark  his  tomb  : 

Jlle  hie  est  Raphael,  timxiil  quo  sospite  vinci 
Jterum  magna  parens,  el  moriente  mori. 

He  surpassed,  says  a  connoisseur,  all  mo- 
dern painters,  because  he  possessed  more 
of  the  excellent  parts  of  painting,  and  above 
all  he  possessed  the  graces  in  so  advan- 
tageous a  manner,  that  he  has  never  since 
been  equalled  by  any  other. 

Raphelengius,  Francis,  a  learned  Fle- 
ming. He  studied  the  oriental  languages 
at  Paris,  and  was  Greek  professor  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  afterwards  corrector  of 
the  press  to  Christopher  Plantin,  whose 
daughter  he  married,  and  he  was  concerned 
in  the  publication  of  the  famous  Antwerp 
Hebrew  Bible,  printed  1571.  He  was  af- 
terwards professor  of  Hebrew  and  Arabic 
at  Leyden,  and  died  there  20th  July,  1597. 
His  works  besides  are,  a  Hebrew  Gram- 
mar— an  Arabic  Lexicon — a  Chaldee  Lexi- 
con, &c. 

Rapin,  Nicholas,  a  French  poet,  born  at 
Fontenai-le-Comte,  Poictou.  He  was  the 
favourite  of  Henry  IIL  by  whom  he  was 
made  provost  of  Paris,  from  which  he  was 
expelled  by  the  league,  but  afterwards  re- 
stored by  Henry  IV.  His  wmks,  which 
were  elegantly  written,  consisted  of  odes, 
epigrams,  and  elegies.  He  attempted  to 
banish  rhyme  from  the  French  poetry,  and 
to  write  after  the  Greek  and  Latin  metre. 
He  died  1609.  His  poems  are  among  the 
Delices  des  Poetes  Latins  de  France. 

Rapin,  Renatus,  a  learned  Jesuit,  born 
at  Tours,  1621.  He  taught  for  nine  years 
polite  literature  with  success,  and  wrote 
Latin  with  great  elegance.  His  poem  on 
Gardens,  in  four  books,  has  been  translated 
into  English  by  Evelyn,  and  also  by  Gardi- 
ner. 1  his  and  his  other  poems,  consisting 
of  odes,  sacred  eclogues,  &c.  were  publish- 
ed 2  vols.  l2mo.  1681.  His  treatises  on 
Polite  Literature  were  translated  from  the 
French  into  English,  by  B.  Kennet,  2  vols. 
8vo.  They  contain  well-written  compari- 
sons between  Demosthenes  and  Cicero  on 
eloquence,  between  Homer  and  N  irgil,  kc. 
and  are  intended  to  restore  good  taste  and 
polite  studies  in  France.  He  died  at  Paris, 
16S7. 

Rapin  de  Thoyuas,  Paul  de,  a  French- 
man, known  as  a«  eminent  historian,  born 


at  Castrcs,  £,anguedoe,  1661,  and  UcsceuU  • 
ed  from  an  ancient  family  in  Savoy.  He 
studied  at  Fuylaurrns  and  Saumur,  and 
then,  after  the  example  of  his  father,  who 
was  an  advocate  of  rcflpectability,  he  ap- 
plied himself  to  the  law.  lie  afterwards 
abandoned  the  law  for  the  profession  of 
arms,  but  on  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes  he  left  France,  and  came  to  Eng- 
land in  I68f> ;  but  after  a  short  stay  in  I^on- 
don  he  went  to  Holland,  where  he  enlisted 
in  a  company  of  French  volunteers.  He 
accompanied  William  IIL  into  England, 
and  served  in  the  army  in  Ireland,  and  wa*' 
at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  and  the  siege  of 
Limerick,  where  he  was  wounded.  In 
1693  he  became  tutor  to  the  son  of  the  earl 
of  Portland,  with  a  pension  of  100/.  from 
the  king,  and  the  promise  of  greater  pa- 
tronage, which  he  never  received.  He  tra- 
velled over  Europe  with  his  pupil,  and 
married  at  the  Hague,  where  he  settled  for 
some  time.  In  1707  he  retired  to  Wezel, 
in  the  dutchy  of  Cleves,  with  his  family, 
and  there  devoted  himself  for  17  yeai's  to 
the  completion  of  his  History  of  England. 
His  health  suffered  by  his  great  application, 
and  the  attack  of  a  fever  carried  him  to  his 
grave  after  a  week's  illness,  1725.  He  left 
one  son  and  .six  daughters.  He  published 
before  his  death  8  vols.  4to.  of  his  history, 
to  the  death  of  Charles  I.  and  two  more 
were  added  in  1724.  This  history  has  been 
translated  by  Tindal,  and  published  in  8vo. 
and  in  folio,  with  a  continuation  to  1760, 
and  notes,  and  also  by  J.  Kelly,  in  2  vols. 
folio.  As  a  historian,  Rapin  has  his  ad- 
mirers and  detractors,  and  while  admired 
by  some  for  moderation,  he  is  charged  by 
others  with  tediousness  and  obscurity. 
Voltaire  has  said  of  him,  that  he  was 
the  author  of  the  best  and  most  impar- 
tial history  of  England  that  had  hitherto 
appeared. 

Rasles,  Sebastian,  a  French  Jesuit  mi.s- 
sionary  among  the  Indians,  who  came  to 
Quebec  in  1689.  After  spending  several 
years  in  the  interior  he  went  to  Norridgc- 
wock,  on  the  Kenebeck  river,  where  he 
resided  twenty-six  years  till  his  death.  Ho 
was  an  implacable  enemy  to  the  English, 
aiid  excited  the  Indians  to  rob  and  destroy 
them.  In  1724  a  party  from  New-Hamp- 
shire attacked  the  village,  and  killed  him 
and  many  of  the  Indians.  He  was  in  his 
sixty-seventh  year.  He  possessed  a  vigor- 
ous mind  and  extensive  learning,  was  an 
accomplished  Latin  scholar,  and  an  im- 
pressive preacher.  He  had  acquired  great 
influence  over  the  Indians,  and  made  him- 
self  familiar  with  their  language,  of  which 
he  wrote  a  dictionary,  which  is  preserved 
in  the  library  of  Harvard  college,   •dp'  L. 

Kastal,  John,  an  eminent  printer,  born 
in  London,  and  educated  at  Oxford.  He 
wrote  a  Description  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 

.^27 


KAV 


KAW 


Africa,  in  the  form  of  a  drama,  with  cuts — 
and  also  Canones  Astrologici — Dialogues 
concerning  Purgatory — Rules  of  a  good 
Life — Anglorum  Regum  Chronicum — Apo' 
logy  against  John  Fryth,  &.c.  He  married 
a  sister  of  the  great  sir  Thomas  More,  and 
died  1536.  His  son  William  was  one  of 
the  justices  of  the  King's  Bench  under 
Mary,  and  at  her  death  retired  to  Louvain. 
He  published  a  Chronological  Table  from 
the  Conqueror — the  Chartuary,  15S0 — 
Terms  of  the  English  Law — Collection  of 
Statutes — the  Life  of  sir  Thomas  More, 
&c. 

Rater,  Anthony,  an  eminent  architect 
of  Lyons.  His  abilities  were  employed  in 
beautifying  and  adding  to  the  conveniences 
of  his  native  city  ;  but  he  had  the  misfor- 
tune before  his  death  to  see  his  fellow-citi- 
zens proscribed,  and  the  places  which  he 
had  embellished  laid  in  ashes  by  the  mur- 
derous hands  of  the  revolutionary  anar- 
chists. He  died  at  Miribel,  near  Lyons, 
4th  Aug.  1794,  aged  65. 

Ratramnus,  a  monk  of  the  abbey  of 
Corbie,  in  the  ninth  century.  He  publish- 
ed two  books  on  predestination,  against 
Hincmar,  archbishop  ofRheims,  which  are 
inserted  in  the  Vindiciae  Predestinationis, 
2  vols.  4to.  He  wrote  besides,  treatises 
on  the  Conception  of  Christ — and  on  Tran- 
substantiation,  a  work  much  quoted  by  the 
Calvinists. 

Ratte,  Stephen  Hyacinth  de,  an  astro- 
nomer, was  born  at  Montpellier  in  1722. 
He  was  secretary  to  the  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences in  his  native  city,  and  published  two 
volumes  of  its  memoirs  ;  but  was  prevented 
from  continuing  the  collection  by  the  Re- 
volution. He  was  Q.ho  counsellor  of  the 
court  of  aids  ;  and  when  the  National  In- 
stitute was  formed  he  was  chosen  an  asso- 
ciate. He  died  in  1805.  His  observations 
have  been  published  by  Flauguergues. 
—  W.B. 

Ravaillac,  Francis,  a  native  of  Angou- 
leme,  who  took  the  habit  of  the  Feuillans, 
a  society  from  which  he  was  soon  after  ex- 
pelled on  account  of  his  irregularities.  The 
excesses  and  the  fanatical  discourses  of 
the  advocates  of  the  league  had  so  de- 
ranged his  understanding,  that  he  formed  a 
most  inveterate  hatred  against  Henrv  IV. 
and  determined  to  cut  him  off.  Full  of 
melancholy  fury  he  came  to  Paris,  and  for 
some  days  followed  the  monarch  to  commit 
his  horrid  purpose.  On  the  fatal  14th 
May,  1610,  when  the  x'oyal  carriage  was 
stopped  in  the  street  by  some  wagons,  the 
murderer  raised  himself  upon  the  wheels  of 
the  chariot,  and  with  two  blows  stabbed 
the  monarch  to  the  heart.  He  was  seized 
by  the  duke  of  Epernon,  and  condemned 
to  be  torn  to  pieces  by  four  horses.  The 
dreadful  sentence  was  executed  the  follow- 
ing 27th  May,  and  be  declared  to  the 
52B 


last  that  he  had  no  accomplices  in  the  cruef 
deed. 

Ravennas,  Agnellus,  or  Andreas,  author 
of  a  crude  history  of  the  bishops  of  Raven- 
na, of  which  he  was  a  native.  He  was 
abbot  of  a  monastery  there,  and  died  before 
the  middle  of  the  ninth  century. 

Ravesteyn,  John,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  the  Hague  about  1560.  His  portraits 
were  much  admired.  There  were  two 
others  of  his  name,  Hubert,  born  at  Dor- 
drecht, 1647,  whose  fairs,  markets,  &c. 
were  in  high  esteem,  and  Nicholas,  born  at 
Bommel,  in  1661,  who  chiefly  excelled  in 
portraits  and  in  historical  pieces. 

Ravius,  Christian,  a  native  of  Berlin, 
who  travelled  into  the  East,  where  he 
learned  the  Persian,  Turkish,  and  Arabian 
languages,  and  collected  valuable  MSS. 
On  iiis  return  to  Europe  he  became  profes- 
sor of  oriental  languages  at  Utrecht,  after- 
wards at  Kiel,  and  at  Frankfort  on  the 
Maine,  where  he  died  21st  June,  1667, 
aged  64.  He  was  also  one  of  the  learned 
con-espondents  of  queen  Christina.  He 
wrote  a  Plan  of  Hebrew  Orthography  and 
Etymology — a  Grammar,  Hebrew,  Chal- 
daic,  Syriac,  Arabic,  Samaritan,  and  Eng- 
lish, London,  8vo. — a  Latin  translation 
from  the  Arabic  of  Apollonius  Pergseus. 
His  son  John  was  librarian  to  the  elector 
of  Brandenburg,  and  was  author  of  a  Com- 
mentary on  Cornel.  Nepos — of  Military 
Aphorisms — and  other  works. 

Raulin,  Joseph,  physician  to  the  French 
king,  and  member  of  several  learned  socie- 
ties, died  at  Paris,  12th  April,  1784,  aged 
76.  He  published  treatises  on  Diseases 
occasioned  by  Variations  of  the  Atmos- 
phere ;  on  the  Vapours  in  Females  ,  on  the 
Fluor  Albus  ;  on  the  Preservation  of  In- 
fants ;  on  Diseases  in  Lying-in-Women  ; 
Pulmonary  Consumption  ,  Comparison  of 
the  Mineral  Waters  of  France  and  Ger- 
many, &c.  There  was  an  ecclesiastic  of 
that  name,  John,  who  died  at  Cluni,  1514, 
aged  71,  He  wrote  sermons  in  a  weak 
style — Another,  John  Facond,  xvho  was  a 
Spaniard,  in  the  l7th  centurv,  and  wrote 
an  Ecclesiastical   History  of  Malabar,  4to. 

Rauwolf.   Vid.  Rawwolf. 

Rawlet,  John,  B.D.  an  English  divine^ 
lecturer  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  a  place 
which  he  refused  to  quit  for  the  living  of 
Coleshill,  Warwickshire.  He  wrote  the 
Christian  Monitor,  an  excellent  book  often 
edited  ;  and  a  treatise  on  Sacramental  Co- 
venanting, and  died  1686,  aged  44. 

Kawley,  William,  D.D.  chaplain  to 
Charles  I.  and  II.  and  also  to  the  great 
Bdcon,  and  the  editor  of  his  works,  was 
born  at  Norwich,  1588.  He  was  educated 
at  Benet's  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  a  fellow,  and  in  1616  obtained  the 
rectory  of  Landbeach,  near  Cambridge, 
from  which  lie  vas  exoelled  during  the  re- 


lU^V 


liW 


bcllion,  but  replaced   at   the   restoration. 
He  died  there  18th  June,  l(jG7. 

Rawlins,  Thomas,  engraver  of  the  mint 
during  the  reign  of  the  second  Charhs,  was 
author  of  three  dramatic  pieces,  Rebellion  ; 
Tom  Essence  ;  and  Tunbridge  Wells,  and 
died  1670. 

Kawi.inson,  Thomas,  knt.  descended  of 
an  ancient  family  in  Lancashire,  was  born 
at  London,  March,  1647.  He  was  sheriff", 
and  in  1 700  lord  mayor  of  the  city,  and  he 
rendered  his  name  memorable  by  repairing 
and  beautifying  the  Guildhall.  He  died  2d 
Nov.  1705.  lie  was  father  of  15  children 
by  his  wife,  Mary,  daughter  of  Richard 
Taylor,  Esq. 

Rawlinson,  Thomas,  a  judicious  col- 
lector of  books,  and  a  liberal  patron  of 
learning,  and  of  learned  men.  While  in 
Gray's-inn  he  had  four  chambers  filled  with 
his  valuable  collections,  and  he  removed 
to  London-house,  Aldersgate-street,  which, 
though  once  the  palace  of  a  bishop,  could 
scarce  contain  the  number  of  his  books. 
He  died  there  6th  Aug.  1725,  aged  44.  His 
library  was  disposed  of  by  auction  after 
his  death,  and  his  MSS.  took  16  days  in 
the  sale,  and  the  books  a  much  greater 
portion  of  time.  Addison  alluded  satirical- 
ly to  him  in  the  158th  number  of  the  Tatler, 
under  the  character  of  Tom  Folio. 

Rawlinson,  Richard,  fourth  son  of  sir 
Tiiomas,  was  an  eminent  antiquary,  educa- 
ted at  St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  where  he 
took,  by  diploma,  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in 
1719.  This  indefatigable  man  made  a  col- 
lection for  the  enlargement  of  A.  Wood's 
Historia  et  Antiquitates  Oxon.  and  for  the 
continuation  of  the  Athense  Oxoniensis, 
and  History  of  Oxford,  and  he  assisted 
liberally  his  contemporary  antiquaries  in 
the  completion  of  their  works.  He  also 
published  a  translation  of  Fi*esnoy's  New 
Method  of  studying  History,  &c.  2  vols. 
8vo.  ;  and  the  English  Typographer,  &c. 
8vo.  He  also  founded  in  1750  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  professorship  at  Oxford,  and  be- 
queathed to  the  university  all  his  books, 
papers,  MSS.  seals,  and  curious  and  valua- 
ble collections.  He  died  at  Islington,  6th 
April,  1755.  He  was  also  a  great  bene- 
factor to  Hertford  college,  and  particularly 
to  St.  John's  college,  to  which  he  left  an 
estate  worth  700/.  per  annum.  His  heart, 
according  to  his  direction,  was  placed  in  a 
beautiful  urn  against  the  wall  of  St.  John's 
chapel,  and  his  body  deposited  in  a  vault  in 
St.  Giles's  church,  Oxford.  In  his  right 
hand  was  placed  the  head  of  counsellor 
Layer,  which  he  had  purchased  for  a  large 
sum,  when  it  had  been  blown  off  from  Tem- 
ple Bar,  where,  after  his  execution  for  trea- 
son, it  had  been  placed,  1722.  Dr.  Raw- 
linson's  printed  books  were  sold  in  1756. 
The  sale  lasted  50  days,  and  that  of  the 
pamphlets  10  davs  more. 

Vol..  IL  67 


Rawmmsom,  Christopher,  eniinent  for 
his  knowledge  ofSuxou  and  Northern  lite- 
rature, was  born  at  Sprinj^fndd,  Essex, 
13th  June,  1G77,  of  an  Hncicut  family, 
situated  at  Clarkhill,  Lamahhin  .  H<;  wns 
educated  at  Queen's  college,  ()xfor<|,  and 
published,  whilst  there,  an  eilition  of  Al- 
fred's Saxon  Translation  of  Boethius  dc 
Consolatione  Philosophia;,  bvo.  lie.  left  a 
valuable  collection  of  MSS.  respecting  the 
counties  of  Westmoreland  and  Cumber- 
land. He  died  8th  Jan.  l732-.i,  aged  55, 
and  was  buried  in  the  abbey  church  of  St. 
Alban's. 

Raw  WOLF,  Leonard,  a  native  of  Augs- 
burg, who,  in  pursuit  of  botanical  know- 
ledge, travelled  into  Syria,  Judea,  Arabia, 
and  other  Eastern  countries,  where  he  ob- 
tained a  great  number  of  curious  plants. 
On  his  return  to  Europe,  1576,  he  removed 
to  Lintz,  and  gained  some  reputation  as  a 
medical  practitioner,  and  was  made  physi- 
cian to  the  archdulics  of  Austria.  He  died 
1606.  His  Travels  were  published  at 
Frankfort,  1532,  in  4to.  which  were  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Staphrost,  1693,  and 
afterwards  by  Mr.  Ray.  The  catalogue 
of  his  plants  was  published  by  J.  F.  Gro- 
novius,  at  Leyden,  1755,  under  the  name 
of  Flora  Orientalis,  Svo. 

Ray,  or  Wray,  John,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish naturalist,  born  at  Black  Notley,  near 
Braintree,  Essex,  1628.  Though  but  the 
son  of  a  blacksmith,  he  was  well  educated 
at  Braintree  school,  and  in  1644,  he  en- 
tered at  Catherine-hall,  Cambridge,  from 
which  two  years  after  he  removed  to  Tri- 
nity college,  where  he  obtained  a  fellow- 
ship. As  he  distinguished  himself  in  the 
university  by  his  application,  he  was  in 
1651  made  Greek  lecturer  of  his  college, 
and  two  years  after  mathematical  reader, 
and  in  1655  humanity  reader.  Not  only, 
however,  the  business  of  the  college  com- 
manded his  attention,  but  he  devoted  him- 
self particularly  to  botany  and  the  univer- 
sal history  of  nature,  and  in  1660,  pub- 
lished a  catalogue  of  the  Cambridge  plants. 
To  enlarge  his  knowledge  of  plants,  he  tra- 
velled over  the  greater  part  o(  England, 
Wales,  and  Scotland,  and  in  these  journeys 
was  generally  accompanied  by  his  pupil 
and  friend,  Mr.  Willoughby,  by  Sir  Philip 
Skipton,  and  Mr.  P.  Courthope.  At  the 
restoration  he  took  orders,  but  two  years 
after  he  resigned  his  fellowship,  as  he  re- 
fused to  subscribe  against  the  solenui  league 
and  covenant.  In  1663,  he  embarked  for 
the  continent,  where  he  continued  about 
three  years  with  his  learned  pupil,  in  pur- 
suit of  botanical  knowledge,  of  which  he 
published  an  account  in  1673.  In  1667  he 
was  elected  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  contributed  much  by  his  valuable  com- 
munications to  the  philosophical  transac- 
tions.    In  1672   iio  lost   his  worthy  frien'f 

5-29 


RAY 


EAY 


Willouo-liliv,   and  the  follo^ving;    j'car  lie  in  l74S,ancl  settled  at  Paris.  Here  determi- 

married  the  daughter  of  Mr.    Oakley,  of  ned  to  support  himself  by  his  pen,  he  wrote 

Launton,  Oxon,  "though  nearly   24   years  Literary  Anecdotes,  3  vols,  and  Memoirs'of 

younger  than  himself.     After  superintend-  Ninon  de  L'Enclos,   and  was  engaged  in 

ins;  for   some   time   the  education  of  his  the  Mercure  de  France  ;   but  as  he  had 

friend  Mr.  Willoughby's  children  at  Middle-  greater   partiality   for   commercial    occu- 

lon-hall,    he  removed  to  Sutton   Colfield,  pations,  he  devoted  himself  more  closely  ta 

and  then  to  Falborne-hall,  Essex,  and  in  that  subject,  and  in  1770,  published  his  His- 

1679  settled  in  his  native  place,  where  he  torj'.  Philosophical  and  Political,  of  theEs- 

died  17th  Jan.  1704-5.     As  a  botanist,  Ray  tablishment,and  of  the  Commerce  of  theEu- 

has  acquired  great  and  deserved  celebrity,  ropeans  in  the  East  and  West  Indies.  This 

and  his  writings  are  held  in  high  estimation,  work  was  received  with  general  approba- 

To  strong  benevolence  of  heart  he  added  tion  ;  but  while  the  style  and  the  language 

s;reat  humility  of  mind  and  modesty  of  man-  were  admired,  his  calculations  were  disco- 

ners,  and  in  his  character  he  was  so  amia-  vered  to  be  erroneous,  his  principles  suspi- 

ble   that  those  who  knew   him   respected  cious,  and  his  conclusions  false.     To  cor- 


those  who  knew  him  respected 
him,  not  so  much  for  his  literary  acquire- 
ments as  from  personal  friendship.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  are  the  Wisdom 
of  God  manifested  in  the  Works  of  the 
Creation,  8vo.  edited  three  times — three 
Discourses  on   the   Primitive    Chaos,   the 


rect  and  improve,  therefore,  a  composition 
which  embraced  so  many  concerns  of  po- 
licy and  commerce,  he  travelled  over 
France,  Holland,  and  England,  in  pursuit 
of  information,  and  of  well-attested  facts. 
His  reputation  was  such,  that  in  England, 


Creation,  Deluge,  and  Conflagration  of  the  the  speaker  of  the  commons  observing  him 

World,  8vo. — Synopsis  Methodica  Anima-  among  the  spectators,  suspended  the  busi- 

linm,  Quadrupedum,  Avium,  et  Piscium —  ness  of  the  house,  till  he  had  seen  the  his- 

Rawwolf  s  Travels  into  the  East  translated,  torian  placed  in  a  more  commodious  seat, 

gyo. — Persuasive  to  a  Holy  Life,  8vo. —  On  his  return  he  published  a  new  edition 

Collection  of  English  Proverbs,  often  re-  of  his  work  at  Geneva,  in  10  vols.  8vo.;  but 

printed,  8vo. — Catalogue  of  English  Plants  though  corrected  in  some  parts,  his  severe 

— Noraenclator  Classicus,   for  the  use  of  language  against  governments  drew  upon 


him  the  censure  of  the  parliament  of  Paris^ 
and  not  only  his  history  was  burnt  with 
ignominy,  but  his  person  was  ordered  to  be 
seized.  He  was,  however,  allov.ed  suffi- 
cient time  to  make  his  escape,  and  he  went 
to  reside  in  Germany,  and  received  marks 
of  favour  and  protection  from  the  king  of 
Prussia,  and  from  the  empress  of  Russia, 
though  he  had  spoken  of  them  with  sarcas- 
tic indifference.  In  1788  he  returned  to 
Paris,  and  viewing  the  rapid  progress  of  the 
constituent  assembly,  in  the  destruction  of 
whatever  was  venerable  and  useful  in  the 


kis  friend's  sons — Observations,   Topogra- 
phical, Moral,  &c.  in  foreign  Countries — 
— Discourse  on  Seeds  and  the  Differences 
of  Plants — Methodus  Plantarum  Nova — 
Historia  Plantarum  Generalis — Fasciculus 
Stirpium    Britannicarum — Synopsis    Me- 
thodica, &c.     He  also  assisted  Mr.  Wil- 
loughby  in  his   History  of  Birds,  Fishes, 
ice.  and  after  his  death,  his  History  of  In- 
sects appeared  in  4to.  under   the  care  of 
©r.  Derham — and  also  a  collection  of  Phi- 
losophical Letters,  between  him   and  his 
friends,   8vo. — and    his    Select    Remains 
were  published  in  1760,  8vo.  by  Mr.  Scott.     French  monarchy,  he  had  the  boldness  in 
Rat,  Benjamin,  an  ingenious  and  learned     1791,  to  address  a  letter  to  that  body,  and 
man,  but  very  ignorant  of  the  world.     He    in  firm  and  energetic  language,  he  censured 
TR-as  born  at  Spalding  in  Lincolnshire,  and     the  imprudence  of  their  proceedings.     This 
educated  there  and  at  St.  John's  college,     magnanimous  appeal  to  the  sense  of  the  le- 
€ambridge.     When  in  orders,  he  became    gislators  was  ridiculed  as  the  effusion  of  do- 
curate  of  Surfleet,  and  of  Cowbitt.     He     tage  ;  but  it  proved  too  prophetic  of  the  ca- 
wrots  an  Account  of  a  Water  Spout  Obser-     lamities  which  followed.  Displeased  with  the 
ved  in   Deepingfen,  inserted  in  the  philo-     tumults  of  the  capital,  the  venerable  philo- 
sophical  transactions.      He  wrote    other     sopher  retired  to  Passy,  where  he  expired 
things,  never  printed.     He  died  at  Spald-     6th  March,  1796,  aged  84.     Though  the  fa- 
ing,  1760.  vourite  of  great  men,   and  of  princes,  he 

Raymond,  Robert,  lord,  a  learned  law-  died  in  poverty,  and  the  only  property 
ycr,  raised  to  the  office  of  chief  justice  found  belonging  to  him,  was  an  assignat  of 
of  the  King's  Bench.  He  wrote  Reports,  fifty  livres,  worth  not  three  pence  in  ready 
&.C.  held  in  high  reputation,  and  died  1733.     money.     His  reputation,  nevertheless,  will 

Ratnal,  William  Francis,  a  distinguish- 
ed French  historian,  born  at  St.  Genies, 
in  Roucrgue,  1718.  He  early  entered 
among  the  Jesuits,  and  became  a  popular 
prearher,but  his  love  of  liberty  and  indepen- 
dence was  too  great  to  continue  in  the  con- 
fincmcntof  a  clcistcr.nnd  he  left  thesociety, 
.^30 


be  immortal,  and  though  he  is  to  be  cen- 
sured for  his  ophiions,  which  are  often  li- 
centious and  skeptical,  his  writings  possess 
vigour,  clearness,  and  elegance,  and  exhi- 
bit the  nervous  powers  of  an  ardent  ima- 
gination, and  the  striking  features  of  a  ra- 
pid  invention.      He  published   besides,  a 


HE  A 


lit\ 


History  oi'  the  Stadtbolderale,  2  vob. — 
History  of  the  English  I'urliament,  2  vols. 
12mo. — Historical  Anecdotes  from  the  Age 
of  Charles  V.  3  vols.  l2mo. — History  of  the 
Divorce  of  Henry  VIH. — Ecole  Militaire 
— Historical  Memoirs  of  Europe — History 
the  Revolutions  of  the  English  American 
Colonies,  2  vols.  It  is  said,  that  he  had 
written  besides,  a  History  of  the  Revoca- 
tion of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  which  he  partly 
destroyed  during  the  reign  of  the  sangui- 
nary Robespierre. 

Raynaud,  Theophilus,  a  native  of  Sos- 
pello,  in  Nice,  who  became  a  Jesuit,  and 
professor  of  belles  lettres  and  theology  in 
the  society.  He  died  at  Lyons,  31st  Oct. 
1663,  aged  80.  He  wrote  Tables  for  Sa- 
cred and  Profane  History,  &,c.  His  works 
form  20  vols.  foi.  printed  Lyons,  1665. 

Ratssiguier,  N.  a  French  dramatic 
writer,  whose  Aminta,  Astrea,  &.c.  were 
represented  on  the  Paris  theatres  between 
1730  and  1735,  with  some  applause. 

Read,  Alexander,  an  eminent  Scotch 
physician,  created  by  royal  mandate,  M.D. 
in  the  university  of  Oxford,  1620.  He 
wrote  some  valuable  works  on  medical  and 
anatomical  subjects,  and  died  1680. 

Read,  John,  a  lawyer  of  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, distinguished  for  genius,  learning, 
wit,  patriotism,  eloquence,  and  integrity, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1697. 
He  studied  divinity,  and  preached  for  some 
time  with  popularity,  but  at  length  left  that 
profession  for  the  law,  and  soon  became 
eminent  in  the  practice.  He  first  reduced 
the  redundant  and  obscure  phraseology  of 
the  English  deeds  of  conveyance  to  the 
simple  form  now  in  use.  He  held  a  con- 
spicuous place  for  some  time  also  in  the 
house  of  representatives  and  council.  He 
died  at  an  advanced  age  in  1749,  after 
having  been  long  and  justly  regarded  as  one 
of  the  greatest  and  most  useful  lawyers  his 
country  had  produced.  iCP  L. 

Read,  George,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence,  was 
born  in  Cecil  county,  in  the  province  of  Ma- 
ryland, 1734.  His  lather  John  Read,  came 
from  Dublin,  in  Ireland,  and  settled  in  that 
neighbourhood.  George  was  the  eldest  of 
six  sons.  After  his  birth  his  father  remo- 
ved to  New  Castle  county^  on  Delaware. 
He  was  intended  by  his  parents,  from  an 
early  age,  for  a  learned  profession,  and  was 
carefully  educated  with  that  view.^  He 
was  first  placed  at  an  Academy  at  Chester, 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  commenced,  and 
pursued  to  a  considerable  extent,  the  study 
of  the  classics.  He  was  thence  removed 
to  Ne%v  London,  and  put  under  the  care  of 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Allison,  one  of  the  most  ac- 
complished classical  scholars  then  in  Ame- 
rica. Here  Charles  Thompson,  afterwards 
secretary  of  congress,  Hugh  Williamson, 
.member  of  congress  from  North  Carolina, 


the  Rev.  Dr.  I'.win^,  pro^o^t  of  liiu  L  iiivcv^ 
sity  of  Peiiiisylvaiua,  and  a  iiijnil)cr  of  other 
persons,  who  wero  aflerwanls  ilistinguinhed 
men,  were  his  fellovv-studtnts.  Ailcr  quit- 
ting the  academy  Mr.  Read  studied  law 
with  John  Morlan,  an  eminent  lawyer  in 
Philadelphia  ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at 
the  age  of  nineteen  ;  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  this  profession  at  New  Castle  in 
1754,-  was  made  attorney-general  of  the 
three  lower  counties  on  Delaware  in  176'?, 
and  held  the  office  until  he  was  made  a  de- 
legate to  congress  in  1775.  In  July,  1776, 
he  was  a  member  of  that  venerable  assemblv 
and  put  his  name  to  that  memorable  instru- 
ment by  which  the  independence  of  hi.s 
country  was  proclaimed.  Mr.  Read  filled . 
a  variety  of  honourable  stations,  legisla- 
tive and  judicial,  in  the  state  of  Delaware, 
in  which  he  resided.  After  the  adoption 
of  the  federal  constitution,  he  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  senate  of  the  United 
States,  from  Delaware.  He  continued  to 
occupy  this  place,  until  he  was  appointed 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  thai 
stale,  in  which  otfice  he  remained  until  his 
death  in  1793.  Mr.  Read  was  eminent  as 
a  lawyer  of  deep  research,  and  was  not  a 
little  distinguished  far  his  dignified  appear* 
ance,  his  polished  manner's,  his  domestic 
virtues,  and  his  uniform  patriotism,  and 
public  usefulness.  ICP'  L. 

Real,  Caisar  Richard  de  St.  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Chamberri.  He  came  early 
to  France,  and  afterwards  visited  England. 
After  living  some  time  at  Paris,  he  return- 
ed to  Chamberri,  and  died  there,  1693, 
very  old  and  poor.  He  possessed  great 
abilities,  and  was  well  acquainted  with  his- 
tory and  literature.  He  wrote  Discourses 
on  History;  Don  Carlos,  a  historical  novel; 
Account  of  the  Conspiracy  of  the  Spaniards 
against  the  Venetian  republic  ;  the  Life  of 
our  Saviour  ;  Dicourses  on  Valour  ;  trea- 
tise on  Criticism  ;  Apostacy  of  Geneva, 
&c.  all  which  were  published  together,  in  Ci 
vols.  4to.  1722,  at  the  Hague,  and  also  at 
Paris,  1745,  with  his  letters  to  Atticus. 

Real,  Caspar  de,  seigneur  de  Curban, 
author  of  a  valuable  work  on  the  science 
of  government,  in  8  vols.  4to.  was  born  at 
Sisteron,  and  died  at  Paris,  8th  Feb.  175?, 
aged  70.  His  nephew,  the  abbe,  was  alx* 
born  at  Sisteron,  and  died  1774,  aged  73, 
author  of  a  Dissertation  on  the  Name  of  the 
Royal  Families  of  France  and  Spain,  1762, 
in  12mo. 

Reaumur,  Rene  Anthony  FerchauU 
sieur  dc,  a  French  philosopher,  born  at 
Rochelle,  of  a  good  family,  IGSo.  He 
studied  philosophy  at  Poitiers,  and  the 
law  at  Bourges  ;  but  his  inclinations  lei 
him  particularly  to  the  pursuits  of  ma- 
thematics and  jdiysics,  and  for  that  pur- 
pose he  removed  to  Paris.  His  high  re- 
putation as  a  philosopher,   procured  him 

531 


REE 


REE 


a  seat  in  tUa  academy  of  pcieiices  ut 
Paris,  1708,  and  he  repaid  the  honour 
by  contributing  largely  to  their  memoirs. 
lie  died  in  1757,  in  consequence  of  a 
fall.  His  works  were  very  ingenious, 
and  therefore  much  admired.  The  best 
is  his  History  of  Insects,  6  vols.  4to.  be- 
tides a  History  of  the  rivers  of  France, &c. 

Reboult,  Simon,  a  native  of  Avignon. 
?Ic  was  brought  up  among  the  Jesuits,  but 
left  them  on  account  of  bad  health,  and 
afterwards  married.  He  was  author  of 
Histoire  des  Filles  de  I'Enfance,  2  vols. 
12mo. — Memoires  du  Chevalier  de  For- 
bin,  2  vols. — Histoire  de  Louis  XIV.  3 
vols.  4to. — Histoire  de  Clement  XI.  2  vols. 
4to.  &c.     He  died  at  Paris,  1742,  aged  65. 

Recorde,  Robert,  an  English  mathe- 
matician, who  sometimes  practised  as  phy- 
sician. He  is  the  first  English  writer 
on  Algebra.  He  died  in  the  King's  Bench 
prison,  1558. 

Rede,  William,  bishop  of  Chichester, 
in  1369,  was  eminent  as  a  mathematician, 
and  built  the  first  library  of  Merton  col- 
lege, where  he  had  been  brought  up,  and 
alto  Amberley  castle. 

Redi,  Francis,  an  Italian  physician,  born 
at  Arezzo,  1626.  He  studied  at  Florence, 
and  then  at  Pisa,  where  he  became  doctor 
of  philosophy  and  medicine.  Though  in 
great  reputation  as  the  physician  of  Ferdi- 
nand II.  duke  of  Tuscany,  he  devoted 
much  of  his  time  to  literature,  and  assisted 
greatly  in  the  compilation  of  the  Crusca 
dictionary.  He  published  Experiments  on 
the  Generation  of  Animals,  4to. ;  Observa- 
tions on  Vipers  ;  Experiments  on  Natural 
Curiosities  brought  from  India,  4to.  &c. 
He  was  not  only  a  learned  man,  but  the 
liberal  patron  of  learning.  He  was  found 
tlcad  in  his  bed,  1697. 

Redi,  Thomas,  a  Florentine  painter  of 
eminence,  whose  pieces  are  chiefly  preser- 
ved in  the  churches  of  Tuscany.  He  died 
1 728,  aged  63. 

Redman,  John,  M.D.  first  president  of 
the  college  of  physicians  in  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania,  was  born  in  that  city  in 
1722.  After  having  studied  medicine  and 
practised  a  short  time  in  that  place,  he 
went  to  Bermuda  and  resided  several 
years.  He  then  went  to  Europe,  and  spent 
.some  time  at  Edinburgh,  Paris,  and  Ley- 
den,  in  perfecting  his  knowledge  of  medi- 
cine. He  at  length  returned  to  America, 
and  settled  in  his  native  city,  where  he  soon 
became  greatly  distinguished,  and  was 
elected  president  of  the  college  of  phy- 
sicians. He  was  eminent  for  piety  and 
benevolence  also,  as  well  as  professional 
skill.  He  died  March  19th,  1808,  in  the 
eighty-seventh  year  of  his  age. 

^  ICP  L. 

Reed,  Joseph,  president  of  Pennsylva- 
*iia,  was  graduated  at  the  college  of  New- 
S32 


Jerse}',  in  1757.  At  the  commencemeiii 
of  the  war  of  the  revolution  he  engaged 
with  zeal  in  the  cause  of  bis  country,  and 
was  chosen  in  1774  one  of  the  committee 
of  correspondence  of  Philadelphia,  and 
afterwards  president  of  the  convention. 
In  1775  he  repaired  to  the  camp  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  appointed  an  aid  by  Wash- 
ington, and  in  the  following  year  adjutant- 
general.  In  1776  his  confidence  in  the 
success  of  the  colonies  was  almost  dissipa- 
ted by  the  disasters  which  befell  them,  and 
he  was  on  the  point  of  relinquishing  the 
service,  but  the  return  of  success  revived 
his  courage,  and  he  continued  firm  and 
zealous  in  the  cause.  In  1778,  when  he 
was  a  member  of  the  congress,  the  British 
commissioners  attempted  by  bribery  to 
procure  his  influence  to  obtain  a  reconcilia- 
tion of  the  colonies  to  the  parent  country, 
but  he  rejected  their  proposals  with  be- 
coming firmness  and  dignity,  replying, 
"  That  he  was  not  worth  purchasing,  but 
such  as  he  was,  the  king  of  Great  Britain 
was  not  rich  enough  to  do  it."  In  Octo- 
ber, 1778,  he  was  elected  president  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  retained  the  oflfice  till 
his  death  on  the  5th  of  March,  1781. 

Reed,  Isaac,  an  ingenious  writer,  was 
born  in  London  in  1742.  He  was  brought 
up  to  the  conveyancing  business  ;  but  re- 
linquished it  for  literary  pursuits,  though 
he  retained  his  chambers  in  Staple's  Inn, 
where  he  collected  a  large  and  curious  li- 
brary. In  1768  he  published  the  poems  of 
lady  Mary  Wortley  Montague ;  in  1773  he 
edited  the  Seatonian  prize  poems  ;  in  1780 
he  revised  and  enlarged  Dodsley's  old 
plays ;  in  1782  he  published  the  Biogra- 
phia  Dramatica,  2  vols. ;  in  1783,  four  vo- 
lumes of  humorous  pieces,  under  the  title 
of  the  "  Repository  ;"  and  in  1785  an  edi- 
tion of  Shakspeare,  in  10  vols.,  which  he 
extended,  afterwards,  to  21  vols.  Mr. 
Reed  was  for  many  years  editor  and  one 
of  the  proprietors  of  the  European  Maga- 
zine. He  died  Jan.  5,  1807,  and  was  bu- 
ried at  Amwell.  The  sale  of  his  library 
took  up  thirty-nine  days,  and  produced  four 
thousand  pounds. — IV.B. 

Reese,  Thomas,  D.D.  a  presbyterian 
clergyman,  who  was  born  in  Pennsylvania,, 
in  1742,  and  graduated  at  Princeton  col- 
lege, in  1768.  He  studied  theology,  and 
settled  as  the  pastor  of  the  church  of  Sa- 
lem, in  South  Carolina.  He  pursued  his 
studies  with  an  ardour  which  injured  his 
health,  and  finally  destroyed  his  life  in 
1796.  He  left  behind  him  the  character  of 
a  distinguished  scholar,  an  able  preacher, 
and  an  eminently  pious  man.  His  chief 
publication  was  an  "  Essay  on  the  In- 
fluence of  Religion  on  Civil  Society." 

Reeve,  Tapping,  LL.P.  chief  justice  of 


KLU 


KEti 


Connttlicut,  was  born  at  JJrook-lIavcii, 
Long- Island,  in  1744,  graduated  at  the  col- 
lege at  Princeton,  New-.Iersey,  in  1763. 
After  spending  some  time  at  that  seminary 
as  a  tutor,  he  established  himself  as  a  law- 
yer at  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  and  soon 
became  one  of  the  most  eminent  in  the 
profession.  He  was  for  many  years  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  that  state,  and 
for  a  considerable  period  chief  justice. 
He  founded  the  law  school  at  Litchfield, 
and  was  for  nearly  thirty  years  the  princi- 
pal instructer  in  that  distinguished  institu- 
tion. He  was  eminent  for  ingenuousness, 
simplicity  of  manners,  uprightness,  and 
piety,  and  held  the  first  rank  among  his 
professional  cotemporaries  in  energy  of 
talents,  and  extent  of  legal  attainments, 
and  in  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  his  fel- 
low-citizens. IC?'  L. 

Rega,  Henry  Joseph,  professor  of  medi- 
cine, and  physician  at  Louvain,  was  author 
of  vai'ious  treatises  of  merit,  on  his  profes- 
sion. De  Urinis  Tractatus  duo — Sympa- 
thia,  seu  de  Consensu  Partium  Humani 
Corpor.  12mo. — Accurata  Methodus  me- 
dendi  per  Aphorismos  Proposita,  4to. — 
Dissertatio  Medica  de  Aquis  Mineral. 
Fontis  Marimont.  &c.  He  died  at  Louvain, 
1754,  aged  64. 

Regiomontanus,  an  eminent  astrono- 
mer, whose  real  name  was  John  Mullerus, 
born  at  Konigsberg,  Franconia,  1436.  He 
studied  at  Leipsic,  and  then  removed  to 
Vienna,  where  he  was  the  pupil,  and  after- 
wards the  successor  of  the  famous  Purba- 
chius,  the  professor.  To  be  able  to  read 
Ptolemy,  he  travelled  in  the  suite  of  cardi- 
nal Bessarion  to  Italy,  and  began  to  learn 
Greek  under  Beza,  and  after  visiting  the 
universities  of  that  country,  and  making  a 
valuable  collection  of  MSS.  he  returned  to 
Vienna.  He  was  afterwards  employed  at 
Buda,  to  make  a  library  for  Corvinus,  king 
of  Hungary,  and  in  1471,  he  settled  atNu- 
rembei^.  In  1474  he  went  to  Rome  to  as- 
sist pope  Sixtus  IV.  in  the  reformation  of 
the  calendar,  and  for  his  services,  was 
named  by  him  archbishop  of  Ratisbon,  but 
died  at  Rome,  1476,  of  the  plague,  or,  as 
some  assert,  by  poison,  administered  by 
the  sons  of  his  enemy  Trapezentius.  As 
an  astronomer  and  mathematician,  in  the 
dawning  of  that  science,  he  was  very  re- 
spectable. 

Regis,  Peter  Sylvian,  a  French  philoso- 
pher, born  at  Agenois,  1632.  He  studied 
at  Cahors,  under  the  Jesuits  ;  but  the  lec- 
tures of  Rohault  determined  him  to  leave 
divinity  for  the  study  of  philosophy.  He 
went  in  1665,  to  Toulouse,  and  there  ac- 
quired great  reputation  as  a  lecturer  on  the 
new  philosophy  introduced  by  Des  Cartes, 
and  in  1670  he  removed  to  Paris,  where  he 
was  attended  by  such  numerous  audiences, 
Ibat  the  followers  of  the  old  doctrines  pre- 


vailed upon  the  archbishop  of  Paris  to  si- 
lence this  liold  and  eloijucnt  innovator.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  academy  of  Hcicnces, 
and  died  1707.  lie  wrote  System  of  Phi- 
losophy, 3  vols.  4to.— Use  of  Reason  and 
Faith,  4to. — an  Answer  to  Huct's  Censura 
Philosophia;  Cartesiana;,  kc.  These  works 
though  once  popular,  and  written  with 
plausibility,  have  long  since  ceased  to  in- 
terest the  public  in  consequence  of  the 
new  lights  thrown  on  the  walko  of  philoso- 

Regius,  Urban,  or  Le  Roy,  was  born  at 
Langenargen.  He  studied  at  Lindaw,  Fri- 
burg,  Basil,  and  Ingoldstadt,  and  distin- 
guished himself  so  much  by  his  literary  ta- 
lents, that  he  received  from  the  hands  of 
the  emperor  Maximilian,  the  poetical  and 
oratorical  crown.  He  was  afterwards 
made  professor  of  poetry  and  rhetoric  ; 
but  being  a  convert  to  Luther's  opinions, 
he  went  to  settle  at  Augsburg,  where  he 
established  a  reformed  church.  He  died 
suddenly  at  Zell,  1541.  His  works  are 
contained  in  3  vols,  folio. 

Regnard,   John   Francis,  next   to   Mo- 
liere,  the  best  comic  writer  in  France,  was 
born  at  Paris,    1647.     He  early    indulged 
his  passion  for  travelling  ;  but  in    passing 
from  Italy  to  Marseilles,  the  ship  in  which 
he  embarked  was  taken  by  pirates,  and  car- 
ried to  Algiers.     Now  doomed  to  slavery, 
he  gained  the  good  graces  of  his  master  by 
his  skill  in  making  ragouts,  and  thus  he  be- 
came a  useful  man  in  the  kitchen  ;  but  an 
amour  brought  on  new  difficulties  and  dan- 
gers.    He  was    discovered,   and   had    n  o 
choice,  but  either  to  turn  Mahometan,  or 
to  be  burnt   alive.      The   French   consul, 
however,  extricated  him  from  his  situation, 
by  ransom,  and  sent  him  back  to  his  coun- 
try.    In  1681  he  resumed  his  travels,  and 
visited   Flanders,    Holland,   and  Sweden, 
and  extended  his  excursions  to  Lapland,  as 
far  as  the  borders  of  the  Icy  Sea.     He  re- 
turned through  Poland   and   Vienna,   and 
after  three  years' absence,  settled  at  Paris, 
and  ardently  devoted  himself  to  the  muses. 
He   was  made  treasurer   of  France,   and 
lieutenant  of  the  waters   and  forests,  and 
in  the  midst  of  independence,  led  the  life 
of  a  voluptuary.   He  died  at  Dourdan,  near 
Paris,    it   is  said,  of  chagrin,  1709.      His 
dramatic  pieces  have  been  published  in  5 
vols.  12mo. 

Regnault,  Noel,  a  learned  Jesuit,  bora 
at  Arras.  He  wrote  Philosophical  Con- 
versations, 3  vols.  r2mo. — System  of  Lo- 
gic, l2mo. — Origin  of  the  Old  and  New 
Philosophy,  3  vols. — Mathematical  Con- 
versations, 3  vols.     He  died  1762,  aged  79. 

Regmer,  Mathuiin,  a  French  poet,  born 
at  Chartrcs,  1573.  He  was  canon  of  Char- 
trcs,  and  held  other  benefices,  besides  a 
pension  from  Henry  IV. ;  but  though  an 
ecclesiastic,  he  greatly  disgraced  himself 

533 


KEl 


REI 


Vy  his  debaucheries,  and  brought  on  pre- 
mature old  age.  He  was  patronised  by 
cardinal  Joyeuse,  and  died  at  Rouen,  1613. 
He  was  the  first  French  satirist,  and  in  his 
own  way,  was  equal  to  his  able  successor 
Boileau.  Juvenal  and  Persius  were  his  mo- 
dels, but  he  painted  vice  sometimes  in  lan- 
guage offensive  to  modesty.  Seventeen  of 
his  satires,  and  other  poems,  appeared  at 
Rouen,  1614.  The  best  edition  is  that  of 
London,  1729,  4to.  by  Brossete,  and  that 
of  Paris,  1746,  12mo. 

Regnier  des  Marets,  Seraphin,  a 
French  writer,  born  at  Paris,  1632.  He 
went  in  1662,  as  secretary  to  his  patron, 
the  duke  de  Crequi,  ambassador  to  Rome, 
and  in  consequence  of  some  elegant  Ita- 
lian sonnets,  obtained  a  seat  in  the  Crusca 
academy.  In  1684  he  became  secretary  to 
the  French  academy,  in  the  room  of  Meze- 
ray,  and  died  1713,  prior  of  Grammont, 
and  an  abbot.  He  published  a  French  Gram- 
mar— an  Italian  translation  of  Anacreon — 
Poems  in  French,  Latin,  Spanish,  and  Ita- 
lian— History  of  the  Disputes  of  France 
with  the  court  of  Rome,  &c.  besides  a 
translation  of  Homer's  Battle  of  the  Frogs 
and  Mice,  finished  at  the  age  of  15.  Vol- 
taire says  of  him,  that  he  did  great  service 
to  the  French  language. 

Regulus,  Marcus  Attilius,  a  Roman  ge- 
neral, who  went  to  Africa  to  carry  war 
against  Carthage.  Hisjrapid  successes  were 
checked  by  the  arrival  of  Xantippus,  and 
Regulus,  defeated  and  taken  prisoner,  was 
sent  by  the  Carthaginians  to  Rome,  to  in- 
duce his  countrymen  to  make  peace.  He 
dissuaded  the  Romans  from  accepting  the 
offer,  and  on  his  return  to  Carthage,  was 
cruelly  put  to  death,  B.C.  251. 

Reid,  Thomas,  an  able  Scotch  divine, 
educated  at  Glasgow.  He  took  his  doc- 
tor's degree  there,  and  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy.  He  wrote 
Inquiry  into  the  Human  Mind — and  essays 
on  the  Intellectual  and  Active  Powers 
of  Man,  works  of  great  merit,  but  very 
abstruse.  He  died  1796,  aged  87.  An 
account  of  his  life  has  been  given  by  Stew- 
art. 

Reihing,  James,  a  native  of  Augsburg, 
who  after  violently  opposing  the  tenets  of 
Luther,  at  last  embraced  them  with  unusual 
warmth,  and  obtained  the  chair  of  profes- 
sor of  theology  at  Tubingen.  As  he  mar- 
ried, the  catholics  ascribed  his  conversion 
to  his  attachment  to  the  female  sex.  He 
died  1628,  aged  48.  His  works  are  all 
controversial. 

Reinbeck,  John  Gustavus,  a  protestant 
minister  of  the  churches  of  Werder  and 
Villeneuve,  and  afterwards  of  Cologne,  and 
confessor  to  the  queen  and  princess  royal 
of  Prussia.  He  was  born  at  Zell,  and  died 
at  Berlin  1741,  aged  53.  He  was  author 
534 


of  treatises  on  Redemption — on  Marriage 
— Considerations  on  the  Augsburg  Can^^ 
fession — sermons  in  several  vols. — meta'^ 
physical  works,  &c. 

Reineccius,  Reinier,  professor  of  belles- 
lettres  at  Frankfort  and  Helmstadt,  where 
he  died  1595.  He  was  a  native  of  Stein- 
heim,  and  wrote  Methodus  legendi  Histo- 
riam,  fol. — Historia  Julia,  3  vols.  fol. — 
Chronicon  Hicrosoiymitanum,  4to. — His- 
toria Orientalis,  4to. 

Reiner,  Wenceslaus  Laurence,  a  paint- 
er of  Prague,  whose  landscapes  and  bat- 
tles were  finished  in  a  very  striking  style. 
He  died  1743,  aged  57. 

Reinesius,  Thomas,  a  learned  native 
of  Gotha,  in  Thuringia,  who  studied  medi- 
cine, and  practised  at  Altenburg,  where  he 
became  burgomaster.  He  was  afterwards 
counsellor  to  the  elector  of  Saxony,  and 
then  retired  to  Leipsic,  where  he  died 
1667,  aged  80.  He  was  also  an  elegant 
scholar  and  philologist,  and  published  be- 
sides medical  treatises,  Variarum  Lectio- 
num  Libri  tres,  4to. ;  Syntagma  Inscrip- 
tionum  Antiquarum,  2  vols,  folio  ;  some 
letters  and  lectures,  &c. 

Reinhold,  Erasmus,  an  eminent  astro- 
nomer and  mathematician,  born  at  Sal- 
feldt,  Thuringia,  11th  Oct.  1511.  He  stu- 
died and  was  also  professor  at  Wittemberg, 
and  died  19th  Feb.  1553.  He  published  an 
edition  of  Pinbachius's  Theoriae  Planeta- 
rum  ;  Ptolemy's  Almagest,  and  other  as- 
tronomical works.  His  son  of  the  same 
name  was  also  eminent  as  a  mathematician 
and  physician. 

Reisk,  John,  author  of  treatises  on  the 
Horns  of  Ammon ;  on  the  Oracles  of  the 
Sibyls  ;  on  the  Ahasuerus  of  Esther ;  on 
Job's  Malady  ;  on  the  Images  of  J.  C.  ; 
on  Glossopetres,  &c.  was  rector  of  the 
college  of  Wolffenbuttel,  and  died  1701; 
aged  60. 

Reiske,  John  James,  an  eminent  critic, 
born  in  the  dutchy  of  Anhalt,  1706.  He 
studied  at  Leipsic,  and  by  application  sur- 
mounted the  difficulties  which  aiise  from 
narrow  fortune,  and  the  want  of  power- 
ful patrons.  He  afterwards  went  to  Ley- 
den,  where  he  resided  eight  years,  till  the 
severity  of  his  remarks  on  Burman's  Pe- 
tronius  excited  a  cabal  against  him,  which 
obliged  him  to  return  to  Leipsic.  In  1758, 
he  was  placed  above  independence  by  be- 
ing appointed  rector  of  the  academy  of 
Leipsic,  and  his  classical  reputation  was 
increased  by  his  marriage,  in  1764,  with 
Ernestina  Christina  MuUer,  a  lady  of  great 
talents,  well  versed  in  literature,  and  well 
qualified  to  assist  and  cheer  his  literary 
labours.  He  died  1774.  He  published 
Animadversiones  in  Auctores  Gra^cos,  5 
vols,  a  valuable  work ;  an  edition  of  the 
Greek  Orators,  12  vols.  Svo.  which  were 


RUI 


11 KN 


•roiYiplotcd  by  his  widow  ;  DIonysius  of 
Halicarnassus,  7  vols  ;  PJutarcli's  Works, 
in  9  vols.  ;  Theocritus,  &c. 

Rei.anp,  Hadrian,  a  Icarnrd  orientalist, 
born  at  Ryp,  North  Holland,  July  I7tli, 
1676.  He  studied  at  Amsterdam,  and 
made  such  progress  in  the  Hebrew,  Sy- 
riac,  Chaldce,  and  Arabic,  and  in  polite 
literature  there  and  at  Utrecht,  under  Gra;- 
vius,  and  I.eusden,  that  at  the  age  of  22 
he  was  offered  a  professorship  at  Linden, 
Avhich,  however,  his  father  would  not  per- 
mit him  to  accept.  In  1699  he  accepted 
the  professorship  of  philosophy  at  Harder- 
wick,  and  two  years  after  removed  to  the 
chair  of  oriental  languages  at  Utrecht. 
This  learned  and  amiable  man  died  of  the 
smallpox  at  Utrecht,  5th  Feb.  1718.  His 
chief  works  are  Pala-stina  Monumentisvet. 
illustrata,  2  vols.  4to.  ;  Dissertations  on 
the  Medals  of  the  Ancient  Hebrews,  3 
Tols.  12mo.  ;  Introduction  to  Hebrew 
Grammar  ;  Antiquitates  Sacra;  Veterum 
Hcbraeorum  ;  de  Religione  Mahomedica, 
fivo.  ;  de  Spoliis  Templi  Hicrosolymit.  in 
arcu  Titiano  Roma;  conspicuis  ;  Epictetus, 
a  new  edition ;  Dissertationes  Tredecim 
■on  some  curious  subjects,  &c.  these 
works  are  all  in  elegant  Latin.  His  brother 
Peter  collected  the  Fasti  Consulares,  8vo. 

Rembrandt,  Van  Rein,  a  celebrated 
Flemish  painter,  son  of  a  miller,  born  on 
the  banks  of  the  Rbine  near  Leyden,  1606. 
His  education  was  so  neglected  that  he 
scarce  knew  how  to  read,  but  nature  sup- 
plied all  the  deficiencies  of  art,  and  gave 
him  a  genius  with  whichhe  soared  to  fame, 
affluence,  and  immortality.  His  manner 
was  entirely  his  own,  and  his  knowledge  of 
the  chiaro  obscuro  was  particularly  cor- 
rect. His  chief  aim  was  to  imitate  living 
nature,  and  he  here  succeeded  to  an  ad- 
mirable degree.  He  was  singular  in  his 
conduct,  he  was  fond  of  low  company,  and 
in  his  appearance  was  slovenly.  He  died 
at  Amsterdam,  1668,  or  as  some  say 
1678.  When  once  told  that  his  grounds 
were  dark,  he  replied  that  he  was  a  painter, 
not  a  dier.  He  engraved  some  pieces 
after  his  own  designs,  and  with  great  judg- 
ment. 

Remi  or  Remigics,  St.  archbishop  of 
Rheims,  is  known  as  the  prelate  who  con- 
verted Clovis  to  Christianity  and  baptized 
bim.  He  died  before  535.  The  letters 
published  under  his  name  are  spurious. 
Another,  almoner  to  the  emperor  Lothaire, 
became  archbishop  of  Lyons,  854.  He 
presided  at  the  council  of  A'alentia,  and 
was  also  present  in  other  ccclesiasticRl 
synods.  He  died  875,  author  of  a  tract 
in  support  of  St.  Augustine's  doctrine  of 
predestination.  Another  professor  in  the 
university  of  Paris,  author  of  a  commen- 
tary on  the  Psalms,  &c.  He  died  about  998. 

Remi,  .Joseph    Honoi-e,  a  native  of  lif" 


mircmont,  who  was  advocate  in  the  parlia- 
ment  of   Paris.      He  lost  his    cycHi^ht  at 
the  age  of  eight  by  the   smallpox,  but  re- 
covered it  SIX  years  after.     \\v    acquired 
celebrity  by  his  learning,  and  was  author  of 
Cosmopolisma — Day?,  a   burlesque,  in  op- 
position  to   Young's   Night    Thoughts — la 
Code  dcs    Francois,  2   vols.  12nio. — Flogc 
on  the  chancellor  de  I'Hopital,  a   valuable 
work,    crowned  by  the    l-rench    academy, 
though  censured    by  the  Sorbonnc — eloges 
on  Moliere,  Colbert,  Fenelon,  besides  seve- 
ral articles  of  jurisprudence  in   the  New 
Encyclopedia. 

Remigio  Florentino,  author  of  Re- 
flections on  the  History  of  Guiciardini — 
of  Italian  poems — oi  translations  of  Corn. 
Nepos — ot  Ammianus  Marceilmus,  and  of 
Fazello's  History  of  Sicily,  was  a  learned 
Dominican  of  Florence,  who  died  1580, 
aged  62. 

Remond  de  St.  Mard,  Toussaint,  a 
French  writer  who  died  at  Paris,  29th  Oct. 
1757,  aged  75.  He  is  author  of  Dialogues 
of  the  Gods — Letters  Galantcs,  Philoso- 
phiques,  kc. — Treatises  on  Poetry — Let- 
tei's  on  Taste,  Genius,  &c. — Wisdom,  a. 
poem,  &c. 

Renau  D'Elisagaray,  Bernard,  a  ma- 
thematician, born  at  Beam,  of  an  ancient 
family.  Under  the  protection  of  Colbert 
du  Terron,  of  Seignelai,  and  of  the  count 
de  Vermandois,  he  obtained  distinction,  and 
was  employed  by  Lewis  XIV.  in  the  im- 
proving of  the  construction  of  vessels,  for 
which  he  was  rewarded  with  a  pension. 
He  advised  the  bombarding  of  Algiers, 
which  succeeded  against  the  opinion  of 
other  engineers,  and  afterwards  he  was 
very  useful  in  conducting  the  sieges  of  Phi- 
lipsburg,  Manheim,  &c.  His  services 
were  honourably  noticed,  and  he  was  made 
counsellor  of  marines,  and  grand  cross  of 
the  order  of  St.  Louis,  and  enjoyed  the 
rank  and  privileges  of  a  captain  of  the  na- 
vy. This  ingenious  man  died  30th  Sept. 
1719,  aged  67.  He  wrote  the  Theory  of 
the  Management  of  Ships,  1689,  8vo.  ; 
Letters  in  Answer  to  the  Objections  of 
Huygens  and  Bcrnouilii  against  his  Opi- 
nions and  Theory. 

Renaudot,  TIjeophrastus,  a  physician, 
known  as  the  first  editor  of  Gazettes  in 
France,  1631.  He  was  born  at  Londuu, 
and  died  at  Paris,  1G53,  aged  70.  He  pub- 
lished besides  an  Abridgment  of  the  Prince 
de  Condc's  Life,  4to. ;  Marshal  Gassion's 
Life  ;  Cardinal  Michael  Mazarine's  Life, 
4to.  6cc. 

Renaidot,  Eusebius,  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Paris,  1646.  He 
was  educated  by  the  .Jesuits,  and  acquired 
great  knowledge  of  oriental  literature.  In 
1700,  he  went  with  cardinal  Noailles  to 
Rome,  and  received  from  Clement  XI.  high 
marks  of  attention,  and  the  priory  of  F(>-- 

535 


RES 


llEY 


say  in  Brittany.  He  was  also  honourably 
received  by  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
and  admitted  member  of  the  Crusca  aca- 
demy. Some  of  his  learned  dissertations 
are  published  in  the  memoirs  of  the  acade- 
my of  inscriptions,  of  ivhich  he  was  a 
member,  as  also  of  other  learned  rocieties. 
He  died  at  Pai'is,  1720,  highly  respected 
for  his  learning  and  piety.  He  prevented, 
says  Voltaire,  the  publication  of  Bayle's 
dictionary  in  France.  His  works  are,  a 
Continuation  of  Nicole's  Book  on  the  Per- 
petuity of  Faith,  2  vols.  4to. ;  Historia 
Patriarch ai'um  Alexandrinorum,  Jacobita- 
rum,  &c.  4to.  ;  Relations  on  the  Indies 
and  China,  from  the  Arabic  ;  Collection  of 
Ancient  Oriental  Liturgies,  2  vols.  4to.  ; 
Athanasius's  Life,  from  the  Arabic,  &c. 

Rennell,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Chud- 
leigh,  Devon,  who  acquired  some  reputa- 
tion as  a  limner.  He  was  educated  at 
Exeter,  and  after  studying  painting  in  Lon- 
don, he  settled  in  his  native  county,  and 
died  at  Dartmouth,  1788,  aged  70.  He 
also  MTote  some  poetical  pieces  of  consi- 
derable merit. 

Repton,  Humphrey,  an  ingenious  gen- 
tleman, was  born  at  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  in 
Suffolk,  in  1752.  He  accompanied  Mr. 
Wyndham  lo  Ireland  in  1783,  and  for  a 
short  time  held  a  lucrative  situation  in  the 
castle  of  Dublin ;  but  when  his  friend 
quitted  that  kingdom,  Mr.  Repton  also  re- 
tuined  to  England.  He  now  directed  his 
attention  to  drawing,  architecture,  and 
particularly  ornamental  gardening,  in  which 
last  line  he  obtained  considerable  employ- 
ment. He  died  in  1818,  leaving  several 
sons,  one  of  whom  married  a  daughter  of 
lord  Eldon.  Mr.  Repton  published  some 
books  on  miscellaneous  subjects  ;  but  his 
principal  works  are  on  landscape  garden- 
ing.—  W.  B. 

Resenius,  Peter  John,  counsellor  and 
professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Copenha- 
gen, was  born  there  1625.  He  studied  at 
Leyden,  and  afterwards  travelled  over 
France,  Spain,  and  Italy,  and  was  made 
counsellor  at  Padua.  He  was,  on  his  re- 
turn home,  promoted  to  offices  of  trust  and 
honour,  and  ennobled.  He  died  1688.  He 
published  Jus.  Aulicum  Norvegicum,  4to.  ; 
an  Icelandic  Dictionary,  4to.  ;  an  edition 
of  Edda  Islandorum,  Danice  ct  Latine, 
4to.  ;  translated  by  Mallet  in  his  Introduc- 
tion to  the  History  of  Denmark. 

Ressius,  Rutger,  a  learned  Greek  pro- 
fessor of  Louvaine,  highly  commended  by 
Erasmus.  He  was  born  near  Liege,  and 
died  1545.  He  edited  the  Aphorisms  of 
Hippocrates ;  the  Laws  of  Plato  ;  Theo- 
philus's  Institutions  of  the  Greek  Law, 
1536. 

Restaut,  Peter,  a  native  of  Beauvais, 
distinguished  by  his  learning  and  integrity. 
He  became  advocate  in  the  king's  cotmcil. 


and  died  at  Paris,  universally  respected, 
14th  Feb.  1764,  aged  70.  He  published 
Principes  Generaux  et  Raisonnes  de  la 
Grammaire  Fran^oise,  12mo.  a  most  valua- 
ble work,  and  other  works. 

Restout,  John,  a  native  of  Rouen,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter.  He  became  painter  to 
the  king,  member  and  president  of  the 
academy  of  painting,  and  died  1768,  aged 
76.  His  best  pieces  are  Alpheus  saved  in 
the  arms  of  Diana,  the  tinumph  of  Bacchus, 
painted  for  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  the 
destruction  of  the  palace  of  Armida.  His 
son  John  Bernard,  became  also  known  as  a 
painter.  He  studied  at  Rome,  and  was  mem- 
ber of  the  French  academy  of  painting.  He 
died  1797.  His  best  pieces  are  Anacreon 
with  a  cup  in  his  hand,  Jupiter  and  Mercu- 
ry entertained  by  Philemon  and  Baucis,  &c. 

Retz,  John  Francis  Paul  de  Gondy,  car- 
dinal de.   Vid.  GoNDT. 

RoucHLiN,  John,  a  learned  German,  who 
greatly  contributed  to  the  revival  of  litera- 
ture, born  at  Pforzheim,  1455.  He  studied 
at  Paris  and  Basil,  and  took  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  laws  at  Orleans,  1479.  Both  at 
Basil  and  at  Orleans  he  acquired  great  re- 
putation as  a  scholar,  and  as  professor  of 
Greek  and  Latin.  He  accompanied  the 
count  ofWirtemburg  to  Italy,  and  when  he 
came  to  Rome  he  was  persuaded  by  the 
learned  of  that  place  to  alter  his  German, 
name,  which  signifies  Smoke,  into  the  more 
dignified  corresponding  Greek  word  Cap- 
nion.  He  was  afterwards  sent  by  the  court 
of  Wirtemberg  as  ambassador  to  the  empe- 
ror Frederic  III.  by  whom  he  was  honoura- 
bly received  ;  but  after  the  death  of  his  pa- 
tron, he  retired  to  Worms,  till  again  employ- 
ed in  negotiations  at  Rome  by  the  elector 
Palatine.  He  died  at  Ingoldstadt,  1522,  uni- 
versally respected  for  his  learning,  and  re- 
garded as  the  first  scholar  who  introduced 
the  study  of  the  Hebrew  among  modern 
Christians.  He  wrote  de  Arte  Cabalistic^, 
fol.  1517,  and  the  celebrated  "  Epistolae 
Obscurorum  Virorum,"  according  to  some 
authors. 

Revet,  Edward,  a  writer  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.  author  of  "  Town  Shifts,"  a 
comedy  of  some  merit,  and  said  to  have 
been  written  in  a  fortnight. 

Revelet,  Willey,  an  English  architect 
of  merit,  who  studied  under  Sir  William 
Chambers.  He  was  with  the  Athenian 
Stuart  in  Greece,  and  edited  his  works  on 
the  antiquities  and  history  of  that  country. 
The  new  church  of  Southampton  is  a  spe- 
cimen of  his  architectural  skill.  He  died 
1799. 

Reuven,  Peter,  a  Dutch  painter,  who 
was  employed  in  decorating  the  palace  of 
Hoo  in  Holland,  which  he  executed  with 
great  taste  and  elegance.  He  died  1718, 
aged  68. 
Ret,  William,  a  native  of  Guillotiere,  near 


KKV 


HMV 


Lyous,  eminent  as  a  pliysician.  He  wrote 
Dissertations  on  Delirium  ;  on  the  Pla};ue  ; 
on  a  White  Negro,  4>i.c.  and  dicii  lOlli  Feb. 
175G,  aged  61). 

Reyhek,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Schlciisin- 
f^n  in  Henneberg,  professor  of  niatlicma- 
tics  and  jurisprudence  at  Kiel,  and  eoun- 
sellor  of  state  to  the  duke  of  Saxe  Gotha. 
He  wrote  Mathesis  Biblica  ;  a  Dissertation 
on  the  Inscription  on  the  cross  of  Jesus 
Christ,  and  on  the  Hour  of  his  Crucifixion  ; 
and  translated  Euclid  into  German.  He 
died  at  Kiel,  22d  Nov.  1714,  ag(  d  79. 

Reylof,  Oliver,  a  native  of  Ghent,  emi- 
nent as  a  Latin  poet.  He  wrote  Poema- 
tum  Libri.  3.  et  Dissertationes  de  Piscibus; 
Opera  Poetica,  &c.  and  died  13th  April, 
1742,  aged  72. 

Retn,  John  de,  a  painter,  born  at  Dun- 
kirk. He  studied  under  Vandyke,  and  fol- 
lowed him  into  England,  wliere  his  pieces 
procured  him  celebrity.  He  died  1650, 
aged  40. 

Reyna,  Cassiodorus,  a  Spaniard,  who 
after  great  labour  translated  the  Bible  into 
the  Spanish  language,  1569. 

Reyneau,  Charles  Reno,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  boin  at  Brissac  in  Anj<>u, 
1650.  He  taught  philosophy  at  Pezenas 
and  Toulon,  and  in  1683  was  promoted  to 
the  mathematical  chair  at  Angers.  He 
published  Analysis  demonstrated,  2  vols. 
4to.  a  popular  work,  in  which  he  attempt- 
ed to  reduce  to  a  body  the  theories  of  New- 
ton, Des  Cartes,  Leibnitz,  &c.  He  was 
member  of  the  French  academy,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  further  by  the  publica- 
tion of  "  Science  du  Calcul  des  Gran- 
deurs," 2  vols.  4to.  and  a  Tract  on  Logic, 
12mo.  He  died  172S,  universally  es- 
teemed. 

Reyner,  Edward,  author  of  Precepts  of 
Christian  Practice  ,  Vindication  of  Human 
Learning  and  Universities,  was  a  native  of 
Yorkshire,  and  educated  and  graduated  at 
Cambridge.  He  settled  at  Lincoln,  1627, 
but  was  ejected  from  his  living  for  noncon- 
formity at  the  restoration,  and  died  soon 
after.  His  son  John  was  born  at  Lincoln, 
and  became  fellow  of  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge.  He  took  orders,  but  was  de- 
prived for  nonconformity,  after  which  he 
studied  physic,  and  practised  at  Notting- 
ham, where  he  died  young.  He  wrote 
some  things  of  considerable  merit. 

Reynolds,  Edward,  a  native  of  South- 
ampton, educated  at  Merton  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  appointed  rector  of  Braynton, 
Northamptonshire,  and  preacher  of  Lin- 
coln's Inn.  Though  he  favoured  the  ruling 
party  in  the  civil  wars,  and  was  a  meniber 
of  the  Westminster  assembly,  and  one  of 
the  presbyterian  ministers  at  the  Savoy  con- 
ference, yet  he  became  bishop  of  Norwich, 
to  the  great  offence  and  indignation  of  his 
t^issenting  brethren.     He.  died  1676,  aged 

Vol.  1.1.  6^ 


HL.     He  was  in  his  opinions  a  strong  C'ui 
vinist.     Ilia  works,  nil  on   theological  iiuii- 
jects,  have  appean^d  in  one  fol.  vol. 

Reynolos,     Sir    Jo>diiia,     a    celebrated 
painter,  born  16tli  July,  1723,  at  PlymptoUj 
Devonshire,  where  his  hither,  a  clergyman, 
was   master   of  the  grammar-school.     He 
had  very  early  a  strong  partiality  for  paint- 
ing ;   but  being  intended  for  the  cliurrh,  he 
was  sent  to  Oxford,  where  he  took  the  de- 
gree of  bachelor   of  arts.     Nothing,   how- 
ever, seemed  so  congenial  to   his  taste  as 
painting,  and  his  father  indulged   him,  and 
placed  him   in   London  under   the  care  of 
Hudson,  after  which,  about  1749,  he  tra- 
velled into  Italy.     Here   he  continued  two 
years  in  company  with  Mr.  afterwards  lord 
keppel,  and  after  improving  himself  in  the 
Italian    school,  and   copying  the  best  pro- 
ductions of  Roman  genius,  he  returnd  to 
England.     His  first  production   which  at- 
tracted notice,  was  a  portrait  of  his  friend 
Keppel,  and  other   pieces  equally  correct, 
and  equally  finished,  continued  to  command 
the  public  attention,  and  to  rank  him  among; 
the  greatest  artists  of  the  age.     But  though 
portrait    painting  was  the  fashion    of  the 
times,  the  young  artist  did  not  neglect  his- 
torical  subjects,  but  acquired  from  these 
more  solid  fame.     On  the  establishment  of 
the    academy    of  painting,    sculpture,  and 
architecture,  in  1769,    none  seemed  more 
entitled  to  the  honourable  office  of  presi- 
dent than  Reynolds,   and  he    accordingly 
was  appointed,  and  received  the  dignity  of 
knighthood  on  the  occasion.     But  not  only 
as  a  painter  the   name    of  Reynolds  must 
stand  respectable,  but   also   as  a  literary 
character,  and  as  the  active  promoter  of  the 
literary  club,  which  was  established  in  1764^ 
and  which  had  among  its  illustrious  mem- 
bers the  names  of  Johnson,  Burke,  Gar- 
rick,  Douglas,  Goldsmith,  the   Whartons, 
Windham,  &c.     He  furnished  some  valua- 
ble annotations  to  his  friend  Mason,  when 
he  published,  in  1782,  a  translation  of  Du- 
fresnoy's  Art  of  Painting  ;  and  he  also  con- 
tributed much  to  the  illustrations  of  Shak- 
speare's  text  by  his  curious  and  original  re- 
marks.   In  the  academic  lectures  which  he 
delivered,   sir   Joshua  displayed   not  only 
great  taste  and  a  perfect  acipiaintance  with 
his  profession,  but  strong  powers  of  lan- 
guage, sound  judgment,  an  elegant  style, 
and  luminous  order.     His  merits  did  not 
pass  unrewarded  ;  he  was  created  doctor 
of  laws  by  the  universities  of  Duldin    ani 
Oxford,  and  was  honoured  with  the  friend- 
ship of  the  greatest  men  of  the  age,  at  home 
and  abroad.     The  last  portrait  which  he 
painted  was  that  of  Mr.  Fox,   which  dis- 
played to  the  last  period  of  life  the  strong 
powers   of  his   genius   and  elegant  taste. 
He  resigned  the  chair  of  president  of  the 
Royal  academy,   and  died  23d  Feb.  1792, 
aged  6P.     His  remains  %yere  deposited  i^i 

537 


Rm: 


RIB 


St.  Paul's  cathedral,  and  while  his  obse- 
quies were  graced  with  the  attendance  of 
men  of  rank,  of  genius,  and  learning,  the 
shops  through  the  streets  were  shut  up,  so 
that  the  funeral  of  a  private  man  engaged 
the  attention  of  the  public,  and  for  a  while 
suspended  the  busy  concerns  of  the  first 
commercial  city  in  the  world.  As  sir  Jo- 
shua left  no  children,  he  bequeathed  the 
best  part  of  his  property  to  his  niece  Miss 
Palmer,  since  married  to  lord  Inchiquin, 
now  marquis  Thomond. 

Reynolds,  John,  governor  of  Georgia, 
was  the  first  who  held  that  office  after  the 
resignation  by  the  trustees  of  their  charter 
to  the  king.  He  was  an  officer  in  the  navy 
at  the  time  of  his  appointment  in  1754.  In 
1757,  governor  Ellis  succeeded  him,  and 
Reynolds  returned  to  England.  ICIP'  L. 

Reyrac,  Francis  Philip  de  Laurens  de, 
canon  of  Chancelade,  minister  of  St.  Mac- 
Ion  of  Orleans,  and  member  of  the  acade- 
my of  inscriptions  and  belles  lettres,  was 
born  at  Longueville,  Limousin,  1734,  and 
died  at  Orleans,  21st  Dec.  1782,  aged  49. 
He  was  not  only  a  learned,  but  an  amiable 
character.  He  wrote  an  Hymn  to  the  Sun, 
in  poetic  prose  ;  Idylls,  also  in  prose  ;  Sa- 
cred poems,  8vo. ;  Manuale  Clericorum,&c. 

Reys,  Antony  dos,  author  of  Latin  po- 
ems ;  Life  of  Ferdinand  de  Menaza,  in 
Latin  ;  Introduction  to  a  Collection  of  Por- 
t.iguese  Poets  ,  and  an  edition  of  a  Corpus 
Illustrium  Poetarum  Lusitanorum  qui  La- 
tine  scripserunt,  7  vols.  4to.  was  a  native 
of  Peres,  and  died  at  Lisbon,  1738,  aged 
4S.  He  was  chronologer  of  Portugal,  and 
an  ecclesiastic  ;  but  he  refused  to  be  raised 
to  a  bishopric,  satisfied  with  retirement  and 
privacy. 

Rhadamistus,  son  of  Pharamanes,  king 
of  Iberia,  married  Zenobia,  the  daughter  of 
Mithridates,  and  was  put  to  death,  A.D.  52. 

Rhazis,  Mohammed  Ebn  Zacharia  Abu- 
betrial,  a  learned  Arabian  physician,  born 
at  Rhei  in  Chorosana,  852.  He  was  the 
first  after  Serapion  who  introduced  the  me- 
dical art  among  his  countrymen,  and  wrote 
various  useful  works,  published  folio,  1548. 
His  Treatise  on  the  Smallpox,  %vas  pub- 
lished by  Dr.  Mead,  8vo.  1767.  He  died 
about  935. 

Rhenanus,  Beatus,  author  of  a  His- 
tory of  Germany,  4to.  ;  Illyrici  Provincia- 
rum  Utrique  Imperio  cum  Romano  turn 
Constantinopolitano  Scrvientis  Descriptio, 
8vo. ;  an  edition  of  Velleius  Paterculus, 
and  other  classics,  was  a  native  of  Schele- 
stadt,  and  died  at  Strasburg,  1547,  aged  62. 
He  was  for  some  time  corrector  of  the 
press  to  Frobenius  at  Basil,  and  thus  be- 
came acquainted  with  Erasmus,  whose  life 
he  wrote. 

Rhenferd,  James,  a  native  of  Mulheira, 
professor  of  oriental  languages  and  divinity 
.'?38 


at  Franeker,  died  1712,  aged  58,  author  of 
various  treatises  of  little  merit. 

Rhese,  John  David,  a  native  of  Angle- 
sea,  educated  at  Christ-church.  He  went 
in  1555  to  Italy,  and  took  there  his  degree 
of  M.  D.  He  was  so  conversant  in  the 
Italian  language,  that  he  was  appointed 
moderator  of  the  school  of  Pistoia.  On  his 
return  home  he  practised  physic  at  Breck- 
nock, and  died  there,  1609,  aged  75.  He 
wrote  de  Italicas  Linguae  Pronunciatione  ; 
Cambro-Britannicae,  Cymeraecaeve  Linguae 
Institutiones,  et  Erudimenta,  &c. 

Rheticus,  George  Joachim,  a  German 
astronomer,  born  at  Faldkirk,  Tyrol.  He 
was  mathf^matical  professor  at  Wiitemberg, 
and  afterwards  assisted  the  great  Coperni- 
cus in  his  calculations.  He  was  afterwards 
professor  in  Poland,  and  at  Cassaria  in 
Hungary,  where  he  died,  1576,  aged  62. 
He  published  Narratio  de  Libris  Revolu- 
tione  Copernici,  &c. 

Rhodiginus,  Ludovicus  Caelius,.  author 
of  Antiquae  Lectiones,  Basil,  1566,  and 
other  works,  was  born  at  Rovigo  in  the 
state  of  Venice,  and  died  at  Padua,  where 
he  taught  the  classics  1525,  aged  75. 

Rhodius,  John,  author  of  Notes  on  Scri- 
bonius  Largus  ;  Three  Lectures  on  Medi- 
cal Observations ;  and  a  Treatise  on  Arti- 
ficial Baths,  was  an  eminent  physician, 
born  at  Copenhagen.  He  died  at  Padua, 
1659,  aged  72. 

Rhodius,  Ambrose,  professor  of  physic 
and  mathematics  at  Anglo  in  Norway,  was 
a  native  of  VVittemberg.  During  the  civil 
dissensions  which  prevailed  in  Norway  he 
was  seized  and  cruelly  sent  to  prison, 
where  he  died,  1633,  aged  56.  He  was 
author  of  a  Treatise  on  the  Transmigration 
of  the  Soul,  and  other  works. 

Rhodoman,  Laurentius,  author  of  His- 
toriae  Sacrae,  4to. ;  of  a  Latin  Translation 
of  Diodorus  Siculus ,  of  Quintus  Calaber, 
&c.  was  born  at  Sassowerf,  Upper  Saxony, 
and  died  historical  professor  at  Wittem- 
berg,  1606,  aged  60. 

Rhotenamer,  John,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Munich,  1564.  He  fixed  his  resi- 
dence at  Venice,  and  studied  the  manner 
of  Tintoret.  His  colours  are  very  bril- 
liant. His  best  piece  was  the  banquet  of 
the  Gods  and  ny  i^phs  dancing.  The  time 
of  his  death  is  unknown. 

RiBADENEiRA,  Peter,  a  Spanish  Jesuit  of 
Toledo,  elegant  as  a  writer,  but  supersti- 
tions in  the  extreme.  He  studied  at  Pa- 
ris and  Padua,  and  was  professor  of  rheto- 
ric at  Palermo.  He  died  at  Madrid,  1611, 
aged  84.  He  was  author  of  Lives  of  Saints, 
folio,  1616,  of  Ignatius  Loyola,  of  Francis 
Borgia,  of  Lainez,  and  Salmeron,  &c. ; 
a  Treatise  on  the  Schism  of  England  ;  the 
Prince  ;  the  Library  of  the  Jesuits,  Svo.  &c. 

RiBERA,  Anastasius  Pantaleon  de,  the 
Scarron  of  Spain,  was  born  at  Madrid,  and 


KIC 


KIC 


became  in  consequence  of  his  wit  u  greut 
favourite  at  the  court  of  Philip  IV.  His 
poems  were  all  on  ludicrous  subjects,  and 
a|)peared  at  Madrid,  1048.  A  .Jesuit  of 
that  name  died  professor  at  Salamanca, 
1591.  He  wrote  Connnentaries  on  the 
Minor  Prophets,  (ol.  ;  on  St.  John's  (Jos- 
pel  ;  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews  ;  and  the 
Apocalypse. 

RicAUD,  John  Marie,  an  advocate  of  the 
parliament  of  Paris,  who  died  1678,  aged  50. 
He  wrote  some  things  on  his  profession. 

KicARD,  Dominic,  a  native  of  Toulouse 
who  settled  at  Paris,  where  he  devoted  him- 
self to  literature.  Between  1783  and  1790, 
he  translated  the  works  of  Plutarch  in  17 
vols.  r2mo.  in  a  manner  elegant,  correct, 
and  faithful,  and  wrote  the  Sphere,  a  poem, 
in  eight  cantos,  with  learned  and  curious 
notes.  This  benevolent  ecclesiastic  died  at 
Paris,  Jan.  1803,  aged  63. 

RiCAUT,  or  Rtcaut,  sir  Paul,  an  Eng- 
lish writer,  the  tenth  son  of  sir  Peter  Ri- 
caut,  knight.  He  travelled  over  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Africa,  and  in  1001,  accompa- 
nied lord  W'inchelsea,  the  ambassador  at 
the  Ottoman  court  as  secretary,  and  while 
there  he  wrote  "  the  Present  State  of  the 
Ottoman  Porte,  in  three  books,"  printed 
1670,  folio.  He  was  afterwards  consul  at 
Smyrna  for  11  years,  and  during  his  resi- 
dence there  wrote  the  State  of  the  Greek 
and  Armenian  Churches,  published  1679. 
In  1685,  he  went  with  lord  Clarendon,  the 
viceroy  of  Ireland,  as  secretary  for  the  pro- 
vinces of  Leinster  and  Connaught,  and  he 
was,  in  1688,  knighted  by  James  II.  and 
made  judge  of  the  Irish  court  of  admiralty. 
He  went  afterwards  as  resident  for  king 
William  in  the  Hanse  towns,  and  after  10 
years  absence  returned  to  England  in  1700, 
and  died  that  same  year.  He  wrote  be- 
sides a  Continuation  of  Knolles's  History 
of  the  Turks,  fol. ;  a  Continuation  of  Pla- 
tina's  Lives  of  the  Popes,  fol. ;  Vegra's 
Commentaries  of  Peru  translated,  fol. ;  the 
Spanish  Critic,  8vo. 

RiccATi,  Vincent,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Cas- 
tel  Franco  in  the  Trevisa.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  mathematics  at  Bologna  till  the  sup- 
pression of  his  order,  at\er  which  he  re- 
tired to  his  native  town,  where  he  died 
1775,  aged  68.  He  wrote  some  mathema- 
tical works,  the  best  known  of  which  is  his 
treatise  on  the  Integral  Calculus,  3  vols. 
4to.  &,c. 

Ricci,  Matthew,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Ma- 
cerata,  1552.  He  went  to  India,  and  after 
fnii&hing  his  studies  at  Goa,  he  was  sent  as 
missionai-y  to  China.  With  difficulty  he 
reached  Pekin,  where  his  mathematical 
knowledge  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
of  the  emperor,  for  whom  he  Ibrnied  a  geo- 
graphical map,  in  which  out  of  flattery  he 
placed  China  in  the  middle  of  the  earth. 
He  conducted  himself  with,  such  addres? 


that  he  obtained  leave  to  build  a  church  uL 
Pekin.  He  died  there  1610,  aged  58.  He 
wrote  Lettres  EdifianttB  ;  Memoirs  of  Chi- 
na, iiC. 

Ricci,  Michael  Angcio,  a  cardinal,  bom 
at  Rome.  He  was  an  able  nifUheniatician, 
and  was  patronised  l)y  Innocent  H.  who 
raised  him  to  the  purple  1081.  His  trea- 
tise de  Maxiniis  et  Minimis,  is  a  valualjle 
performance.  He  died  21st  May,  1682, 
aged  03. 

Ricci,  Lawrence,  a  native  of  Florence, 
of  illustrious  birth.  He  embraced  the 
order  of  the  Jesuits,  which  was  suppressed 
while  he  was  general.  He  was  imprisoned 
in  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo  by  pope  Cle- 
ment XIV.  and  obliged  to  write  a  circular 
letter  to  his  order  to  announce  their  final 
suppression.  He  died  in  his  confmement, 
ii4th  Nov.  1775,  aged  72.  He  wrote  a  me- 
moir which  appeared  after  his  death,  in 
which  he  protested  against  the  violence  of- 
fered to  the  Jesuits,  and  declared  that  they 
had  committed  nothing  which  deserved 
such  harsh  treatment. 

Ricci,  Sebastian,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Belluno  neai-  ^'enice.  He  distin- 
guished himself  greatly  by  his  pieces,  and 
was  received  with  much  applause  in  Ger- 
many, France,  and  England.  He  died  at 
Venice  1734.  His  nephew  Mark  was  emi- 
nent also  as  a  landscape  and  historical 
painter,  and  died  1730. 

Riccio,  Dominico,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  ^erona.  The  gathering  of  the 
Manna  forms  the  subject  of  one  of  his  ad- 
mired pieces  in  the  church  of  Verona.  He 
died  1517,  aged  23. 

RiccioLi,  John  Baptista,  an  Italian  as- 
tronomer, born  at  Ferrara,  and  educated 
among  the  Jesuits,  of  whose  society  he  be- 
came a  member.  He  taught  rhetoric,  phi- 
losophy, &c.  at  Parma  and  Bononia,  but 
chiefly  devoted  himself  to  mathematics 
and  astronomy,  and  died  1671,  aged  73. 
His  best  known  works  are,  Geographia'j 
and  Hydrographia,',  lib.  12,  1672  ;  Chrono- 
logia  Reformata,  fol ;  Astronomia  \  etns, 
2  vols.  fol.  ;  Astronomia  Reformata,  fol. 

RiccoBONi,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Modenaj 
who  distinguished  himself  on  the  Italian 
theatre,  and  in  1716,  came  to  France  with 
his  wife  and  his  son,  where  he  acquired 
equal  celebrity.  He  abandoned  the  stage 
in  1729,  in  consequence  of  religious  scru- 
ples, and  died  175^^,  aged  79.  He  wrote 
several  comedies,  some  of  which  were  re- 
ceived with  great  applause,  Thoughts  on 
Declamation  ;  Discourse  on  the  Reforma- 
tion of  the  Theatre,  12mo.  ;  Observation* 
on  Comedy,  and  on  Molicre's  Genius ; 
History  of  the  Italian  Theatre,  Svo.  ;  Re- 
flections on  the  Theatres  of  Europe,  Svo 
His  second  wife  Mary  Laboras  de  Mezieres 
^vas  a  native  of  Paris,  who  acquired  repu- 
♦  niion  95  an  actress  in  ihe  Italian  tbeatr<v 


KIG 


KIC 


which  ske  quitted  1761.  She  was  a  woman    and  an  armed  multitude,  headed  by  Wat 
of  great  sensibility,  elegant  taste,  and  vast    Tyler,  appeared  in  Smithfield  in  defiance 


information.  She  wrote  several  romances, 
which  possess  merit,  besides  letters  and 
other  miscellanies.  She  died  in  great  dis- 
tress 6th  Dec.  1792,  aged  68.  His  son 
Antony  Francis,  by  his  first  wife,  was  born 
at  Mantua.  He  was  on  the  stage  in  the 
Italian  theatre  at  Paris,  from  1726  to  1750, 
and  played  with  success.  He  wrote  some 
pieces,  some  of  which  are  still  in  MS.  but 
his  Art  du  Theatre  in  Svo.  1750,  possesses 
great  merit,  and  is  still  read  with  satisfac- 
tion.    He  died  15ta  May,  1772,  aged  65. 

Richard  I.  king  of  Lngland,  surnamed 
Cceur  de  Lion,  succeeded  his  father,  Henry 
II.  1189.     The  beginning  of  his  reign  was 

disgraced  by  the  massacre  of  the  Jews,  and  war  against  France  and  Scotland,  but  his  ad- 
by  the  plunder  of  their  property,  not  only  ministration  revolted  some  of  the  nobles, 
in  London,  where  their  appearance  at  the  and  at  last  Henry,  duke  of  Lancaster,  his 
coronation  had  excited  the  indignation  of  cousin,  offended  with  the  tyranny  of  his  con- 
fhe  populace,  but  at  York,  and  other  places,  duct,  took  up  arms  against  him.  The  king. 
In  1190,  Richard,  instead  of  establishing  abandoned  by  his  subjects,  threw  himself 
order  and  tranquillity  in  his  dominions,  on  the  mercy  of  his  victorious  enemy,  and 
set  sail  with  Philip  Augustus  of  France  for  begged  only  for  life  and  a  pension.  He 
the  Holy  Land.     Though,  however,  dissen-     was  afterwards  deposed  by  the  parliament, 

and  on  the  breaking  out  of  an  insurrection 


of  the  government.     Richard,  though  but 
15,  boldly  rode  up  to  meet  the  insurgents, 
and  when  the  lord  mayor,  Walworth,  who 
attended  him,  had  with  the  blow   of  his 
mace  struck  dead  the  chief  of  the  rebels, 
the  young  king  called  out  to  the  multitude, 
who  prepared  by  acts  of  violence  to  avenge 
the  death  of  their  leader,  "  what,  my  lieges, 
will  you  kill  your  king,  follow  mc,  1  will  be 
your  leader."     The  appeal  was  successful, 
and  the  people  returned  to  their  duty  ;  but 
though  their  grievances  w.re  redressed,  after 
the  punishment  of  a   few   violent  leaders, 
still  by  degrees  acts  of  oppressiorvwere  per- 
mitted to  prevad.  Afterwards  Richard  made 


sion  between  these  monarchs  partly  defeat- 
ed the  purpose  of  the  enterprise,  and 
caused  the  return  of  Philip  to  France, 
Richard  led  his  army  against  the  infidels, 
defeated  Saladin  in  a  battle  at  Caesarea, 
and  then  concluding  a  truce  with  him,  em- 
barked for  Europe.  In  his  return  he  was 
shipwrecked  on  the  Venetian  shores,  and 
as  he  passed  in  disguise  through  Germany, 
he  was  seized  by  Leopold,  duke  of  Aus- 
tria, and  delivered  to  the  emperor  Henry 
TI.  and  cruelly  doomed  to  the  horrors  of 
captivity.  His  retreat  was  discovered  by 
the  fidelity  of  his  friend  Blondel,  and  by 
the  eager  loyalty  of  his  subjects,  and  for  a 

to  liberty, 
1194.  To  give 
return,  he  was 
and   soon    after 


large  ransom,  he  was  restored 


and  landed  at  Sandwich 
greater    dignity    to    his 
crowned  a  second   time. 


in  his  favour,  eight  murderers  entered  his 
apartments  at  Pontefract  castle,  determined 
to  take  away  his  life.  The  unhappy  man 
wrested  a  battle-axe  from  one  of  the  assas- 
sins, and  after  laying  four  dead  at  his  feet, 
perished  by  the  repeated  blows  of  the  others 
1400. 

Richard  III.  duke  of  Gloucester,  and 
brother  of  Edward  IV.  was  a  monster  of 
iniquity.  He  caused  his  infant  nephews, 
Edward  V.  and  Richard,  duke  of  York,  to 
be  murdered  in  the  Tower,  and  then  pro- 
cured his  own  nomination  to  the  crown, 
1483.  Soon  after  he  had  to  defend  him- 
self against  Buckingham,  who  had  support- 
ed him  in  his  crimes  ;  but  he  triumphed, 
and  beheaded  his  enemy.  He  was  less 
fortunate  against  Henry,  earl  of  Richmond, 
who  had  invaded  the  kingdom.  The  rival 
armies  met  in  Bosworth  field,  and  after 
performing  prodigies  of  valour,  Richard 
fell,  covered  with  wounds,  and  left  his  vic- 
torious antagonist  in  possession  of  the 
throne,  22d  Aug.  1485.  This  worthless 
monarch  was  said  to  have  been  deformed 
from  his  birth,  but  some  modern  historians 


marched  against  Philip  Augustus,  who 
had  not  only  excited  John  against  his 
absent  brother,  but  had  seized  part  of 
his  continental  dominions  in  Normandy. 
Though  a  peace  was  made  in  1 196,  Richard 
three  years  after  renewed  the  war,  and 
while  besieging  Chalus,  in  the  Limousin, 
he  received  a  mortal  wound  from  an  ar- 
row. He  died  6th  April,  1199,  aged  42.  deny  the  fact.  Though  a  tyrant  and  a  hy- 
Though  he  pardoned  the  man  who  had  shot     pocrite  he  possessed  great  courage,  and  for 


him,  his  generals  after  his  death  ordered 
the  unhappy  wretch  to  be  flayed  alive. 
Though  brave,  Richard  was  haughty  and 
aiaricious,  and  it  was  said  of  him  that  he 
would  have  sold  even  London  if  he  could 
have  found  a  purchaser. 

Richard  II.  son  of  Edward,  prince  of 


firmness  of  mind  had  few  equals. 

Richard  I.  surnamed  the  Fearless,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  William  as  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, 942.  His  territories  were  invaded 
by  Louis  IV.  of  France,  and  by  Otho  of 
Germany  ;  but  his  rights  were  defended  by 
the  valour  of  his  subjects,  and  the  aid  of  the 
Wales,  succeeded  his  grandfather,  Edward     king  of  Denmark  and  the  count  of  Paris. 


III.  on  the  English  throne,  1377.     The  se- 
verity of  some  taxes  imposed  by  the  parlia- 
ment, raised  discontent  amona;  the  people, 
540 


He  died  at  Fecamp,  996,  aged  64. 

Richard  II.  surnamed  the   Good,  sut;- 
ceeded  hi^  father  Richard  L  as  duke  of 


HlC 


RIC 


INormandy.     He  was  much  engaged  in  war 
with  his  iicighliours,  and  died  IU'27. 

KiCHARi),  Thomas,  a  Bcnedictinr  monk 
in  the  abbey  ol'  Tavistock,  who  lriiii>lal«;d 
into  English  verse  the  live  books  ol  boe- 
thius's  CousoUiiioiis  of  FInlosophy.  This 
ivork  was  printed  in  Tavistock  abbey,  1525. 

Richard,  Martin,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
born  »vith  only  a  left  arm.  Though  thus 
helpless  by  nature,  he  became  a  pai.  ter  ot 
eminence,  and  produced  pieces  which  me- 
rited the  high  praises  of  Vandyke.  He 
died  1636,  aged  45.  His  brother  David, 
though  an  inferior  artist,  possessed  merit 
as  a  painter. 

Richard  de  St.  Victor,  a  Scotchman, 
■who  was  prior  of  St.  Victor's  monastery  at 
Paris,  where  he  died  1173.  He  wrote  se- 
veral tracts  on  Theology,  collected  together 
in  2  vols.  fol.  Rouen,  1650. 

Richard,  N.  a  native  of  Dundalk,  in  Ire- 
land, who  studied  at  Oxford,  and  became 
archbishop  of  Armagh,  1347.  He  died  uni- 
versally respected,  1359.  He  wrote  ser- 
mons, besides  tracts,  &c. 

Richard,  John,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Paris.  He  died  there  1586,  aged  65.  He 
wrote  some  theological  works,  iic. 

Richard,  Rene,  a  Fr.  nch  ecclesiastic, 
of  the  congregation  of  the  oratory.  He  died 
31st  Aug.  1727,  aged  73,  dean  of  St.  Op- 
portune, at  Paris.  He  wrote  a  parallel  be- 
tween Cardinals  Richelieu  and  Mazarin — 
Christian  Maxims,  &c. 

Richard,  Charles  Louis,  a  Benedictine, 
born  at  Blainville,  in  Lorraine,  1711.  He 
wrote  sermons,  4  vols. — Dictionary  of  Ec- 
clesiastical Knowledge,  six  vols.  fol. — 
Analysis  of  General  Councils,  5  vols.  4to. 
&c.  and  died  at  the  close  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury. 

Richards,  Nathaniel,  a  dramatic  writer 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  L  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Caius  college,  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  his  bachelor's  degree,  1634.  His 
poems,  sacred  and  satirical,  including  Mes- 
salina,  a  tragedy,  &e.  appeared  1645. 

Richards,  James,  missionary  in  Cey- 
lon, was  born  at  Abington,  Massachusetts, 
February  23d,  1784,  and  graduated  at  Wil- 
liam's college  in  1809.  He  studied  theo- 
logy at  the  seminary  at  Andover,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  medicine  at  the  medical 
school  in  Philadelphia.  He  was  one  of 
the  mission  sent  by  the  American  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions  to 
Ceylon,  and  embarked  for  that  island  in 
October,  1815.  Soon  after  his  arrival 
there  he  was  seized  with  a  pulmonary  com- 
plaint, which  suspended  his  labours  as  a 
missionary,  and  at  length  terminated  in  his 
death  on  the  3d  of  August,  1822. 

ICJ-L. 

Richardson,  John,  a  native  of  Che- 
shire, educated  at  Oxford,  and  afterwards 
incorporatetl  at  Duuiivi.     He  became  bi- 


shop of  Ardah,  in  Ireland  ;  but  left  tho 
country  during  the  rebellion,  and  came  to 
London,  llo.  died  lt;54.  Hi:  in  author  of 
Observations  on  I.ztkiel,  iic.  fol. 

Richardson,  Jonathan,  an  Kngli«h  por- 
trait painter,  born  about  1665.  He  wag 
origiiiaily  apprenticed  to  a  scriven.r,  but 
afterwards  became  the  pupil  ol  lidty, 
whose  niece  he  married.  He  acquired  re- 
putation and  independence,  though  ~ome 
speak  of  the  merits  of  his  pencil  with  in- 
diflerenee,  and  died  May  2Sih,  1745.  He 
published,  in  1719,  an  Essay  on  the  whole 
Art  of  Criticism,  as  it  relates  to  painting, 
and  an  account  of  some  statues,  bas-reliefs, 
&,c.  in  wiiich  he  was  assisted  by  his  son. 
These  united  labours  afterwards  produced 
notes  and  remarks  on  Milton's  Paradise 
Lost.  As  the  fatiier  had  observed,  that  in 
classical  literature  he  hau  looked  at  it 
through  his  son,  the  sportive  pencil  of  Ho- 
garth represented  him  as  peeping  at  a  Vir- 
gd  on  a  shelf,  through  a  telescope,  with 
which  his  son  was  perforated. 

Richardson,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Hex- 
ham, Nortliuinberiand,  who  entered  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge,  in  1774,  and  af- 
terwards studied  the  law  at  the  Middle 
Temple,  and  was  called  to  the  bar.  He 
wrote  Criticisms  on  the  Rolliad  and  Proba- 
tionary Odes,  for  the  Laureatship,  in  which 
he  censured  with  broad  satire  the  great 
public  characters  of  the  times — the  Fugi- 
tive, a  comedy,  performed  with  some  ap- 
plauL-iC,  &c.  Hi;  was  for  some  time  in 
parliament,  on  the  interest  of  the  duke  of 
Nbrthumberland  ;  but  did  not  distinguish 
himself  as  an  orator,  either  at  the  bar,  or 
in  the  house  of  commons.     He  died  1803. 

Richardson,  Samuel,  an  eminent  novel 
writer,  son  of  a  farmer  in  Derbyshire,  and 
born  1689.  His  education  was  very  con- 
fined ;  but  though  he  imbibed  in  his  youth 
no  knowledge  of  the  learned  languages, 
his  natural  good  sense  and  reflection  sup- 
plied all  deliciences  of  art.  In  1706  he 
was  bound  apprentice  to  Mr.  Wilde,  of  Sta- 
tioners' hall,  and  afterward-'  h'  worked  as 
compositor,  and  corrector  of  the  press,  till, 
on  taking  his  freedom,  he  hired  a  house  in 
one  of  the  courts  of  Fleet-street,  from 
which  he  removed  to  Salisbury-square. 
He  was  in  1723  engaged  with  the  duke  of 
Wharton  in  the  publication  of  the  True 
Briton  ;  but  as  the  work  was  violently  se- 
vere against  the  government,  he  stopped  at 
the  sixth  number.  He  next  was  concerned 
with  the  Daily  Journal,  and  afterwards 
with  the  Daily  Gazetteer,  and  at  last,  by 
the  friendship  of  Onslow,  the  speaker,  he 
obtained  the  lucrative  ottice  of  printi  r  of 
the  Journals  of  the  house  of  commons.  In 
1754  he  was  elected  master  of  the  company 
of  Stationers,  and  in  1760  he  purchased  a 
moiety  of  the  patent  of  law  printer  to  the 
king,  which  he  conducted  with  Miss  Lin- 

541 


RIC 


KIC 


tot,  afterwards  the  wife  of  sir  H.  Fletcher. 
In  1740  he  appeared  before  the  pubhc  as 
the  author  of  Pamela,  or  Virtue  Rewarded, 
a  novel,  which  was  universally  read,  and 
universally  approved;  and  alttrwards  he 
pro(iuced  Clarissa  Harlowe,  and  then  Sir 
Charles  Grandison.  Of  these  two  last  per- 
formances, the  former  is  regarded  by  the 
generality  of  critics  as  superior  to  the 
other ;  but  in  all  his  works  the  author  has 
presented  to  hi.-^  reader  a  most  interesting 
and  accurate  picture  of  human  nature. 
His  wish  was  to  benefit  mankind,  and  with 
all  the  treasures  of  a  benevolent  heart,  he 
drew  scenes  which  gave  virtue  the  noblest 
of  her  attractions,  and  vice  the  most  horrid 
and  disgusting  of  its  deformities.  These 
works  were  particularly  popular,  and  the 
author  was  every  ivhere  regarded  as  a  man 
of  the  most  virtuous  sentiments,  of  the 
most  amiable  modesty,  and  possessed  of 
the  most  dignified  powers  of  the  imagina- 
tion. By  the  creative  faculties  of  his  mind 
Ricijardson  thus  raised  himself  to  celebrity 
and  opulence  ;  but  his  elevation  was  still 
adorned  by  all  the  humble  virtues  which 
rejoice  in  the  opportunity  of  doing  good, 
and  of  disseminating  blessings  wherever 
human  nature  is  capable  of  improvement. 
Richardson  generally  retired  from  his  town 
house  on  the  Saturday,  to  bis  villa  at  North 
End,  Hammersniith,  and  afterwards  to 
Parsons'  Green,  where  he  resided  till  the 
Monday,  and  was  visited  by  persons  of 
rank,  literary  fame,  and  splendid  talents. 
Sedulous  in  business,  he  acquired  property 
and  independence  ;  but  in  the  midst  of  the 
consequence  of  wealth,  and  the  flattery  of 
admiring  friends,  he  was  the  kind  master 
and  the  hospitable  friend,  and  never  forgot 
to  add  exemplary  conduct  to  religious  ap- 
pearances, and  sincere  de\otion  to  pious 
exhortations.  This  worthy  and  amiable 
man,  who  was  honoured  with  the  friendship 
or  favourable  good  opinion  of  every  person 
of  talents,  of  virtue,  and  of  rank,  in  his 
time,  was  afflicted  in  the  last  part  of  life 
with  a  paralytic  disorder,  which  proved 
fatal,  4th  July,  1761,  in  his  72d  year.  He 
ivas  buried  by  the  side  of  his  first  wife,  in 
St.  Bride's  church.  He  was  twice  mar- 
ried ;  by  his  first  wife,  daughter  of  Mr. 
"Wilde,  printer,  he  had  five  sons  and  one 
daughter,  who  all  died  young,  and  by  the 
second,  who  survived  him,  daughter  of 
Mr.  Leake,  bookseller  of  Bath,  he  had  a 
son  and  five  daughters,  of  whom  only  four 
daughters  survived  him.  Besides  his  ex- 
cellent novels,  he  published  a  volume  of 
familiar  letters,  for  the  use  of  young  peo- 
ple— ^sop's  Fables,  with  reflections — a 
paper.  No.  97,  in  the  Rambler — Negotia- 
tion of  sir  Thomas  Roe,  ambassador  to  the 
Porte,  &c.  A  well-written  account  of  his 
life  has  appeared  in  1804,  by  Mrs.  Bar- 
bauld,  prefixed  to  an  edition  of  h'u  Corres- 
543 


pondence  with  Eminent  Persons,  a  publica- 
tion which,  while  it  sets  the  character  of 
Richardson  in  an  amiable  light,  shows  that 
his  correspondents  sought  to  gain  his  good 
opinion  by  the  incense  of  flattery,  of  praise, 
and  adulation. 

Richardson,  William,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who  became  a  studtnt  of  the  univer- 
sity of  Glasgow  in  17a8.  On  completing 
his  education,  and  taking  his  master's  de- 
gree, he  was  appointed  tutor  to  a  nobleman, 
whom  he  accompanied  to  Russia.  After 
his  return  he  was  elected  professor  of  hu- 
manity, or  classical  literature,  at  Glasgow, 
which  chair  he  filled  with  reputation  above 
(brty  years.  He  died  in  1814.  Mr.  Ri- 
chardson publisiied  "  Essays  on  the  Dra- 
matic Characters  of  Shakspeare,"  and  some 
other  works. —  W.  B. 

RicHELET,  Caesar  Peter,  a  French  wri- 
ter, born  at  Cheminon,  in  Champagne.  He 
was  the  author  of  a  useful  dictionary  of  the 
French  language,  full,  however,  ot  satirical 
reflections  and  obscenities,  in  4to.  Geneva, 
afterwards  enlarged  to  two  volumes  folio, 
1721,  Lyons,  and  again  3  vols.  fol.  Lyons, 
1755.  He  also  translated  Vega's  Con- 
quest of  Florida,  and  wrote  a  dictionary  of 
Rhymes,  and  other  critical  works.  He 
died  1698. 

Richelieu,  Armand  du  Plessis  de,  a  ce- 
lebrated statesman  in  France,  born  of  noble 
parentage  at  the  castle  of  Richelieu,  5th 
Septembt  r,  1585.  He  studied  at  the  Sor- 
bonne,  and  at  Rome,  and  in  1607  was 
made  bishop  of  Lucon.  On  his  return  to 
Paris,  he  became  the  favourite  of  Mary  de 
Medic  is,  to  whom  he  was  appointed  almo- 
ner, and  he  soon  was  made  secretary  of 
state.  The  death  of  marshal  d'Ancre,  how- 
ever, his  friend  and  protector,  checked  his 
ambition,  and  he  retired  with  the  queen 
mother  to  Blois  ;  but  soon  again  to  be  re- 
stored to  favour.  By  intrigue  he  effected  a 
reconciliation  between  the  queen  and  her 
son  Lewis  XIIL  and  in  1624  he  was  placed 
in  the  difficult  office  of  prime  minister  of 
France,  and  afterwards  of  superintendent 
of  navigation  and  commerce.  Naturally 
bold,  and  fond  of  war,  the  new  minister, 
who  had  been  raised  to  the  dignity  of  car- 
dinal, determined  to  reduce  Rochelle,  whose 
protection  of  the  protestants  was  offensive 
to  the  nation,  and  whose  independence  and 
naval  power  seemed  a  disgrace  to  the 
greatness  of  France.  After  a  vigorous 
siege,  during  a  year,  Rochelle  opened  her 
gates  to  the  conqueror,  28th  Oct.  1628,  and 
proud  of  his  conquest,  the  minister  ad- 
vanced to  the  subjugation  of  the  protes- 
tants in  other  parts  of  the  kingdom.  He 
next  attacked  Savoy,  and  after  taking  Pig- 
nerol  and  Casal,  he  returned  to  Paris,  to 
conquer  the  intrigues  of  his  enemies,  and 
to  restore  himself  to  the  undisputed  favour 
of  the  king.     By  his  power,  Gaston,  th^ 


UIC 


UID 


Icing's  brother,  was  banished,  and  Mary  de 
Medicis,  the  queen,  to  whom  he  owed  his 
elevation,  was  sent  to  end  her  life  in  me- 
lancholy exile  at  Cologne,  and  while  all 
France  was  submissively  obedient  to  his 
nod,  the  neighbouring  kingdoms  were, 
by  his  intrigues,  torn  by  dissensions,  se- 
cretly agitated  by  fears,  or  openly  threat- 
ened by  insurrections.  Yet  while  engaged 
in  establishing  his  own  power,  he  did  not 
forget  to  consolidate  the  prosperity  of  the 
people;  and  while  he  persecuted,  an  I  cru- 
elly |)uiiished  his  enemies  and  his  rivals,  he 
did  not  neglect  the  glory  of  France.  He 
erected  the  French  academy,  rebudt  the 
Sorbonn  ,  founded  the  royal  printing-liouse, 
and  established  the  botanical  garden,  with 
a  munificence  worthy  not  merely  the  minis- 
ter, but  the  monarch  of  a  great  kingdom. 
He  was  liberal  in  his  patronage  to  nun  of 
letters  ;  but  as  he  had  a  poetiral  turn,  he 
was  unfortunately  jealous  of  the  celebrity 
of  the  Cid  of  Corneille,  and  employed 
some  of  the  literary  hirelings  of  the  court 
to  depreciate  the  merits  of  the  immortal 
bard.  He  died  4th  December,  1642,  aged 
58.  In  his  character  Richelieu  united  all 
the  abilities,  and  the  ambition  of  a  great 
man,  but  little  of  the  virtues  of  a  good 
mail  ;  and  while  be  patronised  the  arts  and 
sciences,  and  «  xti  nded  protection  to  litera- 
ture and  industry,  it  might  proceed  not 
from  the  motives  of  a  generous  mind,  hut 
the  ostentatious  wish  of  being  surrounded 
by  men  whose  works  and  gratitude  can 
confer  immortality.  Besides  the  dignity 
of  cardinal  conferred  on  him  by  Gregory 
XV.  he  was  cn^ated  duke  and  peer  of 
France,  and  enjoyed  all  the  favours  which 
the  partiality  of  the  king,  and  the  adulation 
of  the  nation  could  bestow  on  him.  He 
•wrote  Political  Testament,  2  volumes 
8vo. — Methods  of  Controversies  concern- 
ing Points  of  Faith — Defence  of  the  Ca- 
tholic Faith — Christian  Instruction — Per- 
fection of  a  Christian — a  Curious  Journal 
— letters,  relations,  &c.  His  life  has  been 
written  by  J.  Le  Clerc,  5  vols.  12mo.  1753. 
Richer,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Chaouvce, 
in  Langres.  He  possessed  great  powers  of 
mind,  and  a  lively  imagination,  and  he 
embraced  with  unusual  ardour,  the  party 
of  the  League,  whose  conduct  he  ably 
defended  with  his  pen.  He  took  his  de- 
grees in  theology  at  Paris,  and  in  1611, 
wrote  against  the  Dominicans,  and  assert- 
ed the  superiority  of  general  councils  over 
the  pope.  This  drew  upon  him  the  cen- 
sures of  the  pope's  legate,  though  he  was 
defended  by  the  parliament  of  Paris,  and 
at  last  he  was  dismissed  from  the  office  of 
syndic  in  the  university,  and  afterwards 
imprisoned,  and  obliged  by  the  virulence  of 
bis  enemies,  to  make  a  public  recantation 
of  his  opinions.  These  proceedings  in- 
jured  his  constitution,  and    hastened  his 


death,  which  happened  2Sth  November, 
1631,  aged  72.  His  other  works  are  V  indi- 
cias  Doctrinae  Majorum  de  Aurtoritate  Ec- 
clesiai  in  Rebus  Fidei  ct  Morum.  4to.  ;  de 
Potestate  Ecclesix- in  Rebus  I  emporalilnw, 
4to.  ;  History  of  Utneral  Councils,  3  \ol«, 
4to.  ;  Obstetrix  Animorum,  ^to.  Aic. 

Richer,  John,  a  bookstiicr  of  Pari«», 
who  died  1665.  He  is  known  as  ibc  iirt,t 
compiler  of  the  Mercure  Fran(;ois. 

Richer,  Henry,  a  native  of  I.ongueil,  in 
Caux.  He  was  intended  for  the  law  ;  but 
he  preferred  literature,  and  settled  at  Paris, 
where  he  died,  l2tii  March,  1748,  aged  63. 
He  translated  into  vt  rse  Virgil's  Eclogues ; 
a  Collection  of  Fibles  ;  Lif  of  Maicenas, 
witli  notes  ;  Sabinus  and  Conolanus,  two 
tragedies. 

Richer  D'Aube,  Francis,  a  native  of 
Rouen,  author  of  an  Essay  on  the  Princi- 
ples of  Ri<i;ht  and  Morals,  4to.  He  died  at 
Paris,  Oct.  1752,  aged  63. 

Richer,  N.  a  French  philosopher,  who 
first  observed  the  shortening  of  the  pendu- 
lum, while  at  Cayenne,  1672.  This  singu- 
lar discovery,  in  the  hands  of  Newton  and 
Huygens,  led  to  the  most  astonishing 
truths. 

RiciMER,  a  Roman  patrician,  who  ac- 
quired such  power  as  a  general,  tliat  ht-  put 
down  the  emperors,  and  introduced  revo- 
lutions into  tht  state,  as  he  pleased.  He 
put  10  dea  h  Majoiian,  and  raised  to  the 
throne  in  his  room,  Libius  Severus,  461, 
and  he  afterwards  bravely  repelled  the 
Vandals  of  Africa,  who  attacked  the  I'omi- 
nions  of  his  master.  After  the  death  of 
Severus,  Antht  mius  was  made  emperor, 
and  Ricimer  married  bis  daughter,  but 
soon  after  dethroned  him. 

Ricius,  Paul,  a  converted  Jew,  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Pavia.  He  was  afterwards 
physician  to  the  emperor  Maximilian,  and 
was  highly  esteemed  by  Erasmus,  and  other 
learned  men.  He  had  a  controversy  with 
Eccius,  and  supported  that  the  celestial  bo- 
dies are  animated.  His  works  are,  De  Coe- 
lesti  Agricultura,  fol.  ;  Talmudica  Com- 
mentariola,  4to.  ;  De  LXXIII.  Mosaics 
Sanctionis  Edictis,  4to. 

liicoBONi,  Antony,  a  learned  native  of 
Rovigo.  He  was  professor  of  eloquence  at 
Padua,  and  died  there,  1599,  aged  58.  He 
wrote  in  elegant  Latin,  Historical  Com- 
mentaries ;  Treatise  on  Rhetoric,  8vo. . 
History  of  Padua  University  ;  Commen- 
taries on  Aristotle's  and  Cicero's  Works, 
&e. 

Rider,  William,  autlior  of  a  History  of 
England  ;  a  Commentary  on  the  Bible ; 
and  other  popular  works,  was  lecturer  of 
St.  Vedast,  Fosterlane,  and  for  several 
years  under-master  of  St.  Paul's  school. 
He  died  1785. 

RiDGELT,  Thomas,  a   dissenting  divine, 
born  in  London,  1670.     He  was  for  seve^ 

543 


RID 


RI£ 


KSil  years  minister  of  a  congregation  near 
Blucklriars,  and  afterwards  kept  an  acade- 
my, near  Aldermanbury.  He  died  in  Moor- 
flelds,  1737.  He  wrote  a  Commentary  on 
the  Assembly's  larger  Catechism,  2  vols, 
foiio. 

Ridley,  Nicolas,  an  eminent  bishop  and 
martyr,  born  of  an  ancient  family  in  Tyne- 
dale,  Northumberland,  1500.  He  >¥as 
educated  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  and 
Pembrokt-hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  ob- 
tained a  fellowship.  His  abilities  were  such 
that  he  was  invited  to  University  college, 
Oxford,  but  declined  the  liberal  offer,  and 
went  for  three  years  to  travel  on  the  conti- 
nent. On  his  return  to  Cambridge,  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  application,  and 
by  his  zeal  in  favour  of  the  reformation. 
B>  the  friendship  of  his  patron  Cranmer, 
be  obtained  the  vicarage  of  Heme,  in 
Kent,  and  afterwards  was  chosen  master 
of  Pembroke-hall,  and  nominated  chaplain 
to  the  king.  During  the  royal  visitation 
in  the  north  of  the  kingdom,  he  attended 
the  visiters  and  preached  to  the  people, 
and  explained  with  eloquence  and  ability 
the  true  principles  of  religion.  In  1547  he 
was  appointed  bishop  of  Rochester,  and 
three  years  after,  on  Bonner's  expulsion 
from  the  see  of  London,  he  was  placed  in 
his  room,  where  he  behaved  with  tender- 
ness and  affectionate  attention  to  the  mo- 
ther and  relatives  of  his  predecessor.  He 
was  very  instrumental  in  settling  the  arti- 
cles of  religion,  the  liturgy,  and  the  homi- 
lies, and  by  his  influence  with  the  king  he 
procured  the  establishment  of  those  noble 
foundations,  Christ's  hospital,  St.  Tho- 
mas's, Southwark,  St.  Bartholomew's,  and 
Bridewell.  The  share  which  he  bore  in 
the  labours  of  the  reformation,  marked  him 
as  an  object  of  hatred  under  Mary,  and 
particularly  the  zeal  with  which  he  em- 
braced the  cause  of  the  unfortunate  Jane 
Grey.  He  was  ordered  to  dispute  on  theo- 
logical subjects  at  Oxford  with  some  popish 
bishops  ;  and  when  he  refused  to  recant 
the  principles  which  he  had  advanced,  he 
was  cruelly  sentenced  to  the  stake.  He 
suffered  this  inhuman  treatment  with  great 
resignation,  and  was  burnt  near  the  corner 
of  Baliol  college,  with  his  friend,  the  vene- 
rable Latimer,  1555.  He  was  author  of  a 
treatise  against  transubstantiation,  and 
some  of  his  letters  and  sermons  were  af- 
terwards published.  An  interesting  ac- 
count of  his  life  and  labours  was  published 
by  his  descendant,  Gloster  Ridley. 

Ridley,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Ely,  of  the 
same  family  as  the  preceding.  He  received 
his  education  at  Eton,  and  King's  college, 
Cambridge,  and  then  applied  himself  to  the 
study  of  the  civil  law.  His  abilities  re- 
commended him  to  the  court ;  he  was 
knighted,  made  master  in  chancery,  and 
afterwards  vicar  general  to  the  archbishop 
544 


of  Canterbury.  He  was  author  of  a  Vie\v 
of  the  Civil  and  Ecclesiastical  Law,  and 
died  1626. 

Ridley,    Gloster,   an    eminent    divine, 
born   at  sea  in  1702,  in  the  Gloster  India- 
man,  from  which  circumstance  he  received 
his  Christian  name.     He  was  educated  at 
Winchester  school,  and  became  fellow  of 
New  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  B.C.L.  1789.     He  had  a  great 
partiality  for  the  stage  in  his  younger  years, 
and  wrote,  with  some  friends,  a  tragedy, 
in  four  acts,  and  to  this  partiality  may  be 
attributed  the  eloquence  and  graceful  deli- 
very which  he  displayed  in  the  pulpit.     He 
obtained  the  living  of  Westow,  Norfolk, 
and  the  donative  of  Poplar,  in  Middlesex  ; 
and  after  some  years  spent  in  the  peaceful 
obscurity  of  a  country  curacy,  he  was  at 
last,  in  1768,  in   consequence  of  his  able 
labours,  presented  to  a  golden  prebend   in 
Salisbury,  by  archbishop  Seeker,  who  also 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.     He 
died  3d  Nov.  1774,  and  had  his  virtues  re- 
corded in  an  epitaph  by  the  learned  Dr. 
Lowth.     He  left  a  widow  and  four  daugh- 
ters.    He  had  lost  two  sons  early ;  one, 
Thomas,  by  the  smallpox,  at  Madras,  and 
James,  the  other,  when  he  began  to  distin- 
guish himself  as  an  author.     He  published 
the  Life  of  bishop  Ridley,  from  whom  he 
was  descended — Sermons  at  Lady  Moyer's 
Lectures — Melampus,  a  poem — two  trage- 
dies,  never  printed — Review    of  Philips's 
Life  of  cardinal  Pole — Psyche,  a  poem,  &c. 
— His  son  James  was  author  ol  the  Tales 
of  the  Genii,  2  vols,  a  book  much  admired 
— James  Lovegrove,  a  novel,  &.c.     He  was 
minister  of  Romford,  Essex,  and  had  been 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  college, 
Oxford. 

Ridolfi,  Claudio,  a  painter  of  Verona, 
whose  historical  pieces  and  portraits  were 
much  admired.    He  died  1644,  aged  84. 

Ridpath,  George,  a  native  of  Stirling- 
shire, educated  at  Edinburgh.  For  his  at- 
tachment to  Protestantism,  and  for  boldly- 
opposing  the  second  James  in  his  religious 
innovations,  he  fled  from  Scotland  ;  but  af- 
terwards returned  at  the  revolution,  and 
was  one  of  the  clerks  of  session.  He  died 
1717,  aged  54.  He  translated  Craig's  Scot- 
land's Sovereignty. 

Riedesel,  John  Herman,  baron  de,  a 
learned  German,  author  of  Travels  in 
Greece.  He  was  in  the  service  of  the 
Prussian  court,  and  resided  as  ambassador 
at  Vienna,  where  he  died  1785,  aged  45. 

Riegles,  M.  a  native  of  Denmark,  who 
published  a  valuable  history  of  his  country. 
He  was  governor  of  the  king's  pages  at  Co- 
penhagen, and  died  1802,  aged  74. 

RiELEY,  Henry,  author  of  the  "  Anato- 
my of  the  Brain,  &c."  published  1695,  was 
fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians. 

RiENZi,  Nicolas  Gabrini  de.  a  remarkib- 


HIE 


KK) 


ible  character  in  the   1 1th  century,    who, 
though  but  the  son  of  a  miller,  or  a  com- 
mon vintner  at  Home,  raiscil  liiinsclf  to  the 
sovertign  power.    By  education  and  labour 
he  polished  and  improved  a  mind  naturally 
stronic,  fervent,  and  ambitious,  and  in  read- 
ing the  historians  of  ancient  Rome,  he  (lat- 
tered  liimself  thathe  should  one  day  restore 
the  glories  and  the  liberties  of  his  country. 
By  his  assiduity  and  demeanour  he  became 
so  popular,  that  he  was  one  of  the  deputies 
sent  to  Avignon,  to  solicit  pope  Clement  VI. 
to  come  and  fix  his  residence  at  Rome  ;  and 
though  the  embassy  did  not  succeed,  Rienzi 
had  the  satisfaction  of  gaining  the  pontiff's 
favour    and  protection.     He    returned   to 
Rome  as  apostolic  notary,  and  by  degrees 
gained  to  his  party  the  common  people  of 
Rome,  and  many  of  the  nobles.    Inveighing 
with  bitterness  against  the  debaucheries  of 
the  great,  and  painting  in  the  most  striking 
colours,  the  ancient  glories  and  the  present 
decay  of  Rome,   he  persuaded  his  friends 
and  followers  that  he  was  able  to  restore 
their  country  to  its  former  dignity.     Sur- 
rounded by  those  who  were   necessary  to 
his  views,  he  ascended  the  capitol,  and  af- 
ter haranguing  the  people  with  the  permis- 
sion of  the  papal  vicar,  he  raised  up  the  en- 
signs of  liberty,  and  promised  to  the  Ro- 
mans that  he  would  reward  their  obedience 
to  the  laws  by  the  grandeur  and  the  power- 
ful influence  of  their  forefathers.    Declared 
sovereign  of  Rome,   he  had  the  address  to 
obtain  the  pope's  approbation  to  his  mea- 
sures, and  to  conciliate  his  protection  ;  but 
though  he  for  a  while  commanded  the  re- 
spect of  the  Romans,  envy  attended  him, 
and  enemies  arose  determined  to  effect  his 
downfal.      While  he  reprobated  the  con- 
duct of  the  nobles,  he  himself  was  guilty  of 
excesses,  and  the  obscure  plebeian,  raised 
to  sovereignty,  not  only  feasted  with  all  the 
luxury  of  the  monarch,  but  acted  frequently 
in   a  capricious  and   oppressive   manner. 
After    enjoying    absolute    power    for    six 
months,  under  the  title  of  tribune  of  Rome, 
he  was  forced  to  fly  by  the  nobles,  and  be- 
ing seized  by  his  enemies,  was  sent  to  the 
pope  at  Avignon,  and  thrown  into  a  dun- 
geon.   Innocent  VI.  the  successor  of  Cle- 
jnent,  knew,  howevei',  the  influence  of  his 
prisoner,  and  he  drew  him  from  his  con- 
tinement,  where  he  had  pined  away  three 
years,  and  sent  him  to  Rome  with  the  title 
of  governor  and  senator,  hoping  that  by  his 
gratitude  he  might  defeat  the  schemes  and 
insurrections  of  those  petty  tyrants  who 
harassed  and  distracted  the  state.     Rienzi 
again  raised  himself,  over  the  opposition  of 
lus  enemies,   to  power  ;  but  success  again 
inade  him  violent  and  resentful,   and  four 
months  after  his  second  elevation,  durino-  a 
(umult  excited  by   some  conspirators,    a 
dagger  was  aimed  at  his  heart,   which  de- 
prived him  of  life,  8th  Oct.  1354.     Such 
VOT.,  TJ,  GO 


wan  the  tragical  end  of  thj.-,  amhjUous  de- 
magoguo,  who,  by  his  abilities,  for  a  while 
restored  plenty,  justior,  and  lilxrty  to  th«- 
degenerate  Romans  and  not  only  fdled  all 
Europe  with  the  fame  of  his  wisdom  an-1 
exploits,  but  commanded  the  respect  and 
submission  of  foreign  potentates.  Petrarch, 
who  witnessed  his  elevation,  Hpeaks  wiiU 
raptures  of  his  conduct,  and  recalling  to 
mind  the  splendid  achievements  of  Rome, 
compares  him  to  the  immortal  Brutus. 

Ri«ALTics,  Nicolas,  an  ingenious  French- 
man, born  at  Paris,  1577.  He  was  brought 
up  by  the  Jesuits,  and  applied  himself  to 
the  law,  which,  however,  he  soon  relin- 
quished for  polite  literature.  He  soon  re- 
commended hiniself  to  the  notice  of  the 
learned,  particularly  Thuanus,  and  he  was 
appointed  king's  librarian  after  the  depar- 
ture of  Isaac  Casaubon  to  reside  in  Ens- 
land.  He  was  also  made  by  the  king  pro- 
curer general  of  the  court  of  Nancy,  and 
counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Metz.  He 
died  1654.  His  works  are,  excellent  edi- 
tions of  Cyprian,  Tertullian,  and  Minutius 
Felix,  with  valuable  notes — Continuation  of 
Thuanus's  History — de  Verbis  in  Novellis 
Constitutionibus  post  Justinianum  Glossa- 
rium,  4to.  Diatribe  de  Juvenalis  Satiria — 
Funus  Parasyticum — Auctores  Finium 
Regundorum — do  Modo  Foenori  Proposi- 
to,  &c. 

RiGAUD,  Hyacinth,  a  painter,  born  at 
Perpignan,  1663,  and  called  for  his  excel- 
lence the  French  Vandyke.  He  was  enno- 
bled by  his  countrymen,  and  also  by  Lewis 
XV.  and  made  director  of  the  academy  of 
painting.  His  draperies  were  much  admi- 
red.    He  died  1743. 

RiLET,  John,  a  London  painter,  who  af- 
ter the  death  of  sir  Peter  Leiy,  acquired 
high  reputation  and  much  opulence  for  his 
porti-aits.    He  died  1691,  aged  45. 

RiMiNALDi,  Orazio,  a  native  of  Pisa, 
eminent  as  an  historical  painter.  He  died 
1638,  aged  40. 

RiNCON,  Antonio  del,  a  Spanish  painter, 
born  at  Guadalaxai-a.  His  pieces  are  much 
admired  in  Spain.    He  died  1500. 

RiNUCCiNi,  Octavio,  an  Italian  poet,  bora 
at  Florence.  He  went  to  France  in  the 
retinue  of  Mary  de  Medicis,  and  was  said 
to  be  the  inventor  of  the  opera,  which, 
however,  some  attribute  to  Emilio  del  Ca- 
vabero  of  Rome.  His  poetry  as  well  as  his 
operas  are  highly  and  deservedly  admired. 
He  died  1621,  at  Florence,  where  his  works 
were  published. 

RioLAN,  John,  a  physician  at  Paris,  born 
at  Amiens.  He  defended  the  doctrine  of 
Hippocrates  against  the  modern  chymists, 
and  wrote  various  works  on  anatomy  and 
medicine,  printed  together,  Paris,  1610, 
fol.  He  was  a  man  of  great  erudition,  and 
died  iSth  Oct.  1G05.  His  son  John  was 
also  a  phv«icinn  of  eminence,  and  professoi' 

545 


KIS 


EiT 


^i  anatomy  and  botany.  He  -wrote  Coinpa- 
ratio  Veteris  Medicinae  cum  Nova,  12mo. — 
Scbola  Anatomica,  8vo.  reprinted  in  folio 
Avith  additions — Gigantomachia,  8vo.  in 
consequence  of  the  pretended  discovery  of 
the  skeleton  of  a  giant — Gigantologia,  8vo. 

Ripley,  George,  an  English  mathemati- 
cian, canon  of  Bridlington,  Yorkshire,  and 
author  of  Compound  of  Alchymy,  &.c. — 
Aurum  Potabile,  or  the  Universal  Medicine. 
He  died  1490. 

RippERDA,  John  William,  baron  de,  a 
native  of  Groningen,  of  illustrious  family, 
who,  after  serving  the  States  General  as 
colonel  of  infantry,  was  sent  as  ambassador 
to  Spain.  His  conduct  was  so  pleasing  to 
Philip  V.  that  he  settled  at  Madrid,  and 
was  employed  on  affairs  of  importance,  and 
was  created  a  duke  and  peer  of  the  king- 
dom, and  intrusted  with  the  departments 
of  marine,  war,  and  finance.  These  offices 
were  too  high  for  his  abilities,  and  he  was 
disgraced,  and  afterwards  sent  to  the  prison 
of  Segovia  ;  but  he  escaped  to  Portugal, 
and  after  passing  through  England,  he  land- 
ed in  Holland,  where  he  was  persuaded  by 
the  ambassador  of  Morocco  to  go  and  settle 
in  Africa.  At  Morocco  he  became  a  great 
favourite  with  the  emperor,  and  professed 
the  religion  of  Mahomet.  To  render  him- 
self still  more  popular,  and  to  acquire  autho- 
vity,  he  pretended  to  establish  a  religion 
which  embraced  all  the  tenets  of  the  Chris- 
tian, Judaic,  and  Mahometan  doctrines ; 
but  these  measures  at  last  created  him  ene- 
mies, and  he  fled  from  Morocco  to  Tetuan, 
where  he  died  Nov.  1747.  His  two  sons 
were  drowned  in  coming  from  Spain  to 
England. 

RisBECK,  Gaspard,  a  German  writer, 
born  near  Mayence.  An  ardent  imagination 
and  the  love  of  independence  hurried  him 
into  extravagance,  and  at  last,  while  he  de- 
spised all  political  and  civil  employments, 
he  found  himself  poor  and  without  re- 
sources. He  then  entered  into  the  service 
of  a  bookseller,  and  afterwards  travelled, 
and  then  settled  at  Zurich,  and  next  at 
Arau,  where  he  died  3d  Feb.  1786,  aged 
36,  a  victim  to  melancholy  and  affected  mi- 
santhropy. He  wrote  Travels  through 
Germany — and  a  History  of  Germany. 

RisDON,  Tristram,  author  of  a  History 
©f  Devonshire,  which  has  been  published 
in  a  mutilated  form,  1714,  2  vols.  Svo.  was 
a  native  of  Winscott,  Devon,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford.  He  died  at  Winscott, 
1640,  aged  60.  The  topographical  part 
of  his  history  was  edited  separately, 
1735,  4to. 

RiSLET,  Thomas,  a  puritan  divine.  He 
was  bom  near  Warrington,  Lancashire,  and 
brcame  fellow  of  Pembroke  college,  Ox- 
ford, but  in  1662  he  was  ejected  for  non- 
conformity. He  then  became  preacher  to 
a  dissenting  congregation,  and  died  1716^ 
046 


aged  86.     He  wrote  a  treatise  on  Family 
Religion,  Svo.  &c. 

RiTsoN,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Stockton  on 
Tees,  who  became  a  conveyancer  in  Gray's 
inn,  and  afterwards  purchased  the  office  of 
high  bailiff  of  the  Savoy  in  1785.  He  studied 
antiquities,  and  published  observations  on 
Shakspeare's  editions  by  Johnson  and  Ste- 
vens ,  Criticisms  on  Malone's  edition ; 
Descent  of  the  English  Crown  ;  Observa- 
tions on  Warton's  History  of  English  Poe- 
try ;  English  Anthology  ;  Collection  of  Eng- 
lish Songs,  3  vols.  ;  and  of  Scotch  Songs,  2 
vols.  ;  Bibliographia  Poetica  ;  Metrical  Ro- 
mances, 3  vols.  ;  Treatise  on  Abstinence 
from  Animal  Food,  &c.  Though  a  man  of 
learning  and  information,  he  adopted  a 
most  singular  and  capricious  form  of  Or- 
thography, and  in  his  temper  was  violent 
and  overbearing.    He  died  1803,  aged  51. 

RiTTENHOusE,  David,  a  native  of  Phila- 
delphia, who,  from  a  clock-maker,  became 
an  eminent  astronomer.  He  pursued  his 
astronomical  studies  while  engaged  in  the 
business  of  his  farm  ;  but  was  so  respectable 
a  philosopher,  that  he  succeeded  Franklin 
as  president  of  the  American  philosophical 
society.  He  made  observations  on  the  tran- 
sit of  Venus  over  the  sun's  disc  in  1769,  with 
great  accuracy,  at  the  request  of  the  Ameri- 
can philosophers,  and  deserved  the  esteem 
of  the  learned  of  both  continents.  He  died 
1796,  aged  64.  Several  of  his  communica- 
tions appear  in  the  American  transactions. 

This  eminent  mathematician  was  born  at 
Gerniantown,  Pennsylvania,  April  8th, 
1732.  His  ancestors  were  emigrants  from 
Holland.  He  was  employed  during  the 
early  part  of  his  life  in  agriculture,  and  oc^ 
cupied  himself  habitually  at  that  period 
with  mathematical  studies.  "WTiile  residing: 
with  his  father  he  made  himself  master  of 
Newton's  Principia,  by  an  English  transla- 
tion, and  also  discovered  the  science  of 
fluxions,  of  which  he  for  a  long  time  sup- 
posed himself  to  be  the  first  inventor.  His 
constitution  being  too  feeble  for  an  agricul- 
tural life,  he  became  a  clock  and  mathema- 
tical instrument-maker,  and  without  the 
aid  of  an  instructer,  produced  work  supe- 
rior to  that  of  the  foreign  artists.  He  also 
contrived  and  erected  an  orrery,  much  more 
complete  than  any  which  had  been  before 
constructed.  In  1770  he  removed  to  Phi^ 
ladelphia,  and  employed  himself  in  his 
trade.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
philosophical  society  of  that  city,  and  one 
of  the  number  appointed  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venus  in  1769,  an  account  of 
which  he  communicated  to  the  society. 
His  excitement  was  so  great  on  perceiving 
the  contact  of  the  planet  with  the  sun,  at 
the  moment  predicted,  that  he  fainted.  He 
was  one  of  the  commissioners  employed  to 
determine  the  boundary  line  between  Penn-:- 
sylvania  and  Virginia,  and,  between  Ne^v^* 


lil\ 


kuii 


York  and  Massachusetts.  He  lu^ld  the  otlicc 
of  treasurer  of  Pennsylvania  from  1777  to 
1789.  In  1791  he  was  chosen  president  of 
the  philosophical  society,  and  held  the 
place  till  his  death.  He  was  also  in  1792 
appointed  director  of  the  United  States 
mint,  and  continued  in  the  office  till  1795, 
when  ill  health  induced  him  to  resign.  His 
mathematical  talents  were  of  the  highest 
order  ;  and  had  it  been  his  lot  to  have  had 
the  advantages  of  education  which  the 
fjreat  European  mathematicians  enjoyed, 
he  would  undoubtedly  have  been  excelled 
by  none  of  them  in  the  extent  of  his  disco- 
veries, and  lustre  of  his  fame.     iCJ^  L. 

RiTTERSHUSius,  Conradus,  a  learned  ci- 
vilian, born  at  Brunswick,  Sept.  25th, 
1560.  He  studied  at  Helmstadt,  and  after- 
wards became  professor  of  law  at  Altorf, 
where  he  continued  to  reside  till  his  death, 
1613,  though  he  had  the  most  liberal  invita- 
tions from  German  and  Dutch  universities. 
He  edited  Oppian's  Cynegeticon,  and  some 
other  works.  His  son  George  wrote  the 
life  of  his  father,  and  his  son  Nicolas  was 
afterwards  professor  of  law  at  Altorf, 
and  published  Genealogiae  Imperatorum, 
Kegum,  Ducum,  Comitum,  &c.  7  vols  fo- 
lio.   He  died  1670. 

RivALz,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Toulouse. 
He  studied  painting  under  his  father,  and 
afterwards  improved  himself  at  Rome,  and 
obtained  a  prize  from  St.  Luke's  academy. 
His  portraits  and  historical  pieces  were 
much  admired.     He  died  1735,  aged  68. 

RivARD,  Francis,  a  native  of  Neufcha- 
teau,  in  Lorraine,  eminently  known  as  a 
mathematical  professor  at  Beauvais.  He 
published  several  valuable  treatises  on  geo- 
metry, &c.  and  died  at  Paris,  5th  April, 
1778,  aged  81. — Another  of  his  name, 
Denis,  was  an  eminent  surgeon  at  Neuf- 
chateau,  and  very  skilful  in  cutting  for  the 
stone.     He  died  17th  March,  1746. 

RivAROL,  Anthony  de,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  Bagnols,  in  Languedoc,  17th  April, 
1757.  He  settled  at  Paris,  and  became  the 
friend  of  the  learned,  of  Voltaire,  d'Alem- 
bert,  and  Buflbn.  He  married  early  an 
English  woman^  but  this  union  was  unfor- 
tunate. On  the  breaking  out  of  the  revo- 
lution he  retired  to  Germany,  and  lived  for 
some  time  at  Hamburgh  and  at  Berlin,  where 
he  was  honoured  by  the  notice  of  the  royal 
family,  and  where  he  died  11th  April, 
1801.  He  was  a  man  of  great  information 
and  some  genius.  He  published  the  Uni- 
versality of  the  French  Language,  which 
obtained  the  prize  of  the  Berlin  academy, 
1784  ;  Hell,  translated  from  Dante  ;  Let- 
ters on  Religion  and  Morality  ;  a  little  Al- 
manac of  great  Men,  a  satire  ;  Letters  to 
the  French  Nobility,  1792,  8vo.  ;  La  Fay- 
ette's Political  Life  ;  Prospectus  of  a  New 
Dictionary  of  the  French  Language  ;  a  Dis- 
course on  the  Intellectual  and  Moral  Facul- 


ties oi    Man,  4to.  ;  poems.     Hia  life  wa*. 
published  in  1802,  2  vols.  12ino. 

Rivet  dk  la  Giian(ji:,  Antlionv,  n 
learned  Benedictine  of  Poitou.  His  His- 
tory of  France,  9  vols.  4to.  employed  30 
years  of  his  life  in  the  composition.  He 
died  1749,  aged  66. 

RiviKRE,  Henry  Francis  de  la,  a  native 
of  Parisj  who  embraced  the  profession  of 
arms,  and  afterwards  privately  m;»rri«;d  thr 
daughter  of  the  count  of  Bussi-ltabutin, 
who  was  widow  of  the  marquis  of  Co- 
ligni.  This  union  was  displeasing  to  her 
father,  and  produced  not  only  a  paper  war, 
but  a  law-suit ;  but  though  the  rights  oi 
the  husband  were  established,  the  fickle 
fair  refused  to  live  with  him.  In  conse- 
quence of  this  he  retired  to  the  seclusion  of 
a  monastic  life  in  the  oratory  at  Paris, 
where  he  died  1743,  aged  94.  He  was 
author  of  Letters,  2  vols.  l2mo.  &c.  His 
wife  wrote  also  some  letters,  &c.  which 
possess  elegance  of  diction  and  interest. 

RiviNUS,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Halle,  in 
Saxony,  whose  real  name  was  Barchmanii. 
He  was  a  physician,  and  became  professor 
of  poetry  and  philosophy  at  Leipsic,  and 
died  4th  April,  1656,  aged  56.  His  works 
arc.  Remarks  on  Ancient  Christian  Poets  ; 
Dissertations  on  Literary  subjects,  publish- 
ed under  the  title  of  Philo-Physiologica, 
4to. ;  Veterum  Scriptorum  de  Medicini 
Collectanea,  8vo.  ;  Mysteria  Medico-Phy- 
sica,  12mo.  &c. 

RiviNUs,  Augustus  Quirinus,  a  professor 
of  medicine  at  Leipsic,  who  died  there 
1 722,  aged  70,  respected  as  an  able  practi- 
tioner and  botanist.  He  wrote  Introduc- 
tio  in  Rem  Herbariam,  folio,  with  plates  ; 
Ordo  Plantarum  quae  sunt  Flore  IiTegulari 
monopetalo,  tetrapetalo,  pentapetalo,  foL 
with  figures ;  Censura  Medicamentorum 
Officinal.  4to. ;  Dissertationes  Medicae,  4to  ; 
Manuductio  ad  Chymiam  Pharmaceuticani, 
8vo.  ;  Notitia  Morborum. 

Rizzio,  David,  or  Rizzi,  an  Italian  mu- 
sician, born  at  Turin.  He  came  in  the  re- 
tinue of  the  Piedmontese  ambassador  tff 
the  court  of  Scotland,  and  as  his  abilities 
were  very  great  as  a  musician  and  a  singei", 
he  became  a  favoui-ite  with  queen  Mary, 
who  placed  him  near  her  person,  and  made 
him  her  secretary  for  foreign  languages. 
His  influence  with  his  mistress,  as  well  as 
his  religion,  proved  highly  offensive  to  the 
Scotch  nobles,  and  especially  to  Darnley, 
her  husband,  who  headed  a  conspiracy 
against  him,  and  despatched  the  unfortunate 
favourite,  with  56  wounds,  in  the  queen's 
presence,  1566.  It  is  said  that  Rizzio's 
musical  powers  were  exerted  to  polish  and 
refine  the  Scotch  airs,  and  to  infuse  into 
them  that  sweetness  which  is  still  so  muct 
admired. 

Robert  de  Courtemay,  French  empe- 
ror of  the  East  after  his  father  Peter,  131^. 

547 


KGB 


HUB 


ivas  a  ivcak  priuce,  under  nhose  reign  the 
two  empires  of  Trebizond  and  Thessalonica 
were  established.  He  died  of  grief,  1228, 
because  his  wife  had  been  mutilated  by  a 
private  gentleman  of  Burgundy,  to  whom 
she  had  been  formerly  betrothed,  and  who 
revenged  this  insult  to  his  affection  by  cut- 
ting her  lips  and  her  nose. 

Robert,  elector  palatine,  was  chosen 
emperor,  1400.  He  alienated  the  affec- 
tions of  the  German  princes  to  his  govern- 
ment by  his  attachment  to  the  anti-pope 
Gregory  XII.  and  died  18th  May,  1410, 
aged  58,  at  a  moment  -when  a  powerful  com- 
bination had  been  formed  to  deprive  him  of 
the  crown. 

Robert,  king  of  France,  surnamed  the 
Wise  or  the  Devout,  succeeded  his  father, 
Hugh  Capet,  996.  He  married  Bertha, 
daughter  of  Conrad,  king  of  Burgundy  ; 
but  as  she  was  his  cousin,  this  union  was 
annulled  by  the  pope,  Gregoiy  V.  and  the 
monarch  afterwards  took  for  his  second 
wife  Constance,  daughter  of  the  count  of 
Aries  and  Provence.  He  refused  the  crown 
of  the  empire  and  of  Italy,  better  satisfied 
to  reign  over  his  native  dominions,  where 
he  laboured  earnestly  for  the  happiness  of 
his  people.  He  died  at  Melun,  20th  July, 
1031,  aged  60,  much  respected. 

Robert  of  France,  count  d'Artois,  bro- 
ther of  St.  Louis,  refused  the  empire  of 
Gennany  offered  to  his  ambition  by  pope 
Gregory  IX.  and  he  accompanied  his  bro- 
ther to  the  Holy  Land.  He  behaved  with 
great  valour  at  the  battle  of  Massourah, 
9th  Feb.  1250  ;  but  being  too  eager  in  pur- 
suit of  the  flying  enemy,  he  was  attacked 
with  stones  and  perished. 

Robert,  count  d'Artois,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  called  the  Good  or  the  Noble. 
He  was  a  very  brave  prince,  and  distin- 
guished himself  greatly  in  the  African  ex- 
pedition, 1270,  against  the  Arragonois  in 
Sicily,  1289,  against  the  English  near  Bay- 
onne,  and  the  Flemings  at  Furnes.  He 
was  killed  in  a  battle  with  the  Flemings 
near  Courtrai,  1302. 

Robert  of  Anjou,  succeeded  his  father, 
Charles  the  Lame,  on  the  throne  of  Naples, 
1309.  He  supported  the  papal  power 
against  the  encroachments  of  the  emperors, 
and  died  19th  Jan.  1343,  aged  64,  univer- 
sally respected  by  his  subjects  and  by  fo- 
reign nations. 

Robert  the  Magnificent,  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, succeeded  his  brother  Richard, 
1028.  In  1035  he  undertook  a  pilgrimage 
on  foot  to  the  Holy  Land,  and  on  his  re- 
turn was  poisoned  at  Nicaea,  in  Bithynia. 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  natural  son  Wil- 
liam, better  known  as  the  Conqueror. 

Robert,  surnamed  Short  Shanks,  was 
son  of  William  the  Conqueror,  and  obtain- 
ed for  his  inheritance  the  dukedom  of  Nor- 
mandy.    He  was  in  the  holy  wars,  where 
548 


he  behaved  with  great  valour ;  but  on  k'tf^ 
return  he  found  himself  stripped  of  the 
throne  of  England,  which  belonged  to  him, 
and  afterwards  he  lost  Normandy,  and 
being  made  prisoner  by  his  brother  Henry, 
remained  in  long  and  cruel  captivity  till  his 
death  in  1134. 

Robert  Bruce,  a  Scotch  nobleman, 
who  disputed  the  crown  with  John  Baliok 
The  influence  of  Edward  I.  of  England, 
prevailed  in  favour  of  his  rival ;  but  after 
his  deposition,  though  watched  by  the  Eng- 
lish, he  escaped  from  his  retirement,  and 
appearing  in  the  midst  of  his  countrymen, 
he  was  unanimously  elected  king.  He 
maintained  his  elevation  by  valour,  and 
defeated  the  English  at  the  famous  battle 
of  Bannockburn,  1314.  Peace  was  after- 
wards re-established  between  the  two  king- 
doms, and  Robert  devoted  himself  to  ad- 
vance the  happiness  and  the  prosperity  of 
his  subjects.  He  died  1329,  and  desired 
that  his  heart  might  be  conveyed  to  Jeru- 
salem, and  buried  in  the  holy  sepulchre. 
He  was  succeeded  by  David  II. 

Robert,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Langres, 
eminent  as  a  painter,  in  the  service  of  Gas- 
ton, duke  of  Orleans.  His  birds  and  plants, 
painted  chiefly  on  vellum,  were  deservedly 
admired.     He  died  1684,  aged  74. 

Robert  de  Vaugondy,  N.  a  French 
geographer,  born  at  Paris.  His  Atlas,  in 
108  maps,  is  well  known.  He  wrote 
Abridgment  of  the  Different  Systems  of 
the  World  ;  Introduction  to  Geography  f 
Sacred  Geography,  &c.  and  died  at  Paris, 
1766,  aged  78. 

Roberts,  Barre  Charles,  was  the  son  of 
Edward  Roberts,  esq.  deputy  clerk  of  the 
pells  of  the  exchequer,  and  born  in  West- 
minster, March  13,  1789.  He  was  educa^ 
ted  first  at  Chiswick,  and  next  under  Mr. 
Goodenough,  at  Ealing,  where  he  remained 
six  years,  during  which  he  became  an  ex- 
cellent classical  scholar.  His  favourite 
study,  however,  was  history  ;  in  his  appli- 
cation to  which  he  became  particularly  par- 
tial to  numismatics  ;  on  which  subject  he 
wrote  several  articles  in  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine.  In  1805  he  went  to  Christ 
church,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  stu- 
dentship, and  took  his  first  degree  ;  but 
died  of  a  consumption,  Jan.  1, 1810.  In  1814 
his  "Letters  and  Miscellaneous  Papers" 
were  printed,  with  a  memoir,  in  4to. —  W.B. 

Roberts,  Peter,  a  learned  divine,  was 
born  in  North  Wales,  and  educated  Ett 
Trinity-college,  Dublin,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  master  of  arts.  On  entering  into 
orders  he  was  presented  by  the  bishop  of 
St.  Asaph  to  the  rectory  of  Halkin,  in  the 
county  of  Flint,  where  he  died  in  1819. 
His  works  are — 1.  Observations  on  the 
Principles  of  Christian  Morality.  2.  Chris- 
tianity vindicated  against  Volney.  3.  Har" 
mony  of  the  Epistles,    4,  Sketch  of  the 


KOB 


KUli 


early  History  of  the  Cymri,  or  ancient 
Britons.  5.  \  icw  of  the  Poliry  of  the 
Church  of  Rome.  6.  Chronicle  of  the 
Kings  of  Britain.  7.  Canibriun  Popular 
Antiquities. —  iV.  B. 

KoBERTKLi.0,  Francis,  author  of  some 
commentaries  on  the  Greek  and  Latin 
poets,  and  other  works  ,  was  professor  of 
rhetoric  and  philosophy  at  Padua,  where 
he  died,  1667. 

KoBERTsoN,  William,  an  eminent  divine, 
born  in  Dublin,  ICth  Oct.  1705.  From  Dub- 
lin he  went  to  Glasgow  university  where 
he  distinguished  himself  as  a  zealous  de- 
fender of  the  rights  of  the  students  to  elect 
tbeii  rector,  in  which  cause  after  much 
trouble  and  great  obloquy  he  at  last  suc- 
recded.  His  conduct  on  this  occasion  re- 
commended him  to  the  notice  of  lord  King, 
bishop  Hoadly,  and  other  leading  charac- 
ters, and  he  afterwards  took  orders  and 
went  to  settle  in  Ireland,  as  rector  of  Ra- 
villy,  in  the  county  of  Carlow.  Other  pre- 
ferments followed,  and  he  acquired  some 
distinction  among  the  clergy  by  freeing  his 
parishioners  from  tithes,  and  by  defending 
in  pamphlets  his  conduct.  Thus  popular, 
and  in  the  way  of  procuring  higher  eccle- 
siastical honours,  he  happened  to  read 
'*  Free  and  Candid  Disquisitions,"  which 
totally  changed  his  ideas  with  respect  to 
his  profession,  and  at  last  induced  him  in 
1764  to  resign  all  his  preferments.  About 
1766  he  returned  to  London,  and  was  com- 
plimented in  consequence  of  his  "  Apology 
of  his  Faith  and  Conduct,"  by  his  alma 
mater  of  Glasgow,  with  the  degree  of  D.D. 
In  1768  he  was  appointed  by  the  company 
of  Merchant-tailors  master  of  Woolver- 
hampton  free-school.  He  died  there  20th 
May,  1783,  and  was  buried  in  the  church- 
yard of  the  new  church. 

Robertson,  George,  a  landscape  painter, 
born  in  London.  He  travelled  over  Italy 
under  the  patronage  of  Mr.  Beckford,  and 
greatly  improved  himself  there.  He  after- 
wards went  to  Jamaica,  of  which  island  he 
published  six  beautiful  views,  and  on  his 
return  to  London  he  taught  young  ladies  for 
his  subsistence.  His  trees,  and  particularly 
his  leaves,  are  much  admired.  His  beauties 
resembled  much  those  of  Salvator  Rosa. 
He  died  1788. 

Robertson,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Knipe, 
Westmoreland,  educated  at  Appleby  school, 
which  he  quitted  in  1746  to  enter  at 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
degrees.  When  in  orders  he  obtained 
Herriard  vicarage,  Hants,  and  in  1770  was 
presented  to  Sutton  rectory,  in  Essex,  and 
nine  years  after  to  Horncastle  vicarage,  in 
Lincolnshire.  He  possessed  eminent  lite- 
rary talents,  and  from  1764  to  17S5  sup- 
ported by  his  able  criticisms  the  character 
of  the  Critical  Review.  He  was  also  author 
of  p  small  volume  called  Introduction  to 


the  Study  of  Pohtc  Litcniiurc,  1782,  and  hi 
1785  he  published  hia  valuable  cosay  on 
Punctuation,  and  three  years  afU;r  his  di»- 
sertation  on  the  Parisian  Chroniele,  which 
excited  some  controversy.  His  translation 
of  Telemachus,  with  the  author's  life,  and 
learned  notes,  appeared  in  1795,  and  in 
1798  an  Essay  on  the  Education  of  Young 
Ladies.  His  Essay  on  the  Nature  of  Eng- 
lish verse  was  published  1799,  and  he  died 
1802. 

Robertson,  William,  a  celebrated  his- 
torian, born   in  Scotland,  1721.     He  was 
educated  at  Edinburgh  university,  and  from 
his  earliest  years  evinced  the  most  laudable 
application,    and  the  strongest   wishes  of 
distinguishing  himself  in    literature.     His 
first    and   greatest   work,    the    History  of 
Charles  V.  was  followed  by  the  History  of 
Scotland,  in  which  he  laboured  earnestly  to 
vindicate  the  character  of  the  unfortunate 
Mary.     His  next  work  was  the  History  of 
America,   which  is  unfinished,  and  after- 
wards he  published  a  disquisition  concern- 
ing India.    These  popular  compositions  did 
not  pass  to  the  perusal  of  the  public  unre- 
warded.    The  author  ^vas  made  principal 
of  the  university  of  Edinburgh,   historio- 
grapher to  the  king  for  Scotland,  one  of  his 
majesty's  chaplains  for  Scotland,  and  one 
of  the   ministers  of    the   Old  Gray-friars 
church,  Edinburgh,  and  he  might  have  risen 
to  higher  honours  if  he  had  been  willing  to 
remove   from  Scotland   into    the   English 
church.    As  a  preacher  zealous,  active,  and 
pious,  he  acquired  no  less  fame  than  as  ac 
elegant,  well-informed,   and  luminous  his- 
torian.    His  learning    and   abilities  have 
conferred  immortal  honour,  not  only  on  the 
university  over  which  he  presided  with  such 
dignity,  but  on  the  whole  kingdom  ;   and 
the  History  of  Charles  V.  %vill  be  read  to 
the  latest  times  with  increasing  approba- 
tion.    This  worthy  man  left  two  sons  and 
three  daughters,  and  died  universally  and 
most    deservedly    esteemed,    at    Grange- 
house,  Edinburgh,  June,  1793.    His  work^ 
have  passed  through  several  editions.     He 
published    besides    a    sermon   before   tht 
Scotch   society    for  promoting    Chiistiar. 
knowledge. 

RoBERVAL,  Gilles  Personne,  sicur  dc, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  Mechanics,  inserted 
in  the  Harmony  of  father  Mersennus,  and 
of  an  edition  of  Aristarchus  Samius,  was  a 
native  of  Roberval  in  Beauvais.  He  was 
professor  of  mathe  matics  at  Paris,  and  in 
his  philosophical  inquiries  had  some  dis- 
putes with  Des  Cartes.  He  died  27th  Oct. 
1675,  aged  73. 

Robespierre,  Maximilian  Isidore,  a 
sanguinary  demagogue  during  the  French 
revolution.  He  was  born  at  Arras  of  poor 
parents,  1759,  and  was  educated  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  bishop  of  the  diocess.  After 
studying  at  Paris  he  applied  himself  to  tbe 

549 


kOB 


law,  and  in  1784  obtained  the  prize  of  the 
academy  of  Metz,  by  his  discourse  on  the 
disgrace  which  attends   the   relations   of 
criminals.     At  the  meeting  of  the  consti- 
tuent assembly  he  obtained  a  seat,  and  be- 
gan now    to   distinguish  himself  more  by 
the  originality  of  his  observations,  than  his 
eloquence.     Though   not   visibly   engaged 
in    the   atrocious  scenes   of  the   20th   of 
June,  of  the  lOth  August,  and  of  Septem- 
ber, he  was  anxious  to  reap  the  fruit  of  those 
bloody    transactions,   and   when  admitted 
into  the   convention  he  artfully   employed 
his  influence,  and  the  darkest  intrigues  to 
render  his  opponents  unpopular,  and  to  lead 
them  to  the  scaffold,     With   the   criminal 
wish  of  being  declared  dictator,  he  hasten- 
ed   the    destruction    of    the    unfortunate 
Louis,  and  persecuted  his  innocent  family, 
and    after  making   Danton,    Hebert,  and 
others  the  guilty  ministers  of  his  atrocious 
deeds  he   prevailed  upon   the  intimidated 
convention  to  send  them  to  the  guillotine. 
France  was  now  filled  with  denunciations, 
in  every  province,  and  in  every  town  tribu- 
nals were  erected,  which  condemned  alike 
the  innocent  and  the  guilty,   and  no  man 
could,  with  safety,  intrust  his  secrets,  or  his 
life  into  the  hands  of  his  parent,  his  neigh- 
bour,  or  his  friend.      Suspicious,    timid, 
and  irresolute,  the  tyrant  yet  had  sufficient 
art  to  interpret  the  machinations  formed 
against  his  power  as  treason  against  the 
republic,  and  to  sacrifice  his  personal  ene- 
mies,   and  his  public   rivals   as  the  most 
abandoned    and    perfidious     citizens      of 
France.     Proscription   thus  followed  pro- 
scription, and  every  day  the  streets  of  Pa- 
ris exhibited  the  melancholy  procession  of 
wretched  victims  dragged  to  the  scaffold, 
on  the  accusation  of  persons  whom  they 
had  never  known,  and  for  crimes  which 
they   never  had    meditated.      If   he   had 
known  how  to   spare,  Robespierre   might 
have  longer  continued  to  direct  the  govern- 
ment of  France  ,  but  his  cowardly  con- 
duct in  sacrificing  those  who   were  ready 
to  be  his   associates   and  ministers  in  the 
vilest  deeds,  at  last  roused  the  courage  of 
a  few,  who  suspected  that  they  were  next 
marked  for  destruction.     The   tyrant  and 
his    two   accomplices  Couthon,    and    St. 
Just,  were  suddenly  impeached  in  the  con- 
vention, and  "  down  with  the  tyrant,"  were 
the   only   exclamations  which  were  heard 
on  all  sides  when  these  bloody  assassins 
attempted  to  ascend  the  tribune  to  defend 
themselves.     In  vain  the  commune  of  Paris 
took  up  arms  against  the  convention  to  pro- 
tect its  accused  leaders,  Robespierre  was 
conducted  as  a  criminal,  fearful  and   sup- 
plaint,  and   no  longer  haughty  and  fero- 
cious, to  the  Hotel-de-Ville,  where  a  gen- 
d'arme,  discovering  him  in  the  midst  of  the 
uproar  and  confusion,  concealed  in  an  ob- 
scure   corner,    fired  a  pistol  at  him  and 
550 


broke  to  pieces  his  lower  jaw.  Extendcc^ 
on  a  table,  in  the  severest  agonies,  yet 
without  uttering  a  groan,  the  tyrant  viewecJ 
in  silence  the  preparations  made  for  his 
punishment.  On  the  morrow,  28th  July, 
1794,  at  four  in  the  evening  he  was  carried 
with  22  of  his  accomplices,  amidst  the 
groans,  the  hisses,  and  the  rejoicings  of  the 
populace,  to  that  scaffold  where  he  had 
made  to  bleed  so  many  thousand  innocent 
victims.  Such  was  the  influence  of  this 
sanguinary  monster,  that  France  forgot  her 
religion  and  her  honour  at  his  command  ; 
but  after  he  had  seen  the  altars  insulted, 
the  churches  thrown  down,  and  public 
worship  abolished,  he  claimed  the  merit  of 
restoring  to  the  Supreme  Being  some  share 
in  the  government  of  the  universe,  and  he 
appeared  in  the  name  of  the  convention,  as 
the  priest  and  founder  of  a  new  religion, 
and  decreed  with  great  solemnity  that  a  god 
existed  in  the  world. 

Robin-Hood,  the  leader  of  a  band  of 
robbers,  who  issued  out  from  the  recesses 
of  Sherwood  forest,  Nottinghamshire,  and 
spread  terror  and  confusion  over  the  king- 
dom. This  formidable  body  of  depreda- 
tors, over  which  presided  Little  John,  as 
second  in  command,  continued  their  plun- 
dering life  with  success  and  with  little  op- 
position from  the  year  1189  to  1247.  Some 
authors  have  asserted  that  Robin-Hood 
was  no  other  but  Robert  earl  of  Hunting- 
don, whom  the  malice  of  his  enemies 
banished  from  the  favour  of  the  first  Rich- 
ard. 

Robins,   Benjamin,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Bath,  1707.   His  parents 
were  quakers,  and  possessed  of  little  pro- 
perty, yet  he  received  some  instruction, 
which,   by   severe   application  he  greatly- 
improved.     His  knowledge  of  mathematics 
was  such  that  he  was  recommended  to  Dr. 
Pemberton,  and  went  to   live  in  London^ 
as  mathematical  teacher.      Here,  besides 
his  professional  engagements,  he  devoted- 
much  time  in  perusing  the  works  of  the 
most  celebrated  mathematicians  in  ancient 
and   modern  times  ;  and   as  proof  of  his 
abilities  he  published  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions,  1727,  a  demonstration  of  the 
last  proposition  of  Newton's  treatise   on 
Quadratures.     The  next  year  he  attacked 
in  the  present  state  of  the  republic  of  let- 
ters, Bernouilli's  dissertation  in  support  of 
Leibnitz's  Opinion  of  the  Force  of  Bodies 
in  motion.  After  bestowing  much  attention 
on  gunnery,  and  visiting  some  of  the  best 
fortified  places  in  Flandei-s,  he  engaged  in 
a  controversy  against  Dr.  Berkley's  Ana- 
lyst on  the   Fluxionary  Method,  and  pub- 
lished in  1735,  a  discourse  concerning  the 
nature  and   certainty  of  Sir  I.  Newton's 
Method  of  Fluxions,  and  of  prime  and  ulti- 
mate ratios.     He  afterwards  defended  Sir 
Isaac  against  Baxter,  and  printed  Remafk" 


HUB 


KOIi 


«n  Eulcr's  Treatise  of  Motion,  &c.  In 
1739  he  published  three  political  pam- 
I)hlets,  which  attracted  nuich  of  the  public 
attention,  and  in  1742;  appeared  his  New 
Principles  of  Gunnery,  a  work  of  merit, 
and  the  result  of  his  own  laborious  experi- 
ments ;  in  1748,  lord  Anson's  Voyage  round 
the  U'orld  was  published,  and  though  it 
appeared  under  the  name  of  Walter,  the 
chaplain  of  the  centurion,  it  is  clearly  as- 
certained that  the  whole  work  was  written 
by  Robins,  from  the  materials  furnished  by 
the  journals,  and  the  observations  of  the 
reverend  gentleman.  He  afterwards  wrote 
an  apology  for  the  unfortunate  aflair  of 
Preston-pans,  in  favour  of  Sir  John  Cope, 
and  by  the  protection  of  lord  Anson,  he 
was  employed  in  superintending  the  im- 
provements made  in  Greenwich  observa- 
tory. His  reputation  was  now  such  that 
he  was  offered  to  go  to  Paris  as  commis- 
sioner, to  settle  the  boundaries  of  Acadia, 
or  to  proceed  to  the  East  Indies  as  general 
engineer  of  the  company,  in  visiting  and 
repairing  their  forts,  and  he  accepted  this 
last  honourable  appointment.  He  reached 
India  in  1750,  and  immediately  formed 
plans  for  the  improvement  of  the  forts  of 
Madras,  and  of  St.  David ;  but  unfortunately 
did  not  live  to  see  them  carried  into  execu- 
tion. The  climate  proved  unfavourable  to 
his  constitution,  and  a  gradual  consumption 
proved  fatal,  29th  July,  1751.  He  left  the 
publication  of  his  works  to  his  friends, 
Martin  Folkes,  and  James  Wilson,  and 
they  appeared  in  2  vols.  8vo.  1761. 

Robinson,  Robert,  a  native  of  Swaff- 
ham,  Norfolk.  He  was  well  educated  at 
the  public  grammar-school  of  his  native 
town ;  but  the  indigence  of  his  parents 
was  ill  calculated  to  support  further  ex- 
penses at  the  university,  and,  therefore,  he 
was  apprenticed  to  a  hair-dresser.  Instead 
of  shaving,  and  of  combing  wigs  with  dili- 
gence he  paid  more  attention  to  books,  and 
by  the  preaching  of  Whitfield,  he  became 
a  convert  to  methodism.  With  enthu- 
siasm he  now  embraced  the  tenets  of  Cal- 
vin, which  he  soon  after  exchanged  for 
those  of  the  baptists,  and  then  settled  at 
Cambridge,  where  his  abilities  and  elo- 
quence were  exerted  with  great  success  in 
his  appeals  to  crowded  audiences.  The 
respectable  character  which  he  here  sup- 
ported, endeared  him  not  only  to  the  inha- 
bitants of  Cambridge,  but  to  some  of  the 
learned  in  the  university,  and  his  Plea  of 
the  Divinity  of  Christ,  when  published, 
proved  to  the  world  that  he  wa3  not  desti- 
tute of  talents,  nor  of  the  powers  of  argu- 
mentation. He  was,  in  1785,  invited  to 
preach  to  the  baptists  in  London  ;  but  af- 
ter some  trials,  he  preferred  his  farm  at 
Chesterton,  near  Cambridge,  and  the  ap- 
probation of  his  neighbours,  to  the  uncer- 
tain profits  pf  a  residence  in  the  metropo- 


lis. He  died  in  the  summer  of  1790,  at 
Birmingham,  where  he  had  gone  on  a  visit 
to  Dr.  Priestley,  aged  55.  He  published 
besides  a  translation  of  Saurin's  Sermons, 
4  vols.  8vo.— anEssay  on  the  Composition 
of  a  Sermon — a  History  of  Bapti.im,  &.c. 
In  the  latter  part  of  life  he  was  a  Soci- 
nian.  It  is  said  that  when  at  Cambridge  he 
was  offered  honourable  preferment  if  he 
would  enter  into  the  church,  which  he  mo- 
destly declined. 

Robinson,  Tancred,  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society  and  of  the  college  of  physicians, 
was  an  able  physician.  He  wrote  some  in- 
genious papers  on  Natural  History,  and 
also  medical  books,  and  died  1748,  ad- 
vanced in  life. 

Robinson,  Mary,  known  for  her  genius 
and  misfortunes,  was  born  at  Bristol 
where  her  father,  of  the  name  of  Darby, 
an  American,  was  captain  of  a  ship.  Af- 
ter receiving  her  education  under  the  able 
care  of  Hannah  More,  and  her  sisters,  she 
married  at  the  early  age  of  1 5,  a  Mr.  Ro- 
binson, an  attorney,  and  this  connexion 
proved  the  source  of  much  misery.  Her 
husband  was  unfortunate  and  extravagant, 
and  after  accompanying  him  to  a  jail,  she 
turned  her  thoughts  to  the  stage  for  sup- 
port. As  her  person  was  pleasing,  and  her 
abilities  very  respectable,  she  appeared 
with  credit  in  the  characters  of  Juliet, 
Ophelia,  Rosalind,  Imogen,  Viola,  &c. 
Whilst  thus  rising  in  the  public  estimation, 
and  under  the  patronage  of  Garriek,  she 
unfortunately  attracted,  in  the  character 
of  Perdita,  the  attention  of  the  prince  of 
W.  and  those  who  ought  to  have  defended 
his  virtue,  became  the  criminal  encouragers 
of  a  licentious  amour,  which  this  frail  wo- 
man had  not  the  prudence  to  withstand. 
She  left  the  stage  for  the  guilty  protection 
of  her  Florizel  ,  but,  such  is  the  fate  of 
illicit  love,  she  soon  became  indifterent  in 
the  eyes  of  the  once  enraptured  prince. 
Thus  cut  off  from  the  protection  of  a  hus- 
band, from  whom  she  had  separated,  and 
lost  to  virtue  and  to  honour,  she  became 
for  support  the  degraded  mistress  of  pro' 
fligate  men.  She  fell  a  victim  to  a  violent 
rheumatism,  and  died  at  the  end  of  1800, 
aged  42,  and  was  buried  in  Old  Windsor 
church-yard,  where  some  elegant  lines 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Pratt,  mark  her  un- 
timely tomb.  She  wrote  a  number  of 
poetical  trifles  under  the  name  of  Laura 
Maria — \^]^enza,  a  Romance — poems,  2 
vols.  8vo. — Nobody,  an  unsuccessful  farce 
— and  memoirs  of  her  life  have  appeared 
under  the  care  of  her  daughter, 

Robinson,  Richard,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, educated  at  Westminster  school 
from  which  he  was  elected  to  Christ  church, 
Oxford.  He  was  made  prebendary  of  York, 
and  vicar  of  Aldborough,  by  archbishop 
Blackburne,  to  whom  he  was  chaplain,  and 

551 


ROB 


ROC 


in  1751  he  went  as  chaplain  to  the  duke  of 
Dorset  in  Ireland,  and  obtained  the  bishop- 
ric of  Killala.  In  1759  he  was  translated 
to  Leighlin  and  Ferns,  two  years  after  to 
Kildare,  and  in  1765  to  the  primacy  of  Ar- 
magh, and  in  1777  he  was  created  a  peer 
of  Ireland,  by  the  title  of  baron  Rokcby. 
He  employed  the  munificent  patronage 
which  he  possessed  in  the  most  liberal 
manner,  and  not  only  built  an  elegant  pa- 
lace at  Armagh,  which  he  adorned  with  an 
observatory,  but  he  founded  a  school,  and 
built  four  new  churches.  He  died  lOth 
Oct.  1794. 

Robinson,  Moses,  governor  of  Vermont, 
succeeded  Mr.  Chittenden  in  1789.  He 
was  afterwards  a  representative  from  that 
state,  and  a  member  of  the  senate  of  the 
United  States  under  the  administration  of 
president  Adams.  He  was  one  of  the  mi- 
nority who  were  opposed  to  the  ratification 
of  Jay's  treaty.  He  died  at  Bennington, 
May  26th,  1813,  aged  72.  ICJ^  L. 

Robinson,  Jonathan,  brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  appointed  chief  justice  of  Ver- 
mont in  1801,  in  the  place  of  judge  Smith, 
resigned,  and  in  1806  succeeded  Mr.  Smith 
as  senator  in  congress.  He  died  at  Ben- 
nington, November  3d,  1819,  aged  64. 

fCPL. 

Robinson,  John,  minister  of  the  English 
church  in  Holland,  to  which  the  first  set- 
tlers of  New-England  belonged,  was  born 
in  Great  Britain  in  1575,  and  educated  at 
Cambridge.  He  for  some  time  held  a  be- 
nefice in  the  established  church,  but  in  1602 
became  pastor  of  a  dissenting  congregation 
in  the  north  of  England,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  persecution  went  with  them  to 
Holland  in  1608.  After  a  short  residence 
at  Amsterdam  they  removed  to  Leyden. 
His  talents  and  reputation  were  such  that 
he  held  a  public  disputation  with  Episco- 
»ius  in  1613.  A  part  of  his  church  emi- 
grated to  Plymouth  in  1620,  and  it  was  his 
intention  to  follow  them  with  the  retnain- 
jtler,  but  his  sudden  death,  March  1st,  1625, 
prevented.  He  was  distinguished  for 
learning,  liberality,  and  piety.     ICJ^  L, 

RoBisoN,  John,  a  Scotchman,  who  be- 
came director  of  the  marine  cadet  academy 
at  Cronstadt,  in  Russia,  and  on  his  return 
to  Scotland  was  made  professor  of  chymis- 
try  at  Glasgow.  He  afterwards  became 
professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  Edin- 
burgh, where  he  was  honoured  with  the 
degree  of  LL.D.  Besides  elements  of  me- 
chanical philosophy,  and  some  articles  in 
the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  he  published, 
in  1797,  Proofs  of  a  Conspiracy,  a  work 
which,  together  with  that  of  the  abbe  Bar- 
uel  on  the  same  subject,  produced  a  great 
sensation  in  Europe,  and  in  tracing  the  va- 
rious causes  of  the  French  revolution, 
proved  that  it  proceeded  from  a  conspiracy 
among  the  illuminati  of  France  and  Germa-? 


ny,  for  the  destruction  of  all  socieiy, 
of  morality,  and  religion,  in  the  world. 
Dr.  Robison  died  at  Edinburgh  1805. 

RocHEFORT,  William  de,  author  of  a 
Translation  of  Sophocles — of  a  refutation 
of  M.  Rabaud's  System  of  Nature— of 
Ulysses,  Antigone,  and  Electra,  three  tra-- 
gedies — of  a  Critical  History  of  the  Opi- 
nions of  the  Ancients  on  Happiness,  &.c. 
was  a  native  of  Lyons,  and  member  of  the 
academy  of  inscriptions  and  belles  lettres 
at  Paris.  He  died  1788,  universally  and 
deservedly  respected. 

RocHEFOUCAULT,  Francis,  duke  of,  a 
French  nobleman  of  celebrity,  born  1613. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  of  la 
Fronde,  and  for  some  time  was  deprived  of 
sight  by  the  blow  of  a  musket.  He  is 
known  as  the  author  of  Memoirs  of  the 
Regency  of  Anne  of  Austria,  2  vols.  12mo. 
— and  "  Maximes,  or  Sentences,"  which, 
says  Voltaire,  have  contributed,  more  than 
any  other  performance,  to  form  the  taste  of 
the  French  nation.  His  Memoirs,  adds 
that  author,  are  read,  but  the  Maxims  are 
learnt  by  heart.     He  died  1680. 

Rochester,  John  Wilmot,  earl  of,  a  ce- 
lebrated wit  at  the  court  of  the  second 
Charles,  born  April,  1648.  He  was  well 
educated  at  Burford  school,  and  then  en- 
tered at  Wadham  college,  Oxford,  and 
afterwards  travelled  over  France  and  Italy. 
He  was  in  1665  in  the  action  at  Bergen, 
under  lord  Sandwich,  when  an  attack  was 
made  on  the  Dutch  fleet  that  had  taken 
shelter  there,  and  he  was  in  another  en- 
gagement, in  both  of  which  he  displayed 
great  intrepidity  and  coolness,  though  his 
courage  was  afterwards  called  in  question 
for  refusing  to  fight  a  duel  with  lord  Mul- 
grave.  The  excellent  qualities  of  his  minu 
were,  however,  ruined  by  the  dissipation  of 
the  court,  and  so  fond  of  intemperance  and 
of  vci:iptuous  indulgence  did  he  gradually 
show  iiimself,  that  he  was  the  gi'eatest  liber- 
tine of  tho  age,  and  was,  for  five  years,  as 
he  confessed  to  Dr.  Burnet,  in  a  continual 
state  of  intoxication.  This  gross  sensuali* 
ty,  accompanied  with  the  greatest  contempt 
of  decency  and  of  religion,  was  sometimes 
chequered  by  fits  of  study  and  literature ; 
but  unfortunately  the  elegant  powers  of 
language  and  of  poetry  which  he  possessed 
were  prostituted  to  the  most  lascivious  and 
disgusting  subjects.  Thus  devoted  to  low 
gratifications,  the  lamp  of  life  was  soon 
extinguished,  and  at  the  age  of  31  he  found 
all  the  debilities  and  the  rapid  decay  of  ex- 
treme old  age.  Sickness  at  last  brought 
on  reflection,  and  in  a  moment  of  contri- 
tion he  sent  for  Dr.  Burnet,  to  whom  he 
opened  his  heart,  and  the  alarming  state  of 
his  conscience,  and  after  living  an  atheist 
and  a  libertine,  he  prepared  himself  to  die 
a  good  Christian  and  a  sincere  penitent. 
Thot  his  contrition  was  from  the  heart,  the 


KOI) 


Uol) 


inoat  scrupulous  may  he  convinced  Irom 
the  account  of  lus  last  moments,  l)y  liis  spi- 
ritual guiilc,  Burnet,  lie  expired  21)lli 
July,  16S0,  leavint;  a  son  behind  him,  who 
died  the  next  year,  and  three  daughters, 
'i'hc  \vritini;s  of  this  licentious  nobleman 
have,  unfortunately  for  religion  and  mora- 
lity, been  too  much  and  too  extensively  dis- 
persed, and  not,  [)erhaps,  with  the  antidote 
which  his  contrition  and  a  death-bed  re- 
pentance should  convey  to  the  profligate 
mind.  Many  of  the  obscene  writings  of 
the  times  have  no  doubt  been  attributed  to 
him  which  he  never  wrote  ;  and  the  ad- 
vocates of  lewdness  and  seduction  have 
taken  advantage  of  his  infamous  celebrity 
too  often  to  shelter  their  poisonous  produc- 
tions under  his  name.  Besides  his  licen- 
tious poems,  he  wrote  a  tragedy,  called  Va- 
lentinian,  and  a  speech,  delivered  in  the 
character  of  a  mountebank,  a  profession 
■which  for  some  time  he  followed  with  great 
success  in  Tower-street.  His  wit  rendered 
him  a  cheerful  companion,  and  at  the  court 
he  was  regarded  as  lively  and  facetious, 
full  of  mirth,  repartee,  and  extravagance. 

RociioK  DE  Chabannes,  Mark  Anthony 
James,  a  French  dramatic  writer,  who  died 
at  Paris  in  the  spring  of  1800,  aged  70. 
Some  of  his  operas  met  with  great  success 
on  the  French  theatre.  Besides  his  plays, 
•which  are  collected  in  2  vols.  8vo.  he  wrote 
la  Noblesse  Oisive,  and  other  works. 

RoDGERS,  John,  D.D.  minister  of  New- 
York,  was  born  at  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
August  5th,  1727.  His  parents  removed 
while  he  was  young  to  Philadelphia,  and 
gave  him  a  classical  education.  He  early 
became  pious  by  the  instrumentality  of  Mr. 
Whitefield,  and  in  1747  was  licensed  to 
preach,  and  after  having  spent  some  time 
as  a  missionary  in  Virginia  and  Maryland, 
was  settled  in  St.  George's,  Delaware,  on 
the  19th  of  March,  1749,  where  he  conti- 
nued to  labour  with  popularity  and  useful- 
ness until  1765.  In  July  of  that  year  he 
removed  to  New- York,  and  became  colle- 
giate pastor  of  the  Wall-street  presbyterian 
church,  at  that  time  the  only  church  of 
that  denomination  in  that  city.  He  conti- 
nued in  that  station,  labouring  with  exem- 
plary diligence  in  the  duties  of  his  office, 
and  enjoying  in  an  unusual  degree  the  af- 
fection of  his  people  and  the  respect  of  his 
fellow-labourers  in  the  gospel,  till  the  close 
of  his  life.  He  died  on  the  7th  of  May, 
1811,  in  the  eighty-fourth  year  of  his  age, 
and  the  sixty-third  of  his  ministry. 

PCJ=*  L. 

Rodney,  George  Brydges  lord,  a  brave 
English  admiral,  son  of  a  naval  officer,  of  a 
Somersetshire  family,  was  born  about  1718. 
He  was  early  engaged  in  the  naval  service 
of  his  country,  and  in  1751  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  commodore,  and  in  1759 
employed,  as  admiral,  to  bombard  Havre 

Vol.  n.  70 


do  (jracc.  In  I7(;i  he  was  sent  agaiusL 
Martinico,  and  for  his  great  Hervircs  in 
that  expedition  was  made  knight  of  the 
bath.  The  return  of  peace,  and  inter- 
ference in  a  severely  disputed  j-lection  at 
Northampton,  rendered  his  pecuniary  re- 
sources very  scanty,  and  he  fled  to  France 
to  escape  the  impDrtunitie.*^  of  his  creditors. 
His  distresses  were  seen  by  the  French  go- 
vernment, and  very  liberal  oilers  were 
made  to  him  to  enter  into  the  service  of 
the  king  of  France,  a  proposal  which  he 
rejected  with  becoming  indignation.  This 
noble  conduct  was  not,  however,  buricrl  in 
oblivion.  It  was  honourably  mentioned 
by  M.  Sartine,  the  French  minister  to  the 
English  government,  and  Kodney,  at  the 
invitation  of  lord  Sandwich,  returned  to 
serve  his  country.  He  was  immediately 
placed  at  the  head  of  a  fleet,  and  had  the 
good  fortune,  in  1730,  to  capture  a  Spanish 
convoy  near  Cadiz,  and  a  few  weeks  after 
to  defeat  the  squadron  of  admiral  Langara, 
by  the  capture  of  five  ships  of  the  line. 
This  great  success  was  the  prelude  of  new 
victories.  In  1781  he  took  St.  Eustathius 
fx'om  the  Dutch,  and  on  the  12th  April, 
1782,  he  obtained  a  complete  triumph  over 
de  Grasse's  fleet  in  the  West  Indies,  by  the 
sinking  of  one  ship  and  the  capture  of  five 
others.  For  these  glorious  services  he  was 
raised  to  the  peerage,  and  had  a  pension  of 
2000/.  a  year  settled  upon  him,  and  eveiy 
other  demonstration  of  respect  and  gra- 
titude was  shown  by  a  nation  which  so 
well  knows  how  to  reward  her  brave  de- 
fenders and  her  heroic  chiefs.  Lord  Rod- 
ney died  1792. 

RoDOLPH,  duke  of  Swabia,  husband  to 
Matilda,  si»ter  of  the  emperor  Henry 
IV.  was  elected  king  of  Germany,  1077, 
by  some  of  the  German  insurgents.  After 
doubtful  battles,  he  was  at  last  defeated  at 
Wolcksheim,  and  perished  in  the  field. 

RoDOLPH  I.  of  Hapsburg,  surnamed  the 
Clement,  was  elected  emperor  of  Germany 
1273.  Though  he  refused  to^otoRorae 
to  be  crowned  by  the  pope,  he  made  a  trea- 
ty of  alliance  with  him.  He  made  war 
against  Ottocar,  king  of  Bohemia,  and  ob- 
tained with  victory  the  cession  of  Austria, 
Styria,  and  Carniola.  This  disgrace,  and 
the  doing  of  homage  to  the  conqueror,  dis- 
gusted Ottocar,  and  by  the  advice  of  hi? 
queen  he  renewed  the  war,  and  was  defeat- 
ed and  slain  at  the  battle  of  Marckfield, 
near  Vienna,  26th  Aug.  1278.  The  empe- 
ror died  at  Gemersheim,  30th  Sept.  1291, 
aged  73. 

RoDOLPH  II.  son  of  Maximilian  II.  was 
born  at  \  ienna  1552.  He  was  made  king 
of  Hungary  1572,  of  Bohemia  and  of  the 
Romans  1575,  and  the  following  year  elect- 
ed emperor  on  his  father's  death.  He  was 
an  irresolute  and  unfortunate  monarch,  his 
domijiions  were  invaded  by  the  Turks,  and 

553 


ROE 


ROG 


tie  showed  neither  spirit  nor  courage  to 
repress  the  attack,  and  when  his  brother 
-"Matthias  revolted  from  him  he  yielded  up 
to  him,  with  little  opposition,  the  kingdoms 
of  Bohemia  and  Hungary.  He  was  very 
superstitious,  and  though  he  patronised 
learned  men,  he  had  the  weakness  to  listen 
to  the  suggestions  of  astrologers.  He  died 
unmarried,  20th  Jan.  1612,  aged  60. 

Roe,  sir  Thomas,  an  eminent  statesman, 
born  at  Low  Layton,  Essex,  1580.  He 
resided  for  about  two  years  at  Magdalen 
college,  Oxford,  and  then  studied  at  one  of 
the  inns  of  court.  He  was  knighted  by 
James,  1604,  and  I6l4  went  as  ambassador 
to  the  coui't  of  the  Great  Mogul,  where  he 
continued  four  years.  In  1621  he  went  as 
ambassador  to  the  Grand  Signior,  and  re- 
mained there  till  162S.  During  his  resi- 
dence abroad,  not  only  the  commercial  inte- 
rests of  his  country  were  his  chief  concern, 
but  also  literature,  and  he  made  a  most 
valuable  collection  of  MSS.  in  the  Greek 
and  Oriental  languages,  which  at  his  re- 
turn he  presented  to  the  Bodleian  library. 
He  brought  also,  as  a  present  from  Cyril, 
patriarch  of  Constantinople,  to  Charles  I. 
the  famous  Alexandrian  MS.  of  the  Greek 
Bible,  since  transcribed  and  published  by 
Dr.  Grabe.  In  1629  he  successfully  nego- 
tiated a  peace  between  the  kings  of  Swe- 
den and  Poland,  and  in  that  embassy  gain- 
ed the  confidence  and  friendship  of  the 
great  Gustavus  Adoiphus,  whom  he  advised 
to  make  a  descent  on  Germany  to  restore 
the  freedom  of  the  empire,  which  he  ac- 
tually eftected.  In  1640  sir  Thomas  was 
elected  member  for  Oxford,  and  afterwards 
went  again  as  ambassador  to  Ratisbon,  in 
favour  of  the  king  of  Bohemia's  son.  At 
his  return  he  was  made  chancellor  of  the 
garter,  and  privy  counsellor.  He  died 
1664,  no  doubt  broken  in  heart  to  see 
the  disastrous  affairs  of  the  times.  His 
curious  account  of  his  negotiations,  &c.  at 
the  Porte  was  published  1740.  There 
are  besides  published  of  his.  Speeches  in 
Parliament — a  Discourse  on  the  Spanish 
King's  Seizure  of  the  Valteline,  &c. 

RoEMER,  Olaus,  a  Danish  astronomer, 
born  at  Arhusen,  in  Jutland,  1644,  and 
educated  at  Copenhagen.  He  accompa- 
nied back  to  Paris  Picard,  who  had  been 
sent  by  the  French  king  to  make  observa- 
tions in  the  North,  and  so  great  did  his 
knowledge  of  mathematics  appear,  that  he 
was  appointed  to  instruct  the  dauphin. 
After  10  years'  residence  at  Paris  he  was, 
in  1681,  recalled  back  to  Copenhagen  by 
Christian  V.  and  made  professor  of  astro- 
nomy there.  His  abilities  were  employed 
in  reformi.,g  the  coin  of  the  kingdom,  and 
in  measuring  the  roads.  He  died  at  Co- 
penhagen 1710,  leaving  no  literary  work 
behind  him.  Some  of  his  observations 
were  published  bv  his  pupil  Horrebow  in 


173;7,  under  the  title  of  Basis  Astronomia;, 
4lo.  His  observations  on  light  were  no- 
ticed and  applauded  as  correct  by  the  great 
Newton. 

Roentgen,  N.  a  German  artist,  born  at 
Ncuwied.  His  great  talents  were  employed 
and  liberally  rewarded  by  the  empress  Ca- 
tharine of  Russia,  and  the  palace  of  Peters- 
burg still  exhibits  the  beautiful  monuments 
of  his  genius  and  workmanship.  He  died 
at  the  end  of  the  18th  century. 

RoEPEL,  Conrad,  a  painter,  born  at  the 
Hague.  He  died  1748,  aged  71.  His  fruit- 
trees  and  flowers  were  much  admired. 

RoESTRAETEN,  Pctcr,  a  native  of  Haer- 
lem,  1698,  eminent  as  a  portrait  painter. 
He  was  also  very  successful  in  his  repre- 
sentations of  musical  instruments,  of  vases, 
shells,  agates,  &c. 

Roger,  first  king  of  Sicily,  conquered 
Apulia,  Calabria,  and  Naples,  and  by  em- 
bracing the  party  of  the  antipope  Anacletus 
he  strengthened  his  power.  He  took  Inno- 
cent II.  prisoner,  and  restored  him  to  liber- 
ty only  upon  his  confirming  his  dominions 
in  Italy.  He  afterwards  made  war  against 
the  Eastern  empire,  and  after  plundering 
Athens,  Corinth,  Negropont,  &c.  and  ad- 
vancing to  the  gates  of  Constantinople,  he 
returned  to  Sicily  loaded  with  booty.  He 
died  1154,  aged  58. 

Roger,  Charles,  an  eminent  printer  at 
Paris  in  the  16th  century.  He  edited  seve- 
ral valuable  books. 

Roger,  Joseph  Louis,  a  physician  of 
Strasburg,  who  died  1761.  He  published 
Latin  dissertations  on  the  palpitation  of 
muscular  fibres,  &.c. 

Roger,  prior  of  Hexham,  was,  about 
1138,  author  of  a  History  of  the  Campaign 
of  the  Scotch  Army  under  king  David, 
when  the  famous  battle  of  the  standard  was 
fought. 

Rogers,  Woods,  an  English  navigator, 
known  for  his  expedition  against  the  Spa- 
nish settlements  in  the  South  seas,  in  a 
small  ship  of  war  from  Bristol.  He  re- 
turned to  his  country  1711,  after  surround- 
ing the  globe,  and  published  an  account  of 
his  voyage.  He  died  1732.  His  works 
have  appeared  in  French,  3  vols.  l2mo. 

Rogers,  John,  an  English  divine,  educa- 
ted at  Canibx'idge.  He  was  for  some  time 
chaplain  to  the  English  factory  at  Antwerp, 
and  on  the  succession  of  Edward  VI.  he 
returned  home  and  obtained  a  prebend  of 
St.  Paul's  church.  As  he  was  an  eloquent 
and  zealous  preacher,  he  was  marked  for 
persecution  in  Mary's  reign,  and  was  the 
first  who  suffered  martyrdom  at  the  stake 
in  Smithfield,  1555.  He  had  assisted  Co- 
verdale  and  Tindal  in  translating  the  Bible 
into  English. 

Rogers,  John,  an  able  divine,  born  1679, 
at  Ensham,  Oxfordshire,  where  his  father 
was  vicar.     He  was  educated  at  New  col- 


ItOH 


ROL 


lege  school,  and   became  fellow  of  Corpus 
Christi,   and    in  1712,  went  to   London  as 
lecturer   of  St.  Clement   Danes,     lie    ob- 
tained in   1716,   the  rectory  of  Wrinp^ton, 
Somersetshire,  and  about  that  time  married 
lord     Coleraine's    sister,      lie    engaged   in 
1719,  in  the  Bangorian  controversy,  and  he 
acquired  on  that  occasion  so   much  credit 
by  his  discourse  on  tiic  visible  and  invisible 
church   of    Christ,    that    the  university  of 
Oxford  conferred  upon   him  the  degree  of 
D.D.    in   1721.     He    obtained  a  canonry, 
and  the  ollicc  of  subdean,  in  the  cathedral 
of  Wells,  and  in  172S,  when  he  wished  for 
the  retirement  of   a  country  life,  he  was 
promoted  to  the  living  of  St.  Giles,  Crip- 
plegate,     London.     He    died    six   months 
after,  May  1st,  1729.     He  was  buried  in 
Ensham  church,  where  a  handsome  monu- 
ment records  his  virtues.     After  his  deatii, 
were  published  4  vols,  of  his  sermons — a 
Persuasive  to    Conformity,    addressed    to 
Dissenters,  &.c.     He  wrote  besides,  a  De- 
fence   of     Christianity    against     Collins's 
Scheme  of  Literal  Prophecy,  &c. 

Rogers,  John,  president  of  Harvard  col- 
lege, was  born  at  Assington,  England,  and 
came  with  his  father  to  Massachusetts  in 
early  life.  He  was  educated  at  Harvard, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1649.  He 
studied  theology,  and  preached  some  time, 
but  at  length  became  a  physician.  He  was 
elected  successor  of  president  Oakes,  in 
1682,  and  installed  in  August,  of  the  next 
year,  but  died  suddenly  in  16S4,  on  the  2d 
of  July,  the  day  after  commencement. 

fCJ^  L. 
RoGHMAN,  Roland,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, distinguished  as  a  landscape  painter. 
He  died  1686,  aged  89. 

Rohan,  Henry  duke  of,  a  peer  of  France, 
prince  of  Leon,   born   at   Blein  castle   in 
Brittany,  1579.     He  gained  the  friendship 
of  Henry  IV.  by  his  bravery  at  the  siege  of 
Amiens,  and  afterwards  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  head  of  the   Huguenots,    for 
whom   he   obtained   a   very  advantageous 
peace  with  Lewis  XIU.     From  France  he 
passed  into  the  service  of  Venice,  and  was 
made  general-in-chief  of  the  armies  of  that 
republic  against  the  imperialists.     He  was 
then  recalled  by  Lewis  XHL  and  his  abili- 
ties were  employed  in  negotiation  as  well 
as  in  war,but  the  jealousy  of  Richelieu  drove 
him  to  Geneva.     From  Geneva  he  went  to 
join  the  arms  of  his  friend  the  duke  of  Saxe 
Weimar  against  the  imperialists,  and  was 
fatally  wounded   in   battle,    and    died  six 
weeks   after,   13th  April,  1638.     His  me- 
moirs of  the  political  affairs  of  France,  Sac. 
from  1610,    to  1629,   in   2  vols.  12mo.  are 
much  admired.     He    wrote   besides,    the 
Interest  of  Princes,  printed  Cologne,  1666, 
l2mo. — on  the  Government  of  the  13  Can- 
tons— an  Abridgment  of  Ca;sar's  Commen- 
iarie?,    &c.     His    sister    Anne    possessed 


merit  as  a  Hebrew  scholar,  and  as  the  mi- 
ter of  some  (  xrcllciit  verses. 

RoHAiJhT,  Jamcy,  ;i  French  philosopher, 
born  at  Amiens  1620.  He  studi(<l  at  Paris, 
and  was  well  versed  in  the  philosophy  of 
the  ancients,  but  attachid  himself  most 
zealously  to  the  popular  doelrint  s  of  Des 
Cartes,  and  wrote  an  account  of  ihem  under 
the  title  of  "  Physics."  This  work,  written 
in  French,  was  translated  into  Latin  by  Dr. 
Saumel  Clarke,  and  adapted  to  the  system 
of  Newton's  philosophy,  and  it  has  also  ap- 
peared in  English,  2  vols.  8vo.  lie  wrote 
besides  Elements  of  Mathematics — treatise 
of  Mechanics,  &,c.  and  died  1675,  respected 
as  a  man  of  learning  and  probity. 

Roland  dk  la  Platiere,  J.  M.  a  native 
of  Villefranehe  near  Lyons.     As  he  was 
the  youngest  of  five  brothers,  who,  though 
of  respectable  family,  were  left  poor  and 
early  orphans,  he  determined    to  quit  his 
native  town  in  quest  of  his  fortune,  and  at 
the  age  of  nineteen,  not  to  enter  into   the 
ecclesiastical  profession,   he  left  home  and 
travelled  on  foot  to  Nantes.     Here  he  was 
dissuaded  from  going  to  the  East  Indies  on 
account  of  the  bad  state  of  his  health,  and 
therefore  he  removed  to  Rouen,  where  he 
had  the  good  fortune  to  be  noticed,  and  to 
find  his  knowledge  of  commerce  and  poli- 
tical economy  rewarded  by  the  appointment 
of  inspector  general  at  Amiens,  and  after- 
wards at  Lyons.     His  travels  in  Switzer- 
land, Italy,  and  other  countries,  tended  to 
enlarge  his   understanding,  and  to  render 
him  known  as  an  able  and  well-informed 
writer.     His  Memoirs  on  the  Rearing  of 
Cattle,  and  the  Preparing  of  Wool,  4to. — 
his  Art  on  the  Printing  of  Woollen,  and 
Cotton  Stuffs — and  his  Letters  from  Sicily, 
Switzerland,  Malta,  and  Italy,  were  read 
with  avidity  and  with  interest,  and  there- 
fore at  the  revolution  he  was  easily  select- 
ed as  one  of  the  deputies  from  Lyons.  His 
abilities   recommended   him   to  the  court, 
and   he   became    one   of  the  ministers  of 
Lewis  XVI.  but  instead  of  conciliating  the 
good  opinion  of  his  master,  he  oH'ended  his 
feelings    by  his    republican    conduct,    his 
coarse  affected  manners,  and  the  singularity 
of  his   dress.      Though    driven    from    the 
ministry  by  the  monarch,  he  was  restored 
by  the  voice  of  the  people  ;  but  whilst  he 
laboured  for  the   establishment  of  liberty, 
he   often  permitted   those  excesses   which 
proved   so  fatal  to  the  dearest  interests  of 
France.     He  resisted,  indeed,  with  manly 
indignation    the    violence    of  faction,  and 
w  ished  to  repress  the  massacres  of  Septem- 
ber,  but  in   vain.     The  popular  fury  was 
too  strong  to  permit  a  man  of  independent 
spirit  to  continue  long  in  power,  and  when 
the  fall  of  Brissot  and  of  the   Girondists 
was  determirieJ,    Roland  saw  his  fate  de- 
creed in  theirs,  and  he  escaped  from  Paris 
at  the  moment  when  his  person  was  goinff 

555 


JlUL 


KOL 


to  be  seized.  He  retired  to  Koucn,  where 
he  might  have  concealed  his  misfortunes  ; 
but  when  he  heard  that  his  wife  had  perish- 
ed on  the  scaftbld  he  resolved  not  to  sur- 
vive her,  and  going  about  four  leagues  from 
Rouen  on  the  Paris  road,  he  stabbed  him- 
self to  the  heart,  15th  Nov.  1793.  He 
wrote  besides,  a  dictionary  of  manufac- 
tures and  the  arts  dependnig  upon  them,  3 
vols.  4to.  &c. 

Roland,  Mary  .lane   Philipon,    wife  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Paris  1754,  and 
received  from  her  father,  who  was  an  en- 
graver of  merit,    an   excellent   education. 
Early   devoted   to    books,  she   acquired  a 
very  extensive  knowledge  of  the  arts,  and 
became  known  for  her  wit  and  learning. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-five  she  married  Ro- 
land, though  much  older  than  herself,  and 
when  he  was  raised  to  consequence  in  the 
revolution,  bhe  lent  all  the  resources  of  her 
mind  to  assist  him,  and  often  wrote  the  de- 
spatches and  letters  which  were  to  issue  from 
his  hands.     Her  house  was  the  receptacle 
of  the  learned,  the  powerful,  and  the  in- 
triguing, and  she  was  the  soul  of  the  party, 
and   secretly  guided   many  of  the    public 
measures  which  were  proposed  in  the  con- 
vention.    Her  influence  escaped  not,  how- 
ever, without  envy,  and  when  accused,  she 
appeared  before  the  convention,  and  cleared 
herself  with  all  the  graceful  energy  of  in- 
nocence.    When  her  husband  was  proscri- 
bed, she  hoped  to  be  permitted  to  remain 
secure  at  Paris  ;  but  in  vain,  she  was  soon 
after  seized  and  sent  to  prison,  and  after 
five  months  confinement  she  was  dragged 
to  the  scaflold,  as  the  active  accomplice  of 
the    Girondists.     She  Avas  guillotined  8th 
November,  1793,  aged  41,  and  as  she  ex- 
pired she  exclaimed,  O  liberty,  what  crimes 
are  committed  in  thy  name.     Her  works 
consist  of  tracts  on  melancholy,  morality, 
friendship,  Socrates,  &c.  besides  memoirs 
which  she  wrote  during  her  captivity,  and 
in  which  she  gave  an  interesting  history,  or 
appeal  to  posterity,  about  her  husband,  his 
conduct,  his  ministry,  and  their  private  life. 
She  also  published  an  account  of  her  travels 
in  England   and   Switzerland,    two   places 
where  she  imbibed  true  principles  of  liberty 
and  government.     In    her   character    she 
was  an  amiable  woman,  but  unfortunately 
her  partiality  for  republican  liberty  tinctu- 
red her  conduct  with  an  affectation  of  Ro- 
man virtues  and  ancient  forms.     Respect- 
able in  private  life,  and  followed  as  a  wo- 
man  of  superior   information    and  great 
talents  of  mind,  she   might  at  any  other 
period  have  most  powerfully  contributed  by 
her  example  and  by  her  writings  to  the  re- 
commendation of  virtue,  and  to  the  happi- 
ness of  mankind. 

Roland  d'Erceville,  B.  G.  president 
of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  was  a  learned 
f\nd  popular  character,   but  all  his  merit<» 

n56 


could  not  save  bim  from  the  revolutionary 
tribunal.  He  was  guillotined  20th  April, 
1794,  aged  64.  He  wrote  a  Letter  on  the 
Authority  of  the  States  of  France,  12mo. 
— Discourse  on  the  Jesuits — Plan  of  Edu- 
cation, &c. 

Role,  Michael,  a  French  mathematician, 
born  at  Ambert  in  Auvergne,  1652.  He  for 
some  time  maintained  himself  by  writing 
for  an  attorney  ;  but  by  attending  mathe- 
matical lectures  became  himself  a  popular 
lecturer,  and  afterwards  a  respected  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  sciences.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  on  Algebra — Methods  of 
resolving  undetermined  Questions  in  Alge- 
bra, &c.  and  died  1719. 

Rollin,    Charles,    an  eminent    French 
writer,  born  at  Paris  30th  January,  1661. 
He  was  intended  for  the  business   of  his 
father,  a  master  cutler,  but  his  genius  was 
happily  discovered  by  a  Benedictine,  and  he 
was  permitted   to  study  in  the   college  of 
Plessis,   where  his  abilities  soon  procured 
him   the  appellation    of  the    Divine.     He 
succeeded  his  beloved   master,  Hersan,  in 
1687,   as  professor   of    rhetoric  and   elo- 
quence, and  in  1694  he  was  appointed  rec- 
tor of  the  university.     In  these  important 
offices  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal 
for  the  improvement  of  his  pupils  and  the 
honour  of  learning,  and  by  his  example  and 
attention  the  Greek  language  was  cultivated 
with  great  attention,  and  emulation  intro- 
duced  among   the  students.     In  1699  he 
was  made    coadjutor   to  the    college    of 
Beauvais,  which  his  reputation  soon  ren- 
dered popular,  respectable,  and  flourishing ; 
but  in  1712,  the  disputes  between  the  Je- 
suits and  Jansenists  proved  fatal  to  his  re- 
pose.     By  the   influence    of    Tellier,    the 
king's  confessor,  the  tool  of  the  Jesuits,  he 
was  driven  from  his  appointments  and  re- 
tired to  privacy.     In  1720  he  was  chosen 
again   rector   by  the   university  of  Paris  ; 
but  two  months  after  the  election  was  dis- 
annulled by  a   lettre  de  cachet,  and  from 
that  time  Rollin  devoted  himself  in  retire- 
ment to  the  composition  of  his  excellent 
works.     His  valuable  publications   are,  an 
edition  of  Quintilian,   2  vols. — treatise  on 
Studying  and  Teaching  the  Belles  Lettres, 
4  vols. — Ancient  History  of  the  Egyptians, 
Carthaginians,  Babylonians,  &c.  13  vols. — 
the  Roman  History  from  the  Foundation  of 
the  City  to  the  Battle  of  Actium,  comple- 
ted to  the  time  of  Constantine  by  his  pupil 
Crevier,  and  published  in  16  vols.  12mo. — 
Miscellaneous  Discourses,   Lectures,    &c. 
This  learned  man  was  as  amiable  in  private 
life  as  he  was  respected  in  public  ;  pious, 
benevolent,  and  humane,  the  friend  of  vir- 
tue, morality,  and  religion.     So  highly  re- 
spected  was  he   among   his   countrymen, 
that  the  poet  Rousseau  ventured  from  his 
banishment  in  disguise  to  Paris  to  see  and 
converse    with    the    venerable    professor- 


IIOM 

^  oUaire  has  desenretlly  passed  higli  eulo- 
giuius  on  his  mrrits  as  a  historian,  and  call- 
ed his  Ancient  History  the  best  compilation 
in  any  lanj'uage,  correct,  eloquent,  and 
pleasing.     He  died  I'Uh  Sept.  1741. 

KoLLius,  Reiiiliold  Henry,  a  German 
philologist,  author  of  two  Latin  works  con- 
taining the  lives  of  philosophers,  poets,  his- 
torians, orators,  *tc.  published  1709. 

Roi.LO,  A  Norwegian  chieftain,  driven 
from  his  country  by  tbe  king  of  Denmark. 
He  landed  in  Normandy,  of  which  he  ob- 
tained the  sovereignty  by  the  permission  of 
Charle*  the  Simple,  912,  who  gave  him  his 
daughter  Giselle  in  marriage.  He  on  this 
occasion  became  a  convert  to  Christianity, 
and  took  upon  him  the  title  of  duke  of 
Normandy.  He  was  the  ance^<tor  of  Wil- 
liam the  Cgnqueror,  and  died  about  932. 

RoLLOCK,  Robert,  a  native  of  Stirling- 
shire, educated  at  St.  Leonard's  college, 
St.  Andrews,  where  he  took  his  master's 
degree,  1532.  On  the  foundation  of  Edin- 
burgh university  by  James  V  L  in  1587,  he 
ivas  appointed  tirst  principal  and  divinity 
professor,  though  not  more  than  28  years 
of  age.  Hi-j  great  application  and  seden- 
tary life  brought  on  the  stone  and  gravel, 
of  which  he  died  1601,  aged  41.  His  Com- 
mentaries on  tue  Ephesians— the  Revela- 
lations — St.  John's  Gospel — and  Daniel,  in 
Latin,  have  been  much  admired.  He 
wrote  some  sermons  besides. 

RoMAiNE,  William,  an  English  divine, 
born  at  Hartlepool,  Durham,  1714.  He 
entered  at  Hertford  college,  Oxford,  and 
afterwards  removed  to  Christ-church, 
■where  he  took  his  degrees  in  arts,  and  en- 
tered into  orders.  For  some  years  he  was 
a  popular  preacher  before  the  university  ; 
but  the  love  of  singularity,  and  a  propen- 
sity to  the  doctrines  of  Calvin,  prevailed 
upon  him  to  seek  for  distinction  in  the  ap- 
plauses of  a  London  audience.  He  was 
elected  lecturer  of  St.  Dunstan  in  the  West 
1749,  to  which  was  afterwards  added  the 
offices  of  morning  preacher  at  St.George's, 
Hanover  square,  and  of  astronomical  pro- 
fessor of  Gresham  college,  which  he  soon 
resigned.  He  was  in  1764  appointed  rec- 
tor of  St.  Ann's,  Blackfriars,  and  when 
not  engaged  in  tbe  itinerant  labours  of  the 
ministry,  he  co  t  med  to  collect  there 
and  at  St.  Dunstan's,  those  numerous  con- 
gregations which  admired  the  vehemence 
of  mcthodistical  eflfusions,  and  the  familiar 
addresses  of  a  vociferous  preacher.  He 
published  various  sermons  and  tracts  which 
Lave  been  edited  in  8  vols.  Svo.  and  he  also 
edited  in  1749  Calasio's  Concordance  to 
the  Hebrew  Bible,  4  vols,  folio,  in  which 
he  made  some  unpardonable  alterations  in 
favour  of  the  then  prevalent  doctrine  of 
Hutchinson.  He  died  1795.  His  life  has 
been  published  by  Cadogan. 

HoiyiANELLi,  Jobi    Francis,  a  painter, 


ROM 

born  at  Viterbo.  Ht  was  the  |>upd  of  Cor- 
tona,  and  was  patronised  by  th.  pope,  and 
elected  head  of  the  academy  of  St.  Luke. 
His  abilities  were  noticed  by  Mazarine, 
ajid  recommended  to  the  French  king,  who 
created  him  knight  of  St.  Michael  ;  but  he 
preferred  a  residence  in  his  i. alive  country, 
where  he  died  1662,  aged  15.  His  histo- 
rical pieces  are  much  admired.  His  son 
Urban  wa-*  also  eminent  as  a  painter  and 
died  1682,  aged  44. 

Romano,  Julio,  an  Italian  painter,  bor« 
at  Rome  1492.  He  was  the  pupil  and  the 
friend  of  Raphael,  and  was  made  the  htfir  of 
that  illustrious  artist.  He  was  patronised 
by  Leo  X.  and  by  Clement  \  11.  and  after- 
wai'ds  met  with  great  encouragement  at 
Mantua,  under  the  marquis  Frederic  Gon- 
zagas.  He  died  1546.  He  was  distin- 
guished in  architecture  as  well  as  painting. 
His  learning  gave  him  great  advantage 
over  contemporary  artists,  and  he  derived, 
from  the  study  of  the  ancients,  that  judg- 
ment and  taste  which  he  displayed  in  the 
ancient  edifices,  porticos,  ve-tibules,  and 
theatres  introduced  into  his  pieces.  The 
best  of  his  pieces  are  said  to  be  the  fall  of 
the  giants,  and  the  battles  of  Constantine. 

RoMANUs  L  emperor  of  the  East,  sur- 
named  Lecapenus,  was  a  native  of  Arme- 
nia, and  was  raised  to  distinction,  from  the 
obscurity  of  a  common  soldier,  by  saving 
the  lile  of  the  emperor  Basil  in  a  battle 
against  the  Saracens.  By  marrying  his 
daughter,  Constantine  X.  cemented  the 
union  which  existed  between  tliem,  and 
he  then  raised  him  as  his  asso-oiate  on  the 
throne,  919  In  his  elevation  Romanus 
displayed  great  powers  of  mind  ;  he  defeat- 
ed the  Muscovites  and  the  Turks,  and  to 
superior  military  talents  he  joined  the 
milder  virtues  of  humanity  and  benevolence. 
When  he  wished  to  restore  greater  powers 
in  the  empire  to  his  son-in-law,  Con-itan- 
tine,  he  was  driven  by  the  jealousy  of  hi* 
own  son  Stephen,  into  a  monastery,  where 
he  died  948. 

Romanus  II.  the  Younger,  was  son  of 
Constantine  Porphyrogenitu^,  whom  he 
succeeded  959.  He  was  an  effeminate  and 
worthless  prince  ;  he  drove  his  mother  He- 
lena from  the  palace,  and  obliged  his  sis- 
ters to  prostitute  themselves,  and  he  de- 
stroyed himself  by  his  intemperance  and 
debauchery,  963.  During  his  short  reign 
Phocas,  his  general,  was  successful  against 
the  Saracens  in  Candia. 

RoMAvrs  III,  son  of  Leo,  the  imperial 
general,  obtained  the  crown  by  marrying 
Zoe,  the  daughter  of  Constantine  the 
Younger,  1U2S.  His  indolence,  and  the 
success  of  the  Saracens,  who  seized  upon 
Syria,  offended  his  subjects,  and  his  wife 
having  fallen  in  love  with  Michael,  the  trea- 
surer of  the  empire,  determined  to  depose 

557 


KOM  ROxM 

Ijer  husband,  and  raised  her  favourite  to  the  12th,  1744,  and  educated  at  the  college  at 
throne  in  his  stead.     Romanus  was  there-  Princeton,  in  that  state,  where  he  was  gra- 
fore  poisoned,    and  afterwards  strangled,  duated  in  1765.     He  was  settled  in  the  mi- 
April,  1034.  nistry,  in  his  native  town  in  1766,  and  con- 
RoMANUS   IV.    surnamed   Diogenes,  by  tinued  there  till  1784,  when  he  accepted  the 
marrying  Eudoxia,  the  widow  of  Constan-  care  of  a  church  in  Schenectady,  New- York, 
tine  Ducas,  ascended  the  throne  of  Con-  His  death  took  place  in  1804.  He  was  twice 
stantinople.        He   marched    against    the  offered  the  presidency  of  Queen's  college, 
Turks,  and  defeated  them ;  but  in  1071  he  New-Jersey,    and  was  for  a  considerable 
"was  unfortunately  taken  prisoner  by  Asan,  time  a  professor  of  theology  in  the  Reform- 
the  enemy's  general,  who,  instead  of  insult-  ed  Dutch  Church.     He  was  a  man  of  ex^ 
ing  bis  misfortunes,  generously  set  him  at  tensive  learning,  and  one  of  its  most  active 
liberty.     On  his  return  he  found  the  throne  patrons.     It  was  chiefly  by  his  efforts  that 
usurped  by  Michael,  the  son  of  his  prede-  Union  college  was  instituted  at  Schenec- 
cessor,  and  in  a  subsequent  battle,  he  was  tady,  not  long  after  his  removal  there.    He 
defeated  by  his  rival,   who  cruelly  ordered  was  distinguished  for  piety,   was  an  elo- 
his  eyes  to  be  put  out.     Romanus  died  in  quent  preacher,  and  enjoyed  in  a  high  de- 
consequence  of  the  operation,  Oct.  1071.  gree  the  respect  and  esteem  of  his  contem- 

RoMANzoFF,  N.  marshal  de,  a  distin-  poraries.  ICP  L. 
guished  Russian  general.  He  defeated  the  Romilly,  John,  an  ingenious  mechanic 
Turks,  1770,  at  the  battle  of  the  Pnith,  and  and  clock-maker,  born  at  Geneva.  He  pre- 
then  at  Kagoul,  where  100,000  of  the  ene-  sented  to  Lewis  XV.  a  watch,  which  went 
my  were  left  on  the  field  ;  and  thus,  by  his  a  whole  year  without  winding.  He  died  at 
extraordinary  successes,  he  contributed  to  Paris,  16th  Feb.  1796,  aged  82.  He  wrote 
the  enlargement  of  the  Russian  dominions,  all  tlie  articles  on  clock-making  in  the  En- 
and  to  the  free  navigation  of  the  Black  Sea,  cyclopedia,  and  published  besides  a  Letter 
and  of  the  Dardanelles.  He  received  with  against  the  Possibility  of  Perpetual  Mo- 
modesty  the  presents  and  the  honours  tion.  He  also  established  the  Journal  de 
which  the  gratitude  of  Catherine  heaped  Paris,  1st  Jan.  1777.  His  son,  John  Edme, 
upon  him,  and  afterwards  went  with  Paul,  was  a  Calvinistic  minister  at  Geneva  and 
the  grand  duke,  to  the  court  of  Berlin,  London,  and  published  3  volumes  of  Dis- 
where  Frederic  the  Great  received  him  courses.  He  was  the  friend  of  d'AIembert, 
with  every  mark  of  esteem  and  respect.  Voltaire,  and  J.  J.  Rousseau,  and  died  in 
In  the  war  of  1787,  he  refused  to  share  the  1779. 

the  command  with  the  fa*  ourite  Potemkin,  Romilly,  Sir  Samuel,  an  eminent  law- 
and  was  permitted  on  account  of  his  great  yer,  was  the  son  of  a  jeweller,  in  Frith- 
age,  to  retire  from  the  service,  and  he  died  street,  Westminster,  and  born  there  March 
soon  after,  universally  respected  as  one  of  1st,  1757.  His  education  was  private  and 
the  greatest  warriors  of  the  age.  contracted  ;  after  which  he  became  a  clerk 
RoMBOUTS,  Theodore,  a  painter  of  Ant-  in  an  attorney's  office,  but  left  that  situa- 
werp,  the  pupil  of  Jansens.  He  was  very  tion  to  study  in  one  of  the  inns  of  court, 
successful  in  historical  subjects,  but  pai'ti-  In  1783  he  was  called  to  the  bar  ;  and  for 
cularly  excelled  in  the  representation  of  several  years  confined  his  practice  to 
low  scenes,  ale-houses,  markets,  musicians,  draughts  inequity.  At  length  he  rose  to 
&c.  He  had  the  vanity  to  oppose  his  pro-  distinction  in  the  court  of  chancery  ;  and  in 
ductions  to  the  labours  of  his  contempo-  the  last  administration  of  Mr.  Fox,  was 
rary  Rubens,  and  by  this  comparison  in  made  solicitor-general,  when  he  received 
some  degree  robbed  his  pieces  of  the  merit  the  honour  of  knighthood.  "WTien  the 
which  they,  uncompared  with  others,  pos-  party  to  whom  he  was  attached  went  out 
sessed.  He  died  1637,  aged  40.  of  office,  he  also  retired;  but  still  continued 
Rome  de  l'Isle,  John  Baptist,  a  native  in  parliament,  where  he  displayed  great 
of  Gray  in  Franche  Comt6,  who  from  his  powers  in  debate.  He  exerted  himself  in 
birth  devoted  himself  to    observations  on  endeavouring  to  effect  a  revision  of  the 


o 


mineralogy  and  natural  history.     He  pos-  ci'iminal  code,  with    a  view  to  the  limita- 

sessed  great  abilities,  but  in  his  opinions  tion  of  capital  punishments  to  a  few  heinous 

differed  from  other  mineralogists,  and  thus  offences  ;  on  which  subject  he  published  an 

gave    rise  to  opposition.      He    published  able   pamphlet ;    as   he    also   did   another 

among    other  woi-ks,    Crystallography,   4  against  the  erection  of  the  office  of  vice- 

vols.  8vo.  J   Exterior  Characters  of  Mine-  chancellor.      The  death    of  this  eminent 

rals,    8vo.  ;  Metrology,    8vo.  ;    Letters  to  man  was  melancholy.     Shocked  at  the  loss 

Bertrand  on   the  Polype  of  Fresh  Water,  of  his  lady,   who  died  of  a  dropsy  in   the 

l2mo.  &c.     He  died  at  Paris,  10th  March,  Isle  of  Wight,   he  became  delirious,  and 

1790.  destroyed  himself,  Nov.  2d,  1818.— IF.  B. 

RoMEYN,  Theodoricus,  D.D.  professor  of  Romnet,    George,    an  eminent  painter, 

theologyin  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church, Avas  born  of  obscure  parents  in  Lancashire.  He, 

born  at  Hackensack,  New-Jei^sev,  .Jaiiuarv  from  his  vouth,  devoted  himself  to  paint- 
55S                                   ... 


110  N 


fiOO 


ing,  which  he  improved  under  the  care  of 
an  itinerant  painter.  When  he  first  came 
to  London,  he  presented  his  death  of  gene- 
ral Wolfe  to  the  public,  and  it  not  ordy  ob- 
tained the  second  prize  of  the  exhibition, 
but  en3ured  him  public  notice,  with  a 
handsome  price.  Eager  to  improve  hmiself, 
he  determined  to  visit  Italy  by  means  of 
the  little  property  which  he  had  already 
saved  by  his  pencil,  and  on  his  return  from 
the  continent,  he  was  received  with  the  dis- 
tinction due  to  an  able  and  ingenious  artist. 
His  portraits  were  much  admired,  and  his 
historical  pieces  also  possessed  great  merit. 
He  died  at  Kendal  in  1802. 

Romulus,  son  of  Rhea  Sylvia,  daughter 
of  Numitor,  king  of  Alba,  laid  the  foun- 
dations of  Rome,  753  B.  C.  and  died  after 
a  reign  of  38  years. 

RoNCALLi,  Christofano,  called  also  Po- 
meraneio,  from  the  place  of  his  birth,  ex- 
celled as  a  historical  painter.  He  was  the 
pupil  of  Circignano,  and  died  1626. 

RoNDELET,  William,  a  native  of  Mont-- 
pellier,  who  studied  anatomy  with  great 
success,  and  acquired  celebrity  as  a  physi- 
cian. He  wrote  a  Latin  treatise  on  Fishes, 
3  vols,  folio — and  various  tracts  on  medi- 
cine, published,  8vo.  1628.  He  died  at 
Realmont,  18th  July,  1566,  aged  59,  in  con- 
sequence of  eating  tigs  to  excess. 

RoNSARD,  Peter  de,  a  French  poet,  of  a 
noble  family,  born  at  Vendomois,  1524. 
He  studied  at  Paris,  and  became  page  to 
the  duke  of  Orleans,  and  afterwards  was 
for  two  years  in  the  service  of  James  V.  of 
Scotland.  On  his  return  to  France,  he 
was  engaged  in  negotiations,  and  at  the 
same  time  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  li- 
terature and  poetry.  He  was  the  favour- 
ite of  Henry  H.  of  France,  and  his  four 
successors,  and  though  a  layman,  obtained 
some  ecclesiastical  dignities  in  commen- 
dam,  especially  St.  Cosmas  priory,  near 
Tours,  where  he  died  1 585.  His  poetry 
was  much  admired  in  France,  so  that  he 
obtained  in  that  age  the  honourable  ap- 
pellation of  the  poet  of  France.  His 
genius  was  certainly  great,  and  his  concep- 
tions sublime,  yet  he  was  deficient  in  judg- 
ment. His  works  consist  of  hymns,  odes, 
elegies,  sonnets,  &c.  but  in  his  amorous 
poetry  he  does  not  always  adhere  to  that 
delicacy  of  expression  which  virtue  ap- 
proves. 

RoNSiN,  Charles  Philip,  a  native  of  Sois- 
sons.  The  French  revolution  opened  a 
scene  for  the  display  of  the  impetuous  pas- 
sions and  bold  designs  of  his  character, 
and  by  the  influence  of  his  friends  Danton 
and  Marat,  he  was  soon  promoted  to  the 
office  of  war  minister,  and  then  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  revolutionary  ^my.  In  La 
Vendee,  and  at  Meaux  his  steps  were 
traced  by  all  the  horrors  of  open  murder 
and  secret  assassination  ,  but  on  his  return 


to  Paris,  he  was  soon  marked  for  destruc- 
tion when  he  attempted  to  raise  the  power 
of  the  commiincH  :il)o\c  thf  convention. 
He  was  guillotined  2  kli  March,  1794,  aged 
42,  and  met  death  with  an  undaunted  coun- 
tenance. He  was  the  author  of  «ome  tra- 
gedies, Lewis  Xil. — Areaiipliile,  Hu:. 
which,  though  acted,  possess  not  nmch 
merit. 

RooDSEUS,  John  Albert,  a  native  of 
Hoorn  in  Holland,  eminent  as  a  portrait 
painter,  whose  pieces  were  highly  finished 
and  delicately  coloured.  He  died  1674, 
aged  50. 

RooKE,  Sir   George,   a  brave    admiral, 
born  of  a  respectable  family  in  Kent,  1650. 
He  was  educated  for  a  learned  profession, 
but  bis  father  yielded  at  last  to  his  wish  to 
serve  in  the  navy,  and  in  this  favourite  em- 
ployment he  soon    distinguished  himself. 
His  most  glorious   exploits  were  in  saving 
the  Smyrna  fleet  from  a  French  squadron, 
in   taking  the  almost  impregnable  fortress 
of  Gibraltar,  1703,  in  destroying  the  French 
ships  at  the  battle  of  La  Hogue,  in  the  af- 
fair of  Malaga,   and  at  the  glorious  action 
before  Vigo.     His  brilliant  services,  though 
acknowledged  with   gratitude  by  William, 
were  disregarded  by  the  whig  party,  which 
swayed  the  kingdom  in   Anne's  reign,  and 
the  gallant  admiral,  because  he  voted  in  the 
House  of  Commons   against  the  ministry, 
was   considered  as   no  longer  fit  to  serve 
his  country,  and  retired,  neglected,  to  his 
seat  in   Kent,    where  he    died  24th  Jan. 
1708-9.     He  was  buried  in  Canterbury  ca- 
thedral.    His  fortune  was  very  moderate, 
and  he  truly  said,  in  making  his  will,  "  the 
little   I  leave  was   honestly  gotten,  never 
cost  a  sailor  a  tear,  or  the  nation  a  far- 
thing." 

RooKE,  Laurence,  an  English  astrono- 
mer and  geometrician,  born  at  Deptford  in 
Kent,  1623,  and  educated  at  Eton  and 
King's  college,  Cambridge,  from  which,  af- 
ter taking  the  degree  of  M.A.  he  removed 
1650  to  Wadham  college,  Oxford.  In  1652, 
he  was  chosen  astronomical  professor  at 
Gresham  college,  which  he  exchanged 
three  years  after  for  the  chair  of  geometry. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  members  of  the 
Royal  society,  to  whose  formation  he  great- 
ly and  zealously  contributed.  He  died  at 
Gresham  college,  1662. .  His  works  are 
Observations  on  Comets — Methods  of  Ob- 
serving Eclipses  of  the  Moon — Obsena- 
tions  on  the  Eclipses  of  Jupiter's  Satellites 
— Directions  to  Seamen  going  to  the  In- 
dies. 

RooME,  Edward,  a  political  writer,  ap- 
pointed solicitor  to  the  treasury,  1729.  He 
wrote  some  satirical  papers  called  Pasquin, 
in  which  he  abused  Pope,  and  the  oflfended 
poet  in  return  gave  him  a  conspicuous  place 
in  his  Dunciad.  He  died  10th  Dec.  1729, 
and  after  his  death  appeared   "  the  Jovial 

559 


ROS 


ROS 


Crew,"  a  play,  acted  with  some  degree  of 
success. 

RooRE,  James,  a  native  of  Antwerp,  who 
distinguished  himseli  as  an  historical  paint- 
er, and  died  1747,  aged  &i. 

Rocs,  John  Hendrick,  a  citizen  of  Ot- 
tenburg,  born  1631,  eminent  as  a  painter. 
His  portraits,  and  particularly  his  land- 
scapes, were  admired.  Theodore,  his  bro- 
ther, was  also  a  good  artist,  and  died  1698. 
His  son  Philip  was  equally  celebrated,  and 
another  son,  who  died  1  31,  aged  72,  also 
inherited  the  abilities  of  the  family  as  a  su- 
perior artist. 

Root,  Jesse,  chief  justice  of  Connecti- 
cut, was  graduated  at  New-Jersey  college 
in  1756.  In  1776,  he  was  elected  a  dele- 
gate from  Connecticut  to  congress,  and 
again  in  1778,  and  continued  in  the  station 
until  1783.  In  1777,  he  was  a  short  time 
in  the  army  at  Peekskill,  and  held  the  rank 
of  colonel.  In  1789,  he  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  Court  of  Connecticut, 
and  in  1798,  chief  justice.  He  continued 
in  this  office  until  1807,  after  which  he  was 
a  member  of  the  legislature,  and  in  1808, 
one  of  the  electors  of  president  and  vice 
president.  He  died  at  Coventry,  April  5, 
1822,  aged  85.  Judge  Root  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  academy,  and  of  the 
Connecticut  academy  of  arts  and  sciences. 
He  published  in  1798,  Reports  of  Cases 
adjudged  in  the  court  of  Errors  of  Con- 
necticut, from  July  1789,  to  June  1793,  and 
a  second  volume  in  1802.  idp"  L. 

RoQUE,  John  de  la,  member  of  the  aca- 
demy of  belles  lettres  at  Marseilles,  wrote 
a  Voyage  into  Arabia  Felix,  12mo.  ;  into 
Palestine  ;  into  Syria  and  Mount  Libanus, 
and  assisted  his  brother  Anthony  in  the 
composition  of  the  Mercure  de  France. 
He  died  at  Paris,  8th  December,  1745,  aged 
84.  Anthony,  who  wrote  Medea  and  Ja- 
son ;  and  Theone,  two  tragedies,  died  at 
Paris,  1744,  aged  72. 

RoRENMULLER,  Johu  Gcorgc,  a  German 
divine  and  critic,  was  born  in  1736  at  Um- 
merstadt  in  the  county  of  Hildburghausen. 
In  1773  he  was  appointed  to  the  divinity 
professorship  at  Erlangen,  whence  he  re- 
moved in  1783  to  Giessen  and  in  1785  to 
Leipsic,  where  he  principally  contributed  to 
the  foundation  of  a  free-school ,  and  died 
in  1815.  He  published — 1.  Scholia  on 
the  New  Testament.  2.  Historia  et  Facta 
interpretationis  librorum  Sacrorum.  3. 
Sermons. — W.  B. 

Rosa,  Alba  Cariera,  a  Venetian  lady, 
celebrated  for  her  talents  in  crayon  paint- 
ing and  miniatures.  Her  great  correct- 
ness, delicacy,  and  judgment,  have  been 
long  and  deservedly  admired.  She  died 
1755,  aged  85. 

Rosa,  Salvator,  a  painter.     Vid.  Salva- 

TOR. 

Rosamond,    daughter    of    Walter    dc 
560 


Clifford,  lord  Hereford,  is  celebrated  iu 
history  as  the  fair  mistress  of  the  second 
Heni'y.  To  conceal  this  amour  from  his 
jealous  queen,  Henry,  it  is  said,  removed 
the  frail  beauty  to  a  labyrinth  in  Wood- 
stock park,  where,  however,  his  wife  dis- 
covered her  and  obliged  her  to  take  poison. 
Some  authors  declare  that  the  fair  Rosa- 
mond died  at  Godstow  nunnery,  near  Ox- 
ford, and  that  she  was  buried  there.  She 
had  two  sons  by  Henry,  William,  sur- 
named  Longsword,  and  Jeffery,  afterwards 
archbishop  of  York. 

Roscius,  Quintus,  a  celebrated  Roman 
actor.  He  was  a  native  of  Gaul,  and  came 
to  Rome,  where  he  became  acquainted  with 
Cicero,  and  the  other  great  men  of  the  age, 
and  acquired  such  high  celebrity  as  a 
dramatic  performer,  that  he  was  allowed 
a  public  salary.     He  died  about  61  B.  C. 

Roscommon,  Wentworth  Dillon,  earl  of, 
an  English  poet,  born  in  Ireland,  1633.  He 
was  brought  up  in  England,  but  the  com- 
motions of  the  times,  and  the  impeachment 
of  his  uncle,  lord  Strafford,  drove  him  from 
the  country  to  Caen,  where  he  finished  his 
education  under  the  great  Bochart.  He 
afterwards  travelled  to  Italy,  and  at  the 
restoration  came  to  England,  where  he  was 
honourably  received  by  Charles  II.  and 
made  captain  of  the  band  of  pensioners. 
He  nearly  ruined  himself  by  gaming,  and 
by  the  vicious  indulgences  prevalent  at  a 
corrupted  court ;  but  when  master  of  horse 
to  the  dutchess  of  York,  he  prudently  mar- 
ried Frances,  daughter  of  lord  Burlington, 
widow  of  colonel  Courtney,  and  then  be- 
gan to  devote  himself  to  literature  and  po- 
etry, and  to  plan,  with  Dryden,  a  design  to 
fix  and  refine  the  English  language.  He 
died  of  the  gout,  which  was  iinproperly 
treated  by  a  French  empiric,  17th  Jan. 
1684,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  ab- 
bey. His  poems  are  few,  and  of  those  the 
best  are,  his  Essay  on  translated  Verse  ; 
and  his  translation  of  Horace's  Art  of 
Poetry.  Though  perhaps  not  a  sublime 
poet,  he  certainly  is  a  correct  one,  and  he 
has  the  singular  merit  of  being  the  only 
moral  writer  in  Charles's  days. 

Rose,  George,  a  statesman,  was  the  son 
of  an  episcopal  clergyman  at  Brechin,  iu 
the  shire  of  Angus,  and  born  there  June  11, 
1744.  He  was  brought  up  under  an  uncle, 
who  kept  a  school  near  London,  after 
which  he  went  into  the  navy,  and  became 
a  purser ;  but,  by  the  interest  of  the  earl 
of  Marchmont,  hi  was  taken  from  thence, 
and  made  keeper  of  the  records  in  the  ex- 
ch(  quer.  Here  his  talents  for  business 
were  soon  discovered,  and  he  was  appoint- 
ed to  superintend  the  publication  of  the 
Domesday  Book ;  after  which  he  was  em- 
ployed to  complete  the  journals  of  the 
Lords,  in  31  vols,  folio.  From  this  period 
his  advancement  was  rapid,  and  his  scr- 


nos 


!{•> 


Vic«s  were  duly  appreciated,  ami  cneiivgcd 
by  almost  every  administration.  Mr.  Pitt, 
in  particular,  placed  unbounded  confidence 
in  bis  judgment  on  subjects  of  trade  and 
finance  ;  and  when  that  great  man  return- 
ed to  power,  alter  the  short  peace,  Mr. 
Hose  w.is  made  president  of  the  board  of 
trade,  and  treasurer  of  the  navy.  On  the 
death  of  Mr.  Pitt,  another  change  occur- 
red ;  but  when  the  administration,  formed 
by  lord  Grenville,  retired,  Mr.  Rose  resu- 
med his  former  station,  and  continued  in 
it  till  his  death,  which  happened  at  Cufi'nels, 
his  seat  in  Hampshire,  Jan.  13,  1818.  He 
published — 1.  A  Report  on  the  Records, 
Ibl.  2.  A  brief  Examination  into  the  In- 
crease of  the  Revenues,  Commerce,  and 
Navigation,  of  Great  Britain.  3.  A  Pam- 
phlet on  Frieadly  Societies.  4.  Conside- 
rations on  the  Debt  due  by  the  Civil  List. 
5.  Observations  on  the  Poor  Laws.  6. 
Observations  on  the  Historical  Work  of  the 
late  Right  Hon.  Charles  James  Fox,  with  a 
narrative  of  the  events  which  occurred  in 
the  Enterprise  of  the  Earl  of  Argyle,  in 
1685,  by  Sir  Patrick  Hume,  4to.  7.  A 
Letter  to  Lord  Melville,  relative  to  the  crea- 
tion of  a  naval  arsenal  at  Northfleet.  8. 
Observations  respecting  the  Public  Expen- 
diture, and  the  influence  of  the  Crown. 
9.  A  Speech  delivered  in  the  House  of 
Commons  on  the  Report  of  the  Bullion 
Committee.  10.  A  Speech  relative  to  the 
Corn  Law8.  Mr.  Rose  presented  to  the 
late  King  a  manuscript  translation  of  the 
History  of  Poland,  which  is  in  the  Royal 
library.— fF.  B. 

Rose,  Samuel,  a  lawyer,  was  born  in 
1767,  at  Chiswick,  where  he  was  educated 
under  his  father  Dr.  William  Rose,  who 
conducted  an  academy  there  many  years. 
He  next  went  to  Glasgow,  where  he  gain- 
ed several  prizes  ;  after  which  he  attended 
the  courts  of  law  at  Edinburgh,  and  in  178G, 
entered  himself  a  student  of  Lincoln's  Inn. 
In  1796,  he  was  called  to  the  bar.  He 
died  of  a  consumption  in  1804.  Mr.  Rose 
wrote  the  Life  of  Goldsmith,  and  edited 
Comyns's  Reports,  and  Digest. —  W.  B. 

RosEWELL,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Somer- 
setshire, educated  at  Oxford,  and  rjected 
in  1662  from,his  living  of  Strode  for  non- 
conformity. He  afterwards  became  emi- 
nent among  the  dissenters  ;  but  in  1684  he 
was  accused  of  high  treason,  because,  in 
his  discourse  addressed  to  his  congregation 
at  Rotherhithe,  he  had  spoken  with  con- 
tempt and  ridicule  of  the  king's  preten- 
sions to  cure  scrophulous  disorders.  On 
this  slight  accusation,  he  was  tried  and 
condemned,  but  pardoned  by  Charles  II. 
He  died  1691,  aged  61. 

RosiNUS,  John,  a  learned  German,  born 
at  Eisenac,  Thuringia,  1550.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Jena,  and  in  1592,  became  preach- 
er of  the  cathedral  of  Naumberg  in  Saxo- 

VoL.  IL  71 


ny,  where  he  diod  of  the  piag;i\  16.26.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  is  Honuiionim 
Anliquitatum  Libri  dercni,  a  most  valuable 
composition,  of  wliidithc  best  editions  are 
those  of  Amsterdam,  lOi.'^,  4lo.  and  of 
Ctrecht,  1701,  4to.  lie  wrote  besides,  de 
Priscis  Romanis  Gentil)us,  Sir. 

Rosoi,  Barnaby  Firmin  du,  a  French 
writer,  born  at  Paris,  J  745.  He  holicited 
the  public  attention  by  various  dramatic 
pieces,  which,  though  acted  with  applause, 
possess  little  merit.  He  was  also  author 
of  a  romance — the  Annals  of  Toulouse, 
&.C.  but  though  a  voluminous  writer,  he  yet 
continued  poor.  At  the  revolution  he  dii- 
tinguished  himself  in  favour  of  the  unfor- 
tunate monarch,  by  the  publication  of  his 
gazette,  called  I'Ami  du  Roi,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  the  unyielding  independence  of 
his  principles,  be  was  marked  for  death. 
In  his  last  moments  he  wished  to  benefit 
mankind  by  soliciting  that  his  blood  might 
be  extracted  from  his  veins,  and  transfused 
into  the  body  of  an  old  man,  which  was 
rejected.  He  was  executed  by  the  light  of 
torches,  Aug.  1792. 

Ross,  Alexander,  a  Scotch  prelate,  born 
at  Aberdeen,  1640,  and  educated  at  St.  An- 
drews. He  was,  in  1686,  made  bishop  of 
Edinburgh  ;  but  the  revolution  put  an  end 
to  his  power,  and  to  the  episcopal  authority 
in  Scotland.  He  died  at  Edinburgh,  1720, 
aged  80.  He  was  author  of  some  tracts 
now  little  known. 

Ross,  Alexander,  author  of  Virgilius 
Evangelizans,  a  singular  canto  on  the  life 
of  Christ,  extracted  all  from  Virgil — of 
View  of  all  Religions,  in  8vo. —  and  other 
tracts,  was  born  in  Abet'deen,  and  became 
master  of  Southampton  grammar-school, 
and  chaplain  to  the  first  Charles.  He  died 
1654,  aged  6 i. 

Ross,  John,  a  native  of  Herefordshire, 
educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 
v/here  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  1756. 
He  afterwards  obtained  Frome  vicarage, 
Somersetshire,  and  in  1778,  on  the  death  of 
bishop  Keppel,  was  preferred  to  the  see  of 
Exeter.  He  wrote  a  Defence  of  Dr.  Mid- 
dleton  against  the  attacks  of  Mr.  Mark- 
land,  1746,  and  in  1749,  edited  Cicero's 
Epistles  ad  Familiares,  in  2  vols.  8vo. 
He  published  besides  some  single  sermons-, 
and  died  1792. 

Ross,  George,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independenco, 
was  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, Pennsylvania.  ?r3^  L. 

Rossi,  John  Victor,  or  Janus  Nicius 
Erithr.'eus,  a  Roman,  of  noble  birth,  who 
devoted  himself  totally  to  studious  pur- 
suits. He  died  15th  Nov.  1647,  aged  about 
70.  He  wrote  Pinacotheca  Imaginum 
Ulustr.  Virorum,  8vo. — Epistoli>,  2  vols. 
—Dialog!,     Svo. — Exempla    Virtiitum    ct 


IIUS 


KOT 


\  itioiuuij  Svo. — Eudemias   Libu    dcccnij 
Svo, 

Rossi,  Jerome,  a  learned  native  of  Ra- 
venna, physician  to  Clement  VIII.  He 
died  Sth  Sept.  1607.  He  wrote  a  valu- 
able History  of  Ravenna — besides  trea- 
tises de  Distillatione  Liquorum — de  Melo- 
nibus,  kc. 

Rossi,  Bernard  Marie  de,  a  native  of 
Forly,  educated  at  Florence.  He  became 
theological  professor  to  the  Dominicans  of 
Venice,  and  declined  all  the  ecclesiastical 
lionours  offered  to  him.  He  wrote  several 
works  on  historical  and  antiquarian  sub- 
jects, the  best  known  of  which  are  his  Ac- 
count of  the  Church  of  Aquilcia.  He  died 
1775,  aged  8S. 

RossLYN,  Alexander  Wedderburn,   earl 
ef,  an  able  lawyer,  descended  from  an  an- 
cient family,  and   born  in    Scotland,  13th 
Feb.  1733.*  He  was  educated  at  Edinburgh 
Tiniversity,  and  called   to  the  Scotch  bar, 
1752;    but   he   was  ambitious  of  a  wider 
sphere  for  the  exertion  of  his  abilities,  and 
he  came  the  next  year  to  London,  and  en- 
tered at  the  Inner  Temple.    He  was  in  1757 
called  to  the  bar,  and  six  years  after,  in  con- 
sequence  of  his  merit,  he  v.as  appointed 
king's  counsel.     In  parliament,  where  he 
sat  as  member  for  Richmond,  he  distin- 
g:uished  himself  as  an  able  and   well-in- 
formed  orator  in  support  of  Mr.   George 
(Jrenville's  administration,  and  he  zealous- 
]y  espoused  the  cause  of  the  mother  coun- 
try in  her  struggles  to  reduce  the  revolted 
American  colonies.     Mr.  Wedderburn  was 
appointed  solicitor  general  in  1771,  attor- 
ney general   in   1778,   and   created,  June, 
1780,  baron  Loughborough,  and  made  chief 
justice    of  the    Common    Pleas.     He  sup- 
ported the  coalition  ministry  ;  and  was  in 
1783  made  first  commissioner  for  keeping 
the  great  seal ;  but  was  dismissed  with  lord 
North  and  Mr.  Fox,  whose  opposition  to 
the  new  ministry  he  ably  seconded  in  par- 
liament.    In    1793,  however,  he  accepted 
the  seals  under  Mr.  Pitt's  administration, 
and  was  in  ISOI,  created  carlRossIyn,  and 
soon  after  resigned  the  office  of  chancel- 
lor to  retire  to  pi'ivacy.     He  died  sudden- 
ly', 2d  Jan.  1805,  at  his  seat  at  Baylis,  near 
Salt-hill,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  ca- 
thedral.    He   was  twice  married ;  by  his 
tirst  wife  he  had   no  issue,  and  by  the  se- 
cond,   sister  of    the  late   lord  Courtney, 
whom  he  married  1782,  he  had  a  son,  who 
died  an  infant.     As  he   left  no   issue,  he 
obtained   the  grant   of  his  earldom  to  his 
relation  sir  James  St.  Clair  Erskine.     As  a 
lawyer  and  a  judge,  lord  Rosslyn  supported 
a  most  respectable  character ;    he   proved 
himself  on  the  bench  the  friend  of  the  sea- 
naen,  whose  rights  had  been  invaded  by 
iheir  commanders  ;  but  he  was  censured  by 
some  for  arbitrarily  placing  at  the  trial  of 
the  Southwark  rioters  in  one  indictment, 
562 


men  who  were  strangers  to  each  other,  and 
who  thus  were  deprived  of  the  privileges 
afforded  by  the  law  even  to  the  greatest 
criminals.  He  was  author  of  a  pamphlet, 
called  "  Observations  on  the  State  of  the 
English  Prisons,  and  the  Means  of  Impro- 
ving them,"  a  work  of  merit,  and  dictated 
by  the  purest  humanity. 

Rosso,  Le,  or  Master  Roux,  a  native 
of  Florence,  who,  by  studying  the  works  of 
Michael  Angelo  and  Parmesan,  acquired 
celebrity  as  a  painter,  even  without  the  as- 
sistance of  a  master.  Francis  I.  appointed 
him  superintendent  of  works  at  Fontaine- 
bleau,  and  rewarded  his  attention  and  ser- 
vices by  a  canonry  of  the  holy  chapel.  He 
was  so  much  affected  by  the  tortures  which 
were  inflicted  on  his  friend  Pellegrin,  whom 
he  had  accused  falsely  of  robbing  him  of  a 
sum  of  money,  that  in  a  melancholy  mo- 
ment of  reflection,  he  took  poison,  and  soon 
after  died,  1541,  aged  45.  His  heads  of 
old  men,  and  his  female  figures  were  much 
admired. 

RoTARi,  Peter,  a  native  of  Verona,  who 
acquired  great  celebrity  as  a  portrait  and 
historical  painter.  He  was,  in  1756,  at 
Petersburg,  where  he  was  patronised  by  the 
court,  and  took  the  portraits  of  the  impe- 
rial family,  and  of  the  nobility,  and  he  af- 
terwards returned  to  Italy.  The  year  of 
his  death  is  not  ascertained. 

RoTGANs,  Luke,  a  native  of  Amsterdam, 
who  engaged  in  the  wars  of  Holland  in 
1672,  but  after  two  years  service,  retired  to 
his  country  seat,  where  he  devoted  himself 
to  poetry.  His  epic  poem,  in  eight  books, 
on  the  Life  of  W^illiam  III.  is  held  in  high 
estimation  by  the  Dutch.  He  wrote  also 
other  poems,  and  shares  with  Vondel  and 
Antcnides  the  honour  of  being  at  the  head 
of  the  bards  of  Holland.  He  died  of  the 
smallpox,  3d  Nov.  1710,  aged  66. 

RoTHEKAMER,  Johu,  a  native  of  Munich, 
eminent  as  a  painter,  and  as  the  successful 
imitator  of  Tintoret.  His  historical  pieces 
possessed  merit,  and  he  was  liberally  pa- 
tronised by  the  emperor  Rodolph  II.  He 
died  1604,  aged  40. 

RoTHERAM,  John,  a  native  of  Yorkshire, 
who  studied  physic  and  took  his  medical 
degrees,  at  Edinburgh.  He  published  a 
Philosophical  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  and 
Properties  of  Water,  and  other  m.edical 
works,  and  died  1787. 

RoTHERAM,  John,  author  of  an  Apology 
for  the  Athanasian  Creed ;  Essay  on  the 
Truth  of  Christianity  ;  Discourse  on  Faith, 
and  its  Connexion  with  good  Works,  Svo. 
and  other  religious  tracts,  was  rector  of 
Houghton-le-Spring,  Durham,  and  died 
1788. 

RoTHMAN,  Christopher,  author  of  a  Trea- 
tise on  Comets,  and  Letters  on  Astronomy, 
addressed  to  Tycho  Brahe,  was  astronomer 
to  the  landsrave  of  Hesse,  and  died  1592. 


ROL' 


Kui; 


RoTUOV,  Jobn  (Ic,  fi  native  of  Dreu.v, 
distinguished  as  a  poet,  and  as  a  magis- 
trate. While  an  epidemic  disorder  raged 
in  Dreux,  and  all  fled  for  safety,  the  hu- 
mane Rotron  remained  to  administer  to  the 
necessities  of  the  poor ;  and  in  answer  to 
hi3  brother,  who  earnestly  solicited  his  de- 
parture, he  said,  "  the  bells  are  tolling  for 
the  22d  person  who  has  died  this  day,  and 
how  soon  soever  they  may  announce  my 
departure  I  know  not,  but  I  will  not  desert 
my  post."  Soon  after  the  contagion  car- 
ried him  off,  28th  June,  1650,  in  his  41st 
year.  He  was  patronised  by  Richelieu, 
but  never  would  condescend,  to  please  his 
patron,  to  attack  the  Cid  of  Corneille,  a 
poet  whom  he  reverenced  and  loved.  He 
wrote  37  plays,  tragedies,  and  comedies, 
with  vigour,  spirit,  and  success,  of  which 
the  best  known  are  Chosroes,  Antigone, 
and  Wenceslaus,  tragedies. 

RouBiLLAC,  Francis,  a  native  of  Switzer- 
land, eminent  for  his  beautiful  statuary. 
He  was  engaged  in  finishing  some  of  the 
most  splendid  of  the  monuments  erected  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  and  died  1762,  in 
London,  where  he  had  been  for  some  time 
settled. 

Rougher,  J.  A.  a  native  of  Montpellier, 
distinguished  as  a  poet.  He  hailed  the  ap- 
proach of  the  French  revolution  as  an  era 
which  was  to  bless  the  earth  ;  but  when  he 
beheld  its  atrocities,  he  spoke  with  free- 
dom against  the  tyrants  whose  violent  mea- 
sures deluged  the  kingdom  with  blood.  His 
observations  drew  down  upon  him  the  re- 
sentment of  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  and 
he  was  guillotined,  July  1794,  and  he  met 
death  with  great  composure  and  resigna- 
tion, after  seeing  37  heads  struck  off  before 
he  suffered.  His  chief  work  is  the  Months, 
a  poem  in  12  cantos,  which,  though  occa- 
sionally tedious  and  weak,  contains  beau- 
tiful and  animated  descriptions.  He  also 
translated  Adam  Smith's  Wealth  of  Na- 
tions, and  some  of  his  fugitive  pieces  ap- 
peared after  his  death,  2  vols.  8vo. 

RouELLE,  William  Francis,  a  native  of 
Matthieuj  near  Caen,  who  practised  as  an 
apothecary  at  Paris,  and  gave  lectures  in 
chymistry  in  the  royal  botanical  garden. 
He  contributed  some  valuable  things  to  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy  of  sciences,  and 
left  his  chymical  lectures  in  MS.  He  died 
at  Paris,  3d  Aug.  1770,  aged  67.  His  bro- 
ther Hilary-Marin,  succeeded  him  as  lec- 
turer in  chymistry,  and  died  1st  April, 
1779. 

RociLLE,  Peter  Julian,  a  Jesuit  of  Tours, 
professor  of  theology  and  philosophy  to  his 
order.  He  was  engaged  with  Catrou  in 
the  composition  of  the  Roman  History,  in 
21  vols.  4to.  and  also  assisted  in  revising 
the  Revolutions  of  Spain  by  d'Orleans. 
The  Jounial  dc  Trevoux,  was  conducted 


l)y   him  from   173."?  to  1737.     Uc  died  at 
Paris,  17th  May,  1740,  aged  .57. 

Rous,  Francis,  one  of  the  fanatics  of  lh»:! 
commonwealth.  Me  uas  of  a  jrood  family 
in  Cornwall,  and  r(;presentcd  Truro  in  the 
long  parliament,  aufl  became  speaker  of 
Barebone's  parliament  under  CroinwelJ. 
His  violent  speeches  against  the  bishop- 
and  against  Arminianism,  rendered  him  a 
favourite  with  the  usurper,  and  he  was 
made  provost  of  Eton,  though  a  layman. 
His  works,  which  breathe  the  same  spjri*. 
of  enthusiasm,  virulence,  and  bigotry, 
which  he  every  where  exhibited,  appeared 
fol.  1657.  He  died  1659.  He  was  called 
in  ridicule,  the  illiterate  Jew  of  Eton. 

Rouse,  John,  author  of  the  Antiquities 
of  Warwick — a  Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of 
England — a  History  of  the  two  Universi- 
ties, was  a  native  of  W^arwick,  and  died 
there,  1491. 

Rousseau,  .John  Baptist,  an  eminent 
French  poet,  born  at  Paris,  1669.  Though 
his  father  was  a  shoemaker,  yet  he  received 
a  decent  education,  and  early  displayed  « 
strong  and  correct  taste  for  poetry.  Iii 
1688,  he  went  as  page  in  the  embassy  to 
Denmark,  and  from  thence  passed  with 
marshal  Tallard,  as  his  secretary,  to  the 
English  court.  Distinction  in  literature, 
and  not  in  opulence,  was  his  chief  aim,  an4 
therefore  he  refused  about  this  time  some 
honourable  appointments  which  would  have 
set  him  above  dependence,  and  was  better 
pleased  to  be  enrolled  member  of  the  aca- 
demy of  inscriptions  and  belles  lettrc;. 
About  tliis  time  some  satirical  verses,  very 
severe  and  grossly  abusive,  were  producec? 
as  his  own,  and  though  he  solemnly  decla- 
red his  innocence,  and  pronounced  them 
forgeries  invented  by  his  enemies,  he  was 
tx'ied  by  the  parliament,  and  banished  thR 
kingdom.  The  sentence  was  harsh,  as 
even  Voltaire,  his  personal  enemy,  admits,, 
and  he  ever  after  protested  that  the  treat- 
ment he  received  was  unjust,  cruel,  and  il- 
liberal. From  France  he  came  to  Switzer- 
land, where  he  was  protected  by  de  Luc  the 
French  ambassador,  and  he  afterward.-? 
went  to  Baden,  where  he  was  noticed  by 
prince  Eugene,  and  with  him  visited  Vien- 
na. In  1721  he  came  to  London,  where 
he  published  a  collection  of  his  poems,  2 
vols.  4to.  and  by  that  means  found  hi.s  re- 
sources respectable.  He  returned  to  Paris 
incognito,  1739,  and  listened  to  those  offers 
of  reconciliation  which  his  friends  promised 
to  procure  for  him  ;  but  soon  after  he  was 
attacked  by  a  fit  of  apoplexy  at  the  Hague, 
and  died  of  that  dreadful  visitation  at  Brus- 
sels, 17th  IMarch,  1741.  His  poems,  con- 
sisting of  odes,  epigrams,  epistles,  come- 
dies in  verse,  &c.  have  been  published  in 
3  vols.  4to.  and  4  vols.  12mo.  1743.  His 
poetry,  particiUarly  his  odes,  in  Voltaire's 
opinion,    nre    beautiful,    diversified,    ant! 


KOU 


ROU 


abound  ivilh  images.  In  his  private  eba- 
yacter  he  was  overbearing  and  unsubmis- 
sive ;  he  quarrelled  with  bis  patron  prince 
Eugene,  and  with  the  same  levity  and  rude- 
ness affronted  the  duke  of  Aremberg,  who 
had  kindly  and  liberally  noticed  him. 

Rousseau,  James,  a  French  painter  born 
at  Paris,  1630.  He  studied  in  Italy,  and 
•was  patronised  by  Lewis  XIV.  but  as  he 
was  a  protestant,  he  left  his  country  to 
uvoid  persecution.  lie  next  went  to  Hol- 
land, and  afterwards  visited  England,  where 
be  was  employed  by  the  duke  of  Monta- 
gue. His  landscapes  and  architectural  re- 
presentations are  much  admired.  He  died 
in  London,  1693. 

Rousseau,  John  James,  a  celebrated  phi- 
losopher, born  28th  June,  1712,  at  Geneva, 
^vhere  his  father  was  a  watchmaker.     His 
mother  died  in  bringing  him  into  the  world, 
and  his  birth,  as  he  observes,  was  the  first 
of  his  misfortunes.     Though  of  a  weakly 
♦constitution,  his  mind  was  strong  and  ac- 
tive, and  the  reading  of  Plutarch  and  Taci- 
tus, which  adorned  the  shelves  of  his  fa- 
ther's shop,  opened  his  ideas,  and  inspired 
him  with  courage.     Some  juvenile   frolic 
induced  him  to  quit  his  father's  house,  and 
Avithout  protectors  he  changed  his  religion 
to  procure  bread.     By  the  care  of  the   bi- 
shop of  Anneci,  in  whose  house  he  solicit- 
rd  an  asylum,  he  was  placed  with  Mad.  de 
Warens,  a  lady  who  had  lately  abandoned 
the  protestant  for  the  catholic  tenets,  and 
devoted  part  of  her  fortune   to  deeds  of 
charity.     Rousseau  some  time  after  quitted 
the  hospitable  roof  of  this  amiable  female, 
who  had  been  to  him  a  mother  and  a  friend, 
and  as  he  was  fond  of  music  he  began  to 
teach  it  at  Chamberri^     From  Chamberri 
he  came,  in  1741,  to  Paris,  and  two  years 
after  went  as  secretary   with  Montague, 
the  French  ambassador,  to  Venice  ;  but  his 
proud  and  restless  spirit  could  not  long 
bear  the  confinement  of  servitude,  and  in 
fonsequence  of  a  quarrel  with  his  employ- 
er, he  returned  to  Paris.     Here  he  was  no- 
ticed by  Dupin,  the   farmer  general,  who 
gave  him  an  office  in  his  department,  and 
at  last,  in  1750,  he  began  his  literary  ca- 
reer, and  obtained  the  prize  of  the  acade- 
my of  Dijon,  on  the  subject.  Whether  the 
re-estabhshment  of  the  arts  and  sciences 
has  been  conducive  to  the  purity  of  morals  ? 
He   adopted,  by  the  advice  of  his   friend 
Diderot,  the  negative  position,  and  defend- 
ed it  with  such  eloquence  and  success,  that 
he  excited  a  number  of  literary  antagonists 
against  him.     He  next  attracted  the  public 
attention  by  his  discourse  on  the  cause  of 
inequality  among  men,  and  on  the  origin  of 
society,  a  work  of  singular  character,  and 
which  unites  the  boldest  flights  of  imagina- 
tion with  the  most   incoherent  ideas,  and 
elevates  savage  nature  above  the  comforts 
of  domestic  and  s-ocial  life.     This  compo- 
564 


sition,  dedicated  in  animated  language  io 
the  republic  of  Geneva,  restored  him  to  the 
favour  of  his   native  country,  and  to  the 
bosom  of  the  protestant  faith.     After  re- 
turning for  a  while  to  Paris,  he  retired  to 
solitude,    and  devoted  himself    to  study. 
His  letter  to  d'Alembert,  written  about  this 
time,  and  published  in  1758,  on  the  subject 
of  establishing  a  theatre  at  Geneva,  drew 
upon  him  the  censures  and  the  persecution 
of  Voltaire,  and  it  was  remarked  with  sur- 
prise that  this  bold  advocate  for  the  purity 
of  morals  against  the  contagion  of  theatri- 
cal representation   had  himself  written  a 
comedy  and  a  pastoral,  which  had  been  ex- 
hibited on  the  Paris  stage.    His  next  work 
was  the  Dictionary  of  Music,  which  con- 
tains many  valuable  articles,  but  not  with- 
out inaccuracies.    His  New  Heloise  appear- 
ed in  1761,  in  6  vols.  12mo.  and,  notwith- 
standing its  many  defects,  and  its  immo- 
rality, excited  much  of  the  public  attention, 
for  its  bold  delineation  of  character,  its  in- 
teresting details,  and  its  fascinating  lan- 
guage.    Heloise  was  followed,  in  1762,  by 
Emilius,  in  4  vols.  12mo.  a  moral  romance, 
still  of  greater  celebrity.     In   this  popular 
work   the  philosopher  wishes  to  leave  in 
education  every  thing  to  nature,  and  whilst 
he  inveighs  in  warm  language  against  the 
luxuries,  the  vices,  and  the  prejudices  of 
the  age,  he  speaks  truths  worthy  of  Plato 
and  of  Tacitus.     It  is,  however,  much  to 
be  lamented  that  in  tracing  out  the  educa- 
tion of  a  young  man,  and  in  drawing  a  most 
affecting  picture  of  the  benign  author  of 
Christianity,  and  of  the  sublime  beauties  of 
the  gospel,  he  attacks  with  blind  misguided 
fury  the  miracles  and  the  prophecies   on 
w^hich   that  divine   revelation    rests,   and 
builds  his  system  of  salvation  on   reason 
and  natural  religion.     The  book,  though 
popular,  was  exposed  to  the  censures  and 
condemnation  of  the  parliament  of  Paris, 
and  the  author  hastened  out  of  France.   He 
sought  an  asylum  at  Geneva,  but  the  gates 
of  the  city  were  shut  against  the  disgraced 
philosopher,  and  he  retired  to  Neufchatel 
in  Switzerland,  where  he  begfin  to  write  a 
defence  of  his  works,  and  of  his  principles. 
Here,  however,  the  populace  was  roused 
to  acts  of  violence,  by  the  pulpit  discourses 
of  the  ministers  of  the  neighbourhood,  and 
therefore  fearing  greater  insults  than  the 
pelting  of  his  windows,  he  fled  from  Neuf- 
chatel.    Berne,  where  he  sought  an  asy- 
lum, was  shut  against  him,  and  he  therefore 
hastened  to  Strasburg,  where  the  marshal 
de   Contades  relieved  his  necessities,  and 
enabled  him  to  proceed  to  Paris,  in  whicli 
place  he  expected  the  protection  of  David 
Hume.     With  the  English  philosopher  he 
travelled   to  London,    and   found  in   this 
country  a  peaceful   residence  ;  but  whilst 
he  fled  from  persecution  the  citizen  of  Ge- 
neva still  longed  for  celebrity.    In  England 


ROW 


ROW 


be  Avas  a  common  man,  ami  not  tho  fa- 
vourite of  the  people,  admired  and  applaud- 
ed, and  therefore  he  soon  quarrelled  with 
his  protector,  Hume,  and  left  the  kingdom 
in  disgust.  He  passed  through  Amiens 
and  returned  to  Paris,  where  he  was  per- 
mitted to  remain,  provided  he  wrote  no- 
thing oft'ensive  against  religion  or  the  go- 
vernment. Ever  restless  and  suspicious  he 
now  appeared  in  the  Armenian  dress,  and 
when  flattered  by  the  homage  of  those  who 
reverenced  his  abilities,  he  declared  him- 
self insulted,  and  began  to  interpret  the 
approbation  of  the  world  as  a  regular  sys- 
tem of  persecution  excited  against  him  by 
men  of  letters.  The  last  years  of  his  life 
were  spent  in  the  company  of  a  few  friends, 
and  while  he  seemed  to  condemn  the  fal- 
lacy of  former  opinions,  he  resigned  him- 
self to  the  peaceful  studies  and  solitude  of 
declining  age.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy 
at  Ermenonville,  the  estate  of  M.  de  Gi- 
rardin,  30  miles  from  Paris,  2d  July,  1778, 
aged  66  ;  and  in  the  isle  of  Poplars,  in  this 
beautiful  retreat,  arc  inscribed  these  words  : 
"  Ici  repose  I'homme  de  la  nature  et  de  la 
verite !  Vitam  impendere  vero."  Rous- 
seau, who  may  be  called  the  Diogenes  of 
modern  times,  married  in  1769,  at  Bour- 
goin  in  Dauphine,  a  woman  of  the  name  of 
le  Vasseur,  Avbo,  without  elegance  of  man- 
ners and  without  mental  attainments,  ex- 
ercised over  him  the  most  absolute  domi- 
nion. She,  however,  gave  him  in  return 
all  the  attentions  of  a  nurse  and  of  a  friend, 
and  accompanied  him  in  all  his  wanderings 
at  Montmorenci,  Geneva,  Berne,  Motiers, 
Neufchatel,  London,  Brienne,  Bourgoin, 
Paris,  and  Ermenonville.  The  works  of 
this  singular  character  have  been  collected 
ia  33  vols.  Svo.  and  12mo.  His  confes- 
sions were  published  after  his  death.  His 
*'  Pens6es"  have  appeared  in  a  separate 
form,  and  are  valuable,  as  they  exhibit 
much  of  the  original  character  of  the  man, 
and  the  most  sublime  truths  of  morality 
and  of  religion,  without  the  prejudices,  the 
passions,  and  the  absurdities  of  the  misan- 
thrope. 

Rousseau,  Samuel,  a  learned  printer,  was 
born  in  London,  in  1763.  He  served  his 
apprenticeship  in  the  office  of  Mr.  Nichols, 
by  whom  he  was  occasionally  employed  in 
collecting  remains  of  antiquity.  While  an 
apprentice  and  journeyman  he  made  him- 
self master  of  the  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew, 
Syriac,  Persian,  and  Arabic  languages  : 
with  some  knowledge  of  the  French.  Yet 
these  acquisitions  did  not  raise  him  to  in- 
dependence ;  and  he  died  in  very  indigent 
circumstances  in  18'20.  He  compiled — 1. 
Flowers  of  Persian  Literature — 2.  Diction- 
ary of  Words  used  in  the  East  Indies— 3. 
Persian  and  English  Vocabulary — 4.  Grani- 
mar  of  the  Persian  Language  :  and  other 
works. —  ir.  B. 


RouiSKL,  W  illium,  a  bcncdicliiic  of  Con- 
ches in  Normandy.  He  devoted  himself  to 
literary  pursuits  at  Kheims,  and  died  at  Ar- 
genteuil,  5th  Oct.  1717,  aged  5y.  He  ably 
translated  St.  Jerome's  1  setters,  3  vols.  8vo. 
and  began  a  literary  history  of  France, 
which  was  finished  by  Rivet. 

RoussEL,  Peter,  a  native  of  Ax  in  Pa- 
miers,  who  took  his  medical  degrees  at 
Montpellier,  and  was  the  pupil  of  tlie  great 
Bordeu.  He  published  Systeme  Fhisique 
et  Moral  de  la  Femme,  12mo.  a  work  of 
great  merit,  and  began  a  work  on  the  same 
subject  on  man.  He  died  at  Chateaudun, 
1803,  aged  60,  and  his  eloge  was  pronounced 
by  his  friend  Bordeu. 

Roux,  Augustin,  a  native  of  Gascony, 
who  studied  medicine,  and  took  his  degrees 
at  Bourdeaux.  He  published  a  Treatise  on 
Purifying  Liquors — Memoirs  of  Chymistry 
— Typographical  Annals — New  portable 
Encyclopedic,  2  vols.  8vo. — and  also  con- 
tinued Vandermonde's  Journal  of  Medicine. 
He  died  1776,  aged  50. 

RowE,  Nicholas, an  eminent  English  poet, 
born  at  Little  Bedfordshire,  1673.  From 
Highgate  school  he  went  to  W^estminster, 
under  the  tuition  of  the  great  Busby,  and 
at  the  age  of  16  removed  to  the  Middle 
Temple.  Though  his  abilities  might  have 
raised  him  to  eminence  in  the  law,  yet  he 
preferred  literature  to  all  other  pursuits, 
and  at  the  age  of  25  he  produced  his  first 
tragedy,  "  the  Ambitious  Stepmother," 
v/hich  was  received  with  universal  ap- 
plause. Tamerlane  ;  the  Fair  Penitent  ; 
Ulysses  ;  the  Royal  Convert  ;  Jane  Shore  ; 
and  Lady  Jane  Gray,  succeeded,  and  with 
equal  approbation  ;  but  the  poet  found  his 
powers  inadequate  to  the  ease  and  spright- 
liness  of  comedy,  and  his  '*  Biter"  was  so 
little  popular  that  it  is  not  even  inserted  in 
his  works.  His  literary  fame,  made  him 
known  to  the  great ;  the  duke  of  Queens- 
bury,  when  secretary  of  state,  made  him 
his  public  secretary,  and  on  the  Hanoverian 
succession  he  was  appointed  poet  laureat, 
and  land  surveyor  of  the  customs  of  the 
port  of  London,  and  afterwards  chancellor 
Parker's  secretary  to  the  presentations,  and 
clerk  to  the  prince  of  Wales's  council.  He 
died  6th  Dec.  1718,  aged  45,  and  was  in- 
terred in  Westminster  abbey,  lamented  not 
only  by  Pope's  muse,  but  by  nmny  charac- 
ters of  merit  and  virtue,  by  whom  he  was 
highly  esteemed.  He  translated  into  verse 
Lucan's  Pharsalia,  and  Quillet's  Callipaidia, 
and  edited  Shakspoare's  plays,  with  an  ac- 
count of  his  life.  Rowe  is  still  a  popular 
poet  on  the  stage,  and  his  Jane  Shore,  as 
Johnson  says,  is  always  seen  and  heard 
with  pity.  Though  he  does  not  often  ex- 
cite terror,  yet  he  elevates  the  sentiments, 
and  though  he  seldom  pierces  the  breast, 
he  always  delights  the  ear,  and  often  im- 
proves the  understanding. 

565 


ROW 


ROW 


Howe,  Llizabeth,  an  English  lady,  known 
for  her  genius  and  virtues,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Singer,  a  dissenting  minister,  and   bom  at 
Ilchester,  11th  Sept.  1674.     She  early  dis- 
played a  poetical  genius,  and  in   her  22d 
year  were  published   some   of  her  poems 
under  the  title  of  poems   on  several  occa- 
sions by  Philomela.     Her  talents  and  vir- 
tues rendered  her  soon  a  favourite  with  the 
public,  and  among  her  respectable  suiters 
she  had  the  poet  Prior  ;  but  she  disregard- 
ed all  applications  till  1710,  when  she  gave 
her  hand  to   Mr.  Thomas  Rowe,  a  gentle- 
man already  known  for  his  literary  acquire- 
ments.    After  his   death,  which  happened 
1715,  and  which  she  recorded  in  one  of  her 
best    elegies,    she  lived   in  retirement  at 
Frome,   in   the  cultivation   of  the  muses. 
She  died  of  an  apoplexy,  20th  Feb.  1736-7. 
After  her  death,  agreeable  to  her  request, 
her  devotions  were  published  by  Dr.  Watts, 
under  the  title  of  Devout  Exercises  of  the 
Heart,  &e.  and  in  1739,  appeared  her  mis- 
cellaneous works  in  prose  and  verse,  2  vols. 
8vo.     These  works  contain  the  History  of 
Joseph,  a  poem — Friendship   in  Death — 
Letters    Moral,    &.c.   and  enforce  by   the 
strongest  conviction  and  the  most  interest- 
ing examples,  the  love   of  virtue  and  the 
practice    of    every  good    and    benevolent 
action. 

Rowe,  Thomas,  the  husband  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  son  of  Benoni  Rowe,  a  dissent- 
ing minister.  He  was  born  in  London,  and 
educated  at  the  Charter-house,  and  at  Ley- 
den  university.  In  I7l0,  two  years  after 
his  return  from  the  continent,  he  married 
Miss  Singer,  with  whom  he  lived  five  years 
in  the  enjoyment  of  every  domestic  com- 
fort, till  a  lingering  illness  put  an  end  to  his 
life.  May,  1715,  in  his  28th  year.  Among 
other  things  he  wrote  an  ode  to  his  wife, 
some  time  after  his  marriage,  under  the 
title  of  Delia,  a  proof  of  his  love  and  of  her 
many  virtues.  He  also  undertook  to  give 
a  translation  of  Plutarch's  Lives,  but  finish- 
ed only  eight. 

Rowe,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Petherwin, 
Devonshire,  educated  at  Exeter  college, 
Oxford.  He  became  minister  of  Litchet, 
Dorsetshire,  but  was  ejected  in  1662,  for 
nonconformity,  and  afterwards  took  the 
care  of  a  dissenting  congregation  at  Wim- 
born,  where  he  died  1698.  He  was  author 
of  the  Christian's  Work,  &c. 

Rowe,  John,  an  English  divine,  born  at 
Crediton,  Devonshire,  and  educated  at 
New-Inn-hall,  Oxford.  He  was  for  some 
time  a  popular  minister  at  Witney,  Oxford- 
shire, and  then  removed  to  Tiverton,  in 
his  native  county,  and  in  1654  settled  as 
preacher  in  Westminster  abbey,  from  which 
he  was  ejected,  1662,  for  nonconformity. 
He  died  I2th  October,  1677,  and  was  bu- 
ried in  Bunhill  fields.  His  "  Love  of 
Christ,"  in  30  sermons,  are  a  much  es- 
566 


teemed  publication.  He  wrote  besides 
some  practical  treatises. 

Rowland,  Henry,  a  native  of  Anglesey, 
known  for  a  valuable  and  interesting  histo- 
ry of  his  native  island,  called  Mona  Re- 
staurata,  in  4to.  He  was  in  orders,  and 
died  1722. 

Rowland,  David  S.  congregational  mi' 
nister  of  Windsor,  Connecticut,  was  born 
at  Fairfield,  in  that  state,  in  1719,  and 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1743.  He  was 
first  settled  in  Plainfield,  and  afterwards  at 
Providence,  Rhode-Island,  where  he  re- 
mained twelve  or  thirteen  years.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution  he  re- 
moved, and  was  installed,  March  27th, 
1776,  pastor  of  the  first  church  in  Windsor, 
where  he  continued,  greatly  esteemed  for 
his  talents,  piety,  and  usefulness,  till  his 
death,  January  13th,  1794,  in  the  seventy- 
fifth  year  of  his  age,  and  forty-seventh 
of  his  ministry.  iCj^  L. 

Rowley,  a  monk  of  Bristol,  said  to  have 
flourished  in  the  15th  century.  Some  par- 
ticulars of  his  writings,  either  real  or  ficti- 
tious, are  mentioned  under  Chatterton. 

Rowley,  William,  a  dramatic  writer  in 
the  reign  of  the  first  Charles,  educated  at 
Cambridge.  He  was  the  friend  of  the 
learned  of  his  own  times,  and  is  spoken  of 
with  great  commendation  by  Wood.  He 
left  five  plays,  in  one  of  which  he  was  as- 
sisted by  Shakspeare. 

Rowley,  Samuel,  a  dramatic  writer  in: 
Charles  the  first's  reign,  but  of  no  great  ce- 
lebrity. Two  historical  plays  by  him  ai-e 
mentioned,  but  with  little  commendation. 

Rowley,  William,  an  eminent  physician, 
descended  from  an  Irish  family,  born  in 
London,  18th  November,  1743.  After  ap- 
plying himself  to  the  medical  profession,  he 
served  in  the  army,  and  was  at  the  siege  of 
Belleislc,  and  at  the  taking  of  the  Hava- 
na, and  bis  conduct  was  so  meritorious 
that  he  was  employed  by  the  ministry  un- 
der the  patronage  of  lord  Keppel  to  make 
professional  visits  to  Cuba,  and  all  the  lee- 
ward islands,  for  which  he  was  honourably 
rewarded.  He  settled  afterwards  in  Lon- 
don, and  acquired  an  extensive  practice, 
but  though  he  was  honoured  with  a  doctor's 
degi'ee  from  St.  Andrews,  and  had  been 
admitted  bachelor  of  medicine  from  St.  Al- 
ban's  hall,  Oxford  ;  some  objections  were 
made  in  that  university  to  his  obtaining 
the  next  degree,  and  he  never  took  it.  His 
publications  were  respectable  in  number, 
and  all  on  medical  subjects.  Though  a 
man  of  great  observation  and  of  extensive 
experience,  it  is  remarkable  that  either 
from  the  love  of  singularity,  or  from  preju- 
dice, he  opposed  the  vaccine  inoculation, 
and  thus  impeded  by  the  weight  of  his  au- 
thority the  adoption  of  a  system  which  bids 
fair  to  extirpate  one  of  the  greatest  scourgCr 


ROY 


RL'B 


3f  the  human  race.  This  excellent  man, 
nhose  humanity  and  benevolence  were  as 
conspicuous  as  his  medical  reputation  was 
extensive,  died  17th  March,  1806,  and  was 
privately  buried  in  St.  James's  chapel,  Tot- 
tenham court  road. 

RowNiNG,  John,  an  able  mathematician, 
fellow  of  Magdalen  college,  Cambridge, 
and  afterwards  rector  of  Anderby,  Lincoln- 
shire. He  died  in  Carey-street,  London, 
November,  1771,  aged  72.  His  compen- 
dious system  of  natural  philosophy,  2  vols. 
8vo.  is  a  popular  work,  and  has  often  been 
reprinted,  and  was  once  a  standing  class- 
book  at  Cambridge. 

RoxANA,  a  Persian  lady  of  great  beauty, 
whom  Alexander  took  for  his  wife,  and  at 
his  death  left  pregnant.  Her  son  Alexan- 
der was  cruelly  murdered  by  Cassander, 
and  she  shai-ed  his  fate. 

Roxburgh,  William,  a  physician  and 
botanist,  was  born  at  Craigie,  in  Ayrshire, 
in  1759.  He  received  his  education  at 
Edinburgh,  where  he  served  his  time  as  a 
surgeon  ;  after  which  he  went  to  India, 
and  settled  at  Madras.  Having  communi- 
cated several  papers  on  natural  history  to 
the  Royal  Society,  he  was  appointed  keeper 
of  the  botanical  garden  at  Calcutta,  where 
he  formed  an  intimacy  with  Sir  William 
Jones,  and  became  a  member  of  the  Asiatic 
Society,  whose  volumes  exhibited  abun- 
dant proofs  of  his  talents.  Dr.  Roxburgh 
made  several  important  discoveries,  parti- 
cularly in  the  colouring  matter  of  the  lacca 
insect,  and  the  cultivation  of  hemp  in  Ben- 
gal ,  for  which  he  received  three  gold  me- 
dals from  the  Society  of  Arts.  He  died 
at  Edinburgh  in  1815.  His  other  works 
are — 1.  Plants  of  the  coasts  of  Coromandel, 
2  vols.  4to.  2.  Botanical  Description  of 
Swieteniae,  4to.  3.  An  Essay  on  the  Natu- 
ral Order  of  the  Scitamineae,  4to. —  W.B. 

Roy,  Julian  le,  a  native  of  Tours,  who, 
from  his  earliest  years  showed  great  me- 
chanical knowledge.  He  came  to  Paris  at 
the  age  of  18,  and  in  1713,  was  admitted 
into  the  society  of  clock-makers.  He 
raised  his  profession  to  the  highest  pitch 
of  excellence,  and  his  watches  acquired  the 
same  celebrity  in  France,  as  those  of 
Graham  in  England.  He  died  at  Paris, 
20th  Sept.  1759,  aged  74,  leaving  four  sons. 
Peter  the  eldest  was  watch-maker  to  the 
king,  and  published  Memoirs  for  the  Clock- 
Makers  of  Paris,  4to. — Etrennes  Chrono- 
metriques — treatise  on  the  Labours  of  Har- 
rison and  le  Roy  for  the  discovery  of  Lon- 
gitude at  Sea,  4to. — Letter  to  M.  de  Ma- 
rivetz.  He  died  1785.  Julian  David,  an- 
other son,  was  member  of  the  national  in- 
stitute, and  became  professor  of  architec- 
tecture.  He  travelled  over  Greece  and 
other  countries,  and  published  Ruins  of  the 
Finest  Monuments  of  Greece,  fol.  a  work 
of  merit — History  of  the  Construction  of 


Christian  Temples,  Svo.— Observations  on 
the  Edifices  of  the  Ancients— on  the  Ma- 
rine, Ships,  Sails,  kc.  of  the  Ancients.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy  at  the  end  of  Jan. 
1803,  aged  75. 

RoYSE,  George,  D.D.  an  English  divine, 
born  atMartock,  Somersetshire,  1G55,  and 
educated  at  Edmund  hall,  Oxford.  He 
became  fellow  of  Oriel  college,  and  was 
afterwards  chaplain  to  king  William,  and 
to  Tillotson  the  primate,  who  gave  him 
Newington  Rectory,  Oxfordshire.  He  was 
elected  provost  of  Oriel  1690,  and  after- 
wards was  made  dean  of  Bristol,  and  died 
April,  1708. 

RoYSE,  John,  A.M.  a  popular  preacher 
under  Cromwell,  educated  at  Pembroke 
hall,  Cambridge.  He  was  ejected  in  1662, 
and  died  the  next  year.  His  "  Spirit's 
Touch  Stone"  is  admired. 

RozEE,  N.  a  native  of  Leyden.  She 
excelled  in  the  use  of  the  pencil,  but  in  the 
finishing  of  her  pictures  she  applied,  in- 
stead of  colours,  silk  floss  on  the  ground, 
which  she  disposed  with  the  highest  effect, 
and  with  the  most  correct  taste.  Her 
landscapes,  portraits,  and  historical  pieces, 
all  finished  in  this  delicate  manner,  arc 
much  admired.     She  died  16S2,  aged  50. 

RoziER,  Francis,  an  eminent  agricultu- 
rist, born  at  Lyons,  24th  Jan.  1734. 
Though  he  embraced  the  ecclesiastical  pro- 
fession, and  became  doctor  in  divinity,  and 
prior  of  Nanteuil,  he  devoted  himself 
deeply  to  the  study  of  his  favourite  science, 
and  to  botany,  chymistry,  and  natural  his- 
tory. At  Paris,  he  was  noticed  by  the 
great  and  the  powerful,  but  he  sought  for 
retirement  at  Bezieres,  where  he  composed 
and  finished  his  valuable  course  of  agricul- 
ture in  10  vols.  4to.  In  1788,  he  returned 
to  Lyons,  where  the  academy  admitted  him 
among  its  most  honourable  members. 
During  the  revolution  he  showed  himself 
firm  and  moderate,  but  when  Lyons  was 
besieged  a  bomb  fell  on  his  bed  while  he 
was  asleep,  and  buried  his  shattered  limbs 
among  the  ruins  of  the  house,  29th  Sept. 
1793.  He  wrote  besides  Memoirs  on 
making  Wine,  on  Mills  and  Presses,  and 
other  useful  works  on  agricultui'al  and  com- 
mercial subjects. 

Rubens,  Sir  Peter  Paul,  a  celebrated 
painter,  born  at  Cologne,  1577,  He  stu- 
died at  Antwerp,  from  which  for  a  time  the 
civil  wars  had  driven  his  family  ;  but  while 
he  applied  to  the  belles  lettres,  he  display- 
ed a  strong  partiality  for  the  art  of  design- 
ing. This  taste  was  happily  promoted,  and 
after  receiving  instruction  from  the  best 
Flemish  masters  he  went  to  Italy,  where 
he  greatly  improved  himself,  especially  by 
studying  accurately  the  colouring  of  Titian, 
and  all  the  striking  beauties  of  Julio  Ro- 
mano, of  Raphael  and  other  illustrious 
painters.    After  an  absence  of  seven  years 

567 


KUD 


RUF 


spent  in  viewing  the  cabinets  of  Italy,  Le 
returned  to  Antwerp,  where  he  took  a  wife, 
whom  after  four  years  of  domestic  happi- 
ness he  lost.  He  afterwards  took  a  second 
wife  of  great  beauty,  whose  personal 
charms  it  is  said,  he  transfused  into  his 
paintings.  The  fame  of  his  great  talents 
soon  spread  over  Europe,  and  he  was  de- 
servedly courted  by  great  men  and  princes. 
He  was  invited  to  Paris  by  Mary  de  Medicis 
to  paint  the  Luxemburg  gallery,  and  he  be- 
came such  a  favourite  with  the  infanta  Isa- 
bella of  Spain,  that  she  sent  him  as  her 
ambassador  to  England  to  negotiate  a  peace 
in  1630.  During  his  residence  in  England, 
he  painted  the  Banqueting  house,  and  was 
much  noticed  by  Buckingham,  and  also  by 
Charles  I.  wbo  knighted  him.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Spain  he  was  honourably  received 
by  Philip  IV.  and  made  secretary  of  state 
in  Flanders.  He  died  1640,  leaving  an 
immense  fortune  behind  him.  His  el- 
dest son  Albert  succeeded  him  as  secretary 
in  Flanders.  Rubens  was  deservedly  held 
in  high  esteem,  and  it  is  said  that  few  per- 
sons passed  through  Flanders  without  see- 
ing a  man  of  whose  talents  and  great  repu- 
tation they  had  heard  so  much.  Of  his 
many  pupils  Vandyke  acquired  the  greatest 
celebrity. 

Rubens,  Albert,  son  of  the  above,  was 
born  at  Antwerp,  1614,  and  gained  the  es- 
teem of  the  archduke  Leopold  William,  go- 
vernor of  the  Low  Countries,  by  his  vir- 
tues and  intelligence.  He  wrote  de  Re 
Vestiarii  Veterum,  prsecipue  de  Lato  Clavo 
— Diatribae  de  Gemma,  Tiberian^,  Augus- 
taea,  &.c. — Regum  et  Imperatorum  Roman. 
Numismata,  fol. — de  Vit^  Flavii  Manii 
Theodori,  12mo.     He  died  1657. 

RuccELLAi,  John,  a  native  of  Florence, 
of  illustrious  birth.  He  embraced  the  ec- 
clesiastical state,  and  was  sent  by  Leo  X. 
his  relation,  as  ambassador  to  Francis  I. 
but  the  death  of  that  pope  cut  off  his  hopes 
of  obtaining  the  purple,  though  the  next 
pontiff,  Clement  VII.  appointed  him  go- 
vernor of  St.  Angelo.  He  died  in  ob- 
scurity about  1526,  aged  50.  He  wrote 
Rosamonde,  and  Orestes,  tragedies,  and 
the  Bees,  a  poem  of  merit  in  blank  verse, 
translated  into  French  by  Pingeron. 

RuccELLAi,  Bernard,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, in  the  15th  century,  author  of  Bel- 
lum  Italicum,  printed,  London,  1733,  in 
4to.  &c.  Another  of  the  same  family  Avho 
embraced  the  ecclesiastical  profession  and 
obtained  considerable  benefices  from  the 
pope.  His  intimacy  with  the  pope  raised 
him  enemies,  and  he  left  Italy  and  retired 
to  France,  where  he  lived  in  the  most  effe- 
minate and  sumptuous  manner.  He  died 
at  Montpellier,  22d  Oct.  1622. 

RuDBECK,  Olaus,  professor  of  medicine 
hX  Upsal,  wrote  Excercitatio  Anatomica, 
568 


4to. — Atlantica,  sive  Manheim  Vera  Ja- 
pheti  Posterorum  Sedes  ac  Patera,  3  vols, 
fol.  with  an  Atlas — Leges  West-Gothicae, 
fol. — collection  of  Plants  on  Plates,  2  vols, 
fol. — Laponia  Illustrata,  et  iter  per  Upland, 
4to. — Dissertation  on  the  Bird  called  Selai 
in  the  Bible,  &c.  He  died  1702,  aged  73. 
His  son  of  the  same  name  was  also  an  emi- 
nent physician,  and  published  Dissertatio 
de  Hedera — a  Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of 
Laplard — Specimen  Linguae  Gothicae,  4to. 

RuDDiMAN,  Thomas,  a  learned  Scotch- 
man, born  in  Aberdeenshire,  1684,  and 
educated  at  Aberdeen.  He  was  made 
oversee;-  of  the  king's  printing-house,  Edin- 
burgh, and  for  near  fifty  years  continued 
keeper  of  the  advocates'  library  there,  and 
distinguished  himself  for  the  many  valuable 
books  which  he  edited.  He  was  strongly 
attached  to  the  Stuart  family,  and  there- 
fore opposed  the  revolution.  His  Diploma- 
ta  et  Numismata  Scotiae,  are  admired,  but 
particularly  his  excellent  Latin  grammar, 
with  valuable  notes.  He  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1757,  aged  84. 

RuDiNG,  Rogers,  an  English  divine,  was 
born  at  Leicester,  Aug.  9,1751.  Hebe- 
came  fellow  of  Merton  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
divinity  in  1782.  In  1773,  he  was  presented 
to  the  college  living  of  Meldun  in  Surrey, 
and  soon  after  he  was  elected  a  fellow  of 
the  society  of  antiquaries,  to  whose  archaeo- 
logia  he  was  a  contributor.  He  published 
"  Annals  of  the  coinage  of  Britain,  and 
its  dependencies,"  in  4  vols.  4to.  He  died 
in  1820.— ir.^. 

Rue,  Charles  de  la,  a  French  orator  and 
poet,  born  at  Paris,  1643.  He  was  edu- 
cated among  the  Jesuits,  and  distinguish- 
ed himself  as  a  professor  of  belles  lettres 
and  rhetoric,  and  as  an  eloquent  preacher. 
He  published  in  1667,  the  Conquests  of 
Lewis  XIV.  a  Latin  poem,  which  Corneille 
translated  into  French  with  many  high  com- 
mendations of  the  original  author.  He 
was  among  the  editors  of  the  Dauphin 
classics,  and  published  Virgil.  He  wrote 
also  tragedies  in  Latin  and  French,  which 
possessed  great  merit,  besides  3  vols.,  of 
sermons,  and  died  1725,  aged  82. 

Rue,  Charles  de  la,  a  Benedictine  monk, 
born  1685.  He  was  very  learned  in  Greek 
and  Hebrew,  and  became  the  friend  and 
associate  of  Montfaucon,  and  by  his  ad- 
vice published  the  works  of  Origen,  in  3 
vols.  fol.     He  died  1739. 

RuFFHEAD,  Owen,  an  English  writer. 
He  published  the  life  of  Pope — a  collection 
of  statutes  at  large — and  other  works,  and 
died  1769. 

RuFFi,  Anthony  de,  a  learned  counsellor 
of  Marseiles.  He  is  author  of  an  History 
of  Marseilles,  2  vols.  fol.  which  was  con- 
tinued by  his  son  Louis  Anthony,     He 


RUll 


JILAI 


wrote  besides,  the  History  of  the  Generals 
of  the  Galleys,  &c.  lie  died  1689,  aged 
82,  and  his  son  1724,  aged  07. 

RuFiNUS,  a  father  of  the  ehurch.  lie 
tvas  born  at  Aquileia,  and  was  the  friend 
and  afterwards  the  antagonist  of  St.  Je- 
rome. He  died  in  Sicily  410.  Besides  a 
Latin  translation  of  Josephus,  and  of  some 
of  the  works  of  Origcn,  he  wrote  the  lives 
of  some  of  the  fathers  of  the  desert,  &.c. 

RuFus,  Kphesius,  an  ancient  Greek 
anatomical  writer  in  Trajan's  reign.  He 
was  considered  as  an  able  physician,  but 
his  works  have  all  perished,  and  only  the 
Greek  names  of  the  parts  of  the  body  are 
preserved  from  his  writings.  He  wrote 
treatises  on  the  Diseases  of  the  Reins  and 
Bladder — on  the  Bile,  &c. 

RuGENDAs,  George  Philip,  a  native  of 
Augsburg,  celebrated  as  a  painter.  He 
painted  with  his  left  hand.  He  chiefly  ex- 
celled in  the  representations  of  battles, 
sieges,  and  in  historical  pieces,  and  died 
1742,  aged  76. 

RuGGLE,  George,  an  English  writer,  fel- 
low of  Clare-hall,  Cambridge.  He  wrote  Ig- 
noramus, a  Latin  comedy  of  some  merit, 
performed  with  great  applause  in  the  uni- 
versity before  James  I.  1014.  He  died 
about  1640. 

RuGGLES,  Timothy,  a  brigadier  general, 
under  general  Amherst,  in  the  expedition 
against  Canada,  was  born  at  Rochester, 
Massachusetts,  October  11th,  1711,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college,  in  1732. 
He  established  himself  as  a  lawyer  first 
at  Sandwich,  and  afterwards  at  Hard- 
wick,  and  attained  to  high  respecta- 
bility in  the  profession.  He  served  as  a 
brigadier  general  in  the  French  war,  and 
was  second  in  command  in  the  battle  with 
Dieskaw.  In  1756,  he  was  appointed  a 
judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  for 
Worcester,  and  in  1762,  chief  justice,  and 
held  the  office  till  the  revolution,  when  he 
joined  the  royal  party,  and  left  the  state. 
He  had  been  for  many  years  a  member  of 
the  legislature,  and  possessed  a  large  share 
of  influence,  and  was  in  1765  sent  a  de- 
legate to  the  congress,  which  met  at  New- 
York,  but  refused  to  concur  in  the  mea- 
sure adopted  by  it,  for  which  he  was  re- 
primanded by  order  of  the  legislature. 
After  the  war  he  resided  in  Nova  Scotia, 
and  died  in  1798.  |::3^  L. 

RuuNKENius,  David,  a  native  of  Stolp 
in  Pomerania,  who  became  professor  of 
belles  lettres  and  history,  and  librarian,  in 
Leyden  university.  He  died  14th  May, 
1798,  aged  75.  He  wrote  Epistolaj  Critica; 
in  Hesiodi  et  Homeri  Hymnos — de  Vita 
et  Scriptis  Longini— Timaei  Sophistise 
Lexicon — Historia  Critica  Oratorum  Grse- 
corum,  2  vols.  Svo. — Editions  of  V.  Pater- 
culus,  Rutilius  Lupus,  &c.  The  life  of  this 
able  and  learned  critic  has  been  published 
by  VVyttenbach. 


Vor.,  II. 


7-2 


RuiNART,  Thierry,  a  Ecn^diclino  monk. 
born  at  Kheims,  1057.  He  was  an  able 
theologian,  and  was  the  associate  of  Ma- 
billon,  in  his  literary  labours.  He  was 
author  of  tlie  Acts  of  tbe  .Martyrs  of  the 
Four  first  centuries,  4to. — History  of  the 
Persecution  of  the  Vandals,  4to.— the  Life 
of  Mubillon — the  Life  of  Pope  Urban  V. 
besides  an  edition  of  (Gregory  of  Tours 
He  died  1709. 

Rule,  Gilbert,  a  native  of  Elgin,  edu- 
cated at  Aberdeen,  where  he  becanie  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy.  He  was,  in  1059, 
made  principal  of  his  college ;  but  was 
ejected  two  years  after  for  nonconformity, 
after  which  he  went  to  Leyden,  and  took 
his  degrees  in  medicine.  At  the  revolu- 
tion he  was  appointed  principal  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  died  there  1705, 
aged  77.  He  wrote  some  pieces  in  defence 
of  his  nonconformity,  and  against  episco- 
pacy, of  little  merit.  Some  specimens  of 
his  pulpit  oratory  are  preserved  in  the 
Scotch  presbyterian  eloquence. 

RuLHiERES,  N.  de,  a  learned  French- 
man, secretary  to  the  French  ambassador 
I'Hopital  in  Russia,  when  Peter  III.  w^ 
hurled  from  his  throne.  He  published  a 
short  but  very  interesting  account  of  this 
extraordinary  event,  and  afterwards  gave 
a  history  of  the  revolution  in  Poland.  He 
was  preparing  an  account  of  the  French 
revolution,  when  he  died  suddenly,  30th 
Jan.  1791.  He  wrote  besides  a  pamphlet 
of  great  merit,  on  the  Protestants  of 
France,  and  two  poems  on  Disputes — les 
Jeux  des  Mains.  Two  volumes  of  his  post- 
humous works  appeared  l2mo.  1791. 

RuLLAND,  Martin,  a  physician  of  Frei- 
singen  in  Bavaria,  professor  of  medicine  at 
Lawingen  in  Swabia,  and  physician  to  Ro- 
dolphus  II.  He  wrote  Medica  Practica — 
Appendix  de  Dosibus,  &c. — Thesaurus  Ru- 
landinus — Lexicon  Alchymiae — Hydriatica, 
or  a  treatise  on  Mineral  Waters.  He  died 
at  Prague,  1602,  aged  70.  His  son  Martin 
was  born  at  Lawingen,  and  became  physi- 
cian to  the  emperor,  and  died  at  Prague, 
1611,  aged  52.  He  wrote  some  medical 
tracts. 

RuMPHics,  George  Everard,  doctor  of 
medicine  in  Hanau  university,  became  con- 
sul at  Amboyna,  and  paid  there  particular 
attention  to  botanical  pursuits.  Though  he 
had  the  misfortune  to  lose  his  sight  at  the 
age  of  43,  he  yet  followed  his  favourite  stu- 
dies, and  by  the  delicate  powers  of  his  taste 
and  of  his  smell,  he  still  distinguished  all 
the  varieties  of  plants.  His  learned  labours 
were  presented  to  the  public  in  1755,  with 
a  supplement  by  John  Burmann,  in  6  vols, 
fol.  He  published  besides,  Imagines  Pis- 
cium  Testaceorum,  fol.  1711,  and  Political 
History  of  Amboyna. 

RuMSEY,  James,  an  ingenious  mechanic 
of  Berkley  county,  Virginia,  who  invented 
a  method  of  employing  steam  in  navigation, 

•569 


RUR 


KUS 


ill  17S2,  and  obtained  a  patent  (oy  it  IVom 
Virginia,  in  1787.  In  1784  he  published  a 
treatise  on  the  subject  in  controversy  with 
John  Fitch,  who  claimed  to  have  also  about 
the  same  time  discovered  a  method  of  pro- 
pelling vessels  by  steam.  Rumsey's  method 
was  carried  into  effect  on  a  small  scale 
both  in  the  United  States  and  England,  but 
did  not  succeed.  He  died  at  Philadelphia, 
while  publicly  delivering  a  description  of  his 
invention.  Fitch  also,  whose  invention 
was  subsequent  to  Rumsey's,  obtained  a 
patent  for  it  from  Virginia  in  1788,  and 
made  a  trial  of  it  on  the  Delaware.  But  it 
was  equally  unsuccessful.  |C3^  L. 

RuNDLE,  Thomas,  a  learned  prelate,  edu- 
cated at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  where  he 
took  the  degree  of  LL.D.  1723.  The 
friendship  of  lord  Talbot,  to  whom  he  was 
chaplain,  procured  him  preferment,  and  he 
became  archdeacon  of  Wilts,  treasurer  of 
Sarum,  rector  of  Sedgefield,  and  preben- 
dary of  Durham,  which  he  exchanged  in 
1735,  for  the  see  of  Derry.  He  was  the 
intimate  friend  of  the  learned  and  of  the 
>>olite  in  his  agp.  A  volume  of  his  letters 
has  been  printed.    He  died  1743. 

RuNNiNGTON,  Charlcs,  sergeant  at  law, 
was  born  in  Hertfordshire,  in  1751.  His 
education  was  private,  and  in  1768  he  was 
placed  with  a  special  pleader,  who  em- 
ployed him  in  a  digest  of  the  law  of  Eng- 
land. In  1778  he  was  called  to  the  bar,  and 
in  1787  to  the  degree  of  sergeant  at  law. 
In  1815,  he  was  appointed  commissioner 
for  the  relief  of  insolvent  debtors,  which 
office  he  resigned  in  1819.  He  died  at 
Brighton,  Jan.  18,  1821.  Sergeant  Run- 
nington  published— 1.  Hale's  History  of 
the  Common  Law,  2  vols.  2.  Gilbert's  Law 
of  Ejectments,  8vo.  3.  Rufihead's  Statutes 
at  large,  4  vols.  4to.  4.  History  of  the  Legal 
llemedy  by  Ejectment,  and  the  resulting  ac- 
tion for  Mesne  Process,  8vo. — W.  B. 

Rupert,  Prince,  son  of  Frederic  king  of 
Bohemia,  and  Elizabeth  daughter  of  James 
I.  visited  England  at  the  beginning  of  the 
civil  wars,  and  as  he  had  acquired  some  mi- 
litary knowledge  abroad,  he  was  intrusted 
by  Charles  with  the  command  of  some  of 
his  armies,  and  behaved  with  spirit  and 
address.  Under  the  second  Charles  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  navy,  and  de- 
feated the  Dutch  fleet  in  1673.  In  the  midst 
of  his  military  engagements  he  paid  particu- 
lar attention  to  the  arts  and  sciences,  he 
was  fond  of  chymistry,  and  from  the  acci- 
dental observation  of  a  soldier  scraping  his 
rusty  gun  he  invented  mezzotinto  printing, 
of  which  he  himself  executed  the  first  spcr 
cimen,  still  to  be  seen  in  Evelyn  Sculptura, 
first  edition.  This  gallant  prince  died  1632. 

RuREMOND,  John  William  de,  a  French 

fanatic.    He  believed  himself  to  be  inspired 

in  1580,  and  commissioned  by  heaven  to 

restore  the   tenets  of  the  anabaptists   of 

570 


Munstcr,  and  for  a  while  he  collected  ad- 
herents around  him,  by  encouraging  them 
to  pillage  the  rich,  whose  property  he  re- 
garded as  common  to  the  disciples  of 
Christ,  and  by  permitting  them  polygamy. 
He  was  at  last  seized,  and  by  order  of  the 
duke  of  Cleves  condemned  to  be  burnt  by 
a  slow  fire.  He  suffered  the  punishment 
with  astonishing  fortitude,  and  two  of  hjs 
wives,  imitating  his  example,  shared  his 
fate  with  the  same  obstinate  indifference. 

RuscELLi,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Viterbo, 
educated  at  Venice.  He  was  eminent  for 
his  learning,  and  published  Rimario,  or  a 
dictionary  of  Rhymes — Imprese  Illustri,  or 
Illustrious  Coats  of  Arms,  &c.  and  died  at 
Rome,  1565. 

Rush,  Benjamin,  M.D.  LL.D.  a  distin- 
guished American  physician,  was  born  Ja- 
nuary 6th,  1745,  near  Bristol,  about  twelve 
miles  from  Philadelphia.    His  father  died 
while  he  was  young,  and  left  him  to  the 
care  of  an  intelligent  and  pious  mother, 
who  gave  him  a  virtuous  education.    At  the 
age  of  eight  or  nine  years  he  was  placed 
under  the  tuition  of  Dr.  Samuel  Finley, 
afterwards    president    of  the    college    at 
Princeton,  and  after  becoming  accomplish- 
ed in  the  knowledge  of  Latin  and  Greek,  he 
entered  that  institution,    then   under  the 
care  of  president  Davies,  and  was  gradua- 
ted in  1760.     The   next    succeeding  six 
years  he  devoted  to  the  study  of  medicine, 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  John  Redman, 
of  Philadelphia.    He  there   embarked  for 
Europe,  and  attended  the  medical  lectures 
at  the   University  of  Edinburgh  for  two 
years,  and  afterwards  spent  some  time  at 
the  hospitals  in  London.     In  1769  he  re- 
turned to  America,  with  qualifications  for 
his  profession  seldom  equalled,  and  com- 
menced the  practice  of  physic  in  Philadel- 
phia, where  his  superior  talents  and  learn- 
ing, and  highly  amiable  and  engaging  man- 
ners, soon  procured  him  extensive  practice. 
Not  long  after  his  establishment  there  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  chymistry  in 
the  medical  school  in  that  city.     In  1789 
he   became   professor  of  the    theory  and 
practice  of  medicine  ;  in  1791  of  the  insti- 
tutes of  medicine  and  clinical  practice  ;  and 
in  1805  was  chosen  to  the  united  profes- 
sorships of  the  theory  and  practice  of  me- 
dicine, and  of  clinical  medicine,  which  he 
held  the  remainder  of  his  life,   On  the  com- 
mencement of  the  contest  with  Great  Bri- 
tain, Dr.  Rush  entered  with  warmth  into 
the  defence  of  the  rights  of  the  colonies, 
and  in  1776  was  elected  a  member  of  con- 
gress, and  signed  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence.    In  April  of  the  next  year  he 
was  appointed  surgeon-general  of  the  mili- 
tary hospitals  of  the  middle  department ; 
but,  preferring  the  place  of  physician-gene- 
ral, for  which  his  studies  had  better  quali- 
fied him,  he  was  transferred  to  that  statioii 


RUS 


KtS 


in  July.     He  resigned  that  ofllce  in   177S, 
and  after  employing  bis   influence  to  pro- 
mote the  establishment  of  a  new  constitu- 
tion  in    Pennsylvania,    and  serving  as    a 
member  in  the  convention  of  that  state, 
which  ratified  the  constitution  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  retired  from  political  life,  and 
devoted  himself  to  medical  studies.     He 
had   before    this  period  published  several 
medical    tracts,    and    he    continued     for 
many    years    to    add  frequently  to  their 
number.     In  1798  he  collected  his  works 
relating  to  medicine,  and  published  them 
in    five  volumes.    They    were   republish- 
ed  in  1804,  in  four   volumes,   and   again 
in   1809.     His  volume  on  diseases  of  the 
mind  he  gave  to  the  world  in   1812.     He 
died  on  the  l8th   of  April,   1813,   in  the 
sixty-ninth  year  of  his   age.     Dr.   Rush 
was    one    of  the  greatest  and  best  men 
who  have  adorned  his  country.     He  pos- 
sessed   an    acute    and    rapid   perception, 
a    discriminating    judgment,     a     brilliant 
imagination,    a  retentive  memory,   and  a 
cultivated  taste.     He  was  a  most  assidu- 
ous and  persevering   student ;    his  know- 
ledge was  various  and  profound,   and  he 
eminently  excelled  in  the  several  depart- 
ments of  his  profession,  both  as  a  practi- 
tioner and  lecturer.     His  writings  are  a 
noble  monument  of  his  genius.     His  inves- 
tigations were  characterized  by  great  inde- 
pendence and  originality.    He  added  many 
important  facts  to  the  science  of  medicipe, 
and  was  peculiarly  felicitous  in  his  method 
of  describing  diseases.    His  woi'ks  enjoyed 
an  uncommonly  extensive  circulation,  and 
gave  him  a  rank  in  the  estimation   of  fo- 
reigners, as  well  as  his  own  countrymen, 
among  the  greatest  men  who  have  adorned 
his  profession.     In  private  life  he  was  dis- 
tinguished by  amiableness,   modesty,   up- 
rightness, affability,  uncommon  powers  of 
conversation,  great  punctuality  to  his  en- 
gagements,  and   great  philanthropy ;   and 
he  enjoyed  to  a  remarkable  degree  the  con- 
fidence,   esteem,    and   admiration   of   all 
around  him.     To  those  characteristics  he 
also  added,  in  an  eminent  degree,  the  vir- 
tues of  an  enlightened  and  practical  Chris- 
tian. [tT  L. 

RusHwoRTH,  John,  a  learned  English- 
man, born  in  Northumberland,  1607,  and 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  Lincoln's  Inn, 
where  he  was  called  to  the  bai*.  He  was 
very  expert  as  a  short-hand  writer,  and  in 
consequence  of  his  great  dexterity  was  em- 
ployed to  minute  down  the  particulars  of 
the  most  important  debates  and  causes  in 
parliament,  and  in  the  courts  of  justice.  He 
was,  in  1640,  appointed  joint  clerk  to  the 
house  of  commons,  and  afterwards  at- 
tended his  relation,  general  Fairfax,  as  his 
secretary.  In  1658  he  was  chosen  mem- 
ber for  Berwick,  and  also  in  1660,  and 
1678,  and  the  next  year,  and  he  vccom- 


mended  hlin.seir  to  (he  king's  r.ivoMr,  by 
presenting  to  him  some  valuable  records  of 
the  privy  council,  which  he  had  preserved 
during  the  civil  wars.  Either  through  ex- 
travagance or  carelessness,  he  uus  impri- 
soned in  the  king's  bench,  and  died  there 
alter  six  years'  conlinement,  12lb  May, 
1690.  His  historical  collections  of  private 
passages  in  state,  &c.  appeared  at  \ariou.s 
times,  in  7  vols.  fol.  and  were  reprinted  iu 
1721,  with  an  additional  volume.  The 
work  is  generally  considered  as  too  fa- 
vourable to  the  republican  party,  and  thence 
he  was  accused  of  untruths,  and  of  libelling 
the  government,  by  Dr.  John  Nalson  of 
Cambridge,  who  published  in  opposition,  a 
collection  of  the  affairs  of  state,  &c. 

RussEL,  Alexander,  physician  to  tlie 
English  factory  at  Aleppo,  was  born  and 
educated  at  Edinburgh.  During  his  resi- 
dence in  Turkey,  he  applied  himself  to  ac- 
quire the  knowledge  of  the  language,  and 
gained  great  celebrity  by  his  medical  abi- 
lities, which  procured  him  the  patronage 
and  friendship  of  the  pacha  of  Aleppo.  He 
returned  to  Europe  in  1759,  and  was  elecC- 
ed  physician  of  St.  Thomas's  hospital,  Lon- 
don. His  history  of  Aleppo  has  been  con- 
sidered as  a  valuable  performance,  which 
has  been  translated  into  various  languages. 
He  died  in  London,  1770. 

RussEL,  Richard,  an  eminent  physician, 
author  of  a  popular  treatise  on  the  virtues 
of  sea  water.   He  died  1768. 

RussEL,  lord  William,  third  son  of  Wil- 
liam, the  first  duke  of  Bedford,  was  bom 
about  1641.     He  obtained  a  seat  in  the 
House  of  Commons  under  Charles  II.  and 
distinguished  himself  as  a  violent  opposev 
of   the   succession  of  the  duke  of   York 
to  the  throne.     His  conduct  was  regarded 
by  the  court  with  a  jealous  eye,  and  at  last 
he  was  arrested  as  guilty  of  treasonable 
practices,  in  conjunction  with  the  duke  of 
Monmouth,  and  condemned  to  death.    He 
was  beheaded  in  Lincoln's  Inn  fields,  21st 
July,  1683.     After  the  revolution  his  sen- 
tence was  revised,  and  an  act  passed  to  ex- 
amine who  were  the  authors  of  his  death. 
He  had  married,  in  1667,  Rachel,   second 
daughter  of  Thomas  Wriotesley,  earl   of 
Southampton,   widow  of  lord  Vaughan,   a 
woman  of  great  merit  and  piety.     When 
she  heard  of  his  condemnation,  she  threw 
herself  at  the  king's  feet,  but  she  implored 
in  vain  :    Charles  was  inexorable,  and  she 
immediately  went  to  the  Tower,  and  em- 
ployed all  the  powers  of  affection  and  elo- 
quence in  exhorting  her  husband  to  support 
the  dignity  of  his  character,  and  to  die  with 
heroic  resolution,  and  all  the  firmness  of  a 
Christian.     She  parted  from  him   on  the 
day  of  his  execution,  and  he,  turning  from 
her,  exclaimed,  "  the  bitterness  of  death  is 
now  past."     This  excellent  woman  conti- 
nued a  widow  till  her  d(?ath,  1723,  at  the 


KUT 


RUT 


age  of  S7,  and  she  had  the  consolation  to 
see  her  second  son  succeed  to  the  honours 
and  to  the  estates  of  the  Bedford  family. 
The  letters  which  passed  between  her  and 
her  husband  have  been  published,  and  dis- 
play, in  the  strongest  features,  the  charac- 
ters of  a  man  of  upright  integrity,  and  of  a 
•woman  of  the  most  generous  heart,  and  the 
most  affectionate  sentiments. 

RussEL,  Elizabeth,  lady,  daughter  of  sir 
Anthony  Cooke,  married  sir  Thomas  Hob- 
bey,  who  died  1566,  and  afterwards  lord 
John  Russel,  son  and  heir  of  Francis,  the 
second  earl  of  Bedford.  By  her  second 
Lusband,  who  died  1584,  she  had  one  son 
and  two  daughters,  Anne  and  Elizabeth, 
the  last  of  whom  was  buried  in  Westmin- 
ster abbey,  where  a  statue  on  her  monu- 
ment seems  to  indicate  that  she  died  in 
consequence  of  pricking  her  finger  with  a 
needle.  Lady  Russel  was  a  woman  of  a 
well-cultivated  mind,  and  fond  of  literature. 
She  translated  from  the  French  a  religious 
book  on  the  Sacrament,  printed  1605.  She 
died  about  1600,  aged  71. 

Russell,  Chambers,  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Massachusetts,  was  the  son 
of  the  Hon.  Daniel  Russell,  a  member  of 
the  council  and  impost  officer  of  Massa- 
chusetts, by  a  daughter  of  the  Hon. 
Charles  Chambers.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college,  in  1731.  In  1747  he 
succeeded  Mr.  Auchmuty  as  judge  of  the 
admiralty  court,  and  died  at  Dover  in  Eng- 
land, in  1766.  The  family  of  Russells  was 
one  of  the  first  rank  and  respectability  in 
Massachusetts.  Richard  Russell,  the  an- 
cestor who  came  first  to  America,  was 
from  Herefordshire  in  England.  He  was 
treasurer,  and  a  magistrate  of  the  province, 
in  1659.  His  son,  grandson,  and  two 
great  grandsons  Avere  members  of  the 
council.  iC3^  L. 

Russell,  Thomas,  who  died  in  Boston, 
in  1796,  was  a  descendant  of  the  above. 
He  was  a  merchant,  and  a  member  of  the 
rouncil.  The  first  American  ship  employed 
in  the  Russian  trade  was  owned  by  him. 
His  wife  was  a  daughter  of  colonel  Watson, 
of  Plymouth,  and  after  his  death  the  lady 
of  sir  Grenviile  Temple.  r CIP'  L. 

Rust,  George,  a  fellow  of  Christ  college, 
Cambridge,  who,  by  the  friendship  of  Je- 
remy Taylor,  became  dean  of  Connor,  and 
afterwards  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Dro- 
more.  He  died  1670,  author  of  a  discourse 
on  Truth — a  sermon,  preached  at  the  fune- 
ral of  his  friend  bishop  Taylor,  and  other 
religious  pieces. 

Ruth,  a  woman  of  Moab,  who  married 
Mahlon,  and  afterwards  Boaz,  by  whom 
she  had  Obed,  the  father  of  Jesse,  and  thus 
became  the  progenitor  of  the  royal  race  of 
David.  Her  history  is  supposed  to  be  writ- 
ten by  Samuel,  in  a  simple,  pleasing,  chaste, 
^Tjd  interesting  style,  and  it  fonns  a  con- 
572 


nexion  between  the  book  of  Judges,  and 
the  first  of  Samuel. 

RuTHERFORTH,  Thomas,  a  learned  di- 
vine, born  at  Papworth-Everard,  Cam- 
bridgeshire, 13th  Oct.  1713,  and  educated 
at  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  be- 
came fellow.  He  was  afterwards  professor 
of  divinity  to  the  university,  rector  of 
Shenfield,  Essex,  and  Barley,  Herts,  and 
archdeacon  of  Essex.  He  wrote  a  System 
of  Natural  Philosophy,  2  vols.  4to — Insti- 
tutes of  Natural  Law,  2  vols.  8vo. — some 
sermons — charges,  &c.  besides  an  Expla- 
nation of  Plutarch's  Description  of  the  In- 
strument used  to  renew  the  Vestal  fife, 
communicated  to  the  Spalding  society.  He 
died  Oct.  5th,  1771. 

RuTiLiA,  a  Roman  lady,  the  wife  of  M. 
Aur.  Cotta,  celebrated  by  Seneca,  as  a  wo- 
man of  great  virtue. 

RuTiLius  RuFus,  Publius,  a  Roman  con- 
sul, banished  about  105  B.  C.  by  the 
knights,  through  envy.  He  was  honoura- 
bly received  wherever  he  went  in  his  exile, 
in  Asia. 

RuTiLius,  Claudius,  a  native  of  Tou- 
louse, in  the  fifth  century,  who  wrote  a 
Latin  Itinerary,  in  elegiac  verse.  It  has 
appeared  at  Amsterdam,  1687,  in  12mo. 

RuTLEDGE,  John,  govemor  of  South 
Carolina,  was  distinguished  for  talents  and 
patriotism,  and  for  vigorous  efforts  in  sup- 
port of  the  liberties  of  the  country  during 
the  war  of  the  revolution.  He  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  congress  of  1774  ;  and 
when  the  temporary  constitution  of  South 
Carolina  was  established  in  1776,  was  ap- 
pointed president  and  commander-in-chief 
of  the  colony.  He  continued  in  the  office 
till  the  formation  of  the  new  constitution  in 
1778.  The  following  year  he  was  chosen 
governor,  and  retained  the  office  till  1782, 
making  the  most  strenuous  and  judicious 
exertions  in  opposition  to  the  British  for- 
ces which  ravaged  Carolina  during  that 
period.  He  was  conspicuous  for  eloquence, 
decision  of  character,  and  integrity ;  and 
equally  an  ornament  and  a  blessing  to  the 
colony  and  nation.  He  died  on  the  23d 
January,  ISOO.  (CT  L. 

RuTLEDGE,  Edward,  whose  name  is  af- 
fixed to  the  declaration  of  American  inde- 
pendence, was  born  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  in  November,  1749,  and  after  re- 
ceiving a  classical  education,  and  obtaining 
some  knowledge  of  law,  went  to  England  in 
1769,  and  completed  his  preparation  for  the 
bar  in  the  temple.  He  returned  in  1773, 
and  entered  on  the  profession.  He  was 
elected  in  1774  a  member  of  congress,  and 
repeatedly  afterwards  ,  and  was  a  highlf 
respectable  member  of  that  body.  Being 
prevented  by  sickness  from  attending  the 
session  in  1779,  he  was  at  Charleston, 
when  the  British  attacked  the  place  thaf 
year,  and  had  a  command  in  the  militia 


1<UV 


ML 


which  opposed  them.  He  afterwards  re- 
sumed his  profession,  and  was  long  one  of 
the  most  respectable  at  the  bar,  and  one  of 
the  leading  members  of  the  legislature  of 
South  Carolina.  In  1798  he  was  elected 
governor  of  the  state.  He  died  January 
23d,  1800,  in  his  fiftieth  year.  His  dispo- 
sitions were  amiable,  and  his  manners  po- 
lished ;  he  conducted  his  professional  busi- 
ness with  great  integrity,  and  was  a  popu- 
lar speaker.  lU'  L. 

RuYSCH,  Frederic,  a  famous  Dutcb  ana- 
tomist, born  at  the  Hague,  1638.  He  stu- 
died at  Leyden  and  Franeker,  and  then  set- 
tled at  the  Hague,  which  he  left  on  an  ho- 
nourable invitation  to  become  anatomical 
professor  at  Amsterdam.  Here  he  devoted 
himself  with  indefatigable  industry,  in  the 
dissection  and  examination  of  the  various 
parts  of  the  human  body,  and  made  a  most 
valuable  collection  of  natural  curiosities, 
which  he  was  prevailed  upon  to  present,  for 
30,000  florins,  to  the  Czar  Peter,  when  he 
visited  Amsterdam,  and  honoured  the  pro- 
fessor with  his  notice  and  esteem.  His 
anatomical  works,  which  are  veiy  valua- 
ble, appeared  in  4  vols.  4to.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  London  royal  society,  and  of  the 
Paris  academy  of  sciences,  and  died  Feb. 
22d,  1731,  aged  93.  His  son  Henry,  who 
died  before  him,  was  also  an  able  aualonriist, 
ftnd  published  Theatrum  Universale  omni- 
um Animahum,  &c.  2  vols.  fol.  1718. 

RuTSDALL,  Jacob,  a  famous  landscape 
painter,  born  at  Haerlem,  1636.  His 
banks  of  rivers,  cascades,  hilly  grounds, 
woods,  and  groves,  display  great  correct- 
ness, and  all  the  animated  beauties  of 
nature.  He  died  1681.  He  had  a  brother, 
Solomon,  equally  known  as  a  painter, 
though  of  inferior  merit.  He  died  at  Haer- 
lem, 1670. 

RuTTER,  Micliael  Adrian,  a  famous  Dutch 
admiral,  born  at  Flushing  in  Zealand,  1607. 
At  the  age  of  11  he  began  his  military  ca- 
reer, and  after  various  services,  after  going 
eight  times  to  the  West  Indies,  and  twice 
to  the  Brazils,  he  was  made  admiral  in 
1641.  He  assisted  the  Portuguese  against 
the  Spaniards  with  great  braveiy,  and  af- 
terwards went  to  the  port  of  Salee,  on 
the  Barbarj'  coast,  where  he  defeated  a 
superior  force  of  Algerine  corsairs.  In 
1653  he  was  second  in  command  to  Van 
Tromp  in  the  three  battles  fought  against 
the  English,  and  two  years  after  he  display- 
ed his  valour  against  the  Turks  in  the  Me- 
diterranean. His  services  to  Denmark 
against  the  Swedes  in  1659,  procured  to 
him  a  liberal  pension  from  the  king,  and 
the  honours  of  nobility.  His  next  expedi- 
tion was  against  the  combined  fleets  of 
England  and  France  in  1672,  where  he 
upheld  his  former  character  of  bravery  and 
intrepidity,  and  the  next  year  he  was  en- 
2;aged  again  in  three  battles  with  the  same 


hostile  squadrons.  He  was  in  1676  in  the 
Mediterranean,  and  in  an  engagement  with 
the  French  fleet  before  Sicily,  he  unfortu- 
nately received  a  wound,  which  proved  fa- 
tal a  few  days  after.  His  death  was  la- 
mented not  only  by  his  nation,  but  even 
Lewis  XIV.  expressed  his  sorrow  at  the 
fate  of  a  man  who  had  carried  personal 
bravery  and  cool  presence  of  mind  to  so 
high  a  pitch. 

Ryan,  Lacy,  a  dramatic  writer,  born  at 
Westminster  about  1GJj4.  His  friends  in- 
tended him  for  the  law,  but  the  stage  had 
greater  attractions,  and  he  was  the  first 
who  performed  the  character  of  Marcus  in 
Addison's  Cato,  which  he  gave  with  spirit 
and  eft'ect,  though  only  eighteen  years  old. 
He  grew  into  public  favour,  and  though  a 
very  respectable  actor,  he  never  was  con- 
sidered as  a  first  rate  performer,  as  the  ca- 
dence of  his  voice  was  unfortunately  and 
disagreeably  too  shrill  to  please  the  ear. 
His  intimacy  with  Quin  reflects  honour  on 
both,  and  it  was  remarked  with  pleasure, 
that  the  aged  veteran  stepped  forth  with 
alacrity  to  perform  his  favourite  Falstaflf, 
for  the  benefit  of  his  friend.  Mr.  Ryan 
died  1 6th  August,  1760,  aged  68,  at  Bath, 
where  he  had  retired  for  his  health. 

Ryckhaert,  Martin,  a  native  of  An- 
twerp, esteemed  as  a  landscape  painter. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Vandyck,  and  other 
eminent  artists,  and  died  1636,  aged  45. — 
There  lived  also  in  his  age,  in  the  same 
place,  and  of  the  same  name,  David,  who 
was  eminent  as  a  painter  of  rural  scenery. 
Rtkius,  Theodore,  professor  of  history 
at  Leyden,  published  editions  of  Tacitus,  2 
vols.  l2mo. — and  of  Stephanus  Byzantius, 
fol.  &c.     He  died  1690. 

Rycquius,  Justus,  a  native  of  Ghent, 
who  travelled  into  Italy,  and  was  honoured 
with  the  title  of  citizen  of  Rome,  in  con- 
sequence of  his  writings.  He  was  made 
by  Urban  VIII.  professor  of  eloquence  at 
Bologna,  where  he  died  1627.  His  work 
de  Capitolio  Romano,  I6l7,  4to.  is  a  valu' 
able  composition,  which  was  again  edited 
at  Leyden,  by  J.  Gronovius,  with  learned 
notes. 

Ryer,  Peter  du,  a  dramatic  writer,  bom 
at  Paris,  1605.  He  was,  in  1626,  appointed 
secretary  to  Lewis  XIII.  but  in  conse- 
quence of  an  imprudent  marriage,  and  of 
attendant  poverty,  sold  the  place.  He 
was  afterwards  secretary  to  the  duke  of 
Vendome,  and  was  made  member  of  the 
French  academy,  and  also  historiographer 
of  France,  with  a  pension.  He  wrote 
nineteen  dramatic  pieces,  and  translated 
thirteen,  which,  according  to  Voltaire, 
were  popular  on  the  stage.  He  died  1658. 
Rtland,  John,  author  of  the  Christian 
Student  and  Pastor — the  Preceptor — Ele- 
ments of  Mechanics — Sermons — and  some 
controversial  tracts,  was  a  baptist  preacher 


EYS 


RYV 


al  Northampton.     To  increase  his  income, 
he  kept  for  some   years  an  academy,  and 
died  at  Enfield,  1792.     As  bis  reputation 
was  extensive  among  people  of  his  persua- 
sion, he  received  the   honorary  degree  of 
M. A.  from  Edinburgh  university,  and  as  a 
literary  character,  he   vvas  flattered  by  the 
friendship  and  correspondence  of  Dr.  John- 
son, Doddridge,  Hervey,  and  other  learn- 
ed men. 

Ryland,  William  Wynne,   an  unfortu- 
nate man,  son   of  a  London  copper-plate 
printer.     He  learnt  engraving  under  Rave- 
nat,  and  afterwards  visited  Italy  andFrance, 
where  he  greatly  improved  his  talents.    His 
copper-plates,  to  yield  impressions  with  all 
the  softness  of  chalk  drawing,  were  so  po- 
pular, that  he  obtained  the  place  of  engra- 
ver to  the  king,  with  a  pension  of  300/.  per 
annum.     His  connexion  with  a  printseller 
of  Cornhill,  afterwards  embarrassed  his  af- 
fairs, and  produced  a  bankruptcy,  and  in  an 
evil   hour   he   committed  a  forgery  on  the 
East  India  company,  for  which  he  was  tried 
and  executed,  1783. 

Rtmer,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English  an- 
tiquaiy,  born  in  Yorkshire,  and  educated 
at  Northallerton  school,  and  at  Cambridge. 
He  afterwards  entered  at  Gray's  inn,  and 
in  1692  became  historiographer  to  William 
III.  He  devoted  some  of  his  time  to  poe- 
try, but  his  tragedy  of  Edgar  possesses 
little  merit,  and  his  "View  of  the  Trage- 
dies of  the  Last  Age,"  displays  his  abilities 
as  a  critic  in  a  very  unfavourable  light,  as 
severe,  partial,  and  uncandid,  and  an  acri- 
monious detractor  of  the  immortal  repu- 
tation of  Shakspeare.  The  best  known 
work  of  Rymer  is  his  Foedera,  in  20  vols, 
fol.  a  most  valuable  collection,  containing 
public  acts,  conventions,  treaties,  state  pa- 
pers, letters,  foreign  correspondence,  re- 
printed at  the  Hague  in  10  vols,  abridged 
by  Rapin,  and  translated  by  Whatley  in  4 
vols.  8vo.  1731. 
Rtsbrac,   John    Miehael,    an  eminent 


statuaiy,  who  died  in  London  1770,  ageti 
about  78. 

Rysbraeck,  Peter,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
1657.  He  acquired  reputation  as  a  land- 
scape painter,  and  particularly  excelled  in 
the  strong  and  spirited  representation  of 
trees,  and  the  other  beauties  of  rural  sce- 
nery. 

Rtves,  Sir  Thomas,  a  civilian,  born  ia 
Dorsetshire,  and  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  and  New  college,  Oxford.     He  ap* 
plied  himself  to   the   civil  law  in  Doctors' 
Commons,  and  distinguished  himself  great- 
ly in  that  profession.     He  was  made  mas- 
ter in  chancery,  king's  advocate,  and  was 
knighted  by  Charles  I.  whom  he  served 
with  great  ability,  not  only  in  the  cabinet, 
but  in  the  field  during  the  civil  wars.     He 
died  in  1651,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Clement 
Danes,  near  Temple  bar.     He  was  a  learn- 
ed man,  and  wrote  the  Vicar's  Plea — His- 
toria  iNavalis  Antiqua — Historia   Navalis 
Media,  &c. 

Rtves,  Bruno,  a  celebrated  preacher,  re- 
lated to  the  preceding.  He  was  chaplain 
to  Charles  I.  and  for  his  attachment  to  his 
master,  was  exposed,  during  the  civil  wars, 
to  persecution  and  plunder  ;  but  at  the  res- 
toration, he  was  made  dean  of  Windsor, 
and  secretary  to  the  Garter.  He  died 
1677.  He  was  author  of  "Mercurius 
Rusticus,"  a  political  paper,  first  printed 
22d  Aug.  1642 — Querela  Cantabrigiensis, 
&c. — a  Catalogue  of  those  Lords,  Persons 
of  Quality,  &c.  slain  or  executed  during 
the  civil  war — some  Sermons,  &c. 

Rtves,  Eliza,  an  Irish  lady,  known  for 
her  literarj'  abilities.  Her  family  was  re- 
spectable ;  but  a  law- suit  devoured  the  lit- 
tle property  which  she  possessed,  and  she 
found  protection  and  subsistence  by  the  la- 
bours of  her  pen.  She  wrote  the  Hermit 
of  Snowdon,a  novel — besides  some  popular 
translations  from  the  French,  and  a  liberal 
contribution  to  the  annual  registers.  She 
died  in  London,  1797. 


SA 

J^A,  or  Saa,  Emanuel,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Conde  in  Portugal.  He  was  public  profes- 
sor of  theology  at  Coimbra  and  Rome,  and 
then  became  a  preacher,  and  was  employed 
by  Pius  V.  to  complete  a  new  edition  of 
the  Bible.  He  wrote  besides,  Scholia  in 
quatuor  Evangelia — Notationes  in  totam 
Sacram  Scripturam — Aphorismi  Comfessa- 
riorum,  and  died  at  Arona,  30th  Dec.  1596, 
aged  66. 

Sa  de  Miranda,   Francis,    a   native  of 
Coimbra,  knight  of  the  order  of   Christ, 
and  professor  of  jurisprudence  in  the  uni- 
versity.   He  quitted  the  profession  of  the 
574 


SAA 

law  after  his  father's  death,  and  though  ho^ 
noured  by  the  king  of  Portugal,  he  prefer- 
red a  life  of  ease  and  retirement  to  the  in- 
trigues of  the  court.  He  died  at  his  coun- 
try seat,  1558,  aged  65.  His  works  are, 
Satires — Comedies,  and  Pastorals,  printed 
together  at  Lisbon,  1614,  in  4to.  Though 
the  first,  he  is  not  the  most  correct  poet  of 
his  nation. 

Saadas  Gaon,  a  Jewish  rabbi,  author 
of  a  book  on  the  Belief  of  the  Jews ;  an 
Arabic  translation  of  the  Old  Testament  j 
Commentaries  on  Ezra  and  Daniel ;  Ex- 
planation of  the  Jezirah.     He  was  at  the 


SAA 


.SAB 


liead  of  the  school  at  Sora,  near  Babylon, 
and  died  943. 

Saas,  John,  a  native  of  Franqueville, 
near  Kouen,  %vho  died  of  an  apoplexy, 
10th  April,  1774,  aged  72.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  Rouen  academy,  secretary  to 
the  archbishop,  and  afterwards  canon  of 
the  church,  and  librarian.  He  wrote  an 
account  of  the  MSS.  of  the  Cathedral  of 
Rouen  ;  an  Abridgment  of  the  French  His- 
torical Dictionary,  4  vols.  ;  Criticisms  on 
the  Supplement  to  Moreri ;  on  the  Ency- 
clopedic, &c.  and  other  things. 

Saavedra,     Michael    de   Cervantes,   a 
celebrated  Spanish  writer,  author  of  Don 
Quixotte,  born  at  Madrid,  1549.     He  was 
from   his   very  youth   unusually   fond    of 
reading   novels,   and  curious  adventures, 
and  thus  he  began  to  lay   the    foundation 
for    those   comic    and    striking    incidents 
which  prove  so  amusing  and  so  interesting 
in  his  hero.  He  quitted  Spain  for  Italy,  and 
he  was  chamberlain  to  cardinal    Aquaviva 
at  Rome.     He  was  also  for  some  time  en- 
gaged in  the  hardy  profession  of  a  soldier, 
under  the  victorious  Colonna,  and  was  at 
the  battle    of  Lepanto,  1571,  in  which  he 
lost  his  left  hand,  which  was  either  shot,  or 
dreadfully   maimed  by  an  harquebus.     In 
1574  he  was  unfortunately  taken  by  a  Bar- 
bary  corsair,  and  carried  to  Algiers,  where 
he  endured,  for  five  years  and  a  half,  all 
the  horrors  of  captivity,  till  ransomed  by 
the  religious   society  of  redemption.     On 
his  return  to  Spain,  he  began  to  write  co- 
medies and  tragedies  for  his  maintenance  ; 
but  though  his  pieces  were  acted  with  uni- 
versal applause  at  Madrid,  he  pined  in  po- 
verty, and  at  last  found  himself  in  a  prison. 
In  his  confinement  he  began  his  Don  Quix- 
otte, of  which  the  first  part  appeared  in 
1605,  and  the  second  part  ten  years  after. 
This  immortal  work  was  a  strong  and  plea- 
sant satire  on  the  books  of  knight  errantry, 
which  were  then  so  fashionable   in  Spain, 
and  it  met  with  universal  approbation  ;  and 
though  written  to  ridicule  the  follies  of  a 
particular  age,  it  continues  still  to  be  read 
and    admired   in  every    known  language. 
Though    deservedly    popular,    Cervantes, 
such  is  too  often   the  fate  of  literary  men, 
was  little  noticed  by  the  great ;  the  book 
was  read,  but  the  author  was  neglected,  and 
he  could  not  obtain  the  small  pittance  of  a 
pension,  which  might  have  kept  him  above 
want.     Yet,  in  the  midst  of  his  wretched- 
ness, he  preserved  his  serenity  and  plea- 
santness, and  in  his  last  moments  displayed 
that  unconcern  and  jocularity  which  would 
have  become  a  happier  period  of  life.     He 
received  extreme  unction  at  Madrid,  ISth 
April,  1616,  and  died  soon  after,  but  what 
day    is   not    ascertained.      Besides    Don 
Quixotte,  and  dramatic  pieces,  he  wrote  the 
Troubles  of  Persiles  and  Sigismunda,  a  no- 
^e? — Galatea,  a  novel  in  six  books. 


Saavedra  Fajardo,  Diego,  a  noble 
Spaniard,  born  in  Murria.  He  was  for 
some  time  ambassador  in  Switzerland,  and 
was  made  knight  of  St.  J;igo,  and  member 
of  the  supreme  council  of  the  Indies.  He 
wrote  Idea  of  a  Politic  Prince — the 
Gothic  Crown — the  Literary  Republic,  a 
work  of  merit,  translated  into  French  at 
Lausanne,  1770.     He  died  1648. 

Sabas,  a  heresiarch,  founder  of  the 
Messalians.  In  his  eagerness  after  perfec- 
tion, he  interpreted  the  gospel  literally  j 
he  made  himself  an  eunuch,  and  distribu- 
ted all  his  goods  to  the  poor.  This  sect, 
which  prevailed  near  Edessa  about  310, 
was  extinct  at  the  end  of  the  century. — 
There  was  another  of  that  name,  who  be- 
came head  of  the  monasteries  of  Palestine, 
and  died  highly  respected,  5th  Dec.  531, 
aged  92. 

Sabatei-Sevi,  a  Jewish  impostor,  born 
at  Smyrna,  1626.      With  great  natural  ta- 
lents well  cultivated  by  education,  he  form- 
ed a  design  of  imposing   himself  upon  the 
Jews    as    their    long-promised     Messiah. 
After  some  persecution,  he  was  received  at 
Jerusalem  as  an  extraordinary   character, 
and  the  dispersed  HebrcAvs  were  invited  to 
come  and  salute  their   deliverer.     In  the 
madness    of  his   ambition,   Sevi   declared 
himself  king  of  kings,  and  amused  his  de- 
luded followers  with  pretended  communica- 
tions with  the  divinity,  and  a  promise  that 
the  holy  temple  would  descend  all  complete 
and  beautifully  adorned,  from  heaven,  and 
that  on  it   to  the  end  of  the  world  would 
be  regularly   offered  the  adoration  of  all 
the  nations   of  the  earth.     While  the  vul- 
gar, lost  in  astonishment,  even  forgot  their 
usual   employments  in   hopes  of  the  pro- 
mised happiness,  the  impostor  marched  to- 
wards Constantinople,  where  he  expected 
obedience  and  submission.     He  was,  how- 
ever, seized  ;  bur  such  was  the  enthusiasm 
of  his   followers,  that  his  keeper  was  en- 
riched by  the  presents  which   he   received 
to  permit  the  multitude  to  kiss  the  feet  of 
his  prisoner.      When   brought   before   the 
sultan  Mahomet,  Sevi  refused  to  perform 
miracles  to  prove   his  divine  mission,  and 
preferred  embracing  Mahometanism  to  the 
dangerous  experiment  of  being  exposed  as 
invulnerable  to  the   arrows   of  skilful  ar- 
chers.    As  his  conversion  was  not  sincere, 
the  sultan  still  detained  him  in  prison,  and 
there  he  died,  1676,  aged  50. 

Sabbathier,  Peter,  a  native  of  Poitiers, 
of  the  order  of  the  Benedictines  of  St. 
Maur.  For  twenty  years  he  was  engaged 
in  making  a  collection  of  the  Latin  versions 
of  the  Bible,  which  was  published  in  1743, 
under  the  title  of  Bibliorum  Sacrorum  La- 
time  ^'ersioncs  Antiquse,  3  vols,  folio.  The 
two  last  volumes  were  published,  not  by 
the  author,  but  by  Charles  de  la  Rue.  He 
died  at  Rheims,  24th  March,  1742,  aged  60, 

575 


SAB- 


SAC 


Sabbathier,  Francis,  a  French  writer, 
was  born  at  Condom  in  1735.  He  became 
a  teacher  at  the  college  of  Chalons-sur- 
Marne,  where  also  he  established  an  aca- 
demy, to  which  he  acted  as  secretary.  Af- 
terwards he  ruined  himself  by  engaging  in 
a  paper  manufactory.  He  died  in  1807. 
His  works  are — 1.  Essai  sur  I'origine  de  la 
puissance  temporelle  des  Papes.  2.  Le 
Manuel  des  Enfans.  3.  Dissertations  sur 
divers  sujets  de  I'Histoire  de  France.  4. 
Les  Moeurs,  Coutumes,  et  Usages  des  An- 
ciens  Peuples,  3  vols.  5.  Dictionnaire 
pour  I'intelligence  des  auteurs  classiques 
Grecs  et  Latins,  36  vols.  8vo. —  W.  B. 

Sabelucus,  Mark  Anthony  Cocceius,  a 
learned  Italian,  born  at  Vicovaro,  and  made 
professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Udina,  and 
librarian  to  St.  Mark's  at  Venice.  He  was 
an  able  teacher,  and  began  a  Universal 
History,  of  which  one  vol.  appeared,  be- 
sides a  History  of  the  Venetian  Republic, 
folio,  and  other  pieces  in  prose  and  verse, 
.&c.     He  died  ld06,  aged  about  70. 

Sabellius,  an  African,  founc'er  of  asect 
in  the  third  century,  which  denied  any  dis- 
tinction in  the  three  persons  of  the  Trinity. 
This  heresy,  which  had  many  followers, 
was  condemned  by  the  council  of  Constan- 
tinople, 381. 

Sabeo,  Faustus,  a  native  of  Bresse,  in 
the  Venetian  territory,  who  distinguished 
himself  as  a  poet.  His  edition  of  Arno- 
bius,  Rome,  1542,  in  folio,  is  much  valued. 
He  was  honoured  with  a  gold  chain  from 
the  emperor  Henry  H.  to  whom  he  dedi- 
cated his  epigrams,  1556.  He  died  about 
1558,  aged  80. 

Sabina,  Julia,  wife  of  Adrian,  was  cele- 
brated for  her  respectable  character  in 
public  and  private  life.  Her  husband,  at 
his  death,  prevailed  upon  her  to  take  poi- 
son, and  not  to  survive  him,  A.D.  138. 

Sabinas,  Aulus,  a  Latin  poet  in  the  age 
of  Ovid.  His  epistles  were  said  to  possess 
merit.     They  have  perished. 

Sabinus,  Francis  Floribus,  author  of  In- 
terpretations of  the  Civil  Law — of  an  Apo- 
logy for  the  Latin  Language,  &c.  was  a  ve- 
ry learned  and  polite  Italian  writer,  and 
died  about  1547. 

Sabinus,  George,  an  excellent  modern 
Latin  poet.  He  was  born  in  the  electorate 
of  Brandenburg,  1508,  and  by  his  talents 
acquired  the  esteem  of  the  learned  of  his 
times.  He  married,  in  1536,  Melancthon's 
eldest  daughter,  after  whose  death,  at  Ko- 
nigsberg,  1547,  he  settled  at  Frankfort  on 
the  Oder,  Avhere,  in  the  character  of  pro- 
fessor, he  acquired  great  celebrity.  He 
was  patronised  by  the  elector  of  Branden- 
burg, and  also  employed  in  various  negotia- 
tions by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  who  es- 
teemed him  and  respected  his  talents.  He 
died  in  consequence  of  an  illness  contract- 
ed in  Italy,  1560.  His  Res  Gesta;  Ca^sa- 
576 


rum  Romanorum,  and  other  poems,  are 
well  known. 

Sablier,  N.  a  French  writer  of  emi- 
nence. He  published  Varietes  Serieuses 
et  Amusantes,  4  vols.  12mo. — Essai  sur 
les  Langues,  8vo.  besides  translations  from 
Goldoni,  &c.  He  died  at  Paris,  10th 
March,  1785,  aged  93.  Another  of  that 
name  wrote  two  dramatic  pieces  for  the 
Italian  theatre,  and  died  about  1760. 

Sabliere,  Anthony  de  Rambouillet  de 
la,  a  French  poet.  He  died  at  Paris,  1680, 
and  his  Madrigals,  admired  for  their  sim- 
plicity and  delicate  sentiments,  were  pub- 
lished by  his  son.  His  wife,  Hesseiin, 
seemed  to  retain  his  virtues,  and  she  was 
the  friend  of  the  learned,  and  particularly 
of  Fontaine,  who  has  repaid  her  kindness, 
and  the  honourable  asylum  which  for  many 
years  she  gave  him  in  her  family,  by  im- 
mortalizing her  name  in  his  poems. 

Sacchi,  Andrea,  an  Italian  painter,  born 
at  Rome  1601.  He  studied  with  great  as- 
siduity the  labours  of  his  predecessors,  and 
the  antique  marbles  ,  and  by  the  directions 
of  Albani,  and  his  own  exertions,  he  soon 
acquired  a  celebrity  superior  to  that  of  his 
cotemporaries.  He  was  ambitious  to  be 
correct,  and  therefore  did  little,  and  but 
slowly ;  and,  as  he  said,  he  never  did  any 
thing  but  what  he  proposed  should  be  seen 
by  Raphael  and  Hannibal.  He  was  pa- 
tronised by  some  of  the  cardinals,  and  par- 
ticularly by  Urban  VIII.  whose  picture  he 
drew,  and  in  such  a  correct  style  as  to  be 
equal  to  the  best  efforts  of  ancient  or  mo- 
dern times.     He  died  1661. 

Sacchini,  Antoine  Marie  Gasper,  an 
able  musician,  born  at  Naples,  1735.  He 
studied  under  Durante  ;  and  at  Rome,  Ve- 
nice, and  Naples,  he  began  to  display  those 
great  powers  of  composition  and  harmony 
which  procured  him  so  much  applause  in 
Germany,  Holland,  England,  and  Paris, 
He  was  of  a  benevolent  disposition,  and 
died  at  Paris,  1786.  His  operas  were 
much  admired. 

Sacheverell,  Henry,  an  English  di- 
vine of  celebrated  notoriety.  He  was  son 
of  a  poor  clergyman  at  Marlborough,  and 
was  educated  by  the  kindness  of  his  godfa- 
ther, and  placed  at  Magdalen  college,  Ox- 
ford, where  he  became  demy,  1687,  and 
afterwards  fellow.  His  regularity  and  po- 
lite manners  rendered  him  a  favourite  tutor 
in  the  college,  and  his  Latin  poems,  some 
of  which  appeared  in  the  Musae  Anglicans, 
proved  him  an  elegant  scholar,  and  a  man 
of  respectable  talents.  He  was,  at  Oxford, 
the  cotemporary  and  the  friend  of  Addi- 
son, who  inscribed  his  farewell  poem  to 
the  muses  to  him,  as  his  dearest  friend 
and  colleague.  He  took  his  master's  de- 
gree 1696,  and  that  of  D.D.  1708.  His 
first  preferment  was  Cannock,  Stafford- 
shire, to  which  in   1705  was  added  the 


bAC 


SAC 


preachcrsbip  of  St.  Saviour's,  Southwark. 
His  two  famous  sermons  were  delivered 
at  Derby,  14th  Aug.  1709,  and  at  St. 
Paul's,  Nov.  Otii,  before  the  lord  mayor, 
and  as  in  one  o(  them  he  was  supposed  to 
allude,  under  the  name  of  Volpone,  to  lord 
(iodolphin,  they  excited  great  attention, 
and  drew  upon  him  the  resentment  of  par- 
liament. His  trial  before  the  peer^  began 
27th  Feb.  1709-10,  and  ended  the  '23d 
March  ;  but  though  he  was  suspended  for 
three  years  from  preaching,  and  his  ser- 
mons were  burnt  by  the  executioner,  so 
violent  was  the  party  spirit  of  the  times, 
that  in  laying  the  foundation  of  his  future 
preferment  it  completely  overturned  the 
ministry.  The  queen  saw  with  pleasure 
the  propagation  of  sentiments  which  en- 
forced the  divine  rights  of  monarchs,  and 
submissive  obedience  to  her  authority,  and 
when  the  punishment  of  this  persecuted 
divine,  therefore,  was  expired,  he  was  pre- 
sented to  the  valuable  living  of  St.  An- 
drew's, Holborn,  and  received  with  such  en- 
thusiasm by  the  people,  that  of  the  first  ser- 
mon which  he  preached,  and  which  he  sold 
for  100/.  40,000  copies  were  immediately 
distributed  througli  the  nation.  Thus,  for 
a  while  regarded  as  the  champion  of  the 
church,  and  as  the  victim  of  party,  Sache- 
verell  enjoyed  honours  and  popularity,  till 
at  last  he  sunk  into  retirement  and  obscu- 
rity. He  died  5th  June,  1724,  and  by  his 
will  left  500/.  to  bishop  Atterbury,  who  is 
supposed  to  have  written  for  him  the  de- 
fence which  he  made  before  the  peers,  and 
to  have  composed  the  elegant  Latin  in- 
scription for  the  silver  basin  gilt,  which  he 
presented  to  his  counsel  and  defender,  sir 
Simon  Harcourt.  He  is  described  by  the 
dutchess  of  Marlborough,  who  no  doubt 
was  displeased  at  his  popularity,  as  an  ig- 
norant, impudent  incendiary,  a  man  who 
was  the  scorn  of  those  who  made  use  of 
Ivim  as  a  tool  ;  and  Burnet,  with  equal  con- 
tempt, observes  of  him,  that  he  possessed 
little  of  religion,  virtue,  learning,  or  good 
sense,  but  forced  himself  to  preferment  by 
railing  at  dissenters  and  low  churchmen. 

Sachtleven,  Herman,  a  native  of  Rot- 
terdam, whose  landscapes  were  held  in 
high  esteem.  He  died  1685,  aged  76, 
His  relation,  Cornelius,  was  also  eminent 
in  landscape  painting,  but  inferior  to  him. 

Sackville,  Thomas,  first  lord  Buck- 
hurst,  was  born  at  Buckhurst,  Sussex, 
1536.  He  was  entered  at  Oxford,  and 
then  removed  to  Cambridge,  and  after- 
wards to  the  Inner  Temple,  where  he  was 
called  to  the  bar.  He  early  acquired  ce- 
lebrity by  his  "  Induction,  or  introduction 
to  the  Myrror  of  Magistrates,"  a  series  of 
poems,  and  by  his  "  Gorboduc,"  a  ti-agedy, 
acted  in  1561,  with  great  applause,  at 
^Vhitehall,  before  the  queen.  When  thus 
distinguished  as  a  writer,  he  laid  down  his 

Vol.  II. 


i  o 


pen  and  became  a  statesman,  lie  was 
called  up  to  the  peerage,  and  served  Eliza- 
beth, to  whont  he  was  related  by  her  mo- 
ther's side,  in  various  nc;;otiations.  In 
1590  he  was  made  knight  of  the  garter,  and 
the  next  year  chancellor  of  Oxford,  and  in 
1598  treasurer  in  the  room  of  lord  Bur- 
leigh. Though  he  had  been  on«;  of  the 
commissioners  who  tried  the  unfortunate 
Mary,  queen  of  Scots,  he  was  noticed  by 
James,  on  his  accession  to  the  English 
crown,  and  was  created,  1604,  earl  of  Dor- 
set. He  died  suddenly,  in  consequence  of 
a  dropsy  in  the  brain,  while  attending  at 
the  council  board,  April,  1603,  and  was 
buried  in  Westminster  abbey.  It  appears, 
according  to  the  testimony  of  Naunton, 
and  others,  that  he  was  an  able,  virtuous, 
and  magnanimous  statesman,  and  few  first 
ministers  have  left  so  fair  a  character.  Se- 
veral of  his  letters  have  been  printed  in 
the  Cabala,  &c. 

Sackville,  Charles,  earl  of  Dorset  and 
Middlesex,  descended  from  lord  Buckhurst, 
was  born  1637.  He  was  educated  under  a 
private  tutor,  and  afterwards  travelled 
through  France  and  Italy,  and  returned  a 
little  before  the  restoration.  He  sat  for 
some  time  as  member  for  Cast  Grinstead  ; 
but  he  was  too  fond  of  gallantry,  and  the 
licentious  excesses  of  a  corrupt  court,  to 
apply  himself  to  political  affairs.  He 
served  as  volunteer  in  the  Dutch  war  in 
1665,  under  the  duke  of  York,  and  the 
night  previous  to  the  naval  engagement, 
composed  a  celebrated  song  still  regai'ded 
as  the  best  of  his  poetical  pieces.  He  was 
afterwards  employed  in  embassies  by  the 
king,  and  in  1674  succeeded  to  the  estates 
of  his  uncle,  earl  of  Middlesex,  and  to  the 
honours  of  his  father  two  years  after.  The 
violent  measures  of  James  were  wholly 
disagreeable  to  him,  and  he  warmly  es- 
poused the  cause  of  the  prince  of  Orange, 
and  accompanied  Anne  in  her  flight  to 
Northampton,  and  for  his  attachment  to 
the  revolution  he  was  made  chamberlain  of 
the  household,  a  privy  counsellor,  and 
knight  of  the  garter.  He  died  at  Bath, 
19th  Jan.  1705-6,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Lionel,  his  son  by  his  second  wife,  who  iu 
1720  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  duke. 
Lord  Dorset  was  not  only  a  poet,  but  also 
the  friend  and  patron  of  learned  men,  and 
he  has  been  commended  in  the  highest 
strain  of  panegyric  and  admiration  by  Drj-- 
den,  Congreve,  Addison,  and  especially  by 
Prior,  whose  dedication  of  his  works  to  his 
son  is  deservedly  considered  as  a  composi- 
tion of  superior  merit.  His  poems  arc 
short  and  few,  but  possess  great  beauty. 

Sackville,  Edward,  earl  of  Dorset,  and 
grandson  of  the  above,  was  born  1590.  He 
was  sent,  in  1620,  with  a  force  to  assist 
Frederic,  king  of  Bohemia,  and  was  at  the 
battle  of  Prague,  fought  that  year,  and  in 

o77 


SAC 


SAD 


162^1  lie  went  as  ambassador  from  ELgland 
to  the  French  court.  His  abilities  recom- 
mended him  strongly  to  the  favour  of  his 
master,  Charles,  and  after  his  brother's 
death,  to  whose  title  and  estates  he  suc- 
ceeded, 1624,  he  ivas  advanced  in  the  go- 
vernment, and  made  knight  of  the  garter, 
president  of  the  council,  and  lord  privy 
seal.  He  died  1652,  and  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Richard,  who  died  1677.  There 
is,  in  the  129th  paper  of  the  Guardian,  an 
account  of  a  duel  which  he  fought  in  Zea- 
land with  lord  Bruce,  in  1613,  and  in  which 
he  killed  his  antagonist. 

Sackville,  George,  viscount,  third  son  of 
the  firat  duke  of  Dorset,  was  born  in  1716. 
From  Westminsterschoolhe  went  to  Ireland, 
where  his  father  was  appointed  viceroy,  and 
he  received  his  education  in  Trinity  college, 
Dublin.  He  afterwards  embraced  the  mili- 
tary profession,  and  was  at  the  battles  of 
Dettingenand  Fontenoy,  and  distinguished 
himself  under  the  duke  of  Cumberland, 
against  the  Scotch  rebels.  In  1758,  he  rose 
to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general,  and  went 
with  Marlborough  in  the  expedition  against 
St.  Malo's.  At  the  battle  of  Minden,  the 
next  year,  where  he  commanded  the  united 
English  and  Hanoverian  cavalry,  his  con- 
duct was  highly  censured,  because  during 
the  action  he  did  not  bring  up  his  troops 
with  the  celerity  which  he  was  ordered. 
Whether  the  delay  originated  in  the  unin- 
telligible manner  in  which  the  orders  were 
conveyed,  or  the  timidity  of  the  general,  is 
unknown  ;  but  a  court  martial  dismissed 
him  from  the  service,  and  his  name  was 
struck  oflf  from  the  list  of  privy  counsellors. 
These  severe  measures  were  condemned  in 
the  next  reign,  and  he  was  restored  to  the 
favour  and  protection  of  his  sovereign,  and 
advanced  to  places  of  trust  and  honour. 
In  1769  he  assumed  the  name  of  Germaine, 
according  to  the  will  of  lady  Elizabeth 
Germaine,  to  whose  property  he  succeeded, 
and  the  next  year  he  attracted  much  of  the 
public  notice  by  the  duel  which  he  fought 
with  governor  Johnstone,  who,  in  one  of 
his  speeches  in  the  house  of  Commons, 
had  reflected  on  his  conduct  with  more  as- 
perity than  good  manners  permitted.  He 
was,  in  1775,  made  secretary  of  state  for 
the  colonial  department,  and  also  first  lord 
of  the  board  of  trade ;  but  on  the  change 
of  ministry  he  gave  up  his  appointment, 
and  in  1782  he  was  created  a  viscount.  He 
died  26th  Aug.  1785. 

Sact,  Lewis  de,  an  eloquent  advocate  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  and  a  learned 
member  of  the  French  academy.  He  pub- 
lished an  excellent  French  translation  of 
Pliny's  Letters,  and  a  Panegyric  on  Trajan, 
'6  vols.  12mo. — treatises  on  Friendship — 
and  on  Glory — a  Collection  of  Factums, 
and  other  pieces,  2  vols.  4to.  He  died  at 
?-arL«,  26th  Oct.  1727,  aged  73. 


Saddee,  or  Saahdi,  a  famous  Persian 
poet,  born  at  Schiraz,  1193.  The  invasio  n 
of  Persia  by  the  Turks,  drove  him  into  Pa- 
lestine, where  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  t  he 
Franks,  then  on  a  crusade,  and  was  treated 
as  a  slave,  till  ransomed  by  the  kindness  of 
an  Aleppo  merchant,  whose  rich  daughter 
he  married.  This  union  proved  not  the 
source  of  happiness,  and  the  poet  com- 
plained bitterly  of  the  disagreeable  temper 
and  manners  of  his  wife.  He  died,  it  is 
said,  at  the  advanced  age  of  116.  His  po- 
ems have  been  much  admired,  though  Vol- 
taire and  others  affect  to  speak  of  them 
with  contempt.  They  consist  of  Gulistan, 
or  the  Garden  of  Flowers — Bostan,  or  the 
Garden  of  Fruits — and  Molaamat,  the 
Sparkles,  &c.  which  have  been  translated 
at  Calcutta,  1795,  folio. 

Sade,  N.  de,  abbot  of  Ebreuil,  died 
1780,  in  an  advanced  age.  He  published 
Memoirs  of  the  Life  of  Petrarch,  3  vols. 
4to.  a  work  of  merit. 

Sadeler,  John,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
1550,  eminent  as  a  designer  and  engraver. 
He  was  patronised  by  the  duke  of  Bavaria, 
and  alter  travelling  into  Italy,  and  present- 
ing some  of  his  pieces  to  Clement  VIII. 
who  received  them  with  barren  praise,  he 
returned  to  Venice,  where  he  died.  His 
brother  and  pupil  Raphael,  was  also  an  ex- 
cellent artist.  He  accompanied  his  brother 
to  Rome,  and  died  at  Venice.  Their 
nephew  Giles,  was  superior  to  his  uncles  in 
taste,  and  in  the  neatness  and  elegance  of 
his  engravings.  He  was  for  some  time 
in  Italy,  and  was  patronised  by  the  emperor 
Rodolphus  II.  and  his  two  successors.  He 
died  at  Prague,  1629,  aged  59.  His  Vesti- 
ges of  the  Antiquities  of  Rome,  folio,  1660, 
are  much  and  deservedly  admired. 

Sadleir,  Sir  Ralph,  a  statesman,  born 
at  Hackney  in  Middlesex,  1507.  He  was 
educated  under  Cromwell  earl  of  Essex, 
and  by  his  abilities  and  good  conduct  be- 
came known  to  Henry  VIII.  who  employed 
him  in  several  political  affairs,  and  at  last 
admitted  him  into  the  privy  council,  and 
made  him  secretary  of  state.  He  was  at 
the  battle  of  Musselburgh  in  Scotland,  and 
for  his  bravery  v/as  made  a  knight  banneret. 
After  being  also  in  favour  with  Elizabeth, 
and  holding  under  her  offices  of  trust  and 
honour,  he  died  at  his  seat  of  Standon, 
Herts,  30th  March,  1587,  aged  80,  leaving 
behind  him  three  sons  and  four  daughters. 

Sadler,  John,  an  English  writer,  born 
in  Shropshire,  1615,  and  educated  at  Ema- 
nuel college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  be- 
came fellow.  He  entered  afterwards  at 
Lincoln's  inn,  and  was  in  1644  made  mas- 
ter in  chancery,  and  in  1649  town  clerk  of 
London.  He  was  in  great  favour  with 
Cromwell,  and  was  offered,  by  him,  the 
place  of  chief  justice  of  Munster  in  Ire- 
land, which  he  declined.      He  was   also 


.SA<. 


^.\l 


member  of  parliament ;  but  at  the  restora- 
tion he  lost  all  his  places,  because  he  re- 
fused to  subscribe  to  the  oath  which  de- 
clared it  unlawful,  under  any  pretence 
whatever,  to  take  up  arms  against  the  king. 
To  this  public  misfortune  was  afterwards 
added  the  loss  of  some  of  his  houses  by 
the  great  fire  of  London,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  these  calamities,  he  retired  to 
privacy  on  his  estate  of  Warmwell,  Dor- 
setshire, where  he  died,  April  1674,  aged 
59.  He  wrote  Rights  of  the  Kingdom,  or 
Customs  of  our  Ancestors,  &c.  much  es- 
teemed— and  "  Olbia,"  or  the  New  Island 
discovered,  &c. 

Sadler,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Chilton, 
Wilts,  educated  at  Edmund  hall,  Oxford, 
^Yhere  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  He 
was  chaplain  to  Charles  II.  after  the  resto- 
ration, and  published  a  Divine  Masque,  in- 
scribed to  general  Monk — several  tracts — 
sermons,  &.c.  and  died  1680. 

Sadoc,  supposed  founder  of  the  sect  of 
the  Sadducees  among  the  Jews,  lived  two 
centuries  before  the  birth  of  Christ.  His 
tenets  were,  that  virtue,  for  its  own  sake, 
is  to  be  loved  and  practised,  as  there  are 
neither  rewards  nor  punishments  after  this 
life.  These  opinions  were  very  prevalent, 
and  in  the  days  of  our  Saviour,  the  sect 
was  become  very  numerous  and  powerful. 
It  is  said  that  the  Sadducees  still  exist  in 
Africa,  and  in  other  places. 

Sadolet,  James,  a  learned  Italian,  born 
at  Modena,  1477.  He  received  an  excel- 
lent education  under  his  father,  who  was  a 
civilian,  and  professor  at  Ferrara,  and  ac- 
quired a  most  extensive  and  perfect  know- 
ledge of  Latin  and  Greek.  He  lived  in 
great  intimacy  with  the  learned  at  Rome, 
and  became  with  Bembus  secretary  to  pope 
Leo  X.  and  to  reward  his  merit  the  sove- 
reign pontiff  made  him  against  his  will  bi- 
shop of  Carpentras,  near  Avignon,  and  he 
held  the  same  office  of  honourable  confi- 
dence with  some  of  his  successors,  Cle- 
ment VII.  and  Paul  III.  who  raised  him  to 
the  dignity  of  cardinal,  and  employed  him 
in  various  negotiations.  He  died  1547, 
not  without  suspicion,  say  some,  of  poison, 
because  he  maintained  too  confidential  a 
correspondence  with  the  protestants.  His 
works  consist  of  epistles,  discourses,  expo- 
sitions of  the  Psahns,  and  St.  Paul's  epis- 
tles, poems,  &c.  published  at  Verona,  3 
vols.  4to.  These  compositions  are  written 
in  elegant  and  truly  Ciceronian  Latin  ;  and 
to  the  character  of  a  polite  scholar,  Sado- 
let united  the  amiable  qualities  of  mildness, 
moderation,  and  exemplary  virtue,  so  that 
Erasmus  has  called  him  with  truth,  eximi- 
um  a^tatis  suae  decus. 

Sage,  Alian  Rene  le,  an  ingenious  wri- 
ter, born  at  Ruys  in  Brittany,  1667.  His 
compositions  display  not  only  wit,  taste, 
;ind  judgment,  but  elegance  and  neatne??. 


Though  indebted  for  the  plan  and  sulycct 
of  his  romances  to  Spanish  writers,  yet  he 
possessed  peculiar  merits  of  his  own.  His 
works  are  "  (iil  Bias"— the  Diable  Boitcux 
— besides  the  Bachelicr  de  Saiamanque — 
the  New  Don  Quixote,  and  othfir  theatrical 
pieces,  and  the  Letters  of  Aristena;tus  froiu 
the  Greek.  His  Gil  Bias  is,  and  ever 
will  be,  a  popular  performancr,  and  must 
be  read,  because,  as  Voltaire  has  observed, 
he  has  imitated  nature.  He  died  near  Pa- 
ris, 1747. 

Sage,  David  le,  a  French  poet,  born  at 
Montpellier.  He  wrote  the  Follies  of  Le 
Sage,  containing  epigrams,  satires,  sonnets, 
elegies,  &c.  and  died  about  16.50. 

Sage,  John,  a  native  of  Fifeshirc,  edu- 
cated at  St.  Andrews,  and  made,  after  the 
revolution,  bishop  of  Edinburgh.  He  was 
an  able  divine,  and  published  a  sensible  de- 
fence of  episcopacy,  against  the  persecution 
of  the  Presbyterians,  called  the  Principles 
of  the  Cyprianic  age,  and  other  tracts,  and 
died  1711,  aged  59. 

Sagittarius,  Gaspard,  a  native  of  L«- 
nenburgh,  who  became  professor  of  history 
in  the  university  of  Hallo,  and  historian  to 
the  duke  of  Saxony.  He  was  also,  as  a 
divine,  an  able  supporter  of  the  doctrines 
of  Luther.  He  published  Dissertations  on 
the  Oracles — the  Succession  of  the  Princes 
of  Orange  to  William  III. — History  of  the 
City  of  Hardewyck — Life  of  St.  Norbet — 
Historia  Antiqua  Norbergioe — Genealogy 
of  the  Dukes  of  Brunswick — History  of 
Lubeck — Antiquities  of  Thuringia,  &.c. 
This  learned  man  died  9th  March,  1694, 
aged  51. 

Sagredo,  John,  a  noble  Venetian,  pi*o- 
curator  of  St.  Mark,  and  in  1675  elected 
doge,  and  afterwards  employed  as  ambassa- 
dor to  various  courts.  He  wrote  the  His- 
tory of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  in  Italian, 
1677,  4to.  a  work  valuable,  candid,  and 
elegant,  and  deservedly  compared  to  the 
labours  of  Tacitus.  A  translation  of  it  in 
6  vols.  12mo.  appeared  at  Paris. 

Saillant,  N.  du,  a  French  officer,  who 
at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution  raised 
around  his  retreat  at  Jales  near  Mende,  au 
army  of  nearly  20,000  men,  who  like  him- 
self were  zealous  for  the  defence  of  the 
monarchy,  and  the  protection  of  the  king's 
person.  "  While,  however,  he  hoped  to  per- 
suade these  adherents  to  march  with  him 
against  Paris,  he  found  their  loyalty  grow 
faint,  and  soon  saw  them  desert  from  his 
ranks.  He  was  at  last  surrounded  with  a 
few  brave  men  who  determined  to  share  his 
fortunes,  and  conducted  to  Vans,  where  he 
was  massacred  in  cold  blood. 

Saint-Amand,  jNTark  Antony  Gerard  de, 
a  native  of  Rouen,  who  spent  the  best  part 
of  his  life  in  travelling,  and  in  writing  po- 
etrv.      He  might  have  obtained  a  settle- 

579 


SAI 


SAT 


ment  near  the  person  of  the  queen  of  Po- 
land, but  in  his  inconstant  conduct  he  re- 
fused it,  and  died  poor,  l€60,  aged  67,  and 
of  giief,  because  Lewis  XIV.  censured 
his  poem  on  the  Moon.  His  name  is  im- 
mortalized in  Boileau's  satires.  His  best 
piece  is  an  Ode  on  Solitude.  His  works 
are  collected  in  3  vols.  l2mo. 

Saint-Andre,  Nathaniel,  a  native  of 
Switzerland,  who  became  eminent  in  this 
country  as  a  reader  on  anatomy,  and  as  a 
surgeon.  His  character  was  ruined  for 
the  foolish  part  which  he  acted  with  re- 
spect to  Mary  Toftes,  the  rabbit  impostor. 
He  died  at  Southampton,  1776.  More 
particulars  about  him  are  recorded  in  Ni- 
cholas's Anecdotes  of  Hogarth. 

Saint-Aulaire,  Francis  Joseph  de 
Beaupoil,  marquis  de,an  ingenious  French 
poet,  born  at  Limosin.  He  spent  the 
younger  part  of  his  life  in  the  army,  but  his 
love  of  literature  prevailed,  and  he  sought 
retirement  and  learned  ease.  He  wrote 
short  and  light  pieces,  much  in  the  manner 
of  Anacreon,  and  what  is  remarkable,  his 
best  compositions  were  those  of  his  old 
age,  when  he  had  reached  his  90th  year. 
He  was  admitted  into  the  French  academy, 
though  Boileau  exclaimed  against  it,  be- 
cause he  was  an  immoral  poet.  He  was 
for  40  years  the  favourite  of  the  court  of 
the  dutchess  of  Maine,  and  died  at  Paris, 
17th  Dec.  1742,  aged  near  100. 

Saint  Clair,  Arthur,  a  general  in  the 
American  army,  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  in 
Scotland,  and  accompanied  the  fleet  under 
admiral  Boscawen  to  America,  in  1755. 
He  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  British  army 
under  general  Wolfe,  and  when  the  peace 
was  concluded,  he  had  the  command  of 
fort  Ligonier,  iii  Pennsylvania,  assigned  to 
him.  Here  he  settled,  and  becoming  a 
naturalized  citizen  of  Pennsylvania,  was 
appointed  to  several  offices  of  a  civil  na- 
ture. When  the  revolution  commenced, 
he  embraced  the  cause  of  the  Americans, 
and  in  January,  1776,  was  appointed  to 
command  a  battalion  of  Pennsylvania  mili- 
tia. He  was  engaged  in  the  expedition  to 
Canada,  and  was  the  second  in  command 
in  the  proposed  attack  on  the  British  post 
at  Trois  Rivieres.  He  was  soon  after  or- 
dered to  join  the  army  in  New-Jersey.  He 
was  in  the  battle  of  Trenton,  and  had  the 
credit  of  suggesting  the  attack  on  the  Bri- 
tish at  Princeton  which  proved  so  fortunate. 
In  August,  1776,  he  was  appointed  a  briga- 
dier general,  and  in  February  following, 
major  general.  He  was  the  commanding 
officer  at  Ticonderoga  when  that  post  was 
invested  by  the  British,  and  evacuated  it 
July  6th,  1777,  with  such  secrecy  that  a 
considerable  part  of  the  public  stores  were 
embarked  and  safely  conveyed  away. 
Charges  of  cowardice,  treachery,  and  in- 
capacity were  brought  against  him  in  con^ 
580 


sequence,  but  a  court  of  inquiry  honoura- 
bly acquitted  him.     He  afterwards  joined 
the   army   under    General  Green,   in   the 
south,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  returnetl 
to  his  former  residence.     In  1783,  he  was 
a  member  of  the  council  ol  censors  of  Penn- 
sylvania, and  the  same  year   was   elected 
president  of  the  Cincinnati  Society  of  that 
state.     In  1785,  he  was  elected  a  delegate 
to  congress,  and  in  February,  1787,   was 
chosen  president  of  that  body.     In  October 
following,  he  was   appointed  governor  of 
the  teiritory  of  the  United  States  north- 
west of  the    Ohio,  an  office  which   he  re- 
tained until  November  1803,  when  he  was 
removed  by  Mr,  Jefferson  in  consequence 
of  the  too  free  expression  of  his   political 
opinions.     In  1790,  he  commanded  an  ar- 
my employed  against  the  Miami  Indians, 
and  was  defeated  with  the  loss  of  between 
six  and  seven  hundred  men,  on  the  4th   of 
November.     On  this  occasion  a  portion  of 
the  citizens  were  loud  in  their  censures  of 
his  conduct ;  but  a  committee  of  the  house 
of  representatives   appointed   to  examine 
into  the  causes  of  the  failure  of  the  expedi- 
tion, exculpated  him  from  blame.     He  re- 
signed his  commission  of  major  general  in 
1792.  "Reduced  in  his  old  age  to  poverty, 
and  embarrassed  by   debts,  he  applied  to 
congress   for   relief.     His   claims   on   the 
sympathy  of  his  country  were  listened  to 
with  indifference,    and  admitted  with  re- 
luctance. After  long  suspense,  he  obtained, 
in    1817,   a  pension   of  sixty  dollars  per 
month.     He  died  August  31st,  1818,  aged 
84.  iCT-  L. 

Saint  Ctr,  Tannequil  de  Bouchet,  a 
brave  Poitevin  of  the  party  of  the  Calvinists 
under  Charles  IX.  He  was  chief  of  the 
conspiracy  of  Amboise,  and  was  made  go- 
vernor of  Orleans,  after  the  battle  of  Dreux. 
He  was  killed,  bravely  fighting,  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Moncontour,  1569,  aged  85. 

Saint  Ctran,  John  du  Verger,  de  Hou- 
ranne,  abbot  of,  a  learned  ecclesiastic  born 
at  Bayonne,  1581.  He  was  educated  in 
divinity  at  Louvain,  where  he  gained  the 
friendship  of  Lipsius,  and  he  was  patro- 
nised by  the  bishop  of  Poitiers,  who  re- 
signed to  him  the  abbey  of  St.  Cyran.  He 
wrote  various  books,  and  was  universally 
esteemed  for  his  learning.  He  became  ce- 
lebrated in  France  for  maintaining  what 
was  called  two  extraordinary  paradoxes, 
that  a  person  under  certain  circumstances 
may  kill  himself,  and  that  bishops  may  take 
up  arms.  He  was  for  some  time  pei-secu- 
ted  by  Richelieu,  and  he  was  one  of  those 
who  disapproved  of  the  council  of  Trent, 
and  considered  it  as  a  political  assembly, 
rather  than  as  an  ecclesiastical  meeting. 
He  died  of  an  apoplexy  at  Paris,  1643. 

Saint  Evremond.  Vid.  Evremond. 

Saint  Foix,  Germain  Francis  Poullain 
de,  a  French  writer  born  at  Rcnnes,  25th 


SAI 


^AI 


Feb.  1703.  After  serving  in  tiic  -army  he 
settled  at  Paris,  and  devoted  liiinsclf  to 
literature.  He  warn  appointed  historiogra- 
pher of  the  order  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  and 
died  highly  respected  at  Paris,  26th  Aug. 
1776.  His  works  are,  Turkish  letters,  an 
epistolary  romance  of  merit,  yet  inferior  to 
the  work  of  Montesquieu  in  the  same  style 
— Historical  Essays  on  Paris,  7  vols.  r2ino. 
History  of  the  Order  of  the  Holy  Ghost, 
3  vols.  12mo. — Comedies,  3  vols.  12mo. 
&c.  All  his  works  were  published  together 
at  Paris,  6  vols.  8vo.  1778. 

Saint  Gelais,  Octavijin  de,  a  native  of 
Cognac,  who  by  the  favour  of  Charles  VHl. 
was  made  bishop  of  Angouleme.  He  died 
1502,  aged  36.  He  is  author  of  some  poeti- 
cal pieces,  the  Life  of  Lewis  XH. — Trans- 
lation of  Terence — Ovid's  Heroides,  &c. 

Saint  Gelais,  Melin  de,  the  natural 
sou  of  the  preceding,  as  is  generally  sup- 
posed, became  known  as  a  poet,  and  de- 
served the  name  of  the  French  Ovid.  He 
was  educated  at  Poitiers  and  Padua,  and 
embraced  the  ecclesiastical  profession.  He 
opposed  Ronsard  the  poet,  at  the  court  of 
Henry  H.  but  this  jealousy  ended  in  the 
closest  friendship.  He  died  at  Paris,  1559, 
aged  67.  His  works  are  in  Latin  and  in 
French,  and  consist  of  elegies,  epistles, 
sonnets,  epigrams,  songs,  &c.  Sophonisba, 
a  prose  tragedy,  and  were  first  published  at 
Paris,  1719,  in  12mo. 

Saint  Genniez,  John  de,  a  native  of 
Avignon,  who  became  canon  of  Orange, 
and  died  there,  1663,  aged  56.  He  wrote 
some  satires,  elegies,  idyls,  and  other  po- 
etical pieces  of  great  merit,  collected  to- 
gether at  Paris,  in  4to. 

Saint  Germain,  Robert,  count  of,  a  na- 
tive of  Lons-le-Saunier,  in  Franche  Com- 
tc,  who  left  the  Jesuits  for  the  profession  of 
arms.  He  distinguished  himself  in  Hun- 
gary, and  in  the  war  of  1737,  against  the 
Turks,  and  afterwards  in  the  French  ser- 
vice, in  the  campaigns  of  1741,  and  1757. 
Displeased,  however,  with  the  treatment  of 
the  French  court,  he  went  into  the  service 
of  Denmark,  where  he  was  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  field-marshal,  and  made  knight 
of  the  Elephant.  The  death  of  Struensee, 
and  the  commotion  which  took  place  on 
the  occasion,  rendered  him  dissatisfied 
with  the  Danish  court,  and  he  retired  to 
Hamburgh,  Avhere  he  lost  nearly  the  whole 
of  his  property  by  the  failure  of  a  banker  to 
whom  he  had  intrusted  it.  This  severe 
blow  did  not  break  his  spirits,  and  he  with- 
drew to  the  privacy  of  a  small  estate  which 
he  had  near  Lauterbach  in  Alsace.  He 
was  called  away  from  his  obscurity  by 
Lewis  XVI.  who  knew  his  merit,  to  preside 
over  the  war  department,  and  after  reform- 
ing several  abuses,  and  contributing  to  the 
comforts  of  the  military,  he  died.  15th  Jan. 


I77h,  iifj;cd  70.     He  wrote   iMeiiioirs,  one 
vol.  8vo.  1779. 

Saint  Gekmain,  N.  count  dt ,  an  im- 
postor of  some  temporary  celebritv,  who 
pretended  to  ha\c  li\(d  2U00  ytarB,"  and  to 
have  sat  by  ihe  side  of  our  Saviour  at  the 
marriage  of  Cana.  He  died  atSleswitk,  178-4. 

Saint  Hyacinthe,  ThemistuI  de,  a 
French  writer  born  at  Orleans,  16S4.  He 
taught  Italian  for  his  support,  and  ader 
travelling  over  several  countries  of  Europe, 
he  settled  at  Breda,  where  he  married,  and 
where  he  died,  1746.  He  forced  himself 
much  upon  the  public  notice  by  his  quarrel 
with  Voltaire,  who  heaped  upon  him  every 
opprobrious  epithet.  He  wrote  Le  Chef 
d'(Euvre  d'un  Inconnu,  2  vols.  8vo. ;  Ma- 
thanasiana,  2  vols.  8vo. ;  some  romances  of 
little  merit,  &c. 

Saint  John,  Henry  viscount  Boling- 
broke,  a  great  politician  and  philosopher, 
born  1672,  at  Battersea,  of  an  illustrious 
family.  He  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Christ-church,  Oxford,  and  though  his  ear- 
lier years  were  disgraced  by  extravagance, 
and  an  immoderate  love  of  pleasure,  he  laid 
the  foundation  of  that  eminence  which  af- 
terwards distinguished  him  as  an  orator, 
and  as  a  statesman.  To  wean  him  from 
dissolute  habits  his  friends  married  him  to 
the  daughter  of  sir  Henry  Winchcombe, 
and  soon  after  he  obtained  a  seat  in  parlia- 
ment for  Wotton  Basset,  1700.  He  here 
acquired  great  influence  among  the  Tories, 
and  in  1704  was  made  secretary  at  war, 
but  resigned  when  his  friend  Harley  was 
dismissed  from  the  seals  in  1707.  Three 
years  after  he  again  shared  the  honours  of 
Harley,  who  was  called  to  the  office  of 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  and  he  became 
secretary  of  state  ;  but  the  part  which  he 
supported  in  framing  the  peace  of  Utrecht 
has  exposed  him  to  much  censure.  In 
1712,  he  was  created  lord  St.  John,  vis- 
count Bolingbroke,  and  made  lord  lieute" 
nant  of  Essex  ;  but  dissatisfied  with  these 
honours  because  he  was  not  raised  to  the 
rank  of  an  earl,  he  ambitiously  meditated 
a  separation  from  his  long-tried  friend  Har- 
ley, and  in  the  attempt  to  place  himself  at 
the  head  of  aflfairs,  he  ruined  his  own  for- 
tunes, and  those  of  his  former  associate. 
On  the  accession  of  George  I.  in  1714,  the 
seals  were  taken  from  him,  though  he  had 
shown  himself  a  friend  of  the  Hanoverian 
succession,  and  all  the  papers  of  his  office 
were  also  secured.  Finding  it  dangerous 
to  continue  in  the  country,  where  threats 
of  impeachment  were  thrown  out  against 
him,  he  retired  to  France,  March,  1715, 
and  he  resolutely  rejected  the  overtures 
which  were  made  to  him  by  the  pretender. 
The  persecuting  spirit,  however,  of  his  ene- 
mies at  home,  made  a  change  in  his  senti- 
ments, and  he  accepted  at  last  the  office  of 
secretary  of  state  to  the  pretender,  and  pre- 

581. 


SAI 


SAI 


j^ated  for  tLe  invasion  of  England.  Tliese 
measures  were  no  sooner  known  than  he 
%vas  impeached  by  Walpole  ;  but  while  dis- 
graced at  home  he  was  exposed  to  equal 
persecution  abroad,  and  his  new  master 
stripped  him  of  his  office,  and  impeached 
him  of  treachery,  incapacity,  and  neglect. 
Thus  discarded  he  determined  to  effect  a 
reconciliation  with  the  government  at 
home,  and  by  means  of  lord  Stair,  the  am- 
bassador in  France,  he  obtained  a  promise 
of  pardon  from  the  king,  1716,  which  was 
fully  granted  in  1723.  Restored  to  his 
country,  and  to  his  forfeited  property,  he 
settled  near  Uxbridge,  and  devoted  himself 
to  literary  and  rural  employments,  and  to 
the  conversation  and  correspondence  of 
Sxvift,  Pope,  and  other  learned  friends  ;  but 
finding  the  royal  mercy  not  granted  to  its 
full  extent,  as  he  was  still  excluded  from  a 
seat  in  the  House  of  Lords,  he  vented  his 
disappointment  against  the  minister,  Wal- 
pole, and  attacked  his  measures  in  the 
Craftsman,  and  in  some  pamphlets.  For 
ten  years  he  showed  his  opposition  and 
virulent  hostility  against  the  minister,  and 
then  laid  aside  his  pen,  and  retired,  in 
1735,  to  France,  resolved  never  again  to 
enlist  in  political  contests.  He  afterwards 
returned  to  England,  and  settled  at  Bat- 
tersea,  where  the  last  part  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  the  otium  cum  dignitate.  He 
died  there  l5th  Nov.  1751,  on  the  verge  of 
80.  His  manuscripts  were  left  to  Mallet, 
who  published  them  with  the  rest  of  his 
ivorks  in  5  vols.  4to.  1754.  His  works 
may  be  divided  into  political  and  philoso- 
phical, the  former  consisting  of  Letters 
upon  History  ;  Letter  to  Windham,  on  Pa- 
triotism ;  Papers  in  the  Craftsman,  pub- 
lished separately  in  3  vols.  8vo.  under  the 
title  of  Political  Tracts,  &c.  :  and  the  lat- 
ter, Substance  of  Letters  written  to  de 
Pouilly  ;  Letter  on  one  of  Tillotson's  Ser- 
mons ;  Letters  and  Essays,  addressed  to 
Pope.  As  a  writer,  lord  Bolingbroke  was 
nervous,  elegant,  and  argumentative,  and 
in  him  were  united,  as  a  panegyrist  has 
observed,  the  wisdom  of  Socrates,  the  dig- 
nity and  ease  of  Pliny,  and  the  wit  of  Ho- 
race. It  is,  hov.^ever,  to  be  lamented  that 
in  his  writings  he  is  too  often  skeptical, 
and  that  he  disregards  or  ridicules  the  great 
truths  of  revelation,  and  of  Christianity. 
As  the  friend  of  poets  and  of  wits,  he  has 
also  acquired  reputation ;  and  Pope,  who 
esteemed  him  to  adoration,  has  immortali- 
zed himself  and  his  noble  friend  in  the 
Essay  on  Man,  which  he  began  and  finish- 
ed by  his  persuasion.  He  married,  in 
1716,  for  his  second  wife,  a  niece  of  Ma- 
dame de  Maintenon,  widow  of  the  marquis 
de  Villette  ;  but  as  he  died  without  issue, 
his  estates  and  titles  were  inherited  by  his 
nephew. 
.Saint  Just,  Louis  L«on  de,  one  of  the 
S8? 


sanguinary  revolutionists  of  France,  wasy 
born  at  Blerancourt  near  Noyon,  1768.   He 
obtained  a  seat  in  the  national  convention, 
and  gained  the  friendship  of  Robespierre, 
by  devoting  himself  to  his  infamous  pur- 
poses, and  by  supporting  all  his  cruel  mea- 
sures.    His   easy   eloquence,  his  bold  ef- 
frontery, and  unappalled  conduct,  render- 
ed him  a  fit  partner  for  all  the  atrocities  of 
that  dreadful  period,  and  by  his  influence 
the  property  of  the  emigrants  was  exposed 
to  sale,  the  Girondists  were  conducted  to 
the  scaffold,  and  the  effects  of  foreigners 
were   confiscated.     The    reign    of    Louis 
XVL   was  described    by    this   artful    and 
shameless  orator  as  a  scene  of  horrible  ty- 
ranny ;  while  the  government  of  Robes- 
pierre exhibited  nothing  but  benevolence 
and  happiness   to  the  people  of  France. 
The  punishment  of  this  worthless  tyrant  at 
last  approached,  and  after  he  had  insulted 
the  feelings  of  human  nature,  interpreted 
pity  into  crimes,  and  condemned  to  death 
those  who  presumed  to  weep  for  the  loss 
of  their  friends  and  relatives,  it  was  not  to 
be  expected  that  he  could  excite  much  of 
the  commiseration  of  the  world.     He  was 
conducted  to  the  scaffold  with  Robespierre, 
in   1794,   and   suffered   death   with   more 
courage   than   could  have  been   expected 
from  such  a  tyrant.     He  wrote   Esprit  de 
la  Revolution,  &c.  8vo.  1791. 

Saint-Lambert,  Charles  Francis  de, 
member  of  the  French  academy,  and  after- 
wards of  the  national  institute,  was  born  at 
Nanci  1717,  and  died  at  the  age  of  85.  He 
was  the  friend  of  Voltaire,  and  his  genius 
and  poetical  abilities  gained  him  the  esteem 
of  the  learned  of  France.  He  wrote  Les 
Fetes  de  I'Amour,  a  comedy — Essay  on 
Luxuiy — the  Four  parts  of  the  Day — the 
Seasons,  a  poem  which  Voltaire  prefers, 
but  with  injudicious  partiality,  to  the  Sea- 
sons of  Thomson — Oriental  Fables,  besides 
fugitive  pieces,  &c. 

Saint-Mark,  Charles  Hugh  le  Fevre  de, 
a  French  writer  born  at  Paris,  1698.  Af- 
ter studying  at  Plessis  and  at  the  Mazarin 
college, he  embraced  the  military  profession, 
which  he  soon  quitted  for  literature.  He 
died  at  Paris,  20th  Nov.  1769.  He  edited 
the  Memoirs  of  Marquis  de  Feuquieres — 
Rapiu's  History  of  England — Despreaux's 
Works — the  Life  of  Hecquet— the  Works 
of  Pavilion,  Chaulieu,  &c. 

Saint-Martin,  N.  a  native  of  Amboisc, 
who,  after  serving  six  years  in  the  army, 
retired  to  privacy  and  literature.  The  re- 
tirement which  he  loved  and  the  sweetness 
of  his  manners  saved  him  during  the  horrors 
of  the  revolution,  and  he  died  at  Aunai  in 
the  house  of  a  friend,  in  the  beginning  of 
1804,  aged  60.  He  is  author  of  an  excellent 
book  on  Error  and  Truth,  8vo.  1775,  often 
edited — a  Picture  of  Natural  Order,  8vo. 

SAiNT-NECTAiREjMagdalen  de,  a  French 


iiAl 


•VU 


heroine,  I'amous  in  the  wars  of  the  I'rotes- 
tants.  She  ably  defended  her  castle  of 
Miremont  in  Limousin,  against  the  superior 
forces  of  her  enemies. 

Saint- IN  ON,  John  Claude  Richard  de, 
counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  is  au- 
thor of  Julia,  a  comedy,  and  of  a  voyage 
pittoresque  to  Naples  and  Sicily,  5  vols.  fol. 
with  417  plates,  lie  died  at  Paris,  25th 
Nov.  1791,  aged  64. 

Saint-Pavin,  Denys  Sanguin  de,  a 
French  poet.  He  was  an  ecclesiastic,  but 
he  preferred  literature  and  pleasure  to  the 
austerities  of  a  monastic  life,  and  after 
spending  much  of  his  time  in  frivolous  and 
often  profane  pursuits,  he  died  very  peni- 
tent 1670,  in  an  advanced  old  age.  He  was 
attacked  by  Boileau  in  his  satires,  and  he 
retorted  the  censure.  His  poems  consist 
of  epigrams,  sonnets,  epistles,  &.c.  published 
in  1759,  with  those  of  Charleval,  12mo. 

Saint-Phalikr,  Frances  Theresa  Au- 
mele  de,  a  French  lady,  who  wrote  the  Con- 
fident Rival,  a  comedy,  and  some  other  po- 
etical pieces,  and  died  at  Paris  1757. 

Saint-Pierre,  Eustache  de,  a  native  of 
Calais,  celebrated  for  his  noble  disinterest- 
edness and  patriotism.  When  Edward  III. 
in  1347,  displeased  with  the  obstinate  resist- 
ance of  the  people  of  Calais,  demanded  six 
of  the  chief  men  to  be  devoted  to  death, 
Saint-Pierre  in  the  midst  of  the  hesitation 
of  his  countrymen  offered  himself,  and  walk- 
ed with  five  others,  who  followed  his  great 
example  to  the  conqueror,  with  halters 
about  their  necks.  The  English  queen  by 
her  entreaties  with  difficulty  obtained  the 
pardon  of  these  devoted  men. 

Saint-Pierre,  Charles  Irenaeus  Castel 
de,  a  French  ecclesiastic,  born  in  Normandy 
1658.  He  accompanied  cardinal  de  Polig- 
nac  to  the  conferences  of  Utrecht,  but 
though  a  popular  character  he  was  excluded 
from  the  French  academy,  for  preferring 
the  measures  of  the  regent  duke  of  Orleans 
to  those  of  Lewis  XIV.  He  was  very  intel- 
ligent as  a  man  of  letters,  and  as  a  politician, 
and  died  at  Paris  29th  April,  1743,  aged  86. 
He  was  author  of  a  project  for  universal 
peace  among  the  European  powers,  3  vols. 
12mo. — Project  for  reforming  the  Orthogra- 
phy of  the  European  Languages — Memoirs 
on  Various  Subjects,  &.c.  His  works  have 
been  collected  in  18  vols.  l2mo.  1744. 

Saint-Pierre,  Jacques  Henri  Bernardin 
de,  a  French  writer,  was  born  at  Havre  de 
Grace  in  1737.  His  education  was  libera!; 
but  a  great  part  of  his  youth  was  spent  in 
rambling  from  one  country  to  another.  At 
length  he  entered  into  the  corps  of  military 
engineers  ;  but  quitted  it,  and  went  to 
Russia,  where  he  obtained  a  commission  as 
lieutenant.  At  the  expiration  of  eighteen 
months,  he  joined  the  Poles,  and  was  taken 
prisoner  ;  but  was  soon  released,  and  re- 
tnrned  to  Pari."?.     He  now  sailed  for  the 


Isle  of  France  ;  but  being  dissalislied  with 
the  situation,  he  revisited  his  native  coun- 
try, and  in  1773  published  a  relation  of  his 
voyage.  In  1784  appeared  his  "  Studies  of 
Nature,"  which  became  a  popular  work,  and 
the  author  was  made  intendant  of  the  Bota- 
nical garden,  with  a  liberal  salary.  In 
1789  came  out  his  beautiful  tale  of  *'  Paul 
and  V  irginia  ;"  and  about  the  bainc  time  his 
"  Indian  Cottage."  He  died  in  1S14,  leav- 
ing a  work  entitled  "The  Harmonies  of 
Nature,''  which  has  been  translated  into 
English  ;  as  also  have  all  his  other  writings. 
—  W.  B. 

Saint-Precil,  Francis  de  Jussac  d'Em- 
bleville  de,  a  French  warrior,  distinguished 
at  the  battle  of  Castlenaudari,  in  which  he 
took  Montmorenci  prisoner,  and  at  the 
siege  of  Corbia,  which  he  defended  against 
the  Spaniards.  He  was  afterwards  gover- 
nor of  Arras,  and  was  condemned  to  be  be- 
headed by  his  political  enemies  for  having 
attacked  by  mistake  a  body  of  men  who 
had  surrendered  prisoners  of  war.  He  suf- 
fered at  Amiens,  9th  November,  1641,  aged 
forty. 

Saint-Simon,  Louis  de  Rouvroi,  duke 
of,  a  French  statesman,  born  at  Paris  16th 
June,  1675.  He  quitted  the  military  service 
to  become  ambassador  in  Spain,  1721  ;  but 
without  sharing  the  guilt  of  the  perfidious 
and  artful  measures  of  the  government  of 
the  regent  Orleans,  he  retired  to  his  coun- 
try seat,  vvhere  he  composed  his  memoirs. 
He  is  accused  of  Jansenism,  and  of  reflecting 
with  too  much  acrimony  against  his  con- 
temporaries. His  works  have  appeared  in 
13  vols.  8vo.  Strasburg,  1791. 

Saint-Vincent,  John  Francis  Fauris  de, 
a  native  of  Aix,  who  distinguished  himsell' 
as  an  upright  magistrate,  and  president  of 
the  parliament  of  Provence.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  inscriptions,  and  con- 
tributed to  its  memoirs  two  valuable  papers 
on  the  coins  of  Provence,  and  on  the  ancient 
monuments  of  Marseilles.  He  died  22d 
Oct.  1798,  aged  80. 

Saint-Yves,  Charles,  an  able  oculist, 
born  at  Viette  near  Rocroi.  He  acquired 
great  reputation  in  his  profession,  and  died 
1736,  aged  69.  His  treatise  on  the  Disor- 
ders of  the  Eyes,  1722,  4to.  and  1736,  8vo. 
is  much  admired. 

Sainte-Aldegonde,  Philip  de  Marnix, 
lord  du  Mont,  an  illustrious  statesman, 
born  at  Brussels,1538.  He  early  signalized 
himself  by  the  copious  resources  of  his  mind, 
and  by  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  classics, 
of  civil  law,  politics,  and  divinity  ;  but  when 
his  country  was  persecuted  by  the  tyrrany 
of  the  Spaniards,  he  withdrew  from  oppres- 
sion into  Germany.  At  Heidelberg  he  was, 
in  consequence  of  his  merits,  raised  to  the 
office  of  counsellor  in  ecclesiastical  affairs  ; 
but  the  miseries  of  his  country  at  last  re- 
called  him  home  in  1572,  and  he  prepared 


583 


SAl 


SAL 


to  assert  her  liberties,  and  to  defend  her  re^ 
ligion  by  the  vigour  of  his  mind.  He  was  sent 
as  one  of  the  deputies  to  England  to  solicit 
the  protection  of  Elizabeth,  and  afterwards 
went  to  the  diet  of  Worms,  and  here  his 
eloquence  painted  in  frightful  colours  the  ty- 
ranny ofAlva,and  called  aloud  for  the  assist- 
tance  of  the  Germans.  In  1580,  he  again 
served  his  country  as  ambassador,  and  went 
to  France,  and  offered  the  sovereignty  of 
the  duke  of  Alen^on,  whom  he  the  next 
year  accompanied  to  England.  He  was,  in 
1584,  consul  of  Antwerp,  when  that  city 
was  besieged  by  the  duke  of  Parma,  and  he 
died  at  Leyden  1598,  aged  60.  For  wisdom, 
sagacity,  and  decision,  he  is  deservedly  re- 
spected as  one  of  the  greatest  politicians  of 
h's  age.  He  published,  in  Dutch, 1571,  Al- 
vearium  Romanum,  a  ludicrous  work,  which 
was  received  and  read  with  great  applause, 
as  it  ridiculed  with  well-directed  satire  the 
church  of  Rome.  His  Tableau  des  Differ- 
ens  de  la  Religion,  in  French,  published 
after  his  death,  was  equally  popular.  He 
wrote  besides  other  things,  and  particularly 
a  famous  song  in  praise  of  prince  William 
of  Nassau,  which  animated  his  countrymen 
to  resist  their  oppressors,  and  like  the  muse 
of  Tyrtaeus,  roused  them  to  despise  dangers, 
and  to  brave  death  in  the  support  of  their 
rights  and  liberties. 

Sa.inte-Beuve,  James  de,  a  learned  ec- 
clesiastic, who  became  divinity  professor  at 
the  Sorbonne,  from  which  he  was  expelled 
for  not  subscribing  to  the  censure  on  Ar- 
nauld.  He  died  in  retirement  15th  Dec. 
1677,  aged  64.  His  decisions,  3  vols.  4to. 
were  published  by  his  brother. 

Sainte-Marthe,  Charles,  a  French 
physician  born  1512.  He  was  honoured 
with  the  patronage  of  Francis  H.  and  of 
queen  Margaret  of  Navarre, and  wrote  some 
elegant  pieces  in  poetry  and  prose,  in  Latin 
as  well  as  French.     He. died  1555. 

Sainte-Marthe,  Gaucher  de,  better 
known  by  the  name  of  Scaevola,  was  an  ac- 
tive character  under  Henry  HL  and  Henry 
IV".  His  conduct  was  very  firm  and  loyal  in 
the  states  of  Blois,  1588,  and  afterwards  by 
his  influence  he  reconciled  the  town  of  Poi- 
tiers to  thecause  and  interests  of  his  master, 
who  he  again  served  with  successful  zeal 
in  the  assembly  of  the  notables  at  Rouen. 
He  died  at  Loudun,  29th  March,  1623,  aged 
87,  honoured  with  the  title  of  father  of  his 
country.  He  wrote  Gallorum  Doctrina  II- 
lustrium,  &c.  elogia,  besides  some  poetical 
pieces  of  great  merit  in  Latin — epigrams, 
&c.  collected  together  in  1633,  in  4to. 

Sainte-Marthe,  Abel  de,  eldest  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  counsellor  of  state,  and 
librarian  at  Fontainebleau.  He  wrote  the 
Laurel — the  Salic  Law — elegies,  odes,  epi- 
grams &c.  inferior  in  merit  to  the  poetical 
compositions  of  his  father.  He  died  1652, 
aged  82. 

584 


Sainte-Marthe,  Gaucher  de,  or  Scae 
vola,  and  Louis  de,  twin  brothers,  sons  of 
Scasvola,  were  born  at  Loudun,  20th  Dec. 
1571.  They  resembled  each  other  in  their 
features,  as  well  as  in  the  qualities  of  their 
mind,  and  they  both  were  appointed  histori- 
ographers of  France,  and  wrote  together 
some  valuable  works.  The  elder  died  at 
Paris  7th  September,  1650,  and  Louis  29th 
April,  1656,  and  their  mutual  atiection  was 
well  depicted  by  this  curious  epitaph : 
Ingeniinis  unitm,  geminos  agnovit  in  uno 

Ambos  qxii  potuit  doctus  adire  senes. 
Their  works  are  Genealogical    History  of 
the  Royal  Family  of  France,  2  vols.  fol. — 
the  Genealogical  History  of  the  House  of 
Beauvau,  fol.  &c. 

Sainte-Marthe,  Claude  de,  grandson 
of  the  Scaevola  just  mentioned,  embraced 
the  ecclesiastic  profession,  and  died  in  re- 
tirement at  Courbeville,  11th  October,l690, 
aged  71.  He  wrote  some  theological 
pieces.  His  brother  Denis  was  also  an  eccle- 
siastic of  great  learning  and  exemplary 
piety,  in  the  congregation  of  St.  Maur. 
He  wrote  the  Life  of  Cassiodorus — the  His- 
tory of  Gregory  the  Great,  &c.  There  were 
besides  other  members  of  that  family  also 
illustrious  for  learning. 

Sainte-Palaye,  John  Baptist  de  la 
Curne  de,  a  native  of  Auxerre,  who  became 
member  of  the  French  academies  and  of 
that  of  inscriptions.  He  devoted  himself 
assiduously  to  the  study  of  antiquities,  and 
wrote  some  valuable  works,  especially  on 
Ancient  Chivalry,  three  vols.  12mo.  Re 
also  formed  the  plan  of  a  Universal  French 
Glossary  in  forty  vols,  folio.  He  died  at 
Paris  much  respected  1st  May,  1781,  aged 
eighty- four 

Saladin  or  Salaheddin,  sultan  of  Egypt 
and  Syria,  after  Adad,  was  celebrated  for 
his  valour  during  the  crusades.  After  con- 
quering Syria,  Arabia,  Persia,  and  Mesopo- 
tamia, he  marched  to  the  attack  of  Jerusa- 
lem, and  with  an  army  of  50,000  men  he 
defeated  the  Christians  near  Tiberias,  and 
took  Guy  de  Lusignan  the  king  of  Jerusa- 
lem prisoner.  This  signal  victory  opened 
the  gates  of  Jerusalem  to  his  forces  ;  but 
while  all  expected  death,  Saladin  behaved 
with  humanity  to  the  conquered,  and  res- 
tored to  their  wives  and  children  the  va- 
rious captives  who  had  been  detained  in 
slavery  and  in  chains.  These  conquests 
alarmed  the  Christians  of  Europe,  and  alrea- 
dy the  kings  of  England  and  France,  with 
numerous  forces  marched  to  the  relief  of 
the  oppressed  Christians  of  Palestine,  but 
discord  defeated  their  successes.  Though 
Acre,  Caesarea,  and  Jaffa,  yielded  to  the 
arms  of  the  Europeans,  Richard  king  of 
England  found  his  forces  so  weak  by  deser- 
tion and  discord,  that  he  concluded  a  truce 
with  the  Egyptian  sultan  for  three  years  and 
three  months,  1192.     Saladin  died  the  next 


year  at  Damascus,  aged  fifiy-sc\cn,  Iea\- 
ing  seventeen  sons,  who  divided  his  exten- 
sive dominions  amoni;  thoin.  He  was  a  man 
of  high  character,  wlio  viewed  with  the 
eyes  of  a  sa^e  and  a  Cln-istian  the  vanity  of 
human  grandeur.  In  his  last  iHncss  he  or- 
dered to  be  unfurled  before  his  army  the 
winding  sheet  which  was  to  encircle  his  re- 
mains, while  a  herald  proclaimed  aloud, 
this  is  all  which  Saladin  the  vanquisher  of 
the  East  can  retain  of  all  his  conquests.  A 
French  history  of  this  extraordinary  charac- 
ter was  published  in  1758,  in  2  vols.  12mo. 
by  M.  Marin. 

Salario,  Andrew,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Milan  1487.  He  was  a  pupil  of 
Leonardo  da  Vinci,  and  his  pieces  were  held 
in  high  estimation.  He  died  at  Florence 
at  the  age  of  72. 

Salden,  William  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
who  became  minister  to  the  Hague  church, 
where  he  died  1694.  He  wrote  Otia  Thco- 
logica,  4to. — Concianator  Sacer,  12mo. — 
DeLibrisVariorumque  Eorum  Usu  et  Abusu, 
a  work  of  merit,  12mo. 

Sale,  George  a  learned  Englishman, 
well  skilled  in  oriental  literature.  He  con- 
tributed much  to  the  completion  of  the  uni- 
versal history,  but  his  chief  work  is  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Koran  with  notes,  with  a  long 
and  valuable  preliminary  discourse.  He 
died  in  London,  I4th  Nov.  1736. 

Salerne,  Francis,  a  physician  of  Or- 
leans, who  devoted  himself  to  the  elucida- 
tion of  natural  history.  He  published  with 
Arnault,  the  Animal  Kingdom — the  Natural 
History  of  Animals,  &c.  He  also  transla- 
ted Ray's  Synopsis  Avium.    He  died  1760. 

Salesburt,  William,  author  of  a  Welch 
dictionary — of  some  poems — of  a  treatise 
on  rhetoric — and  other  works,  flourished  in 
W^ales  at  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  He  was  bred  up  to  the  law,  and 
assisted  bishop  Davies  in  the  translation  of 
the  New  Testament  into  Welch,  a  useful 
performance,  published  1620. 

Salian,  James,  a  Jesuit  of  Avignon,  who 
became  rector  of  the  college  of  Besanqon, 
and  died  at  Paris,  1640.  He  wrote  several 
theological  works,  the  best  known  of  which 
is  Annals  of  the  Ancient  Testament,  in 
Latin,  6  vols.  fol.  1625. 

Salimbeni,  Venuri,  a  native  of  Sienna, 
distinguished  as  a  painter.  His  historical 
pieces  were  much  admired.  He  died  1613, 
aged  56.  His  descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost 
is  still  admired  at  Lord  Pembroke's, 
Wilton. 

Salinas,  Francis  de,  a  native  of  Burgos. 
Though  he  lost  his  sight  at  the  age  of  10, 
he  acquired  a  most  perfect  knowledge  of 
Greek  and  Latin,  and  of  mathematics  and 
music,  and  was  liberally  patronised  by  the 
duke  of  Alba,  Paul  IV.  and  others.  He 
died  1590.  He  was  author  of  an  excellent 
treatise  on  music,  fol.  and  he  ti'anslated 
Vol.  IL  74 


^\l. 


into  Spanish  verse  some  of  Martial's  epi 


grams 


Sallnouerua,  a  chief  of  the  Ghibclins, 
who  seized  upon  Ferrara,  in  1195,  and  de- 
fied the  po>ver.s  of  the  pope,  and  of  the  duke 
of  Este.  lie  afterwards  was  driven  from 
his  strong  post  by  d'l'.sle,  and  died  in  prison 
at  Venice,  1240,  aged  80. 

Salls,  Ulysses  de,  a  nolde  Swiss.  After 
serving  in  the  Venetian  armies,  he  enga-'ed 
in  the  wars  of  Valteline,  and  then  cnte'rcd 
into  the  service  of  France.  He  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  siege  of  llochellc 
under  Lewis  XIII.  and  afterwards  went  to 
the  aid  of  his  native  country,whose  indepen- 
dence the  Austrians  had  threatened.  In 
1635,  he  at  the  head  of  a  French  army,  de- 
feated the  Spanish  troops  at  Mont-Francis- 
co, and  afterwards  signalized  himself  at  the 
siege  of  Coni.  He  died  in  the  country  of 
the  Grisons  1674,  aged  79. 

Salisbury,  John,  an  English  divine  in 
Stephen's  reign.  His  works  on  subjects  of 
antiquity  and  criticism  ai'e  curious  and  valu- 
able. 

Salisbury,  Robert  Cecil,  earl  of,  an  able 
statesman,  son  of  William,  lord  Burleigh, 
born  1550.     He  was  educated  at  St.  John'.s 
college,  Cambridge,  and  was  introduced  by 
his  father  into  the  business  and  the  intrigues 
of  political  life.     He  was  first  secretary  to 
lord  Derby,  ambassador  in  France,  and  in 
1596,  was  made  under  secretary  to  sir  Fran- 
cis Walsingham,  after  whose  death  he  suc- 
ceeded to  the  place  of  principal  secretary  of 
state.     He  was  made  chancellor  of  Lancas- 
ter 1597,  and  afterwards  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther lord  Burleigh  as  prime  minister,   and 
in  this  high  and  dangerous  office  behaved 
with  great  prudence  and  sagacity.    The  in- 
fluence which  he  possessed  under  Elizabeth, 
he  retained  in  the  next  reign,  and  James 
was  so  pleased  with  the  conduct  of  this  mi- 
nister, that  he  created  him  earl  of  Salisbury 
in  1605,  and  made  him  knight  of  the  gar- 
ter.    On  the  death  of  lord  Dorset  1608,  he 
succeeded  to  the  office  of  high  treasurer, 
and  applied  his  great  talents  to  restore  the 
finances  of  the  kingdom  to  a  more  regular 
and  improving  state.     He  died  of  the  com- 
plicated attacks  of  the  dropsy  and  scurvy, 
24th  May,   1612.     His  opposition  to   the 
earl  of  Essex,  who  at  last  ended  his  life  on 
the  block,  is  exposed  to  reprehension  ,  but 
his  enmity  to   the  virtuous    Raleigh,  con- 
tinued with  increasing  a;sperity,  renders  his 
character  on  that  subject  peculiarly  odious 
and  criminal.     He  was  deformed,  it  is  said, 
in  his  person,  but  the  energies  of  his  mind 
made  sufficient   amends  for  the  defects  of 
personal  appearance. 

Sallengre,  Albert  Henry  de,  a  learned 
writer,  born  at  the  Hague  1694.  He  was 
educated  at  Lcyden,  and  became  an  advo- 
cate of  the  court  of  Holland,  and  afterwards 
commissary  of  tlip  finances  of  the  States 

58 «; 


&AL 


SAL 


licneial ;  but  his  further  and  iieservecl  ad- 
vancement was  stopped  by  the  smallpox, 
'.vhich  carried  him  o'}*  1723,  aged  30.  He 
^ras  much  respected  bj-  the  literati  of  Eng- 
land and  France,  whom  he  visited,  and  was 
author  of  Memoirs  of  Literature,  2  vols. — 
History  of  Montmaur,  2  vols.  12:rio. — No- 
vus  Thesaurus  Antiquitatum  Romanarurn, 
3  vols.  foL — Essay  on  the  History  of  the 
United  Provinces,  4to.  which  was  part  only 
of  a  larger  w  ork  which  he  did  not  live  to 
complete. 

Sallo,  Dennis  de,  a  French  writer,  born 
at  Paris  1626.  Though  dull  in  his  youth, 
his  powers  gradually  expanded,  and  he  be- 
came an  acute  classical  scholar,  and  in  1652 
was  admitted  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of 
Paris.  He  did  not,  however,  abandon  lite- 
rature, but  M'as  the  first  Avho,  in  1664,  form- 
f  d  the  project  of  a  "  Journal  des  Scavans." 
JJut  so  severe  were  his  censures  on  the  la- 
bours of  his  contemporaries,  that  a  crowd 
of  enemies  rose  up  against  him,  and  he 
dropped  in  dismay  his  critical  remarks. 
The  plan  nevertheless  was  adopted  by  the 
learned  of  Europe  after  his  example,  but 
>vith  more  moderation,  and  consequently 
greater  success.  He  died  1 669,  and  though 
an  author  of  some  ability,  he  is  remembered 
now  only  as  the  inventor  of  a  scheme  of 
periodical  criticism,  which  has  proved  so 
iiseful  and  so  entertaining  to  the  polished 
nations  of  the  world. 

Sallust,  Caius  Crispus,  a  celebrated  La- 
tin historian.  He  was  in  the  early  part  of 
life  so  debauched  that  his  name  was  erased 
fronj  the  list  of  senators  ;  but  the  friend- 
ship of  Csesar  restored  him  to  his  dignity, 
and  gave  him  the  government  of  Numidia, 
where  he  amassed  an  opulent  fortune.  He 
built  some  stately  edifices  at  Rome,  which 
still  bear  his  name.  He  died  B.  C.  34. 
Though  devoted  to  luxury  and  voluptuous 
case,  he  wrote  valuable  histories  of  the  Ju- 
gurthinc  Avar,and  of  the  Catiline  conspiracy. 

Saljvjanasar,  a  king  of  Assyria,  who  in- 
vaded Samaria  and  put  an  end  to  the  king- 
dom of  Israel,  by  carrying  the  people  into 
captivity.  He  was  afterwards  unfortunate 
in  his  attack  upon  the  TyrianSj  who  defeat^ 
cd  him  by  sea.  He  died  about  714  B.  C. 
after  a  reign  of  fourteen  years. 

Salmasi'js,  Claudius,  or  Saumaise,  a 
most  learned  writer,  born  at  Saumur,  15S8, 
of  a  respectable  family.  He  was  educated 
under  his  father,  who  was  a  member  of  the 
parliament  of  Burgundy,  and  afterwards 
studied  at  Paris,  and  then  passed  to  Heidel- 
berg where  he  publicly  professed  the  protes- 
tant  religion  which  he  had  imbibed  from 
the  precepts  and  example  of  his  mother. 
Jn  this  place  he  drew  upon  himself  the  ad- 
Triiration  of  the  university  by  his  learning 
ajid  continued  application,  and  proved  him- 
self deservedly  to  be  what  his  friend,  Isaac 
<'9saiibon,  had  described  him,  "  ad  miracri- 
^S6 


lum  doctus."  His  literary  reputation  was 
now  such  that  he  received  pressing  and 
most  liberal  invitations  from  Venice,  from 
Oxford,  and  even  from  the  pope  ;  but  these 
he  declined,  and  settled  in  1632  in  Holland, 
where  he  succeeded  Scaliger  as  professor 
at  Leyden.  In  1640,  on  the  death  of  his 
father,  he  visited  Burgundy,and  received  the 
strongest  solicitations  from  Richelieu,  and 
the  otter  of  a  pension  of  12,000  livres  a  year 
to  settle  in  France  ;  but  this  he  again  re- 
jected, and  preferred  the  independence  and 
freedom  of  Holland  to  the  servility  of  a 
courtier.  In  1650  he  visited  Christina, 
queen  of  Sweden,  who  received  him  with 
great  respect,  and  treated  him  with  the 
most  flattering  marks  of  friendship.  His 
reputation,  in  the  mean  time,  suffered  in 
the  controversy  which  he  had  with  Milton; 
for  while  he  defended,  at  the  request  of  the 
exiled  family  of  England,  the  conduct  and 
principles  ofCharles  I.his  a?rtagonist  brought 
against  him,  if  not  more  learning,  yet  more 
wit,  more  fancy,  and  more  poignancy  of 
thought,  so  that  the  labours  of  the  English- 
man were  read  with  more  applause  through- 
out Europe  than  the  duller  composi- 
tion of  the  defender  of  royalty.  He  began, 
indeed,  to  answer  Milton,  but  with  slow- 
ness and  a  heavy  heart,  and  it  was  said  that 
he  died  of  chagrin,  at  the  superior  powers 
of  his  opponent.  It  is,  however,  more  pro- 
bable, that  his  death  was  occasionecl  by 
drinking  improperly  the  Spa  waters.  He 
died  3d  Sept.  1653.  His  answer  to  Milton 
was  published  by  his  son.  Salmasius  was 
universally  acknowledged  to  be  the  most 
learned  man  of  his  time.  He  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  all  the  languages  of  Europe, 
and  in  Greek,  Latin,  Hebrew,  and  the  other 
oriental  tongues,  he  was  a  most  perfect 
master  ;  but  all  these  great  qualities  were 
tarnished  by  self-love,  by  a  fastidious  disre- 
gard of  others,  and  the  most  inveterate 
odium  against,  all  such  as  dared  to  contro- 
vert or  differ  from  his  opinions.  His  works 
are  very  numerous,  the  best  known  of 
which  are  his  "  Notae  in  Historiae  Augustas 
Scriptores — and  Exercitationes  Plinianae  in 
Solinum,"  besides  good  editions  of  Tertul- 
lian,  Florus,  Polyhistor,  Simplicius  on 
Epictetus — and  Treatises  de  Modo  Usura- 
rum — de  Re  Militari  Romanorum — de  Hel- 
lenistica — de  Foenere  Trapezetico,  &c. 

Salmeron,  Alphonsus,  a  native  of  To- 
ledo, who  finished  his  studies  at  Paris. 
He  Avas  one  of  the  first  and  of  the  most 
zealous  followers  of  Ignatius  Loyola,  the 
founder  of  the  Jesuits,  and  after  travelling 
through  Germany,  Poland,  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, and  Ireland,  he  appeared  at  the  coun- 
cil of  Trent,  where  he  displayed  his  learn- 
ing and  eloquence.  He  afterwards  w^as 
very  active  in  the  establishment  of  the  .Je- 
suits' college  at  Naples,  where  he  died  13th 
Feb.  15f?5,  aged  69.     He  wrote  Commen« 


8AJ. 


SAJ. 


larie.s  on  ibc  Scriptures,  and  other  works, 
edited  in  8  vols,  folio,  1012. 

Salmon,  William,  an  eminent  empiric, 
uuthor  of  the  Complete  Physician,  or 
Druga;ist's  Shop  opened,  8vo. — a  large 
Herbal,  2  vols.  fol. — Polygraphice,  or  the 
Art  of  Painting,  a  work  of  merit — treatise 
on  Astrology,  &c.  lie  flourished  about 
1685. 

Salmon,  Nathanael,  an  antiquarian, 
Lorn  at  Mcpsall,  Bedfordshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Bcnet  college,  Cambridge.  He 
entered  into  orders,  but  though  he  had 
taken  the  oaths  to  William,  he  refused  to  do 
it  to  Anne,  and  being  thus  driven  from  the 
church,  he  applied  himself  to  physic, 
which  he  practised  at  St.  Ives,  Huntingdon- 
shire, and  Bishop's  Stortford,  Herts.  He 
wrote  a  Survey  of  Roman  Stations  in  Bri- 
tain, 8vo. — a  Survey  of  Roman  Antiquities 
in  the  Middle  English  Counties,  8vo. — 
The  History  of  Hertfordshire,  folio — the 
Lives  of  English  Bishops  from  the  Refor- 
mation— the  Antiquities  of  Surrey,  and  of 
Essex.     He  died  1742. 

Salmon,  Thomas,  brother  to  William, 
was  a  writer  of  reputation.  He  was  au- 
thor of  the  Present  State  of  all  Nations — 
a  Geographical  Grammar,  Svo.  afterwards 
improved  by  Guthrie — the  Chronological 
History  of  England,  2  vols.  8vo. — Exami- 
nation of  Burnet's  History  of  his  own 
Times,  besides  valuable  assistance  in  the 
Universal  History,  &c.  He  died  suddenly, 
April,  1743,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Dun- 
stan's  church. 

Salonina,  wife  of  Gallienus,  was  a  wo- 
man of  great  merit,  as  the  friend  of  litera- 
ture, and  a  benevolent  princess.  She  was 
murdered  with  her  husband,  268. 

Salter,  Samuel,  a  learned  divine,  born 
at  Norwich,  and  educated  at  the  Charter- 
house, and  Benet  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  a  fellow.  He  was  ap- 
pointed by  Sir  Philip  Yorke,  afterwards 
lord  Hardwicke,  tutor  to  his  children,  and 
to  this  connexion,  so  well  deserved  by  his 
talents  and  attention,  he  was  indebted  for 
his  preferment  in  the  church.  He  obtain- 
ed from  Herring  the  Lambeth  degree  of 
D.D.  1751,  and  in  1754  was  appointed 
preacher  at  the  Charter-house,  and  in  1761 
master,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Bearcroft. 
He  was  besides  prebendary  of  Norwich, 
and  had  some  livings.  He  died  May  2d, 
1778,  and  Avas  buried  in  the  burial  ground 
of  the  Charter-house.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  abilities,  eminent  as  a  scholar,  ami 
popular  as  a  preacher,  and  blessed  with 
such  a  retentive  memory,  that  he  always 
delivered  his  sermons  without  even  the  use 
of  notes.  He  printed  some  single  ser- 
mons, &.C. — an  edition  of  his  maternal 
grandfather,  Dr.  Jeffrey's  tracts  and  ser- 
mons, 2  vols.  8vo.  &c.  He  was  for 
Bome  time  the  friend  of  Bentley,  and  some 


aiiCcdolCs    ol    thai    cclebralcd    liUic    an- 
preserved  from  his  papers,  by  Bowycr. 

SALTONSTALL,(;urdi)n,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, was  born  i!7tii  March,  1GG6,  i". 
Haverhill,  Mas-sachusctts,  and  was  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard  college,  in  1084.  He  wa- 
endowed  with  fine  talents,  and  dcvotine, 
himself  to  the  ministry,  soon  became  dixtiii- 
guished.  He  possessed  a  keen  under- 
standing, a  rich  fancy,  aiid  his  style  and 
delivery  were  manly  and  attractive.  H- 
settled  at  New-London,  Connecticut,  oi. 
25th  November,  1691,  and  remained  there 
highly  esteemed  till  1707,  when  he  was 
selected  as  a  candidate  for  the  office  of  go- 
vernor, and  the  legislature,  to  render  hini 
eligible,  repealed  a  law,  requiring  the 
choice  to  be  made  from  among  the  magis- 
trates. Ho  was  advanced  to  the  oliice, 
and  annually  re-elected  till  his  death,  in 
1724,  in  his  fifty-ninth  year.  His  admi- 
nistration was  able  and  popular.  He  left  a 
a  widow  who  was  much  celebrated  in  New- 
England  for  her  accomplishments,  piety, 
and  munificence  to  literary  and  charitabVe 
objects.  iCs^  I.. 

Saltonstall,  Richard,  nephew  of  the 
governor,  and  grandson  to  the  Hon.  Na- 
thaniel Saltonstall,  was  born  in  1703,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college,  in  1722,  and 
as  early  as  1728  he  was  a  representa- 
tive from  Haverhill,  and  was  afterwards  a 
member  of  the  council.  In  1736  he  was 
appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior  court, 
and  held  the  office  until  a  few  months  be- 
fore his  death,  when  he  resigned  on  ac- 
count of  ill  health.  He  died  October  20tb, 
1756,  aged  54.  His  eldest  son  Richard 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college,  in  1751. 
He  was  an  officer  in  the  war  with  the 
French,  and  afterwards  sheriff  of  Esse.x 
county.  He  married  a  daughter  of  the 
Hon.  Elisha  Cooke  of  Boston.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  revolution  he  left 
the  province,  and  died  at  Kensington. 
England,  m  1785.  l:ZP'  L. 

Salvator,  Rosa,  an  Italian  painter,  born 
at  Renessa,  near  Naples,  1615.  His  youth 
was  dissipated,  and  passed  frequently  in 
the  abandoned  company  of  banditti,  in 
whose  wild  and  rugged  retreats  he  imbibed 
that  taste  for  rough  scenery  which  he  de- 
scribed on  canvass  with  so  masterly  a  hand. 
His  human  figures  are  much  admired,  but 
few  of  his  larger  works  are  to  be  found  in 
England,  though  he  was  so  rapid  in  his  exe- 
cution, that  he  often  began  and  finished  a 
picture  in  one  day.  His  prints,  of  which 
he  etched  a  great  number,  are  in  general 
esteem.  He  distinguished  himself  also  as 
a  poet,  and  deserved,  by  the  force  and  po- 
pularity of  his  satire,  to  be  called  the  Ju-' 
venal  of  Italy.  His  v.orks  were  printed, 
Amsterdam,  1719,  Svo.  He  died  at  Rome, 
1673. 

Salvi.  John,  ^n  historical  painter.  wK» 


SAM 


J5AN 


tlisplayed  great  taste  and  judgment  in 
copying  the  pieces  of  the  best  niasters. 
He  was  born  near  Urbino,  and  died  1590 
aged  S6. 

Salvi,  Nicholas,  an  architect,  born  at 
Rome.  He  died  1751,  aged  52.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  is  the  fountain  of 
Crevi,  which  he  finished  at  the  desire  of 
pope  Clement  XII. 

Salviani,  Hippolitus,  a  noble  native  of 
Citta-di-Castello,  who  practised  medicine 
at  Rome,  and  died  there  1572,  aged  59.  He 
is  author  of  a  treatise  on  Fishes,  folio — de 
Crisibus  ad  Galenj  Censuram — poems  and 
remedies  in  Italian. 

Salvianus,  a  divine  of  the  fifth  century. 
He  wrote,  in  an  elegant  style,  a  treatise  on 
Divine  Providence,  and  other  works,  print- 
ed, 2  vols.  8vo.  1623.     He  was  a  native  of 
Cologne,  and  died  at  Marseilles,  484. 

Salviati,  Francis,  a  painter  of  Flo- 
rence, born  1510.  He  was  patronised  by 
cardinal  Salviati,  and  in  consequence  of 
this  he  exchanged  his  name  of  Bossi  for 
that  of  his  benefactor.  He  was  at  Paris 
1554,  but  looked  with  envy  upon  the  emi- 
nence of  rival  painters,  and  afterwards  re- 
turned to  Italy.  He  was  much  admired  for 
the  grace  which  he  gave  to  his  naked 
figures,  and  the  beauty  and  ease  of  his 
draperies.  The  best  of  his  pieces  are  pre- 
served at  Florence,  Venice,  and  Rome.^ 
He  died  1563. 

Salviati,  Joseph,  a  Venetian  painter^ 
who  exchanged  his  family  name  of  Porta 
for  that  of  his  master  Salviati.  His  design 
and  colouring  were  highly  admired,  and 
his  abilities  were  frequently  employed  by 
the  Venetians,  with  those  of  Tintoret  and 
Paul  Veronese.  He  died  at  Venice,  1585. 
Salvini,  Anthony  Marie,  an  eminent 
scholar,  born  at  Florence,  and  professor  of 
Greek  there.  He  was  member  of  the  de 
la  Crusca  academy,  and  contributed  much 
to  the  completion  of  their  Dictionary,  in  6 
vols,  folio.  Besides  elegant  poetical  trans- 
lations into  Italian  of  the  Iliad  and  Odys- 
sey, of  Theocritus,  Hesiod,  Anacreon,  and 
other  Greek  poets  ;  besides  Ovid's  Meta- 
morphoses, Horace's  Satires  and  Art  of 
Poetry,  and  other  Latin  works  ;  and  Boi- 
leau's  Art  of  Poetry,  and  Addison's  Cato, 
&c.  he  wrote  some  elegant  sonnets  ;  Aca- 
demical Discourses  ;  a  Funeral  Oration  for 
Ma^liabechi,  &c.  He  died  at  Florence 
1729. 

Sambucus,  John,  a  native  of  Tirnau  in 
Hungary,  who  studied  medicine  and  im- 
proved himself  by  travelling  through  Ger- 
many, Italy,  and  France.  He  was  patro- 
nised by  the  emperors  Maximilian  II.  and 
Rodolphus  n.  and  was  appointed  counsel- 
lor of  state  and  historiographer  of  the  em- 
pire. He  wrote  Lives  of  the  Roman  Em- 
perors— History  of  Hungary — Emblemata 
— Icones  Medicorvrm,  folio — translations 
5S8 


in  Latin  from  Hesiod,  Plato,  Thucydides^ 
&c.  This  learned  and  well-informed  man 
died  of  an  apoplexy  at  Vienna,  13th  June, 
1584,  aged  53. 

Sampson,  William,  author  of  the  Vow 
Breaker,  a  tragedy,  lived  in  the  age  of  the 
first  Charles.  He  also  assisted  Markham 
in  the  composition  of  his  tragedy  of  Herod 
and  Antipater. 

Sampson,  Henry,  M.  A.  a  native  of 
South  Leverton,  Notts,  educated  at  Pem- 
broke hall,  Cambridge,  wh«re  he  became 
fellow.  He  obtained  the  living  of  Fram- 
lingham,  but  was  ejected  for  nonconformity 
at  the  restoration,  and  then  studied  physic 
at  Leyden  and  Padua,  and  practised  with 
success  in  London.  He  died  1705.  He 
published  an  edition  of  Porter  on  Divine 
Grace,  and  prepared  materials  for  a  his- 
tory of  nonconformists,  which,  however, 
he  never  published. 

Samson,  son  of  Manoah,  of  the  tribe  of 
Dan.  He  is  celebrated  in  Scripture  for  his 
extraordinary  strength,  which  he  displayed 
against  the  enemies  of  his  country.  He 
was  at  last  betrayed  by  his  mistress,  Deli- 
lah, into  the  hands  of  the  Philistines,  who 
put  out  his  eyes,  and  made  him  work  in  a 
mill.  He  avenged  himself  of  his  enemies 
when  they  had  assembled  to  make  sport  of 
him,  and  while  in  the  temple  of  Dagon,  he 
seized  the  pillars  against  which  he  rested, 
and  throwing  down  the  whole  edifice,  pe- 
rished in  the  ruins,  with  3000  of  the  Philis- 
tines, B.C.  1117. 

Samuel,  a  celebrated  prophet  of  Israel. 
He  was  early  devoted  to  the  service  of  God 
in  the  temple  as  the  attendant  upon  Eli, 
and  when  called  to  the  holy  oflTice  of  pro- 
phet, he  anointed  Saul,  and  afterwards 
David,  to  be  kings  over  his  nation.  He 
died  about  1057,  B.C.  aged  98.  The  book 
of  Judges  and  of  Ruth  are  supposed  to  be 
written  by  him. 

Samwell,  David,  a  native  of  Nantglyn, 
Denbighshire,  known  as  the  surgeon  of  the 
Discovery,  at  the  time  when  the  unfortu- 
nate Cook  was  murdered  by  the  natives  of 
Owhyhee.  As  he  was  present  at  this 
dreadful  scene,  he  gave  to  the  public  a 
very  circumstantial  account  of  it.  He 
also  published  some  poems  in  Welch,  and 
died  1799. 

Sanadon,  Noel  Stephen,  a  learned  Je- 
suit, born  at  Rouen,  1676.  He  taught 
with  reputation  at  Caen,  and  afterwards 
with  equal  success,  was  professor  of  rhe- 
toric at  Paris.  He  was  intrusted  with  the 
education  of  prince  de  Conti,  and  made 
librarian  to  the  king.  He  died  21st  Sept. 
1733.  He  was  author  of  some  orations 
and  poems,  much  admired,  besides  a  trans- 
lation of  Horace's  works,  accompanied 
with  learned  notes,  the  best  edition  of 
which   is  that  of  Amsterdam,   1735,  in  P 


SAN 


SAN 


vols.  8vo.  containing  Dacicr's  version  and 
notes. 

Sanchez,  Antonio  Niints  Ribeiro,  a 
learned  physician,  born  7th  March,  lG9t), 
at  Penna-Macor,  in  Portugal.  He  studied 
at  Coimbra  and  Salamanca,  and  afterwards 
passed  to  London,  and  then  visited  Ley- 
den,  where  be  further  improved  his  know- 
ledge under  the  direction  of  Boerhaave. 
When  in  1731,  Anne,  empress  of  Russia, 
required  of  that  illustrious  professor  to  re- 
commend her  three  physicians,  Sanchez 
was  honourably  nominated  one  of  the  num- 
ber. In  this  distant  country  he  was  ap- 
pointed physician  to  the  army,  and  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  extensive  and 
successful  practice,  and  at  last  became  first 
physician  at  court.  The  revolution  of 
1742,  however,  changed  his  prospects,  and 
in  the  midst  of  the  proscriptions  which  he 
daily  witnessed,  he  had  the  good  fortune 
to  be  permitted  to  leave  the  country.  He 
retired  to  Paris,  where  he  died  l4th 
Oct.  1783.  His  correspondence  with  the 
learned  was  extensive,  and  his  papers  are 
now,  it  is  said,  in  the  hands  of  Dr.  Andre. 
It  is  to  be  observed,  that  Catherine,  when 
she  ascended  the  Russian  throne,  rewarded 
bis  services  to  her  subjects  with  an  honour- 
able pension  of  lOOO  roubles.  The  works 
of  Dr.  Sanchez,  aie  Dissertations  on  the 
Origin  of  the  Venereal  Disease — on  Earth- 
quakes— a  Method  of  studying  Medicine, 

Sanchez,  Thomas,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
born  at  Corduba,  1551.  His  reputation 
for  chastity  and  mortification  was  very 
great.  He  died  at  Grenada,  19tb  May, 
1610,  and  was  buried  with  extraordinary 
magnificence.  His  works  on  the  Deca- 
logue, on  Monastic  Vows,  &c.  in  4  vols, 
folio,  display  great  genius  ;  but  in  examin- 
ing the  controversies  concerning  marriage 
he  has  used  language  too  often  coarse  and 
indelicate. 

Sanchez,  Peter  Anthony,  a  Spanish  di- 
vine, was  born  at  Vigo,  in  Gallicia,  in  1740. 
He  became  canon  of  the  cathedral  of  St. 
James,  and  professor  of  divinity  at  his  na- 
tive place,  where  he  was  admired  as  a 
preacher,  and  esteemed  for  his  charity. 
He  died  in  1S06.  His  works  are — 1.  Sum- 
ma  theologiae  Sacra;,  4  vols.  2.  Annales 
Sacri,  2  vols.  3.  A  Treatise  on  Tolera- 
tion, 3  vols.  4.  History  of  the  Church 
of  Africa.  5.  Essay  on  the  Eloquence 
of  the  Pulpit.  6.  Sermons,  3  vols.  7. 
On  the  Means  of  encouraging  Industry. — 
W.B. 

Sancho  II.  surnamed  the  Strong,  king 
of  Castile,  resented  the  division  made  by 
his  father  Ferdinand,  of  his  dominions, 
aiid  therefore  on  his  mother's  death,  he  de- 
throned his  brothers.  Garcias  was  banish- 
ed from  Gallicia,  and  Alphonsus  quitted 
^Iie  throne  of  Leon,  to  end  his  davs  in  a 


monaslcry.  Sancho  afterwards  hlrippcd 
his  sisters  of  tlieir  piitrimony  ;  but  in  be- 
sieging Zamora,  which  belon^^ed  to  the 
eldest,  lie  was  assassinated,  1072. 

Sancho,  Ignatius,  a  negro  of  extraordi- 
nary character,  born  1729,  at  sea,  on 
board  a  ship  in  its  passage  from  Guinea  lo 
Spanish  America.  He  was  baptized  at 
Carthagena,  by  the  name  of  Ignatius,  and 
when  two  years  old  was  brought  by  his 
master  lo  England,  and  given  to  three 
maiden  sisters  near  Greenwich,  who  con- 
temptuously bestowed  on  him  the  appelbi- 
tion  of  Don  Quixote's  squire.  Though 
treated  with  harshness  by  his  austere  mis- 
tresses, he  found  a  patron  and  a  friend  in 
the  duke  of  Montague,  and  after  that  no- 
bleman's death  he  lived  with  the  dutchess 
in  the  capacity  of  butler,  and  at  her  de- 
cease, received  from  her  bounty  an  an- 
nuity of  30/.  A  habit  of  low  debauchery, 
however,  and  a  fondness  for  gaming,  soon 
ruined  his  little  fortune,  till  at  last  reflec- 
tion brought  him  back  to  his  senses,  and  as 
he  was  very  partial  to  theatrical  represen- 
tations, he  presented  himself  as  a  proper 
character,  to  portray  the  person  of  Othello 
and  Oroonoko.  The  attempt  did  not, 
however,  answer  the  public  expectation  ; 
but  though  thus  disappointed,  a  marriage 
with  a  respectable  young  woman,  of  West 
India  origin,  dictated  to  him  the  necessity 
of  industrious  and  honest  exertions.  By 
the  friendship  o[  the  Montague  family,  he 
was  again  placed  abo>e  want,  and  settled 
in  a  small  grocery  shop,  where  his  good 
conduct  enabled  him,  in  the  enjoyment  of 
domestic  comforts,  to  provide  a  decent 
subsistence  for  himself  and  his  numerous 
family.  He  died  15th  Dec.  1780.  This 
singular  character,  patronised  by  the 
great,  by  the  dutchesses  of  Queensbury 
and  Northumberland,  and  noticed  by  the 
learned  and  the  fashionable,  by  Sterne, 
Garrick,  and  others,  was  author  of  seve* 
ral  letters,  which  possess  great  originality, 
and  display  strong  powers  of  intellect, 
and  which  appeared  for  the  benefit  of  his 
family  under  the  benevolent  care  of  Miss 
Crewe. 

Sanchoniathon,  a  Phoenician  historian, 
who  flourished  about  the  time  that  Gideoi? 
judged  Israel.  Some  fragments  remain  in 
Eusebius  and  Porphyry,  of  his  history  of 
the  Antiquities  of  Phoenicia,  which  Phila 
of  Byblos  had  translated  into  Greek. 

Sancroft,  William,  an  eminent  Eng- 
lish prelate,  born  at  Frcsingfield,  Suffolk, 
1616.  He  was  educated  at  Burv"  school, 
and  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge,  of  which 
he  became  fellow  in  1612.  He  was  eject- 
ed from  his  fellowship  in  1649  for  refusing 
to  conform  to  the  republican  establishment, 
and  then  went  over  to  the  continent,  where 
he  continued  till  the  restoration.  He  re- 
turned to  England  soon  after  Charles,  t>nd 

5S9 


SAN 


SAN 


btcame  chaplain  to  Cosin  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham, who  gave  him  the  valuable  living  of 
Houghton-le-Spring,   and  a  prebend  stall. 
In  1662,  he  was  elected  master  of  Ema- 
nuel college,  in  1664  made  dean  of  York, 
and  a   few  months  after  promoted  to  the 
deanery  of  St.  Paul.      In  this  new  situa- 
tion he  contributed  much  to  the  repairing 
of  the  cathedral,  and  when  it  was  destroy- 
ed by  the  fire  of  London,  he  gave  1400/. 
towards  rebuilding  it.     In  1657  he  was  un- 
expectedly raised  by  Charles  II.  to  the  me- 
tropolitan see  of  Canterbury,  and   added 
dignity  to  that   high  station  by  his  exem- 
plary conduct   and  paternal   care   of  the 
church.     He  attended  his  royal  master  in 
his  last  moments,  and  it  is  said,  used  great 
freedom  of  exhortation.      Under  his  suc- 
cessor be  evinced  a  strong  attachment   to 
the  established  church,  by  his  opposition 
to  popery,  and  he   was  one  of  the  seven 
bishops  sent  to  the  tower  in  16S8.  Though 
thus  zealous  against  the  papists,  and  one 
of  those  lords  who  declared  for  the  prince 
of  Orange,  on  James's  abdication,  yet  he  re- 
fused to    wait  upon  the   new  made  mo- 
narch, to  whose  elevation  he  had  so  pow- 
erfully concurred,  and  for   this  pusillani- 
mous conduct  he  is   deservedly   censured 
by  Burnet  and  others.     This  conduct,  and 
his  refusal  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  ren- 
dered him  unpopular  with  the  court,  he  was 
suspended,   and  Tillotson  in  1691  was  ap- 
pointed in  his   room.      As  he   refused  to 
leave   Lambeth,  he  was  cited  before   the 
court  of   exchequer  as  an   intinider,  and 
now,  finding  all  resistance  vain,  he  retired 
to   Fresingfield,   where   he  lived  for  two 
years  in  obscurity,  till  an  intermittent  fever 
carried  him  off,  24th  Nov.  1693.     Though 
a  man  of  great  learning,  he  published  lit- 
tle, which  was  a   Latin    dialogue    against 
Calvinism,  called  the  Predestinated  Thief 
— Modern  Politics,  from  Machiavel,  Bor- 
gia,  &c.  besides   sermons — Familiar   Let- 
ters, &c.     His  MSS.  were  purchased  for 
80  guineas,  and  presented  to  the  Bodleian 
library  by  bishop  Tanner. 

Sanctorius,  an  ingenious  physician, 
professor  at  Padua,  was  born  at  Capo 
d'Istria,  1561,  and  died  at  Venice  1636. 
He  is  chiefly  known  for  his  curious  experi- 
ments on  insensible  perspiration,  which  he 
made  on  himself  in  his  statical  chair,  ascer- 
taining, v\  ith  incredible  accuracy,  what  he 
gained  by  aliment,  and  what  he  lost  by  se- 
cretion and  other  discharges.  This  inge- 
nious system  was  presented  to  the  ad- 
miring world  in  his  "  Ars  de  Static^  Medi- 
cine," Venice,  1614,  translated  into  French 
1722,  and  into  English  by  Dr.  Quincy. 
He  published,  besides,  Methodus  vitando- 
vum  Errorum  in  Arte  Medica,  4to. — Com- 
mentaria  in  Galeni,  &c.  all  together  col- 
kcted  in  4  vols.  4to. 

Sandby,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Notting- 
590 


ham,  who  acquired  some  celebrity  as  an 
architect,  and  was  appointed  professor  of 
that  science  in  the  Royal  academy,  Lon- 
don.    He  died  1798,  aged  77. 

Sandby,  Paul,  an  artist,  was  born  at 
Nottingham  in  1732.  At  the  age  of  four- 
teen, he  became  a  student  in  the  drawing- 
room  in  the  Tower,  and  in  1748  he  was 
sent  to  take  views  in  the  Highlands  for  the 
duke  of  Cumberland.  Of  these  he  made 
small  etchings,  which  he  afterwards  pub- 
lished.  After  this  he  was  much  employed 
in  making  sketches  throughout  the  king- 
dom ;  and  he  executed  several  prints,  in 
imitation  of  drawings  in  Indian  ink,  which 
art  of  aquatinta,  as  it  is  called,  he  carried 
to  great  perfection.  He  became  one  of 
the  first  members  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
and  in  1768  was  appointed  chief  drawing- 
master  of  that  at  Woolwich.  He  died 
Nov.  7,  1809.  His  brother,  Thomas 
Sandby,  became  pi-ofessor  of  architecture 
in  the  Royal  Academy,  and  died  in  1798, 
at  the  age  of  77.— IF.  B. 

Sandeman,  Robert,  a  Scotchman,  born 
at  Perth,  1723,  and  educated  at  St.  An- 
drews. Instead  of  entering  into  the 
church,  for  which  he  was  intended,  he  be- 
came a  linen  manufacturer,  and  afterwards 
turned  preacher. — He  came  to  America  in 
1764,  and  settled  in  Danbury,  Connecticut, 
where  he  gathered  a  church  the  following 
year.  He  afterwards  established  several 
societies  in  New-England.  The  chief  pe- 
culiarity of  his  creed  was  the  dogma,  that 
justifying  faith  is  a  mere  act  of  the  under-' 
standing,  a  merely  speculative  belief.  He 
died  at  Danbury,  April  2d,  1771,  aged  53 
years.  His  sect  still  bears  his  name.  He 
wrote  an  answer  to  Hervey's  Theron  and 
Aspasio,  very  offensive  to  the  Calvinists. 

rc?-  L. 

Sanders,  Robert,  an  English  writer, 
born  near  Breadalbane,  in  Scotland,  about 
1727.  From  a  comb-maker  he  became  a 
hackney  writer,  when  transplanted  to  Lon- 
don, and  besides  engagements  in  some  pe- 
riodical publications,  was  amanuensis  to 
lord  Lyttelton,  when  he  wrote  his  History 
of  Henry  II.  He  wrote  the  Complete 
English  Traveller,  folio — the  Newgate  Ca- 
lendar— Gaffer  Graybeard,  a  novel,  in  4 
vols.  l2mo.  in  which  he  occasionally  em- 
ploys his  wit  with  effect  against  fanaticism. 
In  his  last  years  he  projected  a  Chronology 
of  all  Nations,  but  died  before  its  comple- 
tion, of  a  disorder  on  his  lungs,  19th  March, 
1783. 

Sanders,  Nicolas,  divinity  professor  at 
Louvain,  was  born  at  Charlewood,  Surrey, 
and  educated  at  Winchester  school,  and 
New  college,  Oxford,  from  which  he  was 
banished  for  his  religious  tenets.  He  was 
with  cardinal  Hosius,  at  the  council  of 
Trent,  and  afterwards  went  to  Poland,  and 
he  was  sent  by  Gregory  XIII.  as  his  nuncio 


hAN 


^  \N 


to  Ireland,  where  he  led  for  some  time  ii 
ivanderinj;  life  in  the  woods  and  moun- 
tains during  the  civil  troubles,  and  at  last 
died  of  want,  1581.  He  wrote,  against 
the  reformation,  De  Originc  et  Progressu 
Schismatis  Anglieani,  Svo. 

Sanderson,  Robert,  an  eminent  prelate, 
born  at  Rotherham,  Yorkshire,  19th  Sept. 
1587.  After  receiving  his  education  at 
Rotherham  school,  he  entered  at  Lincoln 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  became  fellow, 
1606.  In  1618  he  was  presented  to  the 
living  of  VVyberton,  near  Boston,  which 
he  resigned  the  next  year  on  account  of 
the  unhealthiness  of  the  place,  and  then 
succeeded  to  Boothby  Pagnel  rectory, 
which  he  enjoyed  for  40  years.  He  was 
afterwards  promoted  to  a  prebend  of  South- 
well, and  on  account  of  his  extensive 
learning  was  recommended  by  Laud  to  the 
king,  and  made  his  chaplain.  In  1636  he 
was  created  D.D.  at  Oxford,  and  in  1642 
appointed  regius  professor  of  divinity,  and 
canon  of  Christ  church.  His  attachment 
to  the  king  rendered  him  an  object  of  per- 
secution with  the  parliament ;  but  he  ad- 
hered to  his  principles,  and  attended  the 
king  at  Hampton  court,  and  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  and  advised  him  with  respect  to  the 
proposal  of  the  parliament,  to  alter,  and  even 
abolish  the  Episcopal  government  of  the 
church, and  alsopublished  his  sentiments  un- 
der the  title  of  Episcopacy  not  prejudicial  to 
regal  power.  In  1648  he  was  ejected  from 
his  professorship,  but  permitted  to  retain, 
though  with  difficulty,  his  living ;  and  at 
the  restoration  he  was  reinstated  to  all  his 
ecclesiastical  honours,  and  soon  after 
raised  to  the  see  of  Lincoln.  Though  he 
held  this  new  dignity  but  a  little  time,  yet 
be  assiduously  was  engaged  in  promoting 
the  interests  of  religion,  and  in  improving 
the  poor  vicarages  of  his  diocess.  He  died 
29th  Jan.  1662-3,  and  was  buried  privately 
in  Bugden  church.  As  a  divine  and  a 
scholar  Sanderson  was  well  versed  in  ec- 
clesiastical and  antiquarian  history,and  was 
considered  as  the  ablest  casuist  of  the 
times.  He  used  to  say  that  he  read  only 
three  books,  Aristotle's  Rhetoric,  Aquinas's 
Secunda  Secunds,  and  Cicero's  works, 
especially  his  Offices,  which  he  could  re- 
peat without  book.  The  strong  sense  and 
manly  diction  of  his  writings  have  been 
deservedly  admired.  The  chief  of  his 
works  are  "  Logica;  Artis  Compendium," 
36  sermons,  fol. — Nine  Cases  of  Con- 
science resolved — De  Juramenti  Obliga- 
tione — de  Obligatione  Conscientiae,  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Charles,  during  his 
confinement  in  the  Isle  of  Wight — Pax 
Ecclesiae,  about  predestination,  &c. — Dis- 
courses concerning  the  Church,  &c. — Lec- 
tures in  the  Divinity  School,  Oxford,  &c. 

Sanderson,  Robert,  Esq.  F.A.S.  usher 
pf  the  court  of  Chancery,  and  clerk  of  the 


Rolls'  ciiaprl,  distinguished  himself  as  tho 
laborious  continuator  of  Itvmer's  Focdera, 
from  the  lOlh  to  th.-  -iOth  \olume.  A  new 
edition  of  Rymcr  apptarr-d  in  1727.  San- 
der.-on  died  -ioth  Dec.  1711. 

Sandrart,  Joachim,  a  Cicrman  painter, 
born  at  Frankfort,  160G.  lie  stu<li(;d  at 
Prague,  Utrecht,  London,  Venice,  and 
Rome.  His  abilities  were  noticed  and  re- 
warded by  the  king  of  Spain  ;  but  instead 
of  living  the  whole  of  his  life  abroad,  he 
returned  to  Frankfort,  where  he  married, 
and  afterwards  settled  at  Nuremberg, 
where  he  established  an  academy  of  paint- 
ing. He  published  some  works  on  his  art, 
the  best  known  of  which  is  the  Lives  of 
Painters,  with  their  effigies,  abridged  from 
Vasari  and  Ridolfi.  He  died  at  Nurem- 
berg, 1683. 

Sandys,  Edwin,  a  distinguished  prelate, 
born  in  1519,  in  Lancashire,  at  Hawks- 
head,  as  it  is  supposed.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  and  in  1547 
wa.i  elected  master  of  Catharine-hall,  and 
in  1553  vice  chancellor.  He  was  a  strong 
advocate  for  the  reformation,  and  therefore 
willingly  seconded  the  views  of  Northum- 
berland in  proclaiming  Jane  Grey  queen  ; 
but  when,  two  days  after,  the  same  noble- 
man, yielding  to  the  times,  wished  him  to 
proclaim  Mary,  he  boldly  resisted.  For 
this  contumacy  he  was  deprived  of  his  ho- 
nours, sent  to  the  Tower  for  seven  months, 
and  at  last  liberated  with  great  difficulty. 
His  attachment  to  the  protestant  cause 
was  so  zealous  that  Gardiner  meditated 
his  ruin  ;  but  he  escaped  to  the  continent, 
where  he  continued  till  the  accession  of 
Elizabeth.  On  his  return  to  England  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  nine  divines  who  were 
to  dispute  against  nine  catholics  before  the 
assembled  parliament,  and  he  was  also 
named  one  of  the  commissioners  for  the 
revision  of  the  liturgy,  and  the  reformation 
of  the  church.  He  was  raised  to  the  see 
of  Worcester,  and  in  consequence  of  his 
great  learning,  was  one  of  those  employed 
in  the  translation  of  what  is  called  the  Bi- 
shops' Bible,  in  which  he  translated  for  his 
share  the  books  of  Kings  and  Chronicles. 
In  1570  he  succeeded  Grindal  in  the  see  of 
London,  and  in  1576  was  translated  to 
York.  His  severity  against  the  papists, 
in  the  cause  of  the  reformation,  was  so 
great,  that  he  created  himself  many  ene- 
mies, and  so  resentful  were  some  of  these 
religious  opponents,  that  they  scrupled  not 
to  charge  the  bishop  of  adultery,  by  intro- 
ducing, while  he  was  asleep  at  an  inn  at  Don- 
caster,  the  wife  of  the  innkeeper  into  his  bed, 
and  then  exciting  the  husband,  in  pretended 
irritation,  to  chastise  the  violence  offijred 
to  his  honour.  This  infamous  conspiracy- 
was  fully  detected,  and  the  accomplices, 
men  of  rank  and  fortune,  were  severely 
punished  in  the  star  chamber.      The  arch-^ 

501 


•SAN 


SAN 


bishop,  thus  persecuted,  and  exposed  du= 
ring  his  active  life  to  great  obloquy  and 
much  contention,  died  lOth  July,  1588, 
and  was  buried  at  Southwell.  He  was 
twice  married,  and  by  his  second  wife  had 
seven  sons  and  two  daughters,  from  one  of 
"whom  is  descended  lord  Sandys.  As  a 
preacher  Dr.  Sandys  was  much  admired  ; 
22  of  his  sermons  were  published  in  4to. 
and  some  of  his  letters  have  also  appeared 
in  print. 

Sandys,  sir  Edwin,  second  son  of  the 
archbishop,  was   born  in  Worcestershire, 
1561,  and  educated  at  Corpus  Christi,  Ox- 
ford, under  the  celebrated   Hooker.      In 
1581  he  obtained  a  prebend  in  the  church 
of  York,  and  afterwards  travelled  into  fo- 
reign countries,  and  published  an  Account 
of  his  Observations,  under  the  title  of  Eu- 
ropae  Speculum.     He  resigned  his  prebend 
in   1602,  and  was  knighted  by  king  James, 
and  employed  by  him  in  affairs  of  trust  and 
importance  with   foreign  states.     He  op- 
posed, in  1621,  the  measures  of  ihe  court 
in  parliament,  for  which  he  was  imprison- 
ed, but  soon  after  set  at  liberty,  by  the  in- 
terference  of    the    commons.      He    died 
1629,  and  was  buried  at  Northbourne,  in 
Kent.     He  left   1500/.  te  the  university  of 
Oxford,  for  the  foundation  of  a  metaphysi- 
cal lecture.     Some  sacred  hymns  have  ap- 
peared under  his  name,  though  some  attri- 
bute them  to  another  person  of  the  same 
name. 

Sandys,  George,  brother  to  the  prece- 
ding, was  the  seventh  and  youngest  son  of 
the  archbishop,  and  was  born  at  Bishops- 
thorp,  1577.     In    1588  he  entered  at   St. 
Mary's  hall,  Oxford,  and   afterwards  re- 
moved to  Corpus  Christi,  and  in  1610  set 
out  on  his  travels,  and  during  an  absence 
of  two  years,  visited  not   only  the  chief 
countries  of  Europe,  but  the  most  celebra- 
ted places  of  the  East,   the  Holy  Land, 
Egypt,  &c.     He  published,  on  his  return, 
an  Account  of  his  Travels,  in  folio,  1615, 
with  plates,  which  was  very  popular,  and 
was  often  reprinted.     He  was  also  distin- 
guished as  a  poet,  and  translated,  in  1632, 
Ovid's  Metamorphoses  into  English  verse, 
in  folio — besides  the  Psalms  of  David  Pa- 
raphrased— Christ's  Passion,  a  sacred  dra- 
ma, from  Grotius,  &c.     He  died  at  Bexley, 
in   Kent,    March,   1643,  and  was    buried 
there.     His  learning  and  virtues  have  been 
commended   not    only  by  his  contempora- 
ries, Lucius,  lord  Falkland,  and  others,  but 
by  Dryden,  who  called  him  the  best  versi- 
fier of  his  age,  and  by  Pope,  who  declared 
that  English  poetry  owed  much  of  its  beau- 
ty to  his  translations. 

Sannazarius,  James,  an  eminent  Ita- 
lian poet,  born  at  Naples,  28th  July,  1453. 
He  was  patronised  by  Frederic,  king  of 
Naples,  and  accompanied  that  prince  into 
France,  after  his  expulsion  from  his  king- 
592 


dom.  He  afterwards  returned  to  Naples, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  study  and  to 
pleasure.  He  died  1530.  His  Latin  poems, 
consisting  of  elegies,  eclogues,  and  epi- 
grams, have  been  often  edited.  His  epic 
poem,  De  Partu  Virginis,  in  3  books,  i^ 
considered  as  an  elegant  and  highly  finish- 
ed performance,  though  the  mixture  of 
Christianity  and  paganism  must  be  regard- 
ed as  offensive  to  truth  and  probability. 
He  wrote  also  two  pieces  in  Italian,  Arca- 
dia, in  prose  and  verse,  and  Rime,  a  poem. 
Sanson,  Nicolas,  a  French  geographer, 
born  at  Abbeville,  Dec.  12th,  1600.  He 
early  distinguished  himself  by  his  geogra- 
phical labours,  and  was  so  indefatigable 
that  he  executed  not  less  than  300  large 
maps  of  places,  ancient  and  modern,  in  a 
correct  and  elegant  manner.  He  was  en- 
gineer and  geographer  to  the  king,  and  was 
patronised  by  Richelieu  and  Mazarine.  He 
died  at  Paris,  1667,  leaving  two  sons,  who 
inherited  his  geographical  talents.  His 
Atlas  was  published,  2  vols.  fol.  Paris 
1693.  He  wrote  besides  Treatises  on  the 
Four  Parts  of  the  World  ;  a  Description 
of  the  Roman  Empire,  France,  Spain,  Ita- 
ly, &-C. 

Sansovino,  James,  called  Fatti,  a  native 
of  Florence,  eminent  as  a  sculptor  and  ar- 
chitect.   The  mint,  the  library  of  St.  Mark, 
and  the  palace  of  Cornavo,  at  Venice,  are 
beautiful  specimens  of  his  skill  and  genius, 
which  were   so   highly  admired,  that  in  a 
public  tax  he  and  Titian  were  exempted 
from  the  general  contribution.     He  died 
at  Venice,  1570,  aged  91.     His  son  Francis 
was  bot-n  at  Rome,  1521,  and   studied  at 
Venice,  but  took  his  degrees  in  law  at  Pa- 
dua.    He,   however,  abandoned  jurispru- 
dence for  polite  literature,   and   erected  a 
printing-house  at  Venice,  where  he  printed 
his  own  works,  and  those  of  others.     He 
wrote  a  Chronology  of  the  World,  to  1582 
— a   Translation  of   Plutarch — Annals  of 
the  Ottoman  Empire — Description  of  the 
Government  of  Genoa,  Lucca,  and  Ragusa 
— a  collection  of  100   novels  of  illustrious 
Italian  writers,  &c.     He   died  at  Venice, 
1586,  aged  65. 

Santeul,  John  Baptist  de,  a  Latin  poet, 
born  at  Paris,  1630.  He  was  one  of  the 
canons  of  St.  Victor,  and  was  rewarded 
for  his  merits  with  a  pension  from  Lewis 
XIV.  He  died  at  Dijon,  1697.  His  Latin 
poems  were  much  admired,  and  appeared 
in  3  vols.  12mo. — besides  Latin  Hymns,  in 
another  volume.  Eruyere  has  spoken  of 
him  in  high  strains  of  commendation.  His 
brother  Claude,  who  died  1684,  also  ex- 
celled as  a  Latin  poet. 

Santi  di  Titi,  a  native  of  Florence, 
whose  historical  pieces  and  portraits  were 
much  admired.  The  best  part  of  his  works 
are  preserved  at  Florence.     He  died  1603^ 


aged  65. 


SAR 


6  Mi 


Sapor  I.  king  of  Persia  after  Lis  father 
Artaxerxes,  A.l).  238,  He  exteiitled  his 
<Toiniiiioiis  by  the  conquest  of  Mesopota- 
mia, Syria,  and  Cilicia,  and  by  the  defeat 
of  tiic  emperor  Valerian.  He  was  after- 
wards defeated  by  Odenatus,  and  some 
time  after  put  to  death  by  his  subjects,  273. 
Sai'or  II.  king  of  I'ersia  after  his  faiher 
Hormisdas,  was  a  brave  and  successful 
warrior  against  the  Konians,  but  a  violent 
oppressor  of  the  Christians.  He  died  380 
A.  D. 

Sappho,  a  celebrated  poetess,  born  in 
Mit}lene,  about  600  B.C.  Her  poetical 
powers  in  lyric  composition  were  so  re- 
spectable, that  she  was  called  the  tenth 
muse,  and  her  countrymen  even  stamped 
her  image  on  their  coin.  Her  manners, 
however,  were  dissolute,  and  it  is  said  that 
she  threw  herself  into  the  sea,  on  account 
of  the  coldness  with  which  young  Phaon 
returned  her  love. 

Sarasin,  John  Francis,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  Hermanvillc,  near  Caen,  1604.  He 
studied  at  Caen  and  Paris,  and  though  not 
very  learned,  was  eminent  for  his  vivacity, 
his  wit,  and  his    acquaintance    with  polite 
literature.     He  was  made  secretary  to  the 
prince   of    Conti ;    but   though   long  pro- 
tected and  favoured  by  him,  he  was  at  last 
dismissed  from  his  service  with  ignominy, 
because  he  had  prevailed  upon  him,  through 
interested  motives,  to  marry  cardinal  Ma- 
zarine's   niece.      This    severe    treatment 
weighed    heavily   upon   his   spirit,  and  at 
last    occasioned   his    death,    1654.      His 
works  were  published  under  the  care  of  his 
friend  Menage.     They  are  in  French,   and 
consist  of  a  Discourse  on  Tragedy  ;  Histo- 
ry of  the  Siege  of  Dunkirk,  1649  ;  the  Fu- 
neral Pomp  of  Voiture  ;  Miscellanea  ;  be- 
sides poems,  odes,  eclogues,  epigrams,  &c. 
Saravia,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Hesdin,  in 
Artois  ;  protestant  professor  of  divinity  at 
Leyden,  where  he  joined  the  conspiracy  for 
delivering  up  the  city  to  Robert  de  Leices- 
ter.    Upon  the  failure  of  this  plan  he  fled 
to  England,  where  he  became   canon    of 
Canterbury,    and   the   friend  of    Hooker, 
whose   last  moments   he  attended.      His 
works  have   been  collected  into  one  vol. 
folio.     He  died  1611,  aged  81.     He  is  re- 
presented by  P.  Burmam,  as   avaricious, 
inconstant,  and  ambitious. 

Sarbiewski,  Matthias  Casimir,  a  Jesuit. 
Vid.  Casimir. 

Sardanapalus,  a  dissolute  king  of  As- 
syria. When  defeated  in  an  insurrection 
of  his  subjects,  who  viewed  with  indigna- 
tion his  effeminate  conduct,  he  set  his  pa- 
lace on  fire,  and  perished  in  the  flames, 
B.  C.  820. 

Sargent,  Winthrop,    governor  of  Mis- 
sissippi, was  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1771.     In 
July,  1775,  he  entered  the  army,  and  serv- 
VoL.  II.  75 


ed  in  various  caparitits  with  great  reputa- 
tion, until  the  termination  of  the  war.  Af- 
ter the  peace  he  became  connected  with  the 
Ohio  company,  ami  in  i7h»;  was  appointed 
by  congress  surveyor  of  the  northwestern 
territory,  and  in  1787  secretary  of  the  go- 
vernment established  there.  He  repaired 
thither  in  1788,  and  the  succeeding  year 
was  authorized  to  take  upon  him  the  go- 
vernment in  case  of  the  d<;ath  or  resigna- 
tion of  St.  Clair.  The  admiTiistration  de- 
volved on  him  in  1790,  during  the  absenoc 
of  the  governor.  He  attended  general  St. 
Clair  i[i  the  capacity  of  adjutant  general  in 
his  unfortunate  expedition  against  the  In- 
dians, and  was  wounded  in  the  retreat. 
He  was  also  adjutant  general  and  inspector 
under  general  Wayne,  and  on  the  depar- 
ture ol  St.  Clair  was  again  governor  of  the 
territory.  He  was  removed  from  office  in 
1801,  and  succeeded  by  Claiborne.  He 
died  on  a  voyage  from  Natches  to  Phila- 
delphia, June  3d,  1820.  ICT^  L. 

Sarisbury,  John  of,  an  English  ecclesi- 
astic, boi'n  at  Rochester,  1110.  He  was 
the  favourite  of  Henry  II.  and  of  Thomas 
Becket,  and  for  some  time  was  the  English 
resident  at  the  court  of  Rome.  He  was 
afterwards  the  friend  and  faithful  compa- 
nion of  Becket,  and  was  with  liim  when  he 
was  assassinated  at  Canterbury.  He  then 
passed  over  to  France,  and  was  made  bi- 
shop of  Chartres,  1179,  but  died  soon 
after.  He  was  a  man  of  great  genius  and 
extensive  learning,  which  he  showed  in  a 
Latin  Treatise  called  PoHcraticon,  sive  de 
Nugis  Curialium,  &e.  ;  besides  his  "  Let- 
ters ;"  a  Life  of  Becket ;  a  Treatise  on  Lo- 
gic and  Philosophy,  much  commended  by 
Du  Pin,  and  by  Lipsius. 

Sarjeant,  John,  a  secular  priest,  whose 
real  name  was  Smith,  born  in  Lincoln- 
shire, 1621,  and  educated  at  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge.  He  became  secretary 
to  Morton,  bishop  of  Durham  ;  but  after- 
wards went  to  Lisbon,  and  in  the  English 
college  there,  changed  his  religion.  He 
returned  to  England,  1652,  and  Avrote  some 
tracts  in  favour  of  the  new  tenets  which  he 
had  embraced,  especially  against  Tillotson, 
Bramhall,  Pierce,  Hammond,  &c.  He 
died  about  1670. 

Sarpi,  Peter  Paul,  commonly  known  by 
the  name  of  Father  Paul,  was  born  at  Ve- 
nice, 14th  August,  1552.  At  the  age  of 
twelve  he  entered  into  the  order  of  the  Ser- 
vites,  and  soon  acquired  distinction  by  his 
learning  and  abilities.  Well  skilled  in  the 
knowledge  of  the  learned  languages,  he 
was  equally  conversant  in  philosophy,  ma- 
thematics, and  theology,  and  had  made 
some  progress  in  medicine  and  anatomy. 
These  high  acquirejnents  were  noticed  and 
rewarded  ;  he  was  not  only  made  provin- 
cial of,  his  order,  but  was  honoured  with 
the  esteem  of  cardinals  and  prince?.     The 

593 


SAT 


SAV 


quarrels  of  Venice  with  pope  Paul  V.  en- 
gaged the  attention   of  Sarpi,  and  he  so 
ably  defended   the   rights  of   his    fellow- 
citizens,  that  the  pope  ordered  him  to  come 
to  Rome,  and  on  his  refusal  excommuni' 
eated  him.     Undismayed  by  the  displea- 
sure of  the  pontiff,  he  did  not  cease  to  ad- 
vocate the  cause  of  Venice  against  foreign 
powers,   in  his   speeches  and  in  his  wri- 
tings ;  but  his  boldness  proved  almost  fa- 
tal to  him.     He  was  attacked  on  the  bridge 
of  St.  Mark  by  five  assassins,  who,   after 
stabbing  him  in  three  places,  escaped  to  a 
ten-oai'ed  barge,  which  waited  their  aiTival ; 
and   though  the  republic,  incensed  at  the 
treatment  of  their  brave  defender,  offered 
a  high  reward,  the  murderers  were  never 
discovered.     The  wounds  were  not  mortal, 
but  they  hastened  the  dissolution  of  Sarpi, 
whose  constitution  was  very  delicate,  and 
his  health  feeble.     He  died  14th  January, 
1623,  aged  71,  and  his  last  words   were 
esto  perpetua,  expressive  of  his    wish  for 
the  immortal  glory  of  his  country.     This 
learned  man  w  rote  several  works  of  merit, 
and  his  knowledge  was  so  extensive,  that 
the  Italians  have   not  hesitated  to  ascribe 
to  him  the  discovery  of  the  circulation  of 
the  blood.     He  was  author  of  the  History 
of  the  Council  of  Trent,  a  valuable  work, 
printed  in  Italian,  London,  1619,  and  La- 
tin,   1620  ;    Considerations  of   the    Cen- 
sures of  Paul  V.  against  the  Venetian  Re- 
public ;  treatise  on  the  Interdict ;  De  Jure 
Asylorum ;    treatise   on   the   Inquisition ; 
on  Benefices ;    letters  ;    Memoirs  of  his 
life  appeared  at  Venice,  1766.     His  works 
were   collected  at  >'enice,  1677,  in  6  vols. 
l2mo. 

Sarto,  Andrea  de,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Florence,  1471,  the  son  of  a  tailor, 
hence  his  name.  He  w^as  first  apprentice 
to  a  goldsmith  ;  but  he  was  born  with  a 
genius  for  painting,  and  by  copying  and 
imitating,  at  his  leisure,  the  pieces  of  the 
greatest  masters,  and  by  the  instruction  of 
Basile,  Cossimo,  and  Bigio,  he  soon  ac- 
quired correctness  and  celebrity.  He  was 
invited  by  Francis  I.  to  France,  and  re- 
ceived very  honourable  marks  of  the  royal 
bounty  ;  but  when  permitted  to  visit  Flo- 
rence, to  make  a  collection  of  pictures  to 
adorn  the  king's  palaces,  he  not  only 
shamefully  foigot  his  promise,  but  disho- 
nourably embezzled  the  money  intrusted 
by  the  monarch  to  his  care.  This  disho- 
nourable conduct  rendered  him  despised 
and  poor ;  but  he  forgot  himself  for  a 
while  in  the  intoxication  of  unlawful  plea- 
sures, and  died  of  the  plague,  1520,  aged 
42.  As  an  artist  he  possessed  superior 
powers,  though  his  pictures  are  said  to  be 
deficient  in  boldness,  in  strength,  and  life. 
Saturninus,  a  heretic  of  the  second 
^'entury.     He  supposed  that  the  world  was 


created  by  angels,  and  he  regarded  the  con- 
nexion of  the  sexes  as  criminal. 

Saturninus,  Pub.  Sempronius,  a  Ro- 
man general,  who  assumed  the  imperial 
purple,  263.  He  was  murdered  by  his  sol- 
diers four  years  after.  A  general  of  Aure- 
lian,  of  the  same  name,  was  proclaimed 
emperor  by  the  Alexandrians,  280,  and 
reluctantly  accepted  the  honour,  but  soon 
after  destroyed  himself. 

Savage,   Richard,   an   eminent  English 
poet,    natural   son   of  Anne,    countess  of 
Macclesfield,  by  the  earl   of  Rivers,  was 
born  1698.    Doomed  to  misery,  his  infancy 
was  intrusted  to   the  care  of  a  poor  wo- 
man, by  his  unnatural  mother,  who  wished 
not,   indeed,   to    conceal   her  shame,   but 
punish  her  offspring.     His  father  was  pre- 
vented from  leaving  him  a  legacy  of  6000Z. 
because  the   cruel  countess  declared  that 
he  was  dead,   and  after  thus  robbing  him 
of  independence,  she  endeavoured  to  send 
him  to   the  plantations,  and  then    placed 
him  apprentice  to  a  shoemaker  in  Holborn. 
The   death   of  the  nurse  who   had  taken 
care  of  him,  now  altered  his  situation,  and 
in    searching    the    effects    of    a    woman, 
whom   he   considered  as  his  mother.  Sa- 
vage   discovered  letters    which  informed 
him  of  his  real  birth.     Leaving,  therefore, 
in  disdain,  his  humble   profession,  he  ad- 
dressed  himself  to  his  mother,  and  tried 
by  every  art  of  tenderness   and  regard  to 
awaken   her  affection.     His  appeals  were 
in  vain  upon   the  obdurate   heart  of  the 
countess,  and  therefore,  as  he  had  acquired 
some  little  learning  at  St.  Alban's  school, 
he    commenced    author  to    gain    subsis- 
tence.    But   though  noticed  by  the  wits 
of  the  age,  by  Sir  Richard  Steele,  and  by 
Wilks,   Savage  often  passed  his  nights  in 
the  open  fields,  or  in  the  streets,  unable  to 
pay  even  for  an  obscure  lodging.     His  tra- 
gedy of  Sir  Thomas  Overbury,  at  last  raised 
him    to    the    short    independence    which 
could  be  gained  from  the  profits  of  200Z. 
but  whilst  he  congratulated  himself  on  his 
success,  he  had  the  misfortune  in  a  drunken 
quarrel  at  a  house  of  ill  fame  to  kill  one 
of  his  companions  in   debauchery,  a  Mr. 
Sinclair.     He  was  tried  for  the  offence  and 
found  guilty,  and  it  was  now  that  he  dis- 
covered his  mother's  cruel  conduct.     She 
not  only  rejoiced  at  his  condemnation,  but 
used  all  her  influence  to  cause  him  to  be 
executed,  and  her  diabolical  wishes  would 
have  been  gratifiedj  had  not  the  countess  of 
Hertford,  out  of  compassion,  reported  to 
the  queen  the  extraordinary  sufferings   of 
the   condemned  culprit,  and  procured  his 
pardon.     Thus  incapable  of  raising  com- 
passion  in  the  breast   of  his   mother,  he 
thought  he  might  extort  money  from  her 
by  the  powers  of  ridicule,  and  he  succeeded. 
Lord  Tyrconnel  received  him,  in  conse- 


SAV 


SAV 


fiuence,  into  his  family  and  fricndsliip,  and 
allowed  him  200/.  a  year.  Diit  the  man- 
ners of  Savage  were  licentious  ;  he  was 
fickle  in  his  temper,  violent  and  irascible, 
and  he  easily  quarrelled  with  his  patron, 
and  was  dismissed  from  his  favour.  His 
next  eft'ort  for  subsistence  was  the  publica- 
tion of  his  "  Bastard,"  a  poem  of  great 
beauty,  and  which  grew  so  popular,  that  his 
mother,  at  that  time  at  Bath,  was  obliged 
to  fly  from  the  place,  to  avoid  hearing  the 
lines,  which  were  repeated  on  all  sides,  to 
create  her  shame  and  confusion.  His 
*'  Volunteer  Laureat,"  on  the  queen's  birth- 
day, procured  him  from  the  royal  purse,  a 
present  of  50/.  with  a  promise  of  the  like 
annual  sum ;  but  the  money  was  soon 
squandered,  and  the  poet,  left  without  re- 
sources, often  quitted  the  house  of  a  friend, 
where  his  wit  and  politeness  procured  him 
an  invitation,  to  pass  the  night  in  the  so- 
ciety of  the  meanest  rabble,  in  the  summer 
on  heaps  of  rubbish,  and  in  the  winter 
among  the  ashes  of  a  glass-house.  The 
death  of  the  queen,  in  173S,  brought  on, 
with  the  loss  of  his  pension,  increasing  po- 
verty ;  yet  his  friends  exerted  themselves 
in  his  favour,  and  promised  to  raise  50/.  a 
year  for  him  if  he  would  retire  to  Wales, 
and  live  there  in  privacy-  He  accepted  the 
kind  offer,  and  departed  for  his  distant  re- 
sidence, but  grew  soon  tired,  and  sighed  for 
the  dissipation  of  London.  On  his  return 
he  passed  through  Bristol,  where  his  ele- 
gant manners,  and  pleasant  conversation 
procured  him  admittance  to  the  tables  of  the 
rich  ;  but  after  a  time  his  company  grew 
disagreeable  from  his  late  hours,  and  his 
irregularity  of  conduct.  Poverty  too  in- 
creased his  miseries  ;  his  clothes  were 
now  too  shabby  for  genteel  company,  and 
at  last  he  was  arrested  by  the  mistress  of 
his  coftee-house  for  the  small  sum  of  8/. 
Six  months  he  languished  in  the  confine- 
ment of  a  jail,  when  a  fever  came  to  ter- 
minate his  wretched  existence.  He  died 
1st  Aug.  1743,  aged  46,  and  was  buried  in 
St.  Peter's  churchyard,  at  the  expense  of 
the  jailer.  This  unhappy  man,  whose 
character  was  so  chequered  with  vices  and 
good  qualities,  might  have  become,  from 
the  strong  natural  powers  which  he  pos- 
sessed, a  most  respectable  member  of  so- 
ciety ;  but  his  mind  was  untutored,  and 
the  cruelty  of  his  mother  made  him  quarrel 
with  the  whole  world,  which  he  regarded 
with  the  consequence  of  persecuted  virtue, 
and  injured  innocence.  Whatever  kind- 
nesses he  received,  he  considered  as  due  to 
his  merits,  and  he  seldom  suffered  the  good 
opinion  of  a  friend  towards  him,  long  to 
continue  in  his  favour.  His  works,  which 
display  the  power  of  a  wild,  but  original 
writer,  have  been  collected  together  by  T. 
Evans,  bookseller  in  the  Strand,  and  pub- 
Jished  in  2  vols.  8vo.   with  the  memoirs  of 


his  life  Ijy  Dr.  Johnson,  who  often  sliar«'<I 
his  poverty,  and  was  a  witness  to  his  suf- 
ferings, his  follies,  and  his  imprudence. 

Savage,  John,  D.D.  president  of  the 
Royston  club,  and  lecturer  of  St.  (ieorge's, 
Hanover-square,  was  made  rector  of  Clot- 
hall,  Herts,  by  lord  Salisbury,  whom  he 
had  attended  on  his  travels.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster,  and  ever  after 
showed  great  fondness  for  the  school.  He 
died  24th  March,  1747,  and  out  of  respect 
the  scholars  of  Westminster  inscril)cd  a 
small  tablet  to  his  memory,  in  the  east 
cloisters  of  the  abbey.  He  printed  two 
occasional  sermons. 

Savage,  Samuel  Morton,  a  dissenting 
divine,  educated  under  Eames.  He  after- 
wards was  assistant  to  Dr.  Jennings,  whom 
he  quitted  in  1785.  He  received  the  de- 
gree of  D.D.  from  Aberdeen  university, 
1767,  and  died  1791,  aged  70.  He  pub- 
lished some  single  sermons  of  little  merit. 

Savart,  James,  a  French  writer,  born 
at  Doue,  in  Anjou,  1622.  He  was  em- 
ployed in  the  first  part  of  his  life  in  com- 
mercial pursuits,  and  afterwards  was  ad- 
mitted of  the  council  for  the  reformation  of 
commerce.  As  his  knowledge  on  mercan- 
tile subjects  was  very  extensive,  he  di- 
gested his  ideas  into  a  volume,  which  he 
published  1675,  4to.  under  the  title  of  the 
"  Parfait  Negociant,"  a  most  useful  work , 
translated  into  ev§ry  language  of  Europe, 
and  of  which  the  eighth  edition  appeared 
with  additions  by  his  son  Philemon  Lew- 
is 1721.  He  further  published  a  supple- 
mentary volume  in  1688,  and  died  1690. 
He  had  seventeen  children  by  one  wife,  and 
eleven  survived  him.  Two  of  these  sons, 
James  and  Philemon,  laboured  together  to 
complete  that  useful  work,  the  Universal 
Dictionary  of  Commerce,  which  was  pub- 
lished, 2  vols.  fol.  1723,  and  again  in  3 
vols.  fol.  1748.  James  died  1716,  and 
Philemon,  1727. 

Savary,  N.  a  French  writer,  born  at  Vi- 
tre,  in  Brittany.  He  studied  at  Rennes, 
and  in  1776,  travelled  into  Egypt,  where 
he  continued  three  years,  earnestly  atten- 
tive to  the  manners  and  habits  of  the  inha- 
bitants, and  to  the  antiquities  of  the  coun- 
try. On  his  return  he  visited  the  islands 
of  the  Archipelago,  and  in  17S0,  published 
a  translation  of  the  Koran,  and  afterwards 
produced  his  "  Letters  on  Egypt,"  2  vols. 
8vo.  a^popular  work,  translated  into  various 
European  languages.  He  published  also 
Letters  on  Greece.  He  was  a  man  of  good 
talents,  and  refined  taste,  but  too  warm  an 
imagination  for  the  soberness  of  an  histo- 
rian.    He  died  1788,  at  Paris. 

Savery,  Roland,  a  cclebi*ated  landscape 
painter,  born  at  Canibray.  He  died  1639, 
aged  63. 

Savile,  Sir  Henry,  a  learned  English- 
man, born  at  Bradlev,  near  Halifax,  York-^ 

595 


8AV 


sliirCjSOth  Nov.  1549,  and  educated'at  Mei- 
ton  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became 
fellow.  He  early  distinguished  himself  as 
an  excellent  classical  scholar,  and  after 
travelling  on  the  continent,  was  made  tu- 
tor, in  the  Greek  language,  to  queen  Eliza- 
beth. In  15S5  he  was  appointed  warden 
of  Mcrton,  over  which  soeie^tj  he  presided 
with  great  dignity  36  years,  and  iu  1596  he 
was  advanced  to  the  provostship  of  Ett)n 
College.  He  was  as  great  a  favourite  with 
James  as  he  had  been  with  Elizabeth  ;  but 
he  declined  all  offers  of  promotion  either  in 
church  or  state,  and  was  satisfied  with  the 
honour  of  knighthood  conferred,  1604. 
Upon  the  loss  of  his  son,  he  devoted  all  his 
property  and  his  time  to  the  encouragement 
of  learning,  and  with  commendable  munifi- 
cence, founded  in  1619,  two  professorships 
at  Oxford,  one  in  astronomy,  and  the  other 
in*^geometry,  and  bestowed  various  sums  of 
money,  and  also  lands,  for  other  benevolent 
purposes  of  improvement  in  the  university, 
besides  some  valuable  books  to  the  Bod- 
leian. This  amiable  man  died  at  Eton  col- 
lege, 19th  Feb.  1621-2,  and  was  buried  in 
the  chapel  there.  His  character  has  been 
deservedly  applauded  by  his  learned  con- 
t  emporaries,  by  Is.  Casaubon,  Jos.Scaliger, 
Mercerus,  Meibomius,  Montagu,  &c.  and 
the  university  of  Oxford,  in  a  public  speech, 
paid  also  the  highest  honours  to  this  their 
worthy  benefactor.  His  works  are  four 
books  of  Tacitus's  history,  and  the  Life  of 
Agricola,  translated  into  English,  fol.  with 
notes  ;  Commentaries  concerning  Roman 
warfare  ;  a  Latin  Collection  of  Ancient 
Writers  of  English  History,  with  a  Chro- 
nological Table  from  J.  Caesar  to  William 
the  Conqueror  ;  St.  Chrysostom's  Works 
in  Greek,  8  vols,  folio,  a  valuable  edition 
which  cost  him  SOOO/.  in  the  publication. 
He  published  besides,  Bradwardin's  de 
Causa  Dei ;  Prselectiones,  13  in  Euclid, 
&c.  His  brother  Thomas  was  fellow  of 
Merton,  and  afterwards  of  Eton,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  for  his  learning,  and  his 
intimacy  with  Camden,  &c.  He  died  in 
London  1592-3. 

Savile,  Sir  George,  marquis  of  Halifax, 
an  eminent  statesman,  descended  from  a 
Yorkshire  family,  and  born  1630.  He  con- 
tributed greatly  to  the  restoration,  and  was 
rewarded  for  his  services  with  a  peerage. 
In  1672  he  went  as  ambassador  to  Holland, 
with  Arlington  and  Buckingham,  to  treat 
about  a  peace  with  France,  but  with  little 
success  ;  and  in  1675  he  was  removed  from 
the  council  board  for  opposing  the  test 
bills,  and  the  declaration  for  a  toleration, 
hy  the  influence  of  the  duke  of  Yoi-k,  whose 
measures  he  warmly  reprobated  as  hostile 
to  the  constitution.  He  was,  however,  so 
violent  against  the  exclusion  bill,  that  the 
commons  addressed  the  king  to  remove 
}i»ni  from  his  council,  to  which  he  had 
596 


lately  been  restored,  but  his  firmness  pre- 
vailed ;  the  parliament  was  dissolved,  and 
he  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  an  earl,  and 
refused  the  office  of  secretary  of  state,  and 
of  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland.  In  1682  he 
was  created  a  marquis,  and  made  privy 
seal,  and  on  James's  accession,  he  was  ap- 
pointed president  of  the  council ;  but  when 
he  refused  to  consent  toj  the  I'epeal  of  the 
test  act,  he  was  dismissed  by  the  king  from 
all  his  offices.  When  James  abdicated  the 
crown,  Halifax  was  made  president  of  the 
lords,  and  in  the  convention  parliament, 
was  appointed  speaker  of  the  upper  house, 
and  vigorously  supported  the  elevation  of 
the  prince  of  Orange  to  the  vacant  throne, 
and  for  his  services  was  nominated  privy 
seal.  In  1689  he  quitted  the  court,  and 
ever  after  displayed  a  strong  and  determi- 
ned opposition  to  the  measures  of  the  mi- 
nistry till  his  death,  which  happened  in 
April,  1695,  occasioned  by  a  gangrene  in  a 
long-neglected  rupture.  Halifax  was  a  man 
of  great  abilities  as  a  statesman  and  a 
speaker,  but  the  soundest  arguments  and 
the  most  solid  truths,  were  too  often  turned 
into  contempt  by  the  force  of  ridicule,  and 
a  vicious  propensity  to  low  and  vulgar 
wit,  which  he  was  eager  on  all  occasions  to 
show.  Though  reputed  an  atheist  by  the 
world,  he  confessed  to  Burnet,  who  attend- 
ed his  last  moments,  his  firm  belief  in  the 
goodness  of  God,  and  the  mediation  of 
Christ.  His  titles  were  extinct,  by  the 
death  of  his  only  surviving  son  in  1700. 
He  was  an  elegant  writer,  and  besides  his 
valuable  "  Advice  to  a  Daughter,"  he  pub- 
lished the  character  of  a  Trimmer  ;  the 
Anatomy  of  an  Equivalent  ;  a  Letter  to  a 
Dissenter ;  Maxims  of  State  ;  the  Charac- 
ter of  king  Charles  II.  &c. 

Saul,  son  ofKish,  of  the  tribe  of  Benja- 
min, was  anointed  king  of  Israel  by  Sa- 
muel, 1095,  B.C.  He  disobeyed  the  com- 
mand of  God  by  sparing  the  Amalekites 
and  Philistines,  who  were  devoted  to  des- 
truction, and  Samuel  told  him  that  the  king- 
dom would  be  removed  from  his  family. 
He  was  very  jealous  of  the  great  popularity 
of  David,  who  had  killed  the  giant  Goliab, 
and  who  was  doomed  to  succeed  him.  He 
killed  himself  after  an  unfortunate  battle  at 
Gilboah. 

Saunders,  Charles,  a  dramatic  writer 
in  the  age  of  the  second  Charles.  His  abi- 
lities displayed  themselves  so  early,  that 
while  at  Westminster  school,  he  wrote  the 
play  of  Tamerlane  the  Great.  Little  is 
known  of  the  particulars  of  his  life. 

Saunders,  Sir  Edmund,  from  a  common 
beggar,  rose  to  eminence  in  the  law,  by 
the  friendship  of  a  lawyer  of  Clement's 
inn,  who  saw  and  patronised  his  abilities 
by  admitting  him  among  his  clerks.  From 
a  clerk  he  became  a  counsel,  and  at  last  was 
appointed  chief  justice  of  the  King's  Bench, 


i>AL 


SAV 


where  he  supported  (he  dignity  of  his  oflice 
by  patience,  integrity,  and  impartiality. 
He  died  1683. 

Saunders,  Richard,  author  of  Astrolo- 
gical Jnde;nirnt  and  Practice  of  Physic, 4to. 
&c. — Physiognomy  and  Chiromancy,  &i.c. 
folio,  obtained  some  celebrity  in  a  credu- 
lous and  superstitious  age,  and  died  1680. 
Saunders,  John  Cunningham,  a  surgeon, 
was  born  at  Lovistone,  in  Devonshire,  in 
1773.  He  served  his  apprenticeship  to  an 
eminent  practitioner  at  Barnstaple  ;  after 
which  he  became  a  pupil  of  St.  Thomas's 
hospital,  where  at  the  end  of  two  years,  he 
was  chosen  demonstrator  of  anatomy.  In 
1804  he  instituted  an  intirmary  for  diseases 
of  the  eye,  in  operating  on  which  organ  he 
was  remarkably  successful  ;  but  while  thus 
prosecuting  his  favourite  pursuit,  he  was 
cut  off  by  an  apoplexy,  Feb.  9th,  1810.  He 
published  a  folio  volume  on  the  Anatomy 
and  Diseases  of  the  Ear;  and  an  Essay  on 
the  Inflammation  of  the  Iris.  After  his 
death  appeared  the  papers  which  he  had 
left  on  disorders  of  the  eye,  with  some 
account  of  the  author  prefixed. —  W.  B. 

Saunders,  William,  a  physician,  was 
born  in  1743.  He  took  his  degree  in  Scot- 
land ;  but  after  settling  in  London,  entered 
himself  at  Cambridge,  where  he  regularly 
graduated,  and  then  became  a  fellow  of  the 
college  of  physicians.  He  was  senior  phy- 
sician to  Guy's  hospital;  and  died  at  Enfield 
in  1817.  His  works  are — 1.  Treatise  on 
Mercury  in  Venereal  Cases.  2.  A  tract  on 
the  Devonshire  Cholic.  3.  Observationes 
de  Antimonis.  4.  Treatise  on  the  Mephi- 
tic  Acid.  5.  Treatise  on  the  Red  Peruvian 
Bark.  6.  Dissertation  on  the  Structure 
and  Diseases  of  the  Liver.  7.  Oratio  Har- 
veianae.  8.  On  the  Chymical  History  of  the 
most  celebrated  Mineral  Waters.  9.  On 
the  Hepatitis  of  India. —  W.  B. 

Saunderson,  Nicolas,  a  celebrated  ma- 
thematician, born  at  Thurlston,  Yorkshire, 
1682.  When  12  months  old,  he  was  deprived 
of  his  sight  by  the  sms^llpox,  and  therefore 
retained  no  idea  whatever  of  light  and  of 
colours.  His  education,  however,  was  not 
neglected ;  at  Penneston  grammar-school 
he  acquired  such  knowledge  of  the  classics, 
that  he  could  most  pex-fectly  understand 
Euclid,  Archimedes,  and  Diophantus,  when 
read  in  Greek.  His  fondness  for  mathe- 
matics began  to  appear  when  first  he  was 
made  acquainted  by  his  father  with  num- 
bers, and  soon,  by  the  power  of  his  memo- 
ry, he  formed  intricate  calculations,  and 
resolved  difticult  problems.  The  friendship 
of  Mr.  West,  who  observed  his  unusual 
powers,  initiated  him  into  the  knowledge 
of  algebra  and  geometry,  and  under  the  fur- 
ther assistance  of  Dr.  Nettleton,  he  ac- 
■quired  all  that  correctness,  and  that  vast 
information  which  raised  him  to  such  cele- 
brity.    He  afterwards  improved  his  know- 


ledge of  logic  and  metaphysics  at  a  private 
school  near  ShetlicUl,   and  at  the  age  of  25 
appeared  at  Cambridge,   as   a  resident  in 
Christ's  college,  thoiigh  not   a   niend)er  of 
the    society.      His   extraordinary    powers, 
and   the   dilficulties  of  a  narrow   fortune, 
however,  procured  him  friends  and   admi- 
rers, and  Whiston,   the  mathematical  pro- 
fessor, very  liberally  permitted  him  to  lec- 
ture before  the  university.     His  lectures 
were  on  the   Newtonian  philosophy,   and 
were  attended  by  crowded   audiences,  and 
so  deservedly  popular  did  he  become,  that 
on  the  removal  of  Whiston  from  his  profes- 
sorship, the  blind  lecturer  was  honourably 
called  upon,  by  the  wishes  of  all  the  univer- 
sity, to  fill  up  the  Lucasian  chair,  and  a  de- 
gree of  M.A.  by  royal   mandate  was  ob- 
tained, 1711,  to  qualify  him  for  the  office. 
His  inauguration  speech  was  delivered   in 
elegant  Latin,  and  his  reputation  continued 
to  increase,  so  that  when  George  II.  visited 
the  university,  the  professor  was,  by  royal 
favoux",  created  Doctor  of  Laws.  This  great 
character  became,  by  close  application,   a 
valetudinarian,  and  at  last  was  attacked  by 
a  mortification  in  his  foot,   which  carried 
him  off,   19th  April,  1739,   aged  57'.     He 
was  buried  at  Boxworth,   Cambridgeshire, 
the  rectory  of  Mr.  Dickens,  his  father-in- 
law,  by   whose  daughter  he  had  a  son  and 
a  daughter.  The  vivacity  and  wit  of  his  con- 
versation were  much  admired  ;  but  hisjudg' 
ment  of  persons  and  things  was  often  ex- 
pressed with  such  freedom,  and  such  uncon- 
cern, that  he  created  himself  many  enemies. 
This    singular   character   had   astonishing 
powers  of  feeling ;  when  in  a  garden,  where 
observations  Avere  making  on  the  sun,  he 
could  point  out  every  cloud  that  obscured 
the  sky,   and  he  discovered  such  quickness 
in  observing  the   voice    of  persons    with 
whom  he  conversed,   that   he  recollected 
every  one  %vith  the  most  singular  exactness. 
He  was  a  great  proficient  in  playing  on  the 
flute,  and  cultivation  was  only  wanting  to 
have   made  him  as  great  in  music  as  in 
mathematics.     His    Elements   of  Algebra 
were  published  at  Cambridge,  by  subscrip- 
tion,   1740,  2  vols.  4to.  and  a  treatise  on 
Fluxions,    8vo.    appeared    also    after   his 
death.     It  is  needless  to  say   that  he  was 
the  friend  of  the  great  men  of  his   times, 
admired  and  respected  by  them,  and  repay- 
ing their  esteem  by  the  strongest  gratitude. 
Of  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  whom  he  knew  inti- 
mately, he  always  spoke  in  a  style  almost 
bordering  on  veneration. 

Savonarola,  Jerom,  an  Italian  monk, 
born  at  Ferrara,  1492.  He  entered  into 
the  Dominican  order  at  Bologna,  and  be- 
came an  eloquent  and  popular  preacher, 
after  teaching  for  some  time  physics  and 
metaphysics.  His  influence  in  the  pulpit 
was  so  great  at  Florence,  that  for  some 
years  he  guided  the  state  as  its  sovereign  ; 

597 


SAU  SAU 

Ijut  when  he  inveighed  against  the  comip-  engaged  in  a  controversy  with  Rousseau, 
tions  of  the  church  of  Rome,  and  the  scan-  who  had  falsely  charged  him  with  writing 
dalous  life  of  the  pontiff  Alexander  VI.  he  some  libellous  verses  against  some  persons 
drew  down  upon  him  the  vengeance  of  the  of  distinction,  which  he  himself,  it  is  sup- 
holy  see,  which  neither  his  popularity,  nor  posed,  had  composed  ;  a  scandalous  con- 
the  purity  of  his  morals  could  divert.  He  duct,  which,  when  examined,  proved  the- 
was  condemned  to  be  hanged  and  burnt,  and  innocence  of  Saurin,  and  the  guilt  of  Rous- 
suffered  that  dreadful  punishment  in  1498,  seau.  Voltaire  has  vindicated  his  memory, 
with  great  resignation.  He  wrote  ser-  but  still  his  character  must  be  considered  as 
mons — the  Triumphs  of  the  Cross,  and  violent  and  unbending.  He  died  at  Paris, 
various  other  theological    works,   printed  1737. 

Leyden,  6  vols.  12mo.     J.   Fr.  Picus,  of  Saurin,  Bernard  Joseph,  son  of  the  pre- 

Mirandula,  has  written  his  life.  ceding,  was  advocate  of  the  parliament  of 

Savot,   Lewis,   a  native   of  Saulieu  in  Paris,  and  member  of  the  French  academy. 

Burgundy,  who  studied  medicine,  and  be-  He  disregarded  the  law  for  literature  and 

came  physician  to  Lewis  XIIL     He  also  poetry,  and  became  the  friend  of  Voltaire, 

applied   himself  to   antiquarian    pursuits.  Montesquieu,   and   Helvetius.     He  wrote 

His  works  are.   Discourse  on  Ancient  Me-  some  plays  of  great  merit  and  popularity, 

dais,  4to. — French  Architectuxe  in  Private  especially  Sparticus,  Blanche  and  Richard, 

Buildings,    a  work   of  merit,    4to. — Ga-  tragedies — Anglomanie,     a    comedy,    the 

len's  Art   of   Healing  by  bleeding,    from  Marriage  of  Julia — Moeurs  du  Tems,  &c. 

the  Greek — de  Causis  Colorum,  8vo.     He  His  dramatic  pieces  were  collected  in  2 

died  1640,  aged  61.  vols.  Svo.  1783.     He  was  so  much  esteem- 

Saurin,  James,  son  of  a  protestant  law-  ed  by  Helvetius,  that  the  philosopher  al- 
yer,  was  born  at  JNismes,  1677.  He  left  lowed  him  a  handsome  pension.  He  died 
France  with  his  father,  on  the  revocation  at  Paris,  17th  Nov.  1781. 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  went  to  Gene-  Saussure,  Nicolas  de,  a  native  of  Gene- 
va, where  he  studied  with  great  assiduity,  va,  member  of  the  council  of  200,  and  dis- 
and  afterwards  served  as  a  cadet  in  lord  tinguished  by  his  writings  on  agriculture. 
Galloway's  regiment  in  the  campaign  of  He  is  author  of  Essays  on  the  Vine — on 
1694.  He,  however,  abandoned  the  mili-  the  Scarcity  of  Wheat — on  Dew — on  Fire, 
tary  life  for  philosophy  and  divinity,  and  &c.  He  died  1790,  aged  81. 
after  improving  himself  further  at  Gene-  Saussure,  Horace  Benedict  de,  son  of 
va,  he  passed,  in  1700,  into  Holland  and  the  above,  was  born  at  Geneva,  17th  Feb. 
England,  and  in  1703  married.  In  1705  he  1740.  From  his  earliest  years  he  evinced 
settled  at  the  Hague,  where  his  eloquence  great  partiality  for  literature,  especially 
as  a  preacher  was  displayed  with  astonish-  natural  history,  and  at  the  age  of  21  he 
ing  effect  to  crowded  audiences.  He  died  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  philosophical 
at  the  Hague,  30th  Dec.  1730.  He  wrote  professor  at  Geneva,  which  he  filled  with 
a  treatise  on  education,  dedicated  to  the  great  public  advantage,  for  25  years.  He 
princes,  sons  of  George  II.  and  was  re-  first  visited  Paris  in  1768,  and  afterwards 
warded  with  a  pension  by  the  princess  of  examined  the  discoveries  of  Montgolfier  at 
Wales.  He  published  besides,  his  ser-  Lyons,  and  after  travelling  through  Hol- 
mons,  highly  esteemed,  in  12  vols.  8vo.  land,  Belgium,  and  England,  he,  in  1772, 
which  have  been  translated  into  English  by  extended  his  philosophical  researches  to 
Robinson  and  Hunter ;  but  his  greatest  Italy.  He  visited  the  island  of  Elba,  and 
work  is  Discourses  Historical,  Critical,  and  with  sir  William  Hamilton,  examined  the 
Moral,  on  the  most  memorable  Events  of  wonders  of  Vesuvius,  and  afterwards  meaT 
the  Old  and  New  Testament,  left  incom-  sured  the  crater  of  jEtna.  In  the  progress 
plete,  but  afterwards  continued  in  6  vols,  of  his  important  researches  he  discovered 
folio.  He  was  unfortunately  engaged  in  a  some  valuable  plants,  and  also  invented  va- 
controversy  with  la  Chapelle  and  others,  rious  instruments,  very  useful  in  the  opera- 
for  asserting  in  a  pamphlet  that,  in  some  tions  of  science  and  of  art.  His  next  ex- 
cases,  truth  may  be  disguised,  and  though  a  cursions  were  on  the  Alps,  and  after  cross- 
strong  friend  to  toleration,  he  was  severely  ing  them  14  times  by  eight  different  places, 
treated  by  his  antagonists.  he  ascended,  through  a  thousand  difficul- 

Saurin,  Joseph,  a  French  mathemati-  ties,  to  the  summit  of  Mont  Blane,  where 

L'ian,  born  at  Courtuson,  in  the  principality  he  could  scarce  breathe.     These  laborious 

of  Orange,  1659.    He  was  a  protestant,  but  exertions  in  the  cause  of  science,  rendered 

afterwards  abjured  his  principles  at  Paris,  him  deservedly  popular  ;  he  was  made  mem- 

and  was  admitted  member  of  the  academy  ber  of  the  academy  of  sciences  at  Paris, 

of  sciences,   and  received  a  pension  from  and  of  other  learned  bodies,  and  the  empe- 

the  king.     He  devoted  his  life  to  geometri-  ror  Joseph,  when  he  visited  Geneva,  paid 

cal  pursuits,  and  communicated  some  valu-  particular  attention  to  the  philosopher.    In 

able  papers  to  the  Memoirs  of  the  acade-  the  French  revolution,   he  was  elected,  on 

my,  and  the  Journal  des  S<javans.    He  was  the  union  of  his  country  to  France,   to  the 
59S 


SAU 


SAX 


national  assembly  ;  but  the  disorders  which    wrote  besides,  a  treatise  on  Music,  and  pa- 
prevailed  not  only  ruined  his  little  fortune,     pers  in  the  memoirs  of  the  aca  demy.     He 

Sawyer,  sir  Robert,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
attorney-general  from  1681  to  1687.  He 
was  removed  from  his  offices  for   rcfusin" 


but  broke  his  heai't,  and  he  died  of  cha 
grin  1799.  He  is  author  of  an  Eulof^y  on 
his  friend  Bonnet,  8vo. — Dissertatio  Phy- 
sica  de  Ignc — Inquiry  on  the  Bark  of 
Leaves,  Uc. — Dissertatio  Physiea  dc  Elec- 
tricitate,  8vo. — Plan  of  Reform  for  the  Col- 
lege of  Geneva — Description  of  the  Electri- 
cal Eliects  of  Thunder — Essay  on  Hygro- 
metry,  4to. — Voyages  in  the  Alps,  4  vols. 
4to.  a  most  valuable  work,  and  various 
communications  to  the  meaioirs  of  the 
learned  societies  of  which  he  was  a  mem- 
ber. 

Sauvages,  Fitincis  Boissier  de,  a  native 
of  Alais,  who  applied  himself  to  medical 
pursuits,  and  became  professor  of  botany 
and  medicine  at  Montpellier,  and  member 
of  several  of  the  learned  societies  of  France, 
and  of  foreign  nations.  His  reputation  was 
so  extensive,  that  he  was  consulted  from 
all  parts  of  France,  and  he  received  the 
merited  surname  of  the  Eoerhaave  of  Lan- 
guedoc.  This  able  and  respected  physician 
died  at  Montpellier,  19th  Feb.  1767,  aged 
61.  He  wrote  Theoria  Febris — Nosologia 
Methodica,  5  vols.  8vo. — Physiologiae  Me- 
chanicae  Elementa,  l2mo. — Methodus  Fo- 
lioiiim,  8vo. — a  translation  of  Hales'  Sta- 
tistical Essays  on  Animals,  &.c. — Disserta- 
tions— Memoirs,  &c. 


to  lend  his  name  to  the  arbitrary  measures 
of  James's  government.  He  was  a  warm 
admirer  and  mutator  of  justice  Hale,  and 
died  1692. 

Saxe,  Maurice,  count  de,  natural  son  of 
Frederic  Augustus,  elector  of  Saxony,  and 
king  of  Poland,  by  the  countess  Konigs- 
mark,  was  born  at  Dresden,  13th  October, 
1696.  He  showed  fondness  for  war  from 
his  very  infancy,  and  refused  to  undergo 
the  labours  of  study,  unless  his  application 
was  rewarded  with  the  permission  of  riding 
or  of  military  exercise.  His  first  campaign 
was  in  Flanders,  under  Eugene  and  \lart- 
borough,  where  his  valour  was  displayed  at 
the  taking  of  Lisle,  Tournay,  and  Mons, 
and  at  the  battle  of  Malplaquet.  When 
the  king  of  Poland,  in  1711,  besieged  the 
fortress  of  Stralsund,  the  young  warrior 
appeared  there  to  great  advantage  ;  he  en- 
couraged the  soldiers  by  his  example,  and 
crossed  the  river  in  the  sight  of  the  enemy  ; 
and  in  the  following  dreadful  battle  of 
Guedelbusck  he  had  a  horse  shot  under  him, 
while  he  rallied  three  times  the  retiring 
troops.     In  1717  he  was  with  the  emperor 


Sauval,  Henry,  an  advocate  in  the  par-     at  the  siege  of  Belgrade,  where  he  defeated 


liameot  of  Paris.  He  is  author  of  a  labo- 
rious work,  the  History  of  the  Antiquities 
of  Paris,  3  vols,  folio,  on  which  he  was  en- 
gaged for  20  years,  and  which  he  did  not 
live  to  complete.  He  died  1670,  and  in 
consequence  of  the  death  of  his  continua- 
tor,  the  work  did  not  appear  till  1724.  It 
was  again  edited  in  1733. 

Sauveur,  Joseph,  a  French  mathema- 
tician, born  at  La  Fleche,  1653.  He  was 
dumb  till  his  seventh  year,  and  then  his 
powers  of  speech  appeared  very  weak  and 
imperfect,  so  that  what  he  uttered  was 
with  difficulty  and  slowness.  He  had  a 
strong  propensity  for  mechanical  know- 
ledge, and  disregarding  the  classical  in- 
struction which  he  received  in  the  Jesuits' 
college,  applied  himself  to  mathematical 
studies,  against  the  wishes  of  his  friends, 
who  had  marked  out  for  him  preferment  in 
the  church.  To  maintain  himself,  he  be- 
gan to  teach  mathematics,  and  so  great  was 


the  Turks,  and  on  his  return  he  was  deco- 
rated with  the  order  of  the  white  eagle. 
After  the  treaties  of  Utrecht  and  Passarow- 
itz,  he  went  to  France,  where  the  duke  of 
Orleans  gained  his  attachment  and  services 
by  bestowing  on  him  the  brevet  rank  of 
field  marshal.  During  the  peace  of  the 
continent,  he  laboriously  employed  himself 
in  improving  his  mathematical  knowledge, 
and  in  introducing  strict  military  discipline 
in  the  regiment  intrusted  to  his  care  ;  but 
in  1726  he  was  roused  from  his  tranquil  re- 
tirement by  the  states  of  Courland,  who 
unanimously  elected  him  their  sovereign. 
Poland  and  Russia  opposed  his  elevation, 
but  he  defended  himself  with  bravery,  and 
with  a  small  force  resisted  with  success 
thousands  of  his  invaders ;  but  at  last  he 
gave  up  the  unequal  contest,  and  abandon- 
ing the  supreme  power  which  his  valour  so 

retired,  in    1729,    to 
Here,  during  the  at- 


much  deserved,    he 
privacy  in   France. 


his  reputation,  that  at  the  age  of  20  he  had  tacks  of  a  fever,  he  composed,  in  13  nights, 

prince  Eugene  among  his  pupils.     His  abi-  his  Reveries,  a  work  worthy  of  the  pen  of 

lities  recommended  him  to  the  great  and  a  Ca;sar  or  a  Conde,  and  valuable  for  the 

the  learned  ;    he  was  esteemed  by  Conde,  important  instructions  which  it  conveys  to 

honoured  with  the  notice  of  the  royal  fa-  the  general  as  well  as  to  the  soldier.     The 

mily,  and  in  1686  was  made  professor  of  death  of  the  king  of  Poland,  his  father,  in 

mathematics  to  the  royal  college,  and  in  1733,  rekindled  the  flames  of  war  through 


1696  admitted  member  of  the  academy  of 
sciences.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  Fortifi- 
cation, and  to  enable  him  to  do  it  scientifi- 
cally, he  attended  the  siege  of  Mons.     He 


Europe,  and  Saxe  prepared  to  share  the 
dangers  and  the  glories  of  the  approaching 
campaign.  He  declined  the  command  of 
the  Saxon  troops,  offered  him  by  his  bro- 

599 


SAX 


SCA 


tker,  the  elector,  and  preferred  serving  in 
the  French  armies  on  the  Rhine  under 
marshal  Berwick.  He  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  battle  of  Etlingen,  and  at  the 
siege  of  Philipsburg,  and  for  his  services 
was  rewarded  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant 
general.  In  the  war  which  followed  the 
death  of  Charles  VI.  Saxe  gathei-ed  fresh 
laurels.  He  besieged  Prague  in  1741,  and 
took  it  by  assault,  and  soon  after  made 
himself  master  of  Egra,  and  then  march- 
ing to  the  Rhine,  he  seized  the  strong  lines 
of  Lauterburg.  In  1744  he  was  made 
marshal  of  France,  and  intrusted  with  the 
armies  in  Flanders.  Though  ill,  he  imme- 
diately left  Paris  for  his  post,  and  opened 
the  campaign  of  1745  by  the  famous  battle 
of  Fontenoy,  which  he  gained,  though  car- 
ried around  his  camp  in  a  litter.  This  was 
followed  by  the  fail  of  Tournay,  Bruges, 
Ghent,  Oudenarde,  Ostend,  and  Brussels, 
and  the  next  year  another  victory  at  Ro- 
coux  crowned  his  arms,  and  procured  for 
him  the  most  flattering  honours  from  the 
king  of  France,  and  the  title  of  marshal  of 
all  his  armies,  and  of  governor  of  the  newly 
conquered  countries.  In  the  next  cam- 
paign the  victory  of  Lawfeldt  was  followed 
by  the  fall  of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  and  then 
of  Maestricht,  when  the  terrors  of  the 
Dutch  arrested  the  career  of  the  conqueror, 
and  peace  was  concluded  in  1748.  After 
the  peace  Saxe  visited  Berlin,  where  he 
was  received  with  all  the  honour  due  to  his 
merits,  and  then  he  returned  to  France, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  literature  and 
the  arts.  This  great  hero,  whose  celebrity 
was  extended  over  the  whole  world,  died 
30th  Nov.  1750,  aged  54,  and  was  buried 
in  the  Lutheran  church  of  St.  Thomas, 
Strasburg.  He  had  married  the  countess 
of  Lobin,  whom  he  divorced  some  time 
after  from  capricious  motives,  and  he  fre- 
quently repented  of  this  conduct,  as  she 
possessed  every  amiable  quality,  and  soon 
after  gave  her  hand  to  a  second  and  more 
constant  husband.  His  eloge,  by  M.  Tho- 
mas, obtained  the  prize  of  the  French  aca- 
demy in  1759.  The  best  edition  of  his 
Reveries  is  in  2  vols.  4to.  Paris,  1757. 

Saxo,  Grammaticus,  a  celebrated  writer, 
whose  origin,  and  even  country,  is  involved 
in  obscurity.  He  is  generally  acknow- 
ledged to  have  been  a  native  of  Zealand, 
an  island  of  Denmark,  and  to  have  flourish- 
ed in  the  12th  century.  He  studied  theo- 
logy, and  was  employed  in  the  cathedral  of 
Roschild,  and  went,  in  1161,  to  Paris,  to 
invite  some  of  the  monks  of  St.  Genevieve 
to  come  and  to  reform  the  morals  of  the 
Danish  priests.  He  died  about  1208,  aged 
upwards  of  70,  and  was  buried  in  Roschild 
cathedral,  where,  three  centuries  after, 
Lago  Urne,  bishop  of  Scalandra,  placed  an 
inscription  upon  his  tomb.  By  the  encou- 
rajjement  of  Absalom,  bishop  of  Roschild, 
fiOO 


Saxo  undertook  the  History  of  Denmark 
and  other  northern  nations,  and  after  20 
years  of  labour  completed  it  in  a  manner 
worthy  a  man  of  learning  and  virtue. 
This  valuable  work  was  first  published  by 
Petraeus  at  Paris,  1514,  and  reprinted  at 
Basil  and  Frankfort  afterwards,  and  in  1644 
at  Sora,  under  the  care  of  Stephanus. 

Say,  Samuel,  a  dissenting  minister,  who 
after  being  engaged  in  various  congrega^ 
tions  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  succeeded 
Dr.  Calamy  in  1734,  at  Westminster, 
where  he  died  in  St.  James's  street,  12th 
April,  1743,  aged  68,  of  a  mortification  in 
his  bowels.  After  his  death  appeared  a 
thin  4to.  volume  of  his  poems,  with  two 
prose  essays  on  the  harmony,  variety,  and 
power  of  numbers,  exhibiting  great  taste, 
knowledge,  and  judgment. 

Sayle,  William,  first  governor  of  Caro- 
lina, was  sent  by  the  proprietors,  in  1667, 
to  examine  the  country.  After  exploring 
the  coast  he  returned  to  England,  carrying 
a  favourable  report,  and  encouraging  them 
to  establish  a  colony  there.  The  settle- 
ment was  commenced  and  Sayle  appointed 
governor  in  1669.  He  was  driven  among 
the  Bahama  Islands  on  his  passage,  and  he 
gave  so  favourable  an  account  of  them 
that  the  Carolina  company  obtained  a 
charter  also  for  them.  He  first  landed  in 
Carolina,  at  or  near  Beaufort,  early  in 
1670,  but  soon  moved  northwardly,  and 
established  on  the  banks  of  Ashley  river 
the  foundations  of  old  Charleston,  He 
fell  a  victim  to  the  unhealthiness  of  the 
climate,  and  died  in  1671.  West  succeed- 
ed him.  fCT'  L- 

ScALA,  Bartholomew,  an  Italian  states- 
man, born  about  1424.  Though  but  the 
son  of  a  miller,  he  rose  to  distinction  at  the 
bar,  under  the  protection  of  Cosmo  de  Me- 
dicis  at  Florence.  After  the  death  of  his 
patron,  he  retained  the  same  confidential 
oliices  with  his  successor,  Peter,  and  was 
employed  by  him  in  some  important  nego- 
tiations. He  was,  for  his  services,  enno- 
bled at  Florence,  and  knighted  by  the  pope, 
and  made  senator  of  Rome.  He  died  at 
Florence,  1497.  He  wrote  the  History  of 
Florence,  in  20  books,  of  which  four 
books  only  have  been  published,  besides 
letters — a  Speech  made  to  pope  Innocent 
VIII. — pro  Imperatoriis  Militaribus  Signis, 
&c. 

ScALA,  Alexandra,  daughter  of  the  above, 
was  distinguished  for  her  knowledge  of 
classical  literature,  as  well  as  for  her  beau- 
ty, and  her  private  virtues,  which  have 
been  deservedly  praised  by  Politian  and 
others.  Marullus  married  her  for  the  pur- 
pose of  perfecting  himself  in  the  Latin  lan- 
guage in  her  company.      She  died  1506. 

ScALiGER,  Julius  Caesar,  a  celebrated 
writer,  born  1484,  at  Ripa,  in  the  territory 
of  Verona,  and  descended  from  the  prinfpf 


.SCA 


SLA 


of  \  erona.  His  father  was  in  the  military 
service  of  Matthias  Corviims,  king  of  Hun- 
gary, and  at  the  age  of  12  the  son  was 
presented  to  the  emperor  Maximilian,  and 
continued  as  page  about  his  person  for  17 
years.  During  his  attendance  on  the  em- 
peror he  was  engaged  in  various  expedi- 
tions, and  was  at  the  battle  of  Ravenna, 
1512,  where  he  lost  his  father  and  brother. 
At  the  age  of  40  he  abandoned  the  military 
life,  and  after  studying  divinity,  applied 
assiduously  to  medicine,  and  settled,  in 
1526,  at  Agen,  where,  though  45,  he  took 
for  his  wife  a  young  girl  of  good  family, 
but  scarce  16,  with  whom  he  lived  29  years, 
and  by  whom  he  had  15  children.  In  this 
retirement  he  devoted  himself  with  uncom- 
mon application  to  literature  and  the  mo- 
dern languages,  and  while  he  practised 
physic  for  his  maintenance,  he  acquired 
celebrity  by  the  labours  of  his  pen.  He 
died  of  a  retention  of  urine,  1558,-  at  Agen, 
where  he  was  buried  with  this  epitaph, 
Jul.  Caesaris  Scaligeri  quod  fuit.  The  abi- 
lities of  Scaliger  were  undoubtedly  great, 
but  though  commended  by  his  son  as  a  be- 
nevolent and  amiable  character,  he  was 
vain  andfpetulant,  and  among  others  treat- 
ed Erasmus  with  great  vii'ulence  and  illibe- 
rality,  because  he  had  ridiculed  some  of  the 
learned  men  of  Italy  for  their  servile  at- 
tachment to  the  Latinity  of  Cicero.  The 
best  known  of  his  writings  are,  Exercita- 
tiones  contra  Cardanum  de  Subtilitate,  4to. 
— de  Causis  Linguae  Latinae,  4to. — Poe- 
tices  Libri  septem,  fol. — Poemata — Episto- 
lae — Commentarii  in  Theophrasti  Libros — 
in  Aristotelis  Animal,  fol. — in  Hippocratis 
Librum  de  Insomniis,  Svo. — de  Causis 
Plantamm,  fol. — Animadversiones  in  His- 
toriam  Plantarum,  Svo.  &c. 

Scaliger,  Joseph  Justus,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Agen,  1540.  He 
studied  at  Bourdeaux  and  under  his  father  ; 
but  after  his  death  he  passed  to  Paris  to 
attend  the  lectures  of  Turnebus.  His 
eagerness  to  improve,  however,  could  not 
await  the  slow  progress  of  regular  lectures, 
and  therefore  he  applied  himself  without 
the  assistance  of  an  iiistructer,  to  Greek, 
and  Avhen  a  perfect  master  of  the  language 
lie  turned  his  attention  to  the  Hebrew,  and 
with  such  activity  that  he  was  well  ac- 
quainted with  13  different  languages.  So 
>auch  learning,  to  which  was  united  a  pro- 
found knowledge  of  the  sciences,  rendered 
his  name  very  celebrated.  He  was  invited 
to  fill  the  chair  of  belles  lettres  at  Leyden, 
in  1603,  and  he  accepted  the  honourable 
appointment,  and  died  there  of  a  dropsy, 
21st  Jan.  1609.  Like  his  father,  Scaliger 
possessed  great  abilities,  but  certainly  su- 
perior learning,  so  that  he  was  deservedly 
called  the  most  learned  man  of  the  age  ; 
but  these  high  qualities  were  obscured  by  a 
haughty  deportment,  and  a  contemptuous 

Vol.  TT.  7fi 


disregard  of  the  merits  of  olliciH,  attended 
with  abusive  and  illil)cral  language  profusely 
directed  against  every  opponent.  The 
works  of  this  extraonlin;u  \  umn  ;irc  nume- 
rous and  various,  but  the  best  known  and 
the  most  useful  is  his  Opus  dc  Emenda- 
tione  Temporum,  in  which  hu  not  only 
displays  vast  erudition  urul  an  extensive 
knowledge  of  ancient  writers,  but  lays  the 
foundation  of  regular  and  systematic  chro- 
nology, especially  by  the  invention  of  tht; 
Julian  period,  and  deserves  the  name  which 
he  has  received,  of  the  father  of  chronolo- 
gy. He  wrote,  besides,  "  Thesaurus  Tem- 
porum, &c."  in  which  he  corrected  some 
of  the  errors  of  his  former  work — de  Tribus 
Sectis  Judaiorum,  2  vols.  4to. — Latin 
poems,  Svo. — Epistolae,  Notes  on  Varro, 
and  almost  on  all  the  authors  of  ancient 
Greece  and  Rome,  containing  various 
learned  remarks,  with  bold,  ingenious,  ami 
interesting  conjectures.  Two  *'  Scaligcr- 
ana,"  have  appeared,  one  at  the  Hague, 
1666,  and  the  other  at  Groningen,  1669. 

ScAMOzzi,  Vincent,  a  native  of  \  incen- 
za,  the  most  celebrated  architect  of  his 
time.  After  travelling  over  France,  Ger- 
many, and  Hungary,  to  improve  himself  in 
the  knowledge  of  his  art,  he  settled  at  Ve- 
nice, which  he  adorned  by  the  labours  of 
his  genius.  One  of  the  most  remarkable  of 
his  works  is  the  citadel  of  Palma  in  the 
Friuli.  He  wrote,  in  Italian,  Ideas  on 
Universal  Architecture,  in  10  books,  which, 
however,  did  not  receive  his  finishing  hand, 
as  he  died  before  its  completion,  1616, 
aged  64.  Of  his  valuable  work  only  the 
first  six  books  appeared  in  2  vols.  fol. 

SCANDERBEG,      Or       GeORGE     CaSTRIOT, 

king  of  Albania,  was  born  1404,  and  was 
delivered  up  by  his  father,  with  three  of  his 
brothers,  as  hostages  to  Amurath  II.  empe- 
ror of  the  Turks.  The  three  brothers  were 
cut  oft"by  poison,  and  George  was  spared  oa 
account  of  his  youth,  and  by  his  valour  soon 
distinguished  himself  in  the  service  of  the 
bloody  oppressor  of  his  family.  He  was  cir- 
cumcised, and  took  the  command  of  a  body 
of  troops  under  the  title  of  Sangiac  ;  but  on 
the  death  of  his  father,  1432,  he  determined 
to  recover  the  dominions  of  his  ancestors. 
In  the  expedition  with  which  he  was  intrust- 
ed against  Hungary,  he  formed  a  secret  cor- 
respondence with  Huniades  Corvinus  the 
king  of  the  country,  and  enabled  him  to 
defeat  the  Turks,  30,000  of  whom  fell  in 
the  field.  After  this  he  compelled  the  se- 
cretary of  the  sultan,  who  was  in  the  camp, 
to  write  letters,  sealed  with  the  imperial 
signet,  demanding  the  delivery  of  the  capi- 
tal of  Albania  into  his  hands.  After  the 
messengers  were  despatched,  he  put  to 
death  all  those  who  were  witnesses  of  his 
measures,  that  no  report  might  be  carried  to 
Amurath,  and  then  hastening  to  Albania, 
he  was  received  as  a  dclrvcrer  by  liis  conn- 


f>CA 


scu 


trymeii,  and  acknowledged  king  1443.  In 
vain  Amurath  and  his  successor  Mahomet 
made  war  against  this  enterprising  hero, 
and  besieged  Croie  his  capital ;  their  nu- 
merous armies  were  defeated,  and  after 
several  years  of  hostility,  peace  was  resto- 
red in  1461,  and  the  independence  of  Alba- 
nia confirmed.  At  the  request  of  Pius  II. 
the  Albanian  monarch  visited  Italy,  and 
not  only  relieved  Ferdinand  of  Arragon, 
who  was  besieged  at  Bari,  but  assisted  him 
to  defeat  his  victorious  enemy  the  count  of 
Anjou.  Afterwards  Scanderbeg  was  again 
engaged  in  war  with  the  Turks,  and  his  capi- 
tal was  twice  besieged,  but  immediately  re- 
lieved by  his  conquering  arms.  This  heroic 
prince,  who  had  been  present  in  22  battles, 
and  had  killed  2000  Turks  with  his  own 
hands  without  receiving  only  a  slight  wound, 
died  at  Lissa  in  the  Venetian  territories, 
17th  Jan.  1467,  aged  63.  His  death  was 
universally  lamented,  and  the  Turkish  em- 
peror bore  witness  to  his  bravery  by  dan- 
cing for  joy  at  the  intelligence  that  he  was 
no  more.  Though  occasionally  severe,  he 
■was  a  man  of  mild  manners,  and  of  the  most 
benevolent  heart,  and  he  exhorted  earnestly 
his  soldiers  to  chastity,  observing  that  no- 
thing was  more  prejudicial  to  their  profes- 
sion than  sensual  pleasures.  His  life  was 
written  by  the  Jesuit  du  Poncet,  1709,  in 
12mo. 

Scapula,  John,  a  lexicographer  who  stu- 
died at  Lausanne,  and  was  afterwards  en- 
gaged in  the  printing-house  of  Henry  Ste- 
phens. While  thus  employed,  he  privately 
made  an  abridgment  of  the  great  work 
which  his  master  was  preparing  for  the 
ptess,  and  by  publishing  it  in  1590,  under 
the  title  of  a  Greek  Lexicon,  he  not  only 
gained  a  considerable  sum,  but  thus  disho- 
nourably ruined  in  some  degree  the  labo- 
rious Thesaurus  of  Stephens,  which  when 
it  appeared,  found  few  purchasers.  Ste- 
phens vented  his  indignation  in  the  "La- 
tinity  of  Lipsius,"  but  found  no  other  re- 
dress. 

Scarborough,  Sir  Charles,  physician  to 
Charles  11.  and  his  two  successors,was  emi- 
nent for  his  extensive  practice,  as  well  as 
for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics,  in  which 
he  was  so  perfect  that  he  could  repeat  in 
order  all  the  propositions  of  Euclid,  Archi- 
medes, and  other  ancient  authors.  He 
was  assistant  and  successor  to  Dr.  Harvey, 
as  lecturer  on  subjects  of  anatomy  and  sur- 
gery, and  he  was  the  first  who  judiciously 
applied  mathematics  to  medical  subjects. 
He  wrote  Syllabus  Musculorum  ;  an  elegy 
on  Cowley,  &c.  and  died  26th  of  February, 
1693. 

ScARKLLA,  John  Baptist,  an  ecclesiastic 
of  Brescia,  who  warmly  supported  the 
principles  of  Newton's  system.  He  wrote 
Physica  Generalis,  3  vols.  4to.  ;  de  Rebus 
.Jh!  Scientiam  pertinent.  2  vols.  4to.  5  de 
602  >. 


Magnttc,  4to.  ;  Hydrodynamica,  4ta.  ; 
Elements  of  Logic,  Ontology,  and  Natural 
Theology,  4  vols.  4to.  He  died  Feb.  1779, 
aged  70. 

ScARRON,  Paul,  a  burlesque  writer,  born 
at  Paris  1610.  Though  deformed  and  in  his 
manners  very  licentious,  he  was  intended 
for  the  church  by  his  father,  who  was  a 
counsellor  in  the  parliament,  and  a  canon- 
ry  at  Mans  was  obtained  for  him.  At  the 
age  of  27  he  unfortunately  lost  the  use  of 
all  his  limbs,  but  in  this  helpless  and  de- 
plorable state  he  indulged  his  propensity 
for  humorous  writings,  and  was  universally 
courted  for  his  wit  and  jocularity.  Though 
his  father  had  displeased  Richelieu,  yet  th6 
son  recovered  his  esteem,  by  presenting  to 
him  a  very  humorous  supplication.  He 
married,  in  1651,  Mademoiselle  d'Aubigne^, 
a  lady  of  16,  afterwards  so  celebrated  by 
the  name  of  Maintenon,  who  thus  early 
sacrificed  her  beauty,  her  person,  and  her 
liberty,  to  the  caprices  of  a  deformed  and 
impotent  invalid.  Scarron  died  1669.  The 
pleasantry  which  enlivened  his  conversa- 
tion was  transfused  into  his  writings, 
which  were  Virgil's  vEneid  travestied  ;  the 
Comical  Romance  ;  Comedies ;  a  tragi- 
comedy, &c.  which  were  all  published  at 
Paris,  1685,  and  1737,  10  vols.  12mo.  and 
in  1786,  in  7  vols.  Svo. 

ScHAAF,  Charles,  a  learned  German, 
bora  at  Nuys,  near  Cologne,  1646.  He 
was  educated  at  Duisbourg,  and  became 
professor  of  oriental  languages  there,  from 
which  he  removed  in  1679  to  Ley  den,  to 
fill  the  oriental  chair.  He  died  of  an  apo- 
plexy at  Leyden,  1729.  He  wrote  Opus 
Aramaeum,  cum  Grammatica  Chaldaica  et 
Syriac^,  4to. ;  Novum  Testamentum  Syria- 
cum  cum  Versione  Latina,  4to.  ;  Lexicon 
Syriacum  Concordantiale ;  Epitome  Gram- 
maticae  Hebraicae,  Svo. ;  a  letter  in  Syriac, 

&.C. 

ScHACiiT,  Christian  Paul,  a  native  of 
Harderwyck,  in  Holland.  He  took  his  de- 
gree of  M.D.  and  became  professor  of  me- 
dicine, botany,  chymistry,  and  natural  his- 
tory, in  his  native  place,  1791,  and  died 
nine  years  after,  aged  32.  He  is  author  of 
some  valuable  memoirs,  &c.  inserted  in  the 
Dutch  journals. 

ScHAGEN,  Giles,  a  native  of  Alcmaer, 
who  acquired  great  celebrity  as  a  painter 
of  portraits,  and  in  historical  subjects.  He 
i-esided  for  some  time  at  Paris,  and  died 
1668,  aged  52. 

ScHALKEN,  Godfrey,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Dort  1643.  He  studied  under 
Hoogstraten,  and  Gerard  Duow,  and  chiefly 
excelled  in  painting  candlelight  pieces.  He 
was  in  London  and  drew  William  III.  by 
candlelight,  and  humorously  made  his 
majesty  hold  the  candle.  He  was  vulgar 
in  his  manners.  He  died  at  the  Hague, 
1706. 


si;h 


sen 


ScHATEN,  Nicholas,  author  of  Hisloria 
Westphaliae,  fol.  1690;  Annales  Parder- 
borneses,  fol.  ;  and  a  Dissertation  on  Char- 
lemagne, was  a  German  Jesuit  at  the  end 
of  the  17th  century. 

ScHEELE,  Charles  William,  an  eminent 
chymist,  born  at  Stralsund,  1742.  lie  was 
member  of  the  Swedish  academy  of  sci- 
ences, of  the  medical  society  of  Paris,  and 
universally  esteemed  for  his  knowledge,  and 
his  chymical  discoveries.  He  was  first  en- 
gaged with  an  apothecary,  who  died  much 
in  debt  j  but  the  industry  of  the  apprentice 
restored  the  prosperity  of  the  house,  and 
the  widow,  pleased  with  his  fidelity  and 
character,  married  him.  But  unhappily, 
the  day  of  the  marriage,  17th  May,  178G, 
proved  the  beginning  of  a  fever  which  hur- 
ried him  quickly  to  his  grave.  His  valu- 
able treatise  on  Air  and  Fire  has  been  trans- 
lated into  French  from  the  German,  by 
Dietrich,  in  12mu.  and  is  deservedly  known 
ov£r  Europe. 

ScHEELSTRATE,  Emanucl  dc,  a  native  of 
Antwerp,  who  became  librarian  of  the  Va- 
tican, canon  of  St.  John  Lateran,  and  of 
St.  Peter  at  Rome.  He  died  at  Rome  5th 
April,  1692,  aged  43.  He  wrote  Antiqui- 
tates  Ecclesiae  Illustratae,  2  vols.  fol.  ;  Ec- 
clesia  Africana  sub  Primate  Carthaginicnsi, 
4to. ;  Acta  Constantiensis  Concilii,  4to  ; 
Acta  Ecclesiae  Oriental,  &c. 

ScHEFFER,  John,  a  learned  German,  born 
at  Strasburg,  1621.  ^Vhen  driven  by  war 
from  his  country,  he  went  to  Sweden  at 
the  invitation  of  queen  Christina,  and  ob- 
tained the  chair  of  eloquence  and  politics  at 
Upsal.  He  was  also  librarian,  and  hono- 
rary professor  of  the  law  of  nations  in  that 
university.  He  died  there  1679.  He  pub- 
lished de  Militia  Navali  Veterum  ;  Upsalia 
Antiqua ;  Laponia,  translated  into  Eng- 
lish ;  Suecia  Literata  ;  de  Re  Vehieulari 
Veterum,  besides  notes  on  Phasdrus,  ^Elian, 
and  other  classics. 

ScHEGKiKs,  James,  a  native  of  Schorn- 
doff  in  the  dutchy  of  Wirtemberg,  professor 
of  philosophy  and  medicine  at  Tubingen. 
Though  blind,  he  pursued  his  favourite  stu- 
dies, and  even  refused  to  submit  to  an  ope- 
mtion  for  the  restoration  of  sight,  observing 
that  he  wished  to  avoid  seeing  many  odious 
and  disagreeable  objects.  He  wrote  a  dia- 
logue, de  Animae  Principatu  ;  a  treatise  de 
unA  Person^  et  duabus  Naturis  in  Christo, 
adversus  Anti  Trinitarios  ;  Refutatio  Erro- 
rum  Simonii,  fol.  1573.  He  died  at  Tu- 
bingen, 1587. 

ScHEiNER,  Christopher,  an  able  astrono- 
mer, rendered  memorable  for  first  discover- 
ing the  spots  on  the  sun's  disc.  He  was 
born  at  Mecklenburg,  in  Germany,  and  en- 
tered among  the  Jesuits,  and  afterwards 
taught  Hebrew  and  mathematics  at  Ingold- 
stadt,  Brisac,  Rome,  &c.  He  was  also  coun- 
sellor  to   the   archduke  Charles,  and  died 


rector  of  the  Jesuits'  college  at  Neissc  in 
Silesia,  1650.  His  observation  of  the  solar 
spots  was  at  Iiii^old«taflt,  1011  ;  but  he  was 
airaidto  publish  tha  discovery,  uliicli,  how- 
ever, Velscrus,  to  whom  he  coniniuiiicated 
it,  unhandsomely  did,  and  (jalili o  himself 
laid  claim,  but  improperly,  to  thu  merit  oil 
being  the  first  observer.  He  publisliea 
these  phajnomena  in  1630,  in  folio,  under 
the  title  of  Rosa  Ursina,  containing  accu- 
rate delineations  of  the  spots. 

ScHELHAMMER,  Gouthicr  Christopher, 
a  native  of  Jena,  who  was  professor  of  me- 
dicine at  liehnstadt,  afterwards  at  Jena, 
and  then  at  Kiel,  and  was  physician  to  the 
duke  of  Holstcin.  He  wrote  Introductio 
ad  Artcm  Medicam,  4to.  and  other  medical 
works,  and  died  1716,  aged  75. 

ScHELLiKKS,  William,  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam, eminent  as  a  painter  of  land- 
scapes, history,  and  sea  views.  His  chief 
performance  is  said  to  be  Charles  II.  em- 
barking for  England.  He  died  1678,  aged 
47.  His  brother  Daniel  excelled  in  land- 
scapes.    He  died  1701,  aged  63. 

ScHENCK  DE  Graffeneerg,  John,  a 
physician,  who  was  born  at  Friburg,  and 
died  there  12th  Nov.  1598,  aged  67.  He 
was  author  of  Observationum  Medicarum, 
Rararum,  Admirabilium  et  Monstros.  Vo- 
lumen,  fol.  edited  by  Spon.  His  son  John 
George  was  also  eminent  as  a  physician, 
and  settled  at  the  Hague,  where  he  died 
about  1620.  He  wrote  de  Formandis  Me- 
dicinae  Studiis,  12mo. ;  Hortus  Patavinus  ; 
Monstrorum  Historia,  4to. 

ScHENCKius,  John  Theodore,  professor 
of  medicine  at  Jena,  died  1671,  aged  52, 
author  of  Observations  on  Medicine,  folio, 
and  8vo.  ;  de  Sero  Sanguinis,  4to.  ;  a  Ca- 
talogue of  the  Plants  of  the  Medical  Gar- 
den of  Jena,  l2mo.  &c. 

ScHERTLiN,   Sebastian,  a  native  of  the 
dutchy  of  Wirtemberg,  who  first  served  in 
Hungary,    and   afternards   greatly  distin- 
guished  himself  at  the   defence  of  Pavia. 
At  the  taking  of  Rome  and  Narni,  and  in 
the  defence  of  Naples,   1523,  he  displayed 
such  valour  and  intrepidity,   that  several 
potentates  solicited  his  services  ;  but  he  at- 
tached himself   to    the    independence   of    • 
Augsburg.     He  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
league  of  Smalkalde  against  the  emperor, 
and  afterwards  passed  into  the  service  of 
France,  and  accompanied  Henry  II.  in  his 
expedition  to  the  Rhine  and  the  Low  Coun- 
tries.    Charles  V.  afterwards  restored  him 
his  property,  which   had   been  confiscated 
at  Augsburg,  and  he  distinguished   himself 
in  the  service  of  the  emperor  Ferdinand  I. 
and  died  1577,  aged  82,  deservedly  respect- 
ed as  a  brave  general. 

ScHEUcHZER,  Johu  Jamcs,  a  native  of 
Zurich,  who  became  there  professor  of  ma^ 
thematics  and  medicine.  His  reputation 
as  a  phvsician  and  a  man  of  letters  was  such 

60  .'5 


SCH 


SGH 


ibar  uxc  C/.nv  I'etrr  inarle  him  libfral  ofters 
to  settle  in  Russia;  but  the  people,  of  Zti- 
rich  detainee!  him  by  their  generositj".  He 
died  in  his  native  t<nvn  1733,  aged  HI.  He 
published  Natural  History  of  the  Bible,  in 
German,  four  large  vols.  fol.  translated 
into  Latin,  1735,  and  into  French,  1734, 
nut  of  this  the  original  edition  in  German 
is  the  most  valuable,  on  account  of  its  750 
plates  ;  Itinera  Alpina,  2  vols.  4to. ;  Pis- 
cium  Querela?,  4to.  ;  Herbarium  Diluvia- 
nnm,  fol.  ;  Musaeum  Diluvianum,  8vo. ; 
Homo  Diluvii  Testis,  4to.  ;  Historiae  Hel- 
veticae  Naturalis  Prolegomena ;  Sciagra- 
phia  Lithologica,  4to.  ;  Nova  Literaria 
Helvetica,  or  Journal  of  Swiss  Literature  ; 
a  treatise  on  the  Mineral  Waters  of  Swit- 
zerland, 4to.  His  son  John  Gaspard  was 
jwi  able  antiquarian.  He  translated  into 
English  Koempfer's  History  of  Japan,  2 
vols.  fol.  and  died  at  London,  1729,  in  the 
flower  of  youth.  John,  brother  of  John 
James,  was  professor  of  medicine  andphyr 
sician  at  Zurich,  where  he  died,  1738.  He 
was  author  of  j^grostographia,  seu  Gra- 
minum,  Juncorum,  &c.    Historia,  4to. 

ScHiAVONE,  Andrea,  a  Venetian  paint- 
er, born  at  Scbenico  in  Dalmatia,  1522. 
Though  poor  and  uneducated,  he  rose  by 
the  powers  of  his  genius,  and  his  great  ap- 
plication, to  eminence.  His  designs,  how- 
ever, were  not  much  admired,  while  his 
colouring,  and  the  elegance  of  his  drape- 
ries, were  superior  to  the  efforts  of  his  con- 
temporaries. His  pictures  were  esteemed 
after  his  decease,  though  unfortunately  for 
him  disregarded  by  his  contemporaries. 
He  died  poor,  1582,  at  Venice. 

ScHiAVONETTi,  Lcwis,  an  engraver,  was 
born  at  Bassano,  in  the  state  of  Venice,  in 
1765.  He  studied  painting  ;  but  after  the 
death  of  his  master,  he  applied  to  engra- 
ving, in  which  ho  attained  considerable 
eminence.  The  fame  of  Bartolozzi  drew 
him  to  England,  and  here  he  executed  se- 
veral very  fine  plates,  after  ancient  and 
modern  masters.  He  died  at  Brompton  in 
iSlO.— ^F.  B. 

ScHicKARD,  William,  professor  of  He- 
brew at  Tubingen,  died  of  the  plague  1635, 
at  the  age  of  43.  He  wrote  Horologium, 
or  Hebrew  Grammar,  8vo. — Treatises  de 
Jure  Regio  Judaeorum,  4to. — Series  Re- 
gum  Persiae,  4to. 

ScHiDONE,  Bartholomew,  a  native  of 
Modena,  eminent  as  a  painter.  Though 
patronised  by  the  duke  of  Parma,  bis  fond- 
ness for  gaming  reduced  him  to  poverty. 
His  pictures  are  scarce,  but  possess  great 
merit.     He  died  1616,  aged  56. 

Schiller,  Frederic,  a  German  dramatic 
writer  of  celebrity.  He  was  born  at  Mar- 
bach  in  Wirtemburg,  and  educated  in  the 
>nilitary  school  of  Stutgard,  where  he  pro- 
duced his  first  dramatic  piece,  called  the 
Jobbers.  The  principles  inculcated  in  this 
604 


piece  gave  such  offence  to  his  superior^., 
that  he  fled  from  their  resentment  to  Man- 
heim,  and  for  some  time  supported  himself 
in  the  capacity  of  a  regimental  surgeon. 
An  appointment  in  the  theatre  at  Manheimi 
proved  more  congenial  to  his  feelings,  and 
enabled  him  to  produce  his  Conspiracy  of 
Fiesco,  his  Intrigue  and  Love,  his  Rhenish 
Thalia,  and  other  pieces.  Eager  after  dis- 
tinction, he  went  from  Manheim  to  Mentz, 
and  afterwards  to  Dresden,  and  then  to 
Leipsic,  where  he  completed  his  tragedy  of 
Don  Carlos.  For  some  time  he  resided  at 
Jena,  as  professor  of  history,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Wiemar,  where  he  died,  18Q5. 
He  wrote  besides,  the  History  of  the  Revolt 
of  the  Netherlands  from  the  Spanish  Go- 
vernment— the  Maid  of  Orleans,  and  other 
dramatic  pieces,  much  admired  for  origi- 
nality, fire,  and  elegance,  though  occasion- 
ally immoral,  and  deficient  in  unity. 

Schilling,  Drebold,  a  native  of  Soleore, 
who  wrote  in  German  a  History  of  the 
Wars  of  the  Swiss  against  Charles  duke  of 
Burgundy,  published,  Berne,  fol.  1743. 
The  work  is  very  accurate,  as  he  was  pre- 
sent at  the  scenes  which  he  describes.  He 
lived  in  the  15th  century. 

ScHLiCTiNGius,  Jonas  de  Bukowic,  a 
native  of  Poland,  banished  on  account  of 
his  Socinian  principles  by  the  diet  of  Warv 
saw.  He  retired  to  Muscovy  and  Ger- 
many, and  then  settled  at  Zullickaw,  where 
he  died,  1661,  aged  65.  His  works,  which 
are  chiefly  commentaries  on  the  holy  Scrip- 
ture, were  published  at  Amsterdam,  1666, 
folio. 

Schmidt,  George  Frederic,  a  native  of 
Berlin,  eminent  as  an  engraver.  He  was 
the  pupil  of  Larmessen  at  Paris,  and  for  his 
abilities  was  admitted  into  the  French  aca- 
demy of  painting.  His  engravings  of  por- 
traits were  particularly  admired.  He  died 
at  Berlin,  1775,  aged  63. 

Schmidt,  Erasmus,  professor  of  mathe- 
matics, and  of  Greek,  at  Wittemberg,  was 
born  at  Delitzch  in  Misnia,  1560.  He  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Pindar  with  learned 
notes,  1616,  4to.  and  died  at  Wittemberg, 
1637. 

Schmidt,  Sebastian,  a  professor  of  ori- 
ental languages  at  Strasburg,  who  died 
there,  1697. 

Schmidt,  John  Andrew,  a  Lutheran  di- 
vine, born  at  Wonns,  1652.  He  was  theo- 
logical professor  at  Mariendal,  and  died 
there,  1726.  He  Avrote  Compendium  His- 
toriae Ecclesiasticae,  8vo. — de  Bibliotheci?, 
4to. — Lexicon  Ecclesiasticum  Minus,  8vo. 
besides  Pardies'  Geometry,  translated  into 
Latin,  &c. 

Schoepflin,  John  Daniel,  a  learned 
German  Lutheran  divine,  born  Sept.  6, 
1694,  at  Soulzbourg,  in  Baden  Dourlach. 
He  studied  at  Dourlach,  Basil,  and  Stras- 
burg, and  was  appointed,  in  1720,  profcs- 


sen 


MJli 


;ior  of  eloquence  and  bis.tory  in  Ibis  last     that  Spain  was  oblij>;ed  to  ackiiou  ledge  llic 
university.     His    reputation    for   learning     family  of  Braganza  as  lawful  sovereigns  of 


■»vas  so  great  that  he  received  the  most 
bonourable  invitations  from  tbe  empress  of 
Russia,  from  Sweden,  from  Frankfort, 
from  Leyden,  and  otber  learned  bodies, 
but  he  preferred  the  tranquillity  and  re- 
tirement of  Strasburg.  In  1726,  he  quitted 
his  professorship,  and  travelled  at  the  pub 


Portugal.  He  was,  in  107;'.,  made  marshal 
of  France,  though  a  proicstant,  and  the 
next  year  he  went  to  the  campaign  of  the 
Low  Countries,  and  obliged  the  enemy  to 
raise  the  siege  of  Maestricht  and  Charleroi. 
On  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes, 
1685,   he   quitted   France   and   retired    to 


lie  expense,  and  as  a  philosopher  he  visited  Prussia,  where  the  elector  of  Brandenburg 
Italy,  Paris,  London,  and  other  places.  He  appointed  him  bis  prime  minister,  and  corn- 
died  at  Strasburg  of  a  slow  fever,  August  7,  mander  in  chief.  He  was  afterwards  in 
1771,  universally  and  deservedly  lamented.  Portugal  and  in  Holland,  and  he  accompa- 
His  works  are  Historia  Zaringo-BadensLs,  nied  William  of  Orange  into  England  when 
Carlsruhe,  7  vols.  4to. — Alsatia  Diploma-  he  invaded  the  kingdom,  and  for  his  servi- 
tica,  fob — Alsatia  lilustrata,  2  vols,  fob —  ees  he  was  created  an  English  duke,  made 


Alsaticarum  Rerum  Scriptores,  fob — Vin- 
diciae  Typographicae,  4to. — Vindiciaj  Cel- 
ticae — Memoirs  of  a  Rising  Academy,  ad- 
dressed to  the  elector  palatine,  &e. 

ScHOMBERG,  Heory  de,  of  an  ancient 
family  of  Misnia,  established  in  France, 
•was  made  governor  of  la  Marche,  and 
served  with  reputation  under  Charles  IX. 
and  his  two  successors.  He  died  sudden- 
ly in  1599.     His  son   of  the  same  name 


knight  of  the  garter,  and  rewarded  with  a 
pension  by  the  parliament.  In  1689,  he 
was  sent  to  Ireland  as  commander  in  chief, 
and  the  following  year  he  attended  Wil- 
liam at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  and  brave- 
ly crossed  the  river,  which  was  obstinately 
defended  by  the  enemy.  He  was,  how- 
ever, wounded  by  one  of  the  soldiers  of 
James  II.  and  soon  after  shot  dead  by  mis- 
take by  one  of  the  French  refugees  in  his 


succeeded  in  his  government  of  la  Marche,  own  regiment,  11th  July,  1690,  in  his  82d 

and  distinguished  himself  in  Piedmont,  in  year.   He  was  buried  in  St.  Patrick's  cathe- 

1617,  under  marshal  d'Estr^es,  and  against  dx'al,  where   a  monument,  and   an  elegant 

the  Huguenots,  in  1622,  for  %vhich  he  was  inscription  by  Dr.  Swift  mark  his  grave, 

made  marshal  of  France.     He  contributed  Schoner,  John,  a  German  philosopher, 

much,  in  1625,  to  the  defeat  of  the  English  born  at  Carolostadt,   1477.     His  abilities 


in  their  attack  against  the  isle  of  Rhe,  and 
two  years  after  he  forced  the  passage  of 
Suza,  where  he  was  severely  wounded.    In 
1630,  he  made  himself  master  of  Pignerol, 
and  relieved  Casal,  and  soon  after  defeated 
the  rebels  in  Languedoc,  at  the  famous  bat- 
tle of  Castelnaudari,  where    Montmorenci 
was  wounded  and  taken  prisoner.    He  was, 
in  reward  for  his  services,  made  governor  of 
Languedoc,  and  died  the  next  year  of  an 
apoplexy,  17th  Nov.  aged  49.     He  was  a 
man  of  abilities  in  the  cabinet,  as  well  as  in 
the  field.     He  was  ambassador   for  some 
time  in   England,  and  Germany,   and  he 
wrote  a  Relation  of  the  War  in  Italy,  in 
which  he  had  been  engaged,  printed  1630, 
4to.  again  1669,  and  1682.    His  son  Charles 
distinguished  himself  also  in  the  service  of 
France,   and  was  made  governor  of  Lan- 
guedoc, and  marshal  of  France.     He  con- 
quered the  Spaniards  at  Leucate  in  Rous- 
sillon,  and  took  the  town  of  Tortosa  by  as- 
sault.    He  died  at  Paris,  6th  June,  1656, 
aged  56. 


were  so  great  that  he  was  chosen,  when 
young,  to  be  mathematical  professor  at  Nu- 
remberg. He  was,  however,  too  fond  of 
astrology,  though  in  other  respects  a  man 
of  vast  intelligence  and  erudition.  He 
published  some  valuable  astronomical  ta- 
bles after  those  of  Regiomontanus — a  Trea- 
tise on  Dialling — on  the  Astronomical 
Equator — Use  of  the  Globes — Organicum 
Uranicum,  &c.     He  died  1547. 

ScHooKius,  Martin,  a  native  of  Utrechtj 
successively  professor  of  languages  and  phi- 
losophy at  Utrecht,  Deventer,  Groningen, 
and  Frankfort  on  the  Oder.  He  was  a 
man  of  erudition,  though  extremely  satiri- 
cal. He  is  author  of  Exercitationes  Varia; 
— de  Harengis,  seu  Halecibus — de  Signa- 
turis  Foetus — de  Ciconis — do  Statu  Reipub- 
licae  Foederati  Belgii — (le  Sccpticismo — de 
Sternutatione- — de  Imperio  Maritimo — de 
Lingua  Hellenisiica,  &,c.  He  died  at  Frank- 
fort 1669,  aged  55. 

ScHOONfiELD,  John  Henry,  a  painter  of 

eminence,   born    at  Bibrach  in  Germany. 

ScHOMEERG,  Frcderic  Armand  de,  of  an     Some  of  his  pictures  are  preserved  in  the 


illustrious  family,  but  of  a  different  branch 
from  the  preceding,  was  early  engaged  in 
the  service  of  Frederic  Henry  prince  of 
Orange,  and  afterwards  of  his  son  William. 
He  went,  in  1650,  into  the  service  of  the 
French  king,  and  was  made  governor  of 
Gravelines  and  Furnes,  and,  in  1661,  sent 
to  command  the  army  in  Portugal,  where 
he  behaved  with  such  bravery  and  prudence 


churches  and  public  edifices  of  Augsburg. 
He  died  1689,  aged  70. 

ScHOOxjANS,  Anthony,  a  native  of  An< 
twerp,  distinguished  as  a  painter.  After 
studying  in  Italy  he  settled  at  Vienna, 
where  he  was  patronised  by  the  empe- 
ror. His  altar  pieces  for  several  German 
churches  arc  mnrb  admired.  He  died  1726, 
aged  61. 

p05 


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SGH 


ScHOREL,  John,  a  Flemish  painter,  born 
at  Schorel,  a  village  near  Alcmaer,  in  Hol- 
land.    He  studied  under  Albert  Durer,  and 
then  went  with  a  friar  to  Jerusalem,  where 
he  painted  some  very  interesting  pieces. 
On  his  return  he  passed  through   Venice 
and  Rome,  and  was  made  by  Pope  Adrian 
VI.  superintendent  of  the  Belvidere  build- 
ings.    After  that  pontiif 's  death  he  return- 
ed to  his  country,   where  he  died  1562, 
much  respected.     He  %vas  also  a  tolerable 
musician  and  poet,  and  well  understood  La- 
tin, French,  Italian,  and  German. 

ScHOTTUs,  Andreas,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Antwerp,  1552.     He  was  educated 
at  Louvain  and  Douay,  and  upon  going  to 
Spain,  was  in  consequence  of  his  great  abi- 
lities, made,  1 580,  Greek  professor  at  To- 
ledo.    He  entered  among  the  Jesuits   in 
1586,    and  afterwards   taught  rhetoric  at 
Rome,  and  after  three  years  residence  re- 
turned to  Antwerp,  where  he  spent  the  rest 
of  his  life,  and  died  23d  Jan.  1629.     He 
was  author  of  Hispania  lUustrata,  14  vols, 
fol. — the  Lives  of  Francis  Borgia,  Ferdi- 
nand Nunez,  Peter  Ciaconius,  &c.  besides 
valuable  editions  of  Pomponius  Mela,  Cor. 
Nepos,  Valerius  Flaccus,  Aurelius  Victor, 
&c. 

ScHOTTUs,  Gaspard,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Wurtsburg,  in  Franconia,  where  he  died, 
1666,  aged  58.  He  resided  for  some  time 
at  Palermo  in  Sicily,  and  at  Rome,  where 
he  became  intimate  with  the  famous  Kir- 
cher.  He  is  the  learned  author  of  Physica 
Curiosa,  or  Mirabilia  Naturae  et  Artis,  2 
vols.  4to. — Magia  Naturalis  et  Artificialis, 
4  vols.  4to. — Technica  Curiosa,  4to. — Ma- 
china  Hydraulico-Pneumatica — Pantomet- 
rum  Kircherianum,  seu  Instrumentum  Geo- 
metricum  Novum — Itinerarium  Staticum 
Kircher — Encyclopedia,  containing  a  course 
of  mathematics — Mathesis  Caesarea,  2  vols. 
4to. — Anatomia  Physico-Hydrostatica  Fon- 
tium  et  Fluminum,  8vo. — Arithmetica  Prac- 
tica  Generalis,  8vo. — Schola  Stegano-gra- 
phica — Organ  um  Mathematicum,  4to. 

ScHREVELius,  Comclius,  a  laborious  cri- 
tic of  Holland,  born  at  Haerlam,  1615.  He 
published  editions  of  Homer,  Hesiod,  and 
other  classics,  said  to  be  not  very  correct. 
The  work  by  which  he  is  best  known,  is 
his  Greek  Lexicon,  8vo.  now  in  general 
use.     He  died  1667. 

ScHULEMBouRG,  Matthias  John,  count 
of,  was  born  in  1661,  and  from  his  earliest 
years  devoted  himself  to  military  affairs. 
He  was  first  in  the  service  of  the  king  of 
Poland,  who  intrusted  him  with  the  com- 
mand of  the  Saxon  troops  in  1704,  and  with 
a  small  force  he  bravely  withstood,  in  an 
advantageous  situation,  five  atttacks  of 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden.  In  1708,  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  9000  Poles,  who  were 
in  the  service  of  the  Dutch,  and  the  next 
vcar  he  was  at  the  battle  of  Malplaquet, 

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where  prince  Eugene  saw  and  admired  his 
valour,  and  gave  him  his  esteem.     In  1711 
he  went  into  the  service  of  the  Venetians, 
and  ably  defended  them  against  the  Turks 
at  the  siege  of  Corfu,  where  his  conduct 
was  so  intrepid,  that  a  larger  pension  was 
bestowed  upon  him,  and  a  statue  raised 
to  his  honour.     In  1726  he  visited  his  sis- 
ter, the  countess  of  Kendal,  in  England,  and 
was  received  with  distinction  by  George 
I.  and  he  afterwards  returned  to  Venice, 
where  he  died,  1743,  universally  respected. 
ScHULTENS,   Albert,   a  German  divine, 
born  at  Groningen.     He   was  minister  of 
W^ossenar,  and  professor  of  oriental  lan- 
guages at  Franeker,  and  afterwards  at  Ley- 
den,  where  he  died,  1741,  aged  70.     His 
works  are  a  Commentary  on  Job,   2  vols. 
4to. — a  Hebrew  Grammar — the  Life  of  Sa- 
ladin,  from  the  Arabic,  folio — Commentary 
on  Proverbs,  4to. — Animadversiones  Philo- 
logicae  et  Criticae  ad  Varia  Veteris  Testam. 
Loca — a  treatise  of  Hebrew  Roots,  &c. 

ScHULZE,  John  Henry,  a  physician 
born  at  Colbitz  in  Magdeburg.  He  was 
medical  professor  at  Halle,  where  he  died 
1745,  aged  58.  He  was  also  well  skilled  in 
Greek,  and  in  Arabic  literature,  and  wrote 
Historia  Medicinae  a  Rerum  Initio  ad  An- 
num Urbis  Romae  535  Deducta,  4to. — 
Physiologia  Medica,  8vo. — Pathologia  Ge- 
neralis et  Specialis — de  Materiel  Medical 
Dissertationes  Medicae  et  Historicae,  &c. 

ScHURMAN,  Anna  Maria,  a  German  lady 
born  at  Cologne,  1607.     She  possessed  un- 
common powers,  and  not  only  excelled  in 
music,  painting,  sculpture,  and  engraving, 
but  in  the  knowledge  of  the  learned  lan- 
guages,   of  Greek,    Hebrew,   Syriac,   and 
Arabic,   as  well  as   the  modern  tongues. 
When  six  years  old  she  cut  on  paper  all 
sorts  of  figures  without  model,   and  two 
years    after  designed  flowers    in   a  very 
masterly   manner.     These    great    accom- 
plishments were   adorned  further  by  the 
most  modest  and  diffident  manners  ;   but 
her  powers  were  too  great  to  be  long  con- 
cealed from  the  world,  and  by  the  means  of 
her  friends  and  correspondents,  of  Vossius, 
Spanheim,  Rivetus,  and  others,  her  reputa- 
tion was  spread  over  Europe  ;  and  she  was 
visited  by  Richelieu,  and  other  persons  of 
the  highest  rank,  and  even  princesses.  Her 
devotion  was  said  to  be  equal  to  her  learn- 
ing, but  in  1650,  her  attachment  to  Labadie 
lessened   her  fame,  and  after  living  with 
that  enthusiast  at  Altona,  and  attending 
him  in  his  last  moments,    she  retired  to 
Wiemar,    in   Friesland,   where   she    died 
1678.     She  wrote  Latin  poems — a  Defence 
of  female  study — Eukleria,  in  defence  of 
her  attachment  to  Labadie — Opuscula,  in 
Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew,  printed  1'652, 
4to. 

SuHUT,   Cornelius,    a  painter    of    An- 
twerp, the  disciple  of  Rubens.     Some  of 


sen 


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his  pieces  are  still  admired  in  tbc  cliurches 
of  Antwerp.     He  died  IGGO,  aged  60. 

ScHURTZFLEiscii,  Conrad  Samuel,  a  na- 
tive of  Corback  in  Waldeck,  professor  of 
history,  poetry,  and  Greek  at  Wittcmberg. 
He  travelled  over  Germany,  France,  Eng- 
land, and  Italy,  and  was  made  counsellor 
and  librarian  to  the  duke  of  Saxe  Wicmar. 
He  died  1708,  aged  67.  His  works  arc 
Diaputationes  Histories;  Civilesj  3  vols. 
4to. — Letters,  3  vols.  8vo. —  Continuation 
of  Sleidan  till  1678 — Dissertationes  et 
Opuscula.  His  brother,  Henry  Leonard, 
wrote  Historia  Ensiferorum  Ordinis  Teu- 
tonici,  l2mo.  1701. 

ScHUUR,  Theodore  Vander,  a  painter, 
born  at  the  Hague.  He  was  at  Paris,  where 
he  studied  under  Sebastian  Bourdon,  and 
then  went  to  visit  the  Italian  schools.  He 
was  happy  in  his  pieces,  which  he  enriched 
in  the  back  grounds  with  fine  ancient 
ruins.     He  died  1705,  aged  77. 

Schuyler,  Peter,  mayor  of  Albany, 
New- York,  and  distinguished  for  his  pa- 
triotism and  popularity  with  the  Indians.  In 
the  year  1691,  with  a  party  of  English  and 
Mohawks,  he  attacked  the  French  at  the 
north  end  of  lake  Champlain,  and  defeated 
them.  He  had  great  influence  with  the 
five  Indiaji  nations,  and  in  1710  went  to 
England  with  five  of  their  chiefs,  for  the 
purpose  of  exciting  the  government  to  ex- 
pel the  French  from  Canada.  In  1719,  he 
being  the  oldest  member  of  the  council,  held 
the  chief  command  in  New- York.   [13^  L. 

Schuyler,  Philip,  major-general  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was  ap- 
pointed  to  that  office  in   1775,    and  de- 
spatched to  the  fortifications  in  the  north  of 
New- York,  for  the  purpose  of  preparing  for 
an  invasion  of  Canada.     By  the  loss  of  his 
health,  the  command  soon  devolved  upon 
Montgomery.     On   his   recovery  he    em- 
ployed himself  in  directing  the  operations 
in  that   section,   and  on  the  approach  of 
Burgoyne  in  1777,  made  every  exertion  to 
obstruct  his  progress.     In  consequence  of 
the  evacuation  of  Ticonderogaby  St.  Clair, 
he  unreasonably  fell  under  some  suspicion, 
and  was  superseded  in  the  chief  command 
by  general  Gates.    He  afterwards  rendered 
important  services  in  the  transactions  at 
New- York,   though  not  in  command.     He 
was  a  member  of  congress  previous  to  the 
establishment  of  the  present  constitution, 
and  afterwards  twice  a  senator.     He  died 
at  Albany  in   1804,    in   his   seventy-third 
year.     He  possessed  a  mind  of  great  vi- 
gour and  enterprise,  and  was  characterized 
by  integrity  and  amiableness.     |[:3=^  L. 

Schwartz,  Bertholet,  the  inventor  of 
gunpowder,  was  a  monk  of  the  order  of 
Cordeliers,  and  was  born  at  Friburg,  in  the 
13th  century.  He  was  an  able  chymist, 
and  it  is  said,  discovered  the  fatal  secret  of 
the  ingredients  of  gunpowder,  when  ma- 


king some  cbymical  expcriniciits  on  nitre. 
This  discovery  was  first  applied  to  fire- 
arms at  the  battle  of  Creasy,  1346,  or  ac- 
cording to  others,  as  early  as  1300,  by  the 
Venetians  ;  and  it  consequently  changed 
the  whole  art  of  war.  Roger  Bacon  is  con- 
sidered by  some  to  have  been  acquainted 
with  the  fatal  secret,  which  he  refused  to 
reveal. 

Schwartz,  Christopher,  a  native  of  In- 
golstadt,  eminent  as  a  painter.  He  was 
the  pupil  of  Titian,  and  the  successful  imi- 
tator of  Tintoret.  He  was  patronised  by 
the  elector  of  Bavaria,  and  was  called  the 
Raphael  of  Germany.  He  died  at  Munich, 
1594,  aged  44. 

ScHWERiN,  Christopher,  count  of,  go- 
vernor of  Niess  and  Bricg,  and  field  mar- 
shal in  the  Prussian  service,  was  born  26th 
Oct.  1684,  and  rose  by  merit  to  the  highest 
honours.  He  gained  the  battle  of  Mol- 
witz,  in  1741,  when  the  Prussians  thought 
that  all  was  lost,  and  he  continued  to  dis- 
tinguish himself  in  succeeding  engage- 
ments against  the  Austrians,  till  the  battle 
of  Prague  in  1757,  in  which  he  fell,  aged 
72.  His  memory  was  honoured  with  a 
statue  by  the  king  of  Prussia  in  Berlin,  and 
a  monument  by  Joseph  II.  in  1783,  on  the 
very  spot  where  he  expired.  He  had  been, 
in  1712,  envoy  from  the  duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg, to  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  at  Ben- 
der, and  he  caught  some  of  the  martial 
spirit  of  that  celebrated  monarch. 

SchyndaL,  Bernard,  a  Dutch  painter, 
whose  shepherds,  ale-houses,  fairs,  &c. 
were  much  admired.  He  was  born  at 
Haerlem,  and  died  1716,  aged  57. 

Scioppius,  Caspar,  a  learned  German, 
born  1576,  at  Newark,  Upper  Palatinate, 
and  known  for  the  virulence  with  which  he 
attacked  every  man  of  merit  and  reputa- 
tion.    He  studied  at  Amberg,  Heidelberg, 
AltdorfF,  and  Ingolstadt,  and  early  distin- 
guished himself  by   writing,   among  other 
things,  a  commentary  on  "  Priapeia,"  with 
obscene  quotations,  and  licentious  remarks. 
In   1509  he   turned  Roman   catholic,  an<l 
then  abused  not  only  the  protestants,  but 
also  the  Jesuits,   against  whom  he  wrote 
not  less  than  30  different  treatises.     Not 
only    Joseph    Scaliger  felt  the  acrimony 
of  his  satire,   but  Henry  IV.   of  France, 
and   James   I.  of  England,    to  whom   he 
wrote  a  Latin  pamphlet,   called  an  "  Eye 
Salve  for  his  Britannic  Majesty."    The  last 
part  of  his  life  he  devoted  to  the  explana- 
tion of  the  prophecies  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures, and  particularly  of  the  Apocalypse, 
and  he  pretended   to  have  discovered  the 
very  key  which  Peter  left  on  earth.     He 
died  1649.     He  was  a  man  of  extraordina- 
ry learning,  and    had  he  possessed  equal 
moderation  and  good  sense,  his  fame  won Kl 
have  been   deservedly  superior  to  the  rest 
of  the  world.     His  memory  was  such,  that 

607 


SCO 


SCO 


it  ivas  said  that  he  could,  like  another  Ez- 
ra, have  restored  the  Scriptures  if  lost,  as 
he  knew  them  all  by  heart.  His  works 
were  more  numerous  than  his  years,  the 
best  known  of  which  are  Verisimilium  Li- 
bri  quatuor,  8vo. — Commentarius  de  Arte 
Critica,  8vo. — Classicum  Belli  Sacri — de 
Sua  ad  Catholicos  Migratione — Notationes 
in  Phaedrum — Suspectarum  Lectionum — 
Grammatica  Philosophica,  8vo.  &c. 

SciPio,  Publ.  Cornel,  an  illustrious  Ro- 
man. He  avenged  the  death  of  his  father 
and  uncle,  who  had  fallen  in  Spain,  by  the 
total  defeat  of  the  Carthaginians  in  that 
country,  and  he  afterwards  passed  into 
Africa,  to  carry  war  to  the  gates  of  the  ca- 
pital. The  battle  of  Zama,  and  the  defeat 
of  Annibal,  put  an  end  to  the  second  Punic 
war,  and  the  victorious  Roman  obtained 
the  honourable  surname  of  Africanus.  The 
Romans  afterwards  behaved  with  jealousy 
towards  him,  and  he  retired  from  public 
clamours  to  his  country  house,  where  he 
died,  B.  C.  180. 

SciPio,  Luc.  Cornel,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, obtained  the  name  of  Asiaticus, 
from  his  conquests  in  Asia,  in  which  he 
was  assisted  by  the  valour  and  the  judg- 
ment of  the  great  Africanus. 

SciPio  Nasica,  of  the  same  family  as  the 
conqueror  of  Carthage,  was  eminent  for 
his  virtues,  and  for  his  success  in  Spain. 

SciPio,  Publ.  ^milianus,  son  of  Paulus, 
was  adopted  by  the  Scipios,  and  obtained 
the  surname  of  the  second  Africanus,  by 
his  final  conquest  of  Carthage,  B.  C.  147. 
He  afterwards  destroyed  Numantia,  and 
enlarged  the  Roman  possessions  in  Spain. 
He  was  found  dead  in  his  bed,  128,  assas- 
sinated, it  is  supposed,  by  his  political  ene- 
mies. 

SciPio,  Publius,  father-in-law  of  Pom- 
pey,  retired  from  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  to 
Africa,  where  he  was  soon  after  defeated 
at  Thapsus,  by  J.  Caesar. 

ScLATER,  William,  D.D.  a  native  of 
Somersetshire,  educated  at  Brazen-nose 
college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fel- 
low. He  died  1647,  on  his  living  of  Otter- 
den,  in  Kent.  He  was  author  of  elegies 
and  epitaphs,  under  the  title  of  Threnodia 
Britannica,  4to. — Palae-Albion,  or  History 
of  Great  Britain  to  the  Reign  of  the  First 
James,  in  Latin  and  English  verse,  fol. — 
Psalms,  or  Songs  of  Sion — Genethliacon, 
or  Stemmi  Jacobi  Regis  ab  Adamo,  folio. 
Another  divine  of  that  name  was  also  D.  D. 
fellow  of  King's  college,  Cambridge,  and 
vicar  of  Pitminster,  Somersetshire,  where 
he  died  1626  ;  author  of  a  Commentary  on 
the  Epistles  to  the  Thessalonians  and  Ro- 
mans, fol.  His  son  was  prebendary  of 
Exeter,  and  minister  of  Cullumpton,  De- 
von, and  author  of  some  sermons. 

ScoPAS,  a  sculptor  and  architect  of  Pa- 
Vos,  430  B.  C.    His  most  admired  works 
608 


were  the  Mausoleum  of  Artemisia,  and  a 
statue  of  Venus. 

ScoRZA,  Sinibaldo,  a  painter  and  engra- 
ver of  Voltaggio,  in  the  Genoese  territory. 
He  particularly  excelled  in  animals,  flowers, 
and  landscapes,  and  also  in  nainiatures. 
He  was  banished  by  his  enemies,  on  the 
false  accusation  of  being  leagued  with  the 
duke  of  Savoy,  against  whom  his  country- 
men were  engaged  in  war.  He  was  after- 
wards recalled,  and  died  at  Genoa,  1631, 
aged  41.  Some  of  his  engravings  from  Al- 
bert Durer  possessed  great  merit. 

Scot,  Reynolds,  an  English  writer,  born 
of  an  ancient  family  near  Smeeth,  in  Kent. 
He  was  of  Hart-hall,  Oxford,  but  left  the 
university  without  a  degree,  and  retired  to 
his  seat,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  the 
reading  of  obscure  authors.  He  published 
"  a  Perfect  Platform  of  a  Hop-Garden, 
&c."in  4to.  second  edition  1576 — the  Dis- 
coveries of  Witchcraft,  &c.  4to. — Discourse 
upon  Devils  and  Spirits,  &c.  These  works, 
in  a  superstitious  age,  exposed  him  to  much 
obloquy,  and  his  labours  were  attacked 
with  great  virulence  by  those  who  support* 
ed  the  doctrines  of  astrology,  alchymy,  le- 
gerdemain, and  witchcraft,  and  he  was  cen- 
sured not  only  by  Meric  Casaubon,  Jo- 
seph Glanvil,  Raynolds,  and  others,  but  by 
James  L  in  his  Demonologia.  This  wor- 
thy man,  distinguished  for  his  piety  and 
benevolence,  as  well  as  for  his  learning, 
died  at  the  seat  of  his  ancestors,  and  was 
buried  at  the  church  of  Smeeth,  1599. 

Scott,  John,  D.  D.  an  able  divine,  bom 
at  Chippenham,  Wilts,  1638.  Though  for 
three  years  engaged  in  trade,  he  prevailed 
upon  his  friends  to  send  him  to  Oxford, 
where,  without  taking  his  degrees  in  arts, 
he  accumulated  the  degrees  of  bachelor, 
and  doctor  in  divinity,  in  1685.  He  was 
successively  minister  of  St.  Thomas's, 
Southwark,  rector  of  St.  Peter  le  Poor, 
London,  rector  of  St.  Giles  in  the  Fields, 
prebendary  of  St.  Paul,  and  canon  of 
Windsor,  and  refused  a  bishopric,  because 
he  would  not  take  the  oath  of  homage. 
He  died  1694,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Giles 
church.  He  was  a  warm  opposer  of  the 
catholics,  and  wrote  various  things,  the  best 
known  of  which  are  the  Christian  Life,  a 
most  valuable  and  popular  work,  in  folio, 
and  5  vols.  8vo. — Sermons — Cases  of  Con- 
science Resolved,  and  some  pieces  against 
the  papists. 

Scott,  Daniel,  an  eminent  writer,  son 
of  a  merchant.  He  was  educated  at 
Tewkesbury,  Gloucestershire,  and  afterward 
went  to  Utrecht,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  but  though  he  studied  divinity, 
he  never  entered  into  the  church,  as  he 
rather  inclined  to  the  Baptists.  He  pub- 
lished an  Essay  towards  the  Demonstration 
of  the  Scripture  Trinity,  1 725,  which  pass- 
ed through  three  editions — a  New  Ver- 


SCO 


SCL 


sion  of  St.  Mutthew's  (iospel,  with  notes, 
1741 — Appendix  to  II.  Stcpliens's  Greek 
Lexicon,  2  vols.  Ibl.  1745,  &lc.  He  liiccl 
1759. 

Scott,  Thomas,  brother  of  Daoiel,  was 
a  dissenting  minister,  first  at  Hitchin, 
Herts,  and  then  at  Norwich,  where  he  died 
1746.  He  is  anthor  of  Occasional  Ser- 
mons, &c.  in  which  he  endeavoured  to  set- 
tle the  dispute  about  the  godhead  of  Christ, 
by  John  20,  v.  28.  His  son  Joseph  Nicol 
was  pastor  of  a  dissenting  congregation  at 
Norwich,  and  then  became  Arian,  and  at 
last  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  in  Scotland, 
and  practised  as  a  physician.  He  was 
author  of  2  vols,  of  sermons,  and  assisted 
in  the  revision  of  Bailey's  folio  Dictionary. 
His  brother  Thomas  was  also  a  dissenting 
minister  at  Lowestoff,  afterwards  at  Ips- 
wich, and  then  at  Hapton,  Norfolk,  where 
he  died  1775.  He  is  author  of  single  ser- 
mons— of  lyric  poems — of  a  translation  of 
Job  into  English  verse,  with  notes,  twice 
edited,  &c. 

Scott,  Thomas,  B.D.  an  English  di- 
vine, for  some  years  preacher  to  the  Eng- 
lish company  at  Utrecht.  He  was  basely 
assassinated  by  a  soldier,  as  he  was  going 
to  his  church,  in  1626.  He  is  author  of 
\ox  Populi ;  \q\  Dei ;  Vox  Regis ;  the 
Belgick  Pismire  Stinging  the  Slothful 
Sleeper,  4to.  ;  Symmachia,  or  True  Love's 
Knot  between  Great  Britain  and  the  Uni- 
ted Provinces,  4to. ;  a  Tongue  Combat  be- 
tween Two  English  Soldiers  in  the  Tilt 
Boat  of  Gravesend,  4to.  ;  Digitus  Dei ;  the 
Projector,  a  sermon  before  the  judges  at 
Norwich  ;  the  Highways  of  God  and  the 
King,  two  sermons,  4to. ;  News  from  Par- 
nassus, 4to. 

ScoTT,  Samuel,  an  English  painter,  who 
died  1772.  His  sea  pieces  were  much  ad- 
mired, and  were  regarded  as  equal  to  the 
interesting  works  of  Vandervelde. 

ScoTT,  Michael,  a  native  of  Balwirie,  in 
Fifeshire,  born  1240.  He  conducted  him- 
self with  such  bravery  at  the  battle  of  Lar- 
go, 1260,  that  Alexander  IIL  of  Scotland, 
knighted  him,  and  afterwards  employed 
him  in  various  political  affairs.  He  was,  on 
the  king's  death,  made  one  of  the  regents 
of  Scotland,  and  died  1291.  He  was  much 
addicted  to  astrology,  and  in  consequence 
of  his  great  learning,  passed  for  a  ma- 
gician. Some  of  his  writings  are  preserved 
by  Dr.  M'Kenzie. 

Scott,  David,  a  Scotchman,  born  near 
Haddington,  1675.  He  was  strongly  at- 
tached to  the  Stuart  family,  and  refused  to 
take  the  oaths  to  William  HL  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  was  exposed  to  much 
persecution.  He  wrote  a  History  of  Scot- 
land, folio,  an  indifferent  performance,  and 
died  at  Haddington,  1742. 

ScoTT,  John,  an  English  poet,  of  the 
persuasion  of  the  quakers.     His  father  was 
Vol.  IL  77 


a  London  trad<;.imaii,  and  retired  to  Am- 
wcll,  Hertfordshire,  a  place  whieh  our  au- 
thor ha>i  fondly  celcbnited  in  his  elegant 
poem  of  that  name,  lie  wrote  besides, 
"Digest  of  Laws  respecting  Highways 
and  Turnpikes  ;"  Observations  on  the 
Poor  ;  a  Tract  on  Rowley's  Poems.  Ilia 
poems,  descriptive  and  moral,  appeared  to- 
gether, 1782,  in  8vo.  and  the  author  died 
the  next  year. 

ScouGAL,  Henry,M.A.  a  learned  Scotch- 
man, born  at  Saltoun,  East  Lothian,  1650, 
and  educated  there,  and  at  Aberdeen  uni- 
versity, where  he  took  his  degree,  and  was 
appointed  professor  of  moral  philosophy, 
and  also  of  theology.  His  exertions  as  a 
preacher  brought  on  a  consumption,  of 
which  he  died  in  1678,  aged  28.  This  re- 
spectable and  amiable  character  wrote 
"  Life  of  God  in  the  Soul  of  Man,"  much 
admired,  besides  nine  sermons. 

Screven,  James,  a  brigadier  general  of 
the  militia  of  Georgia  in  the  revolutionary 
war,  commanded  a  body  of  troops  which 
was  engaged  in  repelling  the  invaders  from 
Florida,  and  died  of  wounds  received  in  a 
skirmish  with  them  at  Midway,  November 
24,  1778.  He  early  engaged  in  the  cause 
of  liberty,  and  in  1774,  was  one  of  the 
committee  which  drew  up  articles  of  as- 
sociation for  its  defence  in  Georgia.  Con- 
gress ordered  the  erection  of  a  monument 
as  a  mark  of  their  respect  for  him. 

ICJ^  L. 
ScRiBONius  Largus,  a  Roman  physician 
of  eminence,  in  the  age  of  Augustus  and  of 
Tiberius.     Some  of  his  works  are  extant. 
ScRiVERius,   Peter,   a  native  of  Haer- 
lem,   eminent  as  a  poet  and   philologer. 
He  died  1653,  aged  73,  and  was  author  of 
"  Batavia   Illustrata,"  4to.  ;  Bataviae    Co- 
mitumque  Historia,  besides  editions  of  Ve- 
getius,  of  Aquilius'  Chronicon  Geldricum, 
&c. 

ScROGGS,  Sir  William,  a  native  of  Ded- 
dington,    Oxfordshire,   educated    for    the 
church,  but  drawn   into  the  army  during 
the  civil  wars.     He  afterwards  entered  at 
Gray's  Inn,  and  was  called  to  the  bar.     His 
abilities  recommended  him   to  the  court; 
he  was  knighted    in    1669,  made  sergeant 
at  law,  and  in  1678  raised  to  the  high  office 
of  chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench.  Three 
years  after  he  was  removed  from  his  place 
by  an  impeachment  of  the  commons,  be- 
cause he  was  supposed  to  have  acted  with 
partiality  on  the   trial  of  persons  concern- 
ed in  the  popish  plots  which  so  frequently 
alarmed    the   nation     in    those   turbulent 
times.      He    died    1683.      Some  of   his 
speeches  have  been  preserved  in  the  state 
trials. 

ScuDDER,  Henry,  minister  of  Colling- 
bourne  Ducis,  Wilts,  and  bachelor  of  di- 
vinity at  Cambridge,  was  author  of  the 
Christian's  Daily  Walk,   8vo.  a  popular 

609 


SEA 


HEC 


ivork.  He  was  in  his  principles  a  strong 
presbj-terian,  and  died  before  the  restora- 
tion. 

ScuDERi,  George  de,  a  French  writer 
born  at  Havre  de  Grace,  1603.  He  pos- 
sessed great  facility  in  writing,  and  paid 
his  court  to  Richelieu  by  publishing  some 
severe  censures  on  the  Cid  of  Corneille. 
He  wrote  much,  but  with  such  rapidity 
that,  as  Boileau  says,  he  could  each  month 
bring  forth  a  volume.  His  works,  there- 
fore, are  now  little  known.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  French  academy,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1665. 

ScuDERi,  Madeleine  de,  sister  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Havre  de  Grace, 
1607.  She  was  eminent  for  her  wit,  her 
vivacity,  and  her  writings,  and  was  made 
member  of  the  Ricovrati  academy  at  Pa- 
dua. She  was  also  honoured  with  the  cor- 
respondence of  several  learned  persons, 
and  was  rewarded  for  her  works  by  Maza- 
rine, and  pensioned  by  Christina  of  Swe- 
den, and  Lewis  XIV.  Her  house  was  the 
general  resort  of  the  witty  and  the  learn- 
ed. She  died  1701,  aged  94,  and  two 
churches  disputed  the  honour  of  possessing 
her  remains,  which  was  at  last  settled  by 
the  interference  of  cardinal  de  Noailles. 
Her  works  are  very  numerous,  but  she  is 
better  known  for  some  elegant  verses,  ac- 
cording to  Voltaire,  than  for  her  ponderous 
romances.  She  wrote  Clelia,  10  vols. 
8vo. — Artamenes,  or  the  Grand  Cyrus, 
10  vols.  8vo. — Ibrahim,  or  the  Illustrious 
Bashaw,  4  vols. — Conversations  and  Dis- 
courses, 10  vols. — a  Discourse  on  Glory,  &:c. 

ScuLTETCS,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Grum- 
berg,  in  Silesia,  professor  of  theology  at 
Heidelberg,  and  deputy  of  the  university  at 
the  synod  of  Dort.  He  left  his  place  by 
the  envy  and  intrigues  of  his  enemies,  and 
died  at  Embden,  1626,  aged  60.  He  wrote 
Medulla  Patrum,  4to.  and  other  theologi- 
cal works. 

ScTLAX,  a  geographer  of  Caria,  whose 
abilities  were  employed  by  Darius  in  visit- 
ing and  making  observations  in  India,  B.C. 
522.  The  invention  of  geographical  ta- 
bles is  ascribed  to  him  by  several  authors. 
His  Periplus  was  edited  by  Gronovius, 
1697. 

Seaman,  Lazarus,  D.D.  a  native  of 
Leicester,  educated  at  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge,  and  made  master  of  Peter- 
house,  in  consequence  of  his  active  and 
zealous  exertions  in  favour  of  the  parlia- 
ment during  the  civil  wars.  He  was  after- 
wards one  of  the  divines  of  the  Westmin- 
ster assembly,  and  died  1675.  He  pub- 
lished several  sermons.  It  is  said  that  his 
library  was  the  first  ever  sold  by  auction  in 
England. 

Seabury,    Samuel,  first  bishop  of  the 
Episcopal  church  in  the  United  States,  was 
born  in  1728,  and  graduated  at   Yale  col- 
010 


lege  in  1751.  He  went  to  Scotland,  and 
studied  theology,  and  in  1753  obtained  or- 
ders in  London.  After  returning  to  Ame- 
rica he  settled  in  New-London,  Connecti- 
cut, where  his  father  had  preached.  In 
1784  he  went  to  England  to  obtain  conse- 
cration as  bishop  of  that  state.  Not  suc- 
ceeding in  England,  he  went  to  Scotland, 
and  was  consecrated  by  three  non-juring 
bishops.  Returning  to  New-London  he 
discharged  the  duties  of  his  ofiiee  with 
ability  till  his  death  in  1796.  He  publish- 
ed several  volumes  of  sermons.  He  pos- 
sessed a  vigorous  mind,  and  had  stored  it 
with  extensive  knowledge.         id?^  L. 

Seba,  Albert,  author  of  a  valuable  work- 
on  Natural  History,  in  3  vols,  folio,  with- 
plates  and  explanations  in  Latin  and 
French,  published  Amsterdam,  1734,  was 
born  at  Etzeel,  East  Friesland. 

Sebastian,  posthumous  son  of  the  in- 
fant John,  and  of  a  daughter  of  Charles  V. 
succeeded  his  grandfather  John  III.  on  the 
throne  of  Portugal,  1557.  He  invaded  in 
1574,  the  Moors  in  Africa,  but  without  ho- 
nour, and  four  years  after  he  went  to  the 
assistance  of  Muly  Mohammed,  against 
his  uncle  Moluc,  king  of  Fez  and  Moroc- 
co. The  expedition  was  unfortunate,  and 
in  a  battle  fought  near  Tangiers,  29th  July, 
1578,  the  greatest  part  of  the  Portuguese 
army  was  cut  to  pieces,  and  Sebastian 
shared  their  fate.  As  his  body  could  not 
be  found,  some  supposed  that  he  escaped 
from  the  general  slaughter,  and  in  conse- 
quence two  impostors  arose  to  claim  the 
throne,  both  of  them  hermits,  and  after 
some  confusion  these  ambitious  hypocrites 
were  removed,  the  one  being  executed  and 
the  other  sent  to  the  galleys. 

Sebastiano,  a  painter,  born  at  Venice, 
1485,  and  called  del  Plombo,  from  an  oflBce 
in  the  lead  mines,  given  him  by  pope  Cle- 
ment VII.  He  studied  under  Bellino  and 
Giorgione,  and  was  the  friend  of  Michael 
Angelo,  at  Rome.  His  Lazarus  raised 
from  the  Dead,  is  his  best  piece,  scarce 
eclipsed  by  the  famous  transfiguration  of 
Raphael.  He  invented  the  preparing  of 
plaster  walls  for  oil  painting,  and  died  1547. 

Seckendorf,  Guy,  Lewis  de,  a  learned 
German,  born  at  Aurach,  in  Franconia, 
1626.  He  was  much  noticed,  and  patron- 
ised by  the  duke  of  Saxe-Gotha,  and  by 
the  duke  of  Saxe-Zeist,  and  afterwards  by 
the  elector  of  Brandenburg,  who  made 
him  counsellor  of  state,  and  chancellor  of 
Halle  university.  He  wrote  several  books, 
the  best  known  of  which  was  Commenta- 
rius  Historicus,  et  Apologeticus  de  Luther- 
anismo,  &c.  2  vols.  fol.  a  valuable  work, 
which  contains  the  best  account  of  Luther. 
He  died  at  Halle,  18th  Dec.  1692. 

Secker,  Thomas,  a  pious  prelate,  born 
at  Sibthorpe  near  Newark,  Notts,  1693. 
As  his  father  was  a  dissenter,  he  was  in- 


SEC 


^i:i> 


fliucted  in  the  principles  of  those  sec- 
taries, first  at  Chesterfield,  and  then  in 
Yorkshire,  and  afterwards  in  (Gloucester- 
shire, and  in  1716  he  began  to  study  medi- 
cine. In  1719,  he  visited  Paris,  where  he 
became  acquainted,  by  means  of  his  friends 
Benson  and  Butler,  with  Mr.  Talbot,  son 
of  the  bishop  of  Durham,  who  liberally 
promised  him  his  father's  patronage,  if  he 
would  enter  into  the  orders  of  the  English 
church.  After  mature  deliberation  he  ac- 
cepted the  proposal,  but  to  obtain  his  de- 
grees with  greater  facility  he  went  to  Ley- 
den,  where  after  a  residence  of  three 
months  he  proceeded  M.D.  On  his  re- 
turn to  England  he  entered  as  gentle- 
man commoner  at  Exeter  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  soon  after  was  admitted  to  the 
degree  of  B.A.  He  was  regularly  ordain- 
ed by  bishop  Talbot,  and  in  1724,  obtain- 
ed the  rectory  of  Houghton-le-Spring, 
Durham,  which  he  afterwards  exchanged 
for  a  prebend,  and  the  living  of  Ryton  near 
Newcastle,  1727.  In  1732,  he  became 
chaplain  to  the  king,  and  the  next  year 
resigned  Ryton  for  St.  James's,  Westmin- 
ster. In  1735,  his  abilities  recommended 
him  to  the  bishopric  of  Bristol,  and  in 
1737,  he  was  translated  to  Oxford,  and  on 
Hutton's  death  1753,  the  duke  of  New- 
castle, unsolicited,  procured  his  elevation 
to  the  sec  of  Canterbury.  As  he  grew  old 
he  was  much  aftlicted  with  the  rheumatic 
and  gouty  complaints,  and  on  the  last  day 
of  July,  1768,  he  had  the  misfortune  to 
break  his  thigh-bone,  while  turning  him- 
self on  his  couch.  A  delirium  followed  the 
fracture,  but  recovery  was  impossible,  arid 
he  expired  on  the  3d  August  following, 
aged  75.  It  was  afterwards  discovered  that 
his  thigh-bone  was  perfectly  carious,  and 
that  the  pains  which  long  afflicted  him 
arose  from  the  decayed  state  of  that  limb. 
Seeker  left  the  best  part  of  his  property  to 
charitable  uses,  and  with  great  munificence 
upheld  the  dignity  of  his  see,  and  of  his 
clergy.  In  his  conduct  as  a  bishop  he  was 
vigilant  and  attentive,  eager  to  rewax'd 
merit,  and  at  all  times  severe  against  vi- 
cious or  dissipated  members  of  the  church. 
The  dissenters  hoped  much  from  his  eleva- 
tion, but  he  behaved  with  coolness  and 
distrust  towards  them,  and  while  he  for- 
got the  tenets  in  which  he  had  been  edu- 
cated, he  showed  that  his  present  opinions 
were  formed  upon  mature  and  well-weigh- 
ed conclusions.  He  was  an  elegant  scho- 
lar, an  animated  preacher,  and  a  sound 
divine.  His  sermons  are  deservedly  po- 
pular, and  in  his  lectures  on  the  catechism 
he  displays  all  the  perspicuity,  eloquence, 
and  argumentation,  which  can  command 
not  only  admiration  but  convlclioii,  in  the 
pure  and  apostolic  doctrines  of  the  church 
of  England.  His  works  have  altogether 
been    published     in    12   vols.    8vo.    1795. 


His  life  was  given  to  the  public  by  Dr.  For- 
teus,  his  chaplain  and  executor. 

Seco.vdat  de  MoNTtsQuiKUj-Iohn  Bap- 
tist, son  of  the  celebrated  Montesquieu, 
was  counsellor  in  the  parliament  of  Bour- 
deaux,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
and  the  pleasures  of  agriculture.  He  died 
at  Bourdeaux,  17th  July,  1796,  aged  79. 
He  wrote  Memoir  on  Electricity,  8vo. 
against  Nollet — Observations  on  the  Mine- 
ral waters  of  the  Pyrenees,  12mo. —  Consi- 
derations on  the  Marine  of  France,  8vo. — 
Natural  History  of  the  Oak,  folio. 

Secousse,  Denys  Francis,  a  learned 
Frenchman,  born  at  Paris,  8th  Jan.  1691. 
He  was  one  of  Kollin's  first  pupils,  and  af- 
terwards left  the  bar  for  the  study  of  litera- 
ture. He  was  admitted  into  the  academv 
of  belles  lettres,  and  became  the  friend  of 
the  learned  and  of  the  great.  He  conti- 
,  nued,  at  the  request  of  the  chancellor 
d'Aguesseau,  the  collection  of  royal  ordon- 
nances,  begun  by  Lauriere,  and  also  dis- 
charged the  office  of  censor  royal.  He 
gradually  became  blind  in  the  last  period 
of  life,  and  died  at  Paris,  15th  March,  1754. 
He  was  author  of  a  collection  of  Royal 
Ordonnances,  from  the  second  to  the  9lh 
vol.  lately  continued  by  Villevaut — Me- 
moirs for  the  History  of  Charles  the  Bad, 
2  vols.  4to. — Memoirs  of  Conde,  edited 
with  Lenglet,  6  vols.  4to. — Dissertations 
in  the  Memoirs  of  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions. 

Secundus,  John,  a  modern  Latin  poet, 
born  at  the  Hague,  1511.  He  was  well 
skilled  in  painting  and  engraving,  and  stu- 
died law  under  Alciatus,  and  became  secre- 
tary to  the  archbishop  of  Toledo.  His 
poems  are  excellent,  and  display  great  wit, 
elegance,  invention,  and  delicacy.  They 
consist  of  elegies,  epistles,  epigrams,  odes, 
and  miscellanies,  but  the  most  famous  is 
his  Basia,  or  Kisses,  a  beautiful  poem, 
translated  into  several  modern  languages. 
He  died  at  Utrecht,  1536. 

Securis,  John,  a  native  of  Wiltshire, 
educated  at  New  college,  Oxford.  He  af- 
terwards studied  at  Paris,  and  then  settled 
at  Salisbury,  where  he  practised  physic 
with  great  success,  and  died  about  1570. 
He  wrote  "  Prognoticons,"  a  sort  of  alma- 
nacs, besides  a  Compendium  how  to  keep 
a  Moderate  Diet — Detection  and  Querimo- 
ny  of  the  Daily  Enormities  and  Abuses 
committed  in  the  Three  Branches  of  Phy- 
sic. 

Sedaine,  Michael  John,  a  French  dra- 
matic writer,  son  of  an  indigent  architect, 
was  born  at  Paris,  11th  June,  1719.  He 
left  the  obscure  employment  of  stone  mason 
for  literature,  and  by  frequenting  the  thea- 
tre he  inibibcd  such  prxriiality  for  dramatic 
pieces,  that  he  directed  all  the  powers  of  an 
ardent  imagination  to  the  composition  of 
a  plav.     He  was  successful,  and  in  17&4 

611 


SED 


S£D 


Monet,  director  of  the  comic  opera,  soon 
discovered  that  by  employing  the  talents  of 
the  new  dramatist,  he  could  command  nu- 
merous and  applauding  audiences.  Se- 
daine  was  in  his  private  character  a  mild 
and  amiable  man,  and  his  abilities  procured 
him  a  seat  in  the  academy  of  inscriptions, 
and  he  also  became  secretary  to  the  acade- 
my of  architecture.  He  died  in  the  spring 
of  1797.  His  comic  operas  are  numerous 
and  valuable,  and  some  of  them,  such  as 
Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,  and  Blue  Beard, 
have  made  their  appearance  on  the  English 
stage. 

Sedgwick,  Obadiah,  a  native  of  Marlbo- 
rough, educated  at  Queen's  college,  Ox- 
ford. He  Avent  as  chaplain  to  sir  Horatio 
Vere,  in  his  expedition  into  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, and  during  the  civil  wars  he  warmly 
espoused  the  republican  principles,  and  fre- 
quently preached  before  the  parliament. 
He  published  some  sermons  and  religious 
tracts,  and  died  in  his  native  town,  1657, 
aged  57.  There  was  another  of  that  name, 
William,  of  a  fanatical  turn  of  mind,  who 
was  surnamed  Doomsday  Sedgwick,  be- 
cause he  foretold  the  day  of  judgment. 

Sedgwick,  Theodore,  born  at  Hartford, 
Conn.  West  Division,  May,  1746,  died  24th 
January,  1813,  at  Boston,  whence  his  re- 
mains were  removed  to  Stockbridge,  Berk- 
shire CO.  Massachusetts,  the  place  of  his 
residence.     Major  Robert  Sedgeioicke,  the 
ancestor  from  whom  the  American  branch 
of  this  family  is  derived,  is  mentioned  in 
the  early  annals  of  Massachusetts  as  "ha- 
ving been  raised  up  to  all  feats  of  war  in 
London  Artillery  Garden."     He  was  cho- 
sen "the  first  sergeant-major  in  the  regi- 
ment of  Essex,"  and  it  is  stated  that  although 
Charleston,  where  he  resided,  "  doth  not 
advantage    such   overtopping   batteries   as 
Boston  doth,  yet  by  the  help  of  a  good 
head-piece  he  hath  erected  his  to  a  very 
good  purpose,  insomuch  that  all  shipping 
that  comes  into  Boston  or  Charleston  must 
needs  face  it  all  the  time  of  their  coming 
in  ;"  and  that  "  the  costs  he  hath  been  at 
in  helping  on  the  discipline  of  his  regiment 
hath  profited  much."     He  was  afterwards 
sent  by  Cromwell  to  administer  the  govern- 
ment of  Jamaica  as  commissioner.      An 
interesting  account  of  the   sufferings  and 
death  of  himself  and  his  associates  is  to  be 
found  in  Edwards's  History  of  the  West 
Indies.     His  son,  who  had  been  educated 
in  Boston,  returned  there,  went  again   to 
Jamaica,  and  died  on  his  pass9ge  home, 
and  was  buried   in    Boston.     The   family 
estate  having  been  impaired  at  Jamaica, 
his  widow  removed  to  the  interior,  in  the 
northern  part   of  Massachusetts,  on   the 
Connecticut  river,  and  the  family  was  sub- 
sequently compelled   by  the   hostilities   of 
the  Indians  to  migrate  to  Connecticut,  and 
fettled  in  Hartford,  West  Division.     Here 
612 


the  subject  of  the  present  article  was  born. 
His  father,  Benjamin  Sedgwick,  relinquish- 
ing mercantile  busfness,  removed  to  Corn- 
wall, in  the  western  part  of  Connecticut, 
where   he   died,  at  the  age  of  about  45, 
leaving  little  property,  and  a  widow  and 
six  children,  of  whom  Theodore,  then  about 
ten   years  of  age,  was  the  youngest  son. 
Through  the  generosity  of  his  eldest  bro- 
ther, John,  he  was  with  great  difficulty  edu- 
cated at  Yale  college.     He   did  not  com- 
plete his  college  term,  but  commenced  the 
study  of  divinity,  which  he  left  for  the  law. 
He  studied  law  with  Mark  Hopkins,  Esq. 
of  Great  Barrington,  and  was  admitted  an 
attorney  of  the  court  of  com.mon  pleas  in 
Berkshire,  in   April  term,  1776,  before  he 
was  twenty  years  of  age.     He  first  prac- 
tised  law   in   Great    Barrington,  then   in 
Sheffield,  and  in  1785  removed  to  Stock- 
bridge,  all  in  the  same  county.     He  em- 
barked  in  the  revolutionary  struggle  with 
all  his  constitutional  ardour.     In  1776  he 
was  in  the  expedition  to  Canada  as  an  aid 
to  General  Thomas.  Subsequently  he  made 
great  exertions  in  procuring  supplies  for 
the  army,  and  at  the  same  time  hazarded 
his  popularity  by  the  protection  which  he 
affiDrded   to  the  tories.      He   represented 
Sheffield    in    the    Massachusetts   general 
court   several  times  before  and  after  the 
revolution.     In  1785  and   1786  he  was  a 
member  of  congress  under  the  old  confede- 
ration.    In  the  winter  of  1787  he  was  one 
of  the  first  to  perceive  the  dangerous  na- 
ture of  the  insurrectionary  spirit  then  per- 
vading the  state  of  Massachusetts.     Active 
and  zealous  in  animating,  rallying,  and  or- 
ganizing the  comparatively  small  number 
of  the  well-affected,  in  defiance  of  danger 
and  in  despite  of  the  remonstrances  of  his 
friends,  he  exposed  himself,  attended  only 
by  a  single  individual,  in  every  part  of  the 
county,  to  outrage  and  insult,  and  as  many 
apprehended,  to  the  loss  of  his  life.     His 
house  was  plundered  in  his  absence  by  a 
party  of  the  insurgents.     In  one  instance, 
advancing  on  horseback  in  front  of  a  com- 
pany of  government  troops,  he  raised  his 
sword  over  the  head  of  the  leader  of  the 
rebels,  and  commanded  him  to  direct  his 
men  to  lay  down  their  arms.     He  obeyed : 
the  men  did  lay  down  their  arms,  and  were 
instantly  dispersed.     His  exertions  in  the 
suppression  of  what  was  called  the  "  Shays 
rebellion,"  were  fully  appreciated   at    the 
time,  and  are  honourably  mentioned  in  Mi- 
not's  history  of  that  commotion.     In  1788 
he  was  a  member  from  Stockbridge  of  the 
convention  called  in  Massachusetts  to  de- 
cide on  the  adoption  of  the  federal  constitu- 
tion, and  was  one  of  the  chief  advocates  in 
its   favour.     In   the  same  year  he  was  a 
member  of  the  state  legislature,  and  chosen 
speaker  of  the   house  of  representatives. 
In  the  same  year  he  was  chosen  a  repre- 


SED 


^EG 


seniative    to    the    congress    cumincncing 
March,  1789,  ai»d  in   this  capacity  he  re- 
mained in  that  body  upon  successive  elec- 
tions until  March,  1796.     In  1796  he  was 
chosen  by  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts 
a  senator  of  the  United  States,  and  remain- 
ed such  until  March,  1799,  and  during  that 
time  he  was  president  pro.  tern,  for  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  one  session.     In  1799 
he  was    again  elected  a   member   of    the 
house  of  representatives,  and  chosen  speak- 
er.    In  1802  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
supreme  judicial  court  of  Massachusetts, 
and  continued  in  that  office  until  his  death 
in  1813.     While  at   the  bar  he  was  very 
zealous  in  the  cause  of  the  emancipation  of 
the   negroes,  and  was  one   of  the  counsel 
who,  shortly  after  the  adoption  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts constitution,  procured  a  decision 
giving  a  construction   to  that   instrument 
which  abolished  slavery  in  that  state.     He 
received  degrees  as  doctor  of  laws  from 
Nassau  and   Harvard.     His  life  was  in  an 
uncommon  degree  varied  and  active  ;  his 
integrity  was  never  questioned  ;  an  ardent 
enthusiasm  was  the  basis  of  his  character ; 
his   industry  was   unwearied ;    his  attach- 
ments and  aversions  were  strong  and  en- 
during ;  he  was  a  zealous  and   consistent 
politician  ;  his   temper  was  unusually  so- 
cial, and  his  manners  dignified  and,  benevo- 
lent.    He  was  beloved  by  his  family  and 
friends,  and  as  a  statesman  and  jurist  high- 
ly valued  by  his  country.       He  firmly  be- 
lieved the  truth  of  the  Christian  religion, 
and  died  in  the  communion  of  the  church 
of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Channing,  in  Boston. 

itZr-  L. 

Sedlet,  sir  Charles,  an  English  poet, 
born  at  Aylesford,  in  Kent,  1639.  He  was 
of  Wadham  college,  Oxford,  but  left  it 
without  a  degree,  and  became  afterwards 
one  of  the  wits  of  the  debauched  court  of 
Charles  II.  Thus  devoted  to  dissipation 
of  every  kind,  he  grew  poor  ;  but  though 
unprincipled,  he  was  highly  offended  with 
the  intrigue  which  James  II.  had  with  his 
daughter,  who  was  in  consequence  enno- 
bled with  the  title  of  countess  of  Dorches- 
ter. This  elevation  gave  him  the  greater 
concern,  and  he  espoused  the  more  warmly 
the  revolution,  observing  that  he  did  it 
from  a  principle  of  gratitude,  "  for  since 
his  majesty,"  said  he,  "  has  made  my 
daughter  a  countess,  I  wish  to  do  all  I  can 
to  make  his  daughter  a  queen."  Sedley's 
works  were  published,  2  vols.  8vo.  17i9, 
and  consist  of  plays,  translations,  songs, 
epilogues,  &c.  but  though  without  much 
fire  or  genius,  they  possess  the  dangerous 
art  of  insinuating  loose  and  licentious  prin- 
ciples.    He  died  1703. 

Sedulius,  Coecilius,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
the  fifth  century,  author  of  a  poem  on  the 
Life  of  Christ,  called  Paschale  Carmen, 
published  by  Aldus,  1502,  8vo. 


Sekd,  Jeremiah,  an  able  divine,  born  at 
Clifton,  near  Penrith,  in  Cumberland.  Ue 
■was  educated  at  Lowllier,  and  then  enter- 
ed at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  of  which  be 
became  fellow,  1732.  He  mus  for  a  long 
time  curate  at  Twickenham,  and  in  1  741 
obtained  from  his  college  the  rectory  of 
Enham,  Hants,  where  he  died  1747.  This 
excellent  divine,  deservedly  esteemed  for 
his  private  exemplary  character,  published 
discourses,  on  several  important  subjects, 
2  vols.  8vo.  and  after  his  death  his  "  Post- 
humous Works,"  consisting  of  sermons, 
letters,  &c.  appeared  under  the  care  of  Mr. 
Hall,  of  his  college,  2  vols.  8vo. 

See-ma-Koang,  a  Chinese  philosopher 
in  the  11th  century.  Though  a  Mandarin 
of  distinction,  and  the  favourite  of  the  em- 
peror, he  relinquished  all  his  employments 
about  the  court,  and  retired  to  solitude, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  study  and  me- 
ditation. He  was  fifteen  years  in  compo- 
sing a  history  of  China,  Avhich  began  at  the 
year  403  before  Christ.  He  wrote  also 
some  moral  pieces,  &.c.  and  was  universally 
esteemed  as  a  learned  and  amiable  man. 

Segar,  sir  William,  garter  king  at  arms, 
and  author  of  Honour  Civil  and  Military, 
fol.  1602,  died  1633.  His  MSS.  on  he- 
raldry were  valuable,  and  from  them  Ed- 
monson has  chiefly  extracted  his  baronage 
of  England.  He  was  once  imposed  upon, 
and  granted  to  George  Brandon,  the  com- 
mon hangman,  the  royal  arms  of  Arragon, 
with  a  canton  of  Brabant,  for  which  he  was 
imprisoned,  but  again  set  at  liberty  %vhen 
the  particulars  were  made  known. 

Seghers,  Gerard,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  Antwerp.  He  studied  under  Janssens, 
and  ably  imitated  Rubens  and  Vandyck. 
He  was  happy  in  pieces  of  devotion,  but  he 
also  excelled  in  representations  of  musi- 
cians and  low  scenes.  He  died  at  Ant- 
werp, 1641,  aged  49.  His  brother  Daniel, 
who  was  a  Jesuit,  painted  flowers  and  in- 
sects with  admirable  art.  He  was  the  dis- 
ciple of  Velvet  Breughel.  His  pieces  sold 
for  a  high  price.  He  died  at  Antwerp, 
1660,  aged  70. 

Segneri,  Paul,  a  native  of  Nettuno, 
who  entered  among  the  Jesuits,  and  be- 
came, by  the  austerity  of  his  manners,  and 
the  eloquence  of  his  tongue,  a  popular 
preacher,  and  an  active  missionary  of  the 
society.  He  was  invited  to  Rome  by  pope 
Innocent  XII.  to  whom  he  became  chap- 
lain ;  but  he  soon  after  fell  into  a  languid 
state,  which  carried  him  off",  9th  Dec.  1694, 
aged  70.  He  wrote  sermons,  7  vols. — the 
Unbeliever  without  excuse — the  Pastor  in- 
structed— the  Illusions  of  the  Quietists — 
the  Servant  of  Mary,  &c.  all  collected  into 
3  vols.  fol. 

Segrais,  John  Renaud  de,  a  French 
poet,  born  1624,  at  Caen,  of  a  noble  family. 
He  was  educated  among  the  Jesuits,  but 

613 


SEL 


SEL 


declined  to  enter  into  orders,  and  after- 
wards  distinguished  himself  so  much  by 
his  pen,  that  he  was  introduced,  by.  count 
de  Frisque,  to  Mad.  de  Montpensier,  who 
took  him  into  her  family.     His  opposition 
to  her  marrying  count  de  Lauzun,  drove 
him  from  her  protection,  but  he  found  a 
new  patroness  in   Mad.  de  la  Fayette,  in 
whose  house  and  society  he  was  for  seven 
years  treated  with  kindness  and  honoura- 
ble  distinction.     He  afterwards  returned 
to  his  native  country  and  married  a  rich 
heiress,  1679,  and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life 
in  the  retirement  of  learned  ease  and  inde- 
pendence.    He  died  at  Caen,  of  a  drop- 
sy, 1701.     His  conversation  was  very  fas- 
cinating and  witty,  and  many  of  his  anec- 
dotes are   recorded   in  the  *'  Segrasiana," 
published  after  his  death.     He  «asa  mem- 
ber of  the  French  academy,  and  wrote  se- 
veral things,  the  best  known  of  which  are 
his  poems,  consisting  of  pastorals,  besides 
translations  of  Virgil's  Geoi^ics  and  iEneid. 
His  prose  writings  were  chiefly  romances 
possessing  little  merit 

Segui,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Rodez,  who 
early  devoted  himself  to  belles  lettres  and 
poetry,  and  obtained  in  1732  the  poetical 
prize  of  the  French  academy.  He  was  ho- 
noured, in  consequence  of  his  success,  with 
a  place  at  the  French  academy,  the  abbey 
of  Genlis,  and  a  canonry  in  Meaux  cathe- 
dral. He  died  at  Meaux,  March,  1761, 
aged  72.  He  published  Panegyrics,  2  vols. 
12mo. — sermons,  2  vols. — Academical  dis- 
courses. His  panegyric  of  St.  Lewis  was  re- 
ceived with  such  applause,  that  some  attri- 
buted it  to  the  superior  powers  of  la  Mothe. 
Seguier,  John  Francis,  a  native  of  Nis- 
mes,  who  abandoned  jurisprudence  to  fol- 
low his  more  favourite  studies  of  botany. 
He  improved  his  knowledge  by  travelling 
with  the  marquis  Scipio  Maffei  into  France, 
England,  Holland,  Germany,  and  Italy, 
and  was  honoured  on  his  return  with  the 
place  of  president  of  the  academy  of  Nis- 
mes.  This  indefatigable  writer,  who  also 
paid  great  attention  to  medallic  history, 
died  at  Nismes,  1st  Sept.  1784,  aged  81. 
He  wrote  Bibliotheca  Botanica,  4to. — 
Plantae  Veronenses,  8vo. — a  Translation  of 
Maffei's  Memoirs,  2  vols.  12mo. 

Sejanus,  ^lius,  a  well-known  favourite 
of  Tiberius.  He  first  introduced  himself 
to  the  notice  of  Caius  Caesar,  the  grandson 
of  Augustus,  and  afterwards  engrossed  the 
favours  of  Tiberius,  when  on  the  throne. 
Not  satisfied  with  the  honours  which  he 
enjoyed,  he  aspired  to  the  imperial  purple, 
and  after  murdering  Drusus,  the  emperor's 
son,  he  claimed  the  hand  of  his  widow,  but 
was  indignantly  rejected.  Tiberius  at  last 
opened  his  eyes,  and  the  favourite,  desert- 
ed by  all  his  flatterers,  was  strangled,  A.D. 
31,  and  his  body  thrown  into  the  Tiber. 
Selden,  John,  a  learned  Englishman, 
614 


born  at  Salvinton,  Sussex,  1584.     H*  was 
educated  at  Chichester  school,  and  Hart- 
hall,    Oxford,  after   which  he  entered  at 
Clifford's  Inn,  and  two  years  after  removed 
to  the    Inner  Temple.     He  early   distin- 
guished  himself   as   an   antiquarian,   and 
in    1610  published   Jani    Anglorum  Facis 
Altera,  et  Duello,  or  the  Origin  of  Single 
Combat.     Besides  other  pieces  he  publish- 
ed Titles  of  Honour,  1614,  a  work  of  great 
merit,  and   in    1618  appeared  his  History 
of  Tithes,  which,  as  it  censured  the  igno- 
rance and  laziness  of  the  clergy,  gave  great 
offence  to  that  body.  The  work  was  attacked 
by  several  writers,  especially  Montague,  af- 
terwards bishop  of  Norwich,  and  the  author 
at  last  was  obliged  to  make  submission  be- 
fore the  lords  of  the  privy  council  for  this 
offensive  publication.     His  opinions  in  fa- 
vour of  the  privileges  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons^ and  his  opposition  to  the  measures 
of  the  court,  drew  upon  him    in  1621,  the 
displeasure  of  king  James,  who  committed 
him  to  the  custody  of  the  sherifl'  of  London, 
from  which  he  was  liberated  by  the  inter- 
ference of  his  friend  bishop  Andrews.     In 
1 623,  he  was  chosen  member  of  parliament 
for  Lancaster,  and  two  years  after  for  Great 
Bedwin,  and  in  the  house  he  distinguished 
himself  by  his  attack  on  the  character  of 
Buckingham,  and  became  one  of  the  mana- 
gers of  his  impeachment.     His  opposition 
to  the  measures  of  the  court  continued,  and 
for  the  freedom  of  his  sentiments  he  was, 
in  1629,  arrested  with  several  other  mem- 
bers,  and  upon  refusing  to  make  submis- 
sion to  the  court  he  was  sent  to  the  king's 
bench  prison.     He  was  again  sent  into  con- 
finement the  following  year  ,  but  his  suffer- 
ings in  the  cause  of  public  liberty  were  re- 
warded  by  the   parliament  of  1646,   who 
voted  him  5000/.  for  his  losses.     Though 
apparently  much  engaged  in  politics,  Selden 
was  laboriously  employed  in  literary  pur- 
suits.    In  1634,  he  defended,  in  his  Mare 
Clausum,  the  privileges  of  the  English,  and 
their  rights  in  the  herring  fishery,  against 
Grotius's  work,  called  Mare  Liberum.    He 
was  in  1640,    elected  member  for  Oxford 
university,  and  in  1642,  it  was  intended  by 
the  king's  ministei's  to  remove  lord  Lyttel- 
ton  from  the  seals,  and  to  give  them  to  him, 
as  though  he  opposed  the  measures  of  the 
court,  be  was  a  sincere  friend  to  the  just 
prerogatives    of  the  crown,  but  the  offer 
was    not  made,  as   his   delicate  constitu- 
tion, and  his  great  love  of  ease  prevented 
his    exertions,    and    would   have   induced 
him    to    decline     the    honourable     oflioe. 
In  1643,   he  became  one  of  the  lay  mem- 
bers  of    the    Westminister    assembly    of 
divines,  and  he  about  this  time  took  the 
covenant,  and  was  made  by  the  parliament 
keeper  of  the  records  of  the  Tower.     But, 
however,  though  he  continued  member  of 
the  house,  and  was  in  1644,  one  of  the  12 


SEL 


SEL 


commissioners  of  the  admiralty,  he  did  not 
concur  in  the  violent  measures  of  the  par- 
liament, and  when  the   Icon  Basilice  ap- 
peared, Cromwell  in  vain  solicited  him  to 
employ  his  talents  to  write  against  it.     He 
died  30th  Nov.  1654,  at  White  friars,  at  the 
house  of  the  countess  of  Kent,  with  whom 
he  lived  in  habits  of  friendship,   and  some 
report,    of  criminal    intimacy.       He  was 
buried  in  the  Temple   church,   and  Usher 
preached  a  sermon   in  honour  of  his  me- 
mory.    His  valuable  library  was  given  by 
his  executors  to  the  university  of  Oxford. 
As  a  scholar  Selden  ranks  very  high.     He 
was  not  only  skilled  in    the  Hebrew  and 
Oriental  lani^uages,  but  he  was  acquainted 
with  all  laws,  divine  and  human,  and  in  the 
stores  of  a  most  retentive   memory  he  had 
treasured  up  whatever  is  valuable,  interest- 
ing, and  important,  in  ancient  and  modern 
literature.     He  was,  as  Grotius  states  him, 
the  glorv   of  the   English  nation,    and  as 
Whitelock    says,    his  mind  was  as   great 
as    his   learning,   and   he  was  as  hospita- 
ble and  as  generous  as   any   man.      He 
was  a  person,    as  Clarendon   has  observ- 
ed,  whom    no   character  can   flatter,     or 
transmit  in   any   expressions  equal   to  his 
merit    and    virtue.         His    learning    was 
stupendous,  and  if  he  had  some  infirmities 
they  were  weighed   down  with  wonderful 
and  prodigious  abilities,    and  excellences, 
in  the  other  scale.  The  works  of  this  great 
character  were  collected  by  Dr.  Wilkins,  3 
vols.  fol.  generally  bound  in  six,  1726,  of 
which  the  two  first  contain  his  Latin  pieces, 
and  the  third  his  English,  with  a  long  life 
prefixed. 

Seleucus  Nicanor,  a  king  of  Syria  at 
the  division  of  the  provinces  after  Alexan- 
der's death.  He  was  at  last  assassinated 
after  a  stormy  reign,  by  Ptolemy  Ceraunus, 
B.C.  280. 

Selim  I.  second  son  of  Bajazet  II.  de- 
feated his  father  in  1512,  and  after  poison- 
ing him,  and  cutting  off  his  elder  brother 
Achmet,  and  the  younger  Korcud,  he  as- 
cended the  throne  of  Turkey.  Firm  in  his 
power  he  marched  against  Egypt,  and  in  a 
bloody  battle  near  Aleppo,  he  killed  Camp- 
son  Gaury  the  Egyptian  monarch,  and  in 
another  battle  near  Cairo  defeated  the 
new  king,  and  totally  crushed  the  power  of 
the  Mamelukes,  which  for  260  years  had 
govex'ned  the  country.  He  was  equally 
successful  against  the  Persians  ;  but  whilst 
he  prepared  to  make  war  against  the  Chris- 
tians, he  was  attacked  by  a  violent  dis- 
ease, which  soon  proved  fatal.  He  died  at 
Cluri  in  Thrace,  21st  Sept.  1520,  on  the 
very  spot  where  he  had  caused  his  father 
to  be  poisoned. 

Selim  II.  grandson  of  the  preceding,  as- 
cended the  throne  after  the  death  of  his  fa- 
ther Solyman  II.  1566.  He  violated  in 
1 570,  the  treaty  which  existed  between  him 


and  the  Venetians,  and  by  a  sudden  attack 
he  made  himself  master  of  Cyprus,  but  the 
next  year  he  lost  at  the  battle  of  Lepanto 
above  35,000  men  beside  his  fleet,  and 
therefore  readily  listened  to  terms  of  peace. 
Devoting  his  time  to  the  sensual  pleasures 
of  his  seraglio,  he  died  little  respected, 
1574,  aged  52. 

Selis,  Nicholas  Joseph,  a  French  poet, 
born  at   Paris  27th  April,  1737.     by  the 
friendship  of  Delille  he  left  Amiens,  where 
his  poetical  talents  were  already  admired, 
and  settled  at  Paris,  respected  by  the  learn- 
ed, and  admitted  professor  of  belles  lettres 
at  the  central  school  of  the  Pantheon,  and 
member  of  the  national  institute.     He  is 
author  of  a  translation   of  Persius,  with 
notes,  8vo. — Epistles  in  verse — Relation  of 
Voltaire's  Disorder,  Confession,  and  Death 
— Letter  to  de  la  Harpe  on  the  College  of 
France — Discourse   on  Central  Schools — 
Dissertations,   Literary    and  Grammatical, 
&c.     He  died  19th  Feb.  1S02. 

Selkirk,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Largo 
in  Scotland,  who,   by  his  application,  and 
his  knowledge  of  navigation,  obtained  the 
command  of  a  s^hip,  and  made  several  voy- 
ages to  the   South  Seas.     In  one  of  these, 
1705,  while  in  the  ship  of  captain  Pradling, 
he  had  a  quarrel  with  him,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  it  was  cruelly  sent  on  shore,  on 
the  desert  island  of  Juan  de  Fernandez, 
with  only  a  fowling  piece,  gunpowder  and 
shot,  and  very  few  necessaries.     In  this  de- 
solate situation   he  continued  three  years, 
comfortably  subsisting  on  the  goats,  with 
which   the  island  abounded,    and  the  va- 
rious sorts  of  fish  which  he  caught  ai'ound 
the  shore,  till  the  accidental  arrival  of  cap- 
tain Wood  Rogers,   in  1709,  removed  him 
from  his  solitary  abode.      This  singular  ad- 
venture forms  the  basis   of  Robinson  Cru- 
soe, a  romance  embellished  by  the  pen  of 
the  celebrated  De  Foe. 

Seller,  Abednego,  a  native  of  Ply- 
mouth, educated  at  Lincoln  college,  Oxford, 
which  he  quitted  without  a  degree.  He  be- 
came minister  of  Combeintine  head, Devon- 
shire, and  obtained  another  living  in  Lon- 
don, both  of  which  he  lost  at  the  revolution 
for  refusing  to  take  the  oaths  to  William. 
He  wrote  remarks  relating  to  the  state  of 
the  church,  in  the  three  first  centuries,  8vo. 
— the  Devout  Communicant,  often  reprint- 
ed under  the  title  of  the  Week's  Prepara- 
tion for  the  Sacrament,  12mo. — Tracts 
against  Popery.  He  died  about  1720,  aged 
73. 

Sellius,  Godfrey,  a  native  of  Dantzic, 
member  of  the  imperial  academy,  and  of 
the  Royal  Society  in  London.  He  lived 
much  of  his  time  in  France,  and  died  at 
Charenton,  where  he  had  been  confined  a 
little  time  in  consequence  of  insanity,  25th 
June,  1767.  He  wrote  Geographical  Des- 
cription of  Dutch  Brabant,  12mo. — Vovage 

615 


SEN 


SER 


to  Hudson's  Bay,  8vo. — Dictionary  of 
Monogrammes — a  Natural  History  of 
Ireland — History  of  the  Ancient  Revolu- 
tions of  the  Globe — History  of  the  United 
Provinces,  8  vols.  4to. 

Semiramis,  wife  of  Ninus,  and  queen  of 
Assyria,  is  celebrated  in  mythological  his- 
tory, as  a  warrior,  and  as  the  builder  of 
Babylon.  She  is  said  to  have  resigned  the 
throne  to  her  son  Ninyas,  about  2108,  B.C. 

Senac,  John,  a  native  of  Lombez,  who 
became  physician  to  the  French  king, 
counsellor  of  state,  and  superintendent  of 
the  mineral  waters  of  the  kingdom.  He 
died  at  Paris,  20th  Dec.  1770.  He  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  Heister's  Anatomy, 
with  Physical  Essays  on  the  Use  of  the 
Parts  of  the  Human  Body,  8vo.  and  3  vols. 
12mo.  ;  treatise  on  the  Causes  and  the 
Cure  of  the  Plague,  4to.  ;  on  the  Structure 
of  the  Heart,  2  vols.  4to. ;  de  Recondite 
Febrium  Natur^  et  Curatione,  8vo.  ;  Re- 
flections on  Drowned  Persons  ;  Memoir  on 
the  Diaphragm,  &c. 

Senaudt,  John  Francis,  a  native  of 
Antwerp,  who  became  member  of  the  ora- 
tory, and  afterwards  its  superior.  He  died 
at  Paris,  universally  respected,  3d  Aug. 
1672,  aged  71.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the 
Use  of  the  Passions,  4to.  and  12mo.  a  po- 
pular work,  translated  into  English,  Ger- 
man, Italian,  &c.  ;  a  paraphrase  of  Job, 
8vo.  ;  the  Christian  Man,  4to.  ;  and  the 
Criminal  Man,  4to.  ;  the  Duties  of  the  So- 
vereign, 12mo.  ;  Lives  of  Saints  and  Illus- 
trious Persons  ;  sermons. 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annaeus,  a  native  of 
Corduba,  celebrated  as  an  orator  and  as  a 
pleader  in  the  Roman  Forum. 

Seneca,  Luc  Annajus,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  also  born  at  Corduba.  He  was 
appointed  tutor  to  Nero  by  Agrippina,  but 
all  the  sound  precepts  which  he  had  incul- 
cated Avere  forgotten  when  his  pupil  ascend- 
ed the  throne,  and  instead  of  being  re- 
warded, the  virtuous  preceptor  was  marked 
for  destruction.  On  the  discovery  of  Piso's 
conspiracy,  he  was  commanded  to  destroy 
himself,  and  after  taking  poison,  and  then 
opening  his  veins  to  no  effect,  he  was  suffo- 
cated in  a  warm  stove,  A.  D.  65.  As  a 
philosopher  and  moralist,  Seneca  ranks 
very  high.  The  tragedies  ascribed  to  him 
are  possessed  uf  little  merit. 

Senecai,  or  StNECE,  Anthony  Baude- 
ron  de,  a  French  poet,  born  at  Macon, 
13th  Oct.  1643.  He  left  the  profession  of 
the  law  for  belles  lettres  ;  but  an  unfortu- 
nate duel  drove  him  to  Savoy.  Here  a 
quarrel  with  the  brothers  of  a  lady  who  had 
shown  strong  partiality  for  him,  rendered 
his  residence  disagreeable,  and  he  retired 
to  Madrid,  from  whence  he  was  permitted 
TO  return  to  France.  He  became  first  valet 
to  Maria  Theresa,  the  wife  of  Lewis  XIV. 
and  after  her  death,  entered  into  the  ser- 
616 


vice  of  the  dutchess  of  Angouleme.     H<; 
died  at  Macon,  1st   Feb.  1737.     He  wrote 
epigrams  ;   satires  ;  poetical  novels  ;    aad 
fugitive  poems,  in  a  pleasing  style. 

Sennacherib,  a  Syrian  king,  whose  ar- 
my, when  besieging  Jerusalem  in  the  reiga 
of  Hezekiah,  was  struck  by  a  pestilence, 
and  nearly  destroyed.  He  escaped  with 
difiiculty  from  the  ravages  of  the  disease, 
and  was  at  last  slain  in  the  temple  of  his 
gods  by  his  two  sons,  B.  C.  710. 

Sennertus,  Daniel,  a  German  physi- 
cian, born  at  Breslaw,  son  of  a  shoe- 
maker. He  studied  at  Wittemberg,  and 
afterwards  at  Leipsic,  Jena,  Frankfort,  and 
Berlin,  and  on  his  return  was  elected  pro- 
fessor of  physic  at  Wittemberg.  He  intro- 
duced the  study  of  chymistry  among  his 
pupils,  and  acquired  great  celebrity  both  as 
a  professor  and  as  a  practitioner,  but  his 
censure  of  the  ancients,  and  his  opinions 
about  the  soul,  drew  upon  him  the  virulence 
of  contemporary  writers,  and  the  charge  of 
impiety.  He  was  three  times  married,  and 
had  by  his  first  wife  seven  children,  and 
none  by  the  rest  He  died  of  the  plague  at 
Wittemberg,  21st  July,  1637.  He  wrote 
various  thi.igs,  printed  together  at  Venice, 
3  vols.  fol.  1640,  and  Lyons,  1676,  6  vols, 
folio. 

Sennertus,  Andrew,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  1535,  at  Wittemberg,  and 
became  there  professor  of  oriental  litera- 
ture. He  lived  to  a  good  old  age,  highly 
respected,  and  died  1619,  aged  84.  He 
wrote  treatises  on  the  Hebrew  language, 
and  other  books. 

Sepulveda,  John  Genes  de,  a  Spanish 
writer,  born  at  Cordova,  1491.  He  was 
historiographer  to  Charles  V.  and  is  known 
for  his  profligate  vindication  of  the  cruelties 
of  the  Spaniards  against  the  Indians, 
against  the  humane  representations  of  de 
la  Casas.  He  wrote  some  other  works, 
not  much  esteemed,  and  died  at  Salaman- 
ca, 1572. 

Serapion,  John,  an  Arabian  physician 
whose  works  appeared  at  Venice,  1497,  fol. 
He  flourished  890.  There  was  a  medical 
writer  of  that  name,  born  in  Alexandria,  in 
the  fifth  century. 

Serrarius,  Nicholas,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
born  at  Rambervillers,  in  Lorraine.  He 
taught  philosophy  at  Wurtzburg  and  May- 
ence,  and  died  at  the  last  place,  May  20th, 
i6J0,  aged  65.  He  wrote  Commentaries 
on  the  Bible,  fol. — Prolegomena,  fol. — 
Opuscula  Theologica,  &c.  all  of  which 
have  been  collected  into  16  vols.  fol.  and 
display  great  labour  and  extensive  erudi- 
tion. 

Serenus  Sanmonicus,  the  preceptor  of 
young  Gordian,  was  a  physician  of  the 
third  century.  He  wrote  a  poem  on  Medi- 
cine, and  was  put  to  death  by  Caracalla. — 
Another  of   that   name  was  a  mathemati- 


SKH 


?»tAi 


biau,    auliior  oi"  a  treatise  on  Conic   Sec- 
tions. 

Sekgardi,  Lewis,  a  native  of  Sienna, 
author  of  some  elegant  Latin  poems  and  sa- 
tires. He  was  an  ecclesiastic,  and  died 
1726,  aged  86.  His  satirical  reflections  on 
Gravina  are  deservedly  censured. 

Serceant,  John,  American  Missionary 
to  the  Indians,  was  born  at  Newark,  New- 
.lersey,  in  1710,  and  educated  at  Vale  col- 
lege, where  he  obtained  a  degree  in  1729. 
He  was  afterwards  a  tutor  in  that  institu- 
tion a  number  of  years.  In  1734  he  began 
to  preach  to  the  Indians  at  Stockbridge, 
Massachusetts,  and  continued  there  till  his 
death,  labouring  with  great  diligence  and 
success.  He  baptized  129  Indians,  and 
left  a  church  of  42  at  his  decease.  He 
translated  the  whole  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment except  the  Revelation,  and  several 
parts  of  the  Old  into  the  Indian  language. 
He  died  in  1749.  ICCP"  L. 

Sergeant,  Jonathan  Dickinson,  an  emi- 
nent counsellor  at  law,  was  born  at  New- 
ark, New-Jersey,  in  1746.  He  entered 
the  college  at  Princeton,  and  was  gradua- 
ted in  that  institution  in  the  year  1762,  in 
the  16th  year  of  his  age.  He  studied  la%v, 
and  commenced  the  practice  of  that  pro- 
fession in  his  native  state  ;  but  the  revolu- 
tionary struggle  coming  on,  his  patriotic 
zeal  and  eminent  talents  soon  recommend- 
ed him  to  the  confidence  of  the  people  for 
public  employment.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  congress  from  the  state  of  New- 
Jersey,  and  took  his  seat  a  few  days  after 
the  declaration  of  independence.  He  was 
repeatedly  afterwards  sent  as  a  delegate  to 
that  bodj'.  Before  the  close  of  the  war, 
he  transferred  his  residence  to  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  and  soon  became  a  verj  con- 
spicuous member  of  the  bar  in  that  city. 
Here  he  continued  to  reside  until  the  year 
1793,  when  during  the  prevalence  of  the 
yellow  fever,  he  fell  a  victim  to  his  benevo- 
lent exertions  as  one  of  the  board  of 
health.  He  died  in  the  47th  year  of  his 
age.  Mr  Sergeant  was  endowed  with  a 
powerful  and  active  mind,  and  his  moral 
qualities  were  not  less  distinguished  and 
estimable  than  his  intellectual.  sCj^  L. 

Sergius,  a  native  of  Syria,  patriarch  of 
Constantinople  and  head  of  the  Monotlio- 
lites,  a  sect  which  supported  that  there  was 
only  one  will  and  one  operation  in  Christ, 
a  doctrine  condemned  by  a  council  of  Con- 
stantinople.    He  died  638. 

Serlio,  Sebastian,  an  architect,  born  at 
Bologna.  He  was  employed  by  Francis  I. 
in  embellishing  the  palaces  of  Fontaine- 
bleau,  &c.  He  died  in  France,  1552,  and 
was  known  for  a  treatise  on  Architecture, 
printed,  Venice,  1584,  4to. 

Serranus,  or  de  Serres,  John,  a  leai-n- 
ed  Frenchman,  Avho,  as  a  protestant,  esca- 
ped with  difficulty  the  St.    Bartholomew 

Vol.  H.  7S 


niasaacre,  and  (led  to  Lausanne.  He  wna 
afterwards  minister  at  Nismes,  and  enjoy- 
ed the  favour  of  Henry  IV.  He  published 
in  1597,  a  book  called  "de  Fide  Catholi- 
ca,"  in  which  he  attempted  to  reconcile  the 
Protestants  and  Roman  Catholics  to  the 
same  tenets,  in  consequence  of  which  he 
displeased  both  parties,  and  was  at  last 
supposed  to  have  been  poisoned  by  the 
Calvinists  of  Geneva,  as  he  died  there  sud- 
denly, 1598,  aged  about  50.  He  wrote 
also  a  treatise  on  the  Immortality  of  the 
Soul,  8vo. — Inventory  of  the  History  of 
France,  2  vols,  folio — Memoirs  of  the 
third  Civil  War  of  France,  3  vols.  8vo. — 
History  of  the  Five  Kings  of  France — de 
Statu  Religionis  et  Reipub.  in  Francid — 
besides  an  edition  of  Plato,  3  vols,  folio,  of 
which  the  Latin  version  is  very  elegant, 
but  inferior  in  accuracy  to  that  of  Fi- 
cinius. 

Serres,  Oliver  dc,  a  French  agricultu- 
rist, born  at  Villeneuve  de  Berg,  near  Vi- 
viers,  1539.  Though  his  chief  delight  was 
in  the  country,  he  was  prevailed  upon  by 
Henry  IV,  to  come  to  Paris,  and  as  the 
monarch  was  pleased  with  his  conversa- 
tion, he  made  him  superintendent  of  his 
plantations.  He  was  the  first  who  introdu- 
ced the  white  mulberry-tree  into  France, 
and  to  his  labours  agriculture  was  much  in- 
debted for  the  rapid  improvement  which  it 
made  under  his  directing  hand.  He  died 
1619,  aged  80.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  VVhite  Mulberry-tree,  and  on  Silk, 
since  reprinted — the  Theatre  of  Agricul- 
ture and  the  Management  of  Land,  4to.  a 
work  of  great  merit  and  utility,  and  often 
reprinted. 

Sertorius,  Quintus,  a  famous  Roman, 
who,  after  distinguishing  himself  in  war 
under  Marius  and  Cinna,  found  himself 
proscribed  by  Sylla,  and  retired  to  Spain, 
where  he  declared  himself  independent. 
He  was  at  last  defeated  by  Pompey  and 
Metellus,  and  assassinated  by  one  of  his 
officers,  B.C.  73,  after  governing  the  coun- 
try with  great  wisdom  and  moderation,  and 
every  where  showing  himself  valiant,  vici- 
lani,  and  active. 

Servandoni,  John  Nicolas,  a  Floren- 
tine architect  and  painter,  born  1695.  He 
possessed  great  abilities  lor  the  display  of 
theatrical  shows,  and  therefore  was  engaged 
at  Paris  at  the  play-houses  from  1728  to 
1746.  He  was  in  London  1749,  and  pre- 
pared that  beautiful  edifice  for  the  exhibi- 
tion of  fireworks  on  Tower-hill,  in  honour 
of  the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  He 
died  17€G.  The  best  known  of  his  paint- 
ings are  the  Descent  of  /Eneas  into  Hell — 
the  Triun)ph  of  Conjugal  Love — Hero  and 
Leander  ;  and  of  bis  architectural  powers, 
the  portal  of  St,  Suipice  at  Paris;  is  a  beau- 
tiful specimen. 

Servetus,  Mirhael,  a  native  of  Villanu- 

fiJT 


SEK 


SE\ 


ova  in  Anagon,  son  of  a  notary,  lie  stu- 
died the  law  at  Toulouse,  but  afterwards 
applied  to  medicine  at  Paris,  and  took 
there  his  doctor's  degree.  The  boldness 
aind  pertinacity  of  his  opinions  created  him 
enemies,  and  he  left  the  capital  to  settle  at 
Lyons,  but  afterwards  he  retired  to  Char- 
lieu.  On  the  invitation  of  the  archbishop 
of  Vienne  in  Dauphiny,  he  was  prevailed 
upon  to  fix  his  residence  there,  and  he 
might  have  lived  in  peace  and  respected, 
had  he  been  satisfied  to  seek  celebrity  in 
medical  pursuits  alone.  Eager  to  publish 
his  Arian  opinions  on  religion,  he  sent 
three  questions  to  Calvin  on  the  Divinity 
of  Christ,  on  Regeneration,  and  on  the  Ne- 
cessity of  Baptism,  and  when  answered 
with  civility,  he  reflected  on  the  sentiments 
of  his  correspondent  with  arrogant  harsh- 
ness. This  produced  a  quarrel,  and  ended 
in  the  most  implacable  hatred,  so  that  Cal- 
Ain,  bent  on  revenge,  obtained,  by  secret 
means,  copies  of  a  work  in  which  his  an- 
tagonist was  engaged,  and  caused  him  to 
be  accused  before  the  archbishop  as  a  dan- 
gerous man.  Servetus  escaped  from  prison, 
but  on  his  way  to  Italy,  he  had  the  impru- 
dence to  pass  in  disguise  through  Geneva, 
where  he  was  recognised  by  Calvin,  and 
immediately  seized  by  the  magistrates  as 
an  impious  heretic.  Forty  hei*etical  errors 
were  proved  against  him  by  his  accusers, 
but  Servetus  refused  to  renounce  them, and 
the  magistrates,  at  last,  yielding  to  the 
loud  representations  of  the  ministers  of 
Basil,  Berne,  and  Zurich,  and  especially  of 
Calvin,  who  demanded  the  punishment  of 
a  profane  heretic,  ordered  the  unhappy  man 
to  be  burnt.  On  the  27th  Oct.  1553,  the 
wretched  Servetus  was  conducted  to  the 
stake,  and  as  the  wind  prevented  the  flames 
from  fully  reaching  his  body,  two  long 
hours  elapsed  before  he  was  freed  from  his 
misex'ies.  This  cruel  treatment  deservedly 
called  down  the  general  odium  on  the  head 
of  Calvin,  who  ably  defended  his  conduct, 
and  that  of  the  magistrates.  Servetus 
published  various  works  against  the  Trini- 
ty, which  were  burnt  in  disgrace  at  Geneva, 
and  other  places.  They  bore  for  titles,  de 
Trinitatis  Erroribus  Libri  Septem — Dialo- 
gorum  de  Trinitate  Libri  Duo — de  Justitid 
Regni  Christi,  &c. — Chi'istianismi  Restitu- 
tio— Apologia  pro  Serveto,  &c.  As  he 
said  in  his  Christianismi  Restitutio,  that 
the  whole  mass  of  blood  passes  through  the 
lungs  by  means  of  the  pulmonic  veins  and 
arteries,  some  have  attributed  the  discovery 
of  the  circulation  of  the  blood  to  him, 
which,  however,  must  be,  with  more  satis- 
factory reasons,  claimed  by  Harvey.  The 
History  of  the  Opinions  and  of  the  Misfor- 
tunes of  Servetus  has  been  published  by 
Mosheim,  1728,  in  4to.  and  is  an  interest- 
ing performance.  Servetus  wrote  besides, 
618 


some  medical  tracts — and  a  translation  of 
Ptolemy's  Geography. 

Servius,  Honoratus  Maurus,  a  Lat?in 
grammarian,  author  of  a  valuable  Commen- 
tary on  Virgil  in  the  fourth  century. 

Servius  Tullius,  sixth  king  of  Rome, 
distinguished  himself  by  the  regulations 
which  he  introduced  among  his  subjects 
with  respect  to  rank,  law,  and  property. 
He  was  murdered  by  his  son-in-law,  the 
second  Tarquin,  534  B.C. 

Sesostris,  a  fabulous  king  of  Egypt, 
who  is  said  to  have  extended  his  conquests 
over  various  parts  of  the  world.  It  is 
supposed  that  he  at  last  destroyed  him- 
self when  borne  down  by  age  and  infir- 
mities. 

Sessa,  an  Indian  philosopher,  who  is  said 
to  be  the  inventor  of  the  game  of  chess. 
When  he  presented  his  invention  to  Sche- 
ram,  king  of  India,  the  monarch,  pleased 
with  his  ingeimity,  desired  him  to  demand 
for  his  reward  whatever  he  pleased.  Sessa 
asked  only  a  grain  of  wheat  to  cover  the 
first  squax-e  of  the  chess  board,  two  for  the 
second,  four  for  the  third,  and  so  on  in  pro- 
gressive order  through  the  64  squares.  The 
king  regarded  the  request  as  unworthy  of 
his  merit ;  but  the  philosopher  persisted  in 
his  wishes,  and  when  the  numeration  began 
to  be  made,  it  soon  appeared  how  difficult 
it  would  be  to  grant  it,  since  all  the  grana- 
ries of  the  kingdom  contained  not  wheat 
enough  to  satisfy  the  demand.  The  king, 
still  more  pleased  with  the  wisdom  of  the 
philosopher,  conferred  on  him  the  highest 
honours  of  his  kingdom. 

Sesto,  Caesare  de,  a  painter  of  Milan, 
the  best  of  the  pupils  of  Leonard  de  Vinci. 
His  pieces  are  deservedly  admired  for  ele- 
gance, correctness,  and  taste.  He  died  at 
the  beginning  of  the  16th  century. 

Settle,  Elkanah,  an  English  poet.  He 
was  born  at  Dunstable,  Bedfordshire,  1648, 
and  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Oxford, 
which  he  left  without  a  degree  to  reside  in 
London.  He  there  soon  distinguished 
himself  by  his  writings,  became  the  city 
poet  with  a  pension,  and  composed  some 
dramatic  pieces  of  merit,  besides  the  Medal 
Reversed — Azariah  and  Hushai,  against 
Dryden,  in  which  he  showed  himself  avery 
formidable  rival,  and  "  left  the  palm  of  su- 
periority," says  Johnson,  "undecided." 
His  Cambyses,  king  of  Persia — Fatal  Love 
— Empress  of  Morocco,  &c.  are  mention- 
ed with  applause.  He  was  known  also  as 
a  violent  supporter  of  the  measures  of  ad- 
ministration, in  whose  favour  he  was  a 
weekly  journalist.  He  died  in  the  Charter- 
house, 1724,  comptroller  of  the  play-house. 

Severus,  Lucius  Septimius,  a  Roman 
emperor  after  Pertinax.  He  took  as  his 
partner  on  the  throne,  Albinos,  whom,  after 
the  defeat  and  death  of  his  other  rival,- 


SEV 


SEW 


Pescennius  Niger,  he  cut  ofl'  in  Gftul.  lie 
was  a  brave  j^eiieral,  aiitl  made  many  coii- 
<iuests  in  the  east,  ami  built  tlie  Roniau 
ivall  in  Uritaiii,  to  check  the  invasions  of 
the  Picts.  He  died  at  York,  A.  D.  211. 
Two  other  emperors  of  that  name  after- 
Avards  perished  by  the  hand  of  their  ene- 
mies, one  by  Maximin,  307,  the  other  4G1. 

Severus,  Cassius,  a  Roman  orator,  ba- 
nished into  Crete  by  Augustus,  on  account 
of  the  severity  of  his  satirical  declama- 
tions. 

Severus,  Sulpitius,  an  historian,  called 
the  Christian  Sallust.  His  Historia  Sacra 
is  an  elegant  work,  from  the  creation  to  the 
year  of  Christ,  400,  edited  Padua,  1741, 
two  vols.  4to.     He  died  420. 

Severus,  L.  Cornel,  a  Latin  poet  in  the 
age  of  Augustus. 

Severus,  a  heretic  of  the  second  cen- 
tury. He  maintained  with  Tatian  two 
opposite  principles,  one  good,  and  the  other 
evil,  &c. 

Sevier,  John,  governor  of  Tennessee, 
was  an  officer  in  the  revolutionary  war, 
and  distinguished  himself  in  the  battle 
with  the  party  under  colonel  Ferguson,  at 
King's  Mountain,  in  1780.  He  and  colonel 
Shelby,  afterwards  governor,  were  the  prin- 
cipal projectors  of  that  enterprise  against 
the  British  commander,  and  it  was  by  their 
exertions  chiefly  that  the  force  was  raised 
and  organised.  In  consideration  of  his 
services  on  that  occasion,  the  legislature  of 
North  Carolina,  in  1813,  voted  him  a 
sword.  He  commanded  tlie  forces  which 
defeated  the  Creek  and  Cherokee  Indians 
in  1789.  He  was  afterwards  a  general  in 
the  provisional  army,  and  in  1798,  governor 
of  Tennessee.  In  1815,  he  was  a  repre- 
sentative in  congress  from  that  state,  and 
•one  of  the  commissioners  appointed  to  as- 
certain the  boundary  line,  and  died  while 
engaged  in  that  service  at  Fort  Decatur,  in 
October,  1815.  iCj^  L. 

Sevigne,  Mary  de  Rabutin,  marquise  de, 
a  lady,  eminent  for  her  wit,  and  for  her 
virtues,  daughter  of  Celsus  Benignus  de 
Rabutin,  baron  of  Chantal,  was  born  1626. 
She,  when  little  more  than  a  year  old,  lost 
her  father  at  the  defence  of  Rhe  against  the 
English,  and  in  1644,  she  married  the  mar- 
quis of  Sevigne,  who,  seven  j'ears  af- 
ter, fell  in  a  duel.  Thus  left  a  widow  with 
a  son  and  daughter,  she  devoted  herself  to 
the  education  of  these  children,  and  had 
the  happiness  to  find  her  labours  most  suc- 
cessfully rewarded.  Her  daughter  married, 
in  1669,  the  count  de  Grignan,  governor  of 
Provence,  and  it  was  at  her  house  that  she 
caught  a  fever,  and  died  1696.  She  was  a 
woman  of  great  mental  powers,  and  her 
letters  are  considered  as  the  best  models 
for  epistolary  writings.  They  have  fre- 
quently been  published  ;  and  the  best  edi- 
tion is  in  8  vol?.  12mo.  Paris,  1754.     In  the 


celebrated  dispute  about  the  merit  of  the 
ancients  and  the  moderns,  -he  said  that  the 
ancients  arc  the  (iuest,  and  we  are  the  pret- 
tiest. A  collection  of  anecdotes,  moral  sen- 
timents, and  apophthegms,  extracted  from 
her  letters,  and  called  Scvigniana,  appeared 
at  Paris,  1756.  Her  son  was  one  of  the 
admirers  of  Ninon  de  TKnclos,  and  dispu- 
ted with  Madame  Dacier  about  a  passage 
in  Horace.     He  died  1713. 

Sevin,  Francis,  member  of  the  academy 
of  belles  lettres,  and  keeper  of  the  MSS. 
in  the  king's  library,  was  born  in  the  dio- 
cess  of  Sens,  and  died  1741.  He  went,  in 
1728,  with  Fourmont  to  Constantinople,  iti 
search  of  MSS.  and  returned  with  60i), 
among  which,  however,  were  none  of  the 
ancient  Greek  authors.  His  letters  in  thi-^ 
voyage  have  appeared  in  8vo.  and  they  con- 
tain interesting  accounts  about  the  Levant, 
Egypt,  &c.  He  wrote  a  Dissertation  on 
Menes,  or  Mercury,  the  first  king  of  Egypt, 
12mo. — and  communications  to  the  me- 
moirs of  the  academy. 

Sewall,  Samuel,  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Massachusetts,  was  born 
in  England  on  the  28th  March,  1652,  and 
came  with  his  father  to  America  in  1661. 
The  family  resided  at  Newbury,  the  settle- 
ment of  which  the  father  had  commenced 
at  a  former  visit  to  Massachusetts.  Young 
Sewall  was  educated  at  Harvard  college, 
where  he  obtained  his  degree  in  1671.  He 
became  a  magistrate  in  1684,  and  by  th? 
charter  of  1692,  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  council.  He  was  made  a  judge  the 
same  year,  and  in  1718,  chief  justice  of  the 
superior  court.  He  retained  that  office, 
as  well  as  that  of  judge  of  probate,  till  1728, 
when  his  age  induced  him  to  resign.  He 
died  on  the  first  of  January,  1730,  in  his 
seventy-eighth  year.  He  was  distinguished 
for  learning,  integrity,  and  piety.  ICJ^  L. 

Sewall,  Stephen,  chief  justice  of  the 
superior  court  of  Massachusetts,  was  born 
at  Salem,  December,  1702,  and  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1721.  He  studied  theology, 
and  preached  a  short  time  with  popularity, 
but  at  length  devoted  his  attention  to  law. 
In  1728,  he  was  appointed  tutor  of  the 
college,  and  held  the  place  till  1739,  when 
he  was  elected  to  a  seat  on  the  bench  of 
the  supreme  court,  a  station  for  which  he 
was  eminently  fitted  by  talents  and  learn- 
ing. He  w^as  distinguished  by  great  quick- 
ness of  apprehension,  extent  of  research, 
and  solidity  of  judgment.  In  1752,  he  was 
appointed  chief  justice,  and  held  that  office, 
together  with  a  seat  in  the  council,  to 
which  he  was  soon  after  advanced,  till  his 
death  in  1760.  He  held  the  first  rank 
among  his  associates  in  genius,  knowledge, 
excellence  of  character,  and  popularity. 

Sewall,  Samuel,  LL.D.  chief  justice  of 
Massachusetts,  who  was  bom  at  Boston, 

619 


SEW 


SEW 


iJecember,  1757,  and  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1776,  devoted  himself  to 
the  law,  and  soon  became  eminent  in  the 
profesriion,  particularly  as  a  commercial 
lawyer,  for  which  depai'tment  he  had  quali- 
fied himself  by  an  unusual  attention  to  the 
laws  of  nations.  He  settled  at  Marble- 
head.  In  1797,  and  again  afterwards  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  congress,  and 
was  distinguished  in  that  body  for  his 
knowledge  of  commercial  law.  In  1800 
he  was  placed  on  the  bench  of  the  supreme 
judicial  court,  and  continued  in  that  station 
till  1813,  when  he  w^as  appointed  chief  jus- 
tice, but  enjoyed  the  office  only  till  the  8th 
of  June,  1814,  when  he  died  suddenly  at 
Wiscasset,  where  the  gentlemen  of  the  bar 
erected  a  monument  to  his  memory.  Judge 
Sewall  possessed  a  fine  understanding  and 
fancy.  He  was  high  minded  and  quick  in 
his  feelings,  and  correct  in  his  principles. 
As  an  advocate,  he  was  learned,  ingenious, 
and  often  highly  eloquent  ;  and  as  a  judge, 
characterized  by  integrity  and  firmness, 
and  was  highly  popular  both  with  the  bar 
and  people.  |C3^  L- 

Sewall,  Stephen,  first  Hancock  profes- 
sor of  Hebrew  in  Harvard  college,  was 
born  at  York,  Maine,  in  1734,  and  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard,  in  1761.  The  following 
year  he  was  appointed  teacher  of  Hebrew 
in  that  institution,  and  on  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Hebrew  professorship  was  elect- 
ed to  fill  it.  He  was  inaugurated  June 
17th,  1765,  and  retained  the  office  till  1785. 
He  was  an  accomplished  scholar.  He  pub- 
lished a  Hebrew  Grammar,  and  wrote  a 
Chaldee  and  English  Dictionary,  which  is 
preserved  in  manuscript.  He  died  in 
1804.  fCT'  L. 

Sewall,  Samuel,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, possessed  a  vigorous  and  inventive 
mind,  was  well  versed  in  the  principles  of 
mechanics  and  natural  philosophy,  and  had 
a  happy  talent  for  applying  his  knowledge 
to  useful  purposes.  He  was  the  author  of 
a  number  of  improvements  in  the  arts, 
among  which  is  the  construction  of  bridges 
on  piles,  which  he  first  introduced  at  York, 
in  1761.  He  afterwards  superintended  the 
erection  of  the  Charlestown  bridge  on  the 
same  plan.  He  was  distinguished  for  piety, 
benevolence,  and  public  spirit.  His  death 
took  place  at  York,  July  21,  1815,  in  the 
92d  year  of  his  age.  sCj^  L. 

Seward,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
who  obtained  Eyam  rectory,  in  Derbyshire, 
and  a  prebend  of  Lichfield  cathedral.  He 
wrote  some  poems,  which  are  preserved  in 
Dodsley's  collection,  and  he  also  published 
an  edition  of  the  plays  of  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  and  a  treatise  on  the  conformity 
between  the  pagans  and  the  Romish  church. 
He  died  at  Lichfield,  1790,  aged  82.  He 
was  father  to  Anna  Seward,  whose  poetical 
and  literary  abilities  are  so  well  known. 
620 


Seward,  William,  a  native  of  London, 
son  of  a  brewer.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Charter-house,  and  at  Oxford,  which  he 
quitted  without  a  degree.  As  he  possessed 
a  comfortable  fortune,  he  devoted  himself 
to  literary  ease,  unambitious  of  honours, 
or  of  any  distinction,  except  what  private 
merit  and  virtue  confer.  He  was  fellow  of 
the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  Societies,  and 
was  highly  and  deservedly  respected  for 
urbanity  of  mannei's,  and  entertaining  anec- 
dotes by  those  who  had  the  pleasure  of  his 
acquaintance.  He  published  Anecdotes  of 
Distinguished  Persons,  extracted  from 
scarce  curious  books,  5  vols.  8vo.  to  which 
he  afterwards  added  a  supplement,  in  two 
vols,  under  the  title  of  Biographiana.  This 
worthy  man  died  1799,  aged  52. 

Seward,  Anna,  was  the  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Seward,  rector  of  Eyam,  in 
Derbyshire,  and  canon  residentiary  of  Lich- 
field. She  was  born  in  1747,  and  though 
she  evinced  a  poetical  taste  in  early  life, 
she  was  discouraged  from  indulging  it  by 
her  parents.  At  length,  on  contracting  an 
acquaintance  with  lady  Miller,  she  ventured 
to  become  a  contributor  to  her  vase,  at 
Bath-Easton.  After  this,  she  published 
elegiac  poems  on  major  Andre  and  captain 
Cook,  and  in  1782,  her  poetical  romance 
of  '*  Louisa."  In  1799  she  printed  a  col- 
lection of  sonnets  ;  and  in  1804,  a  "  Life  of 
Dr.  Darwin,"  in  which  she  asserted  her 
claim  to  the  first  fifty  lines  of  that  author's 
"  Botanic  Grarden."  She  died  at  Lichfield, 
March  25,  1809,  leaving  her  works  to  sir 
Walter  Scott,  and  her  letters  to  Mr.  Con- 
stable, who  published  them  with  a  biogra- 
phical preface. — W.  B. 

Sewell,  William,  a  quaker,  born  at  Am- 
sterdam, of  English  parents,  1654.  He 
practised  as  a  surgeon  at  Amsterdam,  but 
distinguished  himself  chiefly  by  his  excel- 
lent History  of  Quakers,  written  in  Low 
Dutch,  1717,  and  translated  into  English, 
in  folio.  He  wrote  besides,  a  Dictionary 
of  the  English  and  Low  Dutch  Languages, 
4to. — a  Dutch  Grammar — a  Translation  of 
Josephus — of  Kennet's  Roman  Antiquities. 
He  died  at  Amsterdam,  1720. 

Sewell,  George,  an  English  poet  and 
physician,  born  at  Windsor,  and  educated 
at  Eton,  where  his  father  was  treasurer 
and  chapter  clerk  to  the  college,  and  at 
Peter-house,  Cambridge.  He  afterwards 
studied  medicine  at  Leyden,  and  then  set- 
tled at  Hamstead,  where  for  some  time  he 
met  with  great  success,  but  died  poor,  8th 
Feb.  1726,  and  was  meanly  buried,  unat- 
tended by  friends  or  relations,  though  uni- 
versally and  deservedly  esteemed.  He 
wrote  seven  controversial  pamphlets — the 
Life  of  John  Philips — a  Vindication  of  the 
English  Stage — sir  Walter  Raleigh,  a  tra- 
gedy, acted  at  Lincoln's  inn  fields,  1719— 


."JEY 


6bO 


Kichard  the  lirst,  left  unfinished — two  Mo- 
ral Essays,  besides  single  poems,  &c. 

Sextus  Empyricus,  a  Pyrrhonian  philo- 
sopher, preceptor  to  the  emperor  Antoni- 
nus. As  he  was  one  of  those  philosophers 
who  guided  theii  practice  by  experience, 
his  followers  have  received  from  him  the 
name  of  Empyrics.  Two  of  his  composi- 
tions are  extant. 

Sextus,  a  native  of  Cheronea,  nephew 
of  Plutarch.  He  was  a  stoic  philotiopher, 
and  was  preceptor  to  L.  Verus,  and  to  Mar- 
cus Aurelius. 

Seydlitz,  Frederic  William,  baron  de, 
one  of  the  famous  generals  of  the  great 
Frederic,  born  in  the  dutchy  of  Cleves.  He 
distinguished  himself  in  the  war  of  Silesia, 
and  ably  covered  the  retreat  of  the  Prus- 
sian army  after  the  fatal  day  of  Kolin.  He 
was  at  the  battle  of  Roobach,  and  defeated 
the  Russians  at  Zorndorf.  He  died  1773, 
covered  with  glory,  and  his  memory  was 
honoured  by  the  gratitude  of  Frederic,  who 
raised  him  a  public  statue  at  Berlin. 

Seymour,  Edward,  protector  of  the 
kingdom,  and  guardian  to  Edward  ^  I.  to 
whom  he,  as  brother  of  Jane  Seymour,  was 
uncle,  was  created  viscount  Beauchamp, 
and  duke  of  Somerset.  Though  he  dis- 
charged his  trust  as  protector  with  ability, 
and  supported  the  reformation,  he  was  vio- 
lently opposed  by  the  party  of  the  earl  of 
Warwick,  and  at  last  brought  to  the  scaf- 
fold as  guilty  of  high  treason,  a  disgraceful 
sentence  which  the  young  king  was  pre- 
vailed upon  to  confirm,  1552.  His  brother 
Thomas,  admiral  of  England,  had,  by  his 
unnatural  influence,  suffered  on  the  scaf- 
fold three  years  before,  on  a  charge  of  high 
treason. 

Seymour,  Anne,  Margaret,  and  Jane, 
daughters  of  Edward,  duke  of  Somerset, 
were  known  for  their  poetical  talents. 
Their  104  Latin  distiehs  on  the  death  of 
Margaret  de  A'alois,  queen  of  France,  were 
translated  into  French,  Greek,  and  Italian, 
printed  at  Paris,  1551,  8vo.  but  possess  lit- 
tle merit.  The  eldest,  Anne,  became  wife 
of  the  earl  of  Warw  ick,  and  afterwards  of 
sir  Edward  Hun  ton.  Margaret  died  sin- 
gle, and  also  Jane,  who  was  maid  of  honour 
to  queen  Elizabeth. 

Seymour,  lady  Arabella,  daughter  of 
Charles  Stuart,  earl  of  Lennox,  the  young- 
est brother  of  Darnley,  the  husband  of  Ma- 
ry of  Scots.  Her  mother  was  a  daughter 
of  sir  William  Cavendish,  of  Chatsworth, 
Derbyshire.  Her  affinity  to  the  royal  fa- 
mily proved  the  source  of  her  misfortunes  ; 
and  in  those  t«)rbulent  times,  the  measures 
planned  by  the  disaflected  for  her  elevation 
to  the  English  throne,  procured  her  severe 
imprisonment  under  Elizabeth.  Soon  after 
James's  accession,  she  privately  married 
William  Seymour,  the  second  son  of  lord 
Hertford  :  but  as  this  was  without  the  per- 


mission ol  the  king,  she  was  seized,  and 
with  her  husband  conveyed  to  the  tower. 
They  escaped  after  a  year's  eonfinement  ; 
but  though  the  husband  made  good  his 
flight  on  board  a  vessel,  lady  Arabella  was 
taken,  and  four  years  after,  H315,  died  in 
her  melancholy  prison. 

Sfondrati,  Francis,  senator  of  Milan, 
and  state  counsellor  to  Charles  V.  was 
born  at  Cremona,  1494.  He  was  employ- 
ed by  the  emperor  as  ambassador  to  Sienna, 
but  after  his  wife's  death  he  took  orders, 
and  was  raised  by  Paul  IlL  to  the  bishopric 
of  Cremona,  and  to  the  dignity  of  Cardinal. 
He  died  31st  July,  1550,  aged  56.  He 
wrote  the  Rape  of  Helen,  a  poem.  He  left 
two  sons,  Paul,  and  Nicolas,  who  obtained 
the  tiara  under  the  name  of  Gregory  XIV. 
One  of  his  grandsons,  Paul  ^>milius,  be- 
came a  cardinal,  and  died  at  Rome,  14th 
Feb.  1618,  aged  57.— Another,  Celestin, 
became  also  a  cardinal,  and  abbot  of  St. 
Gal.  He  died  at  Rome,  4th  Sept.  1696, 
aged  53,  author  of  Gallia  Vindicata — No- 
dus Pradestinationis  Dissolutus,  4to.  &c. 

Sforza,  James,  a  renowned  warrior, 
surnamed  the  Great,  born  at  Cotignola, 
1639.  He  was  the  son  of  a  labourer  or 
shoemaker,  and  attracted  by  the  fame  of  a 
military  life,  he  joined  a  party  of  soldiers 
passing  through  his  village,  and  gradually- 
rose  by  valour  to  command.  He  was  for 
some  time  in  the  service  of  Joan,  queen  of 
Navarre,  and  was  afterwards  made  gonfa- 
lonier of  Rome,  by  Pope  John  XXHL  and 
also  count  of  Contignola.  His  abilities 
were  now  displayed  in  the  defence  of  Na- 
ples, when  besieged  by  Alphonso,  king  ol 
Arragon,  whom  he  obliged  to  raise  the 
siege.  In  his  pursuit  of  the  flying  enemy, 
he  was  unfortunately  drowned  in  the  river 
Pescara,  1424,  after  rendering  his  name  il- 
lustrious, and  laying  the  foundation  of  the 
noble  house  of  the  Sforzas,  dukes  of  Milan. 

Sforza,  Francis,  natural  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, became  an  eminent  statesman  and 
a  great  general.  He  served  under  his  fa- 
ther, and  was  present  at  his  melancholy- 
death,  and  continued  the  war  against  Al- 
phonso with  equal  success.  He  after- 
wards served  Joan  of  Naples,  and  also  her 
successor  Rene,  duke  of  Anjou,  and  his 
reputation  in  arms  was  such  that  he  was 
chosen  by  the  pope,the  Venetians,  and  Flo- 
rentines, general  of  their  armies  against  the 
duke  of  Milan,  though  he  had  married  his 
daughter.  The  death  of  the  duke  changed 
the  face  of  afl^airs,  1447,  Sforza  was  ap- 
pointed general  of  the  Milanese  against 
\  enice,  and  after  a  successful  campaign,  he 
turned  his  aims  against  his  employers, 
and  obliged  them  to  name  him  duke  of 
Milan,  an  honour  which  he  deserved  for 
his  services,  and  which  was  acknowledged 
by  the  French  king,  and  to  which  after- 

621 


SHA 


SHA 


wards  was  added  the  sovereignty  of  Genoa. 
This  celebrated  warrior  died  1466. 

Sforza,  Galeas-Marie,  succeeded  his  fa- 
ther Francis,  as  duke  of  Milan  ;  but  his 
debaucheries,  and  his  ferocious  conduct, 
revolted  the  affection  of  the  people,  and  he 
was  assassinated  ten  years  after,  25th  Dec. 
1476.  His  son  John  Gales  Marie,  was  for 
a  little  time  under  the  guardianship  of  his 
mother,  but  the  government  was  seized  by 
his  uncle  Ludovic- Marie,  a  monster  of  ini- 
quity, who  administered  slow  poison  to 
him,  and  cut  himoif  in  1494.  The  murder- 
er was  seized  by  Louis  de  Tremouille,  the 
general  of  Lewis  XIL  and  carried  to  France, 
where  he  died  in  prison,  1510. 

Sforza,  Catharine,  natural  daughter  of 
Galeas-Marie,  mentioned  above,  acquired 
celebrity  for  her  courage  and  presence  of 
mind.  She  married  Jerome  Riario,  prince 
of  Forli,  who  was  some  time  after  assassi- 
nated by  Francis  Ursus,  who  had  revolted 
against  the  government  of  her  husband. 
She  in  consequence  fell  with  her  children 
into  the  hands  of  the  enemy  ;  but  found 
means  to  escape  to  Rimini,  which  still  con- 
tinued attached  to  her  person,  and  she  de- 
fended it  with  such  determined  bravery 
against  her  enemies,  who  threatened  to  put 
to  death  her  children  if  she  did  not  surren- 
der, that  at  last  she  restored  herself  to 
sovereign  power.  She  afterwards  mari'ied 
John  de  Medicis,  and  again  in  1500,  ably 
defended  Forli,  against  the  attacks  of  the 
duke  of  Valentinois,  the  illegitimate  son  of 
Alexander  VL  When  obliged  to  surrender 
she  was  taken  prisoner,  and  confined  in  the 
castle  of  St.  Angelo,  but  soon  after  set  at 
liberty,  though  never  restored  to  her  do- 
minions. This  heroic  woman  died  soon 
after. 

Sforza,  Isabella,  of  the  same  family  as 
the  preceding,  was  distinguished  for  her 
learning  in  the  16th  century.  Her  letters, 
possessing  great  merit,  were  published  at 
Venice  by  Hortensio  Lando,  1 549. 

Shadwell,  Thomas,  an  English  poet, 
descended  of  a  good  family,  and  born  at 
Stanton  hall,  Norfolk,  1640.  He  was  of 
Caius  college,  Cambridge,  and  aftenvards 
of  the  middle  temple,  but  after  travelling 
abroad,  he  turned  all  his  attention  to  dra- 
matic composition,  and  acquired  great  ce- 
lebrity. His  plays  are  17  in  number,  be- 
sides other  poems,  &c.  At  the  revolution 
he  was  made  historiographer  to  the  king, 
and  poet  laureat  in  the  room  of  Dryden, 
who  resented  the  appointment  by  the  se- 
verest satire  in  his  Mack  Flecknoe.  In 
spite,  however,  of  the  attacks  of  malevo- 
lence, he  possessed  merit,  and  wrote  with 
great  eare,  and  rapidity,  so  that  he  com- 
posed his  "  Psyche"  in  five  weeks.  He 
was  an  amiable  man,  and  died  6th  Dec. 
1692,  it  is  said,  in  consequence  of  a  large 
<^^¥e  of  opium,  taken  bv  mistake.  His  fu- 
020 


neral  sermon  was  preached  by  Dr.  Brady, 
and  a  monument  erected  to  his  honour  in 
Westminster  abbey,  by  his  son  sir  John. 
The  best  known  of  his  plays  were  his  Vir- 
tuoso— the  Gentleman  of  Alsace — Epsom 
Wells — the  Misanthrope — the  Lancashire 
Witches,  &c.  comedies.  There  was  a 
Charles  Shadwell,  either  his  son  or  ne- 
phew, whose  plays,  especially  the  Fair 
Quaker  of  Deal,  are  mentioned  with  credit. 
He  died  1726. 

Shakspeare,  William,  the  illustrious 
poet  of  Nature,  was  born  of  a  respectable 
family  at  Stratford-on-Avon,  April,  1564. 
His  father  was  engaged  in  the  wool  trade, 
and  of  ten  children  the  poet  was  the  eldest. 
He  was  early  removed  from  the  grammar- 
school  of  Stratford,  as  business,  and  not 
learning,  was  to  form  the  employment  of 
his  future  life  ;  but  after  being  some  time 
engaged  in  his  father's  trade,  he  married, 
at  the  age  of  17,  the  daughter  of  Hathaway, 
a  neighbouring  farmer,  and  became  master 
of  a  family,  and  a  parent.  At  this  time 
he  unfortunately  formed  a  connexion  with 
some  dissipated  companions,  and  in  a 
thoughtless  hour  he  accompanied  them  in 
deer-stealing,  in  the  park  of  sir  Thomas 
Lucy,  of  Charlecote,  near  Stratford.  The 
offence  was  again  and  again  repeated,  and 
a  prosecution  was  consequently  begun 
against  the  depredators ;  but  the  young 
poet,  instead  of  conciliating  the  baronet  by 
submission,  wrote  a  ballad  upon  him,  with 
such  satirical  bitterness,  that  it  became  un- 
safe for  him  to  remain  at  Stratford.  He 
fled  therefore  to  London,  to  escape  the  law, 
and  soon  enrolled  himself  among  the  play- 
ers. For  a  while  he  maintained  himself 
in  the  character  of  an  inferior  performer  ; 
but  the  acquaintance  which  he  formed  with 
the  stage  was  productive  of  the  noblest  con- 
sequences. Though  his  name  appears  in 
the  list  of  the  actors  of  those  days,  it  is  not 
ascertained  that  he  rose  to  any  eminence  in 
the  profession,  as  Mr.  Rowe  asserts,  that 
the  ghost  in  his  own  Hamlet  was  the  high- 
est character  which  he  could  venture  to 
perform.  He  was,  however,  born  not  to 
act,  but  to  delineate  characters,  not  to  play 
the  hero,  or  the  tyrant  of  a  foreign  muse, 
but  to  create  characters  and  beings  of  his 
own,  and  with  the  pencil  of  nature,  to  por- 
tray in  the  most  glowing  colours  the  va- 
rious emotions  of  the  heart.  Without  pa- 
tronage from  the  great,  and  an  exile  from 
his  native  town,  the  poet  at  last  burst  to 
eminence  and  fame.  His  plays  became 
popular,  several  of  them  were  performed  be- 
fore the  court,  and  Elizabeth  was  so  plea- 
sed with  his  FalstafF,  in  the  two  parts  of 
Henry  IV.  that  she  wished  to  see  the  va- 
liant knight  in  love,  and  the  hint  produced 
the  inimitable  drama  of  the  Merry  Wives 
of  Windsor.  These  meritorious  exertions 
for  the  entertainment  of  the  court,  and  of 


J>UA 


>U\ 


the  public,   uu  iloubt  raised  puuous  to  the 
poet ;  but  little  is  known  of  them,  and  the 
name  of  lord   Southampton   only   is   men- 
tioned,   as    distingnisliing    him    with    his 
friendship  and  conlidence.     It  is   said  that 
in  one  instance  the  generous  lord  gave  the 
poet  one  thousand  pounds,    to  enable  him 
to  complete  a  purchase  which  lie  had  made. 
For  some  years  Shakspearc,   as  allied  with 
Ben  Jonson,    and  the  other  wits  and  poets 
of  the  age,  was  manager  of  the  playhouse, 
and  after  he  had  acquired  a  competent  for- 
tune, he  retired  to  his  native  town,  where 
Le  lived  respected  and  beloved  by  his  neigh- 
bours.    To  the  house  which  he  purchased, 
he  gave  the  name  of  New  Place,  and  he  had 
the  good  fortune  to  save  it  from  the  flames, 
in  the  dreadful  lire  which  nearly  consumed 
the  whole  of  the  town,  in  1614.     The  mul- 
berry-tree which  he  planted  in  his  garden 
afterwards  became  an  object  of  veneration, 
and   when  cut  down  by  the  hands  of  an 
avaricious  proprietor,   the   wood  was   fa- 
shioned into  various   utensils,  which   sold 
for  a  high  price,  and  were  preserved  with 
more  than  common  aflcction,  as  a  precious 
memorial  of  the  immortal  planter.    Shaks- 
peare   made   his   will  in  the  beginning  of 
1616,  and  died  the  23d  of  April  of  the  same 
year,  in  the  53d  year  of  his  age.     He  was 
buried  in  the  tomb  of  his  ancestors,  on  the 
north  side  of  the  chancel  in  Stratford  great 
church,  where  the  following  Latin  distich 
is  written  on  the  elegant  monument  against 
the   wall,   and   the   English    lines    on   the 
grave-stone  beneath : 
Judicio  Pylium,  Genio  Socratem,  arte  Maro- 

nem, 
Terra  tegit,  populus  mceret,  Olympus  habet. 
Good  friend,  far  Jesus''  sake  forbear 
To  dig  the  dust  inclosed  here. 
Blest  be  the  man  that  spares  these  stones, 
And  cursed  be  he  that  moves  my  bones. 
In  1740  a  noble  monument  was  raised  to 
his  honour  in  Westminster  abbey,  and  that 
his  fame,  and  not  public  charity,  should 
contribute  to  the  due  homage,  the  collec- 
tion was  made  from  the  admission  to  see 
his  Julius  Caesar  acted  at  Drury  Lane,  28th 
April,  1738.     Shakspeare  had  three  daugh- 
ters, the  youngest  of  whom  was  made,  with 
her  husband,  executrix  to  his  will,  and  in- 
herited the  best  part  of  his  estate.     One  of 
the  daughters  died  young  ;  Judith  married 
Mr.   Thomas   Quincy,   and  Susanna,   Dr. 
Hall,  a  physician.     As  an  author,   Shaks- 
peare deserves  particular  praise,   as  in  ori- 
ginality, sublime  conception,  force  and  de- 
lineation,   he  has  surpassed  the  poets  of 
every  age,    and   every    country ;   and  he 
therefore   is  properly   the  boast  and   the 
glory  of  England.     In  the  midst,  however, 
of  his   great  and   incomparable   beauties, 
there  are  many  blemishes  ;  and  while  he 
scatters  roses  with  a  full  and  liberal  hand, 
he  is  careless  of  the  oft'ensive  v.eeds  which 


accompany  his  cxnberanl  prolu.iion.     ilia 
plays,  of  which  it  is  scarce  possible  to  trace 
the  history,  or  to  disco\cr  the  date,  except 
from  a  few  scatlcrt:d  passages,   have   been 
often  published,  and  by  their  own  intriiuiic 
merit,  have  given  celebrity   even  to  those 
who,  as  editors,  have  bestowed  some  labour 
in  the  elucidation  of  them.     The  first  col- 
lection of  them  was  in  1623,  in  folio,  by  two 
of  his  friends  and   fellow-comedians,    IIc- 
minge  and   Condell,    and  afterwards  they 
engaged  the  attention  of  Kowe,  in  1714,  of 
Pope  in  1721,  of  Theobald  in  1726,  of  Han- 
mer  in  1744,  in  6  vols.  4to.,  of  VVarburton 
in  1747,  of  Dr.  Johnson  in  1765,  of  Stee- 
vens  in  1766,  of  Capell  in  1768,  of  Joiinson 
and  Steevens  in  1778,  besides  more  modern 
editions,   and  the  publication  of  separate 
plays. 

Sharp,  James,  a  Scotch  prelate,  born  of 
a  good  family  in  Banffshire,  1618.  He  was 
educated  at  Aberdeen,  and  early  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  able  opponent  against 
the  covenanters.  He  was  in  England, 
where  he  was  noticed  by  Hammond,  Tay- 
lor, and  others,  and  in  consequence  of  his 
great  abilities,  was  patronised  by  lords 
Rothes  and  Crauford,  and  obtained  some 
preferment.  He  was  the  advocate  of  a 
presbyterian  party  for  Scotland  before 
Cromwell,  and  acquitted  himself  of  his 
duty  with  great  dexterity,  and  Avhen  Monk 
was  commander  in  Scotland,  he  used  the 
talents  of  Sharp  in  his  attempts  to  settle  the 
ecclesiastical  affairs  of  the  kingdom,  and  in 
soliciting  the  approbation  of  the  exiled  king- 
to  the  proposed  measures.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  became  a  convert  to  the  principles 
of  the  church  of  England,  and  was  made 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrews  ;  but  this  eleva- 
tion was  considered  aii  a  shameful  derelic- 
tion of  his  friends,  and  the  covenanters 
were  determined  to  sacrifice  him  to  their 
resentment.  His  life  was  attempted  in 
1668,  by  a  fanatic  preacher;  but  in  1679, 
nine  assassins  proved  more  successful,  and 
he  was  barbarously  murdered  on  Magask- 
moor,  three  miles  from  St.  Andrews.  He 
was  then  in  his  coach  with  his  daughter, 
but  nei'  -r  her  cries,  nor  his  entreaties, 
availe(',  and  he  fell,  pierced  with  22  wounds. 
Sha-.p,  John,  an  English  prelate,  born  at 
Bradford,  Yorkshire,  1644.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Christ  college,  Cambridge,  and  after 
he  had  taken  orders  he  became  chaplain  to 
sir  Heneage  Finch,  attorney-general.  In 
1672  he  was  made  archdeacon  of  Berks, 
and  in  1675,  prebendary  of  Norwich,  and 
then  rector  of  St.  Bartholomew  near  the 
Exchange,  and  afterwards  of  St.  Giles  in 
the  Fields.  In  1679  he  took  his  degree  of 
D.D.  and  in  1681,  was  made  dean  of  Nor- 
wich, by  the  interest  of  his  friend  Finch, 
now  lord  chancellor.  In  1686  he  was  sus- 
pended, for  pi-eaching  in  favour  of  the  An- 
a;lican  church  against  popery  ;  but  though 

623 


SHA 


SUA 


the  bishop  o(  London,  who  refused  to  pio- 
nounce  against  him,  was  himself  suspend- 
ed, the  storm  of  disgrace  passed  away,  and 
he  was  restored  to  favour,   and  in   1689, 
promoted   to  the  deanery  of  Canterbury. 
Though  he  refused  some  of  the  bishoprics 
vacated  in  consequence  of  the  refusal  of  the 
bishops  to  take   the  oath   of  allegiance  to 
William,  yet  he  consented  to  succeed  to  the 
see  of  York,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Lamplugh. 
He  preached  the  sermon  on  Anne's  corona- 
tion, and  was  made  privy  counsellor.     He 
died  at  Bath,  I7l3,  and  was  buried  in  York 
cathedral,    where   an    inscription    by  Dr. 
Smalridge   records  his  merits.      His  ser- 
mons, in  7  vols.  8vo.  have  been  published 
since  his  death,  and  are  deservedly  popular. 
Sharp,  Thomas,  D.D.   younger  son  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  in  Yorkshire,  and 
educated   at  Trinity  college,   Cambridge, 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship,  1728.    He 
became  chaplain  to  archbishop   Dawes,   of 
York,  and  obtained  the  rectory  of  Rothbu- 
ry,  Northumberland,  a  prebend  of  Durham, 
and  the  archdeaconry  of  Northumberland. 
He  died  1758,  aged  65.     He  is  author  of 
two  Dissertations  on  the  Etymology  of  the 
Hebrew  words  Elohim  and  Berith,  8vo. — 
besides  Discourses  on  the  Antiquity  of  the 
Hebrew  Tongue  and   Characters,  &c.    He 
was  father  to  Granville  Sharp,  so  eminently 
known  as  an  elegant  classical  scholar,  and 
as  the  author  of  Remarks  on  the  Definitive 
Article  in  the  Greek  Testament,  l2mo. 

Sharp,  Granville,  was  born  at  Durham, 
Nov.  lOth,  1735.  He  was  not  bred  to  the 
law,  but  to  the  trade  of  a  linen-draper  on 
Tower-hill,  and  while  in  that  situation 
studied  the  Greek  and  Hebrew  languages, 
without  a  master.  His  first  exertion  in 
favour  of  the  oppressed  Africans  was  in  the 
case  of  Jonathan  Strong,  originally  a  slave 
to  one  Lisle  of  Barbadoes,  by  whom  he  had 
been  abandoned  in  London.  By  the  united 
care  of  Mr.  Sharp  and  his  brother,  this 
poor  negro  was  restored  to  health  and  li- 
berty. Some  other  instances  of  a  like  kind 
occurred  before  the  decision  of  the  court 
of  king's  bench,  in  the  case  of  the  negro 
Somerset,  in  1772.  Mr.  Sharp  also  inte- 
rested himself  in  behalf  of  the  Caraibs,  in 
the  island  of  St.  Vincent's,  and  other  hu- 
mane objects.  To  his  different  accomplish- 
ments it  should  be  added,  that  he  was  an 
excellent  performer  on  the  harp,  and  had  an 
admirable  skill  in  drawing  caricatures.  He 
was  a  zealous  supporter  of  the  Bible  socie- 
ty, and  no  less  zealous  against  the  claims 
of  the  catholics.  Though  a  firm  friend  to 
church  and  state,  he  carried  his  notions  of 
parliamentary  reform  to  a  visionary  extent. 

W.  B. 

Sharpk,  Gregory,  D.D.  F.R.A.  S.S.  an 

able  divine,  born  in  Yorkshire,  1713.   From 

Hull  school  he  came  to  Westminster  imder 

Dr.  Friend,  and  then  completed  his  educa- 

624 


lion  at  Aberdeen,  under  Dr.  Blackweli. 
Soon  after  his  return  to  England  he  took 
orders,  and  then  became  minister  of  Broad- 
way chapel,  St.  James's,  and  chaplain  to 
the  king,  and  next  succeeded  Dr.  Nicolls, 
as  master  of  the  Temple.  He  died  8th  Jan. 
1771,  highly  respected  for  his  virtues,  and 
his  extensive  knowledge  of  oriental  litera- 
ture. He  wrote  a  Review  of  the  Contro- 
versy about  the  Demoniacs  of  the  New 
Testament,  8vo. — Two  Dissertations  on 
the  Origin  of  Language,  and  the  Power  of 
Letters,  with  a  Hebrew  Lexicon,  8vo. — 
Defence  of  Dr.  Clarke  against  Leibnitz, 
8vo. — Dissertation  on  the  Origin  and  Struc- 
ture of  the  Latin  Tongue,  8vo.— Two  Ar- 
guments in  Favour  of  Christianity — Hol- 
berg's  Introduction  to  Universal  History, 
translated,  8vo. — Sermons,  8vo.  &c. 

Sharroch,  Robert,  a  clergyman's  son, 
born  at  Adstock,  Buckinghamshire,  and 
educated  at  Winchester  school,  and  New 
College,  Oxford,  where  he  took  the  degree 
of  LL.D.  1661.  He  was  prebendary  and 
archdeacon  of  Winchester,  and  rector  of 
Bishop's  Walthara,  Hants,  and  of  Hore- 
wood,  Bucks,  and  died  1684,  much  respect- 
ed as  a  divine,  and  as  a  man.  He  wrote 
the  History  ol  the  Propagation  and  Im- 
provement of  Vegetables,  8vo. — Hypothesis 
de  Officiis  secundum  Humanae  Rationis 
Dictata,  seu  Naturae  Jus,  unde  Casus  Con- 
scientiae,  &c.  8vo.  against  Hobbes — Judicia, 
seu  Legum  Censurae,  de  Variis  Incontinen 
tiae  Speciebus,  &c.  8vo. — De  Finibus  Vir- 
tutis  Christianae,  in  several  discourses,  4to. 

Shaw,  Thomas,  D.D.  a  celebrated  tra- 
veller, born  at  Kendal,  Westmoreland, 
1692,  and  educated  there,  and  at  Queen's 
college,  Oxford.  When  he  took  orders,  in 
1719,  he  received  the  appointment  of  chap- 
lain to  the  English  factory  of  Algiers,  and 
during  his  residence  there,  he  made  various 
excursions  to  examine  the  curiosities  and 
antiquities  of  the  country.  In  his  absence 
he  was  chosen  fellow  of  his  college,  and  re- 
turned in  1733,  and  the  next  year  took  his 
doctor's  degree,  and  in  1740,  was  appointed 
principal  of  Edmund  hall,  and  vicar  of 
Bramley,  Hants.  He  was  afterwards  re- 
gius  professor  of  Greek,  and  died  15th 
Aug.  1751.  His  travels  were  published  at 
Oxford,  in  1738,  and  have  often  been  re- 
printed. They  contain  an  interesting  and 
accurate  account  of  Barbary  and  the  Le- 
vant, and  particularly  of  Egypt,  and  were 
ably  vindicated  by  the  authpr,  against  the 
attacks  of  Dr.  Pococke. 

Shaw,  Cuthbert,  an  English  poet,  son  of 
a  shoemaker,  born  at  Ravensworth,  York- 
shire, 1739.  lie  vras  brought  up  at  Scor- 
ton  school,  where  he  became  assistant,  and 
afterwards  also  at  Darlington  grammar- 
school  ;  but  this  laborious  confinement  was 
too  much  for  his  volatile  spirit.  He  there- 
fore removed  to  London,  in  quest  of  easier 


SUA 


SliK 


»:mj)loyincnt,  and  went  afterwards  to  Bury, 
and  engaged  as  actor  in  the  Noruich  com- 
pany. In  1760  he  performed  sir  Cieorge 
Wealthy,  in  the  Minor,  under  Footc,  at 
the  Hay-.market,  and  the  next  year  he  ap- 
peared on  the  boards  of  Covent-gardcn, 
but  met  with  little  public  encouragement. 
After  a  life  of  chequered  advei»Lures  and 
misery,  he  died  1771,  in  very  indigent  cir- 
cumstances. He  was  author  of  Liberty, 
4to.  1750 — Odes  on  the  Four  Seasons,  4to. 
1760,  published  under  the  name  of  Sey- 
mour— the  Four  Farthing  Candles,  4to. 
1762,  a  poem  which  attacked  and  ridiculed 
Lloyd,  Churchill,  Colman,  and  Shirley — 
the  Race,  a  satirical  poem  on  the  chief 
poets  of  the  time,  1666 — a  Monody  on  his 
Wife,  whom  he  lost  l7CS,  soon  after  his 
marriage.  He  wrote  also  an  Account  of 
the  Beaume  de  Vie,  a  quack  medicine,  of 
which  he  was  proprietor. 

Shaw,  John,  a  native  of  Durham,  edu- 
cated at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  Bra- 
zen-nose. He  was  rector  of  Walton,  Nor- 
thumberland, in  1645,  and  at  the  restora- 
tion, obtained  St.  John's  chapel,  in  New- 
castle. He  published.  No  Reformation  of 
the  established  Religion,  8vo. — and  some 
Tracts  against  Popery,  and  died  1689. 

Shaw,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Repton,  Der- 
byshire, educated  at  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  master's  de- 
gree. He  was  for  some  time  master  of 
Tamworth  grammar-school,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Mosely,  and  afterwards  to  Long 
Whatton,  Leicestershire.  Though  ejected 
from  his  ecclesiastical  preferment  for  non- 
conformity at  the  restoration,  he  obtained, 
in  16GB,  the  school  of  Ashby-de-la-Zo.uch, 
where  he  collected  a  very  respectable  num- 
ber of  pupils.  He  died  1696,  aged  61.  He 
wrote  the  Voice  of  One  crying  in  the  Wil- 
derness, 8vo. — Emanuel,  a  moral  treatise, 
8vo. — the  True  Christian's  Test,  or  Medi- 
tations— a  Latin  Grammar — Words  made 
visible,  or  Grammar  and  Rhetoric,  and  the 
Different  Humours  of  Men,  two  comedies, 
acted  by  his  pupils. 

Shaw,  Peter,  author  of  the  Practice  of 
Physic,  2  vols.  8vo. — a  Course  of  Chymis- 
try,  4to. — an  edition  of  Bacon's  Works,  5 
vols.  4to.  was  a  member  of  the  London 
college  of  physicians,  and  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  a  respectable  practitioner,  and 
died  1763. 

Shaw,  Stebbing,  a  native  of  Stowc, 
Staffordshire,  educated  at  Repton  school, 
and  Queen's  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
obtained  a  fellowship,  and  took  his  mas- 
ter's degree.  He  travelled  in  1787,  through 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  and  the  next 
year  visited  the  West  of  England,  of  which 
two  journeys  he  published  an  account  sepa^ 
rately,  of  no  great  merit.  In  1789,  he  was 
engaged  in  the  Topographer,  which  con- 
tained extracts  from  curious  works  prescrv- 

\'6L,  IL  79 


cd  in  the  iiriiish  museum  ;  but  this  work 
was  discontiniicd  in  1791.  The  (irat  vo- 
lume of  his  History  of  Staffordshire,  a  work 
of  considerable  merit,  and  of  great  lul)Our, 
appeared  1798,  folio,  and  three  years  alter, 
the  first  part  of  the  second  volume  was 
published.  This  respectable  divine,  who 
had,  in  1799,  succeeded  to  the  living  of 
Hartshorn,  Derbyshire,  on  his  father's 
death,  died  1803,  aged  only  41. 

Shaw,  George,  an  eminent  naturalistj 
was  born  at  Bierton,  in  Buckinghamshire, 
of  which  parish  his  father  was  vicar  in 
1751.  At  the  age  of  14,  he  went  to  Mag- 
dalen-hall, Oxford,  where,  in  1772,  he  took 
his  master's  degree  ;  after  which  he  enter- 
ed into  orders,  and  became  assistant  to  his 
father.  His  predilection  for  scientific  pur- 
suits, however,  induced  him  to  relinquish 
the  clei'ical  profession,  and  after  studying 
at  Edinburgh,  he  took  his  degrees  in  medi- 
cine at  Oxford  ;  ivhere  also  he  stood  candi- 
date for  the  botanical  professorship  ;  but 
lost  it  in  consequence  of  his  having  been 
ordained.  He  now  settled  in  London;  and 
on  the  formation  of  the  Linnajan  Society 
was  chosen  one  of  the  vice  presidents. 
While  the  Leverian  Museum  existed,  he 
delivered  lectures  there  on  natural  history, 
and  he  afterwards  published  a  description 
of  that  collection  in  English  and  Latin. 
He  also  conducted  some  popular  periodical 
works,  as  the  *'  Naturalist's  Miscellany," 
and  the  "  Speculum  Linnaeum,  or  Linna;an 
Zoology."  In  1789,  he  was  chosen  a  fel- 
low of  the  Royal  Society,  and  in  1791,  ap- 
pointed librarian  and  assistant  keeper  of 
natural  history  in  the  British  museum ; 
where,  in  1807,  he  became  the  principal  in 
that  department.  He  died  July  22,  1313. 
His  other  works  are — 1.  The  Zoology  of 
New  Holland.  2.  CimeliaPhysica.  3.  Ge- 
neral Zoology,  7  vols.  4to.  4.  Zoological 
Lectures,  2  vols.  8vo.  5.  An  Abridgment 
of  the  Philosophical  Transactions,  in  con- 
junction with  Drs.  Pearson,  Hutton,  &c,> 
6.  Papers  in  the  Linnaean  Transactions. — 
W.  B. 

Shebbeare,  John,  a  native  of  Bideford, 
Devon,  educated  there  under  Mr.  Mudge, 
the  master  of  the  grammar-school.  He 
%vas  apprenticed  to  an  apothecary,  and  af- 
ter being  in  business  in  Bristol,  he  removed 
in  1740  to  London.  His  politics,  however, 
were  unfriendly  to  the  government,  and  he 
w  cnt  to  Paris,  where  he  was  admitted  mem- 
ber of  the  academy  of  sciences,  and  present- 
ed to  a  doctor's  degree.  On  his  return  to 
England,  he  published  the  Marriage  Act — 
and  Lydia,  or  Filial  Piety,,  two  satirical  no- 
vels, of  little  merit,  and  in  1759,  his  seventh 
Letter  to  the  People  of  England,  exposed 
hirn  to  the  resentment  of  government,  and 
he  Avas  pilloried.  On  the  accession  of 
George  III.  he  obtained  a  pension  from  lord 
Bute,  and  laving  aside  his  attachment  to  llif. 

625 


sut 


J5HE 


Stuart  family,  he  defended  the  conduct  of 
government  in  several  pamphlets,  especially 
at  the  beginning  of  the  American  war. 
He  wrote  also  a  History  of  Jersey,  2  vols. 
8vo.  1771,  in  which  he,  with  partial  seve- 
rity, attacks  the  conduct  of  the  chief  ma- 
gistrate of  the  island — History  of  the  Su- 
matrans,  2  vols. — Chrysal,  or  the  Adven- 
tures of  a  Guinea,  4  vols. — Practice  of 
Physic,  2  vols.  8vo. — Letters  on  the  Eng- 
lish Nation,  under  the  name  of  Angeloni, 
2  vols.  8vo.  &c.     He   died    1788,  aged  79. 

Sheffield,  John,  duket>f  Buckingham- 
shire, a  respectable  poet,  and  able  states- 
man, born  1650.  Though  he  lost  his  fa- 
ther when  only  nine  years  old,  his  educa- 
tion was  not  neglected  ;  but  assiduity 
brought  to  perfection  the  naturally  strong 
powers  of  his  mind.  After  travelling  into 
France,  he  went  as  volunteer  in  the  second 
Dutch  war,  and  afterwards  made  a  cam- 
paign in  the  French  service.  He  was  next 
intrusted  by  Charles  H.  with  the  defence  of 
Tangier,  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  which  was 
threatened  by  the  Moors.  He  soon  be- 
came a  great  favourite  at  court,  though  his 
violent  partiality  for  the  princess  Anne,  af- 
terwards Queen,  involved  him  in  temporary 
disgrace.  Under  James  \l.  he  was  privy 
counsellor,  and  lord  chamberlain ;  and 
though  he  did  not  at  first  approve  of  the 
revolution,  he  afterwards  warmly  supported 
the  measures  for  proclaiming  William  king, 
against  those  who  wished  to  appoint  Mary 
sole  sovereign.  Under  Anne  he  was  raised 
from  the  rank  of  an  earl  to  that  of  duke  of 
Normandy,  and  afterwards  of  Buckingham- 
shire, and  was  made  steward  of  the  house- 
hold, and  president  of  the  council.  On 
George's  accession,  he  retired  from  the 
court,  and  died  24th  Feb.  1720-1.  He  was 
buried  in  Westminster  abbey,  where  the 
Latin  inscription  on  his  monument,  written 
by  himself,  created  some  controversy,  and 
drew  upon  him  the  reproach  of  skepticism. 
Though  three,  times  married,  he  left  only 
one  son,  who  died  at  Rome  in  1753,  and  in 
whom  the  title  became  extinct.  His  works 
were  elegantly  published,  in  1729,  in  2  vols. 
Svo.  the  first  of  which  contains  his  Essay 
on  Poetry,  his  Rehearsal,  and  other  poems, 
written  on  several  occasion?,  and  the  se- 
cond his  prose  works,  consisting  of  essays, 
speeches,  historical  memoirs,  dialogues, 
letters,  &c.  His  learning  and  abilities 
have  been  greatly  praised  by  his  contempo- 
raries ;  but  later  writers  affect  to  speak 
with  indifference  of  his  compositions,  and 
consider  the  adulations  of  Prior,  Dryden, 
Addison,  Garth,  and  Pope,  as  paid  more  to 
the  nobleman,  and  the  favourite  of  courts, 
than  to  the  man  of  poetical  iiierit  and  de- 
served literary  fame. 

Sheldox,  Gilbert,   a  distinguished  pre- 
late, born   at  Stanton,  Staffordshire,  1598. 
He  was   admitted  at  Trinity  college,  Ox- 
Q2Q 


ford,  1G13,  and  in  1622  was  elected  fellow 
of  All-Souls.     He  afterwards  took  orders, 
and  was  made   prebendary  of  Gloucester, 
and  recommended  by  his  patron.  Lord  Co- 
ventry, to  Charles  L  who  gave   him  the 
living  of  Hackney  and  other  preferments. 
In   1635,   he  was  elected  warden  of   his 
college,  and  would  have  risen  to  higher  ho- 
nours, had  not  the  civil  wars  prevented  his 
elevation.     His  attachment    to    the  king' 
rendered  him  suspected  by  the  parliament, 
and  he   was  deprived  of  his   preferment, 
imprisoned  v/ith  Dr.  Hammond,  and,  when 
set   at  liberty,   forbidden  to  visit  his  royal 
master  at  the   Isle  of  Wight.     He  retired 
to  Shelston,  Derbyshire,  and  at  the  resto- 
ration recovered  his  ecclesiastical  appoint- 
ments, and  was  soon  after  made  master  of 
the  Savoy,   dean   of  the  chapel  royal,  and 
successor  to  Juxon  in  the  see  of  London. 
In  1663  he  became  primate,  and  in  1667 
succeeded  lord  Clarendon  as  chancellor  of 
Oxford.     His  freedom  with  the  king,  in  ad- 
vising him  to  put  away  his  mistress,  Barba- 
ra Villiers,  proved  so  offensive  that  he  re- 
tired from  the  court,  and  spent  the  rest  of 
his   days   at  Croydon,  where   he  died  9th 
Nov.  1677,  aged  near  80.     His  only  pub- 
lication was  a  sermon,  preached  before  the 
king  at  Whitehall.      His  munificence  was 
very  great,  he   expended  not    less    than 
66,000/.    in   charitable    purposes,   and   of 
his  splendid  donations,  the  theatre  at  Ox- 
ford is  a  very  noble  and  lasting  monument. 

Shelley,  George,  writing-master  at 
Christ's  hospital,  was  very  eminent  as  a 
penman,  and  died  1736,  aged  about  70,  at 
his  house  the  Hand  and  Pen,  Warwick- 
lane.  He  published  the  Penman's  Maga- 
zine, 1708,  32  plates,  engraved  by  Nutting 
— Natural  Writing,  1714,  26  plates,  engra- 
ved by  Bickham — Moral  Sentences  for 
Schools,  &c. 

Shenstone,  William,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish poet,  born  at  Hales-Owen,  Shropshire, 
Nov.  1714.  He  was  taught  to  read  by  an 
old  dame,  whose  kind  services  he  has  trans- 
mitted to  posterity  in  his  School-Mistress, 
and  from  his  earliest  years  he  showed  a 
great  fondness  for  books.  After  being  at 
Hales-Owen  school,  and  at  Solihul,  under 
Mr.  Crompton,  he  removed  in  1732  to  Pem- 
broke college,  Oxford,  a  respectable  society, 
among  which  he  derived  both  delight  and 
advantage,  as  he  continued  his  name  among 
them  10  years,  though  he  took  no  academi- 
After  wandering  about  and 
sometimes  London,  sometimes 
Bath,  yet  without  forgetting  the  muses,  he 
settled,  1745,  on  his  estate,  on  the  death  of 
his  friend  Mr.  Dolman,  who  had,  with  in- 
defatigable attention  and  strict  integrity  hi- 
therto regulated  his  affairs. .  But  his  object 
here  was  not  to  inci'ease  his  income,  but 
to  improve  the  beauties  of  his  estate  ;  and 
by  degrees,  tlirough  inattention   and  inju- 


cal   degree 
visiting 


SHE 


SHE 


dicious  expense,  he  brought  on  himself 
pecuniary  distress,  and  probably  liastened 
his  own  death  by  the  dithcultics  and  anxi- 
eties wliieh  surrounded  him.  He  was  a 
lamp,  as  liis  biographer  observes,  that 
spent  its  oil  in  blazing.  He  was  attacked 
by  a  putrid  fever,  which  proved  fatal,  at  the 
Leasowes,  llth  Feb.  1763.  He  was  buri- 
ed in  Hales-Owen  churchyard  by  the  side 
of  his  brother.  The  tenderness  and  gene- 
rosity of  his  character  are  mentioned  with 
deserved  applause.  He  was  kind  to  all 
within  his  inHuence,  but  so  irascible,  that 
if  once  offended,  he  was  not  easily  ap- 
peased. He  was  inattentive  to  economy, 
and  careless  of  his  expenses,  but  his  life 
was  unstained  by  any  crime.  His  mind 
was  not  very  comprehensive,  nor  his  curi- 
osity active,  and  he  esteemed  light  those 
parts  of  learning  which  he  had  not  cultiva- 
ted. His  works  have  been  published  by 
Dodsley,  in  3  vols.  8vo.  consisting  of  26 
elegies,  songs,  odes,  ballads,  moral  pieces, 
&c.  written  with  ease,  elegance,  and  sim- 
plicity. His  epistolary  correspondence  af- 
terwards appeared  by  Mr.  Hull,  in  2  vols. 
8vo.  and  recollections  of  his  life  have  been 
published  by  his  venerable  friend  Mr. 
Graves. 

Shepreve,  John,  an  eminent  scholar, 
born  at  Sugworth,  near  Abingdon,  Berks, 
and  educated  at  Corpus  Christi,  Oxford, 
where  he  became  Greek  reader.  In  1538 
he  succeeded  Wakefield  as  university  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew,  and  acquired  great  po- 
pularity as  a  lecturer.  He  had  a  most  re- 
tentive memory,  and  Avrote  verses  with  as- 
tonishing rapidity,  often  100  during  the  va- 
cant hours  of  the  day.  He  died  at  Amer- 
sham  in  Buckinghamshire,  1542.  He 
wrote  Summa  et  Synopsis  Novi  Testamenti 
Ducentis  Sexaginta,  Distichis  Comprehen- 
sa,  8vo. — Hippolytns  Ovidianae  Phaedrae 
Respondens,  &c.  His  nephew  William  was 
a  Roman  Catholic,  who  wrote  some  reli- 
gious pieces,  and  died  at  Rome  1593. 

Sherard  or  Sherwood,  William,  an 
eminent  botanif^t,  born  in  Leicestershire, 
and  educated  at  Merchant  Tailors'  school, 
and  St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  of  which 
be  bacame  fellow,  and  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  bachelor  of  laws  1677.  During 
his  travels  abroad  as  tutor  to  some  noble- 
men, he  visited  the  chief  places  of  Europe, 
and  was  honoured  with  the  acquaintance 
of  the  great  Boerhaave,  of  •  Tournefort, 
and  other  learned  men.  He  obtained  the 
appointment  of  consul  at  Smyrna  in  1702, 
and  during  16  years  residence  in  this  dis- 
tant region,  he  applied  himself  to  form  a 
valuable  collection  of  the  plants  of  Asia 
Minor  and  Greece,  and  to  examine  every 
thing  remarkable  as  a  subject  of  antiquity, 
or  of  natural  history.  After  visiting  Eng- 
land, he  returned  to  the  continent,  and  as- 
cended the  Alps  in  search  of  plants,  where 


he  nearly  escaped  being  shot  by  a  peasant, 
who  mistook  him  for  a  wolf  as  he  was  lying 
on  the  ground.  On  his  return  to  England 
he  was  attended  by  Dillcnius,  to  whom  he 
gave  an  honourable  asylum  at  his  scat  at 
Eltham,  and  whom  he  appointed  first  pro- 
fessor in  the  botanical  professorship  which 
he  founded  at  Oxford  by  the  bequest  of 
3000/.  He  had  been  admitted  doctor  of 
laws  at  Oxford,  in  1718,  and  he  died  10 
years  after,  much  respected  for  his  benevo- 
lence and  liberality,  as  well  as  his  great 
learning  and  extensive  information.  He 
published  Herman's  Paradicus  Batavus,  4to. 
— Schola  Botanica,  l2mo,  which  appeared 
under  the  name  of  Wharton,  and  he  made 
some  valuable  communications  to  the  philo- 
sophical transactions.  His  brother  James 
was  an  apothecary,  and  afterwards  a  physi- 
cian, who  acquired  also  some  celebrity  as  a 
botanist,  and  died  1741. 

Sherburne,  sir  Edward,  an  English 
writer,  born  at  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate,  Lon- 
don, 1618,  and  educated  at  Mr.  Furnaby's 
school.  He  travelled  abroad,  and,  in  1641, 
succeeded  on  his  father's  death  as  clerk  of 
the  ordnance,  from  which  he  was  soon 
afterwards  ejected  by  the  House  of  Lords 
for  adhering  to  the  king.  He  then  joined 
the  king,  and  was  at  the  battle  of  Edge- 
hill,  and  retired  with  Charles  to  Oxford, 
where  he  was  made  master  of  arts.  W^hen 
Oxford  surrendered  to  the  parliament,  he, 
after  sufi'ering  much  in  his  property  from 
parliamentary  prosecution,  went  to  Lon- 
don, and  lived  for  some  time  in  the  Middle 
Temple.  In  1652  he  travelled  abroad 
with  sir  John  Coventry,  and  at  the  restora- 
tion was  reinstated  in  his  clerkship,  and 
knighted  by  Charles  II.  On  the  abdica- 
tion of  James  II.  he  was  deprived  of  his 
offices,  and  lived  the  rest  of  his  life  in  re- 
tirement, and  died  4th  Nov.  1702,  aged 
85.  He  translated  some  of  Seneca's  tra- 
gedies into  English,  besides  the  Sphere  of 
Manilius,  Theocritus's  16th  Idyllium,  and 
poems  and  other  translations. 

Sherebatof,  Prince,  a  Russian  noble- 
man, author  of  a  Journal  of  Peter  the 
Great,  2  vols.  4to. — the  Russian  History 
from  1114  to  1472— the  Life  of  Peter  the 
Great — History  of  Russia,  from  the  ear- 
liest times,  4  vols.  4to.  a  work  valuable  for 
its  accuracy  and  impartiality. 

Sheridan,  Thomas,  a  divine  and  poet, 
born  about  1684,  in  the  county  of  Cavan, 
Ireland.  Though  his  parents  were  in  in- 
digent circumstances,  he  received  by  the 
kindness  of  his  friends  a  good  education, 
which  he  finished  at  Dublin  college,  where 
he  took  the  degree  of  D.D.  He  after- 
wards kept  a  school  in  Dublin,  and  obtain- 
ed celebrity  by  the  number  of  his  scholars, 
and  the  diligence  and  abilities  with  which 
he  instructed  them.  He  was  presented  by 
the  friendship  of  Swift   to  a  living  in  the 

627 


SHE 


SHE 


South  of  IrelanJ,  worth  about  150/.  per 
ann.  but  his  sermon  on  these  words,  "  Suf- 
ficient for  the  day  is  the  evil  thereof," 
preached  at  Cork  on  the  anniversary  of  the 
tirst  George's  birthday,  seemed  so  pointed 
at  the  politics  of  the  times,  that  he  ruined 
all  hopes  of  further  preferment.  He  after- 
wards exchanged  his  living  for  that  of 
Dunboyne,  and  again  exchanged  that  for 
the  free-school  of  Cavan  :  but  his  temoer 
was  fickle,  and  dissatisfied  with  the  air, 
or  more  properly  with  the  inhabitants  of 
his  new  appointment,  he  sold  it  tor  400/. 
He  died  sometime  after  in  indigent  circum- 
stances, 10th  Sept.  1738,  aged  5.5.  Lord 
Corke  describes  him  as  better  acquainted 
with  booics  than  men,  as  slovenly,  indi- 
gent, and  cheerful,  yet  in  the  midst  of  his 
poverty  still  a  quibbler,  a  punster,  a  fid- 
dler, and  a  wit,  who  never  sufiered  the  day 
to  pass  without  a  rebus,  an  anagram,  or  a 
madrigal.  He  published  a  prose  transla- 
tion of  Persius,  with  judicious  notes,  12mo. 
1739,  and  his  correspondence  with  Swift, 
&c.  has  also  appeared  in  Sv/ift's  Miscel- 
lanies. 

Sheridax,  Thomas,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Quilca  in  Ireland,  and 
educated  at  Westminster  school  and  Dub- 
lin university,  where  he  took  the  degree  of 
B.A.  He  early  showed  a  partiality  for 
the  stage,  and  in  1743,  when  22  years  old, 
he  personated  Richard  HI.  in  the  Smock- 
alley  theatre,  after  which  he  exhibited  on 
the  boards  of  Covent-garden.  In  1744, 
he  undertook  the  management  of  the  Dub- 
lin stage,  but  he  met  with  such  opposition 
in  his  attempts  to  reform  abuses  and  to  in- 
troduce regularity,  that  a  conspiracy  was 
formed  against  him,  and  a  mob  threatened 
the  demolition  of  his  theatre.  Thus  driven 
from  Dublin  he  became  an  itinerant  lec- 
turer on  elocution,  and  he  acquired  such 
celebrity  in  this  new  method  of  conveying 
instruction,  that  not  only  his  own  univer- 
sity, but  Cambridge,  honoured  him  with 
the  degree  of  M.A.  About  1760,  he  again 
had  recourse  to  the  stage,  and  appeared  at 
Drury-lane  theatre  with  great  applause,  and 
had  the  interest  to  obtain  a  pension  from 
the  government.  In  1767,  he  engaged 
himself  at  the  Haymarket,  and  for  a  while 
amused  the  town  with  his  Attic  Evening, 
an  entertaining  medley  of  singing,  music, 
and  repetition.  He  quitted  the  stage  in 
1776,  to  succeed  Garrick  as  manager  of 
Drury-lane,  but  he  resigned  three  years 
after,  and  again  had  recourse  to  his  lec- 
tures and  literary  labours.  He  died  at 
Margate  17S8,  aged  67.  He  was  author 
of  several  works,  the  best  known  of  vvhich 
are,  a  Dictionary  of  the  English  language, 
in  which  he  attempts  to  establish  a  per- 
manent standard  of  pronunciation,  4to. 
and  2  vols.  12mo. — British  Education,  or 
the  Source  of  the  Disorders  of  Great  Bri- 
028 


tain,  8vo. — Lectures  on  the  Art  of  Read- 
ing, 8vo. — Dissertation  on  the  Causes 
and  Difficulties  of  learning  the  English 
Tongue,  4to. — Course  of  Lectures  on  Elo- 
cution, &c.  4to. — Life  of  Swift  prefixed 
to  his  works,  8vo. — Elements  of  English, 
12mo. 

Sheridan,  Richard,  the  third  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Dublin  in  1751. 
He  was  educated  at  Harrow  school,  after 
which  he  became  a  student  of  the  Middle 
Temple ;  but  Avas  never  called  to  the  bar. 
In  1775  he  brought  out  "  The  Rivals,"  a 
comedy  which  proved  very  successful  j  but 
was  exceeded  in  popularity  by  the  comic 
opera  of  the  "  Duenna;"  as  that  also  was 
by  the  "  School  for  Scandal."  While  the 
former  of  these  dramas  was  delighting  the 
town, the  author  became  a  partner  in  Drury- 
lane  theatre,  by  the  purchase  of  Garrick's 
share  of  the  patent,  in  conjunction  with  Dr. 
Ford  and  Mr.  Linley.  The  other  dramatic 
pieces  of  Sheridan,  about  this  period,  were 
the  "  Trip  to  Scarborough,"  and  the 
*'  Critic."  In  1779  he  wrote  a  Monody  on 
the  death  of  Garrick,  which  was  spoken  by 
Mrs.  Yates  in  the  character  of  the  Tragic 
Muse.  In  1780  Mr.  Sheridan  was  returned 
to  parliament  for  Stafford  ;  and  soon  be- 
came distinguished  as  a  powerful  speaker 
on  the  side  of  opposition.  When  the 
Rockingham  party  came  into  power,  he  was 
made  one  of  the  under-secretaries ;  and 
in  the  coalition  administration,  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  to  the  treasury.  That 
post,  however,  he  did  not  hold  long,  and 
during  the  whole  of  Mr.  Pitt's  ascendency, 
the  talents  of  Sheridan  were  displayed  in 
combating  that  great  statesman.  On  the 
trial  of  Hastings,  he  acted  a  prominent 
part ;  and  his  eloquence  had  an  electrify- 
ing effect  on  many  of  his  auditors.  On 
the  death  of  Mr.  Pitt,  he  became  treasurer 
of  the  navy,  but  another  change  taking 
place,  he  was  again  seated  on  the  opposi- 
tion side  of  the  house  ;  where,  however, 
his  influence  was  visibly  lessened  by  the 
decay  of  his  powers  ;  and  he  retired  from 
parliament  some  time  before  his  death, 
which  happened  July  7, 1816.  Besides  the 
pieces  already  noticed,  he  was  the  author 
of  part  of  *'  A  translation  of  Aristaene- 
tus  ;"  a  farce  called  "  St.  Patrick's  Day  ;" 
a  "Letter  to  Henry  Dundas  ;"  *' Pizar- 
ro ;"  a  play  altered  from  Kotzebue ;  and 
poems.  Mr.  Sheridan  was  twice  mar- 
ried, first  to  Miss  Linley,  a  celebrated 
singer ;  and  the  second  time  to  Miss  Ogle, 
daughter  of  the  dean  of  Winchester.— 
W.B. 

Sheridan,  Frances,  was  grand-daughter 
of  sir  Oliver  Chamberlaine,  and  first  dis- 
tinguished herself  as  author  of  a  pamphlet 
in  the  dispute  which  Mr.  Sheridan  had 
with  the  Dublin  people  with  respect  to  his 
theatre.     The   little  performance  excited 


SHE 


SHK 


the  attention  of  the  manager,  and  he  soon 
after  married  her.  She  proved  a  most 
amiable  character  in  all  the  relations  of 
life,  and  not  only  pos>sessed  very  engaging 
manners,  but  joined  the  greatest  benevo- 
lence of  heart  to  respectable  literary  ta- 
lents. After  suffering  much  from  a  linger- 
ing illness,  she  retired  for  the  recovery  of 
her  health  too  late  to  the  south  of  France, 
and  died  at  Blois  17t)7.  Her  Sydney  Bid- 
dulph  IS  a  romance  of  great  merit,  and  her 
Nourjahad  deserves  equal  commendation. 
She  wrote  besides,  two  comedies,  the  Dis- 
covery—  and  the  Dupe. 

Sherlock,  William,  D.D.  an  English 
divine,  born  at  Southwark  1641,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Peter-house,  Cambridge. 
In  1669,  he  obtained  the  rectory  of  St. 
George's,  Botolph  lane,  London,  and  a  pre- 
bend of  St.  Paul's,  and  soon  after  was 
chosen  master  of  the  Temple.  He  was  an 
able  advocate  for  the  church  of  England 
against  the  papists,  but  at  the  revolution 
he  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance, 
though  he  afterwards  complied,  and  pub- 
lished an  account  and  vidication  of  his 
conduct,  which  was  severely  censured  by 
the  nonjurors.  In  1691,  he  was  made  dean 
of  St.  Paul's,  and  died  at  Hampstead, 
19th  June,  1707,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Paul's.  He  had  a  controversy  with  Dr. 
South  about  the  Trinity,  and  also  published 
various  sermons,  and  some  pamphlets  on 
death  and  the  last  judgment.  Burnet  says 
that  he  w^as  a  clear  and  strong  writer,  but 
that  the  contempt  he  expressed  for  his  ad- 
versaries made  him  pass  for  an  insolent 
and  haughty  man. 

Sherlock,  Thomas,  D.D.  a  learned  pre- 
late, son  of  the  preceding,  and  born  1678. 
He  was  of  Catherine  hall,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  was  elected  master.  He  was 
early  eminent  for  his  learning,  and  the 
policy  and  wisdom  of  his  conduct  at  the 
head  of  a  house,  procured  him  from  Dr. 
Middleton  the  title  of  the  principal  cham- 
pion and  ornament  of  the  church  and  uni- 
versity. He  succeeded  his  father  as  mas- 
ter of  the  Temple,  and  this  honourable  ap- 
pointment was  held  by  father  and  son  for 
more  than  70  years.  He  displayed  great 
abilities  in  the  vindication  of  the  corpora- 
tion and  test  acts  against  the  attacks  of 
bishop  Hoadley  ;  and  also  in  the  defence 
of  the  use  and  intent  of  prophecy,  in  six 
discourses  delivered  at  the  Temple,  in  an- 
swer to  Collins,  and  also  in  an  able  vindi- 
cation of  the  miracle  of  Christ's  resur- 
rection against  the  attacks  of  Woolston. 
He  wrote  besides  other  controversial 
works  ;  but  his  sermons  in  4  vols.  8vo.  are 
particularly  valuable,  as  compositions  of 
elegance,  ingenuity,  and  erudition.  In 
1728,  Dr.  Sherlock  was  made  bishop  of 
Bangor,  and  in  1734,  was  translated  to 
Salisbury,  but  in  1747,    on  the  death  of 


Potter,  he  refused  the  offer  of  tiie  metro- 
politan see,  in  cunsequence  of  a  severe 
illness  under  which  he  laboured,  though 
the  following  year  he  accepted  the  dioccss 
of  London.  He  died  July  IH,  1761,  in  his 
84th  year.  His  private  character  wa.s 
adorned  with  the  purest  virtues  of  benevo- 
lence and  humanity.  He  sent  2000  copies 
of  his  excellent  discourse  to  the  colonies 
and  settlements  of  America,  and  present- 
ed his  valuable  library  to  Catherine  hall, 
where  he  founded  a  scholarship  and  the 
office  of  a  librarian. 

Sherlock,  Richard,  a  native  of  Oxton 
in  Werral,  Cheshire,  educated  at  Magda- 
len hall,  Oxford,  from  which  he  removed 
to  Trinity  college,  Dublin.  He  obtained 
some  preferment  in  Ireland,  but  during  the 
civil  wars  returned  to  England,  and  was 
made  chaplain  to  one  of  the  king's  regi- 
ments. At  the  restoration  he  took. the  de- 
gree of  D.D.  at  Dublin,  and  wa.s  present- 
ed by  his  patron  lord  Derby,  to  the  valua- 
ble living  of  Winwick,  Lancashire,  where 
he  died  20th  June,  1689,  aged  76.  The 
best  of  his  works  arc,  the  Practical  Chris- 
tian, 8vo.  to  the  sixth  edition  of  which  his 
life  is  prefixed  by  bishop  Wilson — Con- 
fessions, Meditations,  and  Prayers,  for  the 
Sacrament,  8vo. — pieces  against  the  qua- 
kers,  &.C. 

Sherman,  John,  eminent  as  a  diyine 
and  mathematician,  was  born  at  Dedham, 
England,  in  1613,  and  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  came  to  America  in  1634,  and 
preached  at  Watertown.  He  afterwards 
went  to  Connecticut,  and  was  both  a  minis- 
ter and  magistrate.  He  at  length  return- 
ed to  Watertown,  and  was  settled  in  the 
ministry,  and  preached  with  great  "accep- 
tance. He  was  also  chosen  a  fellow  of 
Harvard  college,  and  delivered  lectures  for 
a  long  time,  which  not  only  the  students, 
but  many  from  the  neighbouring  towns, 
attended.  He  was  highly  accomplished 
as  a  preacher,  and  as  a  general  scholar, 
and  particularly  distinguished  for  his  know- 
ledge of  mathematics.     He  died  in  1685. 

ilCP'  L. 

Sherman,  Roger,  senator  of  the  United 
States,  was  born  at  Newton,  Massachu- 
setts, April  19th,  17-4,  and  rose  by  the 
force  of  his  superior  genius  to  distinction 
as  a  lawyer  and  a  statesman  without  the 
advantages  of  acollegial  education.  He  re- 
moved in  1743  to  New-Milford,  Connecti- 
cut, and  in  1754  commenced  the  practice 
of  law.  In  1761  he  removed  to  New- 
Haven,  and  four  years  after  was  appointed 
a  judge  of  the  county  court,  and  in  1776 
advanced  to  a  seat  on  the  bench  of  the 
superior  court,  and  was  also  chosen  a 
member  of  the  council.  He  was  elected  a 
member  of  congress  in  1774,  and  continued 
to  hold  a  seat  in  that  body,  except  when 
excluded  by  the  law,  requiring  a  rotation, 

fi-29 


SHI 


SHI 


He  was  one  of  the  committee  appointed  to 
draw  up  the  declaration  of  independence, 
in  1776,  and  signed  that  instrument.  He 
was  a  conspicous  member  in  the  conven- 
tion, which  formed  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States.  In  1791  he  was  chosen  a 
senator,  and  retained  the  station  till  his 
death,  in  1793,  in  his  seventy-third  year. 
He  possessed  a  mind  of  uncommon 
strength,  perspicuity,  and  judiciousness. 
He  was  a  profound  and  sagacious  states- 
man, an  able  and  upright  judge,  and 
an  exemplary  Christian.  He  received  an 
honorary  diploma  of  Master  of  Arts 
from  Yale  college,  and  was  for  many  years 
treasurer  of  that  institution.       ICJ^  L. 

Sheruingham,  Robert,  an  able  divine. 
After  being  ejected  for  attacbment  to  the 
king,  from  his  fellowship  of  Gonvil  and 
Caius  college,  Cambridge,  he  retired  to 
Holland,  but  at  the  restoration  he  recover- 
ed his  ecclesiastical  honours.  He  wrote, 
de  Anglorum  Gentis  Origine  Deceptatio, 
8vo. — the  King's  Supremacy  asserted — 
Joman,  a  Hebrew  book,  translated  into  La- 
tin, with  notes,  4to — sermons,  4to.  &c. 

Sherwin,  John  Keyse,  a  wood-cutter  in 
Sussex,  whose  skill  as  an  engraver  was  ac- 
cidentally called  forth  at  the  house  of  Mr. 
Mitford.  Viewing  with  astonish ujent  the 
pieces  which  some  of  the  family  were  en- 
gaged in  drawing,  he  was  asked  to  use  the 
port-crayon,  and  his  untutored  hand  pro- 
duced such  a  drawing,  that  the  society  of 
arts,  to  whom  it  was  presented,  voted  him 
the  silver  medal.  Removed  from  his  hum- 
ble occupation  he  became  the  pupil  and  the 
friend  of  Bartolozzi,  and  his  engravings  ac- 
quired deserved  popularity.  This  excellent 
artist  died  1790.  The  most  admired  of  his 
engravings  is  Moses  among  the  buUrushes. 
Shipley,  Jonathan,  an  English  prelate, 
born  1714.  He  took  bis  degrees  at  Christ- 
church,  and  upon  entering  into  orders  ob- 
tained a  living,  and  in  1743,  was  made 
prebendary  of  Winchester.  After  travel- 
ling, in  1745,  with  the  duke  of  Cumber- 
land as  his  chaplain,  he  was  promoted  in 
1749  to  a  canonry  at  Christ-church,  became 
^lean  of  Winchester  in  1760,  and  in  1769 
bishop  of  St.  Asaph.  He  was  author  of 
some  elegant  verses  on  the  death  of  queen 
Caroline,  and  published  besides,  some 
poems  and  sermons  preached  on  public  oc- 
casions, and  died  1788. 

Shippen,  Edward,  LL.D.  chief  justice 
of  Pennsylvania,  was  a  descendant  from 
Edward  Shippen,  the  first  mayor  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  was  born  in  that  city,  Fe- 
brury  16th,  1729.  He  studied  law  in  the 
office  of  Mr.  Francis  at  Philadelphia,  and 
finished  his  education  at  the  temple  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  was  admitted  a  barrister. 
On  his  return  to  America  he  devoted  him- 
self to  his  profession,  and  such  was  his  re- 
t)utation  that  at  the  age  of  twentv-four  he 
630 


was  appointed  prothonotary  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  judge  of  the  admiralty  court  for 
the  province.  He  was  afterwards  a  mem- 
ber of  the  proprietors  and  governor's  coun- 
cil untU  the  revolution,  when  these  offices 
ceased.  Soon  after  that  event  he  was  ap- 
pointed president  of  the  courts  of  quarter 
sessions,  for  the  county  of  Philadelphia. 
In  1792  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  in  1799  chief  justice  of 
the  supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania.  This 
office  he  resigned  in  1805.  He  died  April 
16th,  1806.  He  was  an  accomplished  com- 
mercial lawyer,  and  in  all  that  related  to 
the  practice  and  process  of  the  courts,  pos- 
sessed a  knowledge  singularly  accurate 
and  extensive.  ICZF^  L. 

Shippen,  William,  M.D.  first  professor 
of  anatomy  in  the  university  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  a  native  of  that  state,  and  edu- 
cated at  Princeton,  where  he  was  gradua- 
ted in  1754.  His  medical  education,  which 
he  commenced  in  Philadelphia,  he  com- 
pleted in  Edinburgh.  After  his  return  he 
settled  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1764  began 
the  first  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy 
delivered  in  the  country.  The  next  year 
he  was  elected  a  professor  in  the  medical 
school,  which  he  assisted  in  establishing. 
This  school,  which  at  its  commencement 
consisted  of  but  ten  students,  contained, 
before  he  left,  two  hundred  and  fifty.  In 
1777  he  was  appointed  director  general  of 
the  medical  department  in  the  army.  He 
resigned  his  professorship  in  1806,  and 
died  July,  ISOS,  at  Gerraantown,  in  his 
seventy-fifth  year.  ICIP'  L. 

Shirley,  sir  Anthony,  a  native  of  Wis- 
ton,  Sussex,  educated  at  Oxford,  where  he 
became  fellow  of  All  Souls.     He  studied 
the  law,   but  afterwards  accompanied   sir 
Philip  Sydney  to  the  Low  countries,   and 
in  1596,  he  was  sent  to  America  by  queen 
Elizabeth.     He  next  attended  Essex  when 
lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and  was  knight- 
ed there,  after  which  he  went  abroad,  and 
became  so  much  respected   for  his  know- 
ledge and   acquirements  that   the  king  of 
Spain   created  him  a  grandee  of  the  king- 
dom, and    appointed  him   admiral  of  his 
fleet.     James  I.  jealous  of  these  honours 
bestowed  on  one  of  his   subjects,  recalled 
him  home,  but  he  had  the  boldness  to  re- 
fuse, and  died  in  Spain  1640,  aged  75.     He 
was  author  of  a  Voyage  to  America,  in- 
serted in  Hackluyt's  collection — Account 
of  Muley  Hamet's  Elevation  to  the  King- 
dom of  Morocco,  &c.  4to. — History  of  his 
Travels  into  Persia,  4to. — Voyage  over  the 
Caspian  and  through   Russia,  in  Purcha's 
Pilgrims — History  of  his  Ambassies,  fol. 
&c.     His  brother  Robert  accompanied  him 
into  Persia,  and  settled  there,  and  became 
so  great  a  favourite  at  court,  that  the  em- 
peror not  only  employed  him  as  his  ambas- 
sador to  Poland  and  to  England,  but  gave 


mi 


^>iii.i 


liim  his  own  niece  in  marriage,  and  loaded 
him  with  honours  and  opulence.  He  died 
it  is  said  of  a  broken  heart  on  his  return  to 
Persia,  23d  July,  1627,  aged  63,  because 
he  had  been  treated  as  an  impostor  at  the 
English  court  by  his  predecessor  the  Per- 
sian ambassador,  and  because  he  was  not 
able  to  receive  in  Persia  that  satisfaction 
which  he  expected.  His  widow  came  to 
Europe,  and  fixed  her  residence  at  Rome. 

Shirley,  Thomas,  of  the  same  family  as 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Westminster, 
and  educated  at  Magdalen  college,  Uxlord. 
He  took  his  medical  degn  es  in  France,  and 
became  physician  to  Charles  H.  and  died 
1678.  He  was  author  of  a  philosophical 
essay  on  the  probable  causes  whence  stones 
are  produced  in  the  greater  world,  &c. 
8vo.  a  curious  performance. 

Shirley,  James,  an  English  dramatic 
writer  and  poet,  born  in  St.  Mary  Wool- 
church  parish,  London,  1594.  He  was 
educated  at  Merchant  Tailors'  and  St. 
John's  college,  Oxford,  which  he  left  with- 
out a  degree  to  go  to  Cambridge,  where  he 
took  his  degrees.  He  afterwards  took  or- 
ders, and  served  a  cure  near  St.  Alban's, 
but  changed  his  religion  for  that  of  Rome, 
and  then  settled  at  St.  Alban's,  where  he 
kept  a  school,  from  which  he  removed  to 
London.  There  he  devoted  himself  to 
writing  plays,  and  was  patronised  by 
Charles's  queen,  but  when  the  civil  wars 
broke  out,  and  plays  became  unpopular 
among  the  republican  fanatics,  he  had  re- 
course to  education  for  support,  and  kept 
a  school  at  Whitefriars  with  some  reputa- 
tion. The  fire  of  London,  which  robbed 
him  of  his  property,  proved  so  terrific  to 
him,  that  both  himself  and  his  wife  died  in 
consequence  of  fright  within  24  hours  of 
each  other,  and  were  buried  in  the  same 
grave,  29th  Oct.  1669.  He  wrote  37  plays, 
besides  a  volume  of  poems,  and  was  patron- 
ised by  lord  Newcastle.  There  was  a 
Henry  Shirley,  who  lived  in  his  time,  and 
wrote  the  Martyred  Soldier,  a  tragedy,  &.c. 

Shirley,  William,  governor  of  ?'Iassa- 
chusetts,  was  an  Englishman  by  birth,  and 
educated  a  lawyer.  He  came  to  Boston 
about  the  year  1733,  and  employed  himself 
in  the  profession  till  1741,  when  he  was 
appointed  governor.  He  held  that  office 
till  1757.  It  was  during  his  administration 
that  Louisburg  was  taken,  though  lie  was 
not  the  projector  of  the  expedition,  nor  its 
decided  advocate,  till  its  successful  issue 
was  known.  In  1754  he  rendered  himself 
highly  popular  by  refusing  his  assent  to  the. 
excise  bill.  In  1755  he  was  appointed 
commander-in-chief  of  the  British  forces 
in  America,  and  proceeded  to  Oswego  in 
an  expedition  against  Niagara,  but  was  the 
next  year  superseded  by  Abercrombie.  He 
was  soon  after  recalled  from  Massachusetts 
to  England,  and  appointed  governor  of  the 


Bahama  islands.  In  1770  he  returned  to 
Massachusetts,  and  resided  at  Roxbury  till 
his  death  the  next  year.  He  possessed  a 
strong  mind,  great  firmness,  diligence,  and 
address,  and  rendered  many  important 
services  to  the  colony.  ICJ"  L. 

Shore,  Jane,  wife  of  Matthew  Shore,  a 
goldsmith  in  Lombard-street,  is  known  in 
history  as  the  mistress  ol  the  voluptuous 
Edward  IV  .  To  great  and  fascinating  per- 
sonal charms  she  added  some  of  ihe  best 
qualities  of  the  heart,  and  though  she  had 
not  virtue  enough  to  withstand  temptation, 
she  was  benevolent  and  humane  in  the 
midst  of  a  debauched  court.  After  the 
king's  death  she  lived  with  lord  Hastings, 
and  when  he  fell  under  the  tyranny  of  the 
third  Richard,  she  w  as  seized  as  an  accom- 
plice in  his  pretended  conspiracy,  and  felt 
all  the  resentment  of  the  usurper.  She 
was  accused  of  witchcralt,  and  did  open 
penance  for  her  adulteries,  and  was  also 
plundered  of  her  property  by  the  artful 
Richard.  She  survived  her  misfortunes, 
and  was  seen  by  sir  Thomas  More,  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.  poor,  decrepit,  and 
shrivelled,  without  the  least  traces  of  that 
beauty  which  once  commanded  the  admira- 
tion of  a  court.  She  perished  of  hunger 
in  a  ditch,  called  from  her  Shore  ditch, 
though  Stow  relates  that  that  street  bore 
the  name  before  her  time. 

Shovel,  sir  Cloudesley,  a  celebrated 
English  admiral,  born  of  obscure  parents, 
about  1650.  He  was  apprentice  to  some 
mean  trade,  which  he  quitted  for  the  sea, 
and  by  application,  bravery,  and  steadi- 
ness, he  gradually  rose  from  a  cabin  boy, 
under  sir  Christopher  Mynns,  to  conse- 
quence and  command.  He  served  under 
sir  John  Narborough,  at  the  attack  on  Tri- 
poli, 1674,  and  by  being  sent  on  shore,  had 
the  opportunity,  while  negotiating  with  the 
dey,  of  observing  the  weak  parts  of  the  ene- 
my's fortifications  and  defence,  and  in  con- 
sequence directed  the  blow  which  com- 
pletely destroyed  all  their  ships.  This 
brave  conduct  procured  him  the  command 
of  a  ship  ;  and,  after  other  eminent  ser- 
vices, especially  in  Bantry  bay,  he  was 
knighted  by  king  William  at  Portsmouth,  and 
conveyed,  in  1690,  that  king  and  his  army 
into  Ireland.  He  was  engaged  as  one  of 
the  rear  admirals  at  the  battle  of  la  Hogue, 
and  afterwards  had  an  important  command 
before  Vigo,  and  in  the  Mediterranean  be- 
fore Malaga.  In  1705  he  was  again  sent 
against  Spain,  and  after  an  unsuccessful 
attack  upon  Toulon,  he  returned  home. 
His  fleet,  however,  unfortunately  was 
wrecked  on  the  Scilly  islands,  22d  Oct. 
1705,  and  in  his  ship,  the  Association,  pe- 
rished with  him  his  sons-in-law,  and  other 
persons  of  distinction.  His  body  was  next 
day  cast  on  shore,  and  robbed  of  a  ring  by 
some  fishermen,  who  buried  him  in  the 

631 


SHL 

sand.  The  ring  discovered  his  quality, 
the  fishermen  pointed  out  where  they  had 
deposited  the  body,  which  was  dug  up  and 
brought  to  Portsmouth,  and  thence  con- 
veyed to  London  and  buried  in  Westmin- 
ster abbey,  where  a  monument  by  the 
queen's  directions  records  his  meritorious 
services.  He  married  his  patron,  sir  John 
Narborough's  widow,  by  whom  he  left  two 
daughters. 

Shower,  John,  a  nonconformist  divine, 
educated  by  Doolittle,  Islington,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  his  school.  He  was  minister 
of  Jewin-street  congregation,  1687,  and 
died  at  Hoxton,  171S,  aged  58.     He  wrote 

Sacramental     Sermons Reflections     on 

Time  and  Eternity,  works  of  great  merit. 

Shrewsbury,  Elizabeth,  countess  of, 
daughter  of  John  Hardwich,  Esq.  of  Der- 
byshire, married,  at  the  age  of  14,  Mr. 
Barley,  and  after  a  widowhood  of  12  years, 
William  Cavendish,  of  Chatsworth,  the  an- 
cestor of  the  Devonshire  family.  She  had 
three  sons,  one  of  whom  was  earl  of  De- 
vonshire, and  the  other  father  to  the  duke 
of  Newcastle,  and  three  daughters,  one  of 
whom  was  ancestor  to  the  Pierrepoints, 
dukes  of  Kingston,  and  another  wife  of 
Charles,  duke  of  Lenox,  uncle  to  James  L 
Her  third  husband  was  sir  William  St. 
Low,  and  her  fourth,  lord  Shrewsbury. 
She  was  for  17  years  the  keeper  of  Mary, 
queen  of  Scots,  and  died  1607,  aged  87, 
and  was    buried  in  All-Hallows  church, 

Derby. 

Shuckford,  Samuel,  rector  of  Shelton, 
Norfolk,  canon  of  Canterbury,  and  chap- 
lain to  the  king,  was  author  of  a  History 
of  the  World,  Sacred  and  Profane,  Intro- 
ductory to  Prideaux's  Connexions — and 
the  Creation  and  the  Fall  of  Man,  and  died 
1754. 

Shute,  Josias,  archdeacon  of  Colches- 
ter, rector  of  St.  Mary  Woolnolh,  London, 
was  author  of  a  folio  volume  of  sermons  on 
the  16th  chapter  of  Genesis.  He  was  a 
most  eloquent  preacher,  and  much  admired, 
but  he  was  exposed  to  great  persecution 
during  the  civil  wars  for  his  attachment  to 
the  king.     He  died  1643. 

Shute,  Samuel,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  the  son  of  a  highly  respectable 
family  of  London,  and  served  for  some 
time  under  the  duke  of  Marlborough  as  a 
lieutenant-colonel.  He  arrived  at  Boston 
with  his  commission  as  governor,  the  4th 
of  October,  1716.  His  administration  was 
agitated  by  a  strong  opposition,  on  account 
of  his  endeavours  to  obtain  a  fixed  salary. 
Me  embarked  for  England  on  the  1st  of  Ja- 
nuary, 1723,  and  exhibited  complaints 
against  the  colony  which  drew  on  it  the 
censure  of  the  king  and  council.  He  re- 
mained in  England,  enjoying  a  pension 
^Vom  government,  till  his  death  in  1742. 
632 


SIB 

in  his  eighty-ninth  year.  He  was  charac- 
terized by  uprightness,  generosity,  and 
love  of  liberty.  fClP'  L. 

Shuter,  Edward,  a  good  actor,  son  of 
a  chairman.  From  a  tapster  in  a  public 
house,  and  a  marker  at  a  billiard  table,  he 
was  engaged  by  Rich  in  some  of  the  hum- 
bler offices  of  the  theatre  of  Covent-gar- 
den,  from  which  he  rose  by  application  to 
consequence  and  the  greatest  popularity. 
His  abilities  appeared  in  low  comedy  and 
characteristic  humour,  and  his  Justice 
Clack,  and  his  Midas,  were  long  and 
deservedly  popular  characters.  He  died 
1776. 

SiBBALD,  sir  Robert,  a  physician,  born 
near  Leslie,  Fifeshire,  1643,  and  educated 
at  St.  Andrews.  He  travelled  into  France, 
and  on  his  return  to  Scotland  projected  the 
establishment  of  the  college  of  physicians 
at  Edinburgh,  and  the  plantation  of  the  bo- 
tanical gardens.  In  1686  he  embraced  the 
catholic  religion,  but  afterwards  read  his 
recantation  in  Liberton  church,  with  great 
contrition  for  his  folly.  He  was  the  first 
professor  of  medicine  at  Edinburgh,  and 
in  consequence  of  his  great  reputation  was 
knighted  by  Charles  IL  He  died  1720. 
He  was  author  of  Scotia  Illustrata,  fol. — 
Phalainologia  Nova,  4to. — History  of  the 
Sheriffdom  of  Fife  and  Kinross— Miscella- 
nea Quaidam  Eruditce  Antiquitatis,  1710 
— and  contributions  to  the  philosophical 
transactions. 

SiBRECHTS,  John,  a  painter,  born  at 
Antwerp.  He  lived  for  some  time  in  Lon- 
don, where  his  abilities  were  greatly  pa- 
tronised, and  died  1703,  aged  78.  His 
landscapes  and  cattle  possessed  peculiar 
beauty. 

SiBTHORPE,  Robert,  a  native  of  Lincoln- 
shire, educated  at  Oxford.  He  became 
rector  of  Water  Stratford,  Buckingham- 
shire, and  vicar  of  Brackley,  Northamp- 
tonshire, and  by  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of 
Charles  L  and  by  the  eloquence  of  his 
preaching,  he  obtained  a  prebend  in  Peter- 
borough cathedral,  and  Burton  Latimer's 
rectory,  Northamptonshire.  These  prefer- 
ments were  taken  from  him  after  the  de- 
struction of  royalty,  and  his  discourses 
were  exposed  to  the  severest  censures  of 
the  house  of  commons.     He  died  1662. 

SiBTHORPE,  John,  a  native  of  Lincoln- 
shire, educated  at  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  medical  degrees,  and  Avhere  he  succeed- 
ed his  father,  Dr.  Humphrey  Sibthorpe,  as 
professor  of  botany.  In  his  zeal  in  the 
service  of  botany  he  travelled  twice  to 
Greece,  and  made  a  valuable  collection  of 
curious  plants,  which  will  appear  before 
the  public  in  a  splendid  form  under  the  title 
of  Flora  Graeca.  Dr.  Sibthorpe  published 
Flora  Oxoniensi?,  and  died  1796,  leaving-, 


.SID 


sin 


a  handsome  bequest  to  the  university  fov 
the  encouragement  of  his  favourite  science. 

SiciNius  Dentatus,  a  warrior,  -ur- 
named  from  his  valour  the  Roman  Achilles. 
He  won  121  battles,  and  received  45  ho- 
nourable wounds  in  the  service  of  his 
country.  He  was  murdeied  by  App.  Clau- 
dius, B.C.  405. 

SicioLANTE,  Girolamo,  a  native  of  Ser- 
moneta  in  Italy,  distinguished  as  a  land- 
scape and  historical  painter.  He  died  1 550, 
aged  46. 

Sidney,  Henry,  an  English  statesman, 
descended  from  a  noble  family  in  Surrey. 
He  was  a  student  of  New  college,  Oxford, 
1513,  and  afterwards  became  the  favourite 
of  Edward  VI.  who  knighted  and  employed 
him  as  ambassador  to  France.  Under 
Mary  he  was  made  collector  of  the  reve- 
nues in  Ireland,  and  on  Elizabeth's  acces- 
sion be  became  lord  president  of  the 
marches  of  Wales,  and  knight  of  the  gar- 
ter, a:nd  in  1568  was  sent  to  Ireland  as  lord 
deputy  to  the  queen.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  integrity,  and  married  Mary,  eldest 
daughter  of  John  Dudley,  duke  of  North- 
umberland. He  died  1586,  and  was  bu- 
ried at  Penshurst,  in  Kent,  a  manor  which 
had  been  formerly  granted  to  him  by  the 
queen.  He  promoted  the  printing  of  the 
Irish  statutes,  while  in  the  government  of 
the  country.  Some  of  his  letters  to  his  son 
have  been  pubHshed. 

Sidney,  sir  Philip,  son  of  the  above,  was 
born  at  Penshurst,  1554,  and  named  Philip 
in  honour  of  the  king  Of  Spain, 4he  husband 
of  queen  Mary.  He  was  educated  at 
Christ  church,  Oxford,  and  at  the  age  of 
17  he  began  his  travels.  At  Paris  he  es- 
caped the  dreadful  massacre  of  St.  Bartho- 
lomew by  flying  into  the  house  of  the  Eng- 
lish ambassador,  and  afterwards  extended 
his  travels  to  Germany,  and  returned  to 
England  after  an  absence  of  four  years. 
In  1576  he  was  sent  by  the  queen  to  Ro- 
dolph,  emperor  of  Germany,  and  on  his  re- 
turn visited  Don  John  of  Austria,  and  Wil- 
liam, prince  of  Orange,  by  both  of  whom 
he  was  received  with  great  courtesy.  In 
1579  he  ventured  to  oppose  the  queen's 
marriage  with  the  duke  of  Anjou,  and  soon 
after,  in  consequence  of  a  quarrel  with 
Vere,  earl  of  Oxford,  he  absented  himself 
from  the  court,  and  in  his  retirement  wrote 
his  famous  romance,  called  Arcadia.  He 
was  in  1582  knighted,  and  three  years 
after,  while  he  meditated  an  expedition  to 
America,  with  Drake,  he  was  sent  by  the 
queen  to  take  upon  himself  the  government 
of  Flushing.  The  next  year  he  surprised 
Axil,  and  behaved  with  such  prudence,  mo- 
deration, and  wisdom,  that  he  was  pro- 
posed as  a  fit  candidate  for  the  vacant 
crown  of  Poland ;  but  Elizabeth  opposed 
it,  observing,  that  England  ought  not  to 
lose  the  jewel  of  the  times,     This  brave 

Vol.  II.  80 


man  received  a  mortal  wound  in  the  thij^U 
at  the  battle  of  Zutpinn,  22d    Sept.  15b<;, 
and  was  carried  to  Arnheiin,  where  he  ex- 
pired the  16th  Oct.  following.     As  he  lay, 
bleeding  on   the   (ield   of  battle,  and  was 
going  to  taste   a  bottle  of  wine,  which  his 
attendants  had  procured  to  refresh  him,  he 
saw  a  wounded   soldier   carried    by,  and 
casting  a  longing  look  on  the  liquor,  upon 
which  he  ordered  it  to  be  given  to  him,  add- 
ing, "  poor  fellow,  thy  necessity  is  greater 
than  mine  !**     His  body  was  brought  home, 
and   buried  in  great  funeral  pomp  in  St. 
Paul's  cathedral ;  but  though  no  monument 
was  placed  over  him,  his  memory  was  em- 
balmed by  an  epitaph  written  in  his  honour 
by  king  James,  and  by  verses  from  the  uni- 
versities of  Oxford  and  Cambridge.     This 
Marcellus  of  England  was  universally  re- 
spected as  a  statesman,  soldier,  and  scho- 
lar, and  the  panegyrics  passed   on  him  in 
his  time  have  been  re-echoed  by  the  suc- 
ceeding ages.     Besides  his  popular  Arca- 
dia, which  passed  through  eight   editions 
before  the  end  of  1633,  he  wrote  an  Apolo- 
gy for  Poetry,  4to.— sonnets — Ourania,  a 
poem — and  other  pieces. 

Sidney,  Algernon,  an  English  gentle- 
man, second  son  of  Robert,  earl  of  Lei- 
cester, by  Dorothy,  daughter  of  the  earl 
of  Northumberland,  was  born  1617.  In 
the  civil  war  he  espoused  the  party  of  the 
parliament,  and  was  colonel  in  the  army, 
and  one  of  the  king's  judges,  though  he  did 
not  sit  on  the  tribunal.  Like  Brutus, 
whom  he  made  his  model,  he  was  the  ar- 
dent friend  of  a  pure  republic,  and  there- 
fore retired  in  disgust  on  Cromwell's  usur- 
pation. He  was,  however,  in  1659,  em- 
ployed as  ambassador  to  Copenhagen,  to 
mediate  a  peace  between  the  kings  of  Den- 
mark and  Sweden,  but  at  the  restoration  he 
refused  to  return,  and  continued  abroad  till 
1677.  He  was  then  permitted  to  return, 
and  obtained  the  king's  pardon,  on  condi- 
tion of  demeaning  himself  in  a  quiet  and 
obedient  manner.  He  was  in  1683  accu- 
sed as  being  concerned  in  the  Rye-house 
plot,  and  was  arraigned  in  November  be- 
fore judge  Jeffreys,  and  found  guilty.  He 
appealed  to  the  king,  and  complained  of  the 
partiality  of  the  judge,  who  had  tried  him 
with  a  packed  up  jury,  but  all  was  in  vain, 
and  he  was  beheaded  on  Tower-hill,  7th 
Dec.  1683.  His  attainder  was  reversed  as 
cruel  and  illegal  in  the  first  year  of  William 
and  Mary.  This  strong  republican  was,  as 
Burnet  observes,  a  man  of  extraordinary 
courage,  steady  even  to  obstinacy,  sincere, 
but  of  a  temper  that  could  not  bear  contra- 
diction, a  Christian  in  principle,  but  averse 
to  all  public  worship,  and  an  enemy  to 
every  thing  that  looked  like  monarchy.  He 
left  behind  him  Discourses  upon  Govern- 
ment, published  1698  and  1704,  a  work  of 
such  merit,   that  some   authors    declare. 


;33 


$16 


SIL 


that  the  composition  fully  compensates  for 
the  loss  of  Cicero's  six  books  de  Republicci. 
SiDONius  Apollinaris,  a  Roman, 
born  at  Lyons,  and  after  holding  various 
civil  offices,  raised  to  the  see  of  Auvergne 
against  his  will.  He  was  a  pious  and 
exemplary  prelate,  and  died  1488,  aged 
nbout  58.  He  left  epistles,  poems,  &.c. 
edited  1652,  4to. 

SiGEBERT,  king  of  the  East  Angles, 
mentioned  with  great  praise  byBede,  on  ac- 
count of  his  learning  and  piety.  He  was  a 
a  munificent  prince,  and  founded  several 
churches,  schools,  and  monasteries,  and  at 
last  abdicated  the  throne  to  live  in  a  cell 
at  Burgh  castle,  Suffolk.  He  was  assassi- 
nated 642. 

SiGEBERT,  third  son  of  Clotaire  I.  inhe- 
rited the  kingdom  of  Austrasia,  and  mar- 
ried Brunehaut.  He  was  a  valiant  prince, 
and  was  successful  against  the  Huns,  who 
invaded  his  kingdom,  and  against  Chilperic, 
king  of  Soissons,  his  brother-in-law.  He 
was  assassinated  575,  by  the  intrigues  of 
Fredegonde,  the  wife  of  Chilperic. 

SrGEBERT  the  Younger,  son  and  succes- 
sor of  Dagobert  in  the  kingdom  of  Austra- 
sia, died  650,  aged  20. 

SiGisMDNP,  king  of  Burgundy,  after  his 
father  Gondebald,  516,  abjured  the  Arian 
principles  of  his  father.  He  was  engaged 
in  war  with  Clodomir,  son  of  Clovis,  who 
took  him,  and  threw  him  into  a  well,  to 
perish,  with  his  wife  and  family,  at  Or- 
leans, 523. 

SiGiSMUND,  son  of  Charles  IV.  was  born 
1368.  He  was  made  king  of  Hungary, 
1386,  and  emperor  of  Germany,  1410.  Af- 
ter re-establishing,  by  wise  regulations,  the 
peace  of  the  empire,  he  prevailed  upon 
pope  John  XXIII.  to  tranquillize  the 
church  by  the  calling  of  a  council,  which 
was  to  sit  at  Constance.  Sigismund  visited 
France  and  England  to  facilitate  the  peace- 
ful measures  which  he  proposed  to  esta- 
blish, and  %vas  present  at  the  deliberations 
of  the  council,  which  assembled  in  1414, 
and  consisted  of  18,000  ecclesiastics,  and 
16,000  nobles.  His  conduct,  however,  was 
treacherous  in  suffering  John  Huss  and 
Jerome  of  Prague,  to  be  thrown  into  the 
flames,  after  he  had  solemnly  granted  them 
a  safe  passport ;  and  this  violation  of  faith 
armed  against  him  the  bravest  of  his  sub- 
jects. The  Hussites,  headed  by  the  brave 
Ziska,  obtained  a  victory  over  the  forces  of 
the  emperor,  1419,  and  sixteen  years  elap- 
sed in  civil  discord  and  bloodshed,  before 
peace  could  be  restored  in  Germany.  Si- 
gismund died  8th  Dec.  1437,  aged  70. 

Sigismund  I.  king  of  Poland,  surnamed 
the  Great,  son  of  Casimir  IV.  was  elected 
to  the  throne,  1507.  After  establishing 
order  in  his  dominions,  and  restoring  Po- 
land to  its  ancient  glory,  he  defeated  the 
Mjiyrovites,  and  drove  them  from  Lithua- 
634 


nia,  and  afterwards  retook  from  the  Teuto- 
nic knights  the  cities  of  Poland  which  they 
had  seized,  and  in  1531  cut  to  pieces  an 
army  of  Wallachians  that  had  invaded  his 
territories.  This  brave  and  wise  prince 
died  1548,  universally  respected,  aged  82. 

Sigismund  II.  son  and  successor  of  the 
preceding,  was  surnamed  Augustus,  because 
born  in  the  month  of  August.  He  offended 
his  subjects  by  elevating  to  the  throne  Barba 
Radzivil,  his  mistress,  whom  he  had  mar- 
ried privately,  and  he  reconciled  the  nobles 
only  by  permitting  them  to  send  their  sons 
to  be  educated  in  the  universities  of  Ger- 
many, which,  before  his  reign,  was  not  per- 
mitted. Heretical  opinions  were  thus  in- 
troduced into  the  kingdom,  which  he  was 
not  able  to  repress.  He  died  7th  July, 
1572,  and  as  he  had  no  issue,  the  race  of 
the  Jagellons  became  extinct.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  duke  of  Anjou,  afterivards 
Henry  III.  of  France. 

Sigismund  III.  son  of  John  III.  king  of 
Sweden,  ascended  the  Polish  throne  1587, 
to  the  exclusion  of  Maximilian  of  Austria, 
who  had  been  elected  by  some  of  the  no- 
bles. On  his  father's  death,  1594,  he  went 
to  Sweden  to  possess  himself  of  the  crown; 
but  as  he  was  a  determined  catholic,  the 
Swedes,  who  favoured  the  protestant  prin- 
ciples, placed,  in  1604,  his  uncle  Charles, 
the  duke  of  Sudermania,  on  the  throne. 
These  civil  dissensions  long  distracted  the 
kingdom,  and  by  the  valour  of  Gustavus 
Adolphus,  Sigismund  was  defeated  ;  though 
in  Poland  be  obtained  some  advantages 
over  the  Muscovites  and  the  Tartars,  %vho 
had  made  war  against  him.  He  died  1632, 
aged  66. 

SiGNORELLi,  Luca,  a  painter,  bom  at 
Cortona,  1439.  His  pictures  of  naked  bo- 
dies were  so  correct  and  beautiful,  that 
Michael  Angelo  has  copied  many  of  his 
figures  in  his  Last  Judgment.  He  died 
very  rich,  1521. 

SiGONius,  Carolus,  a  learned  Italian, 
born  at  Modena,  1525.  His  father  intend- 
ed him  for  a  physician,  but  he  preferred  li- 
terature, to  which  he  assiduously  devoted 
himself.  He  was  professor  of  Greek  at 
Venice,  Padua,  and  Bologna.  He  died 
1584,  aged  60.  He  wrote  several  books, 
the  best  known  of  which  are,  his  excellent 
treatise  deRepublicaHebraeorum;  deRepub- 
licu  Atheniensium  ;  Historia  de  Occidentis 
Imperio— de  Regno  Italiae  ;  an  Ecclesias- 
tical History,  Milan,  2  vols.  4to.  1734,  &c. 

Silhouette,  Stephen  de,  a  native  of 
Limoges,  who,  by  his  abilities,  became  mas- 
ter of  requests  to  the  duke  of  Orleans,  and 
afterwards,  by  the  influence  of  his  patron, 
comptroller-general  and  prime  minister, 
1759.  His  wise  attempts,  however,  to  in- 
troduce order  and  economy  in  the  govern- 
ment were  ridiculed  by  the  fickle  nation, 
and  he  retired  nine  months  after  from  the 


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helm  ol"  the  state  to  private  life.  He  died 
at  his  seat  of  Bry-sur-Manie,  20th  Jan. 
1767,  aged  58.  He  is  author  of  (General 
Ideas  on  the  Chinese  (iovernment,  4to. — 
Political  Rellections  on  Great  Princes,  from 
the  Spanish  of  Gracian,  4to.— a  translation 
of  Pope's  Essay  on  Man,  l2mo. — Miscella- 
nies, &c.  from  Pope— treatise  on  Happi- 
ness— Union  of  Religion  and  Politics,  from 
Warburton,  2  vols.  l2mo. 

SiLius  Italicds,  Caius,  a  Roman  poet, 
made  consul  by  Domitian.  He  wrote  an 
indifl'erent  poem  on  the  second  Punic  war, 
and  died  A.  D.  74,  aged  75.  He  paid  par- 
ticular attention  to  Virgil's  tomb,  which  was 
on  his  estate. 

SiLVA,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Bour- 
deaux,  of  Jewish  origin.  He  abandoned 
the  religion  of  his  parents,  and  studied  me- 
dicine at  Montpellier  and  Paris,  and  ac- 
quired such  celebrity,  that  the  empress  of 
Russia  made  him  liberal  offers  to  settle  in 
ber  dominions,  which  he  declined.  He 
died  at  Paris,  l8th  Aug.  1744,  aged  61. 
He  was  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  Use  of 
Bleeding,  &,c.  2  vols.  12mo. — Dissertations 
and  Consultations  of  Chirac  and  Silva,  3 
vols.  l2mo.  Memoirs  of  his  Life  were 
published  by  Bruhier. 

Silvester  I.  made  pope  314,  opposed 
the  Donatists  at  the  councils  of  Aries  and 
Nice,  and  laboured  earnestly  to  establish 
order  and  tranquillity  in  the  church.  Un- 
der him  the  Arian  schism  began  first  to 
arise.     He  died  335. 

Silvester  II.  Gerbert,  was  born  of  ob- 
scure parents  at  Auvergne.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  monastery  of  Aurillac  :  but  the 
ignorance  and  the  consequent  jealousy  of 
his  ecclesiastical  brothers,  drove  him  to 
Spain,  where  his  abilities  were  noticed  by 
the  duke  of  Barcelona,  who  took  him  into 
Italy.  Here  he  was  recommended  to  the 
emperor  Otho,  who  appointed  him  abbot  of 
Bobio  ;  but  this  office  he  soon  quitted  and 
became  preceptor  to  Otho  III.  He  was 
afterwards  in  the  service  of  the  archbishop 
of  Rheims,  and  then  selected  by  Hugh  Ca- 
pet to  preside  over  the  education  of  his  son 
Robert,  and  in  reward  for  his  attention,  he 
was,  in  992,  raised  to  the  see  of  Rheims. 
He  afterwards  became  archbishop  of  Ra- 
venna, and  on  the  death  of  Gregory  V  he 
was,  by  the  interest  of  Otho,  placed  in  the 
papal  chair,  999.  He  died  1003.  He  was 
a  very  learned  man,  and  chiefly  skilled  in 
mathematics. 

Silvester,  Israel,  an  engraver,  born  at 
Nancy.  His  pieces,  especially  landscapes, 
were  much  admired,  and  he  was  employed 
by  Lewis  XIV.  to  embellish  his  palaces  with 
the  representation  of  his  conquests.  He 
also  taught  drawing  to  the  dauphin,  and 
died  at  Paris,  1091,  aged  70. 

Silvester,  Louis,  a  painter,  born  at 
Paris.     He  was  the  pupil  of  Le  Brun,  and 


of  Boulloiigne,and  evinced  superior  powers 
in  his  profession.  After  distinguishing 
himself  at  home,  he  was  invited  by  the 
king  of  Poland  to  Dresden,  and  was  ho- 
noured with  tbe  rank  of  nobility,  and  the 
office  of  director  of  the  royal  academy  of 
painting.  After  residing  24  years  in  Sax- 
ony, and  adorning  the  palaces  of  his  patron 
with  the  noblest  works  of  his  pencil,  he  re- 
turned to  Paris,  and  was  received  with 
great  respect  by  the  king.  He  died  14th 
April,  1760,  aged  85. 

Simeon  Stylites,  a  native  of  Cilicia, 
who,  in  his  13th  year,  left  the  employment 
of  shepherd  to  enter  a  monastery.  With 
the  most  romantic  zeal  of  religious  frenzy, 
he  became  the  founder  of  a  new  sect  of  de- 
votees, and  exhibited  himself  to  his  asto- 
nished followers  on  the  top  of  a  column  60 
feet  high,  on  the  mountains  of  Syria.  He 
died  461,  aged  69,  of  which  he  had  passed 
47  on  the  top  of  a  column  exposed  to  the  in- 
clemencies of  the  air,and  of  the  seasons, and 
often  supporting  himself  for  hours  and  for 
days  on  one  foot  in  his  elevated  situation. 
This  new  mode  of  mortification  had  several 
followers,  who  were  called  from  the  co- 
lumns, Stylites,  and  who,  like  their  found- 
er, were  said  to  have  frequent  visions  and 
communications  with  heaven. 

Simeon  Metaphrastes,  a  native  of 
Constantinople,  secretary  of  state  to  Leo 
and  to  Constantine  Porphyrogenitus,  and 
author  of  the  Lives  of  Saints,  which  he  com- 
posed at  the  request  of  his  imperial  patron 
in  the  tenth  century.  His  work  has  been 
translated  into  French  and  Latin.  He  wrote 
also  some  verses  preserved  in  the  Corpus 
Poetarum  Gra;c. 

SiMiANE,  Charles  John  Baptist  de,  mar- 
quis of  Pianeze,  after  serving  in  the  armies 
of  the  duke  of  Savoy  retired  to  Turin, where 
he  died  1677.  He  is  author  of  a  treatise 
on  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion,  in 
Italian,  translated  into  French  by  Bouhours 
— Piissimi  in  Deum  Affijctus,  &c. 

SiMLER,  Josias,  a  native  of  Zurich  in 
Switzerland,  author  of  an  Abridgment  of 
Gesner's  B-ibliotheca,  folio — of  a  treatise  de 
Helvetiorum  Republica,  l2mo. — Vallesiae 
Descriptio,  and  other  works.  He  was  an 
able  protestant  divine,  and  died  at  Zurich, 
1576,  aged  45. — There  was  an  eminent  por- 
trait painter  of  the  same  family,  called  John, 
who  was  also  born  at  Zurich,  and  died  at 
Stein  on  the  Rhine,  1748,  aged  55. 

Simmons,  Samuel  Foart,  a  physician, 
was  born  at  Sandwich,  in  Kent,  in  1750. 
He  was  educated  in  France,  and  afterward 
went  to  Edinburgh,  from  whence  he  re- 
moved to  Leyden,  where  he  took  his  doc- 
tor's degree.  He  settled  in  London  in  1778, 
and  the  next  year  became  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society.  In  1780  he  was  elected 
physician  to  the  Westminster  Dispensary, 
which  situation  he  resisnedj  on  his  appoint- 

635 


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tilM 


liieiu  to  bt:  Luke's  Hospital.  In  1803  be 
ivas  called  to  attend  his  late  majesty,  who, 
on  his  recovery  appointed  him  one  of  his 
physicians  extraordinary.  In  1811  he  re- 
tired from  St.  Luke's,  and,  for  his  services, 
was  elected  a  governor  of  that  institution. 
He  died  in  1813.  Besides  papers  in  the 
riiilosophical  Transactions,  and  the  London 
Medical  Journal,  of  which  he  was  editor, 
he  wrote  "An  Elementary  Work  on  Ana- 
tomy ;"  a  "  Treatise  on  Consumptions  ;" 
and  the  "  Life  of  Dr.  William  Hunter."— 
W.B. 

Simon  Maccab^eus,  high  priest  and  ruler 
of  the  Jews,  143  B.  C.  signalized  his  valour 
under  his  brothers  Judas  and  Jonathan,  and 
bravely  supported  his  countrymen  against 
the  invasions  of  the  Tyrians  and  Sidonians. 
He  was  unanimously  elected  chief  of  his 
nation  at  Jerusalem,  and  immediately  em- 
ployed himself  in  repairing  the  fortifications 
of  the  cities  of  Judea,  and  in  obtaining 
from  Demetrius,  king  of  Syria,  the  confir- 
mation of  the  privileges  and  independence 
of  his  nation.  After  defeating  the  troops 
of  Antiochus  Soter,  he  was  basely  murder- 
ed with  his  two  sons  by  Ptolemy,  his  son- 
in-law,  who  had  invited  him  to  a  feast, 
B.  C.  135. 

Simon,  surnamed  Zelotes,  an  apostle  of 
our  Saviour,  who,  according  to  some, 
preached  the  gospel  in  Egypt,  Lybia,  and 
Mauritania,  and  at  last  suflfered  martyrdom 
in  Persia. 

Simon,  called  the  brother  of  Christ,  was 
son  of  Cleophas,  and  made  bishop  of  Jeru- 
salem after  James,  A.D.  62.  He  was  cru- 
cified under  Trajan,  A. D.  10  7 

Simon  Magus,  a  native  of  Samaria,  who 
was  baptized  by  Philip.  Seeing  the  miracles 
wrought  by  the  apostles,  he  wished  to  obtain 
the  same  power,  and  offered  them  money, 
but  Peter  rejected  his  bribes,  and  passed  a 
curse  upon  him.  From  this  circumstance, 
the  appellation  of  Simoniac  is  applied  to 
those  who  sell  or  purchase  spiritual  things. 
Afterwards  Simon  became  head  of  a  sect, 
and  maintained  that  the  divinity  had  aban- 
doned the  government  of  the  world  to  a  cer- 
tain number  of  supernatural  beings,  whom 
he  called  ^^ons.  He  next  went  to  Rome, 
where  he  acquired  great  celebrity,  and,  as 
some  of  the  ecclesiastical  writers  assert,  he 
raised,  himself,  by  his  magical  powers,  into 
the  air,  when  by  the  prayer  of  St.  Peter,  he 
was  precipitated  to  the  ground,  and  broke 
liis  legs. 

Simon,  Claude  Francis,  a  printer  of  Pa- 
ris, who  died  there  1767,  aged  55.  He  was 
author  of  the  Knowledge  of  Mythology,  a 
work,  in  the  first  edition,  very  offensive  and 
licentious,  and  he  wrote  besides  Minos — 
and  Reciprocal  Confidence,  two  comedies — 
Memoirs  of  countess  Horneville, a  romance, 
-  vols.l2mo. — Memoirs  of  Du2:uav  Trouin, 
(r?6 


4to.     He  also  edited  Virgil,  Terence,  and 
other  classics. 

Simon,  Thomas,  an  English  engraver  in 
the  age  of  Charles  I.  He  was  brought  up 
under  Briort,  the  French  artist,  and  excel- 
led in  his  profession.  The  great  seal  of 
Cromwell,  and  the  arms  of  the  Common- 
wealth, were  cut  by  him  in  a  very  delicate 
manner.  His  brother  Abraham,  was  for 
some  time  in  the  service  of  Christina,  queen 
of  Sweden,  and  afterwards  of  Charles  II- 
and  died  soon  after  the  revolution.  He 
was  intended  for  the  church,  but  he  prefer- 
red the  bent  of  his  genius,  and  he  acquired 
both  opulence  and  celebrity  as  a  modeller 
in  wax. 

Simon,  Richard,  a  French  critic,  born  at 
Dieppe,  1638.  He  became  priest  of  the 
oratory,  which  he  quitted  to  study  at  Paris, 
but  to  which  he  returned  about  1660.  He 
again  left  that  society  in  1678,  and  died  at 
Dieppe,  April,  1712.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  critical  powers,  of  extensive  learning, 
and  strong  judgment.  His  works  are  criti- 
cal History  of  the  Old  Testament,  1678, 
suppressed  by  the  intrigues  of  the  Port  Roy- 
al— History  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of 
Ecclesiastical  Revenues,  1684,  edited  again 
1709,  2  vols.l2mo. — Disquisitiones  Criticae 
de  Variis  per  Diversa  Loca  et  Tempora 
Bibliorum  Editionibus — Answers  to  Le 
Clerc,  &c. — Critical  Dissertation  on  Du- 
pin's  Nouvelle  Bibliotheque  des  Auteurs 
Ecclesiastiques,  &c. — Critical  History  of 
the  New  Testament,  4to. — a  New  Select 
Library,  pointing  outgood  books  in  various 
kinds  of  literature,  &c. — Critical  History 
of  the  Versions  of  the  New  Testament — 
the  New  Testament  translated  into  French 
with  Critical  Notes,  &c.  2  vols.  8vo.  &c. 

Simon  of  Durham,  a  monk  of  Whitby 
convent,  and  afterwards  of  Durham,  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  III.  He  wrote  a  Chroni- 
cle, which  was  published  at  Oxford  by 
Hearne.     He  died  about  1356. 

SiMONET,Edmund,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Lan- 
gres  1662.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy 
and  theology  at  Rheims,  and  at  Pont-a- 
Mousson,  where  he  died  1733.  He  wrote 
Institutiones  Theologicae  ad  Usum  Semi- 
nariorum,  3  vols,  folio,  Venice  1731. 

SiMONiDEs,  a  poet  and  philosopher  of 
Cos.  His  poetry,which  was  chiefly  elegiac, 
was  much  admired.  He  flourished  about 
480  B.  C.  Only  fragments  of  his  works 
remain. 

SiMONNEAU,  Charles,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
who  studied  the  art  of  designing  under  Coy- 
pel.  He  acquired  some  celebrity  as  an  en- 
graver, and  died  at  Paris,  1728,  aged  89. 
His  medals,  which  were  engraved  for  the 
medallic  history  of  Lewis  XIV.  were  much 
admired. 

SiMONNEAU,  Lewis,  an  engraver  of  emi- 
nence, who  published  the  History  of  Print- 
ing and  Engraving,  1694— and  the  History 


SIM 


MU 


of  other  arts,  &c.  from  1694  to    1710,  2 
vols,  folio,  with  1G8  plates,  works  of  merit. 

SiMPLicius,  a  native  of  Phrygia,  known 
as  a  peripatetic  philosopher  in  the  fifth  cen- 
tury, and  for  his  commentaries  on  Aristotle 
and  Epictetus. 

Simpson,  Edward,  a  native  of  Tottenham, 
Middlesex,  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degree  of 
D.D.  He  died  1652,  at  his  rectory  of  East- 
ling,  Kent.  He  was  author  of  Universal 
Chronology,  in  Latin,  1652,  reprinted  at 
Leyden,  1739,  and  Amsterdam,  1752. 

Simpson,  Christopher,  author  of  a  Com- 
pendium of  Practical  Music,  8vo.  a  work  of 
merit,  died  at  the  house  of  his  friend  and 
patron,  sir  Robert  Bolles,  1662. 

Simpson,  Thomas,  an   eminent  mathe- 
matician, born   at   Market-Bosworth,  Lei- 
cestershire, 20th  Aug.  1710.     As  he  was  in- 
tended for  the  profession  of  his  father,  who 
was  a  stuff-weaver,  he  was  taught  only  to 
read  ;  but  the  loom  was  too  humble  an  oc- 
cupation for  him,  and  the   solar  eclipse  of 
1724  roused  all  his   attention   to  know  and 
to    understand   how   these    extraordinary 
phaenomena  could  be  predicted.     An  acci- 
dental acquaintance  with  an  itinerant  ped- 
lar who  pretended  to  tell  fortunes  and  cast 
nativities,  gave  him   opportunities   of  im- 
proving himself,  and  from  the  books  which 
the  modern  sage  lent  him,   from  Cocker's 
Arithmetic,  a  book  of  Partridge's,  &c.  he 
derived  much  information,  and  began  him- 
self to  be  the    oracle  of  Bosworth,  and  its 
environs.    Leaving  Leicestershire,  he  came 
to  London,  and  worked  for  some  time  in 
Spitalfields,  and  by  his  industry  was  enabled 
not  only  to  maintain  his  wife  and  children, 
but  to  purchase  books,  and  to  advance  his 
knowledge  of  mathematics.     He  next  en- 
gaged in   teaching  mathematics,  and  soon 
after  published  Proposals  for  a  new  treatise 
of  Fluxions,  &c.  which  at  last  appeared  in 
1737.     He  continued  to  write  on  mathe- 
matical subjects,  and  became  so  well  knov/n, 
that  in  1743  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  at   Woolwich   academy,   and 
some  time  after  elected  member  of  the  Roy- 
al Society.     In  his  new  appointment  he  de- 
voted himself  with   such  ardour  to  the  im- 
provement of  his  pupils,  that  he  gained  ge- 
neral esteem  by  his  mildness  and   the  clear 
and  distinct  manner  of  his  instruction.    His 
health,   however,  was   weak,   and  the  in- 
tenseness  of  his  application  still  enfeebled 
it  more,  so  that  he  sunk  into  such   lowness 
of  spirits  that  the  dropping  of  a  tea-cup  ter- 
rified him  as  much  as  if  the  house  had  tum- 
bled down  upon  him.     In  this  delicate  state 
he  was  recommended  to  try  the  air  of  his 
native  town;  but  on  his  arrival  at  Bosworth, 
he  gradually   grew  worse,  and  died    14th 
May,    1761.     His  widow  honourably   re- 
ceived a  pension   from   government,    and 
handsome  apartments  near  the  academv  of 


Woolwich.  His  other  works  are  a  treatiiK; 
on  the  Nature  and  Laws  of  Chance,  4to. — 
Essays  on  Curious  Subjects  in  Mathema- 
tics, 4to.  1740— the  iJoctrine  of  Annuities 
and  Reversions,  &,c,  with  useful  tables,  1742, 
with  an  Appendix  the  next  year,  in  answer 
to  de  Moivre's  objections — Mathematical 
Dissertations,  kc. — a  treatise  of  Algebra — 
Elements  of  Geometry  — Trigonometry, 
Plain  and  Spherical — the  Doctrine  and  Ap- 
plication of  Fluxions— Miscellaneous  tracts, 
&c. — papers  in  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions, &.C. 

Simpson, .John,  a  Scotch  divine,  born  near 
Dumfries,  and  educated  at  Glasgow,  where 
he  took  his  degrees  in  arts.  In  1716  he 
became  professor  of  divinity  ;  but  in  his 
lectures  he  denied  the  doctrine  of  the  Trini- 
ty in  Unity,  which  excited  great  persecution 
against  him  for  10  years,  and  at  last  pro- 
cured his  deposition  and  excommunication 
from  the  Scotch  church.  Queen  Caroline 
had  some  concern  for  his  sufferings,  and 
procured  for  him  a  pension  equal  to  his 
salary.  He  died  at  Edinburgh,  1744,  aged 
65. 

Simpson,  Robert,  an  able  mathematician, 
born  at  Hamilton,  1695,  and  educated  at 
Glasgow  university  where  he  took  his  de- 
grees in  medicine.  As  he  did  not  succeed 
in  his  profession,  he  applied  himself  to  ma- 
thematics, for  which  he  had  strong  natural 
abilities,  and  was  appointed  mathematical 
professor  at  Glasgow,  where  he  died  1765. 
He  published  a  treatise  on  Conic  Sections 
— a  valuable  edition  of  Euclid,  &c.  His 
posthumous  works  appeared  at  Glasgow, 
1776,  in  4to. 

SiNGLiN,  Anthony,  a  French  ecclesiastic, 
born  at  Paris.  He  was  at  the  head  of  the 
abbey  of  Port  Royal,  and  was  distinguished 
for  his  learning  and  piety.  He  died  1664. 
He  wrote  Christian  Instructions  on  the 
Mysteries  of  Religion,  &c.  5  vols.  8vo.  a 
work  of  merit — Letters,  &c. 

SiRANi,  John  Andrew,  a  painter  of  Bo- 
logna. He  was  one  of  the  most  illustrious 
of  Guido's  pupils.  His  last  supper  was 
much  admii-ed.  He  died  1670,  aged  60. 
His  daughter  Elizabeth  excelled  as  an  his- 
torical painter.     She  died  1664. 

SiRi,  Vittorio,  an  Italian,  who  settled  at 
Paris,  where  he  became  historiographer  to 
the  king,  and  abbot  of  Vallemagne.  He 
published  Mercurj',  an  historical  journal, 
from  1635  to  1649,  15  vols.  He  wrote  also 
Memoire  Recondite,  3  vols.  4to.  &c.  and 
died  at  Paris,  1685,  aged  77. 

SiRiEs,  Violante  Beatrice,  a  native  of 
Florence,  who  studied  painting  under  John 
Fratellini,  and  acquired  celebrity  and  opu- 
lence by  her  portraits,  especially  those  of 
the  grand  duke  and  of  the  imperial  fa- 
mily at  Florence.  She  died  about  1760, 
aged  50. 

Strlet,  Flaviu?,  a  celebrated  engraver 

637 


SIX 


on  precious  stones,  who  died  at  Rome, 
1737.  He  also  painted,  but  his  perform- 
ances as  an  engraver  are  particularly  ad- 
mired, especially  his  representation  of  the 
famous  groupe  of  Laocoon,  on  an  ame- 
thyst. 

SiRMOND,  James,  an  eminent  French 
Jesuit,  born  at  Riom,  1559.  He  was  sent 
by  the  Jesuits  of  his  college  at  Billom,  to 
Paris,  where  he  taught  Greek  and  Latin, 
and  acquired  so  perfect  a  knowledge  of 
these  languages,  that  his  style  for  elegance 
and  animation  has  been  universally  admi- 
red. In  1590,  he  removed  to  Rome  by 
order  of  the  general  of  hi^  society,  Aqua- 
viva,  and  undertook  the  office  of  his  se- 
cretary, in  which  he  was  laboriously  em- 
ployed for  sixteen  years.  During  his 
residence  at  Rome,  he  became  the  friend 
and  the  counsellor  of  all  the  men  of 
learning,  and  assiduously  applied  himself 
to  the  study  of  antiquities,  and  to  the  ex- 
amination of  MSS.  In  1606,  he  returned 
to  Paris,  but  Urban  VIII.  sensible  of  his 
merit,  sent  for  him  to  return  to  Rome, 
which  Lewis  XIII.  would  not  permit.  In 
1637,  he  was  made  confessor  to  the  king  of 
France,  after  whose  death,  in  1643,  he 
again  returned  with  pleasure  to  the  tran- 
quillity of  an  humble  life.  In  1645,  he  was 
at  Rome  at  the  appointment  of  a  general  of 
his  order,  and  on  his  return  to  France,  in 
consequence  of  extraordinary  exertions  to 
support  his  opinions  in  the  Jesuits'  college,he 
heated  himself  too  much,  which  brought  on 
a  jaundice,and  an  improper  secretion  of  bile, 
of  which  he  soon  after  died,  Oct.  7th,  1651, 
aged  62.  He  wrote  various  pieces  on  theo- 
logical subjects,  and  edited  the  works  of 
Marcellinus,  Theodoret,  and  Hincmar,  the 
councils  of  France,  &c.  amounting  to  15 
vols,  folio.  He  also  assisted  Baronius  in 
the  composition  of  his  Annals.  His  cha- 
racter, as  drawn  by  Dupin,  is  that  of  an 
amiable  and  virtuous  man,  not  more  distin- 
guished by  extensive  erudition  than  by  the 
most  benevolent  and  mild  qualities  of  the 
heart.  His  nephew  John  was  historiogra- 
pher of  France,  and  member  of  the  acade- 
my, and  died  1649.  He  wrote  Latin  poems 
— the  Life  of  cardinal  d'Amboise,  8vo.  &c. 

SiTGREAVES,  Johu,  an  officer  in  the 
American  revolutionary  war,  was  elected 
in  1784  one  of  the  delegates  of  North  Ca- 
rolina to  congress.  In  1790  he  was  ap- 
pointed attorney  of  Ihe  United  States  for 
North  Carolina,  and  in  November  follow- 
ing, succeeded  Mr.  Stokes  as  judge  of  the 
district  court  for  that  state.  He  died  at 
Halifax,  March,  ISOI.  |CJ='  L. 

SixTUS  I.  pope  after  Alexander  I.  119, 
died  at  the  end  of  the  year  127. 

SixTUS  II.  an  Athenian,  pope  after  Ste- 
phen, 267.  He  suffered  martyrdom  in  the 
persecution  under  Valerian. 

SixTUS  III.  pope  after  Celestinus  I.  432, 
638 


engaged  in  effecting  a  reconciliation  among- 
the  divided  churches  of  the  East,  and  died 
about  440. 

SixTUs  IV.  Francis  Albecola,  son  of  at 
fisherman  of  Celles,  in  the  state  of  Genoa, 
entered  into  the  order  of  the  Cordeliers, 
and  after  being  professor  of  divinity  at  Pa- 
dua, and  in  other  Italian  universities,  he 
was  made  provincial  of  his  society.  He 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  cardinal  by  Paul 
II.  after  whose  death  he  succeeded  to  the 
popedom,  1471.  He  attempted  to  make  a 
crusade  against  the  infidels,  but  without 
success.  In  1476,  he  granted,  by  a  bull, 
immunities  to  those  who  celebrated  the 
feast  of  the  immaculate  conception  of  the 
V^irgin.  He  was  author  of  some  theologi- 
cal tracts,  and  a  liberal  patron  of  the  learn- 
ed, but  so  easy  of  access,  that  he  granted 
often  favours  to  the  unworthy,  and  was 
imprudently  lavish  in  his  kindnesses  to 
his  nephews.  He  died  13th  Aug.  1482, 
aged  71. 

SixTUS  V.  Felix  Peretti,  pope,  was  son 
of  a  gardener,  and  was  born  Dec.  1521, 
in  the  march  of  Ancona.  For  some  time 
he  kept  the  sheep  and  the  swine  of  a  neigh- 
bouring farmer,  and  he  was  at  last  drawn 
from  his  obscurity  by  a  cordelier  who  had 
lost  his  way,  and  who,  pleased  with  the 
shrewdness  of  his  remarks,  took  him  with 
him,  and  placed  him  in  a  mean  office  in 
the  school  of  his  order.  His  improvement 
was  here  rapid,  and  he  soon  embraced  the 
order,  became  a  priest,  a  doctor,  and  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Sienna,  where  he 
took  the  name  of  Montalto.  Distinguish- 
ed as  a  preacher  at  Rome,  Genoa,  and 
other  places,  he  was  sent  as  commissary 
general  to  Bologna,  and  as  inquisitor  to 
Venice  j  but  in  this  last  city  he  behaved 
with  such  severity  that  he  was  obliged  to 
fly  from  the  public  odium.  He  afterwards 
went  to  Spain  with  Buoncompagno,  and 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  cardinal  by  Pius 
V.  On  the  death  of  Gregory  XIII.  the  suc- 
cessor of  Pius,  the  opinions  of  the  conclave 
were  divided,  and  as  father  Felix  was  re- 
garded as  a  man  of  weak  constitution,  and 
delicate  habits,  he  was  selected  by  the  op- 
posite factions  as  a  proper  person,  fit  for  a 
few  months  to  settle  the  dispute  of  the 
rival  parties.  No  sooner  was  the  tiara  on 
his  head  than  to  the  astonishment  of  all, 
his  weaknesses,  hitherto  feigned,  disap- 
peared ;  he  threw  aside  the  stick  on  which 
he  leaned,  and  lifting  himself  up,  he  began 
to  sing  with  the  loudest  voice,  a  Te  Deum, 
and  displayed  in  his  conduct  such  activity, 
that  the  people  could  with  difficulty  believe 
him  to  be  the  same  weak,  helpless,  and  lan- 
guid Montalto.  His  first  care  was  to  de- 
stroy the  public  robbers  which  infested  the 
ecclesiastical  stalee,  and  every  where  jus- 
tice was  administered  with  impartiality  and 
with  celeritv.    Atixious  not  onlv  to  embel- 


SKE 


:SL0 


lisli  Home,  but  to  immortalize  his  memory, 
he  caused  an  obelisk  to  be  erected  wLicb 
Caligula  had  brought  from  Spain  to  Rome, 
and  after  the  labour  of  four  months,  this 
stupendous  column,  above  100  feet  high, 
was  raised  at  the  entrance  of  the  church  of 
St.  Peter,  and  consecrated  to  the  holy 
cross.  He  fixed,  by  a  bull,  the  number  of 
cardinals  to  70,  and  introduced  various 
salutary  regulations  m  the  government  of 
the  church.  He  laboured  much  to  improve 
the  collection  of  the  Vatican  library  ;  but 
his  popularity  was  lost  in  the  protection 
which  he  wished  to  afford  to  Clement,  the 
vile  assassin  of  Henry  III.  of  France.  He 
died  27th  Aug.  1590,  aged  69,  universally 
detested  for  his  pride  and  severity  ;  and  it 
is  said  that  his  death  was  hastened  by  poi- 
son. He  promoted  a  new  version  of  the 
Bible,  which  appeared  in  three  parts,  and 
one  vol.  fol.  1590. 

SixTUS,  a  cordelier  of  Sienna.  He  was 
an  able  divine,  and  a  great  favourite  with 
Pius  V.  He  died  at  Genoa,  1569,  aged  49. 
He  wrote  some  theological  works. 

Skelton,  John,  an  English  poet,  born 
in  Cumberland,  and  educated  at  Oxford, 
where,  in  1489,  he  was  invested  with  the 
laurel,  a  sort  of  poetical  degree,  occasion- 
ally conferred  on  the  favourite  of  the  muses. 
He  took  orders,  and  became  rector  of  Diss, 
in  Norfolk  ;  but  was  suspended  by  his  dio- 
cesan, for  writing  loose  and  satirical  poems. 
His  attacks  were  directed  not  only  against 
obscure  individuals,  but  against  Wolsey, 
from  whose  resentment  he  fled  to  the  sanc- 
tuary of  Westminster,  and  the  protection 
of  abbot  Islip.  He  died  21st  June,  1529, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  Margaret's  church, 
Westminster.  He  is  called  by  some,  but 
on  doubtful  authority,  preceptor,  and  poet 
laureat  to  Henry  V'lII.  His  poems  consist 
of  satires,  sonnets,  &c.  and  also  an  attack 
on  Lilly  the  grammarian,  which  was  retort- 
ed in  similar  language.  His  genius,  ac- 
cording to  Warton,  was  suited  to  the 
low  burlesque,  and  his  poetry  abounds  not 
only  with  obscurity,  but  with  coarse  scur- 
rility, and  oft'ensive  obscenity. 

Skelton,  Philip,  an  able  divine,  born 
near  Lisburn,  in  Ireland,  1707.  After  an 
education  at  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  where 
he  took  his  master's  degree,  he  became  cu- 
rate of  Monaghan,  and  in  1750,  obtained 
the  living  of  Peltigo,  in  Donegal.  In  this 
place  his  conduct  was  not  only  exemplary, 
but  humane  in  the  extreme,  so  that  in  a  time 
of  scarcity,  the  charitable  pastor  even  sold 
his  library  to  supply  his  indigent  parishion- 
ers with  bread.  So  much  merit  did  not 
pass  unrewarded  ;  the  bishop  of  Clogher, 
in  1759,  presented  him  to  the  living  of  De- 
ocnish,  in  Fermanagh,  and  in  1766,  to  that 
of  Fintona,  in  Tyrone,  where  his  pulpit  elo- 
quence was  so  powerful,  that  he  is  said  to 
have  gained  over  to  the  church,  the  dissent- 


ers of  his  district.  This  xvorthy  and  pious 
divine  died  in  Dublin,  17S7.  He  published 
three  volumes  of  sermouH,  which  for  lan- 
guage, argumentation,  and^palhoH,  possess 
superior  merit. — Deism  Revealed,  2  vols, 
8vo.  an  excellent  performance— besidci; 
tracts  and  fugitive  pieces,  all  of  which  have 
been  collected  in  7  vols.  8vo.  An  account 
of  his  Life  has  been  published  by  Burdy. 

Skinner,  Stephen,  an  English  antiquary, 
born  at  London,  1662,  and  educated  at 
Christ  church,  Oxford,  which  he  left  with- 
out a  degree,  in  consequence  of  the  civil 
wars.  He  studied  in  various  universities 
of  Europe,  and  travelled  over  Italy,  France, 
Germany,  &c.  and  after  taking  a  doctor's 
degree  in  medicine  at  Heidelberg,  he  re- 
turned to  England,  and  was  incorporated 
to  the  same  academical  honours  at  Oxford, 
1654.  He  settled  at  Lincoln,  where  he 
practised  with  great  success,  and  died  of  a 
malignant  fever,  1667.  He  was  well  skill- 
ed in  oriental  literature,  and  was,  as  Wood 
says,  a  walking  library.  He  wrote,  Prole- 
gomena Etymologica — Etymologicon  Lin- 
gua Anglicanae — Etymologicon  Botanicum 
— Etymologicon  Onomaticon,  &c. 

Sleidan,  John,  a  German  historian, 
born  at  Sleiden,  on  the  confines  of  Juliers, 
1506.  He  studied  at  home,  and  afterwards 
at  Paris  and  Orleans,  and  in  1535,  was  re- 
commended by  his  friend  and  school-fellow 
Sturmius,  to  cardinal  du  Bellay,  who  set- 
tled a  pension  on  him,  and  treated  him  with 
great  attention.  He  was  afterwards  enga- 
ged in  negotiations  in  France  and  England, 
and  assisted  at  the  council  of  Trent.  He 
died  at  •  trasburg,  where  he  had  settled,  and 
it  is  said,  of  a  broken  heart,  in  consequence 
of  the  loss  of  his  wife,  1556.  He  was  an 
able  and  learned  writer,  and  strongly  at- 
tached to  the  doctrines  of  Luther.  The 
best  known  of  his  compositions  are,  "  De 
Statu  Religionis  et  Reipublicae  Coramenta- 
rii,  Carolo  Quinto  Caesare,"  in  25  books, 
1555,  a  well- written  book,  translated  into 
various  languages— De  Quatuor  Summis 
Imperils  Libri  tres,  a  useful  work,  from 
which  Voltaire  drew  much  information — 
Froissart's,  and  Ph.  de  Comines's  histories 
translated  into  Latin. 

Slingeland,  John  Peter  Van,  a  Dutch 
artist,  born  at  Leyden,  1640.  He  was  the 
pupil  of  Gerard  Duow,  whom  he  success- 
fully imitated.  He  worked  slowly,  and  was 
engaged  three  years  in  a  family  picture. 
He  died  1691. 

Sloane,  Sir  Hans,  a  celebrated  physi- 
cian and  natuialist,  born  at  Killilcagh,  in 
the  north  of  Ireland,  1660.  From  his  in- 
fancy he  had  a  strong  propensity  for  natu- 
ral history,  and  to  improve  himself  he  came 
to  London,  where,  in  the  acquaintance  of 
Ray,  and  of  Boyle,  and  in  the  attendance 
of  public  lectures  on  anatomy,  botany,  and 
chymistry,  he  enlarged  his  faculties,  and 

63P 


SAV 


^iiMA 


laid  the  foundation  of  future  eminence. 
After  four  years'  residence   in  London  he 
■went  to  Paris,  to  attend  the  hospitals,  and 
the  lectures  of  Tournefort  and  du  Verney, 
and  then   extended  his  inquiries    to    the 
south  of  France,  where  the  acquaintance 
of  Chirac  and  of  Magnol  enabled  him  to 
collect  curious   plants,  and  other  natural 
productions.     In  1684  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and   soon  after  was  particularly  no- 
ticed by  Sydenham,  who  not  only  took  him 
into  his   house,  but  recommended   him  to 
practice.     He  was  about  this  time  elected 
into  the  Royal  Society,  and  the  college  of 
physicians,  and  soon  after  he  accompanied, 
as  physician,  the  duke  of  Albemarle,  who 
went  out  as  governor  of  Jamaica.     Though 
only  15  months  in  the  Island,  he  made  such 
a  large  collection  of  plants,   not  less  than 
800,    as  astonished  his   friend  Ray.     On 
his    return   he    was    made    physician    to 
Christ's  hospital,  and   in    1693,  chosen  se- 
cretary to  the  Royal  Society,  whose  trans- 
actions he  superintended  and  enriched  by 
some  original  communications.     His  repu- 
.  tation  was  now  so  great  as  a  diligent  and 
judicious  collector  of  natural  curiosities, 
that  at  the  accession  of  George  I.   he  was 
created  a  baronet,  and   made  member  of 
the  Paris  Royal  academy,  president  of  the 
college  of  physicians,  and  successor  to  the 
immortal   Newton,    as    president  of   the 
Royal  Society.     At  the  age  of  80,  this  ve- 
nerable character  retired  from  public  life  to 
Chelsea,  but  still  accessible  to  the  poor,  and 
still  respectfully  visited  by  the  learned  and 
the  great.     He  died  after  a  short  illness  of 
three  days,    11th  Jan.    1752,  in   his  91st 
year.     The  first  volume  of  his  history  of 
Jamaica  appeared  1707,  and  the  second  not 
till  1725.     Sir  Hans  was  an  active  patron 
of  all  the   benevolent   institutions  of  the 
metropolis,  and  he  warmly  promoted   the 
establishment  of  a  dispensary  for  the  poor. 
He  left  several  charitable  legacies,  and  his 
cabinet  of   curiosities  was  bequeathed  to 
the  public  for  20,000/.   not  half  its   origi- 
nal cost,  and  now  adorns  the  British  Mu- 
seum. 

Slodtz,  Rene  Michael,  an  eminent 
sculptor,  born  at  Paris.  He  studied  sculp- 
ture under  his  father,  who  was  a  native  of 
Antwerp,  and  at  the  age  of  21  he  went  to 
Rome,  to  perfect  himself  On  his  return  to 
Paris  he  became  member  of  the  French 
academy,  and  sculptor  to  the  king,  and  de- 
clined the  honourable  invitations  offered 
to  him  by  the  king  of  Prussia.  He  died  at 
Paris,  12th  Oct.  1764,  aged  59.  The  most 
admired  of  his  works  are,  St.  Bruno  refu- 
sing the  Mitre  at  Rome — the  Tomb  of 
Marquis  Capponi — Heads  of  Calchas  and 
Iphigenia — the  Tomb  of  Cardinal  D'Au- 
vergne — and  that  of  Languet,  the  minister 
of  St.  Sulpicius. 

Sloughter,  Henry,  governor  of  New- 
640 


York,  was  appointed  in  1690,  and  assumed 
the  administration  in  March,  1691.  He 
died  July  23d,  1691,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Ingoldsby.  tC3^  L. 

Sluts,  James  Vander,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  at  Leyden,  1660,  and  bred  up  in  the 
Orphans'  hospital.  He  studied  under  Slin- 
geland,  and  excelled  in  representing  con- 
versations, parties,  &c.  His  colouring  is 
better  than  his  design.     He  died  1736. 

Smalbroke,  Richard,  fellow  of  Magda- 
len college,  Oxford,  was  raised,  in  1723,  to 
the  see  of  St.  David's,  and  in  1730,  transla- 
ted to  Lichfield  and  Coventry.  He  wrote 
a  Vindication  of  our  Saviour's  Miracles, 
against  Woolston,  8vo.  a  performance  of 
great  merit,  and  died  1749. 

Smalcius,  Valentine,  a  famous  Socinian, 
born  in  Thuringia.  He  was  author  of  a 
treatise,  in  which  he  denied  the  divinity  of 
Christ,  a  work  which  claimed  much  of  the 
public  attention,  and  which  was  ably  re- 
futed by  Cloppenburch,  and  others.  He 
died  at  Cracow,  14th  Dec.  1622. 

Smalley,  John,  D.D.  a  congregational 
minister  of  Berlin,  Connecticut,  was  born 
in  Lebanon,  in  that  state,  June  4th,  1734, 
and  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1756. 
He  studied  theology  with  Dr.  Bellamy,  and 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  second  society 
in  Berlin,  April  19,  1758 ;  where  he  conti- 
nued to  labour,  with  distinguished  fidelity, 
reputation,  and  success,  for  nearly  sixty 
years.  He  was  one  of  the  most  eminent  of 
the  great  divines  of  New-England.  He 
possessed  great  energy  and  penetration  of 
mind,  and  soundness  of  judgment ;  thought 
and  wrote  with  a  logical  accuracy  and  per- 
spicuity that  are  seldom  surpassed,  and 
contributed  much  by  his  numerous  and  po- 
pular publications,  to  the  progress  of  theo- 
logical knowledge.  He  gave  to  the  world 
his  celebrated  Sermons  on  Natural  and 
Moral  Inability,  in  1760.  They  were  soon 
after  republished  in  England,  and  were, 
also,  it  is  believed,  translated  and  published 
in  German.  His  other  works  are,  two 
Discourses  on  Universal  Salvation — a  Con- 
cio  ad  Clerum — an  Election  Sermon,  and 
Sermons,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  His  death  took 
place  June  1st,  1820,  in  his  86th  year. 

Smallwood,  William,  governor  of  Ma- 
ryland; was  appointed  a  brigadier  general 
in  1776,  and  commanded  a  brigade  of  Ma- 
ryland troops  on  Long  Island,  and  at  the 
battle  near  Camden.  When  the  Ameri- 
cans wei-e  defeated  on  Long  Island  in  Au- 
gust, 1776,  no  portion  of  the  army  suffered 
more  severely  than  that  commanded  by 
him.  Two  hundred  and  fifty-nine  men, 
many  of  whom  were  of  the  first  families  in 
the  country,  were  lost  on  that  occasion. 
He  also  commanded  the  Maryland  troops 
in  the  battle  of  Germantown  in  1777.  In 
1785,  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  con- 


SMA 


."5  Mi: 


grcss,  and  the  same  year  ftovcmor  ol'  the 
state.     He  died  in  February,  1792. 

Smalridqe,  George,  an  English  prelate, 
born  of  a  good  family  at  Lichfield,  1GG6, 
and  educated  at  Westminster  sciiool.  In 
1682  he  was  elected  to  Christ-church,  and 
began  soon  to  display  his  learning  and  his 
application,  by  his  publication  of  Animad- 
versions on  a  Piece  of  Obadiah  Walker,  on 
Church  Government,  1687,  and  1689  ap- 
peared his  Latin  poem,  called  "  Auctio 
Davisiana,"  &c.,  on  the  sale  of  the  books 
of  Davis,  the  Oxford  bookseller.  When 
in  orders  he  obtained  respectable  prefer- 
ment, and  in  1693,  was  made  prebendary 
of  Lichfield,  and  afterwards  canon  of 
Christ-church,  then  dean  of  Carlisle,  and 
in  1713,  dean  of  Christ-church,  and  the 
next  year  bishop  of  Bristol.  He  died 
Sept.  27th,  1719,  and  was  buried  at  Christ- 
church.  He  published  besides,  12  sermons 
in  one  volume,  and  after  his  death,  60  more 
were  published  by  his  widow. 

Smart,  Christopher,  an  eminent  poet, 
born  11th  April,  1722,  at  Shipbourne,  Kent, 
and  descended  from  a  respectable  Durham 
family.  He  received  a  good  education  at 
Maidstone  and  Durham  schools,  and  at  17 
entered  at  Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge  ;  but 
his  circumstances  here  were  very  unfa- 
vourable, in  consequence  of  the  death  of 
his  father,  whose  aflaiis,  though  steward  to 
the  Darlington  family,  were  greatly  embar- 
rassed. His  spirits  were  not,  however, 
weighed  down  by  family  misfortunes,  and 
while  he  was  the  friend  and  the  companion 
of  the  gay,  he  cultivated  the  muses,  and 
was  thanked  for  his  elegant  translation  of 
St.  Cecilia's  ode,  by  Pope,  who  recom- 
mended his  undertaking  a  similar  transla- 
tion of  the  Essay  on  Criticism.  This  work 
was  finished  with  applause,  but  brought  no 
profit,  and  also  a  comedy,  "  a  Trip  to  Cam- 
bridge," now  deservedly  forgotten.  After- 
wards for  four  successive  years  he  obtained 
the  Seatoniau  prize.  In  1753  he  married 
Miss  Carnan,  whose  mother  had  taken  for 
her  second  husband,  Newbury,  the  book- 
seller ;  but  in  this  new  situation,  and  trans- 
planted to  a  London  residence,  the  same 
want  of  prudence  and  economy  marked  all 
his  conduct.  Though  the  friend  of  the 
learned,  of  Johnson,  of  Garrick,  of  Hawks- 
worth,  &c.  his  circumstances  became  more 
narrow,  and  totally  depended  upon  the  ex- 
ertions of  his  pen.  His  distresses  at  last 
were  such  that  they  produced  occasional 
derangement  in  a  mind  which  was  naturally 
ardent,  and  could  ill  resist  the  frowns  of 
fortune  and  of  the  world,  and  finally  ended 
in  melancholy  insanity.  A  disorder  in  his 
liver  put  an  end  to  his  sufTcrings,  12th  May, 
1771.  He  left  a  widow  and  two  daughters, 
settled  as  booksellers  at  Reading.  His 
works  consist  of  fables,  sonnets,  ode?. 
Vol.  II.  81 


prize  poems,  &.r.  aiij  ha\n  been  ncaU} 
printed  at  Heading,  2  vols.  Timo.  I79i'. 
He  published  besides,  HonM.e,  tianslaled 
into  English  prose— a  New  \  ersion  of  the 
Psalms — Phajdrus,  translated  intu  vcise — 
Parables,  in  verse— 01.1  Woman's  Maga- 
zine, &c.  As  a  poet  he  possessed  origina- 
lity, animation,  and  occasional  sublimity, 
and  as  a  man,  though  too  often  intempe- 
rate, yet  he  had  such  a  sense  of  devotion, 
that  in  his  sacred  jjoems,  he  wrote  several 
of  the  passages  on  his  knees. 

Smeaton,  John,   an  eminent  mechanic 
and  engineer,  born  28th  May,  1721,  at  Aus- 
thorpe,  near  Leeds.     He  early  displayed  a 
stroiig  inclination  for  mechanical  pursuits, 
though  his  father,  an   attorney,  wished  to 
bring  him  up  to   his   own  business.     The 
law,  however,  had  no  charms  for  him,  and 
his  father  wisely  indulged  his  inclinations, 
and  permitted  him  to  follow  the  bent  of  his 
genius.     In  1750  he  commenced  mathema- 
tical instrument  maker  in   Turnstile,  IIol- 
born,  and  gained  so  much  applause  by  his 
machine  to  measure  a  ship's  way  at  sea, 
and  by  his  compass,  that  in  1753,  he  was 
elected  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  In  1 759 
he  received  the  gold  medal,  for  his  curious 
paper  on  the  experimental   inquiries  con- 
cerning the  power  of  wind  and  water  to 
turn  mills,  &c.     When  the  Edystone  light- 
house was  destroyed,  in  1752,  Smeaton  was 
recommended  by  lord  Macclesfield,  as  the 
fittest  person  to  repair  the  damage,  and  of 
this  great  and  astonishing  work,  complcteci 
in  1759,  he  published  a  very  interesting  ac- 
count in  1791,  in  a  folio  volume.     In  1764 
he  was  elected  one  of  the  receivers  of  the 
Derwentwater  estate,  which  he  highly  im- 
proved, and  afterwards  rose  to  great  emi- 
nence in  his  profession.     His  abilities  were; 
employed  in  the  execution  of  the  great  ca- 
nal of  Scotland,  in  better  supplying  Green- 
wich and  Deptford  with  water,  in  improving 
and  repairing   Ramsgate   harbour,  and  in 
other  public  works.     Besides  these  merito- 
rious efforts  of  labour  and  genius,  he  made 
improvements  in  the  air  pump,  in  mills,  iu 
the  pyrometer,  the  hydrometer,  the  steam 
engine,  &c.     On   the  l6th  Sept.  1792,  ho 
was  attacked  by  a  paralytic  stroke,  at  Aus- 
thorpe,  of  which  he  died  28th  Oct.  follow- 
ing.    His  character  has  been  drawn  by  his 
friend  Holmes,  and  he  is  represented  not 
only  as  a  most  ingenious  man,  but  as  a  very 
benevolent  and  amiable  character  in  private 
and  domestic  life.     His  Edystone  narra- 
tive has  passed  through  a  second  edition 
His  papers  were  purchased  by  sir  Joseph 
Banks,  and  are  to  appear  before  the  public. 

Smellie,  William,  a  surgeon  and  physi- 
cian of  great  eminence,  lie  was  born  in 
Scotland,  and  practised  in  his  native  cofin- 
try,  and  afterwards  came  to  London.  As  a 
teacher  he  was  highly  respectable,  and  had 
nearly  a  thousand  pupils,  who  assisted  him 

641 


aMi 


during  his  letiures,  in  the  delivei'y  ot  1150 
poor  women.  He  paid  great  attention  to 
his  profession  of  midwifery,  and  he  was  the 
fust  writer  who  considered  the  shape  and 
the  size  of  the  female  pelvis  as  adapted  to 
the  head  of  the  foetus,  and  his  observations 
from  practice  and  experience  were  most 
important.  He  had,  in  the  height  of  his 
celebrity,  several  able  opponents  ;  but  the 
skill  and  judgment  which  he  displayed,  the 
numerous  improvements  which  he  intro- 
duced in  the  theory  and  practice  of  mid- 
wifery, and  the  forceps,  and  other  surgical 
instruments  which  he  used  and  recommend- 
ed, are  proofs  of  a  great  mind  happily  ex- 
erted in  facilitating  the  delivery  of  the  fe- 
male sex,  and  in  removing  erroneous  cus- 
toms and  dangerous  systems.  This  eminent 
practitioner  retired,  after  a  long  and  suc- 
cessful practice,  and  died  some  time  after, 
at  an  advanced  age,  at  Lanerk,  in  Scotland, 
1763.  He  published  his  lectures,  8vo. 
1752 — a  volume  of  cases,  1754 — Anatomi- 
cal Tables,  with  36  plates,  folio — and  five 
vears  after  his  death  a  second  volume  of  his 
cases  appeared,  making  together  a  most 
valuable  collection,  and  a  complete  system 
of  midwifery.  A  printer  of  the  same  name  at 
Edinburgh,  also  secretary  to  the  Edinburgh 
antiquarian  society,  pubhshed  the  Philoso- 
|ihy  of  Natural  History,  4to.  and  a  transla- 
tion of  Buflbn's  voluminous  works.  He 
died  in  1795.     . 

Smith,  sir  Thomas,  a  learned  writer, 
born  at  Walden,  Essex,  512.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Queen's  college,  CamUridge,  of 
which  he  became  fellow,  1531,  and  in  1536 
he  was  made  university  orator.  In  1539  he 
travelled  through  France  and  Italy,  and 
took  the  degree  of  doctor  of  civil  law  at 
Padua,  and  on  his  return  received  the  same 
academical  honours  at  Cambridge.  He 
was  afterwards  professor  of  civil  law  in  the 
Imiversity,  and  on  the  accession  of  Edward 
VI.  was  admitted  into  the  family  of  Somer- 
set, the  protector,  by  whose  interest  he  was 
raised  to  the  office  of  steward  of  the  stan- 
Jieries,  provost  of  Eton,  and  dean  of  Car- 
lisle. In  1548  he  was  made  secretary  of 
state,  and  knighted,  and  then  sent  as  am- 
bassador to  Flanders.  The  disgrace  of  his 
][)atron  removed  him  from  the  court ;  but 
his  abilities  were  again  called  into  action, 
and  in  1551  he  was  sent  ambassador  to 
France.  In  Mary's  reign  he  was  again 
dismissed  from  favour,  though  not  treated 
■with  harshness,  and  under  Elizabeth  he 
was  restored  to  confidence  and  employ- 
ment. He  went  to  France,  1562,  as  am- 
bassador, and  was  engaged  in  affairs  of 
state  till  his  death,  1597.  As  a  man  of 
learning,  and  a  zealous  protestant,  he  was 
€is  respectable  as  he  was  as  a  politician. 
WTiile  at  Cambridge,  and  public  Greek  lec- 
turer in  his  college,  he  united  with  his 
friend  John  Cheke  to  introdirce  c  new  me- 
*;42 


thod  of  pronouncing  the  language ;  btrc 
though  espoused  by  the  best  scholars  of  the 
university,  by  Ponet,  Roger  Ascham,  and 
others,  it  met  with  opposition,  and  was 
publicly  censured  by  the  chancellor,  bishop 
Gardiner.  Smith  expostulated  with  bold- 
ness, yet  with  moderation,  and  bis  epistle 
on  the  occasion  was  printed  at  Paris,  when' 
he  was  ambassador  there,  by  Robert  Ste- 
phens, 1568,  4to.  with  another,  on  the  pro- 
nunciation of  the  English  tongue. 

Smith,  Miles,  a  native  of  Hereford,  edu- 
cated at  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford, 
from  which  he  removed  to  Brazen-nose. 
He  obtained  the  canon  residentiaryship  of 
his  native  city,  and  in  1612,  was  made  bi- 
shop of  Gloucester.  He  died  1624.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  and  profound  learning, 
well  skilled  in  oriental  languages,  and  he 
also  assisted  in  the  translation  of  the  Bible, 
and  wrote  the  preface  to  it.  His  sermons 
appeared  in  one  vol.  fol.  1630. 

Smith,  John,  an  able  divine,  born  at 
Achurch,  near  Oundle,  1618.  He  entered 
at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge,  1636,  and 
in  1644  was  chosen  fellow  of  Queen's.  He 
died  Aug.  7,  1652,  and  was  interred  in  the 
chapel  of  his  college.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  learning,  and  endowed  with  the  most 
amiable  virtues.  He  wrote  ten  select  dis- 
courses on  theological  subjects,  collected 
together,  1660,  in  a  4to.  volume. 

Smith,  Thomas,  D.D.  a  learned  writer, 
born  in  London,  1638,  and  educated  at 
Queen's  college,  Oxford.  In  1863  he  was 
appointed  master  of  Magdalen  college 
school,  and  three  years  after  elected  fellow 
of  that  college.  In  1668  he  went  as  chap- 
lain to  the  embassy  to  Constantinople,  and 
returned  1671.  He  afterwards  travelled 
in  France,  and  was  promised  a  Windsor 
canonry  for  collating  the  Alexandrian  ma- 
nuscripts in  St.  James's  library,  but  this  he 
did  not  execute.  His  learning  and  abili- 
ties were  so  universally  acknowledged,  that 
he  was  selected  to  travel  into  the  east,  and 
to  visit  mount  Athos  to  make  a  collection 
of  valuable  manuscripts,  but  he  declined 
the  offer,  and  continued  at  home.  He  was 
disappointed  in  his  expectation  of  pre- 
ferment from  sir  Joseph  Williamson,  se- 
cretary of  state,  and  in  1688  he  was  de- 
prived of  his  fellowship,  by  Giffard  the 
catholic  president  of  Magdalen,  but  though 
restored  to  it,  he  was  finally  deprived  of 
it,  for  refusing  the  oaths  to  William  and 
Mary.  He  died  in  London,  16th  May, 
1710.  He  published  "  Remarks  on  the 
Manners,  Religion,  &c.  of  the  Turks," 
originally  written  in  Latin  in  four  letters 
— de  Grogcae  Ecclesiaj  Hodierno  Statu 
Epistola — a  Latin  Life  of  Camden — three 
papers  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions 
— Vltae  Quorundam  Eruditissimorum,  et 
Illustrium  Virormn,  1707,  4to.  including 
Usher,  Cobiriff.    Greaves,   Patrick,  Younsr, 


SMI 


bMl 


Dee,  Bainbridge,  &c. — sermons — Diatriba 
de  Chaldaicis  Paraphrastis,  8vo. — Syntag- 
ma de  Druidum  Moribus  et  Institutis,  8vo. 
&c. 

Smith,  John,  an  English  divine,  born  at 
Lowther,  Westmoreland,  1659.  After  be- 
ing educated  partly  under  his  father,  the 
rector  of  the  parish,  he  was  intended  for  a 
Scotch  university,  but  at  last  was  sent  to 
St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  1674,  where 
be  took  his  degree  of  D.  D.  1696.  He  was 
chaplain  to  lord  Lansdown,  and  was  after- 
wards patronised  by  Crew,  bishop  of  Dur- 
ham, who  presented  him  to  a  prebend,  and 
the  living  of  Bishop's  Wearmouth.  He 
died  1715,  at  Cambridge,  where  he  was 
laboriously  engaged  in  preparing  for  the 
press  an  edition  of  the  works  of  the  vene- 
rable Bede,  which  at  last  appeared  in  1/22, 
under  the  care  of  his  son  George.  He  had 
also  begun  to  write  the  Antiquities  of  Dur- 
ham. 

Smith,  Edmund,  son  of  Mr.  Neale,  a 
merchant,  was  brought  up  under  the  care 
of  Mr.  Smith,  who  had  married  his  father's 
sister,  and,  in  gratitude  for  his  affectionate 
treatment,  he  assumed  his  name.  He  was 
born  1668,  and  educated  at  Westminster 
under  Busby,  from  whence  he  removed  to 
Christ-church.  Here  he  distinguished  him- 
self for  his  taste,  and  for  his  extensive 
knowledge  of  classical  literature,  and  in 
1707  his  tragedy  of  Phaedra  and  Hippoli- 
tus  was  acted  at  the  theatre  royal,  recom- 
mended by  a  prologue  from  the  pen  of  Ad- 
■dison,  and  an  epilogue  from  the  pen  of 
Prior.  This  play  possessed  little  merit, 
though  for  a  whiJe  supported  by  the  par- 
tiality of  friends.  He  prepared  besides  a 
plan  for  a  tragedy  of  lady  Jane  Grey,  and 
wrote  a  translation  of  Longinus,  with  notes 
and  observations,  &c.  In  his  conduct 
Smith  was  very  irregular  and  intemperate, 
and  though  admired  for  his  wit  and  his 
learning,  he  was  yet  offensive  to  the  direc- 
tors of  his  college,  by  the  impropriety  of 
his  conduct,  so  that  at  last  he  was  expelled 
from  the  society,  1700.  He  was  so  negli- 
gent in  his  dress,  that  he  was  generally  call- 
ed captain  Rag  ;  and  he  was  so  careless  of 
his  interests,  that  after  dedicating  his  tra- 
gedy to  lord  Halifax,  he,  either  through 
pride  or  indolence,  neglected  to  present  it 
to  his  patron  who  had  provided  for  him  the 
gi*ant  of  a  place  of  3001.  a  year.  He  died 
1710. 

Smith,  John,  a  most  excellent  mezzo- 
tinter,  according  to  Horace  Walpole,  flou- 
rished at  the  end  of  William's  reign.  He 
studied  under  Vander  Vaart,  and  worked 
in  the  house  of  sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  whose 
pieces  he  published  with  great  success. 
His  chief  works  are  night  pieces  after 
Schalken. 

Smith,  George,  an  eminent  landscape 
jiainter,  horn  at  Chichester,    1714,     His 


abilities  guiiicd  some  prizes  at  the  society 
of  arts.  He  died  7ib  Sept.  177C,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  Pancrns  cliurchyard,  Chi- 
chester. He  had  two  brothers,  William 
and  John,  equally  distinguished  as  painters. 
Wiliuvm,  the  eldest,  excelled  as  a  portrait 
painter,  and  in  his  fruit  pieces,  and  dicti 
27th  Sept.  1764,  and  John,  wlione  land- 
scapes were  much  admired,  died  29th  July, 
the  same  year. 

Smith,  William,  an  able  scholar  and  di- 
vine, born  at  Worcester,  1711.  He  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  New  college, 
and  became  rector  of  Trinity  church,  Ches- 
ter. He  was  for  one  year  at  the  head  of 
Brentwood  school,  Essex,  but  resigned  in 
1749,  and,  in  1758,  was  promoted  to  the 
deanery  of  Chester,  to  which  was  added, 
in  1766,  the  rectory  of  Handley.  His  life 
was  spent  in  the  laborious  service  of  litera- 
ture, and  of  the  church,  and  he  published 
an  elegant  and  valuable  translation  of  Thu- 
cydides,  and  of  Longinus,  besides  a  volume 
of  sermons  on  the  Beatitudes.  He  died 
1787. 

Smith,  John,  founder  of  the  colony  of 
Virginia,  was  a  native  of  Lincolnshire,  and 
born  in  1579.  He  was  peculiarly  courage- 
ous, restless,  and  fond  of  adventures.  He 
left  his  native  country  at  the  age  of  fifteen, 
and  travelled  through  France  and  the  Ne- 
therlands. After  having  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  devoted  some  attention  to  mili- 
tary tactics  and  history,  he  went  again  t« 
France,  and  embarked  thence  for  Italy  wifh 
a  company  of  Pilgrims,  who  regarding  him 
as  a  heretic,  threw  him  into  the  sea  near  a 
small  island  off"  Nice  to  calm  a  tempest  by 
which  they  were  overtaken.  He  swam  to 
the  shore,  and  proceeded  thence  to  Alex- 
andria. In  returning,  he  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  the  emperor  of  Austria  against  the 
Turk.s,  in  which  he  soon  distinguished  him- 
self, and  obtained  the  command  of  a  body 
of  horse.  At  the  siege  of  Regal,  a  Turkish 
nobleman  sending  a  challenge  to  fight  with 
any  Christian  captain  who  would  venture  a 
contest  for  the  amusement  of  the  ladies. 
Smith  accepted  the  offer,  and  meeting  his 
antagonist  on  horseback,  bore  away  his 
head,  and  gained  a  similar  victory  in  a  se- 
cond and  third  contest.  He  was  after- 
wards taken  prisoner,  but  escaped  into 
Russia.  On  returning  to  F.ngland  he  re- 
solved to  visit  North  America ;  and  having 
persuaded  a  number  of  persons  to  procure 
a  charter  of  South  Virginia,  came  over  thi- 
ther, in  the  expedition  under  Newport,  in 
1607.  He  became  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil which  governed  the  colony  settled  at 
Jamestown  ;  and  on  Newport's  returning, 
received  the  chief  command,  and  repeated- 
ly saved  the  colony  from  destruction  by 
famine  and  the  hostile  Indians.  He  was 
at  length  taken  prisoner  by  Powhatan,  who 
resolved  to  put  him  to  death.     His  head 

64.'i 


SMI 


SMI 


nas  placed  on  a  stone  for  the  purpose  of 
despatching  him  with  a  club,  when  Poca- 
hontas, the  king's  favourite  daughter,  thre^v 
herself  between  him  and  the  executioner, 
and  by  her  entreaties  procured  his  release. 
He  afterwards  rendered  important  services 
to  the  colony,  particularly  by  restraining 
the  vices  of  the  inhabitants,  and  promoting 
their  industry.  He  at  difi'erent  times  ex- 
plored the  coasts  of  the  Chesapeake  bay, 
and  of  the  Atlantic  from  Cape  Henry  to 
Cape  Cod,  and  constructed  maps  of  them. 
He  published  an  Account  of  several  of  his 
Voyages  to  Virginia ;  a  History  of  that 
colony  ;  an  Account  of  his  own  life,  and 
several  other  useful  tracts.  He  died  at 
London  in  1631,  in  his  52d  year.    HJ'  L. 

Smith,  Thoma?,  governor  of  South  Ca- 
rolina, succeeded  Philip  Ludwcll.  He  was 
created  a  landgrave  under  the  original  form 
of  government  in  1691,  and  commenced  his 
administration  in  1633.  It  was  at  a  period 
when  the  high-church  party  distracted  the 
colony  by  their  violence.  Smith  was  a 
man  of  prudence  and  liberality,  but  wearied 
by  fruitless  attempts  to  satisfy  the  discon- 
tented, be  soon  asked  leave  to  retire  from 
office,  and  Archdale,  a  proprietor,  was  sent 
out  as  governor.  ICJ^  L. 

Smith,  William,  an  eminent  lawyer  of 
New- York,  was  born  at  Newport  Pagnell, 
Buckinghamshire,  in  1696.  He  came  to 
America  in  1715,  and  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Yale  college,  where  he  was  gradua- 
ted in  1719.  In  1736  he  was  appointed  re- 
i' order  of  the  city-  of  New- York,  and  was 
afterwards  a  member  of  the  council,  and  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  province, 
in  the  political  transactions  of  the  time,  he 
took  an  active  part,  and  few  individuals 
possessed  so  great  influence  in  determining 
the  course  cf  public  affairs.  He  was  one 
of  the  original  trustees  of  the  college  of 
New- Jersey,  and  died  Nov.  22d,  1769. 

rcp-L. 

Smith,  William,  chief  justice  of  New- 
York,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1745.  He 
Tvas  educated  a  lawyer,  and  was  one  of  the 
first  of  his  time  in  America.  In  1763  he 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
>ourt,  and  was  afterwards  chief  justice. 
When  the  revolution  commenced,  he  ad- 
hered to  the  royal  government,  and  in  1781 
was  one  of  Clinton's  deputies  for  receiving 
acknowledgments  of  allegiance  from  the 
colonists.  He  was  afterwards  chief  justice 
©f  Canada.  He  pubHshed  an  excellent 
history  of  New- York,  from  its  first  settle- 
ment until  1732,  4to.  London,  1757.  It 
was  republished  at  Albany,  with  additions, 
8vo,  1814,  and  has  been  continued  from 
1732  to  1762,  by  W^illiam  Smith,  Esq.  son 
of  the  chief  justice.  |C3^  L. 

Smith,  Josiah,  an  American  clergyman 
of  great  worth,  was  born  in  Charleston, 
644 


South  Carolina,  in  1704.  In  1725  he  was 
graduated  bachelor  of  arts  in  the  university 
of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  and  was  the 
first  native  of  Carolina  who  obtained  a  de- 
gree from  a  college.  Soon  after  his  gradua- 
tion he  began  to  preach,  and  not  long  af- 
terwards was  ordained  to  the  work  of  the 
ministry,  and  became  a  popular  preacher,  a 
learned  divine,  and  a  voluminous  writer. 
His  ministerial  life  was  spent  in  Bermuda, 
at  Cainhoy,  and  in  Charleston.  He  died 
in  the  city  of  Philadelphia  in  1781,  in  the 
77th  year  of  his  age.  He  was  a  warm 
friend  to  the  civil  and  religious  liberties  of 
his  country,  and  was  universally  regarded 
as  a  pious  and  exemplary  divine.   O"  L. 

Smith,  Samuel,  author  of  the  History 
of  the  colony  of  New-Jersey,  to  the  year 
1721,  was  a  resident  of  Burlington,  where 
his  history  was  published,  8vo.  1765.  He 
died  at  Burlington  in  1776.  His  work  is 
considered  a  judicious  and  faithful  compi- 
lation. fCZp"  L. 

Smith,  Isaac,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  New-Jersey,  after  obtaining  the 
degree  of  A.B.  at  Princeton,  in  1755,  com- 
menced the  practice  of  physic,  but  at  the 
opening  of  the  war  of  the  revolution,  en- 
gaged in  the  cause  of  his  country  with  dis- 
tinguished zeal,  and  rendered  much  useful 
service.  He  received  the  command  of  a 
regiment  in  1776,  and  during  the  discoura- 
ging period  that  succeeded,  conducted  with 
unshaken  resolution.  After  the  close  of 
the  war  he  was  appointed  to  a  seat  on  the 
bench  of  the  supreme  court,  and  dischar- 
ged the  duties  of  the  station  with  reputation 
for  eighteen  years.  After  the  adoption  of 
the  present  constitution,  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  congress.  His  talents  were 
superior,  and  his  character  as  a  scholar, 
soldier,  gentleman,  and  Christian,  accom- 
plished.    He  died  in  1807.         ItCP  L. 

Smith,  William,  D.D.  first  provost  of 
the  college  of  Philadelphia,  was  a  Scotch- 
man by  birth,  and  educated  at  Aberdeen, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1747.  He 
came  to  America  in  1750,  and  employed 
himself  as  a  private  tutor  till  1753,  when 
he  was  appointed  to  the  care  of  the  col- 
lege in  Philadelphia,  and  afler  having  re- 
turned to  England  and  obtained  episcopal 
ordination,  he  entered  on  the  duties  of  the 
office  in  Maj^,  1754,  and  by  his  fine  genius 
and  literary  accomplishments,  gave  much 
respectability  to  the  institution.  After 
rendering  important  services  to  the  reli- 
gious and  litei'ary  interests  of  the  country, 
both  as  a  preacher  and  writer,  for  the  long 
period  of  49  years,  he  died  May  14,  1803, 
in  his  77th  year.  fC3='  L. 

Smith,  Samuel  Stanhope,  D.D.  LL.D.  a 
distinguished  clergyman  of  the  Presbyterian 
church,  was  born  at  Pequea,  in  Lancaster 
county,  Pennsylvania,  in  the  year  1750. 
He  was  graduated  bachelor    of    arts    at 


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Princeton  college,  in  1769.  After  serving 
that  institution  as  a  tutor  for  several  years, 
he  was  ordained  to  the  work  of  the  minis- 
try, and  went  to  Virginia,  where  his  talents, 
learning,  and  influence,  enabled  him  to  be- 
come the  founder  of  Hampden  Sidney  col- 
lege, in  Prince  Edward  county,  in  tliat 
state,  of  which  he  was  the  first  president. 
In  1779,  he  was  recalled  to  Princeton  as 
professor  of  moral  philosophy.  To  this 
professorship  was  added,  in  1783,  that  of 
theology.  In  1786,  he  was  chosen  vice 
{(resident  in  the  same  institution  ;  and  in 
1795,  on  the  death  of  Doctor  Witherspoon, 
was  raised  to  the  presidency.  He  dischar- 
ged the  duties  of  this  high  trust  with  dignity 
and  reputation  until  the  year  1812,  when, 
on  account  of  the  failure  of  his  health,  he 
resigned,  and  spent  the  remainder  of  his 
life  in  retirement.  He  was  removed  by 
death  in  1819,  in  the  69th  year  of  his  age. 
He  was  distinguished  for  his  acquaintance 
with  ancient  and  modern  literature,  his 
elegance  and  urbanity  as  a  gentleman,  his 
polished  and  perspicuous  style  of  writing, 
and  his  eloquence  and  popularity  as  a 
preacher.  His  publications  are  numerous, 
and  give  him  a  very  honourable  rank  among 
American  writers.  His  chief  works  are  an 
Essay  on  the  variety  of  Complexion  in  the 
Human  Species — Lectures  on  the  eviden- 
ces of  the  Christian  Religion — and  on  Mo- 
ral Philosophy — and  a  System  of  Natural 
and  Revealed  Religion.  Several  volumes 
of  his  Sermons  have  also  been  publishedc 

Smith,  John  Blair,  first  president  of 
Union  college,  Schenectady,  was  born  in 
Pequea,  Pennsylvania,  June  12th,  1756. 
He  received  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts 
at  Princeton  in  1773,  and  devoted  himself 
to  the  study  of  theology.  In  1779,  he  set- 
tled in  the  ministry  in  Virginia,  and  became 
principal  of  Hampden  Sidney  college  in 
that  state,  where  he  was  highly  useful  par- 
ticularly in  the  ministry,  and  employed 
himself  with  great  diligence  in  its  labours. 
In  1791,  he  removed  to  the  third  Presbyte- 
rian church  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  con- 
tinued till  appointed  to  the  presidency  of 
Union  college,  in  1795.  He  remained  at 
that  institution  till  May  1799,  when  he  re- 
turned to  the  care  of  the  church  he  had  left 
in  Philadelphia,  but  died  on  the  22d  August 
of  that  year.  His  talents  were  fine,  his 
attainments  in  learning  respectable,  and 
bis  zeal  in  the  ministry  highly  exemplary. 

ICT-L. 

Smith,  Israel,  governor  of  Vermont,  was 
a  native  of  Connecticut,  born  April  4th, 
1759,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college  iu 
1781.  He  studied  law,  and  settled  in  the 
practice  at  Rupert,  Vermont.  He  was  soon 
after  elected  the  representative  of  that 
town  in  the  assembly,  and  from  this  period 
continued  to  hold  a  high  rank  among  the 


public  characters  of  that  state.     In  1789  he 
was  one  of  the   coiiiinisnioncr.s  appointed 
to  determine  the  controverHy    with    New- 
York  respecting  boundaries,  and  was  active 
in   procuring   the    admission    of    Vermont 
into  the  union.     In  1791  he   was   elected  a 
representative  to  congress,  and   continued 
in  that  station  till  1797.     Having  removed 
to  Rutland,  he  was   now   elected  a  repre- 
sentative from  that  town,  and  was  the  same 
year  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  supremo 
court.     He  held  the  office  but   one  year. 
In  1800,  he  was  again  elected  a  represen- 
tative to  congress,  and    in  1802  succeeded 
Mr,  Chipman   as   a   senator  in  that  body. 
He  remained  in  this  office  until  elected  go- 
vernor of  the  state   in    1807,  as  the  suc- 
cessor of  Mr.  Tichenor.     He  was  univer- 
sally esteemed  for  his  integrity  and  public 
spirit.     His  death  took  place  December  2d, 
1810.  il3^  L.  .-■ 

Smith,  Robert,  D.O.  was  forty-seven 
years  rector  of  St.  Philip's  church,  at 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  and  was  elect- 
ed and  consecrated  the  lirst  bishop  of  the 
Episcopal  churches  of  that  state  in  1795. 
He  was  also  principal  of  the  college  at 
Charleston.  In  the  revolution  he  shoulder- 
ed his  musket,  and  was  made  a  prisoner  at 
the  surrender  of  Charleston,  and  imme- 
diately banished.  He  was  eminently  dis- 
tinguished for  his  liberality  to  the  poor. 
He  died  November,  1801,  aged  73. 

Smith,  Nathaniel,  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Connecticut,  was  born  at  Wood- 
bury, in  that  state,  January  6th,  1762.  His 
means  of  early  education  were  very  limit- 
ed, and  he  rose  to  distinction  by  the  ener- 
gy of  his  talents.  He  commenced  the  study 
of  law  under  the  earc  of  judge  Reeve, 
about  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war, 
and  began  the  practice  in  his  native  town 
in  1789,  and  soon  became  eminent  in  the 
profession  for  keenness  of  discernment, 
accuracy  in  investigation,  adroitness  in  ar- 
gument, and  energy  in  delivery.  After  ha- 
ving been  repeatedly  chosen  a  member  of 
the  state  legislature,  he  was  in  1795  trans- 
ferred to  a  seat  in  congress,  where  he  con- 
tinued four  years,  and  on  declining  another 
election,  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  up- 
per house  in  the  legislature  of  Connecticut, 
and  continued  in  that  body  till  1804.  In 
October,  1806,  he  was  placed  on  the  bench 
of  the  supreme  court,  and  was  distinguish- 
ed for  the  sagacity  and  uprightness  with 
v/hich  he  discharged  the  duties  of  that  sta- 
tion. He  held  the  office  till  May,  1819, 
and  died  March  9th,  1822,  in  the  6^1  st  year 
of  his  age.  He  possessed  a  mind  of  a  very 
superior  order,  his  legal  knowledge  was  ex- 
tensive, and  he  was  greatly  esteemed  for 
his  integrity,  public  spirit,  and  piety. 

Smith,  John,  D.D.  professor  of  Greek, 

645 


SMI 


sm 


Hebrew,  and  other  oriental  languages  in 
Dartmouth  college,  New-Hampshire,  was 
appointed  to  that  office  in  1778.  He  was 
born  at  Byfield,  Massachusetts,  December 
21st,  1752,  graduated  at  Dartmouth  college 
in  1773,  and  died  in  May,  1809,  aged  56. 
He  published  the  "  New-Hampshire  Latin 
Grammar,"  an  edition  of  Cicero's  Orations 
in  Latin,  with  notes,  Walpole,  1804,  and  a 
"  Hebrew  Grammar,  without  points,  de- 
signed to  facilitate  the  study  of  the  Scrip- 
tures," &e.  .     iCj^  L. 

Smith,  George  William,  governor  of 
Virginia,  was  elected  in  1811.  He  had 
previously  been  lieutenant-governor.  He 
lost  his  life  by  the  burning  of  the  theatre 
at  Richmond,  a  few  months  after  he  assu- 
med the  administration,  December  24th, 
1811.  ICP  L. 

Smith,  Elihu  H.  physician,  was  born  at 
Litchfield,  Connecticut,  in  1771,  and  gra- 
duated at  Yale  college  in  1786.  After  at- 
tending a  course  of  medical  lectures  in 
Philadelphia,  he  established  himself  in  the 
practice  of  medicine  in  New- York  in  1793, 
and  devoted  himself  with  great  zeal  to  the 
cultivation  of  medicine  and  of  literature. 
He  soon  became  distinguished  for  his  at- 
tainments, and  obtained  extensive  business. 
He  was  elected  one  of  the  physicians  of 
the  hospital  in  1796,  and  the  same  year,  in 
conjunction  with  Drs.  Miller  and  Mitchill, 
commenced  the  publication  of  the  Medical 
Repository,  to  which  he  contributed  a  num- 
ber of  valuable  papers.  He  died  of  the 
yellow  fever  in  September,  1798,  in  his 
twenty-seventh  year.  He  had  accumula- 
ted an  uncommon  mass  of  medical  learn- 
ing. He  possessed  poetical  talents,  and 
published  several  pieces,  the  best  of  which 
is  an  epistle  prefixed  to  the  American  edi- 
tion of  Darivin.  ICJ^  L. 

Smith,  James,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  a  distinguished  la"wyer  of  York,  Penn- 
svlvania,  and  a  man  of  great  wit. 

iCT^  L. 

Smith,  Elizabeth,  an  accomplished  young 
lady,  was  born  at  Burnhall,  the  seat  of  her 
family  near  Durham,  in  1776.  Her  edu- 
cation was  liberal ;  and  she  added  to  it,  by 
her  own  application,  a  knowledge  of  the 
mathematics,  and  an  exquisite  taste  for 
drawing  and  poetry.  She  also  studied  the 
French,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  German  lan- 
guages, particularly  the  last,  from  which 
she  made  some  excellent  translations.  She 
next  proceeded  to  the  classics,  and  made 
herself  acquainted  with  the  Latin,  Greek, 
Hebrew,  Syriac,  Arabic,  and  Persian.  In 
biblical  literature  she  gave  proof  of  her  abi- 
lity in  a  translation  of  the  book  of  Job.  She 
died  of  a  consumption,  August  7,  1806.— 
W.  B. 

Smith,  Adam,  LL.D.  a  celebrated  wri- 
ter,  born   5th  June,    1723,   at   Kirkaldy, 
646 


where  his  father,  who  died  a  few  months 
before  his  birth,  was  comptroller  of  the  cus- 
toms. Though  of  a  weak  constitution,  he 
had  from  his  earliest  years  great  partiality 
for  books.  At  the  age  of  three  he  was  sto- 
len by  some  vagrants,  and  with  difficulty 
recovered.  After  receiving  instruction  at 
Kirkaldy  he  was  sent  to  Glasgow  universi- 
ty ;  but  as  his  friends  destined  him  for  the 
church  of  England,  he  removed,  in  1740, 
to  Baliol  college,  Oxford,  as  an  exhibi- 
tioner. Not  wishing,  however,  to  embrace 
the  ecclesiastical  profession,  he  left  Oxford 
after  seven  years'  residence,  and  returned 
to  Scotland,  and,  in  1751,  he  was  elected 
professor  of  logic  in  the  university  of  Glas- 
gow, and  the  next  year  succeeded  Cragie 
in  the  chair  of  moral  philosophy.  In  1759 
he  published  his  Theory  of  Moral  Senti- 
ments, and,  in  1763,  he  quitted  his  profes- 
sorship to  accompany  the  duke  of  Buc- 
cleugh  in  his  travels  on  the  continent.  He 
visited,  with  his  pupil,  Toulouse,  Geneva, 
and  the  south  of  France,  and  on  his  return 
to  Paris  became  acquainted  with  the  wits 
and  the  learned  men  of  the  capital.  His 
travels  were  continued  for  three  years,  af- 
ter which  he  retired  to  the  domestic  seclu- 
sion of  Kirkaldy,  with  his  mother,  for  ten 
years.  Hume  and  his  other  friends  in  vain 
expostulated  against  his  retirement,  but,  in 
1771,  he  convinced  them  that  his  mind  had 
been  actively  employed,  by  the  publication 
of  his  celebrated  work,  an  Inquiry  into  the 
Nature  and  Cause  of  the  Wealth  of  Na- 
tions, 2  vols.  4to.  This  excellent  book, 
often  republished  in  3  vols.  8vo.  procured 
him  the  appointment  of  commissioner  of 
the  customs  in  Scotland ;  and  after  being 
some  time  in  London,  he,  in  1778,  retired 
to  Edinburgh,  where  he  enjoyed  the  rest  of 
life  in  honourable  independence,  in  the  so- 
ciety of  tiic  learned,  and  among  the  com- 
panions of  his  earliest  years.  He  now  oc- 
casionally devoted  himself  to  study,  but  not 
with  that  zeal  which  might  have  enabled 
him  to  add  fresh  celebrity  to  his  fame ;  and 
when  at  last  infirmities  came  upon  him,  he 
found  it  was  too  late  to  think  of  completing 
the  works  on  which,  in  his  serious  hours, 
he  had  meditated.  He  died  July,  1790,  of 
a  chronic  obstruction  in  his  bowels,  and  af- 
ter his  death  some  essays  and  other  mis- 
cellanies, which  he  had  not  ordered  to  be 
destroyed,  were  published  by  his  executors 
in  4to.  1795.  Of  the  powers  of  his  mind, 
and  of  his  comprehensive  information,  his 
works  will  be  a  lasting  memorial  to  the 
latest  posterity.  W^ith  all  the  perfections 
of  a  well-cultivated  understanding,  he  did 
not,  however,  possess  that  knowledge  of 
the  world  which  might  have  adorned  a 
more  active  life  ;  and  though  admired  for 
his  talents,  he  was  careless  in  the  midst  of 
business,  and  absent  to  an  extraordinary 
degree.    It  is  to  be  lamented  that  his  great 


SMI 


SMI 


quelitics  were  disgraced  by  notions  of  iftti- 
delity.     When  he  published  the   "  Life  of 
David  Hume,  written  by  himself,''  he  add- 
ed remarks  which  conveyed  to  the  world 
how  determined  a  foe  he  was  to  Christian- 
ity ;  and  though  he  lyas  attacked  with  efii- 
cacy,   and   all   the  powers  of  wit  by  Dr. 
Home,  he  never  renounced  those  princi- 
ples which  proved  him   a  deist,  and  the 
friend  of  the  infidel  philosophers  of  France. 
Smith,  Charlotte,  a  well-known   writer. 
She  was  daughter  of  Mr.  Turner,  a  man  of 
property   in  Surry  and  Sussex,  and  when 
very  young,  she  married  Mr.  Smith,  whose 
father  was  possessed  of  some  valuable  es- 
tates in  the  West  Indies.     The   affairs   of 
lier  husband,  however,  proved  not  so  pros- 
perous as  was  expected,  and  after  various 
persecutions  from  creditors  and  from  law- 
yers, and  after  passing  some  time  in  the 
gloom  of  a   prison  with  her  unfortunate 
consort,  she  retired  with  her  family  to  a 
chateau   in    Normandy.     But  here  again 
persecution  attended  her ;  the  chicanery  of 
the  lawyers,  and   the   ingratitude  of  her 
friends  reduced  her  to  the  greatest  indi- 
gence :   yet,  however,  though  oppressed  by 
domestic   sorrows,    the  exertions   of   her 
mind    administered    to  her    wants.     She 
wrote  several  novels  which  gained  her  a 
comfortable  subsistence,  and  the  Romance 
of  Real  Life,  Emmeline,  Ethelinda,  Celes- 
tina,   Desmond,  the    Old  Manor  House, 
poems,  sonnets,  &c.  contributed  liberally 
to  procure  her  the  public  esteem,  and  a 
respectable   income.     This  ingenious,  but 
unfortunate  woman,  died  at  Thetford,  near 
Farnham,    Surry,   28th    Oct.    1806.     Her 
novels  display  great  powers  of  invention, 
and   it  is   remarkable  that  in  all  of  them 
she  has  interwoven  much  of  her  own  per- 
sonal misfortunes,  and  painted  every  where 
in  strong  colours,  the  character  of  those  ra- 
pacious lawyers,  to  whose  dishonesty  she 
ascribed  all   her  sorrows.     Her   descrip- 
tions are  interesting,  and  ber  style  is  ele- 
gant; so  that  she  aspired  to  the  reputa- 
tion, not  of  a  temporary  novel  ivriter,  but 
hoped  that  her  compositions  would  become 
the   ornament   of   every    elegant  library. 
Her  sonnets  possess  peculiar  beauty,  and 
all  her  writings  everj'  where  display  the 
powers  of  a  fine  imagination,  eonrect  taste, 
and  strong  judgment. 

Smitz,  Lewis,  an  eminent  painter,  bom 
at  Dort.  His  fruit  pieces  were  highly  va- 
lued; but  though  beautiful,  the  colours 
proved  not  of  long  duration.  He  died 
1675,  aged  40. 

Smitzs,  Gaspar,  a  Dutch  painter.  He 
was  very  happy  in  his  portraits,  and  his 
Magdalens  were  peculiarly  admired.  He 
died  at  Dublin,  1689. 

Smollett,  Tobias,  M.  D.  a  Scotch  phy- 
sician, more  celebrated  as  an  author.  He 
was  born  near  Cameron  on  the  banks  of 


the  Leven,  1720.     He  was  brought   up  for 
the  medical  line,  and  served   as  a  sui^eon 
in  the  fleet  which  bombardrd  Carthagena  ; 
but  as  his  professional  talents  did  not  meet 
with   encouragement,   he  commenced  au- 
thor.    After  trying  his  fortune  in  plays  and 
poems,  he  published,  in  1748,  his  Roderick 
Random,  2  vols.  l2mo.  which  excited  much 
of  the  public  attention,  and  ensured  success 
to  his  future  publications.     Peregrine  Pic- 
kle appeared  in   1751,   4  vols.  l2mo.  and 
became  very  popular,  not  only  on  account 
of  its  own  intrinsic  merit,  but  for  the  ad- 
ventures of  a  lady  of  quality,  lady  Vane, 
and  for  the  entertainment  of  a  republican 
doctor,  supposed  to  be  Akenside,  portrayed 
with  all  the  humour  and  skill  of  a  most  fa- 
cetious and  learned   scholar.     Ferdinand, 
Count  Fathom,  appeared  in  1754,  and  the 
next  year  the  Critical  Review  was  under- 
taken, and  conducted  by  him  till  1763.     In 
this  work  he  exposed  himself  to  much  ob- 
loquy, and  his  censure  of  admiral  Knowles' 
pamphlet   on   the   Rochefort    Expedition, 
brought  on  a  prosecution  against  him.    He 
was  in  consequence  fined  100/.  and   impri- 
soned in  the  King's  Bench  three  months, 
during  which  confinement  he  wrote  his  sir 
Lancelot  Greaves,  2  vols.  12mo.     In  1762, 
he  enlisted  among  the  periodical  writers  in 
defence  of  lord  Bute's  administration,  and 
published  the  Briton,  which  was  immediate- 
ly followed  by  the  North  Briton.    In  1763, 
he  went  abroad  for  the  benefit  of  his  health, 
and  returned  after  two  years'  absence,  and 
published  an  account  of  his  Travels,  2  vols. 
8vo.  a  work  which  Sterne,  in  his  Sentimen- 
tal Journey,   ridicules  under  the  name  of 
Smelfungus.     His  Humphrey  Clinker  ap- 
peared in  1771,  and   soon  after,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  ill  state  of  his  health,  and 
other  disagreeable  circumstances,  he  left 
England  for  Italy.     He  died  in  Italy,  21st 
Oct.  I77lj  and   an  epitaph  on  his  monu- 
ment by  his  friend  Dr.  Armstrong,  marks 
the   spot  of  bis   interment  near  Leghorn. 
Besides   those   works  already  mentioned, 
Dr.  Smollet  published,  1757,  a  History  of 
England,  4  vols.  4to.  edited  also  in  Svo.  a 
work  which  produced   him  great    profit:, 
though  regarded  as  partial,  inaccurate,  and 
hastily  written — a  translation  of  Gil  Bias 
and  Don  Quixote  into   English — a  Collec- 
tion of  Voyages   and    Travels — the  Regi- 
cide— poems,  &c.     His  life  has  been  writ- 
ten by  Dr.  Anderson,  1796,  and  since  by 
Dr.  Moore.     In  his  character  Smollet  was 
a  man  of  acknowledged  virtue  and  probity, 
and  his  abilities  rank  him  high  in  the  list  of 
authors  of  celebrity.     His  two  best  works 
aie  Roderick  Random  and  Peregrine  Pic- 
kle, and  in  these  he  introduces  great  diver- 
sit}'  of  characters,  interesting  descriptions, 
and  pleasing  variety,  though  it  is  to  be  la- 
mented that  some  parts  of  his  narrative  are 
more  licentious  than  virtue  can  approve. 

647 


SMI 


SOB 


His  other  novels  are  inferior  performances, 
though  they  are  not  devoid  of  interesting 
anecdotes.  The  persecution  and  poverty 
to  which  he  was  occasionally  exposed, 
ruffled  the  disposition  of  this  able  writer ; 
and  when  the  conduct  of  lord  Bute,  and 
the  unfulfilled  promises  of  other  patrons, 
are  well  considered,  it  will  be  easy  to  ex- 
plain why  an  author  speaks  with  harshness 
and  envenomed  acrimony  against  the  ingra- 
titude of  false  friends,  the  tyranny  of  the 
great,  and  the  insolence  of  rank.  The  mor- 
tifications and  disappointments  to  which 
he  was  exposed  by  the  spirit  of  faction,  and 
the  persecution  of  enemies,  were  increased 
by  the  loss  of  his  daughter,  an  only  child ; 
and  he  must  be  added  to  the  number  of 
those  who,  after  contributing  to  the  amuse- 
ment, the  improvement,  and  the  intellec- 
tual pleasures  of  others,  find  vexation,  dis- 
quiet, and  neglect,  the  reward  for  mental 
exertions. 

SMtTH,  James.  Vid,  Moore. 
Snell,  Rodolphus,  a  native  of  Oudewa- 
ter  in  Holland,  professor  of  Hebrew  and 
mathematics  at  Leyden,  where  he  died 
1613,  aged  67.  He  is  author  of  some  ma- 
thematical and  philosophical  works,  now 
little  known.  His  son  Willebrord,  was 
born  at  Leyden,  1591,  and  succeeded  his 
father  in  the  chair  of  mathematics,  1613. 
He  is  the  first  who  discovered  the  true 
laws  of  the  refraction  of  light,  and  he  un- 
dertook to  measure  the  earth  in  the  same 
method,  which  afterwards  was  adopted  by 
Picard  and  Cassini.  His  best  works  are, 
Eratosthenes  Batavus — and  Cyclometrium, 
4to.     He  died  at  Leyden,  1626,  aged  35. 

Snorro,  Sturlesonius,  a  native  of  Ice- 
land, whose  abilities  were  employed  in  po- 
litical affairs,  as  the  minister  of  state  to  one 
king  of  Sweden,  and  to  three  kings  of  Nor- 
way. He  retired,  in  an  insurrection,  to 
Iceland,  where  he  was  governor,  and  was 
at  last  pursued  and  put  to  death  by  his 
enemy  Gyssurus,  1241.  He  wrote  Chro- 
nicon  Regum  Norwegorum — Edda  Islandi- 
ca,  two  useful  works,  the  last  of  which  was 
translated  by  Mallet. 

Snoy,  Renier,  a  native  of  Ter-gouw  in 
Holland,  who  studied  medicine,  and  was 
also  engaged  in  a  diplomatic  capacity  by 
Charles  V.  to  the  courts  of  Christiern  II.  of 
Denmark,  and  James  IV.  of  Scotland.  He 
died  in  his'  native  town,  1st  Aug.  1537, 
aged  60.  He  wrote  the  History  of  Hol- 
land, in  13  books,  in  Latin,  folio,  1620. — 
Another  of  that  name,  Lambert,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Malines,  who  devoted  himself  labo- 
riously to  the  genealogical  history  of  the 
Low  Countries,  and  died  163S,  aged  64. 

Snyder,  Simon,  governor  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, was  born  in  Lancaster  county,  Novem- 
ber 5th,  1759,  and  rose  by  his  personal  me- 
rit and  enterprise,  from  the  humble  situa- 
tion of  an  apprentice,  to  the  enjovment  of 
64S 


the  highest  honours  of  the  state.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  Pennsylvania,  and  seve- 
ral years  speaker  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives. In  1808  he  succeeded  M'Kean 
as  governor.  In  1818  he  was  a  member  of 
the  senate  of  the  state.  He  died  at  Selim's 
grove,  in  Northumberland  county,  Novem- 
ber 9th,  1819,  irrL. 

Snyders,  Francis,  a  Flemish  painter^ 
born  at  Antwerp,  15P7,  and  bred  under 
Van  Balen.  He  visited  Italy,  and  settled 
at  Brussels,  and  was  attached  to  the  house- 
hold of  the  Spanish  court.  His  hunting 
pieces,  animals,  fish,  kitchens,  &c.  were 
much  admired.  In  some  of  his  pieces  he 
was  assisted  by  Rubens.  He  died  1657. 
He  also  engraved  a  book  of  animals  of  16 
leaves. 

SoANEN,  John,  an  eminent  French  eccle- 
siastic, born  at  Rioms,  6th  Jan.  1647. 
After  teaching  divinity  in  the  provinces,  he 
acquired  celebrity  as  a  preacher  at  Lyons, 
Orleans,  and  Paris,  and  was  one  of  the  four 
distinguished  orators  who,  at  that  time, 
were  called  the  four  evangelists.  He  was 
raised  to  the  see  of  Senez  ;  but  his  oppo- 
sition to  the  bull  Unigenitus  was  con- 
demned by  the  council  of  Embrun,  and  be 
was  stripped  of  his  episcopal  honours, 
and  died  an  exile  at  Chaise-Dieu,  Au- 
vergne,  25th  Dec.  1740.  He  wrote  Pas- 
toral Instructions — Mandemens — letters — 
sermons,  &c. 

SoBiESKi,  John  III.  a  celebrated  warrior, 
who  by  merit  rose  to  the  throne.  His  fa- 
ther was  James  Sobieski,  governor  of  Po- 
land. He  received  his  education  at  Paris, 
and  rose  gradually  by  valour  to  the  highest 
ranks  in  the  army,  and  in  1665,  was  made 
grand  marshal  and  general  of  the  Polish 
armies,  and  afterwards  Palatine  of  Craco- 
via.  After  retaking  several  cities  from  the 
Cossacks  in  the  Ukraine,  he  at  last  gained 
the  famous  battle  of  Choczin  on  the  Nies- 
ter,  in  1673,  in  which  the  Turks  lost 
28,000  men.  This  victory,  and  a  character 
eminent  for  every  virtue,  raised  him  to  the 
throne  on  the  death  of  Michael,  and  in 
1683,  he  marched  to  the  relief  of  Vienna, 
closely  besieged  by  the  Turks.  So  great 
was  the  terror  of  his  name  that  the  Turks 
fled  with  precipitation  at  his  approach,  and 
even  left  behind  the  great  standard  of  Ma- 
homet, which  the  conqueror  sent  to  the 
pope  with  these  words,  in  imitation  of  Cae- 
sar, "  I  came,  I  saw,  God  hath  conquer- 
ed."— This  truly  great  and  heroic  monarch 
died  at  VTarsaw,  17th  June,  1696,  univer- 
sally regretted,  not  only  by  the  soldiers,  by 
whom  he  was  beloved,  but  by  men  of  let- 
ters, whom  he  liberally  and  judiciously  pa- 
tronised. He  was  acquainted  with  most  of 
the  languages  of  Europe.  His  Life  has 
been  written  by  abbe  Coyer,  3  vols.  12mo. 
SociNU?,  Lselius,  the  founder  of  the  So- 


soc 


sot 


cmian  sect,  was  born  at  Sienna,  in   1525, 
and  desij^ned  for  the  civil  law  by  his  father, 
who  was  himself  an  able  civilian  at  Bo- 
loajna.     To  the  study  of  civil  law  he  united 
that  of  divinity,  and  therefore   acquired  a 
knowkMlj;(!  of  Greek,  Hebrew,  and  Arabic  ; 
but  when,  by  deep  investigation,   he  disco- 
vered the  fallacy  of  the  Koniish  church,  he 
sought  a  safer  as}knn  out  of  Italy,  and  af- 
ter travelling  through   (iermany,   France, 
England,  tue  Netherlands,  and  Poland,  he 
at  last  settled  at  Zurich.    In  this  retreat  he 
became  the  friend  and  associate  of  the  ce- 
lebrated reformers,    of  Calvin,    Bellinger, 
lieza,  Melancthon,  and  others  ;   but  a  dif- 
ference of  opinion  with  respect  to  the  Tri- 
nity, soon  produced  hostile  treatment.  Cal- 
vin reproved  sharply  the  strange  opinions 
of  his  late  friend,  and  Socinus,  in  the  midst 
of  theological  animosity,  had  the  good  sense 
to  keep  his  sentiments,  and  further  to  dread 
the  resentment  of  his  opponents,  when  he 
saw   Servetus   soon   after  dragged   to  the 
stake.     He  afterwards  travelled  into  Po- 
land, and  disseminated  his  opinions  where 
he  could  be  secure  and  unmolested,  and 
after  visiting  Venice,  he  returned  to  Zu- 
rich, where  he  died,    1562,  aged  37.     His 
tenets,  though   not  very  widely  dissemina- 
ted   by   him,   were  afterwards  more  fully 
spread  by  his  nephew. 

Socinus,  Faustus,  nephew  to  the  above, 
was  born  at  Sienna,  1539,  and  educated 
under  the  care  of  his  uncle,  who  expected 
from  his  rising  abilities  a  firm  and  active 
supporter  of  his  theological  opinions.     He 
was    at    Lyons   when   Lailius    died,    and 
though  only  20  years  old,  he  immediately 
repaired  to  Zurich,  to  obtain  possession  of 
his  papers,   which,  however,   he  for  some 
time  disregarded,  while  for  12  years  enjoy- 
ing the  favours  and  the  patronage  of  the 
court  of  Florence.     In  1574  he   left  the 
palace  of  the  Medici,  and  came  to  Germa- 
ny,  and  after  studying  divinity  at  Basil, 
he,  in  1579,  went  to  Poland,  where  he  be- 
gan to   disseminate  his  uncle's  doctrines, 
with  a  few  alterations  of  his  own.    He  was 
violently   opposed  by    some  of   the    Uni- 
tarians, but   he  found  asylum  near  Cra- 
cow,  in  the  house  of  a  Polish  lord,  whose 
daughter  he  married.     In  1598  he  was  ex- 
posed  to   fresh  insults  from  the  students 
and  the  populace  of  Cracow,  and  he  esca- 
ped with  difficulty  from   their  fury.     He 
spent  the  ramainder  of  his  days  about  nine 
miles  from  Cracow,  in  the  house  of  a  Po- 
lish gentleman,  and  died  there  1604,  aged 
65.     His  sect  survived  their  leader,   and 
still  must  exist,  while  opinions  contrary  to 
scripture  and  reason  are  countenanced,  and 
while   religious   disputants   endeavour    to 
outdo  each  other  in  virulence  and  animo- 
sity, and  not  in  the  mild  virtues  and  pure 
benevolence   which   the  gospel   of  Christ 
teaches.     The  Socinians  maintain  that  Je- 
VoL.  II.  82 


sus  did  not  exist  before  he  was  burn  of  tlio 
Vii-gin  Mary,  that  he  was  a  mere  man,  that 
the  Holy  Ghost  is  no  distinct  person,  and 
that  the  Father  alone  is  properly  God. 
They  explain  away  the  doctrine  of  redemp- 
tion, and  the  satisfaction  made  by  the  sa- 
crifice of  Christ,  and  therefore  deny  the 
existence  of  original  sin,  of  grace,  and  of 
predestination.  They  affirm  that  the  soul 
sleeps  in  death  with  the  body,  and  that 
both  will  again  rise  together,  either  to  the 
enjoyment  of  felicity,  or  the  sufferings  of 
punishment ;  but  that  whilst  future  felicity 
is  eternal,  the  punishments  of  hell-fire  are 
proportioned  only  in  duration  to  the  deme- 
rits and  offences  of  the  sinner. 

Socrates,   an  illustrious  philosopher  of 
Athens.     He  followed  the  profession  of  his 
father,  a  sculptor,  for  sometime,  till  philo- 
sophy more   fully  engaged  his  attention. 
After  distinguishing  himself  in  the  field  of 
battle  in  the  defence  of  his  country,  he 
commenced  public  instrueter  of  youth,  and 
soon  saw  his   lectures  followed  by  large, 
respectable,  and  admiring  audiences.    Thii 
simplicity  of  his  dress,  and  the  innocence 
and   virtues  of  his  life,   however,   in  the 
midst  of  a  restless  and  jealous  population, 
soon  procured  him  enemies  ;  and  while  he 
directed  all  the  energies  of  his  mind  to  re- 
form the  morals  of  Athens,  he  was  accu- 
sed of  corrupting  the  young  Athenians,  and 
of  making  innovations  in  the  religion  of  his 
country.     Against  perjured  witnesses,  and 
before  prejudiced  judges,  integrity  is  of  no 
avail,   and  Socrates,    therefore,    was  con- 
demned to  death.     Though  he  could  es- 
cape, he  bowed  before  the  unjust  sentence, 
and  drinking  the  fatal  poison,  expired  in  a 
few  moments,  B.  C.  400.     The  Athenians 
too  late  repented  of  their  cruelty  j  but  while 
they  punished  his  murderers  with  death, 
the  virtues  and  character  of  their  immortal 
sage  were  delineated  in  the  writings  of  two 
of  his  faithful  pupils,  Xenophon  and  Plato. 
Socrates,    the  scholastic,  a  native    of 
Constantinople,    author    of    a     valuable, 
though  occasionally  inaccurate,  Ecclesiasti- 
cal History  to  the  year  400  from  the  pe- 
riod where  Euscbius  ends. 

SoLANDER,  Daniel  Charles,  a  celebrated 
naturalist,  the  pupil  of  Linnaeus.  He  was 
born  in  the  province  of  Nordland  in  Swe- 
den, 28th  Feb.  1736,  and  studied  at  Upsal, 
where  he  took  the  degree  of  M.D.  In 
1760  he  visited  England,  and  by  the  recom- 
mendation of  his  friend  Collinson,  he  was 
employed  to  form  a  catalogue  of  tlie  natu- 
ral curiosities  preserved  in  the  British  mu- 
seum, and  in  1765,  was  appointed  one  of 
the  assistants  in  that  valuable  establish^ 
ment.  In  1768,  he  was  prevailed  upon  by 
his  friend  Mr.  afterwards  sir  Joseph  Banks, 
to  accompany  him  in  Cook's  voyage  round 
the  world,  and  without  losing  his  appoint- 
ment at  the  museum.    Bv  his  judicious  and 

649 


50L 


SOL 


iiideratigable  inquiries  during  tliis  voyage, 
a  great  addition  was  made  to  the  plants  and 
natural  curiosities  then  known  to  the  Euro- 
peans. In  1773,  he  was  advanced  to  the  place 
of  under  librarian  in  the  museum,  and  he 
died  of  an  apoplexy,  16th  May,  1782.  He  is 
author  of  a  description  of  the  collection  of 
petrifactions  found  in  Hampshire,  and  pre- 
sented to  the  British  museum  by  Mr. 
Brander,  and  also  of  observations  on  natu- 
ral history  in  Cook's  voyage,  and  a  letter 
in  the  philosophical  transactions,  &c.  He 
has  been  celebrated  by  Dr.  Pultney  and  by 
others,  not  only  as  a  man  of  great  abilities 
as  a  philosopher  and  naturalist,  but  as  of 
modest  and  unassuming  manners,  and  his 
visit  to  this  country  may  be  regarded  as  an 
important  era  in  the  history  of  botany. 

Sole,  Anthony,  a  painter,  born  at  Bo- 
logna. His  landscapes  are  particularly 
beautiful.  He  died  at  Bologna,  1677,  aged 
80.  His  son  Joseph  was  also  an  eminent 
artist  in  history  and  in  landscape  painting, 
and  died  1719,  aged  65. 

SoLiGNAC,  Peter  Joseph  de  la  Pimpie, 
chevalier  of,  the  secretary  and  friend  of 
Stanislaus,  king  of  Poland,  and  author 
of  a  Polish  History,  in  5  vols.  12mo.  was 
born  at  Montpellier,  and  died  1773,  aged 
86.  He  wrote  besides,  an  Eloge  on  Stanis- 
laus— a  piece  on  Education — the  Amours 
of  Horace — Pieces  on  the  Memoirs  of  the 
Academy  of  Nanci,  &c. 

SoLiMENE,  Francis,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Nocera  de  Pagani  near  Naples, 
1657.  He  was  permitted  to  study  under 
his  father,  who  was  himself  a  painter,  at 
the  persuasion  of  cardinal  Orsini,  after- 
wards Benedict  XIII.  and  by  consulting  the 
works  of  the  greatest  masters  he  acquired  a 
correct  and  elegant  style.  He  settled  at 
Naples  where  he  was  universally  courted, 
and  the  most  liberal  ofi'ers  were  made  to 
him  by  the  kings  of  France  and  Spain, 
which  he  declined.  He  was  also  received 
with  great  distinction  by  the  pope  and  car- 
dinals at  Rome,  and  by  Philip  V,  and  he 
was  knighted  by  the  emperor  Charles  VI. 
After  living  in  becoming  splendour  and  de- 
servedly respected,  he  died  at  Naples  1747, 
aged  almost  90.  His  pieces  are  much  ad- 
mired, and  he  was  equally  eminent  as  a  man 
of  letters  and  a  poet. 

SoLiNUS,  Caius  Julius,  a  Roman  gram- 
marian, who  flourished  in  the  midst  of  the 
third  century.  His  Polyhistor  is  a  compila- 
tion of  historical  and  geographical  remarks, 
and  he  is  called  Pliny's  ape,  as  the  close 
imitator  of  that  great  naturalist.  , 

SoLis,  Antonio  de,  a  Spanish  writer,born 
at  Placenza  in  Old  Castile,  1610?  He  stu- 
died laAv  at  Salamanca,  but  devoted  him- 
self more  fondly  to  literary  pursuits.  At 
the  age  of  17,  he  wrote  a  comedy  well  re- 
ceived, and  by  his  abilities  obtained  the  pa- 
tronage of  the  viceroy  of  Navarre,  and  then 
650 


of  the  king  of  Spain,  to  whom  he  was  made 
secretary.  He  was  afterwards  appointed 
historiographer  of  the  Indies,  and  in  this 
office,  which  was  as  honourable  as  it  was 
lucrative,  he  published  his  History  of  the 
Conquest  of  Mexico,  admired  as  a  valuable 
composition,  which  he  concludes  with  the 
subjugation  of  the  Mexicans,  that  he  may 
not  have  to  record  the  consequent  cruelties 
of  his  countrymen.  In  the  latter  part  of  his 
life  he  devoted  himself  more  seriously  to 
religious  duties,  and  took  orders  at  the  age 
of  57.  He  died  16S6.  He  wrote  besides 
some  poems  and  dramatic  pieces.  His 
history  has  been  translated  into  various 
languages,  and  into  English  by  Towns- 
hend. 

Solomon,  son  of  David  and  Bathsheba, 
was  king  of  Israel  after  his  father.  He  is 
celebrated  for  his  wisdom,  the  fame  of 
which  was  so  widely  spread  that  distant 
princes  came  to  see  and  to  admire  him,  and 
he  is  equally  distinguished  for  his  piety, 
and  for  the  magnificent  temple  which  he 
erected  at  Jerusalem,  in  honour  of  the 
God  of  Israel,  and  which  he  consecrated 
with  the  most  solemn  pomp.  The  latter 
part  of  his  life  was  unhappily  disgraced  by 
intemperance  and  debauchery,  and  in  mar- 
rying  the  daughter  of  the  king  of  Egypt ; 
and  in  keeping  a  great  number  of  concu- 
bines, he  tarnished  that  high  character  of 
sanctity,  and  of  uprightness,  which  had 
rendered  his  reign  so  glorious.  He  died 
975  B.C.  aged  58.  He  wrote  the  books  of 
Proverbs  and  Ecclesiastes,  and  the  Canti- 
cles, to  which  some  add  the  book  of  Wis- 
dom, in  the  apocrypha,  though  most  pro- 
bably the  composition  of  a  more  modern 
pen. 

Solomon  Ben  Virga,  a  Spanish  phy- 
sicia^n,  and  rabbi  of  the  16th  century,  au- 
thor of  a  History  of  the  Jews,  from  the  de- 
struction of  the  temple  to  his  own  times,  of 
which  a  Latin  translation  appeared  1651, 
at  Amsterdam,  4to. 

Solomon,  Ben  Job  Jalla,  an  Africanj^ 
born  at  Bonda  near  the  river  Senegal.  He 
was  sent  by  his  father,  who  was  a  prince  of 
the  country,  to  sell  slaves  to  captain  Pyke, 
an  English  trader,  and  not  agreeing  in 
price  set  out  across  the  Gambia,  where  he 
was  taken  prisoner  by  another  race  of 
blacks,  enemies  to  his  country,  and  sold 
himself  as  a  slave.  He  was  carried  to  An- 
napolis in  America,  and  aftenrwards  es- 
caped, and  upon  making  himself  known, 
was  ransomed  by  General  Oglethorpe  and 
others,  and  came  to  England,  1733.  He 
was  in  London  employed  by  sir  Hans 
Sloane  in  translating  some  Arabic  MSS. 
and  during  his  residence  of  fourteen  months 
he  was  much  noticed,  and  after  being  in- 
troduced at  court  returned  to  his  country 
loaded  with  kindness  and  presents.  He 
hqid   a  very  retentive  memory,   and  could 


sOiM 


SoM 


icpcat  the  Koran  by  heart  at  tifteen,  and 
he  actually  wrote  the  whoh;  hook  in  Eng- 
land three  times  by  recollection  only.  Me- 
moirs of  him  were  published  by  Mr.  Bluet, 
and  he  is  also  mentioned  in  Moore's  tra- 
vels, and  Astley's  voyages. 

Solon,  a  celebrated  lawgiver  of  Athens, 
and  one  of  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece. 
He  was  called  upon  by  his  countrymen  in 
the  midst  of  their  turbulent  and  distracted 
State  to  introduce  regularity  and  order  into 
their  government,  and  he  established 
among  them  his  famous  laws,  which  they 
solemnly  bound  themselves  by  an  oath  to 
observe.  He  died  in  Cyprus  558  B.  C. 
aged  80. 

SoLifMAN  I.  saved  himself  from  the  fatal 
battle  of  Ancyra,  and  was  proclaimed  em- 
peror of  the  Turks  after  his  father  Bajazet 
1402.  He  displayed  great  valour  as  a  war- 
rior, but  his  glory  was  tarnished  by  his  ex- 
cessive love  of  pleasure,  which  at  last  has- 
tened his  end.  He  was  dethroned  in  eon- 
sequence  of  his  effeminacy  by  his  brother 
Musa,  1410,  and  assassinated. 

SoLTMAN  II.  surnamed  the  Magnifi- 
cent, succeeded  to  his  father  Selim  I.  1520. 
His  reign  was  useful  and  splendid,  he  de- 
feated the  rebellious  Mamelukes  in  Egypt, 
and  made  peace  with  Ismael  Sophi,  after 
which  he  carried  his  arms  against  Europe, 
and  took  Belgrade.  In  1522,  he  attacked 
Rhodes,  which  was  held  by  the  knights  of 
Jerusalem,  and  after  a  vigorous  defence  he 
took  it,  and  then  invaded  Hungary,  and  de- 
feated the  Hungarian  army  at  the  cele- 
brated battle  of  Mohatz,  1526.  The  con- 
quest of  Buda  was  followed  by  the  siege  of 
Vienna,  but  after  twenty  unsuccessful  as- 
saults, Solyman  retreated  from  the  place, 
with  the  loss  of  80,000  men.  In  1534,  he 
made  war  againstTauris  and  Persia,but  suf- 
fered a  defeat,  and  w  as  disappointed  in  his 
attack  on  Malta,  though  in  1566,  he  took 
from  the  Genoese  the  island  of  Chios. 
This  brave  emperor  died  30th  Aug.  1566, 
aged  76,  at  the  siege  of  Sigeth  in  Hungary, 
four  days  before  its  surrender. 

Solyman  III.  emperor  of  Turkey,  1687, 
after  the  deposition  of  Mahomet  IV.  He 
was  a  very  indolent  and  superstitious 
prince,  whose  affairs  were  administered  by 
his  favourite  Mustapha  Coprogli.  He  died 
22d  June,  1691. 

SoMBREUiL,  Francis  Charles  Virot  de, 
a  French  general,  whose  attachment  to  the 
cause  of  Lewis  XVI.  during  the  revolution 
produced  his  ruin.  He  was  imprisoned  in 
consequence  of  his  loyalty,  and  on  the  2d 
Sept.  1792,  as  he  was  going  to  be  assassi- 
nated by  the  murderers  of  that  fatal  day,  his 
daughter,  young  and  amiable,  rushed  into 
the  midst  of  the  bloody  assembly,  and  ob- 
tained his  release.  The  next  year,  however, 
proved  more  fatal,  and  he  was  condemned 
to  death  by  the  revolutionary  tribunal,  oh 


some  lirivolous  accusation,  an.l  was  guillo- 
tined with  his  oldest  son  by  his  aide.     Uh 
second  son  Charles  es<;upcd  from  the  mur- 
derers, and  after  distinguishing  himself  in 
the  Prussian  armies  and  in  Holland  against 
Custines,    he  passed  to  England,    and  in 
1795,  was  sent  to  head  the  forces  which 
were  landed  at  Quiberon.    This  expedition 
was  unfortunate,  and  he  was  taken  prisoner 
by  Hoche,  and  carried  to  I'Orient  and  Van- 
nes,  where  he  was  condemned  to  be  shot. 
In  the  preparations  for  death  he  obtained 
permission    to    repair    for  three    days  on 
board  the  English  ships  on  the  coast  to  set- 
tle his  affairs,  and  at  the  appointed  moment 
this  heroic   character  returned  to  save  his 
honour  and  to  perish.     He  gave  himself  to 
the   soldiers,    who  shot  him,   the  order  to 
fire,  and  fell  lamented  even  by  those  who 
cruelly  shed  his  blood. 

SoMERS,  John  lord,  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land, son  of  an  attorney,  was  born  at  Wor- 
cester, 1652.  He  was  educated  at  a  private 
school,  Staffordshire,  and  then  entered  at 
Trinity  college,  Oxford,  from  which  he  re- 
moved to  the  Middle  Temple.  He  united 
here  the  study  of  polite  literature  with  that 
of  the  law,  and  in  1681,  he  assisted  in  the 
publication  of  "  a  just  and  modest  Vindica- 
tion of  the  Proceedings  of  the  two  last  Par- 
liaments," which  Charles  had  dissolved  wiih 
dissatisfaction.  He  afterwards  highly  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  able  and  eloquent 
pleader,  and  was,  1638,  one  of  the  coun- 
sel for  Pilkington,  lord  Gray,  and  others, 
who  had  caused  a  riot  in  London,  and  in 
1688,  for  the  seven  bishops.  In  the  con- 
vention parliament  of  1689,  he  was  member 
for  Worcester,  and  was  one  of  the  mana- 
gers of  the  commons  at  a  conference  with 
the  lords  about  the  word  "  abdicated."  He 
was  soon  after  made  solicitor-general  and 
knighted,  and  in  1692,  appointed  attorney- 
general.  In  1697,  he  was  raised  to  the 
peerage,  and  made  lord  chancellor,  but  in 
1700,  he  was  removed  from  his  high  situa- 
tion, and  accused  by  the  commons  of  high 
crimes  and  misdemeanors,  of  which,  upon 
trial  before  his  peers,  he  was  acquitted.  He 
now  abandoned  the  struggles  of  political 
life  for  studious  retirement,  and  w  as  soon 
after  chosen  president  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He,  however,  occasionally  laboured  for  the 
prosperity  of  his  country  in  the  house  of 
lords,  and  projected  the  union  between 
Scotland  and  England.  In  1703,  he  was 
president  of  the  council,  but  was  removed 
by  the  change  of  ministry  two  years  after. 
He  grew  so  infirm,  that  he  held  no  office 
under  George  I.  He  died  of  an  apoplectic" 
fit,  26th  April,  1716,  after  surviving  for 
some  time  the  powers  of  his  mind.  He 
was  never  married.  He  wrote  various 
pieces,  and  translated  Plutarch's  life  of  A]-- 
eibiades,  in  the  lives  by  several  hands,  and* 
also  Dido's  letter  to  .^neas  from  Ovid,  &t, 

05 1 


.SOM 


Si  OR 


His  character  is  deservedly  celebrated,  not 
only  as  a  man  of  learning,  but  as  the  patron 
of  the  learned  ;  and  in  the  midst  of  political 
corruption  and  court  intrigue,  he  is  repre- 
sented as  a  patient,  mild,  and  benevolent 
magistrate,  uncorrupted  as  a  statesman  and 
lawyer,  as  an  orator  eloquent,  possessed  of 
a  most  refined  taste,  and  a  most  upright 
patriot.  He  was  among  those  who  recom- 
mended to  public  notice  the  Paradise  Lost, 
which  party-spirit  and  false  taste  seemed 
desii'ous  to  condemn  to  eternal  obscurity. 

SoMERviLLE,  William,  an  English  poet, 
born  of  an  ancient  family  at  Edston,  War- 
wickshire, 1692.  He  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester, and  New  college,  Oxford,  of  which 
he  was  fellow,  and  when  settled  on  his  pa- 
ternal estate  he  became  known  as  a  justice 
of  the  peace,  as  a  poet,  and  as  a  country 
gentleman.     The  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  the  midst  of  distress  and  poverty. 
He  died  14th  July,  1743.     He  wrote  the 
Chase,   a  poem,  much  and  deservedly  ad- 
mired, and  some  other  pieces.     He  also  is 
said  to  have  translated  V'oltaire's  play  of 
Alzire. 

SoMMERT,  N.  Fontette  de,  a  lady,  whose 
parentage  is  unknown,  as  she  was  secretly 
intrusted  to  the  care  of  a  convent  by  some 
person  who  withdrew  immediately  all  con- 
nexion with  her.  She  possessed  great  pow- 
ers of  mind,  with  inoffensive  gayety,  and 
she  was  patronised  by  the  wife  of  marshal 
Brissac,  and  by  her  liberality  rendered  in- 
dependent. Her  company  was  in  conse- 
quence sought  by  philosophers  and  men  of 
learning,  and  her  conduct  and  conversation 
deserve  the  respect  which  she  received 
from  the  noble  and  the  opulent.  She  died 
about  1792,  in  an  advanced  age,  universally 
esteemed.  Her  Doutes  sur  les  Opinions 
recues  dans  la  Societe,  appeared  in  2  vols. 
12mo.  1784,  and  she  published  besides 
rOreille,  an  Asiatic  romance,  3  vols.  12mo. 
— letters,  &c. 

SoMMiER,  John  Claude,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic of  Lorraine.  He  published  I'His- 
toire  Dograatique  de  la  Religion,  6  vols. 
4to.  a  work  of  merit,  and  the  History  of 
the  Holy  See,  7  vols.  8vo.  a  composition 
which,  though  decried  in  France,  procured 
for  him  from  Benedict  XIH.  the  archbi- 
shopric of  Csesarca.  He  died  1737,  aged  76. 
SoMNER,  William,  an  eminent  antiquary, 
born  at  Canterbury,  30th  March,  1606.  Af- 
ter finishing  his  education  at  Canterbury 
school,  he  became  assistant  to  his  father, 
Avho  was  engaged  in  the  ecclesiastical  courts 
of  the  diocess,  but  antiquities,  and  not  law, 
were  his  particular  study.  In  1640,  he  pub- 
lished "  the  Antiquities  of  Canterbury,"  a 
very  valuable  performance,  and  by  the  en- 
couragement of  his  friend  Meric  Casaubon, 
he  devoted  himself  laboriously  to  the  ac- 
quisition of  the  old  Gaelic,  Irish,  Scotch, 
l>anish,  Gothic,  Saxon,  and  other  northern 
652 


dialects,  that  he  might  with  greater  accu- 
racy and  success  develope  the  records  of 
ancient  times.  Thus  celebrated,  he  was 
consulted  by  the  most  learned  of  the  nation, 
and  when  the  Anglicanae  Historiae  Scrip- 
tores  decem,  &c.  were  published  he  pre- 
pared the  Glossary  for  that  valuable  work. 
He  was  in  1657,  at  the  recommendation  of 
archbishop  Usher,  nominated  to  the  vacant 
Saxon  lectureship  at  Cambridge,  by  Spel- 
man  the  patron,  and  in  consequence  of  this 
appointment  he  finished  his  Saxon  dic- 
tionary, published  at  Oxford,  1659.  Before 
the  restoration  he  was  imprisoned  for  peti- 
tioning for  a  free  parliament,  but  in  1660, 
he  was  made  master  of  St.  John's  hospital, 
Canterbury.  He  published  in  1660,  in  4tO. 
a  treatise  of  Gavel  Kind,  &c.  a  most  capital 
work.  He  died  30th  March,  1669,  leaving 
several  valuable  papers  behind  him.  His 
library  was  purchased  for  the  use  of  Can- 
terbury church.  He  was  in  private  life  a 
most  respectable  and  benevolent  man,  ac- 
quainted with  the  most  learned  persons  of 
the  age.     He  was  twice  married. 

Sophocles,  an  Athenian,  distinguished 
as  a  warrior,  and  particularly  as  a  tragic 
poet.  He  was  20  times  rewarded  with  the 
poetical  prize,  and  had  for  his  master 
^schylus,  and  for  his  rival  Euripides.  Only 
seven  of  his  plays  are  extant,  to  prove  how 
deservedly  he  was  entitled,  for  the  spirit 
and  elegance  of  his  language,  and  the  sub- 
limity of  his  thoughts,  to  the  applauses  of 
his  admiring  countrymen. 

SoPHONiSBA,  daughter  of  Asdrubal,  and 
wife  of  king  Syphax,  married  afterwards 
Masinissa  on  the  defeat  and  death  of  her 
first  husband.  The  marriage  was  dis- 
pleasing to  Scipio,  and  Sophonisba,  obliged 
to  abandon  her  second  lord,  poisoned 
herself  in  obedience  to  his  commands, 
B.  C.  203. 

SoRANUS,  an  Ephesian  physician,  who 
settled  at  Rome,  under  Trajan  and  Adrian. 
Some  of  his  works  are  extant.  Another 
physician  of  that  name  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  Diseases  of  Women. 

SoRBAiT,  Paul,  imperial  physician,  and 
professor  of  medicine,  at  Vienna,  was  born 
at  Hainault.  He  was  author  of  Commenta- 
ries on  the  Aphorisms  of  Hippocrates,  4to.  j 
Medicina  Universalis,  Theoretica  et  Prac- 
tica,  fol. — Consilium  Medicum,  &c.  and 
died  1691,  at  a  great  age. 

SoRBiERE,  Samuel,  a  French  writer,  born 
in  the  diocess  of  Usez,  1610  or  1615.  He 
lost  his  parents  in  his  youth,  and  was  edu- 
cated by  his  maternal  uncle,  the  learned 
Petit,  and  afterwards  studied  divinity  at 
Paris,  which  he  relinquished  for  medicine. 
He  visited  Holland,  and  wished  to  settle  at 
Leyden  ;  but  in  1653  he  abandoned  the 
protestant  religion  for  the  popish,  and  pub- 
lished a  Vindication  of  his  Conduct,  dedi- 
cated to  Mazai'in.    He  was  at  Korae,  and 


SOS 


.SOL 


was  noticed  by  the  pope,  and  then  visited 
England,  and  publislicd  an  account  of  his 
voyage  thither,  though  he  resided  only  three 
months  in  the  country  ;  but  his  abuse  and 
scurrility  were  so  offensive,   that  not  only 
Sprat,  but  Voltaire  himself,  is  severe  upon 
his  work  ;  and  for  this  satirical  composition 
he  was  dismissed  from  the  office  of  histo- 
riographer of   France,  by  the   French  go- 
vernment.    He  afterwards  paid  his  court 
to  Clement  IX.  ;  but  he  received  no  higher 
preferment,  as  some  suspected  the  sound- 
ness of  his  faith.     He  was  in  general  a  fair, 
unblemished  character,  and  died  of  a  dropsy 
at  Bonne,  9th  April,  1670.     He  wrote  va- 
rious  publications,    about  20   in  number, 
though  none  of  any  importance.     Ho  was 
a  correspondent  of  Hobbes,  and   had  the 
art  of  sending  his  letters  on  philosophical 
subjects  to  his  friend  Gassendi,  and  then  of 
transmitting,  as  his  own,  his   answers  to 
the  English  philosopher,  who,  thus  deluded, 
admired   the    abilities,    and   the   profound 
learning  of  his  French  associate. 

SoRBONNE,  Robert  de,  founder  of  the  ce- 
lebrated college  of  that  name  at  Paris,  was 
born  at  Sorbon,  near  Rheims,l201.  Though 
originally  poor,  yet  he  acquired  celebrity  as 
a  preacher,  and  became  chaplain  to  Lewis 
IX.  and  when  made  canon  of  Cambray,  he 
laid  the  foundation  of  his  college,  1253. 
He  died  1274,  and  left  all  his  property  to 
the  improvement  of  his  college,  which  has 
produced  many  respectable  members.  He 
wrote  some  theological  tracts,  &c.  now  lit- 
tle read. 

SoREL,  Agnes,  a  native  of  Fromenteau, 
in  Touraine.  She  was  maid  of  honour  to 
the  queen  of  Charles  VII.  of  France,  who 
became  enamoured  of  her,  and  at  last  aban- 
doned the  cares  of  government  for  her  loved 
society.  Agnes,  weak  only  in  the  presence 
of  her  royal  lover,  influenced  him  to  deeds 
of  glory,  and  roused  him  to  attack  the  Eng- 
lish forces,  which  depopulated  his  kingdom. 
She  maintained  her  influence  over  the  heart 
of  Charles  till  her  death,  which  happened 
9th  Feb.  1450,  in  her  40th  year,  at  Mesnel, 
near  Jumieges.  Some  have  reported,  but 
falsely,  that  she  was  poisoned  by  order  of 
the  dauphin  Lewis  XI.  From  her  beauty 
she  was  called  by  the  poets  of  the  age,  the 
fairest  of  the  fair,  and  in  the  powers  of  the 
mind,  had  she  preserved  her  virtue,  she 
might  have  equalled  the  most  celebrated  of 
her  sex.  She  bore  three  daughters  to 
Charles  VII. 

SoRGH,  Hendrick,  a  painter  of  Rotter- 
dam, who  studied  under  Teniers,  and  excel- 
led in  the  representation  of  fairs,  markets, 
&c.     He  died  1684,  aged  61. 

SoRRi,  Peter,  an  Italian  painter.  He  was 
born  at  Sienna,  and  died  1622,  aged  66. 

SosiGENES,  an  astronomer  of  Egypt, 
whose  abilities  were  employed  by  J.  Caesar, 
m  the  reformation  of  the  calendar.     H^ 


made  the  Julian  year  consist  of  365  days, 
B.  C.  45. 

SosTRATEs,  an  architect  of  Cnidos,  who 
built  the  celebrated  tower  of  Pharos,  in  the 
bay  of  Alexandria.  He  llouribhed  B.C.  273. 
SoTADES,  a  tireciaii  poet  of  Maronsea,  in 
Thrace.  It  is  said  that  he  was  thrown  int«> 
the  i^ea  in  a  leaden  chest  by  order  of  Fhila- 
delphus,  of  Egypt,  whom  he  had  ridiculed 
in  a  satirical  poem. 

SoTHEL,  Seth,  governor  of  North  Caro- 
lina, succeeded  Eastchurch  in  that  office. 
He  became  a  proprietor  by  purchase  from 
Lord  Clarendon.  On  his  passage  to  Ame- 
rica he  was  captured  by  the  Algerines,  and 
until  his  liberation  and  arrival  in  the  colony 
the  government  was  administered  by  Har- 
vey. Sothel  conducted  in  a  manner  so  into- 
lerably unjust,  that  the  assembly  compelled 
him  to  relinquish  his  office,  and  depart  from 
the  colony.  He  retired  to  South  Carolina, 
and  was  made  governor  there  in  the  room  of 
Colleton  in  1690.  He  proved  to  be  arbi- 
trary and  rapacious,  and  was  removed 
within  two  years,  and  died  in  North  Caro- 
lina in  1694.  Governor  Ludwell  succeeded 
him.  ICJ^  L. 

Soto,  Dominic,  a  learned  Dominican, 
born  1494,  at  Segovia,  where  his  father  was 
a  gardener.  He  studied  divinity  at  Alcala, 
and  at  Paris,  and  entered  among  the  Domi- 
nicans on  his  return  to  Spain,  and  was 
made,  in  consequence  of  his  abilities,  con- 
fessor to  Charles  V.  by  whom  he  was  sent 
in  1545,  to  the  council  of  Trent.  Though 
distinguished  for  eloquence,  he  possessed 
little  ambition,  and  refused  the  bishopric 
of  Segovia,  and  early  resigned  the  place  of 
imperial  confessor.  He  died  1560.  He 
wrote  a  Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  the 
Romans — a  treatise,  de  Justitia  et  Jure — 
De  Pauperum  Causci — De  cavendo  Jura- 
mentorum  Abusu,  &c.  There  was  another 
of  the  same  name  also,  at  the  council  of 
Trent.  He  came  to  England  with  king 
Philip,  with  the  intention  of  restoring  the 
universities  to  the  catholic  faith,  and  died 
1563.  He  was  author  of  some  theological 
tracts. 

SouBiSE,  John  de  Parthenai,  lord  of,  of 
an  illustrious  house  in  Poitou,  was  one  of 
the  chief  leaders  of  the  protestants.  He 
came  from  Ferrara,  where  he  had  enjoyed 
the  favour  of  the  duke,  to  France,  and  was 
sent  by  the  prince  of  Condc,  his  new  pa- 
tron, to  defend  Lyons,  and  he  behaved 
there  with  such  bravery,  that  the  duke  of 
Nemours  was  obliged  to  raise  the  siege. 
This  great  man,  so  much  loved  by  the  Cal- 
vinists,  and  dreaded  by  the  catholics,  died 
1566,  aged  54,  leaving  one  daughter. 

SouBisE,  Benjamin  de  Rohan,  duke  of, 
son  of  Renatus  de  Rohan,  by  the  only 
daughter  of  the  preceding,  distinguished 
himself  on  the  side  of  the  protestants,  and 
ably  defended  with  his  brother,  the  town  o^f 

653 


sat 


SOL 


Rochelle  against  the  arms  of  France.  In 
1621,  he  long  maintained  the  independence 
of  St.  John  d'Angeli  against  Lewis  XIII. 
and  when  he  surrendered,  he  obtained  ho- 
nourable terms,  and  a  free  pardon.  The 
next  year  he  took  Oleron,  and  extended 
his  conquests  over  Poitou ;  but  a  reverse 
of  fortune  obliged  him  to  fly,  and  he  re- 
tired to  England,  where  he  died  1640. 

SoucHAi,  John  Baptist,  a  French  writer, 
born  at  St.  Amand,  near  Vendome.  He 
distinguished  himself  as  a  member  of  the 
academy  of  inscriptions,  to  whose  memoirs 
he  made  valuable  contributions,  and  he  be- 
came canon  of  Rodez,  counsellor  to  the 
king,  and  professor  of  eloquence  in  the 
royal  college.  He  translated  sir  Thomas 
Browne's  Vulgar  Errors,  2  vols, — edited 
Ausonius,  4to. — and  Pellison's  works,  3 
vols.  l2mo.  and  died  1746,  aged  59. 

SouciET,  Stephen,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Bourges,  12th  Oct.  1671.  He  taught  rhe- 
toric and  divinity  in  his  society,  and  after- 
wards was  librarian  to  the  college  of  Louis 
the  Great,  and  died  at  Paris,  l4th  Jan.  1744. 
He  wrote  Astronomical  Observations  in 
China  and  India,  3  vols.  4to. — Critical  Dis- 
sertations on  difficult  passages  in  Scripture, 
4to. — Dissertations  against  Newton's  Chro- 
nology, 4to.  &.C.  His  brother  Stephen  Au- 
gustin  died  two  days  after  him.  He  was 
professor  of  theology  at  the  college  of  Louis 
the  Great,  and  he  wrote  poems  on  Comets, 
8vo. — Agriculture, with  notes,  8vo.  in  Latin, 
in  a  pure  and  elegant  style. 

SouFFLOT,  James  Germain,  an  eminent 
architect,  born  at  Trenci,  near  Auxerre, 
1713.  His  inclinations  to  study  architec- 
ture were  thwarted  by  his  father ;  but  he 
left  home,  and  travelled  to  Italy,  where  he 
perfected  his  knowledge,  and  returned  to 
France,  to  give  the  most  convincing  proofs 
of  his  abilities.  He  was  engaged  at  Lyons, 
and  afterwards  at  Paris  became  comptroller 
of  the  buildings  of  Marly  and  the  Thuille- 
ries,  and  superintendent  of  the  royal  build- 
ings. His  greatest  work  is  the  church  of 
Genevieve  ;  but  it  is  said  that  the  opposition 
raised  against  him,  and  the  consequent  vex- 
ations, shortened  his  days.  He  died  29th 
Aug.  1780,  aged  67. 

South,  Robert,  a  celebrated  English  di- 
vine, son  of  a  merchant,  born  at  Hackney, 
Middlesex,  1633.  He  was  educated  under 
Busby,  and  in  1651,  was  elected  to  Christ- 
church,  Oxford.  Here  he  greatly  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  talents  both  as  a 
poet  and  a  preacher;  but  it  must  be  ob- 
served that  his  character,  if  we  may  credit 
Wood,  his  contemporary,  was  neither  can- 
did or  consistent.  When  Cromwell  had 
made  peace  with  the  Dutch  he  congratu- 
lated him  in  a  Latin  poem,  and  abused  the 
independents  in  the  pulpit,  whilst  he  fa- 
voured the  cause  of  the  presbyterians ;  but 
when  the  restoration  approached,  he  in- 
654 


veighed  with  the  most  eloquent  zeal  againsc 
presbyterians,  and  every  denomination  of 
dissenters.     His  abilities  were  so  respect- 
able, however,   notwithstanding  his  time- 
serving character,   that   he  was  in   1660, 
elected  public  orator  of  the  university,  and 
the  next  year  became  chaplain  to  lord  Cla- 
rendon,   and  in   consequence  of  this  con- 
nexion obtained   a  sinecure  in  Wales,  and 
the  degree  of  D.D.  conferred  by  the  uni- 
versity.    In  1670  he  was  made   canon  of 
Christ  church,  and  in  1676,  attended  Hyde, 
ambassador  to  Poland,   and   at   his  return 
published  an  account  of  that  kingdom.     In 
1678,  he  was  made  by  the  chapter  of  West- 
minster, rector  of  Islip  ;  but  though  some 
have   imagined  that  he  was    eager   after 
higher  preferment,   and  dissatisfied,    it  is 
asserted  that  he  lived  in  retirement  at  Ca- 
versham,  near  Reading,  and  refused  not 
only  an  English   bishopric,   but  an  archbi- 
shopric in    Ireland,    oiFered   him   by  Ro- 
chester, the  lord  lieutenant.     At  the  revo- 
lution he  took  the  oaths  of  allegiance,  and 
might  have  again  received  a  high  ecclesi- 
astical dignity.     In  1693  he  had  a  contro- 
versy with   Sherlock   about    the    Trinity, 
which  was  carried  on  with  great  acrimony, 
and  though  the   university  of  Oxford  de- 
clared in  his  favour,  yet   the  dispute  was 
not  allayed  till  the  king  published  a  decree 
to  forbid  the  meddling  with   the  subject  of 
the  Trinity,  except  in  a  manner  agreeable 
to  the  doctrines  of  the  church  of  England. 
This  controversy  was  finally  ridiculed  in 
the  "  Battle  Royal,"  a  popular  ballad,  which 
exposed  to  public  derision  the  two  dispu- 
tants, and  Dr.  Burnet,  of  the  Charter-house. 
In  Anne's  reign  South  did  little,  though  he 
was  a  warm  advocate  of   Sacheverell,   and 
of  his  doctrines.     He  died  8th  July,  1716, 
aged  83,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster 
abbey.      Though    learned    and    eloquent, 
South  was  not   an  amiable  character  ;  he 
was  morose,  overbearing,  and  haughty,  and 
while  his  zeal   for  religion  rendered  him 
popular,  his  disposition,  and  the  violence  of 
his  manners,  showed  him  to  be  a  disagree- 
able man.  His  sermons  have  often  appeared 
in  6  vols.  8vo.  and  possess  great  merit,  and 
unite,  with  judgment  and  erudition,  art  and 
a  strong  vein  of  satirical  moroseness.     His 
Opera  Posthuma,  &c.   appeared  in  2  vols. 
8vo.  1717. 

Southern,  Thomas,  an  English  drama- 
tist born  at  Stratford  on  Avon,  WarAvick- 
shire,  1662.  He  was  servitor  at  Pembroke 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree 
of  B.A.  and  then  went  to  settle  in  Lon- 
don. He  now  began  to  publish  plays,  and 
by  this  employment  acquired  a  very  com- 
fortable subsistence.  The  Loyal  Brother, 
or  Persian  Prince,  appeared  in  1632,  to 
compliment  the  duke  of  York,  who  when 
on  the  throne  gave  him  a  captain's  commis- 
ision.     In  1721  he  obtained  for  his  "  Spar-- 


SPA 


J^PA 


lan  Dame"  150L  a  high  price  at  that  time, 
and  he  was  the  first  who  extended  the  ad- 
vantage of  play-writing  to  a   second   and 
third   night.      The   most  aftecting  of    his 
plays,  and  perhaps   oC  all    English   plays, 
is  his   "  Innocent  Adultery,"  and  the  most 
finished  is  his  "  Oroonoko,"  or  the  Royal 
Slave,   borrowed   from   a    true  story   (rom 
Mrs.  Behn's  novel.     He  wrote  besides  Isa- 
bella, or  the  Fatal   Marriage,  and  also  the 
Disappointment,  and  the  Rambling  Lady, 
comedies.     The  last  10  years  o(   his  lile  he 
lived  at  Westminster,  and  was  there  a  regu- 
lar attendant   at  the  abbey    service.      He 
died  26th  May,  1746,    aged  83.      He  has 
been  blamed  for  mixing  tragedy  and  come- 
dy  together,  a  monstrous   impropriety,  of 


Mr.  Stanley,   a  member  of    congress,  at 
Newbern,  Sept.  5th,  1802.  {cfjP  L. 

Spallanzani,    l^azarus,    a    celebrated 
naturalist.      He    was   bom  at   Scandiano 
near  Reggio,  1729,  and  studied  at  Bologna, 
after  which  he   retired  to   private    medita- 
tion.     Being  elected  protcssor  at  Pavia   he 
devoted    himself  to    natural    history,   and 
made  various   and    important  experiments 
in  physiology.     In  1779  he  began  to  travel, 
and  HI  1785  lie  visited  Constantinople,  the 
plains  of  Troas,  and  the   islands   of  Corfu 
and    Cytbera.       He    afterwards   came   to 
V  ienna,  where  the  emperor  Joseph  received 
him  with  great  ceremony    and  every  mark 
of  esteem,  and  on   his   return  to   Pavia  he 
was  greeted  by   the  most  aflectionate  re- 
spect of  his  i)Upils    and  friends.     In  1788 


which,  it  is  said,  he   was  in  his  latter  days  .  .     nt    -,  «  c-    i  i 

fully  sensible,  though  he  had  thus  complied     he  went  to  Naples  and  Sicily,  and  examm- 

■with  the  vitiated  taste  of  the 


times.     His 
published    by    T. 


dramatic    works   were 
Evans,  3  vols.  l2mo. 

SozoMEN,  Hermias,  a  native  of  Pales- 
tine, who  practised  as  an  advocate  at  Con- 
stantinople, and  was  author  of  an  Ecclesias- 
tical History  from  324  to  439.  He  died 
about  450. 

Spagnoletto,  Joseph  Ribera,  a  painter, 
born  at  Xativa,  near  Valentia,  1589. 
Though  born  of  poor  parents  his  industry 
enabled  him  to  travel  into  Italy,  and  after 
studying  the  best  masters  at  Parma  and 
Rome,  and  copying  the  beauties  of  Carra- 


ed,  with   philosophical  accuracy,  the  won- 
ders   and   the  productions   of   the   Appe- 
nines.     He  died  of  an  apoplexy  12th  Feb. 
1799  at  Pavia.       He  published.  Letters  ou 
the  Origin  of  Fountains — Experiments  on 
the   Re-production  of  Animals — Essay  on 
Animaleulae  in   Fluids — Microscopical  Ex- 
periments— Memoirs  on  the  Circulation  of 
the   Blood — Observations  on  the  Transpi- 
ration of  Plants — Travels  in   the   two  Si- 
cilies and  the  Appenines,  6  vols. — Corres- 
pondence   with   eminent    Men — Observa- 
tions  on  the   Influence  of  Confined  Air, 
&,c. 

Spanheim,   Frederic,  divinity  professor 


vagio  and  Correggio,  he  settled  at  Naples,     ^t  Leyden,  was  born  at  Amberg,  in  the  Up 
where  his  abilities  were  patronised  and  en-  -  --     -^ 

couraged  by  the  viceroy,  and  the  great  men 
of  Europe.  His  pencil  delighted  in  works 
of  horror,  and  therefore  scenes  of  torture, 
and  of  martyrdom,  the  torments  of  ixion, 
and  Prometheus,  and  Cato  tearing  his  own 
bowels,  are  painted  by  him  with  such  great     Leyden,  where  he  had  been  honourably  in 


per  Palatinate,  1600.  He  was  educated  un- 
der his  father,  a  learned  man,  and  then 
studied  at  Heidelberg  and  Geneva.  He 
refused  a  professorship  at  Lausanne,  and 
in  1631  succeeded  to  a  divinity  chair  at 
Geneva,  which  he  left  in  1642  to  settle  at 


correctness,  and  such  forcible  expression,  as 
to  astonish  and  terrify  the  beholders.  He 
died  1656. 

Spagnoli,  Baptist,  a  native  of  Mantua, 
who  became  general  of  the  Carmelites, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  the  sound 
and  virtuous  regulations  which  he  attempt- 
ed to  introduce  among  the  corrupted  mem- 
bers of  his  order.  He  devoted  himself 
much  to  studious  pursuits,  and  wrote  verses 
with  great  facility,  but  not  always  with 
equal  success.  His  works,  containing  ec- 
logues and  other  poems,  and  prose  miscel- 
lanies, &c.  were  edited  at  Venice,  1499,  4to. 
and  at  Antwerp  1576,  4  vols.  8vo.  He 
died  20th  March,  1516,  aged  72. 

Spaight,  Richard  Dobbs,  governor  of 
North  Carolina  from  1792  to  1795.  In 
1783  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  congress, 
and  the  following  year  was  appointed  one 
of  the  "  committee  of  the  states."  He 
was  also  a  delegate  to  the  convention 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  the  Uni- 
ted »States.     He  was  killed  in  a  duel  with 


vited.  Here  he  distinguished  himself  as  a 
professor,  and  also  as  a  preaeher,  in  the 
Walloon  church,  and  was  respected  by  the 
queen  ol  Bohemia,  the  prince  of  Orange, 
and  Christina  of  Svveden.  He  died  May, 
1649.  He  wrote  Exercitationes  de  Gratia 
Universali,  3  vols.  8vo.— Dubia  Evangeli- 
ca,  2  vols.  4to. — the  Swiss  Mercury — Life 
of  Count  Dhona,  4to.  &c. 

Spaxheim,  Ezekiel,  a  learned  writer  and 
statesman,  eldest  son  of  the  preceding, 
born  at  Geneva,  1629.  He  early  displayed 
great  abilities,  and  at  the  age  of  16  he 
wrote  an  ingenious  defence  of  Buxtorf 
against  Capellus,  in  favour  of  the  Hebrew 
characters  which  his  antagonist  declared 
had  been  lost  by  the  Jews,  but  preserved 
by  the  Samaritans.  This  performance  he 
afterwards  called  unripe  fruit,  and  candidly 
assented  to  the  opinion  of  Capellus,  which 
before  he  had  attacked.  On  his  father's 
death  he  left  Leyden  for  Geneva,  where 
he  was  honoured  with  the  title  of  profes- 
sor of  eloquence,  and  soon  after  he  became 

055 


SPA 


SPE 


tutor  to  the  son  of  Charles  Lewis,  elector 
palatine.  On  this  new  appointment  he 
devoted  himself  not  only  to  literary  pur- 
suits, but  to  political  studies,  and  was  em- 
ployed by  the  elector  as  envoy  to  the  court 
of  Rome,  where  he  was  treated  with  un- 
usual respect  by  Christina  of  Sweden  and 
other  great  characters.  After  being  em- 
ployed by  the  elector  in  several  negotia- 
tions, especially  in  Hoiianu,  at  Menlz,  at 
the  congress  of  Breda,  and  m  Engiaud,  he 
next  entered  into  the  service  of  the  elector 
of  Brandenburg,  and  was  his  envo^  extra- 
ordinary at  Paris,  and  in  London.  When 
the  elector  of  Brandenburg  assumed  the 
title  of  kmg,  he  created  him  his  minister, 
baron  of  the  Prussian  dominions,  and  again 
in  1702  employed  him  as  his  ambasador 
in  England.  He  spent  there  the  remain- 
der of  his  days,  and  died  28th  Oct.  1710, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster  abbey. 
Though  so  much  engaged  in  political  af- 
fairs, Spanheim  wrote  much  and  with  great 
success  and  ability.  The  best  known  of 
his  works  are,  De  Praestantia,  et  Usu  Nu- 
mismatum  Antiquorum,  2  vols,  folio — Let- 
ters and  Dissertations  on  Medals — Julian's 
works  edited  with  notes,  folio — besides 
notes  on  some  Classical  Authors,  published 
by  his  friends. 

Spanheim,  Frederic,  son  of  Frederic, 
and  brother  to  the  preceding,  was  born  at 
Geneva,  1632,  and  carried  to  Leyden  by 
his  father.  He  studied  under  Herebooid, 
Golius,  and  Boxton,  and  after  distinguish- 
ing himself  as  a  preacher  at  Utrecht,  he 
was  invited  to  the  chairof  divinity  at  Heidel- 
berg, by  the  elector  palatine,  1565.  After 
acquiring  reputation  here  as  a  professor, 
he  removed  in  1670  to  Leyden,  where  he 
succeeded  to  the  professorship  of  divinity 
and  sacred  history  with  universal  approba- 
tion. His  laborious  studies  enfeebled  his 
health,  and  he  died  1701,  in  consequence 
of  a  palsy.  He  left  only  one  son  out  of 
several  children  whom  he  had  by  three 
wives.  His  writings  are  very  numerous, 
and  were  printed  at  Leyden,  3  vols,  folio. 
They  are  chiefly  on  theological  subjects,  of 
which  the  chief  is  his  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory. 

Sparrow,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Depden, 
Suffolk,  educated  at  Queen's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, from  which  he  was  expelled  for  re- 
fusing to  subscribe  to  the  covenant,  1643. 
On  the  restoration  of  the  second  Charles, 
he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  his  college, 
made  archdeacon  of  Sudbury,  and  in  1667 
raised  to  the  see  of  Exeter,  from  which  he 
was  translated  to  Norwich.  He  compiled 
a  collection  of  Articles,  Injunctions,  Ca- 
nons, &c.  and  also  published  Rationale,  or 
the  book  of  Common  Prayers  1657,  8vo. 
improved  afterwards  with  additions,  and 
again  edited  1722.  This  pious  and  learned 
olivine  died  in  his  diocess,  1685. 
656 


Spartacus,  a  Thracian  shepherd,  who 
escaped  from  a  school  of  gladiators,  and 
collected  so  formidable  a  number  of  adhe- 
rents, that  he  was  enabled  to  conquer  some 
of  the  Roman  armies.  He  was  at  last  de- 
feated by  Crassus,  B.C.  71. 

Spartianus,  ^lius,  a  Latin  historian, 
author  of  the  Lives  of  the  Roman  empe- 
rors from  Cajsar  to  Dioclesian. 

Speed,  John,  a  celebrated  historian, 
born  at  Farrington,  Cheshire,  1555. 
Though  originally  a  taiior,and  of  some  emi- 
nence in  his  profession,  he  abandoned  the 
needle  for  the  pen,  and  in  1596,  under  the 
patronage  of  Mr.  Fulke  Greville,  he  pub- 
lished his  "  Theatre  of  Great  Britain,"  af- 
terwards improved  and  enlarged.  His 
History  of  Great  Britian,  under  the  Con- 
quests of  the  Romans,  Saxons,  Danes,  and 
Normans,  appeared  1614,  dedicated  to 
James  L  and  was  recommended  by  verses 
from  sir  Henry  Spelman,  and  other  learn- 
ed men.  He  published  also,  1616,  the 
Cloud  of  Witnesses,  or  Genealogies  of 
Scripture,  &c.  a  valuable  book  of  divinity, 
often  bound  up  with  the  Bible.  He  died 
28th  July,  1629,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Giles's,  Cripplegate.  He  had  12  sons  and 
six  daughters  by  his  wife,  who  died  the 
year  before  him,  after  a  union  of  57 
years.  He  was  an  able  antiquary,  and 
had  his  education  been  equal  to  the  pow- 
ers of  his  natural  genius,  as  Nicolson  ob- 
serves, he  would  greatly  have  outdone  him- 
self. 

Spelman,  sir  Henry,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary, born  at  Congham,  near  Lynn,  Nor- 
folk, of  a  respectable  family,  1561.  He 
was  two  years  at  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  then  entered  at  Lincoln's  Inn. 
He  was  sheriff  for  Norfolk,  1604,  and  be- 
came so  well  known  for  his  abilities,  that 
James  sent  him  three  different  times  into 
Ireland  on  public  business,  and  appointed 
him  at  home  one  of  the  commissioners  to 
inquire  into  the  fees  exacted  in  all  the  courts 
and  offices  of  England.  He  received  a  pre- 
sent of  3001.  for  his  services,  and  was 
knighted  by  the  king.  When  50  years  old, 
he  settled  in  London  with  his  wife,  and 
devoted  himself  there  totally  to  literary  pur- 
suits, and  to  the  company  and  correspon- 
dence of  the  great  and  the  learned  of  the 
age ;  of  Usher,  Williams,  Selden,  Cot- 
ton, Abbot,  Laud,  Dugdale,  Salmasius, 
Rigaltius,  Bignonius,  and  others.  He 
founded  a  Saxon  lectureship  at  Cambridge, 
but  the  intervention  of  the  civil  wars  pre- 
vented the  full  execution  of  bis  wishes  iu 
this  re?pect.  He  died  in  London,  1641, 
and  was  buried  in  Westminster  abbey,  near 
Cambden.  He  had  eight  children,  four 
sons  and  four  daughters,  the  eldest  of  which 
sons,  John,  was  knighted  by  king  Charles 
I.  and  was  made  master  of  Sutton's  hospi- 
tal.    Sir  Henrv  was  member  of  the  old 


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society  of  antiquaries,  and  wrote  several 
valuable  works,  the  best  known  of  which 
are,    "  dc    non     Temerandis     Ecclesiis," 
against  sacrilege,  or  alienating  the  church 
lands — 'Glossarium      Archaiologicum,     of 
which  only  the  Hrst   part  to   the  letter  L, 
yvaa  published  by  himself,   1G26  ;  a  second 
volume  was  collected  from  his  papers,  and 
published  by  sir  William  Dugdale  after  the 
restoration — an    edition   of    the    English 
Councils,   2  vols,   folio,  of  which  the  se- 
cond volume  was  edited  by  sir  William  Dug- 
dale also — Villare  Anglicanum,  folio — Re- 
liquiae   Spelmaniae,    folio,  edited  by    Gib- 
son, 1698,  and  again  printed  by  the   same 
learned  editor  in  1723.     Sir  John,  the  son, 
wrote   among  other   things,   two  political 
tracts — Alfred's  Life,    &c.   and   died  25th 
July,  1643,  greatly  esteemed  by  the  king. 
His  funeral  sermon  was  preached  and  pub- 
lished by  Usher. — Clement,  the   youngest 
son  of  sir  Henry,  was  also  a  learned  man, 
and  made  one  of  the  judges  of  the   exche- 
quer  after   the   restoration.     He   wrote  a 
Discourse  on  the  Time  of  observing  Eas- 
ter— tracts  on  Astrology — Rules  for  judg- 
ing the  W^eather,  &c.  and  died  June,  1679, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  Dunstan's  church, 
Fleet-street. 

Spence,  Joseph,  an  elegant  scholar  and 
divine,  born  in  Northamptonshire,  and  edu- 
cated at  Winchester  school,  and  New  col- 
lege, Oxford,  of  which  he  was  fellow.     In 
1727  he  published  *'  an  Essay  on  Pope's 
Odyssey,"  &c.  which,  though  coldly  praised 
by  Dr.  Johnson,  is  allowed  by  Warton  to 
possess  great  merit ;  and,  indeed,  far  from 
irritating  the  poet,  it  procured  his  friend- 
ship, and  to  that  connexion  the  critic  owed 
some  of  the  preferment  which  he  after- 
wards held.     In  1728  he  was  elected  poetry 
professor  at  Oxford,  and  travelled  as  tutor 
with  lord  Lincoln,  afterwards  duke  of  New- 
castle.    In  1742  he  was  made  professor  of 
modern  history,  and  also  obtained  from  his 
college  Great  Horwood  rectory,  in  Buck- 
inghamshire, where  he  never  resided,  and 
in  1754  he  was  promoted  to  a  stall  in  Dur- 
ham cathedral.     On  the  20th  Aug.  1768,  he 
was  found  drowned  in  a  canal  in  his  gar- 
den, at  Byfleet,  and  though  the  particulars 
of  the  melancholy  accident  must   remain 
unknown,  it  is  generally  supposed  that  in  a 
fit  he  fell  Avith  his  face  downwards  into  the 
water,  where  it  was  too  shallow'  to  cover 
liis  head,  and  was  thus   suifocated.     He 
published  an  Account  of  his  friend  Stephen 
Duck,  1731 — an  Account  of  the  Life  and 
Writings  of  Blacklock — some  pieces  pre- 
served in  Dodsley's  Miscellany,  and  other 
compositions  ;  but  the  work  for  which  he 
is  deservedly  adnured  as  a  man  of  genius 
and  of  taste,  is  his  "  Polymetis,"  or  an  In- 
quiry  on   the  Agreement  of  the   Roman 
Poets,  and  the  Remains  of  Ancient  Artists, 
to  illusti-atc  each  other,  folio,  1747.      This 
Vol.  II.  93 


work,  though  fastidiously  censured  bv 
Gray,  has  met  with  universal  approbation, 
and  has  been  highly  commended  by  Lowth, 
Johnson,  and  Wurton.  Our  amiable  au- 
thor made  several  communications  about 
Pope,  whom  he  attended  in  his  last  mo- 
ments, to  his  friend  Warton,  and  aa  he  had 
formed  memorials  of  his  conversation,  hid 
assistance  must  be  considered  as  valual)le 
and  his  anecdotes  as  authentic. 

Spencer,  John,  an  ingenious  divine,  born 
in  Kent,  1U30,  and  educated  at  Corpus 
Christi  college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he 
became  fellow,  and  in  1667  master.  In 
1677  he  was  made  dean  of  Ely,  and  after  a 
life  usefully  devoted  to  literature  and  reli- 
gion, he  died.  May,  1695,  and  was  buried 
in  the  chapel  of  his  college.  He  published 
some  occasional  sermons  ;  but  his  works 
best  known  are,  a  Discourse  concerning 
Prodigies,  &c.  a  learned  composition — a 
Latin  Dissertation  concerning  Urim  and 
Thummin,  1668 — and  in  1685  his  celebra- 
ted work,  de  Legibus  Hebr^eorum  Ilituali- 
bus,  et  eorum  Rationibus,  which  has  met 
with  opposition  from  various  quarters,  be- 
cause, while  he  vindicates  the  ways  of  God 
to  men,  he  asserts  that  many  of  the  rites 
and  ceremonies  of  the  Jews  are  deduced 
from  the  practices  of  their  heathen  neigh- 
bours. This  work  was  edited  with  the  au- 
thor's notes  by  Leonard  Chappelow,  Cam- 
bridge, 1727,  folio. 

Spencer,  William,   fellow    of    Trinity 
college,    Cambridge,   published,   in    1658, 
Origen's  eight  books  against  Celsus,  &c.  in 
4to.  with  annotations,  and  a  Latin  version. 
Spencer,  Joseph,  general  in  the  Ameri- 
can army  of  the  revolution,  was  a  native  of 
East  Haddam,  Connecticut.     He  entered 
the  northern  army  during  the  French  war, 
in  1758,  with  the  rank  of  major,  and  was 
soon  advanced  to  a  colonelcy,  and  served 
with  reputation.     In  1775  he  was  appoint- 
ed a  brigadier-general,  and  the  following 
year  major-general  in  the  continental  army. 
He  resigned  his  commission  in  1778,  and 
was  the  next  year  elected  to  a  seat  in  the 
continental   congress.     He  died  in    1789, 
aged  seventy-five  years.  ?CZi^  L. 

Spenep.,  Philip  James,  a  Lutheran  di- 
vine of  Frankfort  on  the  Maine,  born  in 
Alsatia,  1635.  He  became  in  1680  found- 
er of  a  new  sect,  called  Pietists,  which 
maintained  that  only  persons  inspired  by 
the  Holy  Ghost  could  understand  the  Scrip.* 
tures,  a  doctrine  which  jjroduced  many  en- 
thusiasts, and  was  at  last  checked  by  the 
interference  of  the  civil  power.  He  set- 
tled at  Dresden,  and  afterwards  at  Berlin, 
where  he  held  some  ecclesiastical  dignities, 
and  died  1705,  aged  70. 

Spenser,  Edmund,  a  celebrated  English 
poet,  born  at  London,  and  educated  at 
Pembroke-hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  took 
his  master's  degree,  1576.     He  left  Cam 

657 


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bridge  upon  being  an  unsuccessl'ul  candi- 
date for  a  fellowship  at  Pembroke,  and  for 
some  time  resided  with  some  friends  in  the 
North,  where  he  fell  in  love  with  his  fair 
Rosalind,  whose  beauties  and  cruelty  he 
has  laboriously  painted.  His  first  publica- 
tion was  the  Shepherd's  Calendar,  which 
■was  dedicated  to  sir  Philip  Sidney,  a  great 
favourite  at  court,  and  a  fond  admirer  of 
good  poetry.  By  means  of  this  worthy 
patron,  he  was  introduced  at  court,  and 
appointed  poet  laureat,  with  a  salary  of  50/. 
and  his  verses  pleased  Elizabeth  so  much 
that  she  ordered  Burleigh  to  present  him 
1001.  to  which  the  sagacious  minister  ob- 
jected, as  being  too  much  for  a  song. 
"  Then  give  him,"  replied  the  queen,  "  what 
is  reason."  The  gratuity,  however,  was 
delayed,  till  the  impatient  poet  presented 
to  the  queen  the  following  lines  : 

J  tvas  promised  on  a  time, 
To  have  reason  for  my  rhyme  ; 
From  that  time  until  this  season, 
I  received  nor  rhyme  nor  reason : 

which  were  graciously  received,  and  imme- 
diately obtained  the  promised  reward.    He 
was  afterwards  employed  by  lord  Grey  de 
Wilton,  the  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  as 
Iiis  secretary,  and  for  his  faithful  services 
he  was   rewarded   with  a  grant   of  3000 
acres  of  land  in  the  county  of  Cork,  and  in 
the  mansion  on  this  estate  he  spent  some 
time,  and  completed  his  celebrated  poem, 
*•  the  Faery  Queen."     The  rebellion,  how- 
ever, disturbed  his  repose  ;  he  was  plun- 
dered and  robbed  of  his  estate,  and  broken 
in  heart  and  fortune,  he  came  to  London, 
where  he  died  1598.     He  was  interred  in 
Westminster  abbey,  near  Chaucer.     A  mo- 
nument was  erected  to  his  memory  by  Ro- 
bert Devereaux,  earl   of  Essex.     Though 
he  is  said  on  his  monument  to  have  been 
born   1510,  and  to  have  died   1596,  these 
dates  are  false,  according  to  Camden,  who 
fixes  the   time   of  his  death  1598.     As  a 
poet  Spenser  is  deservedly  regarded  as  lit- 
tle inferior  either  in  invention  or  in  judg- 
ment, and  in  the  true  fire  of  the  muse,  to 
any  author   in   ancient  or  modern   times. 
But,  with  all  his  beauties,  he  was,  says  Ry- 
mer,  fanciful  and  chimerical,  and  without 
uniformity,  so  that  his  poem  is  truly  fairy 
land.     His  language,  unfortunately,  is  be- 
coming obsolete,  and  the  form  of  his  stan- 
zas is  heavy  and  ill-judged  ;  but  though  his 
characters  are  generally  all  equal  in  the 
possession  of  moral  virtues,  and  not  drawn 
with  sufficient  discrimination  ;  and  though 
for  every  adventure  a  hero  is  raised  by  the 
inventive  poAvers  of  the  poet,  yet  the  com- 
position is  interesting,  grand,  and  sublime, 
full  of  variety,  and  animated  by  the  happy 
efforts  of  a  most  fertile  imagination.     The 
best  edition  of  this  valuable  poem  is  that 
658 


published  by  Todd,  in  6  vols.  8vo.  ^viih 
notesy  1805. 

Sperling,  Otto,  a  native  of  Hamburgh, 
who  studied  medicine  in  Italy,  and  after 
travelling  in  Dalmatia,  settled  as  physician 
at  Bergen  in  Norway.  He  afterwards 
went  to  reside  at  Copenhagen,  as  physician 
to  the  king  of  Denmark  ;  but  he  was  in- 
volved in  the  disgrace  of  count  Ulfeld,  and 
was  sent  to  prison,  1664,  where  he  died, 
after  a  long  confinement,  1681.  He  wrote 
a  Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of  Denmark, 
1642,  12mo.  &c. 

Sperling,  John,  a  native  of  Zeuchfield 
in  Thuringia,  professor  of  medicine  at  Wit- 
temberg,  where  he  died,  1658,  aged  55. 
He  was  author  of  Institutiones  Physicae — 
Anthropologiae  PhysicJe,  &c. 

Sperone,  Speron,  a  polite  writer,  born 
at  Padua,  1500.  He  lived  for  some  time  at 
Rome,  patronised  by  Pius  IV.  who  knighted 
him,  and  employed  him  in  embassies  to 
Venice,  France,  and  Spain.  He  died  at 
Padua,  1588.  His  works  are  written  in 
excellent  Italian,  and  consist  of  orations, 
dialogues,  letters,  dissertations,  and  a  tra- 
gedy, called  Canace. 

Spielman,  James  Reinhold,  a  physician 
born  1722,  at  Strasburg.  After  travelling 
over  Europe,  and  residii  g  some  time  at 
Berlin,  he  returned  to  his  native  city,  where, 
as  professor  of  medicine  and  chymistry,  his 
lectures  were  attended  by  numerous  and 
respectable  classes.  He  promoted  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  botanical  garden  at  Stras- 
burg, which  is  now  one  of  its  principal  or- 
naments, and  he  died  Sept.  1782,  univer- 
sally esteemed.  He  published  Elementa 
Chymiae,  8vo. — Prodromus  Florae  Argenti- 
nensis,  8vo. — Institutiones  Materiae  Medi- 
cae — Syllabus  Medicamentorum — Pharma- 
copoeia Generalis,  4to.  &.c. 

Spierings,  Henry,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
born  1633,  and  eminent  as  a  painter  of  land- 
scapes. His  pictures  exhibit  great  skill 
and  judgment,  and  his  trees  and  rural 
scenery  are  particularly  admired. 

Spiers,  Albert  Van,  an  admired  histori- 
cal painter,  born  at  Amsterdam.  He  im- 
proved his  talents  by  studying  in  Italy,  and 
afterwards  settled  in  his  native  country, 
where  he  acquired  celebrity  and  fortune. 
He  died  1718,  aged  52. 

Spigelius,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Brussels, 
professor  of  surgery  and  anatomy  at  Padua. 
He  died  at  Brussels,  1625,  aged  47.  His 
works  were  published-  at  Amsterdam,  1645, 
in  folio.  The  smaller  lobe  of  the  liver 
bears  his  name,  as  he  is  supposed  to  have 
discovered  it. 

Spilberg,  John,  a  native  of  Dusseldorf, 
first  painter  to  the  elector  Palatine.  His 
altar  pieces,  portraits,  and  historical  draw- 
ings, possessed  great  beauty.  He  died 
1691,  aged  72.     His  daughter  Adriana  ex- 


SPI 


SPC» 


relied  as  an  artist  in  crayons.     She  married 
Vander  Neer. 

Spilberg,  George,  a  Dutch  admiral, 
who  defeated  the  Spaniards  in  the  south 
seas,  about  161G.  An  Account  of  his  Ad- 
ventures is  published  among  the  Dutch 
voyages. 

Spinckes,  Nathaniel,  an  eminent  divine, 
born  at  Castor,  Northamptonshire,  1654. 
He  entered  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
and  though  after  his  father's  death  possess- 
ed of  a  respectable  fortune,  he  applied  for 
a  Rustat  scholarship  at  Jesus,  which  he  ob- 
tained as  an  honourable  proof  of  his  abili- 
ties, after  a  strict  and  prolonged  examina- 
tion. In  1681  he  was  chaplain  to  the  duke 
of  Lauderdale,  and  in  1685  obtained  the 
rectory  of  Peakirk,  Northamptonshire,  and 
afterwards  was  promoted  to  a  stall  at  Salis- 
bury, and  to  the  rectory  of  St.  Mary  in 
that  city.  He,  however,  lost  all  his  prefer- 
ments in  1690,  for  refusing  to  take  the  oaths 
to  William,  and  lived  afterwards  in  some 
distress,  and  in  dependence  upon  the  con- 
tributions of  other  nonjurors,  of  whom  he 
was  elected  one  of  the  bishops.  He  died 
2Sth  July,  1727,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Faith's  cemetery,  north  side  of  St.  Paul's. 
By  his  wife,  who  died  seven  days  after  him, 
he  had  many  children,  of  whom  only  two 
survived  him.  He  wrote  various  pious 
books  and  devotions the  Sick  Man  visit- 
ed, a  sixth  edition  of  which  appeared  1775. 

Spinello,  Aretino,  an  Italian  painter, 
born  at  Arezzo,  in  Tuscany,  1323.  His 
portraits,  madonnas,  and  historical  pieces, 
were  much  admired,  and  are  highly  finish- 
ed. He  died  1420.  His  son  Paris  was 
also  an  eminent  painter,  and  died  1422, 
aged  56.  It  is  said  of  him  that,  in  a  pic- 
ture of  the  fallen  angels,  he  represented  the 
devil  in  so  hideous  a  form,  that  the  evil 
spirit  haunted  him  in  his  dreams,  and  de- 
manded with  threats  what  authority  he  had 
to  give  him  so  horrible  a  delineation. 

Spinola,  Ambrose,  a  famous  general 
in  the  service  of  Spain,  where  he  was  born 
1569,  but  descended  from  a  Genoese  family. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  Flanders,  and 
as  commander  in  chief,  took  Ostend,  1604. 
His  abilities  were  eminently  displayed 
against  Maurice  of  Nassau,  the  greatest 
hero  of  the  age,  whom  he  opposed  with 
skill  and  military  judgment.  After  the 
truce  of  1608,  he  lived  in  retirement,  till 
fresh  troubles  called  him  again  to  take  the 
field,  and  to  make  Aix-la-Chapelle,  VVesel, 
and  Breda,  submit  to  his  arms.  In  1629 
he  was  employed  in  Italy,  where  he  took 
Casal ;  but  the  court  of  Spain  disconcert- 
ed his  measures,  and  prevented  his  obtain- 
ing possession  of  the  citadel,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  he  fell  sick,  and  died  soon 
after,  1630,  exclaiming,  "they have  robbed 
me  of  my  honour." 

Spinoza,  Benedict  de,  an  atheistical  wri- 


ter, son  of  a  Portuguese  Jew,  born  at  Am- 
sterdam, 1638.  He  studied  medicine  and 
theology,  but  his  religion  was  so  loose,  and 
his  inquiries  for  the  reason  of  every  thing 
which  he  was  to  believe,  became  so  offen- 
sive to  the  rabbis,  that  he  was  thrust  out  of 
the  synagogue.  In  consequence  of  this  he 
became  a  Christian,  and  was  baptized  ;  but 
his  conversion  was  insincere,  and  though 
during  his  life  he  did  not  openly  profess 
himself  an  atheist,  his  posthumous  works 
plainly  proved  him  such-  He  died  of  a 
consumption  at  the  Hague,  Feb.  1677,  aged 
45.  He  is  the  founder  of  a  regular  system 
of  atheism,  and  by  his  hypothesis  he  wished 
to  establish  that  there  is  but  one  substance 
in  nature,  which  is  endowed  with  infinite 
attributes,  with  extension  and  thought ; 
that  all  spirits  are  modifications  of  that  sub- 
stance,and  that  God, the  necessary  and  most 
perfect  being,  is  the  cause  of  all  things  that 
exist,  but  does  not  differ  from  them. 
These  monstrous  doctrines,  though  not 
new,  were  thus  built  into  a  regular  system 
by  this  extraordinary  man,  who  is  said  in 
other  respects  to  have  been  of  a  good  mo- 
ral character  in  private  life,  benevolent, 
friendly,  and  charitable.  His  conduct  was 
marked  by  no  licentiousness  or  irregularity; 
but  he  retired  from  the  tumults  of  Amster- 
dam, to  a  more  peaceful  residence  at  the 
Hague,  where  curiosity  led  princes,  philo- 
sophers, and  learned  men  to  see  and  to 
converse  with  this  bold  asserter  of  atheism. 
His  works  were  "  Tractatus  Theologico- 
PoHticus,"  4to.  1670 — Opera  Posthuma, 
4to.  Few  have  studied  the  abstract  and 
difficult  principles  of  Spinoza,  and  fewer 
have  followed  them.  Toland  may  be  said 
to  approach  nearest,  as  a  free-thinker,  in 
his  "  Pantheisticon,"  to  the  opinions  of  the 
Dutch  philosopher,  and  his  sentiments 
seem  in  some  degree  to  be  the  repetition  of 
those  of  his  atheistical  predecessor. 

Spira,  Francis,  a  Venetian  lawyer  of 
eminence  in  the  16th  century.  Being  ac- 
cused before  the  papal  nuncio  of  favouring 
the  tenets  of  the  reformation,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  make  a  public  recantation  of  his 
opinions  to  save  his  life,  and  this  had  such 
effect  upon  his  spirits,  that  he  was  seized 
with  a  dreadful  melancholy,  which  baffled 
all  the  aid  of  medicine,  and  carried  him  to 
his  grave,  under  the  most  poignant  agonies 
of  mind,  1548. 

Spon,  Charles,  an  ingenious  Frenchman, 
born  at  Lyons,  1609.  He  studied  at  Ulm 
and  Paris,  and  in  1632,  went  to  Montpcl- 
lier,  to  devote  himself  more  attentively  to 
medicine.  He  took  his  degree  of  M.D. 
there,  and  settled  at  Lyons,  where  he  prac- 
tised with  great  success,  and  died  21st  Feb. 
1684,  highly  respected.  He  was  an  excel- 
lent scholar,  and  had  such  facility  of  wri- 
ting Latin  verses,  that  Bayle  says  had  a 
copy  of  some  of  his  iambics,  on  the  Deluge 

65n 


SPO 


vSPR 


anil  last  Conflagration,  ivhich,  though  writ- 
ten at  the  age  of  fourteen,  would  have 
done  credit  to  established  abilities,  if 
composed  in  moments  of  leisure.  He  had 
an  extensive  correspondence  with  the 
learned  of  Europe,  and  was  particularly  at- 
tached to  Gassendus,  and  to  his  philoso- 
phy. He  published  the  Prognostics  of 
Hippocrates,  in  hexameter  verses,  dedica- 
ted to  his  friend  Guy  Patin. 

Spon,  James,  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  at  Lyons,  1647,  and  after  a  careful 
education,  was  admitted  doctor  of  medicine 
at  Montpellier,  1667,  and  member  of  the 
Lyons  college  of  physicians  two  years 
after.  In  1675  he  began  to  travel  into 
Dalmalia,  Greece,  and  the  Levant,  in  com- 
pany with  Mr.  Wheeler,  of  which  he  pub- 
fished  an  interesting  account.  He  left 
France  on  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of 
Nantes,  1685,  with  the  intention  of  reti- 
ring to  Zurich,  but  died  on  the  way  at  Ve- 
vay,  on  the  lake  Leman,  1696.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  several  learned  societies,  and  was  a 
most  respectable  character,  than  in  whom, 
says  Bayle,  the  qualities  of  a  learned  and 
of  an  honest  man  were  never  more  happily 
united.  He  wrote  various  works,  the  best 
known  of  which  are,  Recherches  des  Anti- 
quites  de  Lyons,  8vo.  1674 — Ignotorum 
atque  Obscurorum  Deorum  Arae,  8vo.  1677j 
Histoire  de  la  Ville  et  de  I'Etat  de  Gene- 
ve, 2  vols.  12mo.  1680  ;  Voyage  de  la  Grece 
et  du  Levant,  3  vols.  12mo.  1677 — Re- 
cherches Curieuses  d'Antiquite,  4to.  J  683 
— Miscellanea,  &c. 

Spondanus,  John,  or  de  Sponde,  a 
learned  man,  born  at  Mauleon  de  Soule  in 
Biscay,  1657.  At  the  age  of  twenty,  he 
began  a  commentary  on  Homer's  Iliad  and 
Odyssey,  printed  at  Basil,  1583,  folio,  full 
of  much  erudition,  though  sometimes  tri- 
fling. He  abjured  the  reformed  religion, 
and  left  the  court  of  his  patron,  Henry  of 
Navarre,  afterwards  the  fourth  of  France, 
and  retired  to  the  mountains  of  Biscay. 
He  died  1595,  and  was  buried  at  Bour- 
deaux.  He  published  Aristotle's  Logic  in 
Greek  and  Latin,  at  Basil,  with  notes,1583. 
Spondanus,  Henry,  younger  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  1568,and  educated 
at  the  reformed  college  of  Ortez.  He  be- 
came early  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of 
Greek  and  Latin,  and  afterwards  studied 
the  civil  and  canon  law,  and  recommended 
himself  to  the  notice  of  Henry  IV.  of 
France,  then  Prince  of  Beam,  who  made 
him  master  of  the  requests  at  Navarre.  He 
abandoned  the  protestant  religion  1505,  and 
then  retiring  to  Rome,  took  orders,  and  ob- 
tained, on  his  return  to  France,  the  see  of 
Pamicrs  from  Lewis  XIII.  He  died  at 
Toulouse,  1643.  He  abridged  his  friend 
Baronius's  AnnalesEcclesiastici,and  wrote 
besides,  Annales  Sacri  a  Mundi  Creatione 
ad  ejusdem  Redemptionem,  &r. 
RGO 


SroTSwooD,  John,  archbishop  of  St.  An- 
drews, was  descended  from  an  ancient  fa- 
mily, and  born  1565.     He  was  educated  at 
Glasgow,  where  he  distinguished  himself, 
and  afterwards    attended  as   chaplain   the 
duke  of  Lenox,  in  his  embassy  to  France, 
and  when  James  I.  took  possession  of  the 
English  throne  in  1603,  he  was  in  the  num- 
ber of  his  attendants.     That   year   he  was 
made  bishop  of  Glasgow,  and  privy  coun- 
sellor of  Scotland,  and  in  1615  was  trans- 
lated to  the  see  of  St.   Andrews.     In  1633 
he  crowned  Charles  I.  as  king  of  Scotland 
at  Holyrood-house,  and   in  1635  was  made 
chancellor  of  the  kingdom.     The  troubles 
of  the  country  obliged  him  to  leave  his  si- 
tuation, and  he  retired  to  England,  where 
he  sunk  under  his  infirmities,   and  the  me- 
lancholy state  of  public  affairs.     He  died 
in  London,  1639,  and  was  buried  in  West- 
minster abbey.     He  wrote  an  history   of 
the  Church  of  Scotland,   published    1655, 
folio.     It  was  begun  at  the  command  of 
James  I.  and  is  regarded  as  accurate.    His 
second  son,  sir  Robert,  was  a  man  of  abili- 
ties,  patronised  like  his  father  by  James  L 
and  by  his  successor.     He  shared  the  for- 
tunes of  the  great  Montrose,  and  was  put 
to  death  with  him. 

Spotswood,  Alexander,  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia, succeeded  Jennings  in  1710.  He 
was  a  man  of  uncommon  enterprise  and 
public  spirit,  a  friend  of  learning  and  reli- 
gion, and  exercised  a  useful  adlninistration. 
He  was  succeeded  in  1723  by  Drysdale, 
In  1730  he  was  appointed  post-master  ge- 
neral of  the  colonies,  and  in  1739  command- 
er of  the  forces  raised  against  Florida,  but 
he  died  at  Annapolis,  June  7th,  1740. 

iQ^  L. 

Spragg,  Edward,  a  valiant  Englishman, 
He  commanded  the  Royal  Charles  in  the 
first  engagement  with  the  Dutch  fleet  in 
1665,  and  behaved  with  such  courage,  that 
the  king  knighted  him  in  his  own  ship. 
The  following  year  he  distinguished  him- 
self under  the  duke  of  Albemarle,  in  the 
fight  which  continued  four  days  with  the 
Dutch,  and  in  1667  he  contributed  to  the 
defeat  of  the  same  enemy  by  burning  some 
of  their  ships  when  they  attempted  to  sail 
up  the  Thames.  He  was  employed  in  1671 
against  the  Algerines  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, where  he  destroyed  seven  of  their 
men  of  war  ;  but  two  years  after  he  was 
unfortunately  drowned  in  the  dreadful  en- 
gagement with  Van  Tromp,  as  he  was  pass- 
ing in  a  small  boat  from  his  ship,  which  was 
sinking  in  the  fight,  to  another. 

Sprangher,  Bartholomew,  an  eminent 
painter,  born  at  Antwerp,  1546.  He  was 
at  Rome,  and  was  patronised  by  cardinal 
Farnese,  and  by  Pius.  V.  for  whom  he 
painted  the  "  Day  of  Judgment"  at  Belvi- 
dere.  On  his  return  to  Germany  he  was  in 
the  service  of  the  emperor  Maximilian  TJ. 


SPR 


SQU 


and  was  so  great  a  favourite  wiili  bis  suc- 
cessor Rodolphus,  that  he  was  honoured 
with  a  gold  inedaJ,  ami  with  a  pension,  and 
raised  to  the  rank  of  nobility.  He  visited 
his  country  in  his  old  age,  and  every  where 
heard  his  productions  admired,  lie  died 
at  Prague,  1623. 

Sprat,  Thomas,  an  English  prelate,  born 
atTallaton,  Devonshire,   1636,  and  educa- 
ted at  Wadham  college,  of  which  he   be- 
came fellow.     He  here  began  to  cultivate 
poetry,  and  published  in  1659  his  poem  on 
the  death   of  Cromwell,   dedicated  to    Dr. 
Wilkins.   He  afterwards  wrote  the  "Plague 
of  Athens,"  a  poem,  and  another  poem  on 
the  death  of  Cowley.     After  the   restora- 
tion he  took  orders,  and  was  chaplain  to 
Buckuigham,   and  then  to  the  king.     He 
also  became  an  active  promoter  of  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  Royal  Society,  of  which 
he  was  one  of  the  first  members,   and  of 
■whose   labours  he   published  the   history, 
1667.   He  next  wrote  Observations  on  Sor- 
biere's  Voyage  to  England,  and  in   1668 
edited  his  friend   Cowley's  poems.     Thus 
distinguished  as  a  writer,  he  was  amply  re- 
warded by  preferments.     In    1668  he  be- 
came prebendary  of   Westminster,    after- 
wards minister  of  St.  Margaret's  church, 
canon  of  Windsor,  and  in    1683  dean  of 
Westminster,  and  next  year  bishop  of  Ro- 
chester.    In  1685  he  was  prevailed  upon  to 
write  the  history  of  the  Rye-house  plot,  and 
as  he  had  been  liberally  noticed  by  James 
II.  and  made  dean  of  the  chapel  royal,  he 
was    appointed  one  of  the  commissioners 
for  ecclesiastical  affairs.     In  this  office  he 
acted  with  some  timidity,  and  then  at  last 
withdre%v ;    but    when    it     was     debated 
whether  the  throne  was  vacant  by  the  flight 
of  James,  he  boldly  stood  the  manly  advo- 
cate of  his  master.     He,  however,  submit- 
ted to  the  revolution,   and  took  the  oath  ; 
but  an  infamous  attempt  was  made  by  some 
unprincipled   informers  to  involve  him  in 
trouble  by  forging  his  name, and  by  introdu- 
cing into  his  house  the  plan  of  a  pretended 
plot,  all  which,  however,   proved  his   inno- 
cence, and  after  some  confinement,  left  him 
the  exercise  of  his  episcopal  duties.     He 
died  20th   May,   1713.     His  character  is 
delineated  with  some  degree  of  asperity  by 
Burnet ;  but  it  should  be  remembered  that 
they  were  rivals  and  enemies,andthat  while 
Burnet  preached  before  the  Commons,  he 
made  the  pulpit  the  vehicle  of  sedition,  and 
Sprat  there  displayed  his   zeal  and  loyalty 
in  favour  of  the  government.     Besides  the 
works  already  mentioned,  he  wrote  a  Re- 
lation of  the  wicked  Conspiracy  of  Stephen 
Blackhead  and  Robert  Young,  who  united 
to  rob  him  of  his  Honour  and  of  his  Life — 
and  also   sermons,  8vo. — poems,   &.c.     It 
has  been  observed  that  every  book  of  his 
composition  is  of  a  different  kind,  and  has 
its  distinct  and  eharacteristical  excellence. 


SPRING,  Samuel,   D.  D.    congregational 
minister  of  Newburyport,   Maasachusetts, 
was  born  in  Worcester  county  in  that  state, 
Eeb.  27th,  1746,  and  graduated  at  Prince- 
ton college  in  1771.     He  was  licensed  to 
preach  in  i;74,  and  the  following  year,  be- 
came chaplain  to  a  volunteer  corps,  which 
marched  under  colonel  Arnold,  through  the 
wilderness   to  Canada.      He  left   the  army 
at  the  close  of  1/76,  and  in  August  uf  1777 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  ISorth  Congre- 
gaiioiial  Church  in  fNewburyport,  where  he 
continued   until    his    death,    March    4thj 
151  y.     He  possessed  a  vigorous  and  well- 
cultivated  mind,  was  distinguished  for  sim- 
plicity, zeal,  and  energy  as  a  preacher,  and 
was  one   of  the  most  ardent  and   etiicient 
fiiends  of  the  benevolent  institutions  which 
adorn  his  native  state,  especially  ol  the  Theo- 
logical Seminary  at  Andover,  and  the  Board 
of  Commissioners   for  Foreign    Missions. 
His  chief  publications  were  a  Dialogue  on 
Duty,  and  a  volume  of  Disquisitions.  lU    L. 

Spurstow,  William,  D.  D.  master  of 
Catherine  hall,  Cambridge,  from  which  he 
was  expelled  in  the  civil  wars  for  refusing 
the  engagement,  was  afterwards  minister 
of  Hackney,  of  which  he  was  deprived  in 
1662,  for  nonconformity.  He  was  mem- 
ber of  the  Wesminster  assembly  of  divines, 
and  assisted  also  at  the  Savoy  conference. 
He  was  author  of  a  treatise  on  the  Pro- 
mises, 8vo. — the  Spiritual  Chymist,  8vo. — 
the  Wiles  of  Satan,  and  sermons,  and  died 
1666.  He  was  also  engaged  in  the  attack 
on  episcopacy,  under  the  name  of  Smeatym= 
nuus,  Vid.  Newcomen. 

Squarcione,  Francis,  an  Italian  paint- 
er, who  acquired  such  celebrity,  that  he 
was  called  the  father  of  painters.  He  im- 
proved himself  by  viewing  the  most  valua- 
ble antiquities  preserved  in  ancient  Greece, 
and  died  1474,  aged  80. 

Squire,  Samuel,  D.D.  a  learned  prelate, 
son  of  an  apothecary  at  Warminster,  Wilts, 
where  he  was  born,  1714.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  fellow,  and  afterwards 
was  successively  made  archdeacon  of  Bath^ 
rector  of  Topsfield,  Essex,  in  1750  rector 
of  St.  Anne's,  W  estminster,  vicar  of  Green- 
wich, and  in  1760,  dean  of  Bristol.  The 
following  year  he  was  raised  to  the  see  of 
St.  David's,  and  died  May  6th,  1766.  In 
the  various  characters  of  pastor,  bishop, 
husband,  father,  and  friend,  he  was  a  most 
excellent  and  amiable  pattern.  He  left  two 
sons  and  a  daughter.  The  best  known  of 
his  works  are,  a  Defence  of  the  Ancient 
Greek  Chronology — and  an  Inquiry  into 
the  origin  of  the  Greek  Language,  8vo. — 
Inquiry  into  the  Nature  of  the  English 
Constitution,  8vo. — Indifference  to  Religion 
inexcusable,  l2mo. — the  Principles  of  Reli- 
gion made  easy  to  Young  Persons,  &c. — p 
character  of  his  first  patron  Herring,  &c. 


SkTA 


StTA 


SyTAAL,  Madame  de,  a  French  lady, 
daughter  of  a  painter  called  de  Launai, 
well  educated  in  a  convent  by  the  favour  of 
the  abbess.  She  was  in  the  service  of  the 
dutchess  of  Maine,  and  shared  her  disgrace 
by  being  confined  two  years  in  the  bastille, 
and  afterwards  she  married  de  Staal,  an 
officer  of  the  Swiss  guards.  She  died 
1750,  leaving  her  memoirs,  published  after- 
wards in  3  vols.  l2mo.  to  which  a  fourth 
was  afterwards  added,  containing  two  co- 
medies. She  possessed  great  wit  and  viva- 
city, as  her  memoirs  fully  prove,  and  it  was 
this  which  recommended  her  to  the  notice 
and  friendship  of  la  Fontenelle,  and  other 
learned  men. 

Staben,  Henry,  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
studied  under  Tintoret,  and  acquired  cele- 
brity by  his  historical  pieces,  and  particu- 
larly by  his  views  of  perspective.  He  died 
1658,  aged  80. 

Stackhouse,  Thomas,  a  pious  divine, 
for  some  years  curate  of  Finchley,  and  af- 
terwards vicar  of  Beenham,  Berks,  where 
he  died  11th  Oct.  1752.  He  wrote  several 
things,  and  among  them  a  History  of  the 
Bible,  2  vols,  folio,  a  popular  and  valuable 
work,  often  reprinted  —a  System  of  Practi- 
cal Divinity,  fol. — a  Tract  on  the  Miseries 
of  the  inferior  Clergy,  8vo. — a  Review  of 
the  Controversy  concerning  Miracles,  &c. 
a  complete  Body  of  Divinity — an  Exposi- 
tion of  the  Apostles'  Creed,  &c. 

Stadius,  John,  a  native  of  Loenhout,  in 
Brabant,  who  became  professor  of  history 
at  Louvain,  and  afterwards  filled  the  chair 
of  mathematics  and  history  at  Paris,  where 
he  died  1579,  aged  52.  His  knowledge  of 
mathematics  was  disgraced  by  his  fondness 
for  astrological  calculations.  He  wrote 
Ephemerides,  4to. — Tabula  ^quabilis  et 
Apparentis  Motus  Coelestium  Corporum — 
a  Latin  Commentary  on  Florus — Fasti  Ro- 
manorum,  &c. 

Stael,  Anne  Louisa  Germaine  Necker, 
baroness  de,  was  the  daughter  of  the  cele- 
brated M.  Necker,  and  born  at  Paris,  in 
1766.  She  received  a  liberal  education, 
and  early  displayed  extraordinary  talents  ; 
but  the  new  philosophy,  as  it  was  called, 
gave  a  masculine  tone  to  her  mind.  In 
l786  she  married  baron  de  Stael,  a  Swede, 
by  whom  she  had  four  children,  two  of 
whom  only  survived  her.  In  1789  Madame 
de  Stael  began  her  literary  career,  in 
'*  Letters  on  the  Writings  and  Character  of 
Rousseau  ;"  and  soon  afterwards  she  took 
an  active  part  in  the  French  Revolution. 
In  1793,  her  husband  being  appointed  am- 
bassador to  the  new  republic,  gave  Madame 
de  Stael  an  opportunity  of  exerting  herself 
in  those  political  intrigues  to  which  she  had 
a  great  propensity.  Bonaparte,  however, 
had  no  esteem  for  female  politicians,  and 
in  1803  banished  her  from  the  capital. 
Upon  this  she  went  to  Germany,  next  to 
eB2 


Italy,  and  tmce  visited  England.  She  died 
July  15th,  1817.  Her  principal  works  are, 
1.  "On  the  Influence  of  the  Passions  upon 
Individuals  and  Nations."  2.  On  the  In- 
fluence of  Literature  upon  Society.  3. 
"  Delphine,"  a  novel.  4.  "  Corinne,  or 
Italy,"  a  novel.  5.  Germany,  or  Observa- 
tions on  that  country. —  W.  B. 

Stafford,  Antony,  a  writer,  descended 
from  a  noble  family,  and  born  in  Northamp- 
tonshire. He  received  his  education  at 
Oriel  college,  Oxford,  and  was  made  mas- 
ter of  arts,  1623.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
learning,  and  died  1641.  His  works  are, 
Niobe  dissolved  into  Nilus,  or  his  age 
drowned  in  her  own  Tears,  12mo. — Medi- 
tations and  Resolutions,  l2mo. — Life  and 
Death  of  Diogenes — the  Life  of  the  Virgin 
Mary,  or  Female  Glory — the  Pride  of  Ho- 
nour— Honour  and  Virtue  triumphant  over 
the  Grave,  exemplified  in  the  Life  and 
Death  of  Henry  lord  Stafford,  4to.  His 
Female  Glory  proved  very  offensive  to  the 
puritans  of  England. 

Stahl,  George  Ernest,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man chymist,  born  in  Franconia,  1660. 
He  studied  medicine,  and  was,  in  1694, 
made  professor  of  that  science,  on  the  foun- 
dation of  the  university  of  Hall.  His  re- 
putation was  so  great  that  he  was  honoura- 
bly invited  to  Berlin  in  1716,  and  became 
there  physician  to  the  king,  and  counsellor 
of  state.  He  died  there  1734.  As  a  chy- 
mist, he  obtained  great  and  deserved  cele- 
brity for  nearly  50  years,  and  was  the  au- 
thor of  the  Doctrine  of  Phlogiston.  As  a 
physician,  he  was  fanciful,  and  maintained 
that  every  muscular  action,  whether  from 
consciousness  or  not,  proceeded  from  the 
will  of  the  mind,  which  he  asserted  had  at 
all  times  absolute  power  over  the  body. 
Of  his  valuable  works  these  are  the  best 
known,  Experimenta  et  Observationes 
Chymicae  et  Physicae,  8vo. — Theoria  Me- 
dica  Vera,  8vo. — a  German  Treatise  on 
Sulphur,  12mo. — Opusculum  Chymico- 
Physico-Medicum,  4to. — Fundamenta  Chy- 
miae  Dogmaticae  et  Experimentalis,  3  vols. 
4to. — Negotium  Otiosum,  4to. — Commen- 
tarium  in  Metal lurgicum  Beccheri — a  Ger- 
man treatise  on  Salts,  &c. 

Stahremberg,  Conrad  Balthasar,  count 
de,  governor  of  Vienna,  is  celebrated  for 
the  brave  defence  which  he  made  when  the 
city  was  besieged  in  1683,  by  the  Turks. 
He  died  at  Rome,  1687. 

Stahremberg,  Guido  Balde,  count  de, 
an  Austrian  general,  who  raised  himself  by 
merit  to  the  highest  military  honours.  He 
displayed  great  gallantry  at  the  battle  of 
Zenta,  and  by  his  courage  and  military 
skill  insured  the  victory  of  Saragossa,  1719. 
He  died  at  Vienna,  1737,  aged  SO. 

Stalbent,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
distinguished  as  a  painter.  He  is  very 
happy  in  his  delineations  of  nature,  and,  to 


is;i'A 


iij.\ 


gji-eat  correctness,  unites  strong  judgment. 
He  died  1660,  aged  80. 
,  Stami'art,  Francis,  a  painter,  born  at 
Antwerp,  1675.  He  settled  at  Vienna, 
where  his  abilities  recommended  him  to  the 
notice  of  the  emperor,  who  made  him  his 
cabinet  painter.     He  died  there,  1750. 

Stan  DISH,  Miles,  the  first  military  com- 
mander at  Plymouth,  New-England,  was 
born  at  Lancashire,  about  the  year  1584. 
After  having  served  some  time  in  the  army 
in  the  Netherlands,  he  settled  at  Leyden, 
with  Mr.  Robinson's  congregation,  and  ac- 
companied them  to  Plymouth  in  1620.  He 
was  there  chosen  captain,  or  chief  military 
commander,  and  rendered  the  most  impor- 
tant services  to  the  colony,  in  the  wars 
with  the  Indians.  Many  of  his  exploits 
were  peculiarly  daring,  and  his  escapes  ex- 
traordinary. In  1625  he  went  to  England, 
as  an  agent  for  the  colony,  and  returned 
the  following  year.  He  lived  from  that 
time  in  Duxbury,  holding  the  office  of  ma- 
gistrate. He  died  in  1656.  He  was  some- 
what rough  and  passionate,  but  a  daring 
and  skilful  soldier,  and  an  upright  magis- 
trate. iCP  L. 

Stanhope,  George,  an  able  divine,  born 
at  Hartshorn,  Derbyshire,  March  1660,  of 
a  respectable  family,  which   had   suffered 
much  during  the  civil  wars.     He  was  re- 
moved from  Uppingham  school  to   Eton, 
and  was  elected  to  King's  college,   Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  the  degree  of  D.D. 
1697.     He  first  obtained  Tewing  rectory, 
Hertfordshire,  and  afterwards  Lewisham  in 
Kent,  by  the  favour  of  Lord  Dartmouth,  in 
whose  family  he  had  been  tutor,  and  soon 
after  he  became  chaplain  to  the  king.     In 
1701,  he   preached   Boyle's  lectures,   and 
two  years  after  exchanged  Tewing  for  the 
vicarage  of  Deptford,  and  soon  after  was 
made  dean  of  Canterbury  in  the  room  of 
Hooper,  raised  to  the  see  of  Bath  and  Wells. 
These  preferments  were  due  to  his  integri- 
ty, learning,  and  piety  ;   and  as  one  of  our 
ablest  divines,  his  writings  must  always  be 
held  in  high  esteem.     This  worthy  man, 
whose  private  life  was  as  virtuous  and  ex- 
emplary as  his  public  conduct  was  useful, 
died  18th  March,    1728,  aged  68,  and  was 
buried   in  Lewisham  chancel.      He    was 
twice  married,  and  by  his  first  wife,  Olivia 
Cotton,  he  had  one  son  and  four  daugh- 
ters.    The  second  wife  survived  him.    The 
best  known  of  his  works  are  a  Translation 
of  Thomas  A  Kempis  de  Imitatione  Christi, 
Svo. — a  Translation   of  Charron  on  Wis- 
dom, 3  vols.  Svo. — Translation  of  M.  Au- 
rel.  Antoninus's    Meditations,    4to. — ser- 
mons on  several  occasions — a  Translation 
of  Epictetus,  with  Simplicius's  Commenta- 
ry, Svo. — Paraphrase  on  the  Epistles  and 
Gospels,  4  vols.  Svo. — the  Truth  and  Excel- 
lence of  the  Christian  Religion,  in  sermons 
preachevl  at  Boyle's  lectures,  4to. — Transla- 


tions of  Rothcfoucaiid's  Maxims,  Svo. — of 
St.  Augustine's  Meditations — of  Bishop 
Andrews's  Greek  Devotions— Parsons's 
Christian  Directory,  Svo. — the  Grounds 
and  Principles  of  the  Christian  Reli- 
gion,  &.C. 

Stanhope,  James,  earl  of,  of  an  ancient 
Nottinghamshire   family,    was   born  1673. 
He  embraced  the  military  profession,  and 
for  his  services  at  the  siege  of  Namur,  in 
1695,   king  William  gave  him  a  company, 
and  the  rank  of  colonel.     He  served  under 
the  great  Peterborough  in  Spain,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  siege  of  Barcelo- 
na, and  at  the  victories  of  Almanza  and 
Saragossa  ;  but  he  was  obliged  to  surrender 
the  citadel  of  Briheuga  to  the  forces  of  Ven- 
dome,  after  a  very  brave  resistance.    Under 
George  I.  he  was  made  secretary  of  state, 
and  in  1714  went  as  ambassador  to  Vien- 
na, and  in  1717  was  appointed  first  lord  of 
the  treasury,  and  chancellor  of  the  exche- 
quer.    These  services  to  his  country  were 
rewarded  with  an  earldom.     He  died   3d 
Feb.  1721. 

Stanhope,  Charles,  the  third  earl,  was 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  and  born  Aug. 
3d,   1753.     He  received  the  early  part  of 
his  education  at  Eton,  and  completed  it  at 
Geneva,  where  he  applied  chiefly   to  /the 
mathematics,  in  which  he  made  so  gaeat 
progress  as  to  obtain  a  prize  from   th«,so- 
ciety  of  Stockholm,  for  a  memoir  on  the 
construction  of  the  pendulum.     In  I774r:he 
stood  candidate  for  Westminster,  but  with- 
out success.     By  the  interest  of  the  earl  of 
Shelburne,  however,  he  was  brought  into 
parliament  for  the  borough  of  Wycombe, 
which  he  represented  till  the  death,  of  his 
father,  in  1786,  called  him  to  th^'Upper 
House.     He   distinguished   himself  at  an 
early  period  of  the  French  Revolution,  by 
an  open  avowal  of  republican  sentiments, 
and  went  so  far  as  to  lay  aside  the  external 
ornaments  of  the  peerage.     He  was  also  a 
frequent  speaker  ;  and  on  some  occasions 
was  left  single  in  a  minority.    As  a  nian  of 
science  he  ranked  high,  and  w  as  the  author 
of    many    inventions,     particularly    of   a 
method  of  securing  buildings  from  fire,  an 
arithmetical  machine,  anew  printing-press, 
a  monochord  for  turning  musical  instru- 
ments, and  a  vessel  to  sail  against  wind 
and  tide.     He  was  twice  married,  first  to 
lady  Hester  Pitt,  daughter  of  the  great  earl 
of  Chatham,  by  whom  he  had  three  daugh- 
ters ;   and  secondly  to  Miss  Grenville,  by 
whom  he  had  three  sons.     He  died  Dec. 
16th,   1816.     He  published   some  philoso- 
phical pieces,  and  a  few  political  Tracts. 

W.  B. 
Stanhope,  Philip  Dormer,  earl  of  Ches" 
terfield,  a  distinguished  nobleman  and  able 
writer,  born  in  London,  22d  Sept.  1694. 
After  a  private  education  he  entered  at  the 
age  of  IS,  at  Trinity    hall,    Cambridge, 

663 


m\ 


bTA 


%vhere  he  studied  the  classics  with  great 
assiduity.  In  1714,  after  two  years  resi- 
dence he  left  the  university  to  make  the 
tour  of  Europe,  and  after  receiving  lessons 
of  gaming  at  the  Hague,  and  polishing  his 
manners  under  the  tuition  of  the  dissipated 
belles  of  Paris,  and  visiting  Italy,  he  re- 
turned home  the  next  year.  He  became 
gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber  to  the  prince 
of  Wales,  and  in  the  first  parliament  of 
George  I.  was  elected  member  for  St.  Ger- 
main's, and  then  began  his  political  career. 
He  proved  himself  an  able  and  accomplish- 
ed speaker  ;  but  after  defending  the  septen- 
nial bill,  he  followed  the  prince  of  Wales  in 
his  opposition  to  the  measures  of  the  court, 
and  no  offers  could  persuade  him  to  espouse 
the  cause  of  the  ministry.  The  death  of  his 
father  in  1726,  removed  him  to  the  house 
of  lords,  and  in  this  place  he  began  to  dis- 
tinguish himself  more  as  an  orator  than  he 
had  done  in  the  house  of  Commons.  Ele- 
gant and  perspicuous  in  his  delivery,  with 
an  inexhaustible  command  of  language, 
adorned  by  all  the  graceful  arts  of  high  bred 
urbanity  and  sportive  facetiousness,  he  ac- 
quired decisive  superiority  above  all  other 
orators,  and  riveted  the  attention  of  his  au- 
ditors by  the  dignified  and  vehement  pow- 
ers of  his  eloquence,  and  the  fascinating 
touches  of  his  raillery  and  humour.  When 
George  the  second  was  raised  to  the  throne, 
Chesterfield,  who  had  faithfully  served  him, 
was  placed  in  offices  of  trust  and  honour. 
He  was  in  1728  sent  ambassador  to  Hol- 
land, and  for  his  services  there,  was  re- 
wardedjvith  the  garter,  and  the  office  of 
high  sreward  of  the  household.  He  re- 
turnt^in  1732,  to  England  ;  but  his  deter- 
minecRpposition  to  Walpole  stripped  him 
of  his  offices,  and  he  desisted  from  attend- 
ing the  court,  where  he  \vas  now  received 
with  coldness  and  indiffisrence.  During  12 
years  he  continued  to  attack  the  measures 
of  government  from  the  ranks  of  opposi- 
tion ;  but  the  coalition  of  parties,  in  1744, 
restored  him  to  a  seat  in  the  cabinet, 
and  the  following  year  he  was  again  en- 
gaged in  a  short  embassy  in  Holland.  He 
hastened  back  from  the  continent,  to  take 
the  office  of  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and 
in  this  high  situation  he  had  the  happiness 
by  the  mildness  of  his  government,  to  con- 
ciliate the  affections  of  the  Irish  nation.  He 
left  Ireland  in  1746,  and  became  principal 
secretary  of  state,  but  resigned  two  years 
after.  Though  infirmities  and  deafness 
came  now  rapidly  upon  him,  yet  he  at- 
tended his  duty  in  the  house  of  lords,  and  in 
the  debates,  for  the  alteration  of  the  style, 
1751,  he  distinguished  himself  by  an  elo- 
quent speech  in  favour  of  the  plan.  He  lived 
with  increasing  infirmities  to  the  24th 
March,  1773.  As  a  public  character  lord 
Chesterfield  is  highly  esteemed,  as  from  his 
)3nk,  his  influence,  and  his  experience  in 
664 


political  intrigues,  he  was,  for  many  yearjS; 
a  distinguished  leader.  He  wished  not 
only  to  appear  a  man  of  letters,  but  to  be 
the  patron  of  learned  men  ;  and  his  friend' 
ship  with  Pope,  and  the  other  wits  of  the 
time,  ensured  him  celebrity.  His  conduct, 
however,  to  Dr.  Johnson,  from  whom  he 
expected  an  adulatory  dedication  of  his 
dictionary,  exposed  him  to  the  reprehen- 
sion and  indignant  contempt  of  that  un- 
bending moralist.  Lord  Chesterfield  wrote 
some  papers  in  the  World,  and  some  poeti- 
cal pieces,  inserted  in  periodical  publica- 
tions ;  but  his  fame  as  an  author  rests  on 
the  celebrated  letters  which  he  sent  to  his 
natural  son.  These  letters  are  writen  in 
an  elegant  and  fascinating  style;  but  in 
wishing  to  form  his  son  for  the  higher 
ranks  of  life,  he  has  shown  himself  the 
advocate  of  hypocrisy,  licentiousness,  and 
infidelity.  The  applause  of  the  world  was 
the  governing  principle  of  his  life  ;  but  it 
was  not  by  virtue  alone  that  the  polished 
peer  endeavoured  to  command  popularity, 
but  by  every  art  which  can,  without  hesi- 
tation, sacrifice  honour,  religion,  and  mo- 
rality, to  its  favourite  objects.  The  pub- 
lication of  his  letters  prove  him  to  be  an 
excellent  scholar  ;  but  they  display  a  stu- 
died relaxation  of  principle,  and  as  John- 
son says,  inculcate  the  morals  of  a  strum- 
pet with  the  manners  of  a  dancing  master. 
He  was  married  to  Melosina  de  Schulen- 
burg,  countess  of  Walsingham,  but  had  no 
children.  His  favourite  son,  to  whose 
education  he  had  so  ardently  and  anxiously 
devoted  himself,  died  Nov.  1768,  and  left 
him  in  a  state  of  deep  and  lasting  despon- 
dency. His  letters  appeared  first  in  2 
vols.  4to.  1774,  and  his  miscellaneous 
works  also,  in  2  vols.  4to.  1777,  and  have 
since  frequently  been  published  in  other 
forms. 

Stanislaus,  Leczinski,  king  of  Poland, 
was  born  at  Leopold  20th  Oct.  1676.  He 
was  son  of  the  grand  treasurer  of  the  king- 
dom, and  to  an  elegant  person  joined  an 
insinuating  address,  which  prevailed  so 
much  with  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  to 
whom  he  was  deputed  in  1704,  by  the  as- 
sembly of  Warsaw,  that  he  determined  to 
make  him  master  of  the  kingdom,  which 
his  valour  had  conquered.  Stanislaus  was 
accordingly  crowned  at  Warsaw,  1705, 
in  the  room  of  the  deposed  Augustus, 
agreeably  to  the  will  of  the  victorious 
Swede,  and  he  continued  attached  to  his 
benefactor,  till  the  defeat  of  the  Swedes 
at  the  battle  of  Pultowa,  and  the  incursions 
of  kthe  Russians  rendered  his  situation  dan- 
gerous, and  obliged  him  to  fly  from  the 
kingdom.  Augustus  was  restored  to  his 
crown,  but  on  his  death,  in  1733,  Stanis- 
laus, though  supported  by  the  interest  of 
Lewis  XV.  who  had  married  his  daughter, 
was  unable  to  reascend  the  throne,  and  re- 


SJA 


.-.TA 


niained  satisfied  with  the  humbler  title  of 
duke  of  Lorraine  and  Bar,  in  which  cha- 
racter he  gained  the  affection  of  his  new 
subjects,  and  deserved  the  name  of  the 
.Beneficent.  He  died  Feb.  23,  l766,Vin 
consequence  of  being  burnt  by  his  night 
gown  catching  fire.  Stanislaus  was  au- 
thor of  "  CEuvres  du  Philosophe  Bienfai- 
sant,"  4  vols.  8vo.  in  which  he  delineates 
the  character  of  a  true  philosopher,  mean- 
ing himself. 

Stanislaus   Augustus    Poniatowsky, 
•king  of  Poland,   was  son  of  a  private  gen- 
tleman in  Luthuania,  by  the  princess  Czar- 
torinski,  of  the    illustrious   family    of  the 
Jagellons,   was  born   1732.     After  receiv- 
ing an  excellent  education  he  travelled  to 
Paris,  where  the  friendship  of  the  Swedish 
ambassador  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
of  the  great,  but  his  expenses  were  so  ex- 
travagant that  he   was  liberated  from  pri- 
son only  by  an  act   of  generosity  in  the 
wife  of  a  rich  merchant.     From  Paris  he 
came  to  London,   and  became  intimately 
acquainted    with    sir    William    Hanbury, 
whom  he   accompanied  in  his  embassy  to 
Kussia.     The  elegant  person  and  high  ac- 
complishments of  Poniatowsky  here  cap- 
tivated the  heart  of  the  grand  dutchess,  af- 
terwards   Catherine    IL   which    gave    so 
much  offence  to  the  empress  Elizabeth,  that 
the  young  favourite  was   recalled  by  order 
of  Augustus  in.   of  Poland.      The  death 
of  Augustus,   in    1763,  interested  Cathe- 
rine in  the  fortunes  of  her  favourite,  and 
by  her  influence,   and   the   terror  of  her 
armies  he  was  elected  king  of  Poland,  7th 
Sept.  1764,  in  the  diet  of  Woia.     The  new 
monarch  gained  all  hearts  by  the  modera- 
tion and  prudence  of  his  government,  but 
unfortunately  religious  disputes  disturbed 
the  peace  of  the  kingdom,  the  dissidents 
or  protestants,  who  had  been  excluded  by 
the    catholics   from  offices   of  trust   and 
emolument,  laid  claim  to  new  indulgences, 
and  were  supported   in  their  petition  by 
the  ambassadors  of  England,  Prussia,  and 
Russia.     Stanislaus  favoured  their  cause, 
and  thus  rendered  the  catholics  his  most 
inveterate  enemies,    so  that  they   formed 
the  plan  of  taking  him   prisoner   or  de- 
stroying him.     Three  bold  conspirators  at 
the  head   of  40   dragoons   disguised   like 
peasants,  entered  Warsaw,   3d  Nov.  1771, 
and  seized  the  unsuspecting  king  as  he  was 
returning  in  his  carriage  at  ten  of  the  clock 
of   the    evening.      After   much    personal 
violence  they  mounted  him  on  a  horse,  and 
rode  away  from  the  town,  but  during  the 
darkness   of  the  night  these  assassins  lost 
their  road,  and  on  the  return  of  light,  Sta- 
nislaus exhausted,  found  himself  in  the  cus- 
tody of  only  one  of  the  conspirators,   on 
whom     he     prevailed    to     conduct    him 
back    to  Warsaw.      In    1787,    Stanislaus 
visited  Kanieff",  and  after  an  absence  of  23 
Voi,.  ir.  84 


years  had   au    intcrvi(;w  with   Catherine, 
whom  he  accompanied  in  her  lour  through 
Tauris  and    Caucasus,   to   the   borders  of 
Persia.     Though  loaded  with  presents  and 
honours  by  this  ambitious  princess,  the  Po- 
lish king  soon  saw  his  dominions  invaded  by 
her   armies,  and  in    1792,  all   his  efforts 
and  the  valour  of  Kosciusko  were   unable 
to  arrest  the   career  of  her  arms.     Wilna 
and  Warsaw  were  taken,   and  Catherine, 
after   having  frequently   declared   herself 
the  protectoress    of  the   independence  of 
Poland,   consented  to  share  the   disunited 
kingdom  with    the   emperor   of   Germany 
and  the  king  of  Prussia.     In  1795,  prince 
Repnin  delivered  a  letter  to  the  unfortu- 
nate Stanislaus,  which  commanded  him  to 
descend  from  the  throne,   and  his   people 
from  the  rank  of  nations.     Stanislaus  re- 
tired to  Grodno,  and  forgot  the  dangers  of 
greatness  and  of  royalty  in  the   obscurity 
of  a  private   life,    and  afterwards,  on  the 
accession  of  Paul  to  the  Russian  throne,  he 
was  sent  for  to  Petersburgh,    where  every 
mark  of  respect  and  attention  was  paid  to 
him.     He  died  at  Petersburg,   11th  April, 
1798.     This  unfortunate   man,  if  he  had 
possessed  more  vigour  and  decision,  might: 
have   retarded  if  not   totally  averted  the. 
dangers  which  ruined  the  monarchy ;  but 
he  was  more  calculated  to  shine  in  private 
life  than  adorn  a  throne,  and  uphold  the 
fates  of  a  falling  empire.     He  was  well  in^ 
formed  and  the  friend  of  the  learned,  and 
he  spoke  and  wrote  with  ease  the  seven 
languages  of  Europe.  j^ 

Stanley,  Thomas,    an  eleganr^ivriter, 


educated  at    Pembroke   hall,    Camjttidge. 

aPb( 


He  was  knighted,  and  resided  at  C  jpber- 
lowgreen,  Herts,  where  he  devoted  himself 
to  literature.  He  wrote  poems  and  other 
things,  but  he  is  better  known  as  the  fa- 
ther of  the  learned  Thomas  Stanley,  with 
whom  he  is  confounded  by  Dr.  Bjrch,  &c. 
Stanley,  Thomas,  Esq.  son  of  the 
above,  was  born  at  his  father's  house, 
Herts,  1644.  He  was  admitted  at  Pem- 
broke hall,  Cambridge,  where  he  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  polite  scholar,  and 
good  philologcr.  After  taking  his  degrees 
he  travelled  through  France,  Italy,  and 
Spain,  and  on  his  return  entered  at  the 
Middle  Temple.  Not  the  law,  however, 
but  literature  was  his  pursuit,  and  he  pub- 
lished in  1665,  an  edition  of  Elian's 
Various  History  with  notes.  His  next 
work  was  the  History  of  Philosophy,  con- 
taining the  lives,  opinions,  &c.  of  philoso- 
phers of  every  sect,  4to.  dedicated  to  his 
uncle  John  Marshani,  Esq.  a  composition 
of  great  and  acknowledged  merit,  Avhich 
passed  through  four  editions,  and  was  trans- 
lated into  Latin  for  the  use  of  the  German 
literati — and  in  16G4,  appeared  his  "  Es- 
chylus,"  cum  Versione  et  Commentario. 
He  wrotP.  li^side*?,  various  remarks  on  E^^ 

665 


STA 


STA 


lipides,  Sophocles,  and  other  classical  au- 
thors, besides  commentaries  on  jEschylus 
in  8  vols.  fol.  which  have  remained  in 
manuscript.  This  worthy  man,  who  had 
thus  early  given  such  strong  and  valuable 
proofs  of  his  learning  and  application, 
died  in  1679,  when  scarce  34. 

Stanley,  John,  an  English  musician, 
born  in  London  1713.  He  lost  his  sight 
when  two  years  old,  and  at  the  age  of 
seven  he  devoted  his  attention  to  music, 
under  the  care  of  Dr.  Green,  and  with  such 
effect  that  he  was  chosen  organist  of  All- 
Hallov/s  church,  Bread-street,  in  his  11th 
year.  In  1723,  he  was  made  organist  of 
St.  Andrew's,  Holborn,  in  1734,  he  was 
elected  by  the  benchers,  organist  of  the 
Temple  church,  and  in  1779,  he  was  no- 
minated master  of  the  king's  band.  His 
execution  on  the  organ  was  particularly 
admired,  and  his  compositions  displayed 
the  most  correct  taste,  and  the  soundest 
judgment.     He  died  1786. 

StaNxVina,  Gerard,  a  painter,  born  at 
Florence.  He  studied  under  Venetiano, 
and  was  eminent  for  the  correctness  of 
his  historical  pieces.  He  was  patronised  by 
the  king  of  Spain,  and  died  1403,  aged  59. 

Stanthurst,  Richard,  a  native  of  Dub- 
lin, son  of  the  speaker  of  the  Irish  house 
of  commons,  was  educated  at  University 
college,  Oxford.  After  studying  the  law 
in  London  he  returned  to  Ireland,  and  mar-? 
ried,  and  became  a  Roman  catholic.  He 
afterwards  went  abroad,  and  entering  into 
orders  was  appointed  chaplain  to  Albert 
archduke  of  Austria,  governor  of  the  Ne- 
therlands. He  died  at  Brussels, 1618,  aged 
about  72.  He  was  universally  esteemed 
as  a  good  divine,  an  eminent  philosopher, 
and  a  tolerable  poet  and  historian.  He 
wrote  various  things,  the  best  known  of 
which  are,  de  Rebus  in  Hiberni^  Gestis — 
Harmonia,  seu  Catena  Dialectica  in  Por- 
pbyrium — Vita  Sancti  Patricii — the  four 
first  books  of  the  jTiUeid  translated  into 
English  hexameters — the  Principles  of  the 
Catholic  Religion,  &c.  He  was  uncle  to 
archbishop  Usher. 

Stapledon,  Walter,  a  native  of  Devon- 
.«;hire,  educated  at  Oxford.  His  abilities 
recommended  him  to  the  notice  of  the 
court,  and  he  was  advanced  in  the  church, 
and  made  bishop  of  Exeter,  and  treasurer 
of  England.  He  di=tingushed  himself  as 
a  patron  of  learning,  and  founded  Exeter 
college,  Oxford.  His  conduct  in  office 
rendered  him  afterwards  unpopular,  and 
he  was  seized  in  an  insurrection  in  Lon- 
don, and  cruelly  beheaded  at  Cheapsidc 
cross,  1326. 

Stapleton',  Thomas,  an  eminent  con- 
troversialist, born  at  Henfield,  Sussex, 
1585,  and  educated  at  Canterbury  and 
Winchester  schools,  from  which  he  was  re- 
moved to  New  coUesre,  Oxford.  In  Marv's 
666  ^ 


reign  he  obtained  a  prebend  of  Chichester, 
but  on  Elizabeth's  accession  he  left  the 
kingdom  with  his  family,  and  retired  tt^ 
Louvain,  where  he  was  made  regius  pro- 
fessor of  divinity,  canon  of  St.  Peter's, 
and  dean  of  Hilverbeck.  He  died  1598, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  Peter's  church  at 
Louvain.  He  was  an  indefatigable  writer 
in  favour  of  the  Roman  catholic  religion . 
His  works  were  published  in  4  vols.  fol. 
Paris  1620. 

Staptlton,  sir  Robert,  a  native  of 
Carleton,  Yorkshire.  Though  the  son  of  a 
catholic  family,  and  educated  at  Douay,  he 
became  a  protestant,  and  was  gentleman  to 
the  prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  the  se- 
cond Charles.  He  was  zealously  attached 
to  the  fortunes  of  Charles  L  and  served 
with  valour  at  the  battle  of  Edgehill,  and 
was  knighted.  At  the  restoration  he  was 
reinstated  in  his  honours,  and  died  1669. 
He  was  a  very  intelligent  man,  and  a  poet 
of  some  merit.  He  translated  Juvenal, 
and  also  wrote  some  plays,  &c. 

Stark,  John,  general  in  the  American 
army  of  the  revolution,  was  a  native  of 
Londonderry,  New-Hampshire,  and  born 
August  28th,  1728.  He  removed  while 
young  with  his  father's  family  to  Manches-- 
ter  in  that  state,  where  he  continued  to  re- 
side till  his  death.  Soon  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  French  war  of  1755,  he 
entered  the  army  with  a  company  of  ran- 
gers, and  immediately  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  activity,  prudence,  and  courage. 
At  the  opening  of  the  revolution  he  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  New-Hampshire 
troops,  and  rendered  important  aid  at  the 
battle  of  Bunker's  hill.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  removed  to  the  northern  army, 
and  had  command  of  fort  Independence. 
In  November  he  joined  the  army  under 
Washington,  and  led  the  van  at  the  me- 
morable battle  of  Trenton,  and  afterwards 
aided  at  the  battle  of  Princeton.  On  the 
invasion  of  Burgoyne  in  1777  he  received 
the  command  of  the  New-Hampshire  mili- 
tia to  oppose  him,  and  had  the  honour  by 
his  skill  and  intrepidity  of  achieving  the 
first  step  toward  the  capture  of  that  gene- 
ral by  the  defeat  of  colonel  Baum  in  the 
battle  of  Bennington.  In  1778  he  was 
intrusted  with  the  defence  of  the  north- 
ern frontier,  and  the  two  following  years 
served  with  the  main  army.  He  returned 
to  his  command  in  the  north  in  1781,  and 
continued  there  till  the  close  of  the  war. 
His  death  took  place,  May  9th,  1822,  in 
the  ninety-fourth  year  of  his  age. 

Starovolski,  Simon,  a  native  of  Po- 
land. He  wrote  in  Latin  a  geographical 
account  of  his  country,  and  lives  of  an 
hundred  illustrious  Polish  writers.  He 
flourished  in  the  17th  century. 

Statira,  daughter  of  Darius,  was  taken 


"5  IE 


^i  L 


ai  the  battle  of  Issus,  and  became  the  ivilc 
of  Alexander.  She  was  murdered  by 
Roxana,  B.C.  323. 

Statius,  Pub.  Papinius,  a  Latin  poet, 
born  at  Naples.  He  was  the  flatterer  of 
Domitian,  and  died  about  100  A.D.  His 
Thebais,  and  his  Achilles  remain,  two  he- 
roic poems  of  considerable  merit. 

Staveley,  Thomas,  Esq.  a  native  of 
Cussington,  Leicestershire,  who  was  edu- 
cated at  Peter-house,  Cambridge,  and  af- 
terwards studied  the  law  at  the  Inner  Tem- 
ple, and  was  called  to  the  bar  1654.  He 
succeeded  his  father-in-law,  Onebyd,  as 
steward  of  the  records  of  Leicester,  1662, 
but  the  latter  part  of  bis  life  was  clouded 
by  habitual  melancholy,  probably  arising 
from  too  intense  an  application  to  his  stu- 
dies. He  died  1683.  He  wrote  the  Ro- 
mish Horseleech,  or  a  discovery  of  the 
enormous  exactions  of  the  court  of  Rome, 
8vo. — the  History  of  Churches,  and  also 
made  collections  for  the  history  and  anti- 
quities of  Leicestershire. 

Stacnton,  sir  George  Leonard,  a  na- 
tive of  Galway  in  Ireland.     After  finishing 
his  education  at    home   he    passed    into 
France,  and  studied  medicine  at  Montpel- 
lier,  Avhere  he  took  his  doctor's  degree,  and 
fhen  returned  to  settle  in  London.  In  1762, 
he  went  to  Grenada,  and  became  secretary 
to  the  governor,  lord  Macartney, whom,  af- 
ter the  capture  of  the  island  by  the  French, 
he  accompanied  back  to  England.     When 
his  patron  and  friend  went  as  governor  to 
Madras,  he  attended  him  as  his  confidential 
seeretarj',  and  so  great  were  his  abilities, 
and  so  important  his  services,  that  on  his 
return  to  Europe  he  was  raised  to  the  dig- 
nity of  baronet,  and  received  in  the  most 
honourable  manner  a  pension  from  the  East 
India  company.     In  the   embassy  of  lord 
Macartney  to  the  court  of  China,  sir  George 
accompanied  his  noble  friend  as  secretary 
of  legation,  and  in  consequence  of  the  op- 
portunities of  information  which   he  had, 
and  the  judicious   observations  which   he 
made,  he  presented  to  the  world  a  very  va- 
luable and.interesting  account  of  that  mighty 
and  populous  empire,  2  vols.  4to.  and  three 
Svo.     Sir  George  was  intimate  with  men  of 
science  and  literature  throughout  Europe, 
and  was  made  honorary  doctor  of  laws  by 
the  university   of  Oxford.     Among   other 
things  he  published   a   translation  of  the 
medical  essays  of  Dr.  Storck,  a  physician 
of  Vienna.     He  died  in  London,  iSth  Jan. 
1801. 

Stebbing,  Henry,  an  English  divine, 
known  for  his  attacks  on  Hoadly  in  the  Ban- 
gorian  controversy,  and  on  Warburton  on 
the  publication  of  his  Divine  liCgation.  He 
died  1763,  chancellor  of  the  diocess  of  Sa- 
lisbury. His  other  works  arc,  sermons 
preached  at  Boyle's  lecture,  Svo. — Collec- 
tion of  Tracts,  Svo, — Sermons  on  Practical 


Christianity,  2  vols. — and  Tracts  agauist 
Dr.  JamcsForster  on  the  subject  of  Heresy. 
Stedman,  John  Gabrirl,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, author  of  a  narrative  of  an  expedition 
against  the  revolted  negroes  in  Surinam, 
with  80  plates,  2  vols.  4to.  The  work  in 
interesting  and  accurate,  as  he  was  pre- 
sent at  the  transactions  of  which  he  relate- 
the  history.  He  died  at  Tiverton,  1797, 
aged  52. 

Steele,  sir  Richard,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish writer.     He  was  born  in  Dublin, where 
his  father,  a  counsellor  at  law,  was  private 
secretary   to   the   duke    of  Ormond.     He 
came  very  young  to  England,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Charter-house,  where  he   had 
Addison  for  his  school-fellow.     In  1695,  he 
wrote  "  the  Procession"  on  Queen  Mary's 
funeral,  and  afterwards  obtained  an  ensign- 
cy  in  the  guards,  he  wrote  ''  the   Christian 
Hero,"  to  strengthen  his  mind  in  habits  of 
religion   and  virtue,  against  those  seducing 
pleasures  to  which  a  military  life  exposed 
him.     This  little  work,  valuable  for  the  mo- 
rality and  piety  of  its  contents,  was   dedi- 
cated to  lord   Cutts,  who   in  consequence 
noticed  him,  and  not  only  made  him  his  se- 
cretary, but  gave  him  a  captain's  commis- 
sion in  Lucas's  fusiliers.     His  first  comedy 
called  the  Funeral,  or  Love-a-la-Mode,  was 
acted  with  great  applause  in  1702,  and  the 
next  year  the  Tender  Husband  appeared, 
and   in  1704,  the   Lying  Lovers.     By  the 
friendship  of  Addison  he  was  introduced  to 
the  patronage  of  lords  Halifax  and  Sunder- 
land, and  obtained  the  appointment  of  Ga- 
zetteer, and  in  1709,  under  the  name  ot 
Isaac  Bickerstaff,  he  began  the  Tatler,  the 
first  number  of  which  was  published   12th 
April,  and  the  last  2d  Jan.  1711.     He  next 
engaged  with  Addison  in   the   Spectator, 
which  first  appeared  1st  March,  1711,  and 
afterwards  in  the  Guardian,  of  which   the 
first  number  appeared  12th  March,  1713. 
He  resigned  in. 1713,  the  place  of  commis- 
sioner of  the  stamp  office  which  he  held,  to 
sit  in  parliament  for   Stockbridge,  but  his 
parliamentary  career  was  short,  as  his  pa- 
pers in  the  Englishman   and  in  the  Crisis, 
were  voted  by  the  house  to  be  scandalous 
and  seditious  libels,  and  he  was  therefore, 
after  an  able  vindication   of   himself  in  a 
speech  of  three  hours,  expelled  by  a  majori- 
ity  of  245  against  152.     He  now   engaged 
in  defending  the  rights  of  the  house  of  Ha- 
nover, and  in  exposing  the  arts  of  the  pre- 
tender, and  in  reward  for  his  loyalty  he  was, 
on  the  accession  of  George  I.  made  survey- 
or of  the  royal  stables  at  Hampton  court, 
and  governor  of  the  royal  company  of  come- 
dians, and  in  1715,   knighted  by  the  king. 
In  the  first  parliament  of  the  new  monarch 
he  was  elected  member  for  Boroughbridgc 
in  Yorkshire,  and  after  the  suppression  of 
the  rebellion  he  was  made  one  of  the  com-= 
missioner?  of  the  forfeited  estates  in  Scot- 

^7 


SXE 


hand.     Though  engaged  in  offices  of  trust 
and  business,  Steele  did  not  forget  his  cha- 
racter as  a  writer,  but  occasionally  produced 
political  pamphlets.    His  account  of  the  Ro- 
man catholic  religion  throughout  the  world 
appeared  in  1715,  and   it  was   followed  by 
"  a  letter  from  the  earl  of  Mar  to  the  king," 
— a  second  volume  of  the  Englishman — the 
Spinster — a  Letter  to  Lord  Oxford  on  the 
Peerage  Bill — the  Crisis  of  Property — the 
Nation  a  Family, on  the  South  Sea  Scheme. 
During  the  publication  of  *'  the  Theatre,"  a 
periodical  paper,his  patent  of  governor  of  the 
comedians  was  withdrawn  1720,  but  though 
he   exerted   himself  against  the  intrigues 
of  the   lord  chamberlain,  he  never  could 
recover  it,  though  he  computed  the  loss  oc- 
casioned by  that  arbitrary  measure  little  less 
than  10,000/.    His  comedy  of  the  Conscious 
Lovers,  appeared  in  1722,  and  was  received 
with  great  applause,  and  procured  to  him  a 
present  of  500/.  from  the  king,  to  whom  it 
was  dedicated.     In  the  decline  of  life  Steele 
became  paralytic,  and  retired  to  his  seat  of 
Uangunnor  near  Caermarthen,  in  Wales, 
where  he  died  1st  Sept.1729,  and  was  very 
privately  interred.     He  was  twice  married, 
by  his  first  wife,  from  whom  he  inherited  a 
valuable  plantation  in  Barbadoes,  he  left  no 
children, and  by  the  second,  who  brought  him 
the  Welsh  estate,  he  had  one  son  and  two 
daughters.     As  a  writer  Steele  appears   a 
veiy  eminent  character.     The  versatility  of 
his  talents,  the  extent  of  his   information, 
and  the  deep  acquaintance  v/ith  polite  lite- 
rature, which  he   every  where  displayed, 
prove  him  to  be  an  author  of  no  ordinary 
rank,  who  would  perhaps  have   shone  to 
greater  advantage  if  not  united  with  the 
elegant  Addison.     Sir  Richard  in  his  pri- 
A  ate  character  was  very  eccenti'ic,  and  often 
exposed  himself  to  difficulties,  fi'om  which 
all  the  interest  and  the  ingenuity  of  his 
friends   were   required    to   extricate  him. 
Among  other  methods  which  he  adopted  to 
better  his  fortune  was  the  bringing  fish  alive 
to  market,  but  though  he  obtained  a  patent 
and  wrote  a  pamphlet  to  vindicate  hi»  plan, 
he  failed,  and  thus  heavily  narrowed  his  in- 
come. 

Steen,  John  a  painter  born  at  Leyden. 
He  studied  under  Brouwer,  andVan  Goyen, 
and  was  very  happy  in  his  delineation  of 
grotesque  and  comical  characters.  He  died 
1689,  aged  53. 

Steenwick,  Henry,  a  Flemish  painter, 
who  studied  under  John  de  Vries,  and  ex- 
celled chiefly  in  the  representation  of  archi- 
tectural subjects  and  the  inside  of  large 
buildings.  He  died  1603,  aged  53.  His 
son  was  also  an  artist  of  eminence,  and  died 
in  London  1640. 

Steevens,  George,  a  native  of  London, 

educated  at  Kingston  school,   and  King's 

college,  Cambridge.     He  applied  himself  to 

]',olite  litcraturcj  and  in  J  766,  published  20 

{>68 


of  Shakspcare's  plays  with  notes,  in  4  voW 
8vo.  and  his  abilities  as  an  annotator  were 
so  respectable,  that  Dr.  Johnson  joined  him 
to  himself  in  his  edition  of  the  immortal 
bard,  which  with  their  united  labours  ap^ 
peared  in  10  vols.  Svo.  1773.  The  text  of 
Shakspeare  was  particularly  familiar  to  this 
able  critic,  and  therefore  he  published  ano- 
ther edition  of  his  works  in  1793,  in  15  vols. 
Svo.  and  afterward  assisted  in  correcting 
the  proofs  of  Boydell's  splendid  edition  of 
the  great  dramatist.  He  died  at  his  seat, 
Hampstead,  1800. 

Si*EFANESCHi,  Johu  Baptist,  a  native  of 
Florence,  eminent  as  a  painter.  He  paint- 
ed historical  pieces,  and  also  sacred  sub- 
jects in  miniature,  for  the  collection  of  the 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany.  He  died  1659, 
aged  77. 

STEiNBOCK,Magnus,an  illustrious  Swede. 
After  distinguishing  himself  in  Holland  and 
Germany,he  followed  the  fortunes  of  his  mas- 
ter Charles  XH.  and  contributed  by  his  va- 
lour to  the  victories  of  Narva  and  ofPoland. 
During  the  absence  of  his  master  from  Swe- 
den he  governed  the  kingdom  with  wisdom 
and  moderation,  and  defeated  at  Gadem- 
busck  the  Danes,  who  attempted  to  disturb 
the  general  tranquillity.  He  afterwards 
advanced  against  Altona,  but  was  taken  at 
Tonningen,  and  died  a  prisoner  of  war  in 
the  castle  of  Frederickshaven,  23d  Feb. 
1717,  aged  53.  His  memoirs  have  appear- 
ed in  4  vols.  4to.  1765.  He  is  improperly 
called  by  some  writers  the  last  of  Swedish 
heroes. 

Stella,  James,  an  eminent  painter, 
born  at  Lyons,  1596.  He  was  much  no- 
ticed by  Cosmo  de  Medicis  at  Florence, 
and  during  a  residence  of  seven  years  exe- 
cuted some  excellent  pieces  of  painting, 
designing,  and  engraving.  He  afterwards 
went  to  Rome, where  he  continued  1 1  years, 
and  then  returned  to  Paris,  with  the  inten- 
tion of  going  to  Spain,  but  he  was  detained 
at  Paris  by  the  liberal  patronage  of  Lewis 
Xin.  and  died  there  of  a  tedious  consump- 
tion 1647.  His  pieces  are  much  admired, 
and  chiefly  exhibit  pastoral  scenes,  and  the 
plays  of  children.  His  brother  Francis  was 
also  eminent  as  a  painter,  but  inferior  to 
him.     He  died  1661. 

Stellini,  James,  a  native  of  Forly  in 
Italy,  professor  of  Divinity  at  Padua,  where 
he  died  1770,  aged  71.  He  was  an  ecclesi- 
astic, and  was  respected  as  a  man  of  learn- 
ing. He  wrote  on  ethics,  a  valuable  work 
published  4  vols.  4to.    Padua,  1778. 

Steno,  Nicholas,  a  Danish  anatomist, 
born  at  Copenhagen,  10th  Jan.  1638.  He 
studied  under  Bartholin,  and  afterwards 
travelled  over  Germany,  Holland,  France, 
and  Italy,  and  obtained  an  honourable  pen- 
sion from  Ferdinand  II.  grand  duke  of  Tus- 
cany, who  appointed  him  tutor  to  his  son. 
In  1669,  he  renounced  the  profestant  reli- 


STE 


STE 


gipn,  but  the  wish  of  his  sovereign  Christian 
V.  to  establish  him  as  professor  at  Copen- 
hagen, proved  abortive,  and  he  settled  in 
Italy,  and  became  an  ecclesiastic.  The  pope, 
in  approbation  of  his  conduct,  appointed 
him  apostolical  vicar  for  Germany,  and  bi- 
shop of  Titiopolis  in  Greece.  He  died  at 
Schwerin,  1686.  He  was  author  of  Elemen- 
torum  Myologiae  Specimen — Anatomical 
Observations  and  Discoveries,  1680,  12mo. 
— Latin  Discourse  on  the  Anatomy  of  the 
Brain,  12mo. 

Stephen,  St.  first  Christian  martyr,  was 
one  of  the  seven  deacons,  and  had  been  a 
disciple  of  Gamaliel.  He  was  in  A.  D.  33 
stoned  by  the  Jews,  on  a  charge  of  blas- 
pheming God  and  Moses,  and  in  his  death 
he  exhibited  the  meek  and  patient  sufferer, 
who  prayed  for  forgiveness  on  his  mur- 
derers. 

Stephen  I.  pope,  succeeded  to  the  papal 
chair  after  the  martyrdom  of  Lucius,  253. 
He  was  engaged  in  a  controversy  with  St. 
Cyprian  and  Firmilian,  about  rebaptizing 
penitents,  who  had  been  l)aptized  before  by 
heretics,  and  while  he  considered  the  im- 
posing of  hands  upon  such  persons  as  sutfi- 
cient  to  admit  them  into  the  church,  his  op- 
ponents held  a  contrary  doctrine.  He  suf- 
fered martyrdom  2d  Aug.  257,  in  the  perse- 
cution of  V'alentinian. 

Stephen  H.  a  Roman,  succeeded  to  the 
papal  chair  752,  after  another  pontiff  of  the 
same  name,  who  lived  only  three  days  after 
his  election.  He  was  attacked  by  Astolphus 
king  of  Lombardy,  who  seized  Ravenna, 
and  threatened  Rome,  and  in  his  distress 
he  applied  for  assistance  to  Constantine  Co- 
pronymus,  emperor  of  the  East,  who  being 
engaged  in  a  war  withArmenia,recommend- 
ed  his  fortunes  to  Pepin  king  of  France. 
Pepin  thus  reconciled  to  the  pope,  whom 
before  he  had  offended,  marched  into  Ital)', 
defeated  Astolphus,  and  stripping  him  of 
the  exarchate  of  Ravenna,  and  22  other 
towns,  he  bestowed  them  on  the  holy  see, 
and  thus  laid  the  foundation  of  the  tempo- 
ral power  of  Rome.  Stephen  died  26th 
April,  757. 

Stephen  IIL  a  native  of  Rome,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  vacant  chair,  768.  He 
tore  out  the  eyes  of  Constantine,  who  had 
usurped  the  chair  before  him,  and  died  772. 

Stephen  IV.  a  Roman,  elected  pope  af- 
ter Leo  III.  816.  He  again  consecrated 
Louis  the  Debonair  king  of  France,  and 
died  25th  Jan.  817. 

Stephen  V.  pope  after  Adrian  III.  885, 
died  after  a  weak  reign,  891. 

Stephen  VI.  was  elected  in  the  room  of 
the  antipope  Boniface  VI.  896.  He  ren- 
dered himself  ridiculous  and  unpopular  by 
causing  the  body  of  his  predecessor  For- 
mosus  to  be  dug  up,  and  to  be  tried  in  his 
pontifical  robes,  and  to  have  the  head  se- 
vered from  the  body  because  he  had  been 


his  enemy.  This  barbarous  conduct  revolt-' 
ed  the  affection  of  the  Romans,  who  ro6C 
against  their  pontiff,  and  at  last  strangled 
him  in  prison,  897. 

Stephen  VII.  successor  to  Leo  VI.  died 
933,  after  sitting  in  the  papal  chair  two 
years. 

Stephen  VIII.  a  German,  raised  to  the 
holy  see  after  Leo  VII.  939.  He  was  in* 
suited  and  his  face  disfigured  by  the  rebel- 
lious Romans,  and  died  942. 

Stephen  IX.  brother  of  Godfrey,  duke 
of  Lorraine,  was  elected  pope  1057,  after 
the  death  of  Victor,  and  died  the  next  year, 
29th  March,  at  Florence. 

Stephen,  of  Muret,  Saint,  son  of  the 
count  de  Thiers  in  Auvergne,  devoted  him- 
self to  a  religious  solitude,  and  passed  the 
last  50  years  of  his  life  on  the  mountains 
of  Muret,  where  he  founded  a  monastery. 
He  died  1124,  aged  78. 

Stephen  I.  St.  king  of  Hungary  after 
the  death  of  his  father  Geisa  997,  laboured 
earnestly  to  reform  the  barbarous  manners 
of  his  people.  After  defeating  some  in- 
surgents who  opposed  his  measures,  he  in- 
troduced Christianity  into  the  country,  and 
divided  the  kingdom  into  11  bishoprics. 
He  confirmed  the  wholesome  measures 
which  he  had  adopted  by  a  wise  code  of 
laws  in  55  chapters,  and  he  died  much  and 
deservedly  regretted  by  the  affection  of  hi* 
subjects  at  Breda,  1038.  He  was  ably  se- 
conded in  his  pious  and  benevolent  labours 
by  the  co-operation  of  his  virtuous  queen 
Gisela. 

Stephen,  of  Byzantium,  a  grammarian 
of  the  5th  century,  author  of  a  Geographi- 
cal Dictionary,  inaccurately  abridged  by 
Hermolaus  in  the  reign  of  Justinian,  and 
published  by  Gronovius,  fol.  1694,  Leyden, 
in  Greek  and  Latin,  with  the  learned  notes 
of  Berkelius. 

Stephen,  a  waivode  of  Moldavia,  in  the 
16th  century.  He  expelled  the  lawful  so- 
vereign of  Moldavia,  and  was  at  last,  in 
consequence  of  his  tyranny,  murdered  in 
his  tent  with  2000  of  his  attendants,  by 
the  indignant  Boyards. 

Stephen,  king  of  England,  was  third 
son  of  Stephen  earl  of  Blois,  by  Adela  the 
Conqueror's  daughter,  and  was  born  1105. 
By  well-concerted  measures  he  seized  the 
English  crown  1135,  and  thus  in  her  ab- 
sence dispossessed  the  lawful  sovereign, 
Matilda  the  daughter  of  Henry  I.  who  was 
wife  of  Henry  IV.  emperor  of  Germany. 
This  usurpation  was  soon  resented,  Matilda 
landed  with  an  army,  1139,  and  Stephen 
was  defeated  two  years  after  at  the  battle 
of  Lincoln,  and  taken  prisoner.  He  was 
exchanged  for  Robert  earl  of  Gloucester, 
the  illegitimate  brother  of  the  empress,  and 
on  his  liberation  so  managed  his  affairs  that 
he  at  last  triumphed  over  all  opposition, 
and-  Matilda,  unpopular  on  account  of  her 

669 


ST 


>j 


5TE 


pride,  ami  supercilious  conduct  to  the  ba- 
rons, left  the  kingdom  1147.  Stephen, 
however,  was  not  long  to  enjoy  peace,  and 
he  found  a  new  and  powerful  competitor  in 
Henry,  the  son  of  Matilda,  by  her  former 
marriage  with  Geoffrey  Plantagenet,  earl  of 
Anjou.  The  kingdom  was  for  a  while  dis- 
tracted by  civil  war,  till  at  last  wiser  senti- 
ments prevailed,  and  an  agreement  was 
made  between  the  two  rivals  1153,  by  which 
it  was  stipulated  that  Stephen  should  enjoy 
the  crown  during  his  life,  and  that  at  his 
death,  to  the  exclusion  of  his  son,  it  should 
descend  to  Henry.  Stephen  died  the  fol- 
lowing year,  and  Henry  peacefully  ascended 
the  throne, 

Stephens,  Henry,  a  celebrated  printer^ 
the  founder  of  the  family  of  that  name, 
born  at  Paris.  Of  the  many  valuable  books 
which  he  printed,  the  best  known  is  a  Psal- 
ter, in  five  columns,  published  1509.  He 
died  at  Lyons,  1520,  and  his  widow  mar- 
ried Colinseus,  a  printer  also  of  reputation, 
who  continued  the  business  of  the  family 
till  his  death  1547.  His  three  sons  were 
men  of  extraordinary  talents. 

Stephens,   Robert,   second   son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Paris  1503.     After 
receiving  a  good  education  be  was  admitted 
into  the  printing-office  of  his  father-in-law, 
Colinaeus,  and  in   1522  published  for  him- 
self a  New  Latin  Testament,  which  proved 
very  offensive  to  the  Paris  divines.     He  set 
up  for  himself,  and  married  soon  after  the 
daughter  of  Badius,  the  printer,  a  woman 
who  was  well  versed  in   Latin,  and  could 
thus  converse  with  the  learned  correctors 
of  the  press  whom  he  kept  in  his  house. 
His  great  Latin  Bible  appeared  in   1532, 
and  the  clamours  raised  against  him  10 
years   before   were  now  repeated  by  the 
doctors  of  the  Sorbonne,  because  he  had 
printed   the   notes  of  Calvin  to  his  work. 
Though   protected  by  Francis  L   who  had 
appointed   him  his  printer,  he  found  the 
virulence  of  his  enemies  particularly  point- 
ed against  him,  and  after  the  king's  death 
in  1547,  he  left  Paris  and  retired  to  Geneva, 
carrying  with  him,  it  is  said,  the  types,  and 
moulds  of  the  royal  press.     He  died  at 
Geneva,    1559.      In  his  business  he   was 
most  exact  and  particular,  he   undertook 
the  printing  of  none  but  good  books,  and 
so  solicitous  was  he  of  correctness,  that  he 
exposed  the  sheets  to  public  view,  and  pro- 
mised a  reward  to  such  as  could  discover 
errors.     His  mark  was   a  tree  branched, 
and  a  man  looking  upon  it,  with  the  words 
noli  altum  sapere,  to  which  he  added  some- 
times sed  time.     His  Hebrew  Bible,  8  vols, 
l6mo.  1544,  and  his   Greek  Testament,  2 
vols.   16mo.  1546,  called  mirificam,  from 
the  first  word  of  the  preface,  are  much  ad- 
mired.    He  was  not  only  a  good  printer, 
but  a  learned  man,  the  friend  of  Calvin, 
^eza,  Rivet,  and  others,  and  bis  Thesaurus 
<;70 


Linguae  Latinae,  4  vols.  fol.  is  an  astonish- 
ing monument  of  his  labour  and  erudition. 
He  wrote  also  an  Answer  to  the  Censures 
of  the  Sorbonne  Doctors  to  his  Bible.  He 
had  three  sons,  Henry,  Robert,  and  Fran- 
cis, and  one  daughter.  He  had  also  two 
brothers,  Francis  and  Charles ;  Francis 
worked  with  Colinaeus,  and  died  at  Paris, 
1550,  and  Charles,  the  youngest  of  the 
family,  wrote  several  valuable  books.  He 
went  into  Germany,  with  Lazarus  de  Baif, 
and  was  tutor  to  his  son.  He  afterwards 
studied  medicine  at  Paris,  and  took  his  de- 
grees, but  he,  however,  continued  the  pro- 
fession of  his  family,  and  was  appointed 
printer  to  the  king.  He  died  at  Paris  1564, 
leaving  only  one  daughter,  who  was  very 
learned.  He  wrote  more  than  30  works  on 
various  sul:9ects,  of  which  were  a  Histori- 
cal, Geographical,  and  Poetical  Dictionary 
— de  Vasculis,  8vo. — de  Re  Rustic^,  2  vols. 
Svo. 

Stephens,  Henry,  son  of  Robert,  just 
mentioned,  was  born  at  Paris,  1528.  He 
was  well  educated,  and  considered  as  the 
most  learned  of  his  learned  family,  and  the 
best  Grecian  of  his  time,  after  the  death 
of  Budaeus.  Before  he  applied  himself  as- 
siduously to  his  father's  business,  he  tra- 
velled into  Italy,  and  afterwards  visited 
Flanders  and  England.  Though  his  father 
left  Paris  for  Geneva,  he  still  continued  in 
France,  and  settled  there,  and  then  devoted 
himself  to  the  correct  printing  of  the  Greek 
classics,  and  other  valuable  authors,  of 
which  he  gave  most  elegant  and  learned 
editions.  He  was  liberally  patronised  by 
Henry  III.  and  sent  by  him  to  Switzerland, 
to  make  a  collection  of  manuscripts ;  but 
the  troubles  which  agitated  the  last  years 
of  that  monarch's  reign,  extended  to  Ste- 
phens, who  followed  his  father's  example, 
and  retired  to  Geneva.  Stephens  paid 
great  attention,  and  expended  large  sums 
for  the  completion  of  a  Greek  Thesaurus  ; 
but  when  he  expected  his  labours  to  be  re- 
warded, he  found  that  Scapula  the  printer, 
whom  he  confidentially  employed,  had  dis- 
honourably taken  a  copy  of  his  papers,  and 
offered  to  the  world  a  Lexicon  under  his 
name,  which  was  in  some  degree  well  re- 
ceived, and  thus  robbed  the  real  author  of 
the  merit  of  his  performance.  This  infa- 
mous conduct,  though  it  did  not  lessen  the 
reputation  of  Stephens,  was,  however,  the 
cause  of  his  ruin,  tbe  money  he  had  spent 
in  the  collection  was  irrecoverably  lost,  as 
the  Thesaurus  did  not  sell,  and  the  last 
years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  poverty  and 
distress.  He  died  in  an  hospital  at  Lyons, 
1598,  leaving  a  son  Paul,  and  two  daugh- 
ters, one  of  whom  had  married  Isaac  Ca- 
saubon.  Besides  the  Thesaurus,  a  most 
valuable  Avork,  he  wrote  Introduction  et 
I'Apologie  pour  Herodote,  3  vols.  Svo.  a 
popular  performance,   which  severely  rr?'- 


STE 


STf. 


fleeted  on  the  papists — de  Oris;ine  Mciido- 
rum — a  Version  of  Anacreon  in  Latin  ver- 
ses— Juris  Civilis  Fontes  ct  Rivi,  &c. 

Stephens,  Paul,  son  of  Henry,  was  very 
learned,  though  inferior  to  his  father.  He 
continued  liis  father's  business  at  Geneva, 
but  did  not  exhibit  the  same  correctness 
and  accuracy.  He  died  at  Geneva,  1627, 
aged  60,  leaving  a  son  Anthony,  the  last 
printer  of  the  family.  Anthony  turned  Ro- 
man catholic,  and  left  Geneva  for  Paris  ; 
but  though  he  was  for  some  time  printer 
to  the  king,  his  inattention  and  prodigality 
proved  his  ruin,  and  he  was  supported  for 
the  last  years  of  his  life  in  an  hospital, 
where  he  died,  1674,  aged  80.  With  him 
expired  the  glory  of  a  family,  which,  for 
five  generations,  had  laboriously  contribu- 
ted to  the  advancement  of  literature. 

Stephens,  Robert,  an  eminent  antiqua- 
i*y,  born  at  Eastington,  Gloucestershire, 
and  educated  at  Wotton  school,  from  which 
he  removed,  in  16S1,  to  Lincoln  college, 
Oxford.  He  afterwards  entered  at  the 
Middle  Temple ;  but  as  his  fortune  was 
easy,  and  his  fondness  for  polite  literature 
very  great,  he  did  not  apply  much  to  the 
study  of  the  law.  He  was  for  some  time 
Bolicitor  of  the  customs,  by  the  influence 
of  his  relation  Harley,  earl  of  Oxford,  and 
afterwards  historiographer  royal.  He  pub- 
lished lord  Bacon's  letters,  with  curious 
notes,  and  prepared  materials  for  an  histo- 
ry of  James  L  which  he  did  not  execute. 
He  died  at  Gravesend,  Gloucestershire, 
9th  Nov.  1732. 

Stephens,  John,  an  Englishman,  educa- 
ted at  Douay,  in  the  Romish  persuasion. 
He  espoused  the  fortunes  of  the  exiled 
James  H.  and  was  captain  in  the  army 
which  invaded  Ireland.  After  an  act  of 
amnesty  had  passed,  he  returned  to  Lon- 
don, and  commenced  writer.  Among  other 
valuable  works  he  published  a  continuation 
of  Dugdale's  Monasticon — and  a  Dictiona- 
ry, English  and  Spanish,  folio,  &c.  He 
died  about  1726. 

Stepney,  George,  an  English  poet  and 
statesman,  born  in  London,  1663.  He  was 
educated  at  Westminster  school,  and  Tri- 
nity college,  Cambridge,  where  he  formed 
an  intimacy  with  Charles  Montague,  after- 
wards lord  Halifax,  which  proved  the  source 
of  all  his  future  honours.  Though  he  had 
paid  his  court  to  James  IL  he  warmly  em- 
braced the  principles  of  the  revolution,  and 
was  employed  as  envoy  to  various  courts  in 
Germany,  and  though  his  abilities  were  not 
of  a  superior  cast,  he  was  very  successful 
in  his  embassies.  He  was  one  of  the  com- 
missioners of  trade,  and  died  at  Chelsea, 
1707,  and  was  buried  in  Westminster  ab- 
bey, where  a  pompous  inscription  marks 
the  place  of  his  remains.  He  is  ranked 
among  the  minor  poets,  and  besides  some 
parts   of  Juvenal,   he   wro^o   some    short 


pieces,  '"  where,"  says  Johnson,  '•  a  happy 
line  may  now  and  then  perhaps  be  found, 
though  there  is  neither  the  grace  of  wit, 
nor  the  vigour  of  nature." 

Sterne,  Laurence,  an  eminent  writer, 
descended  from  Sterne,  archliishop  of  York. 
He  was  born  at  Clomwell,  in  the  south  of 
Ireland,  24th  Nov.  1713,  where  his  father, 
an  officer  in  the  army,  was  then  stationed  ; 
and  after  being  nine  years  at  school,  at  Ha- 
lifax, "Yorkshire,  he  entered  at  Jesus  col- 
lege, Cambridge.  By  means  of  his  uncle, 
who  v/as  prebendary  of  York,  he  obtained 
the  living  of  Sutton,  and  afterwards  a  pre- 
bend in  York  cathedral,  and  by  the  interest 
of  his  wife  he  added  Stillington  living  to 
his  other  preferments.  In  1760  he  came  to 
London  to  commence  author,  and  in  1762, 
he  travelled  to  France,  and  afterwards  to 
Italy,  for  the  recovery  of  his  health  ;  but  a 
consumption  on  the  lungs  could  not  be  re- 
moved by  change  either  of  air  or  of  occupa- 
tion. He  died  1768,  in  London,  and  was 
buried  in  St.  George's  burial  ground,  Hano- 
ver square,  and  Garrick,  his  friend,  penned 
these  four  elegant  lines  for  his  epitaph  : 

Shall  pride  a  heap  of  sculptured  marble 

raise. 
Some  looi'thless,  unmour7iedf  titled  fool  to 

praise  ; 
^Qnd  shall  ice  not  by  one  poor  grave-stone 

learn. 
Where  genius,  wit,  andhicmour,  sleep  with 

Sterne  ? 

The  works  of  Sterne  consist  of  the  "  Life 
and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy,"  a 
sentimental  romance,  remarkable  for  its 
eccentricity,  and  for  an  interesting  delinea- 
tion of  characters,  but  not  without  occa- 
sional obscenity — a  Sentimental  Journey — 
sermons — letters,  published  since  his  death. 
He  is  accused  of  plagiarism  by  Farrier, 
who  discovers  several  striking  parallel  pas- 
sages in  Burton's  Anatomy  of  Melancholy, 
bishop  Hall's  works,  and  other  ancient 
books. 

Sternhold,  Thomas,  an  English  poet, 
born  in  Hampshire  according  to  Wood, 
and  educated  at  Winchester  school  and 
Oxford,  which  he  left  without  a  degree. 
He  was  groom  of  the  robes  to  Henry  VIII. 
and  had  100  marks  left  him  by  that  king's 
will,  and  he  continued  in  the  same  office 
with  his  successor.  In  his  principles  ho 
was  a  rigid  reformer,  and  was  so  highly 
offended  at  the  obbcenc  songs  which  were 
then  in  vogue,  that  he  turned  into  English 
metre  51  of  David's  Psalms  for  the  use  of 
the  courtiers,  instead  of  lascivious  sonnets. 
These  were  gradually  introduced  into  paro- 
chial churches,  and  are  still  in  repute, 
though  the  more  elegant  version  of  Tate  and 
Brady,  and  that  of  Merrick,  recommend 
themselves  more  powerfully  to  the  atten- 
tion nf  {ho  mi!?'>ai  rsr.     Of  the  rest  of  the 

671 


STE 


SJi 


Psalms,  5S  were  translated  by  Hopkins,  a 
contemporary  poet,  and  the  remainder  by 
I^Torton  and  other  hands.  No  other  com- 
position of  his  is  now  extant.  He  died  in 
London,  1549. 

Stesichorus,  a  Sicilian  poet,  distin- 
guished also  as  a  statesman.  He  died  at 
Catana,  in  Sicily,  at  the  age  of  80.  His 
compositions  have  perished. 

Steubkn,  Frederic  William  baron  de, 
major-general  in  the  army  of  the  American 
revolution,  was  a  distinguished  Prussian 
officer,  who  had  served  for  many  years  in 
the  army  of  Frederic  the  Great,  had  been 
one  of  his  aids,  and  attained  the  rank  of 
lieutenant-general.  He  came  from  France 
to  America  in  November,  1777,  with  high 
recommendations  to  congress,  to  which  he 
offered  himself  as  a  volunteer  to  serve  in 
whatever  department  he  could  render  him- 
self Hseful.  He  was  soon  appointed  in- 
spector-general, with  the  rank  of  major- 
general,  and  was  of  the  greatest  service  to 
the  army,  by  introducing  a  system  of  uni- 
form manoeuvres.  He  fought  as  a  volun- 
teer at  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  and  had 
command  in  the  trenches  in  Yorktown,  on 
the  day  that  concluded  the  contest  with  the 
British.  He  was  an  accomplished  gentle- 
man, an  able  officer,  and  virtuous  citizen. 
He  died  at  Steubenville,  New- York,  No- 
vember 28th,  1794.  ICT'  L. 

Stevens,  George  Alexander,  a  native  of 
London.  He  was  brought  up  to  a  mecha- 
nical profession,  but  quitted  it  for  the  stage. 
The  life  of  a  theatrical  hero,  however,  did 
not  produce  him  popularity  or  fame,  and 
lie  had  recourse  to  a  different  mode  of  sup- 
port. For  several  years  he  travelled  over 
the  kingdom,  and  even  extended  his  excur- 
sions to  America,  lecturing  on  heads,  in  a 
style  amusing  and  facetious,  but  often  ver- 
ging to  licentiousness  and  sarcastic  ribald- 
ry ;  and  having  thus  gained  a  comfortable 
income,  he  disposed  of  his  lectures  and  of 
his  heads  to  Lee  Lewis.  This  eccentric 
character  died  at  last  in  a  mad-house, 
1784.  He  was  author  of  Tom  Fool,  a  no- 
vel, 2  vols.  l2mo. — some  farces,  songs,  &c. 
— besides  the  Dramatic  History  of  Master 
Edwards,  in  which  he  censured  and  ridi- 
culed his  old  friend  and  companion  Shuter. 

Stevens,  Alexander,  an  architect  of 
great  merit,  who  died  1796,  in  a  good  old 
age.  The  bridge  over  the  Liffey  in  Dub- 
lin, the  aqueduct  over  the  Lune  at  Lan- 
caster, and  the  locks  in  the  grand  canal  of 
Ireland,  are,  among  many  other  public 
works,  lasting  and  honourable  monuments 
of  his  skill,  perseverance,  and  ingenuity. 

Stevens,  William  Bagshaw,  a  native  of 
Abingdon,  educated  at  the  grammar  school 
there,  and  at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship,  and  took 
the  degree  of  D.D.  He  became  usher,  and 
afterwards  master,  of  Repton  school,  Der- 
672 


byshire,  and  by  the  patronage  of  the  Har- 
pur  family,  he  was  presented  to  the  recto- 
ry of  Seckindon,  Warwickshire,  and  the 
vicarage  of  Kingsbury.  He  died  1800, 
aged  45.  He  wrote  Retirement,  a  poem 
in  blank  verse,  1782,  4to. — Indian  Odes, 
4to. — idyls  in  the  Topographer — and  some 
poetical  pieces  in  the  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine, and  other  periodical  works. 

Stevens,  Palamedes,  an  English  paint- 
er, born  in  London,  died  1638,  aged  31. 
He  was  descended  from  Flemish  parents, 
and  studied  his  art  at  Delft.  His  battles 
and  encampments  possess  great  boldness 
and  beauty.  His  brother  Anthony  excelled 
in  the  representation  of  conversations  and 
in  portraits,  and  died  1680. 

Stevin,  Simon,  a  native  of  Bruges,  who 
instructed  prince  Maurice  of  Nassau  in  ma- 
thematics, and  was  made  superintendent  of 
the  dykes  of  Holland.  It  is  said  that  he 
invented  the  sailing  chariots  which  were 
for  some  time  adopted  by  the  Dutch.  He 
died  1635.  He  is  author  of  a  Treatise  on 
Statics — Geometrical  Problems — Mathe- 
matical Memoirs — de  Portuum  investigan- 
dorum  Ratione,  &c.  His  mathematical 
works  written  in  Flemish,  have  been  trans- 
lated into  Latin  by  Snellius,  2  vols,  folio. 

Stewart,  sir  James,  a  Scotch  baronet, 
who  died  1789,  aged  76.  He  is  author  of 
an  Apology  of  sir  Isaac  Newton  on  Ancient 
Chronology — and  a  Treatise  on  Political 
(Economy,  a  work  of  great  merit,  and  re- 
plete with  much  information,  though  writ- 
ten in  a  negligent  style. 

Stewart,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Rotbsay 
in  the  isle  of  Bute,  who  after  studying  un- 
der his  father,  who  was  the  minister  of  the 
parish,  went  to  Glasgow  university,  to  de- 
vote himself  to  theology.  He  afterwards 
studied  mathematics  at  Edinburgh,  where 
he  succeeded  his  master  Maclaurin  in  the 
mathematical  chair.  He  died  at  Edin- 
burgh, 1785,  aged  68.  He  was  author  of 
tracts,  physical  and  mathematical,  on  the 
Theory  of  the  Moon,  the  distance  of  the 
Sun  from  the  Earth,  &c.  1761— Proposi- 
tiones  More  Veterum  Demonstratae — gene- 
ral Theorems,  published  when  he  succeed- 
ed to  the  professor's  chair,  &c. 

Stifelius,  Michael,  a  protestant  divine 
of  Germany.  He  was  born  at  Estingen, 
and  died  at  Jena,  1567,  aged  58.  He 
wrote,  in  German,  a  Treatise  on  Algebra — 
another  on  the  Calendar,  &c.  He  foretold 
that  the  end  of  the  world  would  happen  in 
1553,  but  he  lived  to  witness  the  fallacy 
of  his  calculations,  and  the  disgrace  of  his 
prophetical  knowledge. 

Stiles,  Ezra,  D.D.  president  of  Yale 
college,  was  born  at  New-Haven,  Con- 
necticut, December  15,  1727,  and  gradua- 
ted at  Yale  in  1746,  with  a  high  reputation 
for  talents  and  acquirements.  In  1749  he 
was  chosen  a  tutor  in   that  seminarvj  arfd 


STl 


H'Xl 


)ield  the  place  six  years.  In  the  mean 
time  he  studied  theology,  and  preached  oc- 
casionally, but  at  length  he  turned  his  at- 
tention to  law,  and  employed  hinvscll"  in  its 
practice  at  New-Haven,  a  year  or  two.  In 
1755  he  returned  to  the  pulpit,  and  settled 
at  Newport,  llhode-Island,  where  he  con- 
tinued till  his  congregation  was  dispersed 
by  the  war  in  177G.  lie  then  preached  for 
some  time  at  Portsmouth  ;  but  being  chosen 
to  the  presidency  of  the  college  in  1777,  he 
■went  thither,  and  entered  on  the  duties  of 
the  office  in  July  the  following  year.  He 
remained  in  that  station  till  his  death  in 
May,  1795,  in  his  68th  year.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  learned  men  the  country  has  pro- 
duced. He  was  critically  familiar  with  the 
languages  of  the  classics,  and  with  the  He- 
brew, and  had  made  large  acquisitions  in  the 
knowledge  of  the  other  oriental  dialects.  He 
ivas  also  well  versed  in  mathematics  and 
philosophy,  and  a  skilful  theologian;  zealous 
and  impressive  as  a  preacher,  and  a  decided 
friend  to  the  liberties  of  his  country.  His 
publications  were  not  numerous,  but  he  left 
more  than  40  vols,  of  manuscripts.     iTf'  L. 

Stillingfleet,  Edward,  an  eminent 
prelate  descended  from  an  ancient  York- 
shire family,  and  born  at  Cranbourn,  Dor- 
setshire, 17th  April,  1635.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  fellow,  and  by  the  patron- 
age of  his  friend  sir  Roger  Burgoyne,  of 
Wroxall,  Warwickshire,  he  obtained  in 
1657  the  rectory  of  Sutton.  He  in  1659 
published  his  Irenicum,  or  Weapon-Salve 
for  the  Church's  Wounds,  which,  though 
written  with  great  ability,  gdve  offence  to 
some  of  the  churchmen  of  the  times,  but 
he  added  afterwards  a  discourse  to  another 
edition  of  it,  to  conciliate  the  favour  of  all 
parties.  His  greatest  work,  "  Origines 
Sacrae,  or  a  Rational  Account  of  Natural 
and  Revealed  Religion,"  appeared  in  1662, 
and  though  produced  by  a  young  man  only 
27  years  old,  astonished  every  reader  for 
its  erudition,  elegance,  strength,  and  clear- 
ness of  argument.  Thus  recommended  to 
public  favour  by  his  abilities,  he  was  ap- 
pointed preacher  of  the  Roll's  chapel,  and 
in  1665  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  St. 
Andrews,  Holborm  He  afterwards  gradu- 
ally advanced  through  preferments,  be- 
came lecturer  to  the  Temple,  chaplain  to 
the  king,  canon  of  St.  Paal's,  prebendary  of 
Canterbury,  dean  of  St.  Paul's,  and  in 
1689  wa^>  raised  to  the  see  of  Worcester. 
He  died  of  the  gout  at  his  house.  Park- 
street,  Westminster,  March  27th,  1699, 
and  was  buried  in  his  cathedral,  where  an 
inscription,  written  by  Dr.  Bentley,  was 
placed  on  his  tomb.  By  his  first  wife,  who 
lived  few  years  with  him,  he  had  two 
daughters  who  died  young,  and  a  son  Ed- 
ward ;  and  by  his  second,  who  died  a  little 
before  him,  he  had  seven  children,  of  whom 

Vol.  tl,  S5 


only  iwu,  .Joseph  and  Anne,  survived  him. 
Stillingfleet  wrote  besides,  some  contro- 
versial books  agaiiiht  ih»;  drists,  Socinians, 
papists,  and  dissenters,  and  In.-  was  c-ngagcd 
in  the  latter  part  of  life  with  Locke,  some 
part  of  whose  Essay  on  Human  Under- 
standing, seemeil  to  strike  at  the  Mysteries 
of  Revealed  Religioti.  His  works  arc  thr 
composition  of  an  able  scholar,  deep  di- 
vine, and  a  sound  argumentative  philoso- 
pher. They  were  collected  and  published 
altogether  in  1710,  in  6  vols,  folio. 

Stillingfleet,  Benjamin,  an  einiiujiii 
naturalist  and  poet,  grandson  of  the  Bishop. 
His  father  Edward,  rector  of  Wood-Nor- 
ton, Norfolk,  displeased  his  fatlierby  mar- 
riage, and  the  displeasure  of  the  bishop 
proved  injurious  to  his  posterity.  He  died 
l708,  and  Benjamin,  his  only  son,  after 
being  educated  at  Norwich  school,  entered 
at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  but  here  h-; 
was  disappointed  of  a  fellowship,  by  the  in- 
terference of  Bentley,  the  master,  who  had 
been  his  father's  friend,  and  his  grandfa- 
ther's chaplain.  Thus  thrown  upon  the 
world,  he  travelled  through  Italy,  and  by 
the  friendship  of  lord  Barrington  he  ob- 
tained the  place  of  barrack-master  at  Ken- 
sington. He  also  succeeded  to  some  pro- 
perty on  the  death  of  his  friend  Mr.  Wynd- 
ham  of  Norfolk,  with  whom  he  had  tra- 
velled abroad,  and  applied  himself  assidu- 
ously to  the  study  of  history  and  botany. 
He  died  at  a  saddler's  in  Piccadilly,  15th 
Dec.  1771,  aged  69,  leaving  some  valuable 
papers  behind  him.  He  was  never  mar- 
ried, in  consequence,  it  is  said,  of  a  severe 
disappointment  in  his  youthful  affections. 
He  was  buried  in  St.  James's  church.  His 
works  are  "  the  Calendar  of  Flora,"  1761 
— Miscellaneous  Travels,  8vo. — the  Prin- 
ciples and  Powers  of  Harmony,  4to. — Es- 
say on  Conversation,  1757,  a  poem,  an^l 
other  poems  in  Dodsley's  collection — some 
thoughts  concerning  happiness,  &c. 

Stillman,  Samuel,  D.D.  minister  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  was  born  in  Phila- 
delphia, February  27th,  1737.  His  pa- 
rents removed  to  Charleston,  South  Caro- 
lina, when  he  was  young,  and  he  received 
his  education  at  an  academy  there.  In 
1759  he  was  ordained  to  preach,  and  soon 
after  settled  in  a  baptist  society  at  James' 
Island,  but  the  next  year  he  removed  to 
Bordentown,  New-Jersey,  and  two  yeais 
after  to  Boston,  where  in  1765  he  was  in- 
stalled pastor  of  the  second  baptist  church. 
He  continued  in  that  station  labouring  with 
great  diligence  and  popularity  till  his  death 
in  March,  1807.  He  was  distinguished  for 
his  excellence  as  a  man,  and  his  eloquence 
as  a  preacher.  He  possessed  a  clear  and 
vigorous  mind,  a  conunanding  voice,  and 
was  zealous,  pathetic,  and  convincing. 

Stith,  William,  president  of  William 

673 


STO 


ST» 


and  Mavy  college,  Virginia,  ^tvas  born  in 
that  colony,  and  for  several  years  employed 
in  it  with  reputation  as  a  minister.  After 
having  held  his  office  in  the  college  for  a 
considerable  time,  he  retired  from  it  about 
the  year  1740,  and  in  1747  published  a 
History  of  the  Discovery  and  Settlement 
ef  Virginia  to  the  year  1624.  He  was  a 
classical  scholar,  and  faithful  as  a  historian, 
but  too  minute  in  his  details.       iCj^  L. 

Stob.eus,  John,  author  of  a  valuable 
collection  of  extracts  from  ancient  poets 
and  philosophers,  translated  into  Latin  by 
Gesner,  Genera,  1608,  was  a  learned  Greek 
of  the  fifth  century. 

Stock,  Christian,  a  German  orientalist, 
born  at  Canburg,  1672.  He  was  professor 
at  Jena,  and  died  1733,  highly  respected 
for  learning.  He  wrote  Disputationes  de 
Pcenis  Hebraeorum  Capitalibus — Clavis 
Linguae  Sanctae  Veteris  Testam. — and  No- 
vi  Testam.  &.c. 

Stockade,  Nicholas  de  Helt,  a  native  of 
Nimeguen,  1614,  eminent  as  a  painter. 
He  was  the  pupil  of  Ryccaert,  and  excelled 
as  a  portrait  and  historical  painter. 

Stockton,  Richard,  a  lawyer  of  New- 
Jersey,  who  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
1748,  and  devoting  himself  to  the  law,  soon 
rose  to  unrivalled  reputation  and  success, 
by  his  superior  talents  and  integrity.  He 
was  appointed  to  the  office  of  judge,  both 
under  the  provisional  government,  and  after 
the  adoption  of  the  constitution  in  1776, 
and  discharged  the  duties  of  the  station 
•with  distinguished  ability  and  uprightness. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  congress  of  1776, 
and  signed  the  declaration  of  independence. 
He  was  an  accomplished  scholar  and 
statesman,  a  persuasive  speaker,  and  an 
exemplary  Christian.  He  died  on  the  1st 
of  March,  1781.  rCP  L. 

Stoddard,  Solomon,  minister  of  North- 
ampton, Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Bos- 
ton, in  1643,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1662.  He  was  after  wai'ds  a  fellow 
of  that  institution.  In  1672  he  was  set- 
tled at  Northampton,  where  he  preached 
•with  little  interruption  till  his  death  in  1729. 
He  possessed  extensive  learning,  was  par- 
ticularly familiar  with  religious  controver- 
sies, and  an  acute  disputant  on  such  sub- 
jects. He  obtained  for  himself  great  no- 
toriety in  the  churches  of  New-England  by 
bis  publications  in  controversy  with  Dr.  In- 
crease Mather,  in  which  he  taught  that  all 
baptized  persons  not  scandalous  in  their 
lives,  might  partake  of  the  Lord's  Supper, 
and  was  the  instrument  of  extensively  in- 
troducing that  custom.  Mr.  Stoddard  was 
a  zealous  and  impressive  preacher,  and 
highly  successful  in  his  ministry.  He  was 
succeeded  by  the  Reverend  Jonathan  Ed- 
wards. iCJ^  L. 

Stoffler,  John,  a  native  of  Justingen  in 
Swabia.     He  taught  mathematics  at  Tii- 
674 


bingeu  with  great  reputation,  but  he  lost 
his  good  name,  and  the  fame  of  superior 
knowledge,  by  terrifying  Europe,  in  the 
prediction  of  a  dreadful  deluge  which  was 
to  overwhelm  the  best  part  of  the  world, 
1 524.  He  was  author  of  various  works  in 
mathematics  and  astrology,  and  died  Feb. 
1531,  aged  79.  He  had  foretold  that  he 
should  die  by  a  fall,  and  in  reaching  for  a 
book  in  his  library,  a  large  shelf  fell  upon 
his  head,  and  he  died  a  few  days  after. 

Stofflet,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Lune- 
ville,  who  for  some  years  served  in  the  army 
as  a  private  soldier.  During  the  French 
revolution  he  warmly  espoused  the  cause 
of  royalty,  and  assembling  a  band  of  men. 
of  similar  feelings  with  his  own,  he  seized 
Bressuire,  and  maintained  himself  with 
vigour  and  success  against  the  troops  of  the 
convention.  Mildness  affected  what  mili- 
tary art  could  not  do,  and  Hoche  prevailed 
upon  this  courageous  chief  to  lay  down  his 
arms,  and  to  be  reconciled  to  the  existing 
government.  Stofflet  agreed  to  an  armis- 
tice in  1795,  but  soon  after  his  conduct  was 
interpreted  by  the  suspicious  republicans, 
as  subversive  of  the  treaty,  and  as  he  was 
defenceless,  he  was  easily  seized  and  drag- 
ged to  Angers,  where  he  was  shot,  23d 
Feb.  1796,  in  his  44th  year.  This  active 
and  heroic  leader,  who  thus  fell  a  victim  to 
the  cruelty  of  the  convention,  was  during 
the  short  space  of  two  years,  present  at  laO 
battles,  where  he  not  only  displayed  valour, 
but  generally  ensured  the  victory.  He 
showed  in  his  last  moments  the  same  intre- 
pidity which  had  marked  the  whole  of  his 
life. 

Stone,  John,  an  English  painter,  best 
known  as  an  able  copier  in  the  reigns  of  the 
two  Charles.  He  studied  under  Cross, 
but  spent  37  years  to  improve  himself 
abroad,  and  was  well  skilled  in  several  lan- 
guages. He  died  24th  Aug.  1653,  at  Lon- 
don. 

Stone,  Edmund,  a  self-taught  mathema- 
tician, son  of  the  gardener  of  the  duke  of 
Argyle.  Though  not  nurtured  by  educa- 
tion, he  yet  acquired,  by  the  feeble  assist- 
ance of  the  duke's  butler,  and  his  OAvn  in- 
defatigable industry,  a  most  correct  and 
extensive  knowledge  of  arithmetic  and  ma- 
thematics. The  duke  accidentally  found 
him,  when  18  years  old,  reading  Newton's 
Principia,  and  his  grace  had  the  good 
sense  to  give  encouragement  to  such  pow- 
ers of  genius,  and  he  therefore  transplanted 
him  from  obscurity  and  manual  labour  to  a 
comfortable  situation,  where  he  devoted 
himself  to  study,  and  produced  some  valu- 
able works.  He  died  about  1750.  His 
works  are  a  Mathematical  Dictionary — a 
treatise  on  Fluxions — an  edition  of  Euclid's 
Elements,  2  vols.  8vo.  &.c.  He  is  de- 
scribed by  Ramsay  as  a  man  of  the  utmost 
modestv. 


STO 


S'JO 


Stone,  Nicholas,  an  able  staUiary  uiidiT 
.Tfamcs  I.  and  his  son  Charles.  I  lo  was  em- 
ployctl  as  chief  architect  in  the  luiildino;  of 
the  banqueting  liouse,  ^Vhitehall,  and, 
amonp;  other  works,  the  j^ate  and  porch  of 
St.  Mary's  church,  Oxford,  are  beautiful 
specimens  of  his  abilities.  The  best  known 
of  his  monuments  is  that  erected  for  the 
Bedford  family,  for  which  he  received 
1120/.  He  died  1617,  aged  61,  leaving 
two  sons,  Nicholas  and  Henry,  also  emi- 
nent in  their  profession.  The  younger  of 
these,  who  died  1653,  was  also  an  excellent 
painter,  and  copied  some  of  Vandyck's 
pieces  with  admirable  effect. 

Stone,  John  Haskin.s,  governor  of  Ma- 
ryland, entered  the  army  of  the  revolution 
at  an  early  period  a  captain  in  Smallwood's 
regiment,  and  distinguished  himself  at  the 
battles  of  Long-Island,  White  Plains, 
Princeton,  and  Germantown,  in  the  last  of 
which  he  received  a  wound  which  disabled 
him  for  further  service.  He  was  afterwards 
appointed  a  member  of  the  executive  coun- 
cil of  Maryland,  and  in  1794  governor  of 
that  state,  in  which  office  he  continued 
three  years.  He  Avas  respected  as  an 
amiable,  Jiberal,  and  upright  citizen,  as 
well  as  a  brave  soldier  and  zealous  friend 
of  liberty.     He  died  in  1804.     ICT'  L. 

Stone,  Thomas,  a  member  of  the  Ame- 
rican congress  from  the  state  of  Maryland, 
and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  declaration 
of  independence,  was  a  lineal  descendant 
of  William  Stone,  who  was  governor  of 
Maryland  during  the  protectorship  of  Oli- 
ver Cromwell.  He  was  born  in  Charles 
county,  in  that  province,  in  the  year  1743, 
at  Pointon  Manor,  the  seat  of  his  father, 
David  Stone  ;  and  received  his  education 
Tinder  the  care  of  a  Scotch  gentleman  of 
distinguished  erudition  and  taste,  who  re- 
sided as  a  teacher  in  his  paternal  neigh- 
bourhood. After  completing  his  academi- 
cal course,  he  studied  law  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Thomas  Johnson,  esquire,  in  the 
city  of  Annapolis,  and  engaged  in  tlae  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  with  high  reputation. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  American  con- 
gress in  1776,  when  the  declaration  of  in- 
dependence was  signed,  and  stood  forth 
among  the  champions  of  his  country's 
rights  and  honour  at  that  trying  period. 
Mr.  Stone  was  again  member  of  congress, 
when  general  Washington  resigned  his  of- 
fice as  commander-in-chief  of  the  American 
armies.  In  the  year  1787  he  was  appoint- 
ed one  of  the  delegates  from  Maryland  to 
attend  the  convention  which  met  in  Phila- 
delphia in  that  year,  and  formed  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States  ;  but  domes- 
tic circumstances  constrained  him  to  de- 
cline accepting  the  appointment,  and  in  the 
autumn  of  the  same  year  he  died,  in  the 
forty-fourth  year  of  his  age.  This  patriotic 
and  worthy  man  was  repeatedly  a  member 


of  the  senate  of  ijis  native  atate  diiriu;;  the 
intervals  of  hi;*  congressional  :  civic;,  and 
was  in  a  variety  of  w:iys  H.  voted  lo  the  wel- 
fare of  his  country.  1 U:  was  honoured  in  his 
life  and  lamented  in  his  death.    ';\ij"  L. 

Stone,  David,  governor  of  North  Caro- 
lina, was  a  native  of  that  state,  and  after 
having  been  a  member  of  tho  legislature,  a 
judge,  a  representative,  and  a  senator  in 
congress,  was  in  1803  chosen  governor. 
He  was  afterwards  again  clecicd  to  a  seat 
in  the  United  States  senate,  but  resigned 
in  1814,  and  died  October  7th,  1818. 

Stonehouse,  sir  James,  a  physician  and 
divine  of  great  eminence.  He  was  born  at 
Tubney,  in  Berkshire,  1716,  and  after  re- 
ceiving his  education  at  Winchester  school, 
and  St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  he  applied 
himself  to  medical  studies^  under  the  in- 
struction of  Dr.  Nicholls.  He  afterwards 
travelled  abroad,  and  then  settled  at  Co- 
ventry, from  which  he  removed  to  North- 
ampton, where  his  benevolence  was  strong- 
ly displayed  in  the  erection  of  the  county 
infirmary.  Though  for  some  years  inclined 
to  the  principles  of  infidelity,  in  the  de- 
fence of  which  he  even  wrote  a  book 
against  revealed  religion,  three  times  edit- 
ed, he  gave  way  to  better  thoughts,  and  by 
reading  the  books  of  the  best  divines,  es- 
pecially Doddridge's  Rise  and  Progress  of 
Religion,  he  became  a  convert  to  the  opi- 
nions of  the  English  church.  In  proof  of 
his  sincerity,  though  in  full  and  extensive 
practice,  ensured  by  an  experience  of  twen- 
ty years,  he  took  orders  and  obtained  the 
lectureship  of  All  Saints,  Bristol.  He  af- 
terwards was  presented  to  the  livings  of 
Great  and  Little  Cheverell,  in  Wiltshire, 
where  he  devoted  himself  not  only  to  the 
promotion  of  the  spiritual  comfort  of  his 
parishioners,  but  the  composition  of  useful 
works  in  the  cause  of  religion  and  virtue. 
As  a  preacher  he  was  eloquent  and  im- 
pressive, and  his  discourses  always  carried 
conviction  to  the  heart,  and  disposed  the 
mind  to  more  than  the  outward  and  barren 
profession  of  Christianity.  In  1791,  on 
the  extinction  of  the  elder  branch  of  his 
family,  settled  at  Radley,  Berkshire,  he 
succeeded  to  the  title  of  baronet,  and  died 
at  Bristol,  1795.  His  works  are  very  nu- 
merous, and  all  on  religious  subjects,  and 
some  of  them  have  been  recommended  by 
the  society  for  the  promotion  of  Christian 
knowledge.  His  friendly  Advice  to  a  Pa- 
tient has  been  frequently  edited.  An  ac- 
count of  his  life  was  prefixed  by  Mr.  Sted- 
man  to  his  letters,  which  were  published 
in  1800, 12mo. 

Storage,  Stephen,  a  musician  and  com- 
poser of  eminence.  The  public  have  paid 
deserved  approbation  to  his  music  for  the 
Haunted  Tower,  the  Siege  of  Belgrade,  No 
Song  no  Supper,  &c.  and  to  several  pieces 

675 


.STO 


ixTR 


compv»i.e(i  I'of  Ihc  Italian  opcru.  This  pro- 
mising musician,  who  was  so  rapidly  rising 
in  reputation  and  in  opulence,  died  of  a  fe- 
ver, 1796,  aged  33. 

Storck,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Saxony, 
who  abandoned  the  tenets  of  Luther  to 
found  the  sect  of  the  anabaptists  with  Mun- 
cer.  By  the  most  extravagant  doctrines, 
and  by  assuming  the  powers  of  a  sovereign, 
he  gained  numerous  adherents,  and  when 
banished  from  Saxony  he  retu'ed  to  Swabia 
and  Franconia,  where  his  opinions  were 
eagerly  embraced  by  the  deluded  multitude. 
The  military  power  was  at  last  exerted  to 
silence  his  preaching,  and  to  disperse  his 
followers,  and  after  being  guilty  of  the 
grossest  excesses,  he  escaped  to  Poland, 
1627,  and  afterwards  settled  at  Munichj 
where  his  sect  again  raised  its  head,  and 
spread  its  influence  into  Moravia.  He 
died  soon  after,  in  the  greatest  poverty. 

Stork,  Abraham,  a  Dutch  painter, 
whose  sea  pieces,  sea  ports,  and  other  ma- 
rine views,  were  grently  admired.  He  died 
1708.  His  brother  was  a  good  landscape 
painter,  to  whom  the  sublime  views  of  the 
Rhine  afforded  many  objects  for  the  em- 
ployment of  his  pencil. 

Stocffacher,  Werner,  a  native  of  the 
canton  of  Schwitz,  who  in  1307  joined 
Furst,  Melchtall,  and  Tell,  in  the  destruc- 
tion of  Grisler,  the  oppressive  governor  of 
the  country.  This  small  band  of  heroes 
succeeded  in  their  attempts,  and  overturned 
the  Austrian  government,  and  restored 
their  country  to  its  original  independence. 
Their  names  are  still  held  in  honour,  and 
celebrated  in  the  national  songs  of  Switzer- 
land, and  will  never  fail  to  excite  their  pos- 
terity to  deeds  of  heroism  and  glory. 

SirouGHTON,  Vv'illiam,  lieutenant-gover- 
nor of  Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Dor- 
chester in  1632,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1650.  He  became  a  minister, 
and  preached  with  great  acceptance,  but 
leaving  that  profession,  he  was  in  1671 
chosen  a  magistrate,  and  in  1677  sent  to 
England  as  an  agent  of  the  colony.  After 
his  return  he  became  a  member  of  the 
council  and  chief  justice  of  the  province, 
in  which  office  he  condemned  to  death 
some  of  the  unfortunate  persons  who  were 
accused  of  witchcraft.  In  1692  he  was  ap- 
pointed lieutenant-governor,  and  for  a 
number  of  years  was  commander-in-chief 
cf  the  province,  and  exercised  a  popular 
administration.  He  died  in  1701.  He 
was  distinguished  for  learning,  upright- 
ness, patriotism,  and  liberality.  He  pre- 
sented to  Harvard  college  1000^  with 
which  a  hall  bearing  his  name  was  erected. 

ICP  L. 
Stow,  John,  an  eminent  English  anti- 
quary, born   in   Cornhill,  London,  about 
1525.     It  is  supposed  that  he  was  bred  up 
^o  his  father's  business,  which  wns  th^t  of 
676 


a  taiiGr.     lie  removed  from  Cornhiii  to 
Aldgate,  and  then  settled  for  the  rest  of  his 
life  in  Lime-street  ward.     In  1560  he  began 
to  make  a  collection  for  his  Chronicle,  and 
whatever  was  illustrative  of  the  history  and 
antiquities  of  the  country,  was  the  object  of 
his  indefatigable  researches.      These  stu- 
dies, however,  Avere  not  productive  at  first 
cf  fame,  much  less  of  gain,  and  he  would 
have  abandoned  them,  had  not  Parker,  the 
primate,  stepped  to  his  aid,  and  honourably 
contributed  to  his  support  and  encourage- 
ment.    His  first  work  was  a  "  Summary  of 
the   Chronicles  cf  England,  from  the  co- 
ming in  of  Brute  to  his  own  Time,"  1573, 
begun  at  the  request  cf  lord  Robert  Dud- 
ley, whose  grajidiather  Edmund  had,  du- 
ring liis  confinement  in  the   Tower,  laid 
the  foundation  of  this  work  in  bis  "  Tree 
of  the  Commonwealth."     Afterwards,   in 
1598,  appeared  his  "Survey  of  London," 
containing  the   original,  antiquity,  &c.  of 
that  city,  4to.  and  in  1600  he  published  his 
"  Flores  Historiarum,   or  Annals  of  this 
Kingdom,  from  the  Times  of  the  Britons 
to  bis  ov/n,"  dedicated  to  Whitgift,  the  pri- 
mate.    This  last  work  was  an  enlargement 
of  his  "Summai-j-,"  but  even  in  that  state 
was  little  less  than  an  abridgment   of  a 
larger  work,  which  he  had  prepared,  and 
which  his  printer  was  afraid  to  undertake. 
In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  Stow  was  re- 
duced to  indigent  circumstances  ;  he  peti- 
tioned twice  the  corpoj'ation   of  London, 
whose  history  he  had  by  his  labours  eluci- 
dated ;  but  the  relief  he  received  is  un- 
known.    He  also  obtained  a  brief  from  the 
king,  to  collect  the   benevolent  contribu- 
tions of  well-disposed  people  for  his  sup- 
port, and  after  thus   devoting  himself  for 
upwards  of  40  years  to  develope  the  histo- 
ry, and  to  illustrate  the  antiquities  of  his 
country,  and  suffering  the  infirmities  of  old 
age,  added  to  the  horrors  of  indigence,  he 
fell  a  victim  to  the  stone-colic,  5th  April, 
1C05,  aged  about  80,  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  St.   Andrew  Undershaft,  where 
his  wife  erected  a  monument  to  record  his 
name.     To  the  high  merits  of  an  able  histo- 
rian, and  indefatigable  antiquarian,   Stow 
united  all  the  virtues  of  private  life.     He 
wrote  for  the  public, he  adhered  to  truth,  and 
recorded  nothing  either  through  fear,  or  en- 
vy, or  favour.  He  had  transcribed  many  va- 
luable MSS.  the  originals  of  which  he  could 
not  obtain,  and  he  travelled  afoot  to  the 
various  cathedrals,  in  search  of  authentic 
papers.      Camden  purchased  some  of  his 
MSS.  for  which  he  allowed  him  an  annuity 
of  SI. 

Strabo,  a  native  of  Amasa,  in  Cappado- 
cia,  in  the  reign  of  Augustus  and  Tiberius, 
celebrated  as  a  geographer  and  historian. 
Of  his  works  only  his  valuable  Geographj" 
is  extant,  best  edited  at  Amsterdam,  2  vds. 
fol.  T  707. 


STR 


bTR 


,  Strada,  Famianus,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
born  at  Rome.  He  taught  there  rhetoric, 
and  wrote  several  treatises  on  oratory  and 
other  subjects.  His  Prolusiones  Acadcmi- 
cae — and  his  Historia  de  Bello  Belgico, 
have  been  much  admired  for  their  correct- 
ness, the  elegance  of  the  language,  and  the 
purity  of  the  style,  though  he  has  been  at- 
tacked and  severely  censured  by  Scioppius, 
Rapin,  and  even  Bolingbrokc.  He  died  at 
Rome,  1649,  aged  77. 

Strada,  John,  or  Stradanits,  a  Fle- 
mish painter,  born  at  Bruges,  1536.  He 
studied  in  Italy,  and  settled  at  Florence, 
■where  he  died  1604.  His  hunting  pieces, 
and  his  historical  pieces  also  selected  from 
sacred  subjects,  were  much  admired,  and 
were  thought  worthy  to  rank  with  those  of 
Salviati,  Volterra,  &.c. 

Straeten,  N.  Vander,  a  Dutch  painter, 
born  in  1680,  who  acquired  celebrity  by  his 
landscapes.  He  travelled  over  Europe  as 
a  painter,  and  as  a  man  of  pleasure,  and 
luined  his  purse  and  his  constitution  by 
intemperance  and  debauchery,  to  which  he 
fell  an  early  victim. 

Strafford,  Thomas  Wentworth,  earl 
of.     Vid.  Wentworth. 

Strahan,  William,  a  native  of  Edin- 
burgh. After  serving  his  time  with  a  print- 
er in  his  native  town,  he  came  to  London, 
and  by  his  assiduity  soon  rose  to  eminence 
in  his  profession.  He  purchased,  in  1770, 
a  share  of  the  patent  place  of  king's  piinter, 
and  in  1775  sat  in  parliament  for  Malmes- 
bury,  and  in  the  next  parliament  for  Wot- 
ton-Basset.  Thus  raised  by  his  ovrn  me- 
rits to  distinction  and  to  opulence,  he  be- 
came the  friend  of  the  learned,  and  was 
ever  ready  to  contribute  to  the  comfort  of 
those  whose  mental  exertions  had  promoted 
his  elevation.  Among  his  particular  friends 
was  Dr.  Johnson,  and  it  is  no  small  proof 
of  his  discernment  and  loyalty  that  he  at- 
tempted to  introduce  this  great  philosopher 
into  the  house  of  commons,  though  lord 
]Nortb,  to  whom  it  was  earnestly  proposed, 
did  not  finally  accede  to  the  measure.  Mr. 
Strahan  died  17S5,  aged  70,  and  left  by  his 
will  the  interest  of  1000/.  to  the  company 
of  stationers,  to  be  distributed  in  annuities 
of  5/.  each  to  poor  and  infirm  printers. 

Straight,  John,  rector  of  Findon,  in 
Sussex,  to  which  he  was  presented  by  Mas,'- 
dalen  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  was  fel- 
low, was  author  of  some  poems  in  Dods- 
loy's  collection,  much  in  the  style  of  Prior. 
He  was  presented  by  bishop  Hoadly  to  a 
prebend  in  Salisbury  cathedral,  but  injured 
Lis  propert)  by  turning  farmer  to  maintain 
his  family,  and  died  poor  about  1740,  leav- 
ing a  widow  and  six  children.  His  ser- 
mons, in  2  vols.  8vo.  were  published  after 
his  death  for  the  benefit  of  his  family. 

Strange,  sir  Robert,  an  eminent  engra- 
ver, born  at  Pomona,  in  the  Orkneys,  July 


14,  1721.     He  .studied  the  law,  but  his  ge- 
nius pointed   a  di(r(r«iit  path  io  eminence, 
and  his  sketches  and  other  drawings  appear- 
ed so  highly  bnisbed,  that  he  was  placed  by 
his  friends  under  the  care  of  Mr.  R.  Coop- 
er, of  Edinburgh.     His  progress   to   fame 
was,  however,  arrested   by   the   rebellion, 
he  joined  the  pretender,  and  after  the  ruin 
of  his  aflairs,  he  wandered   for  some  time 
a  fugitive  in  the  highlands,  and  at  last  not 
without  alarm  returned  to  Edinburgh,  and 
then  passed  to  London,  with  the  intention 
of  visiting  Rome.     He  was  at  Rouen,  and 
at  Paris,  where  he  studied  under  Le  Bas, 
and   had   the   first  knowledge    of  the   dry 
needle,  an  instrument  which  his  genius  af- 
terwards so  much  used  and  improved.     In 
1751,  he  settled  in  London,  and  began  to 
be  distinguished  as  an  historical  engraver, 
of  which  art  he  may  be  said  to  be  the  fa- 
ther in  England.     In  1760  he  visited  Italy, 
where   every  where  he  was  received   with 
respect  and  attention,  and  honourably  elect- 
ed member  of  the  learned  schools  of  Rome, 
Florence,  and  Bologna,  and  made  professor 
of   the   Royal    academy   of   Parma,    and 
member  of  the  Royal  academy  of  painting 
at  Paris.     He  was  knighted  by  the  king  in 
1787,  and  died   of  an   asthma,  5th  July, 
1792.     His  works  are  greatly  admired,  and 
about  50  capital  plates  are  still  preserved  by 
his  family.     In  private  life  he   was  a  most 
worthy  and  amiable  man.     A  widow,  three 
sons,  and  one  daughter,  survived  him,  and 
succeeded  to   a  very  comfortable  indepen- 
dence, 

Strauchixis,  Giles,  a  native  of  Wittem- 
berg.  He  studied  at  Leipsic,  and  after- 
wards was  appointed  professor  of  divinity 
in  his  native  town,  from  which  he  was  in- 
vited to  go  and  preside  over  the  university 
of  Dantzic  as  rector  and  theological  pro- 
fessor. The  disputes  which  then  prevailed 
between  the  protestants  and  catholics,  pre- 
vented his  settlement,  and  soon  after  on  his 
way  to  Hamburgh,  he  was  arrested  by  or- 
der of  the  elector  of  Brandenburg,  on  ac- 
count of  some  improper  allusions  made  by 
him  in  the  pulpit.  He  was  soon  after  re- 
leased, and  died  16S2,  aged  50.  He  is  au- 
thor of  Breviarium  Chronologicum,  transla- 
ted into  English  by  Salt — Breviarium  His- 
toricum — Geogra})hia  Mathematica — Doc- 
trina  Astrorum  Mathematica,  &c. 

Streater,  Robert,  an  English  painter, 
eminent  for  his  pieces  in  history,  architec- 
ture, and  perspective.  At  the  restoration 
he  was  made  sergeant  painter  to  Charles  II. 
and  died  in  1680,  inconsequence  of  being 
cut  for  the  stone,  aged  56.  His  great 
works  are  in  the  Theatre  at  Oxford — Moses 
and  Aaron  in  St.  Michael's  church,  Corn- 
hill— The  battle  of  the  Giants  and  of  the 
Gods,  at  sir  Robert  Clayton's,  &.c. 

Streek,  Jurian  Van,  a  Flemish  painter, 
whose  works  are  much  admired.     He  was 

677 


STR 


STR 


liappy  in  representing  death  and  melancholy 
subjects.  He  died  1678,  aged  46.  His 
son  Henry  excelled  as  an  historical  paint- 
er, and  died  1713,  aged  54. 

SxRiGELius,  Victorius,  a  native  of  Kauf- 
hier,  in  Swabia,  one  of  the  first  Oi"  Luther's 
disciples.  He  taught  theology  and  logic  at 
Leipsic,  but  his  disputes  with  Francowitz, 
and  his  opposition  to  some  of  Luther's 
principles,  rendered  him  unpopular,  and  he 
was  deposed  and  imprisoned  by  his  ene- 
mies. He  was  afterwards  professor  of 
anorality  at  Heidelberg,  where  he  died  26lii 
June,  1569,  aged  45,  He  wrote  Notes  on 
the  Ancient  and  New  Testament,  and  other 
works  now  little  known. 

Strobelberger,  John  Stephen,  a  native 
of  Gratz,  in  Styria,  who  took  his  doctor's 
degree  in  medicine,  at  Montpellier,  1605. 
He  became  imperial  physician  at  the  baths 
of  Carlsbad,  and  died  1630.  He  wrote 
Oalliae  Politico-Medica  Descriptio,  12mo. 
— Historia  Montpcliensis,  12mo. 

Strong,  Joseph,  an  English  musician, 
■who  died  at  Carlisle,  1798.  Though  blind 
from  his  infancy,  he  became  an  able  me- 
chanic, and  constructed  an  organ  on  which 
he  played  with  astonishing  execution.  He 
made  all  his  own  garments,  and  left  a  great 
number  of  figures,  &c.  as  memorials  of  his 
extraordinary  perseverance  and  great  inge- 
nuity. 

Strong,  Caleb,  LL.D.  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, was  born  at  Northampton,  in 
that  state,  in  1744,  and  educated  at  Harvard 
university,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1764. 
He  studied  law  and  established  himself  in 
practice  in  his  native  town.  He  took  an 
early  and  decided  part  in  the  cause  of  li- 
berty at  the  commencement  of  the  revolu- 
tion, andivasin  1775  appointed  one  of  the 
committee  of  safety,  and  in  1776  elected 
to  a  seat  in  the  state  legislature.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  convention  which  in  1779 
formed  a  constitution  for  the  state,  and  on 
the  organization  of  the  government  under 
it  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  senate.  He 
was  two  5'ears  after  appointed  to  a  seat  on 
the  bench  of  the  supreme  court,  but  decli- 
ned the  office.  He  was  chosen  in  1787  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  framed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and 
also  of  the  state  convention  which  was  ap- 
pointed to  sanction  that  constitution,  and 
exerted  himself  to  procure  its  acceptance. 
On  the  organization  of  the  new  govern- 
ment, he  was  advanced  to  a  seat  in  the 
United  States'  senate.  His  first  election  to 
the  chief  magistracy  of  Massachusetts  took 
place  in  1800,  and  he  continued  in  the  of- 
fice seven  years.  He  was  again  elected  in 
1812,  and  retained  the  station  till  1816, 
when  he  retired  from  public  life,  and  died 
in  November,  1820.  He  possessed  a  clear 
and  vigorous  understanding,  and  an  excel- 
lent judgment,  and  was  an  accomplished 
678 


scholar,  jurist,  and  statesman.  He  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  various  important 
offices  which  he  sustained  by  his  intelli- 
gence, wisdom,  uprightness,  patriotism, 
and  fidelity,  and  was  justly  ranked  among 
the  ablest  and  most  useful  of  his  cotempo- 
raries.  He  was  equally  eminent  in  private 
life  for  his  social  virtues,  benevolence,  and 
piety.  fCj^  L. 

Strong,  Nathan,  a  distinguished  con- 
gregational minister  of  Hartford,  Connec- 
ticut, was  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Nathan 
Strong,  of  Coventry,  in  that  state.  He 
was  educated  at  Yale  college,  and  was  gra- 
duated in  1767.  He  afterwards  resided 
some  time  at  that  seminary  as  a  tutor,  and 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first  church  in 
Hartford,  January  5th,  1774,  where  he 
continued  greatly  respected,  and  labouring 
with  distinguished  assiduity  and  success 
until  his  death,  December  25th,  1816,  in 
the  69th  year  of  his  age.  He  held  the  first 
rank  among  his  associates  in  the  ministry, 
in  talents,  learning,  and  usefulness.  He 
was  especially  distinguished  for  the  energy 
and  penetration  of  his  mind,  his  sagacity, 
sound  judgment,  and  intuitive  discernment 
of  character,  and  the  keenness  and  vivacity 
of  his  wit.  He  was  a  profound  theologian, 
a  classical  scholar,  and  excelled  in  his 
knowledge  of  the  distinguished  men  and 
events  of  his  time.  His  sermons  were 
marked  by  gi-eat  ingeniousness  and  energy 
of  thought,  and  simplicity  of  style,  and 
were  delivered  with  dignity  and  force. 
His  publications  were  two  volumes  of  ser- 
mons— and  Benevolence  and  Misery — a 
volume  in  vindication  of  the  doctrine  of 
Future  Punishment.  He  was  also  editor 
of  the  Evangelical  Magazine,  and  contribu- 
ted largely  to  its  pages.  ?CIi^  L. 

Strong,  Simeon,  LL.D.  was  appointed 
a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Massa- 
chusetts in  1800.  He  was  born  at  North- 
ampton in  1735,  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1756,  and  died  at  Amhei'st,  Decem- 
ber 14th,  1805.  He  was  distinguished  in 
early  life  as  an  intelligent  and  industrious 
student,  was  several  years  a  preacher,  but 
his  health  not  permitting  his  continuance 
in  that  employment,  he  engaged  in  the  study 
of  law,  and  I'ose  to  eminence  in  the  profes- 
sion. He  was  several  years  a  member  of 
the  house  of  representatives  and  senate  of 
Massachusetts,  previous  to  his  appointment 
as  a  judge.  He  was  a  man  of  great  excel- 
lence of  character,  and  enjoyed  in  an  emi- 
nent degree  the  respect  of  his  acquaintance. 

Strozzi,  Titus  and  Hercules,  father  and 
son,  were  Latin  poets  at  Ferrara.  Their 
works,  which  consist  of  elegies  and  son- 
nets, and  possess  merit,  tvere  published  to- 
gether at  Venice,  1  vol.  8vo.  1513.  The  fa- 
ther died  1502,  aged  80,  and  the  son  was 
killed  by  a  rival,  1508. 


STK 


Slli 


Stuozzi,  Cyriaco,  a  learned  Florentine, 
born  1504,  and  called  a  peripatetic  philoso- 
pher as  be  supported  the  doctrines  of 
Aristotle,  to  whose  eight  books  on  politics 
be  added  a  ninth,  and  a  tenth,  in  Cireek 
and  Latin,  and  in  the  most  able  man- 
ner. He  was  professor  of  Greek  and  of 
philosophy  at  Florence,  Bologna,  and  Pisa, 
and  died  1665,  aged  61.  His  sister  Lau- 
rentia,  a  nun,  was  well  skilled  in  the  learn- 
ed languages,  and  wrote  some  Latin  hymns 
on  the  festivals  of  the  church. 

Strozzi,  Julius,  an  Italian  poet.  He 
wrote  Venetia  £Edificata,1624,  fol.  an  admi- 
red poem,  on  the  origin  of  Venice,  and 
also  another  heroic  poem.  He  died  1636. 
Strozzi,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Florence, 
distinguished  as  a  poet.  His  Sylvae  of  Par- 
nassus, Idyls,  and  sonnets,  all  in  Italian, 
are  much  admired.  He  wrote  two  trage- 
dies, besides  David  of  Trebizond,  and  Con- 
radin,  and  died  1654,  aged  64. 

SxRrDELL,  Peter,  a  German  painter, 
born  in  the  Tyrol.  He  settled  at  Vienna, 
where  he  adorned  the  churches  and  other 
public  buildings  with  his  admirable  paint- 
ings.    He  died  there  1717. 

Struensee,  Count,  a  physician,  who  by 
bis  abilities  recommended  himself  to  the  no- 
tice of  the  king  of  Denmark.  He  became 
prime  minister,  and  maintained  his  power 
by  great  talents  in  politics  and  in  negotia- 
tion ;  but  his  imprudent  partiality  for  the 
queen,  Caroline  Matilda,  proved  fatal  to 
bim.  The  queen  mother,  determined  to 
ruin  this  favourite,  caused  by  her  intrigues 
his  arrestation,  and  that  of  bis  friend 
Brandt,  and  Struensee,  falsely  accused  of 
an  improper  intercourse  with  Matilda,  but 
guilty  of  treasonable  practices  for  the  pre- 
servation of  his  power,  was  conducted  to 
the  scaffold,  26th  July,  1772.  The  unfor- 
tunate Matilda,  banished  from  the  presence 
and  the  protection  of  her  husband,  was  de- 
manded back  by  her  brother,  the  king  of 
England,  and  she  retired  to  Zell  in  Ha- 
nover, where  she  died  of  a  broken  heart, 
1776. 

Strutt,  Joseph,  an  English  antiquary, 
author  of  a  dictionary  of  Engravers,  4to. 
— an  historical  treatise  on  the  manners  and 
customs  of  ancient  inhabitants  of  England, 
2  vols.  4to.  translated  into  French  by  Bou- 
lard.     He  died  1787. 

Struvius,  George  Adam,  professor  of 
jurisprudence  at  Jena,  and  counsellor  to  the 
dukes  of  Saxony,  was  born  at  Magdebourg, 
and  died  15th  December,  1692,  aged  73. 
He  was  twice  married,  and  was  father  of 
26  children.  He  wrote  Syntagma  Juris 
Feudalis,  and  Syntagma  Juris  Civilis,  Uvo 
works  of  great  merit. 

Struvius,  Burcard,  Gotthelf,  one  of  the 
sons  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Wei- 
mar, and  afterwards  settled  at  Jena,  where 
he  engaged  in  his  father's  profession,  and 


was  equally  esteemed.  He  died  173*5,  aged 
67.  He  published  Anticjuitaiuui  Komana- 
rum  Syntagma,  4to.— Bibliotheca  Histori- 
ca  Sclecta,  8 vo.— Syntagma  Juris  Publici, 
4to. — SyntagmuHistoria;  Gcrmania;,  2  vols, 
fol. — Historia  Misnensis,  Svo. — a  History 
of  Germany,  in  German — Itroductio  ad 
Notitiam  Rei  Literariae,  et  Usuni  Bibliothc- 
carum,  &c. 

Struts,  John,  a  Dutchman,  who  began 
to  travel  in  1647,  and  visited,  in  three  dif- 
ferent journeys,  Madagascar,  Japan,  the 
Levant,  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean, 
Muscovy,  and  Persia.  He  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  his  travels  which  were  published 
by  Glanville,  Amsterdam,  1681,  4to.  and 
afterwards  in  three  vols.  l2mo.  at  Rouen, 
&c.     He  died  about  1680. 

Strype,  John,  a  learned  editor,  born  in 
London,  of  German  parents.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Catherine-hall,  Cambridge,  and  in 
16CD,  was  presented  to  the  living  of  They- 
don-boys,  Essex,  which  he  the  same  year 
resigned  for  Low  Leyton.  He  had  also  a 
sinecure,  the  gift  of  Tenison  the  primate, 
and  was  lecturer  of  Hackney,  where  he 
died,  13th  Dec.  1737,  at  a  great  age,  hav- 
ing been  in  possession  of  his  vicarage  63 
years.  He  published  the  lives  of  archbi- 
shops Cranmer,  Grindal,  Parker,  and 
"Whitgift,  of  Aylmer,  bishop  of  London,  of 
sir  Thomas  Smith,  of  sir  J.  Cheke,  and 
also  ecclesiastical  memorials,  3  vols. — An- 
nals of  the  Reformation,  4  vols,  folio — the 
2d  vol.  of  Lightfoot's  works — Stow's  Sur- 
vey of  London. 

Stuart,  Arabella.  Vid.  Seymour. 
Stuart,  James,  an  eminent  architect, 
born  in  London,  1713.  The  death  of  his 
father  left  him  and  his  mother  and  three 
children  in  very  indigent  circumstances, 
but  his  genius  began  early  to  shine  forth, 
and  his  abilities  were  successfully  exerted 
and  employed  to  support  his  orphan  family 
by  painting  fans  for  a  person  in  the  Strand. 
While  thus  honourably  engaged,  he  direct- 
ed his  attention  to  the  acquisition  of  other 
branches  of  science,  and  by  assiduity  he 
obtained  a  perfect  knowledge  of  anatomy, 
geometry,  painting,  the  mathematics,  and 
architecture,  to  which  he  joined  a  tolerable 
acquaintance  with  Greek  and  Latin.  After 
his  mother's  death,  he  settled  his  brother 
and  sisters  in  a  comfortable  situation,  and 
with  scanty  resources  set  out  to  visit  the 
antiquities  of  Rome  and  Athens.  He  most- 
ly travelled  on  foot  through  Paris,  and  when 
he  reached  the  capital  of  Italy,  he  was  so 
fortunate  as  to  form  an  intimacy  with  Mr. 
N.  Revett,  an  able  architect  and  painter. 
With  this  worthy  associate  he  continued 
his  journey  to  Athens,  and  there  for  five 
years,  till  1755,  remained  laboriously  em- 
ployed in  making  drawings,  and  in  taking 
the  measures  of  the  remarkable  places  of 
this   venerable  citv.     Their  perseverance 

679 


STL' 


STL 


was  supported  and  encouraged  by  the  kind- 
ness of  sir  Jacob  Bouverie  and  Mr.  Daw- 
kins,  who  were  then  at  Athens,  spectators 
of  the  magnificent  remains  of  that  classi- 
cal spot.  The  result  of  their  useful  labours 
appeared  in  1  vol.  folio,  1762,  under  the 
title  of  the  Antiquities  of  Athens,  measured 
and  delineated  by  J.  Stuart  and  N.  Revett. 
The  merit  of  this  publication  recommended 
Stuart  to  the  patronage  of  the  great,  he 
was  taken  into  the  society  of  Mr,  Dawkins, 
and  noticed  by  lords  Anson  and  Rocking- 
ham, and  others,  and  was  appointed  sur- 
veyor of  Greenwich  Hospital.  This  re- 
spectable character  was  twice  married  ;  by 
his  first  wife  he  had  one  son,  who  died  an 
infant ;  by  the  second,  whom  he  married 
in  his  67th  year,  he  had  four  children,  the 
eldest  of  whom  died  of  the  smallpox  in 
1787,  and  by  his  death  undermined  the 
feeble  constitution  of  his  father,  who  sur- 
Tived  him  but  a  few  weeks.  He  died  at  his 
house  in  Leicester-square,  2d  Feb.  1788, 
aged  76,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Martin's 
church  in  the  fields.  Two  more  volumes 
have  appeared  since  his  death,  one  in  1790, 
published  by  Mr.  Newton,  the  other  in 
1794,  by  Mr.  Revely.  Mr.  Stuart  is  best 
known  by  the  deserved  surname  of  the 
Athenian  Stuart. 

Stuart,  Gilbert,  a  Scotch  historian, 
born  in  1742,  at  Edinburgh,  where  his  fa- 
ther was  university  professor.  He  was 
well  educated  and  intended  for  the  law, 
which,  however,  his  natural  indolence 
made  him  abandon  for  the  less  laborious 
pursuit  of  elegant  literature.  Before  the 
completion  of  his  22d  year,  he  published 
his  historical  dissertation  concerning  the 
antiquity  of  the  British  constitution ; 
which  was  so  admired  that  the  university 
granted  him  the  degree  of  LL.D.  He  af- 
terwards published  his  view  of  Society  in 
Europe,  in  its  progress  from  rudeness  to 
refinement,  an  ably  written  composition  ; 
but  his  labours  did  not  sufficiently  re- 
commend him  in  his  application  for  the  law 
professorship  of  the  university,  and  when 
disappointed,  he  came  to  London,  where 
he  continued  from  1768  to  1774,  to  write 
for  the  Monthly  Review.  In  1774  he  re- 
turned to  Edinburgh,  but  his  attempts  to 
establish  there  a  Review  and  Magazine  fail- 
ed, and  in  1782  he  again  visited  London, 
and  took  a  share  in  the  Political  Herald, 
and  the  English  Review.  Intemperance 
brought  on  here  complicated  disorders,  and 
when  labouring  under  an  attack  of  the 
jaundice  and  of  the  dropsy,  he  returned  to 
Scotland  by  sea,  and  died  in  his  father's 
house,  13th  Aug.  1786.  He  published  be- 
sides. Observations  concerning  the  Public 
Law,  and  Constitutional  history  of  Scot- 
land— the  history  of  the  Reformation  in 
Scotland — the  history  of  Scotland  from  the 
reformation  to  Mary's  death,  in  which  he 
680 


ably  defends  the  character  of  that  unfortu- 
nate queen  against  Dr.  Robertson  and 
other  writers.  Though  popular  as  an  au- 
thor, and  intelligent  as  a  man  of  letters, 
Stuart  was  entitled  to  little  praise  for  the 
laxity  of  his  principles,  and  the  dissolute- 
ness of  his  morals  ;  for  as  Mr.  Chalmers 
observes,  he  wantonly  considered  ingrati- 
tude as  the  most  venial  of  sins. 

Stuart,  Robert,  marquis  of  London- 
derry, viscount  Castlereagh,  was  born  June 
I8th,  1769.  He  commenced  his  parlia- 
mentary career,  as  member  for  tl^e  county 
of  Dover,  Ireland.  In  1797,  he  became 
chief  secretary  to  the  Viceroyalty  of  Ire- 
land, and  assisted  to  bring  about  the  union 
of  that  country  with  Great  Britain.  After 
the  union  he  was  appointed  privy  council- 
lor, and  president  of  the  board  of  control  ; 
and  in  1805,  minister  of  war,  which  station 
he  occupied  with  the  exception  of  two  short 
intervals,  during  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
His  predominant  influence  in  the  cabinet  is 
dated  from  the  death  of  Mr.  Percival  in 
1811;  after  which  event  he  was  virtually  at 
the  head  of  the  administration,  and  repre- 
sented it  as  ambassador,  in  all  the  most 
important  negotiations  on  the  continent. 
His  life  was  terminated  by  his  own  hand, 
August  12th,  1822  ;  when  it  is  supposed  he 
was  labouring  under  mental  derangement. 

Stubbe,  Henry,  a  learned  writer,  born 
at  Partney,  Lincolnshire,  28th  Feb.  1631. 
He  was  sent  to  Westminster  school,  and 
Busby  commended  and  rewarded  his  extra- 
ordinary abilities.  In  1649  he  was  elected 
to  Christ-church,  and  distinguished  himself 
there  by  his  zeal  and  his  learning.  When 
bachelor  of  arts,  he  went  and  served  in  the 
parliamentary  army  in  Scotland,  and  after 
he  had  been  admitted  to  his  master's  degree, 
he  was  in  1657  appointed  under  librarian 
to  the  Bodleian.  As  he  refused  to  conform 
to  the  orders  of  government,  he  was  ejected 
from  his  offices  and  retired  to  Stratford  on 
Avon  to  practise  physic,  to  the  study  of 
which  he  had  formerly  applied  himself.  In 
1661  he  went  to  Jamaica  as  king's  physician 
to  the  island,  but  soon  returned  in  conse- 
quence of  the  unfavourable  climate.  He 
afterwards  settled  at  Warwick,  and  then  at 
Bath,  where  he  acquired  considerable  prac- 
tice. He  was  intimate  with  Hobbes,  whom 
he  supported  against  Dr.  Wallis,  and  against 
the  new  establishment  of  the  royal  society, 
and  in  consequence  of  this  controversy,  in 
which  he  ably  maintained  the  ancient  doc- 
trines of  the  schools  of  the  Aristotelian  phi- 
losophy, he  made  a  severe  attack  on  Mr. 
Glanvill,  and  charged  him  and  the  other 
members  of  the  society  with  the  intention 
of  undermining  the  universities,  destroying 
the  established  religipn,  and  introducing 
popery.  His  enemies  fairly,  however,  ac- 
cused him  of  inconsistency,  as  before  the 


5^TU 

restoration  be  had  abused  monarchy,  uni- 
versities, churches,  and  all  ancient  esta- 
blishments, while  he  defended  the  conduct 
and  principles  of  his  early  friend  and  patron 
sir  Henry  Vane.  After  a  life  chcMjuered 
"ivith  accidents  and  controversial  quarrels, 
this  extraordinary  man  was  unfortunately 
drowned,  12th  July,  1676,  while  crossing 
the  river  two  miles  from  Bath.  The  body 
was  taken  up  the  next  mornings  and  when 
buried  in  the  great  church,  Bath,  a  funeral 
sermon  was  preached  over  him,  probably 
with  little  commendation,  by  his  antagonist 
Glanvill  the  rector.  As  a  man  of  erudition, 
of  extensive  information,  an  accomplished 
scholar,  an  able  and  ready  disputant,  Stubbe 
deserves  the  highest  praise.  In  other  re- 
spects he  was  strongly  deficient  in  common 
discretion,  wavering  in  his  principles,  occa- 
sionally rash  and  obstinate  in  his  opinions, 
and  regardless  of  that  sobriety  and  that 
decorum  in  conduct,  which  should  accom- 
pany great  powers  of  mind.  His  writings 
are  very  numerous,  but  though  they  convey 
much  information  and  deep  research,  they 
are  distinguished  for  abuse,  satire,  and  ma- 
levolence. 

Stubbs,  George,  an  able  writer,  rector  of 
Gunville,  Dorsetshire,  and  known  as  the 
author  of  some  of  the  best  papers  of  the 
Free  Thinker,  with  Ambrose  Philips  and 
others,  1718.  He  wrote  also  the  "  new  ad- 
venture of  Telemachus,"  8vo.  an  admired 
performance,  founded  on  principles  of  li- 
berty, and  in  opposition  to  Fenelon's  work. 
He  wrote  besides  some  elegant  verses, which 
are  still  preserved  in  MS.  by  his  friends.  He 
■was  twice  married.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
not  mentioned. 

Stubbs,  George,  a  native  of  Liverpool, 
distinguished  as  a  painter  and  anatomist. 
At  the  age  of  30  he  visited  Rome,  to  im- 
prove himself  in  the  study  and  knowledge 
of  the  arts  and  the  monuments  of  the  an- 
cients, and  on  his  return  he  devoted  himself 
laboriously  to  the  completion  of  his  valua- 
able  work,  the  anatomy  of  the  horse,  in- 
cluding a  particular  description  of  the  bones, 
cartilages,  &c.  with  most  valuable  plates, 
published  1766.  In  the  delineation  of  ani- 
mals he  particularly  excelled,  and  his  pieces 
stand  very  high  in  the  public  estimation. 
He  undertook  another  elaborate  work,  a 
comparative  anatomical  exposition  of  the 
structure  of  the  human  body,  with  that  of 
a  tiger  and  common  fowl,  in  30  tables,  of 
which,  however,  he  published  only  three 
parts  before  his  death.  This  excellent 
artist  died  in  London,  10th  July,  1806, 
aged  82. 

Stuckius,  John  William,  a  native  of 
Zurich,  distinguished  as  an  antiquary.  He 
wrote  a  treatise  on  the  Feasts  of  the  An- 
cients and  their  Sacrifices,  a  learned  work 
in  fol. — a  Commentary  on  Adrian — a  trea- 
tise called  Carolus  Ma^nu?  Redivivus,  4to. 

Vol.  IL  SB 


STL 

in  which  he  compares  Henry  IV.  of  France 
with  Charlemagne.     He  died  1607. 

Studly,  John,  an  English  poet,  educated 
at  Westminster  school,  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge.  He  followed  the  profession  of 
arms,  and  served  under  prince  Maurice  at 
the  siege  of  Breda,  where  he  was  killed 
1587.  Among  other  things  he  translated 
several  of  Seneca's  tragedies. 

Stukeley,  William,  a  celebrated  anti- 
quary, born  at  Holbeck,  Lincolnshire,  7th 
Nov.  1687.  After  receiving  his  education 
in  the  school  of  his  native  town,  he  w  as,  iu 
1703,  admitted  of  Benet  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  studied  physic  and  botany  with 
great  assiduity.  When  he  had  taken  his 
degrees  of  bachelor  in  medicine,  he  settled 
at  Boston,  and  in  1717  removed  to  London, 
where  he  was  soon  after,  at  the  recom- 
mendation of  his  friend  Dr.  Mead,  elected 
fellow  of  the  royal  society,  and  also  one  of 
the  first  members  of  the  antiquarian  society. 
He  left  London  in  1726  to  settle  at  Gran- 
tham, in  his  native  county,  where  his  abili- 
ties were  called  into  action  by  his  attend- 
ance on  the  noblest,  and  most  respectable 
families  of  that  neighbourhood.  He  found 
himself,  however,  so  much  afflicted  with 
the  gout  that  he  determined  to  abandon 
his  laborious  profession,  for  the  church 
preferment,  which  his  powerful  friends 
could  command  for  him,  and  after  being- 
ordained  by  Wake,  the  primate,  in  1730  he 
was  presented  to  the  living  of  All-Saints, 
Stamford.  In  1739  he  obtained  from  the 
duke  of  Ancaster  the  living  of  Somerby 
near  Grantham,  and  in  1747,  he  relinquish- 
ed, at  the  pressing  solicitation  of  the  duke 
of  Montague,  his  country  preferments,  for 
the  rectory  of  St.  George,  Queen's  square, 
London.  He  was  seized  with  a  stroke  of 
the  palsy,  the  27th  Feb.  1765,  and  died  four 
days  after  in  his  78th  year.  He  was  buried 
in  East-Ham  churchyard,  Essex,  without 
any  monument.  He  was  twice  married, 
but  had  issue  only  by  his  first  wife,  three 
daughters.  The  best  known  of  his  works 
are  Itinerarium  Curiosura,  or  an  Account 
of  the  Curiosities  and  Antiquities  in  Great 
Britain,  folio,  with  copper  plates — Palaeo- 
graphia  Sacra,  or  Discourses  on  the  Monu- 
ments of  Antiquity,  that  relate  to  Sacred 
History,  4to. — Pala^ographia  Britannica, 
4to. — an  Account  of  Stonehenge  and  Abu- 
ry,  folio — History  of  Carausius,  2  vols.  4to. 
— Dissertation  on  the  Spleen,  folio — a  trea- 
tise on  the  Gout,  besides  other  valuable 
tracts  on  antiquities,  &c.  His  knowledge 
of  druidical  history  was  so  extensive,  that 
he  was  not  improperly  called  by  his  friends 
the  archdruid  of  his  age.  He  was  the  cor- 
respondent and  the  friend  of  the  most 
learned  and  respectable  persons  of  his  time. 

Stttmca,  James  Lopez,  a  Spanish  divine 
and  philologer  in  the  university  of  Alcala. 
Besides  an  account  of  his  journey  to  Rome 

681 


STU 


SUA 


fiom  Aleala,  called  "  Itinerariuui  dum  Com- 
pluto  Romam  Proficisceretur,"  he  wrote 
against  Erasmus,  and  against  James  le 
Fevre's  notes  on  St.  Paul's  epistles.  He 
died  at  Naples,  1530. 

Sturges,  Jonathan,  LL.D.  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  citizens  of  Connecticut 
who  espoused  and  supported  the  cause  of 
Independence,  was  born  at  Fairfield,  Aug. 
23d,  1740.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  Col- 
lege in  1759,  and  became  a  lawyer.  In 
1774  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  congress, 
and  was  repeatedly  elected  previous  to  1792, 
when  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Connecticut,  and  continued 
in  the  office  until  1805.  He  died  at  Fair- 
field, October  4th,  1819,  aged  79,  having 
sustained  in  his  vai'ious  public  stations,  as 
well  as  in  private  life,  a  character  of  eminent 
excellence.  iCT^  L. 

Sturmius,  James,  a  learned  German, 
born  at  Strasburg  1489.  His  abilities  were 
employed  in  several  embassies  to  the  diets 
of  the  empire,  to  England  and  the  imperial 
court,  and  he  contributed  greatly  by  his  in- 
fluence to  the  reformation  at  Strasburg,  and 
also  to  the  erection  of  a  college  there.  He 
assisted  Sleidan  in  the  compilation  of  the 
History  of  the  Reformation  in  Germany, 
which  was  honourably  acknowledged  by  the 
author,  and  died  at  Strasburg,  30th  Oct. 
1553. 

Sturmius,  Leonard  Christopher,  a  native 
of  Altorf,  distinguished  as  an  architect.  He 
published  a  complete  course  of  Architec- 
ture, Augsburg,  16  vols. — and  a  translation 
of  Bockler's  Architecture,  and  died  1719, 
aged  50. 

Sturmius,   John,  the    Cicero  of   Ger- 
many, was  born  at  Sleidan,  in  Eisel,  near 
Cologne,  1507.     He  studied  at  Liege  and 
Louvain,  and  afterwards  set  up  a  printing- 
press  with  Rudger  Rescius,  and  began  the 
printing  of  the  Greek   classics.      In  1529, 
he  was  at  Paris,  where  he  read  lectures  on 
Greek  and   Latin  writers,  and  logic,  and 
then  retired  to  Strasburg  in  1537,  as  he 
was  afraid  of  the  persecution  which  might 
attend  his   attachment  to  the  protestant 
principles.     He  settled  at  Strasburg,  which 
now   obtained  the   title   of  a  university, 
and  he  was  appointed  rector,  and  saw  his 
pupils  numerous  and  respectable.     When 
pressed   on  account  of  his  principles   he 
declared  himself  a  Calvinist,   and  in  con- 
sequence was  deprived  of  his  rectorship. 
He  died  3d  March,    1589,  aged  about  80. 
he  was  three  times  married,  but  left  no 
children.     He    published    various    books, 
among  which  were  valuable  notes  on  Aris- 
totle's Rhetoric,  and  other  authors,  besides 
a  tract  called  Linguae  Latinae  resolvendae 
Ratio,  8vo. 

Sturmius,   John    Christopher,   profes- 
sor of  philosophy  and  mathematics  at  Al- 
torf, where  he  died  1703,  aged  63,  was  a 
682 


native  of  Hippolstein.  He  published  a 
German  translation  of  the  works  of  Ar- 
chimedes— Collegium  Experimentale  Cu- 
riosum,  4to. — Phisica  Electiva  et  Hypo- 
thetica,  2  vols.  4to. — Scientia  Cosmica, 
folio — a  Course  of  Mathematics,  trans- 
lated into  English,  3  vols.  8vo. — Mathesis 
Juvenilis,  2  vols.  8vo. — Physic*  Concilia- 
tricis  Conamina,  12mo. — Praelectiones  con- 
tra Astrologiaj  Divinatricis  Vanitatem,  2 
vols.  4to. — Physicae  ModernaB  Compen- 
dium, &c. 

Stuvel,  Ernest,  a  painter  born  at  Ham- 
burgh. His  prints  and  flowers  were  highly 
admired.     He  died  1712,  aged  45. 

Stuyvesant,  Peter,  the  last  Dutch  go- 
vernor of  New- York,  began  his  adminis- 
tration in  1647,  and  strenuously  endea- 
voured to  arrest  the  encroachments  of  the 
English  and  Swedes  on  the  territory  under 
his  command.  In  1655  he  took  the  Swe- 
dish fort  Casimir,  afterwards  called  New- 
Castle,  in  Delaware  bay,  and  compelled 
the  Swedes  to  swear  allegiance  to  the- 
states  general.  In  1664,  an  English  fleet, 
commanded  by  colonel  Nichols,  arrived  at 
New- York,  and  compelled  the  Dutch  to 
surrender  the  town  to  the  English,  and 
the  whole  colony  soon  came  into  their 
hands.  Governor  Stuyvesant  continued 
at  New- York  till  his  death.  He  posses- 
sed a  strong  mind,  was  brave,  active,  and 
zealously  devoted  to  the  interests  of  his 
country.  ICF'  L. 

SuARD,  J.  B.  Anthony,  a  French  writer, 
was  born  at  Besan^onin  1733.  His  works 
are  mostly  translations,  particularly  from 
the  English,  with  which  language  he  was 
very  familiar.  He  was  also  the  editor  of 
the  Journal  de  Paris,  and  in  the  revolution 
he  conducted  another,  called  "  Nouvelles 
Politiques,"  which  being  adverse  to  demo- 
cracy, was  soon  suppressed,  and  the  editor 
obliged  to  leave  France.  He  returned  un- 
der the  consular  government,  and  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  legion  of  honour, 
as  well  as  of  the  national  institute,  and 
perpetual  secretary  of  the  class  of  French 
Literature.  He  now  undertook  another 
journal,  entitled  The  Publiciste,  which  he 
soon  dropped  for  the  "  Opuscules  Philoso- 
phiques,"  and  the  *'  Archives  Litteraires." 
He  was  likewise  the  author  of  the  life  of 
Tasso,  and  had  a  principal  share  in  the 
Biographic  Universelle.  He  died  at  Paris 
in  1817.— W.B. 

SuAREz,  Francis,  a  Spanish  Jesuit  born 
at  Granada,  5th  Jan.  1548.  He  was  pro- 
fessor at  Aleala,  Salamanca,  and  Rome, 
and  afterwards  was  invited  to  Coimbra  in 
Portugal,  where  he  became  professor  of 
divinity.  He  died  at  Lisbon,  1617,  with  a 
great  character  for  piety.  He  wrote  on  me- 
taphysics, morality,  and  theology,  and  his 
works  amounted  to  23  vols.  fol.  and  so  ex- 
traordinary was  his  memory  that  on  quo- 


SUE 


SLI 


ting  any  passage  from  his  works,  he  coukl 
continue  the  quotation  to  the  end  of  the 
page.  His  treatise  "  de  Lcgihus"  was  an 
ahle  performance. 

SuBLEYRAS,  Peter,  a  French  painter, 
whose  portraits  and  historical  pieces  were 
much  esteemed.  He  was  a  native  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  and  died  1759,  aged  60. 

SuBTERMANS,  Justus,  a  native  of  Ant- 
werp, celebrated  as  a  painter.  His  most 
admired  piece  preserved  at  Florence,  re- 
presents the  Florentines  paying  their  ho- 
mage to  Ferdinand  II.  He  died  1681, 
aged  84. 

Suckling,  sir  John,  an  English  poet, 
born  at  Witham,  Essex,  1613.  His  abili- 
ties were  early  displayed,  so  that  he  could 
speak  Latin  at  five,  and  write  it  at  nine. 
When  his  education  was  completed  he 
went  on  his  travels,  and  studied  the  man- 
ners and  character  of  foreign  nations, 
without  the  imitating  their  vices.  He  was 
prevailed  upon  to  attend  one  of  the  cam- 
paigns of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  and  was 
present  at  three  battles,  and  five  sieges, 
and  on  his  return,  as  a  proof  of  his  pa- 
triotism and  military  spirit,  he  raised  at 
his  own  expense  of  above  12,000/.  a  troop 
of  horse  for  the  king's  service.  This  troop 
was  more  remarkable  for  finery  than  va- 
lour, so  that  is  said  sir  John  took  much  to 
heart  their  ill  conduct  against  the  Scots, 
and  fell  a  victim  to  a  fever,  in  his  28th 
year,  1641.  He  wrote  besides,  a  few 
poems,  and  some  letters — an  Account  of 
Religion  by  Reason — a  Discourse  upon 
occasion  presented  to  lord  Dorset,  and 
four  plays  which  have  been  edited  several 
times,  in  2  vols.  8vo. 

Sue,  John,  a  native  of  Cotte-St.-Pol., 
who  studied  surgery  at  Paris,  under  De- 
vaux,  and  acquired  great  celebrity.  He 
learned  Latin  at  the  age  of  45,  that  he 
might  be  enabled  to  examine  students  in 
medicine.  He  was  a  very  intelligent  man, 
and  wrote  some  useful  medical  memoirs. 
He  died,  30th  Nov.  1782. 

Sue,  John  Joseph,  brother  of  the  above, 
came  to  Paris  in  1729,  and  studied  under 
the  celebrated  anatomist  Verdier,  whom  he 
succeeded  in  the  professorial  chair.  He 
died  at  Paris,  lOth  Dec.  1792,  aged  82. 
His  works  are,  an  Abridgment  of  Anatomy, 
2  vols.  12mo. — treatise  on  Bandages, 
12mo. — Elements  of  Surgery,  8vo. — An- 
thropotomia,  or  the  Art  of  Injecting,  Dis- 
secting, and  Embalming,  8vo. — Osteology, 
translated  from  the  English  of  Dr.  Munro, 
2  vols.  fol.  with  31  plates,  besides  memoirs 
in  the  collection  of  the  Savans  Etrangcrs, 
&c. 

Suetonius,  Caius  Tranquillus,  a  Roman 
biographer  and  historian,  secretary  to 
Adrian,  and  the  friend  of  Pliny.  Of  all 
his  works,  only  his  lives  of  the  12  first  Cae- 
sars, and  his  treatise  of  Illustrious  Gram- 


marians arc  preserved,  best  edited  by  Kr-. 
nesti,  1775,  8vo. 

Sueur,  Nicholas  le,  or  Sudorius,  coun- 
sellor, and  president  of  the  parliament  of 
Paris,  was  assassinated  by  soim-  robbers  in 
the  night,  1594,  aged  55.  He  published  an 
elegant  translation  of  Pindar,  in  Latin 
verse,  1582,  8vo. — republished  at  Oxford 
by  Prideaux,  1697,  in  folio. 

Sueur,  Thomas  le,  of  the  order  of  Mi- 
nims, was  born  at  Rethel,  in  Champagne, 
1703,  and  taught,  with  great  applause,  the- 
ology?  philosophy,  and  mathematics,  at 
Rome.  He  assisted  in  the  education  of 
the  infant  duke  of  Parma,  and  died  at 
Rome,  22d  Sept.  1770.  He  was  deservedly 
patronised  by  the  popes,  and  from  his  long 
and  faithful  intimacy  with  father  Jacquire 
arose  the  composition  of  a  learned  com- 
mentary on  Newton's  Principia — a  treatise 
on  the  Integral  Calculus,  2  vols.  4to. — In- 
stitutiones  Philosophise,  5  vols.  12mo. 

Sueur,  Eustache  le,  a  French  painter, 
born  at  Paris.  He  studied  under  Simou 
Vouet,  and  though  never  out  of  France,  h« 
acquired  great  celebrity,  and  carried  his  art 
to  the  highest  perfection,  on  models  of  an- 
tiquity, and  after  the  best  Italian  masters. 
He  died  at  Paris,  30th  April,  1655,  aged 
38.  His  works  are  preserved  at  Paris,  the 
most  admired  of  which  is  the  life  of  St. 
Bruno,  in  the  Carthusian  cloisters,  at 
Paris. 

Suffren,  John,  a  native  of  Salon,  in 
Provence,  who  became  an  active  member 
of  the  Jesuits'  society,  and  %vas  confessor 
to  Mary  de  Medieis.  During  the  disputes 
between  this  princess  and  her  son  Lewis 
XIII.  he  attempted  to  produce  a  recoricilia- 
tion,  but  without  eflect,  and  by  the  in- 
trigues of  Richelieu  he  was  banished  from 
the  court,  and  died  at  Flushing,  1641,  aged 
70.  He  wrote  Annee  Chretienne,  4  vols. 
4to.  a  work  of  merit,  abridged  by  Frizon 
in  2  vols.  12mo.  Admiral  Suffren,  who 
distinguished  himself  in  the  East  Indies 
against  the  English,  is  supposed  to  be  of 
the  same  family,  as  he  was  born  in  Pro- 
vence. This  gallant  officer  wns  highly  ho- 
noured by  the  French  king  for  his  services, 
and  died  1789. 

Suger,  Abbe,  minister  under  Lewis  VII. 
and  Lewis  the  Gros,  was  born  at  Touri,  in 
Beauce,  1082.  He  was  made  abbot  of  St. 
Denis,  where  he  died,  1152.  This  epitaph 
was  placed  on  his  tomb  :  Cy  git  TAbbe  Su- 
ger. He  was  of  superior  talents,  and  of 
unshaken  integrity.  His  life  has  been 
written  in  3  vols.  l2mo.  by  Gervaise,  a 
Dominican. 

Suicer,  John  Gaspard,  a  learned  Ger- 
man, born  at  Zurich,  1620.  He  was  there 
professor  of  Greek  and  Hebrew,  and  died 
at  Heidelberg,  1705.  His  Lexicon,  "  sive 
Thesaurus  Ecclesiasticus  Patrum  Graeco- 
rum,"  best  edited,  2  vols.  fol.  1728,  Am- 

683 


SUL 


sterdam,  is  a  useful  work.  His  son  Henry, 
was  also  an  able  professor  at  Zurich,  and 
afterwards  at  Heidelberg,  where  he  died, 
1705.  His  Chronology  of  Switzerland,  in 
Latin,  is  much  esteemed  among  his  other 
learned  works. 

SuiDAs,  the  author  of  a  valuable  Greek 
Lexicon,  containing  much  historical  and 
geographical  information,  is  supposed  to 
have  lived  in  the  age  of  Alexis  Commenus. 
The  best  edition  is  by  Kuster,  1705,  3  vols, 
folio,  Cambridge. 

Sullivan,  sir  Richard  Joseph,  an  Eng- 
lish writer.  He  went  early  in  life  to  the 
East  Indies,  and  after  his  return  to  Eng- 
land he  published  an  account  of  his  tour 
through  various  parts  of  the  kingdom,  2 
vols.  8vo.  He  afterwards  published  a  let- 
ter to  the  East  India  Directors — Analysis 
of  the  Political  History  of  India — Thoughts 
on  Martial  Law — Philosophical  Rhapso- 
dies, &c. — a  View  of  Nature,  in  Letters  to 
a  Traveller  among  the  Alps,  a  work  of  lit- 
tle merit,  though  commended  by  the  author 
of  the  Pursuits  of  Literature,  In  1790  he 
obtained  a  seat  in  parliament,  and  continued 
member  of  the  house  of  commons  till  his 
death.  He  was  created  a  baronet  in  1804, 
and  died  at  Thames-Ditton,  Surrey,  17th 
July,  1806. 

Sullivan,  John,  LL.D.  major-general 
in  the  army  of  the  American  revolution, 
was  born  at  Berwick,  Maine,  where  his 
father,  who  came  from  Ireland  about  the 
year  1723,  settled,  and  lived  to  the  unusual 
age  of  one  hundred  and  five  years.     He 
was  educated  by  his  father,  who  had  some 
knowledge  of  the  classics   and   taught    a 
school,  and  studying  law  established  him- 
self in  New-Hampshire,  and  soon  gained 
distinction  by  his  superior  talents  and  ap- 
plication.    He  was  fond  of  a  military  life, 
and  in   1772  received  the  commission  of 
major  in  the  militia,  and  in  1775  was  ap- 
pointed a  brigadier-general,  and  during  the 
campaign   commanded    on    Winter    Hill. 
The  next  year  he  was  sent  to  Canada,  and 
on  the  death  of  general  Thomas  took  com- 
mand of  the  army  in  that  province,  and 
conducted  it  back  with  skill.     On  the  ill- 
ness of  general  Greene  at  Long-Island  he 
took  command  of  his  division,  and  in  the 
battle  of  the  29th  of  August  was  taken  pri- 
soner, but  was  soon  exchanged.     He  com- 
manded the  right  wing  of  the  army  at  the 
battles  of  Trenton,  Brandywine,  and  Ger- 
mantown.      In   1778  he  commanded   the 
expedition  to  Rhode-Island,  and  displayed 
great  bravery  and  skill,  though  unsuccess- 
ful through  want  of  co-operation  from  the 
French.      In  1779  he  conducted  the  expe- 
dition against  the  Indians,  and  having  de- 
feated their  forces  near  Seneca  lake,  laid 
waste  their  country.     After  his  return  he 
resigned  his  command,  on  account  of  the 
displeasure  some  complaints  made  in  his 
684 


letters  of  the  government  for  not  meeting" 
his  demands  for  stores  had  excited,  and 
resumed  the  practice  of  law.  He  had  been 
a  member  in  congress  in  1774,  and  was 
again  chosen  after  leaving  the  army.  He 
was  president  of  New-Hampshire  in  1786, 
1787,  and  1789,  and  during  the  latter  year 
was  appointed  district  judge  of  that  state. 
In  1792  he  assisted  in  forming  the  constitu- 
tion of  New- Hampshire.  He  died  at  his 
residence  in  Durham  on  the  23d  of  January, 
1795,  in  his  fifty-fifth  year.  General  Sulli- 
van held  a  high  rank  in  talents  and  patriot 
ism  among  the  officers  of  the  army,  and 
the  statesmen  with  whom  he  was  called  to 
act  in  the  several  civil  offices  which  he 
held.  |Cj=>  L. 

Sullivan,   James,   LL.D.  governor   of 
Massachusetts,  and  a  brother  of  general 
Sullivan,  was  born  at  Berwick,  Maine,  April 
22d,  1744,  and  was  educated  by  his  father. 
He  designed  to  devote  himself  to  a  military 
life,  but  being   disqualified  for  it  by  the 
fracture  of  a  limb,  he  studied  law  with  his 
brother,  and  soon  rose  like  him  to  superio- 
rity by  his  fine  endowments.     He  was  ap- 
pointed king's   council   for  the  county  in 
which  he  resided.     At  the  opening  of  the 
revolution  he  took  a  decided  part  in  favour 
of  the  liberties  of  his  country,  and  in  1775 
was   chosen  a  member  of  the  provincial 
congress.     The  next  year  he  was  appointed 
a  judge  of  the  superior  court.      He  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  Massachusetts,  and  re- 
signed his  office  as  judge  in  1782,  and  was 
the  next  year  elected  to  a  seat  in  congress. 
In  1783  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
appointed  to  settle  the  controversy  between 
Massachusetts   and   New-York  respecting 
their  claims  to  the  western  lands.     In  1787 
he  was  a  member  of  the  executive  council 
and  a  judge  of  probate,  and  in   1790  was 
appointed  attorney-general.     In    1796  he 
was  appointed  by  Washington  a  commis- 
sioner for  settling  the  boundaries  between 
the   Unitted  States  and   the  British   pro- 
vinces.    He  was  chosen  governor  in  1807, 
and  again  the  following  year,  during  which 
he  died  on  the  8th  of  December,  in  his 
sixty-fifth  year.     He  held  the   first  rank 
among  his  associates  at  the  bar  and  in  of- 
fice, in  talents,  influence,  and  usefulness. 
He  possessed  a  mind  of  great  force  and  ori- 
ginality ;  his  knowledge  of  law,  politics, 
and  science,  was  extensive,  though  he  was 
not  accomplished  in  literature  ;    his   elo- 
quence was  peculiar  in  its  style,  and  often 
irresistible,    and  he  sustained  in   all    his 
public  employments  in  life  the  reputation 
of  singular  integrity,  patriotism,  and  piety. 

ICJ^-L. 
Sully,  Maximilian   de  Bethune,  baron 
of  Rosni,  duke  of,  celebrated  as  the  friend 
and  minister  of  Henry  IV.  was  born  of  an 
illustrious  family  at  Rosni,  1559.    At  the 


ixUL 


SUM 


a^e  of  11  he  was  presented  to  the  queen  of 
INavarrc,  and  educated  with  her  son,  after- 
wards Henry  IV.  of  France.  He  accom- 
panied him  to  Paris,  but  must  have  perish- 
ed in  the  dreadful  massacre  of  St.  Bartho- 
lomew, if  not  humanely  concealed  for  three 
days  by  the  principal  of  the  college  of  Bur- 
gundy. Attached  by  att'ection  to  the  young 
king,  Sully  distinguished  himself  in  the  va- 
rious campaigns  in  which  he  was  engaged, 
and  at  Marmande,  Cahors,  Coutras,  Fos- 
seuse,  Arques,  Uisors,  Dreux,  and  Ivry, 
his  character  as  an  able,  active,  and  intre- 
pid warrior,  was  nobly  established.  But 
he  was  born  to  shine  not  only  in  the  field, 
but  in  the  cabinet.  Before  his  master  as- 
cended the  French  throne,  he  was  his  en- 
voy at  the  court  of  Paris,  and  by  his  nego- 
tiations with  the  Swiss,  in  1586,  he  obtain- 
ed a  subsidy  of  20,000  men.  In  1599  he 
negotiated  the  marriage  of  Henry  with 
Mary  de  Medicis,  and  in  his  embassy  at 
the  court  of  Elizabeth,  he  displayed  the 
most  consummate  prudence,  and  after  the 
decease  of  that  princess,  he  had  the  address 
to  settle  the  wavering  mind  of  James  in  fa- 
vour of  his  master.  Raised  to  the  oflBce  of 
prime  minister  he  exerted  himself  for  the 
prosperity  of  the  kingdom  as  well  as  the 
splendour  of  the  monarchy.  The  taxes 
were  collected  with  ease  and  without  op- 
pression to  the  subject,  and  all  impositions 
were  abolished.  Though  often  thwarted  in 
his  views  by  the  intrigues  of  the  courtiers, 
and  of  the  mistresses  of  the  monarch,  he 
remained  firm  to  his  principles,  distin- 
guished more  as  the  zealous  friend  than  as 
the  temporizing  minister  of  Henry.  Re- 
gular in  the  affairs  of  his  office,  he  rose 
every  morning  at  4,  and  after  devoting 
some  time  to  business,  he  gave  audience  to 
such  as  solicited  an  admission  to  him,  and 
never  rejected  the  meanest  person  from 
his  presence.  Always  attentive  to  the  in- 
terests of  the  kingdom,  he  prevailed  upon 
his  master  to  change  his  religion,  and  to 
become  a  catholic  to  please  his  catholic 
subjects  of  France,  but  when  solicited  also  to 
abandon  the  protestant  tenets  he  firmly  re- 
fused, and  replied  to  the  pope,  who  in  flat- 
tering him  upon  the  greatness  of  his  abili- 
ties as  a  minister,  artfully  pressed  him  to 
enter  upon  the  right  way,  "  I  never  shall 
eease  to  pray  for  the  conversion  of  your 
holiness."  After  the  murder  of  Henry,  he 
was  disgraced  from  the  court,  and  when 
recalled  some  years  after  by  Lewis  XIII. 
he  recommended  the  banishment  of  all  the 
buffoons  and  the  flatterers  who  amused  and 
ruined  the  effeminate  monarch.  Sully  died 
at  his  seat  of  Villebon,  in  Pays  Chartrain, 
21st  Dec.  1641,  aged  82.  The  memoirs 
which  he  composed  in  his  retreat,  and 
which  he  called  Economes  Royales,  have 
been  published,  and  contain  a  very  minute 
^tail  of  the  history  of  the  court,  not  only 


during  his  ministry,  but  during  the  reign  of 
Charles  IX.  of  Henry  HI.  and  Henry  IV. 
This  work  has  been  pruned  of  its  obsolete 
terms  by  de  I'Ecluse,  and  published  in  3 
vols.  4to.  and  in  8  vols.  12mo.  1745. 

SuLPiciA,  a  Roman  lady,  called  the  Ro- 
man Sappho,  in  Domitian's  reign.  Her 
poem  against  the  emperor  is  still  preserved. 

SuLPicius,  Severus,  an  ecclesiastical 
writer,  born  in  Aquitaine  in  the  fifth  cen- 
tury. He  wrote  the  Life  of  Martin  of 
Tours — Ecclesiastical  History,  edited  by 
Le  Clerc,  1709,  8vo. 

SuLZER,  John  George,  an  eminent  phi- 
losopher, born  at  Winterthurn,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Zurich,  Oct.  1720,  the  youngest  of 
25  children.  His  abilities  slowly  unfolded 
themselves;  at  16  he  had  no  taste  for  stu- 
dy, till  at  last  a  perusal  of  Wolfe's  Meta- 
physiics  roused  his  attention,  and  called 
into  action  all  his  powers  of  thought.  He 
became  an  ecclesiastic,  and  was  the  friend 
of  Maupertuis,  Euler,  and  Sack,  and  in 
1747  he  was  invited  to  fill  the  mathemati- 
cal chair  at  Berlin,  where  he  died,  Feb. 
1779,  universally  respected  for  modesty, 
learning,  benevolence,  and  all  the  milder 
virtues.  His  works  are  numerous,  the 
best  known  of  which  are.  Moral  Contem- 
plations on  the  Works  of  Nature — treatise 
on  Education — Universal  Theory  of  the 
Fine  Arts,  2  vols.  4to. — Remarks  on  Hume's 
Essays,  &c. 

Sumner,  Increase,  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  born  in  November,  1746,  in 
Rosbury,  and  graduated  in  1767,  at  Har- 
vard college.  In  1770  he  established  him- 
self as  a  lawyer  in  his  native  town,  and 
soon  became  conspicuous  in  the  profession. 
He  was  elected  in  1776  to  a  seat  in  the 
state  legislature,  and  retained  it  till  1780, 
when  he  was  chosen  a  senator.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  conventions  of  1777  and 
1779,  instituted  for  the  purpose  of  forming 
a  constitution,  and  also  that  of  1789,  as- 
sembled to  decide  respecting  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States.  He  was  chosen 
to  a  seat  in  congress  in  1 782,  and  also  ap- 
pointed a  judge  of  the  supreme  court, 
which  office  prevented  his  attending  the 
national  legislature.  He  continued  on  the 
bench,  discharging  his  duties  with  great 
ability  and  acceptance  till  1797,  when  he 
was  called  to  the  chair  of  the  chief  magis- 
trate, and  re-elected  the  two  following 
years.  He  died,  however,  in  1779,  on  the 
7th  of  June,  soon  after  taking  he  oath  of 
office,  in  the  fifty-third  year  of  his  age. 
He  possessed  a  vigorous  and  well-adjusted 
mind,  and  was  conspicuous  for  the  excel- 
lence of  his  judgment,  his  integrity,  can- 
dour, amiableness,  and  piety.     ICj^  L. 

SuMOROKOF,  Alexander,  the  founder  of 
the  Russian  theatre,  was  born  at  Moscow, 
14th  Nov.  1727.  He  was  educated  at 
home,  and  then  removed  to  the  seminary 

685 


SUR 


SUT 


for  cadets,  at  Petersburg,  where  he  studied 
with  uncommon  assiduity.   He  was  recom- 
mended by  count  Shuvalof  to  the  empress 
Elizabeth,  and  at  the  age  of  29  he  began  to 
study  the  plays  of  Racine,  and  soon  produ- 
ced his   first  piece,  "  Koref,"  which  was 
acted  in  private,  and  then  before  the  court, 
and  received  with  the  most  unbounded  ap- 
plause.    The  pubhc  favour  animated   his 
muse,  and  he  successively  wrote  Hamlet, 
Aristona,  Sinaf,  and  Truvor,  Zemira,   Di- 
misa,  and  other  tragedies,  besides  come- 
dies, and  two  operas,  sonnets,  elegies,  fa- 
bles, satires,  odes,  &c.  except  epic  poetry. 
Thus   supported   by  national  applause,  he 
was  not  unrewarded  by  the  court ;   Eliza- 
beth raised  him  to  the  rank  of  brigadier, 
and  made  him  director  of  the  Russian  thea- 
tre, with  a  pension  of  400/.  and  Catherine 
appointed   him    counsellor   of  state,    and 
knight  of  St.  Anne.     He  died  universally 
respected,    1st  Oct.  1777.     His  tragedies 
possess  great  merit ;  but  there  are  some 
blemishes  in  them,  and  in  his  comedies  he 
displayed  much  humour,  though  he  sacri- 
fices too  much  to  vulgarity,  while  he  at- 
tempts to  excite  the  laughter  of  his  audi- 
tors.    His  satires  are  the  best  in  the  Rus- 
sian language,  but  are  very   unequal.     In 
his  elegies  he  shows  great  powers  of  ten- 
derness and  animation,  and  in  his  idyls, 
the  most  pleasing  simpiicity.     He  is  deser- 
vedly regarded  with  Lomonozof  as  the  hO' 
nour  of  the  nation  ;  and  while  he  displayed 
all  the  softness,  the  graces,  and  the  harmo- 
ny  of  poetry,  his   illustrious  countryman 
soared  to  the  regions  of  sublimity  and  ma- 
jestic strength.     He  wrote  also  some  short 
historical  pieces,  in  a  style  clear  and  ele- 
gant, but  perhaps  too  flowery. 

SuPERViLLE,  Daniel  de,  a  native  of  Sau- 
mur,  in  Anjou,  who  studied  at  Geneva,  and 
became  a  protestant  minister  at  the  Wal- 
loon church  of  Rotterdam.  He  died  at 
Rotterdam,  9th  June,  172S,  aged  71.  He 
wrote,  the  Duties  of  the  Afflicted  Church, 
8vo. — Sermons,  of  which  a  7th  edition  ap- 
peared, 1726 — the  Truths  and  the  Duties 
of  Religion,  &c. 

SuRENHUSius,  William,  a  learned  pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  at  Amsterdam  in  the  18th 
century.  He  is  known  by  his  valuable  edi- 
tion of  the  Mischna  of  the  Jews,  with  notes, 
and  the  Commentaries  of  Maimonides  and 
Bartenora,  published  1703,  3  vols,  folio. 

SuRiAN,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  St. 
Chamas,  in  Provence,  who  became  bishop 
of  Vence,  and  died  3d  Aug.  1754,  aged  84. 
He  was  a  pious  and  benevolent  prelate,  an 
amiable  man,  and  an  eloquent  preacher. 
Some  of  his  sermons  have  been  published, 
of  which  the  best  known  is  that  on  the 
small  number  of  the  elect. 

SuRius,  Lawrence,  a  native  of  Lubeck, 
who  studied  at  Cologne,  and  embraced  the 
ecclesiastical  profession.    He  died  at  Co- 
686 


logne,   1578,  aged   56.     He    wrote  some 
theological  tracts,  now  little  read. 

SuRviLLE,  Margaret  Eleanor  Clotilde  de, 
a  French  poetess,  who  celebrated  the  he- 
roic deeds  of  her  countrymen,  and  died  at 
a  great  age  at  the  close  of  the  15th  century. 
Her  language  is  almost  obselete ;  but  she 
possessed  great  vigour  of  mind,  and  a  fer- 
tile imagination.  Her  poems  were  pub- 
lished at  Paris,  in  1803,  prepared  for  the 
press  by  one  of  her  descendants,  Joseph  Ste- 
phen de  Surville,  an  officer  of  merit,  who,  af- 
ter distinguishing  himself  in  the  wars  of  Cor- 
sica and  America,  fell  a  victim  to  the 
French  revolution,  and  was  shot  at  Puyen- 
Velay,  1799. 

SuTCLiFFE,  Matthew,  a  learned  divine, 
known  for  his  controversial  works — a  Trea- 
tise of  Ecclesiastical  Discipline,  4to.  1591 — 
De  Presbyterio,  4to. — De  Turco-Papismo, 
or  the  Resemblance  between  Mahometan- 
ism  and  Popery,  4to. — De  Purgatorio — De 
Ver4  Christi  Ecclesia,  4to.  1600— De  Mis- 
sS.  He  was  dean  of  Exeter,  and  founder 
of  Chelsea  college,  and  died  about  1610. 

Sutton,  Thomas,  founder  of  the  Char- 
ter-house, was  born  at  Knaith  in  Lincoln- 
shire, 1532.  He  was  educated  at  Etou 
and  Cambridge,  as  is  supposed,  and  then 
studied  the  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  but  he 
had  no  inclination  for  that  profession,  and 
therefore  travelled  over  Holland,  France, 
Spain,  and  Italy.  At  his  return  he  became 
secretary  to  the  earls  of  Warwick  and 
Leicester,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the 
north  of  England,  in  the  service  of  Eliza- 
beth. He  purchased  some  estates  in  the 
county  of  Durham,  which  were  found  to 
contain  coal  mines,  and  thus  produced  him 
an  immense  income.  His  property  was 
farther  increased  by  marrying  a  rich  wi- 
dow, and  by  engaging  in  commerce,  and 
with  such  success,  that  he  is  said  to  have 
had  30  agents  abroad,  and  to  have  prevent- 
ed, for  one  year,  the  armament  of  Philip 
against  England,  by  draining  the  bank  of 
Genoa  of  the  money  which  was  intended 
for  that  monarch's  use.  With  money  and 
patriotism  he  possessed  courage,  and  one 
of  his  ships,  called  Sutton,  was  distinguish- 
ed among  the  fleet  which  defeated  the  Spa- 
nish Armada.  After  living  with  great 
splendour,  he  retired  to  private  life  and 
solitude,  after  the  death  of  his  wife,  1602, 
and  he  determined  to  render  his  name  im- 
mortal by  some  spirited  foundation,  though 
the  court  tempted  him  with  the  honours  of 
a  peerage,  to  divert  him  from  his  purpose, 
and  to  induce  him  to  make  the  duke  of 
York,  Charles  I.  his  heir.  In  consequence 
of  this  resolution  he  bought  the  dissolved 
Charter-house  for  13,000/.  and  founded 
there  a  noble  hospital  and  public  school. 
He  died  11th  Dec.  1611,  at  Hackney,  aged 
79,  and  his  remains  were  deposited  in  Christ 
church,  London,  till  removed,  in  1614,  to  a 


suw 


SWA 


\ault  iu  his  newly  crecteJ  hospital.  His 
property,  at  his  death  was  5000/.  a  year  in 
land,  and  above  60,000/.  in  money,  an  im- 
mense fortune  in  those  times. 

Sutton,  Samuel,  a  native  of  Alfreton, 
Derbyshire.  After  serving  in  the  army  un- 
der Marlborough,  he  kept  a  codec-house  in 
Aldersgate-street,  and  having  strong  natu- 
ral powers  as  a  mechanic,  he  applied  them 
to  various  useful  projects.  His  plan,  in 
1740,  of  clearing  the  foul  air  from  the  wells 
of  ships,  by  opening  a  communication  with 
the  fire-places  by  means  of  pipes,  though 
recommended  by  Dr.  Mead,  was  superse- 
ded by  the  more  simple  invention  of  venti- 
lators, introduced  by  Dr.  Hales.  He  died 
in  1752. 

SuwARROFF,  Alexander,  a  Russian  gene- 
ral, born  of  an  ancient  family,  1730.  His 
father  intended  him  for  the  magistracy  ;  but 
the  future  general  preferred  the  military 
service  of  his  country,  and,  in  1742,  he  en- 
tered into  the  army  as  a  common  soldier, 
and  by  a  gradual  rise  he,  in  1762,  was  made 
a  colonel.  After  some  campaigns  in  Po- 
land, he  went  under  the  celebrated  Roman- 
zoff  against  the  Turks,  and  behaved  with 
such  personal  bravery,  that  he  killed  with 
his  own  hand  several  of  the  Janissaries, 
and  as  a  proof  of  victory  threw  their  heads 
into  a  sack,  and  emptied  the  contents  at 
the  feet  of  his  general.  He  next  crossed 
the  Danube,  near  Silistria,  and  joining 
Kamcaskoy,  he  defeated  the  40,000  men 
commanded  by  the  Reis-Effendi,  and  took 
all  his  artillery.  In  1783,  he  obliged  the 
Tartars  of  Kuban  and  Budziack  to  submit 
to  the  power  of  Russia,  and  to  take  the 
oath  of  allegiance,  for  which  the  empress 
nominated  him  general  in  chief.  In  1787, 
he  bravely  defended  Kinburn  against  the 
Ottoman  fleet,  and  cut  to  pieces  the  Janis- 
saries who  had  been  landed.  In  1789,  af- 
ter defeating  the  enemy  at  Focksan,  he 
flew,  at  the  head  of  10,000  men,  to  the  re- 
lief of  the  prince  of  Saxe  Coburg,  who, 
^vith  the  imperial  troops,  was  surrounded 
by  100,000  Turks,  and  he  obtained  so  sig- 
nal a  victory,  that  his  services  were  re- 
•wardod  with  the  title  of  a  count  of  the  Ro- 
man empire,  under  the  name  of  Riminiski, 
in  commemoration  of  the  river  Riminisk, 
near  which  the  battle  had  been  fought. 
Soon  after  he  was  sent  by  Potemkin  against 
the  town  of  Ismailow,  which  had  already 
resisted  its  assailants  for  seven  months, 
and  he  was  ordered  to  take  it  in  three  days, 
and  on  the  third  day  the  town  submitted, 
after  the  dreadful  slaughter  of  40,000 
Turks,  who  refused  to  give  or  take  quarter. 
The  treaty  of  Yassy  put  an  end  to  the  war 
with  the  Ottomans  ;  but  Suwarroff"  found 
in  Poland  a  new  field  of  glory.  He  attack- 
ed Prague,  and  made  himself  master  of 
AVarsaw,  after  cutting  to  pieces  20,000  of 
the  Poles  who  opposed  his  progress,  and 
for  this  bold  conduct,  and   his  successful 


campaign,  which  thus  enabled  three  neigh- 
bouring powers  to  parcel  out  among  them- 
selves the  Polish  dominions,  the  conqueror 
was  raised  to  the   rank  of  field    marshal, 
and  rewarded  with  large  domains,   in  17'J'J, 
the  general  was  sent  to  command  tlic  Rus- 
sian forces  in  Italy,  and  to  check  the  career 
of  the  French  triumphs.     After  a  glorious 
campaign,  in  wbicli  he  restored  the   fallen 
fortunes  of  tiie   allies,   he  was  opposed  to 
the  genius  of  Moreau  ;  but  notwithstanding 
the  abilities  and  the  generalship  of  his  ene- 
my,   he   maintained   his    superiority,   and 
though  obliged  at  last  to  give  way,  his  re- 
treat through  the  snows  of  Switzerland  to 
the  borders  of  Germany,  displayed  the  most 
masterly  manceuvres.     Another  campaign 
would  have  opened  the  way  to  fresh  victo- 
ries, but  Paul  capriciously  changed  his  po- 
litics, and  the  general,  displeased  with  the 
want  of  co-operation  on  the  part  of  the 
Germans,  retired  to  Russia.     Though  ho- 
nourably received  at  Petersburgh,  and  cre- 
ated prince  Italisky,  he  fell  under  the  dis- 
pleasure of  his  ungrateful  master,  and  died, 
it  is  said,  of  a  broken  heart,  near  the  capi- 
tal 1800.     In  his  character,  Suwarroft'  was 
as  singular  as  he  was  bold  and  'intrepid. 
He  was  the  idol  of  his  soldiery,  and  often 
on  the  field  of  battle,  he  appeared  among 
them  stripped  to  his  shirt,  and  with  one 
leg  booted,  and  the  other  with  only  a  san- 
dal.    His  food  was  often  coarse,  like  that 
of  the  common  soldier,  and  he  rested  in  the 
camp  like  his  inferior  associates,  covered 
with  a  sheepskin.    In  his  intercourse   with 
the  world  he  aflected  to  be  laconic.    When 
he  took  Toutou-Kai,  in   Bulgaria,  he  sent 
these  words   to  Catherine,   "  the  town  is 
taken,  I  am  there,"  and  when  Ismailow  fell 
into  his  hands,  the  empress  was  informed 
of  it  by   this   short  sentence,  "  Madam, 
proud  Ismailow  is  at  your  feet."     He  de- 
clined all  political  and  diplomatic  employ- 
ments about  the  court,  observing  that  the 
pen  is  unbecoming  the  hand  of  a  soldier. 
In  his  religious   opinions  he  affected  great 
devotion,  and  he  ordered  his  officers  every 
evening  to  repeat  a  prayer  in  the  presence 
of  their  soldiers,  and  he  never  began  a  bat- 
tle without  paying  adoration  to  the  image 
of  St.  Nicolas,  which  accompanied  him  in 
all  his  expeditions.     Though  brave,    fortu- 
nate, and  heroic,  Suwarroff  must  be  con- 
demned  for   his   inhumanity ;    for  surely 
that  general  sinks  below  the  name  of  man, 
who  permits  his  soldiers  to  ravage   and  to 
murder,  when  the  prostrate  enen^y  implores 
aloud  for  mercy. 

SuzE,  Hcnriette   de  Coligni.    Vid.  Co- 

LIGXI. 

SwAMMERDAni,  Johu,  an  eminent  natu- 
ralist, born  at  Amsterdam,  1637.  He  im- 
bibed his  first  ideas  of  natural  history  from 
the  occupation  of  bis  father,  who  was  an 
apothecary,  and  early  began  to  make  a  col- 
lection of  curiosities.     He  employed  much 

687 


SWE 


SWI 


time  in  catching  and  examining  the  flying 
insects  of  Holland,  and  to  improve  a  taste 
so  strongly  marked  for  the  examination  of 
the  works  of  nature,  he  studied  at  Leyden, 
and  became  the  friend  of  Steno  the  cele- 
brated anatomist,  and  of  Van  Home,  and 
in  1667,  took  his  degree  of  M.  D.  He  had 
in  the  mean  time  visited  Paris  and  Saumur, 
and  improved  himself  by  the  conversation 
and  intimacy  of  Tanaquil  Faber,  and  The- 
venot.  In  1667,  he  made  his  first  experi- 
ment of  injecting  the  uterine  vessels  of  the 
human  body  with  ceraceous  matter,  which 
he  afterwards  brought  to  great  perfection. 
A  dreadful  ague,  however,  interrupted  his 
anatomical  labours,  which  he  had  pursued 
with  his  friend  Home,  and  in  consequence 
he  determined  to  devote  himself  solely  to 
the  study  of  insects.  In  1669,  he  publish- 
ed a  general  history  of  insects,  a  work  of 
great  merit,  in  2  vols.  fol.  but  though 
tempted  by  liberal  offers  by  the  grand  duke 
of  Tuscany,  he  refused  to  quit  his  native 
country,  though  his  father  was  displeased 
•with  his  pursuits,  and  insisted  upon  his 
practising  physic.  In  1673,  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  Madam  de  Bourignon,  and 
for  her  mystical  reveries  he  abandoned  the 
pursuits  of  natural  history,  wholly  devoted, 
as  he  said,  in  adoring  and  loving  the  sove- 
reign good.  He  continued  thus  lost  to  him- 
self and  to  the  world,  and  died  1680.  His 
other  works  are,  a  Treatise  on  Respiration, 
4to. — de  Fabrica  Uteri  Muliebris,  4to. 
His  works  in  Dutch,  have  appeared  in  an 
English  translation  from  the  Latin  version 
of  Gaubius,  in  folio,  with  53  copper  plates, 
1758. 

SwANEFELD,  Herman,  a  Flemish  paint- 
er, who  studied  under  Gerard  Douw  and 
Claude  Lorraine.  He  settled  at  Rome,  and 
lived  in  so  recluse  a  manner,  that  he  was 
called  the  hermit  of  Italy.  His  landscapes, 
which  are  very  scarce,  possess  great  merit. 
He  died  1680,  aged  60. 

SwEDENBORG,  Emmauuel,  a  fanatic 
Swede,  born  at  Stockholm,  29th  Jan.  1688. 
His  father  was  a  bishop,  of  the  Lutheran 
persuasion,  and  president  of  the  Swedish 
churches.  The  son  travelled  abroad  in 
1710,  and  on  his  return  was  elected  asses- 
sor of  the  Metallic  college,  an  office  which 
he  resigned  in  1747.  He  was  well  acquaint- 
ed with  the  business  of  his  profession,  and 
wrote  Regnum  Minerale,  3  vols.  fol.  1734, 
besides  a  Treatise  on  the  Tides,  and  ano- 
ther on  the  position  and  course  of  the  Pla- 
nets. From  the  pursuit  of  philosophical 
objects,  he  at  last  withdrew  himself  to  the 
contemplation  of  heavenly  things,  and  in 
his  opinions  he  became  the  founder  of  a 
new  sect  of  enthusiasts,  which,  though  not 
numerous  during  his  lifetime,  has  since 
his  death  increased  rapidly  on  the  conti- 
nent and  in  London,  where  under  the  title 
of  New  Jerusalem  Conventicles,  they  en- 
688 


snare  the  superstitious  and  the  unwary. 
This  singular  character,  who,  in  his  mo- 
ments of  mystical  reveries  and  enthusiastic 
madness,  supposed  that  he  conversed  not 
only  with  angels,  but  with  the  supreme  Be- 
ing, pretended  that  whatever  happens  in 
the  world,  has  already  happened  in  the 
world  of  spirits,  which  is  situated  between 
heaven  and  hell.  According  to  his  decla- 
ration the  final  judgment  took  place  in 
1756,  in  this  invisible  world  of  spirits,  and 
the  result  of  it  was  communicated  to  him 
by  the  Redeemer  himself.  To  support  his 
doctrines  he  published  various  works,  such 
as  books  on  the  New  Jerusalem — on  Hea- 
ven and  Hell — Spiritual  Influx — the  White 
Horse  of  the  Revelation,  &c.  This  extra- 
ordinary character  died  in  London,  29th 
March,  1772,  aged  85.  In  his  younger 
years  he  had  shared  the  favours  of  the  king 
of  Sweden,  and  been  ennobled  in  1719. 

Swift,  Jonathan,  a  distinguished  divine 
and  able  writer.  He  was  born  30th  Nov. 
1667,  in  Ireland,  descended  of  an  ancient 
English  family.  His  father  died  about 
seven  months  before  his  birth,  and  left  him 
with  his  mother  and  a  daughter  in  very  in- 
digent circumstances,  but  the  elder  branch- 
es of  the  family  provided  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  the  future  dean.  At  the  age  of 
six  he  went  to  Kilkenny  school,  and  eight 
years  after  removed  to  Trinity  college, 
Dublin.  At  the  university  he  applied  him- 
self more  to  history  and  poetry  than  to  logic 
and  academical  learning,  so  that  after  four 
years'  residence  he  was  refused  his  first  de- 
gree for  insufficiency,  and  was  at  last  per- 
mitted to  take  it  speciali  gratia,  in  terms  of 
reproach.  This  circumstance  roused  all 
his  attention,  and  for  the  seven  next  years 
of  his  life  he  regularly  studied  eight  hours 
a  day.  In  1688,  his  uncle  was  attacked  by 
a  most  severe  illness,  which  deprived  him 
of  his  speech  and  memory,  and  having  thus 
lost  a  patron  and  a  friend,  he  passed  into 
England  to  visit  his  mother,  who  had  fixed 
her  residence  at  Leicester,  to  consult  about 
future  means  of  support.  Here  he  was  in- 
troduced to  sir  William  Temple,  who  had 
married  a  relation  of  Mrs.  Swift,  and  in 
the  company  of  this  distinguished  states- 
man he  continued  about  two  years,  and 
had  frequent  opportunities  of  seeing  king 
William,  who  once  offered  to  make  him 
captain  of  horse.  Swift's  thoughts,  how- 
ever, were  bent  to  the  church.  He  was 
admitted  to  his  master's  degree  at  Oxford, 
ad  eundem,  1692,  with  many  marks  of  ci- 
vility, and  afterwards  assisted  his  friend 
sir  VVilliam  in  revising  his  works ;  but 
though  he  enlarged  his  political  knowledge 
in  the  conversation  of  his  patron,  he  thought 
himself  neglected,  and  in  1694,  a  quarrel 
and  separation  took  place.  Swift  soon 
after  obtained  from  Capel,  the  lord  deputy 
of  Ireland,  the  prebend  of  Kilroot,  in  the 


8WI 


.SWl 


t}ioccAs  of  Connor,  ivoitli  100/.  a  year,  but 
in  a  little  time  returned   to   sir  William 
Temple,  who  wished   for  his  conversation 
by  any  sacrifice   whatever  ;  and  Ibr  four 
5-ears  till  sir  William's  death,  the  greatest 
harmony  prevailed  between  them.     On  his 
friend's  death  he  inherited    a   legacy   from 
bim,   and   the   right  of     his    posthumous 
works,  which    he  dedicated  to  the  king,  in 
bopcs  of  receiving  some  preferment,  which 
the  monarch  in  his  gayer  hours  had  liberal- 
ly promised,  but  he   was  disappointed,  and 
soon  after  followed,  as  secretary  and  chap- 
lain, lord  Berkeley,  one  of  the  lords  justices 
of   Ireland.      Here  again  disappointment 
ibllowed  him  ;    he   had   been  promised  the 
deanery  of  Derry,  but  when  it  became  va- 
cant his  patron  gave  it  to  some  greater  fa- 
vourite, and  presented   him   to  the  livings 
of  Laracor  and  Rathbcggin,  in  the  diocess 
of  Meath.     At  Laracor  he  now    resided, 
engaged  in  all  the  duties  of  an  active  and 
exemplary  parish    priest.     It   was  in   this 
place  that  he  was  tirst  visited  by  the  cele- 
brated Stella,  who  was  daughter  of   W. 
Johnson,  steward  to  sir   William  Temple, 
and  who  inherited  from  him,  for  the  faith- 
ful services  of  her  fiither,  a  legacy  of  1000/. 
This   lady,  whom  Swift  had  seen   at   the 
bouse  of  his  former   patron,  came  to    Ire- 
land at  his  pressing  invitation,  and  as  she 
was  but  18  she  was  accompanied  by  Mrs. 
Dingley,  a   female   friend    15  years  older. 
These  two  ladies  lived  with  Swift  on  terms 
of  the  strictest  intimacy,  but  without  scan- 
dal ;  in  his  absence  they  resided  at  the  par- 
sonage, but  on  his  return  thoy  removed  to 
their  lodgings  in  the  village,  and  they  were 
never  known  to  meet  but  in  the  company 
of  a  third  person.     In    1701   he  took  his 
doctoi-'s  degree,  and  after  the  death  of  king 
William,  he  came  to  England  occasionally, 
and  embarked  in   the  politics  of  the  time. 
He   became   acquainted  with  Harley,  and 
the  leading  members  of  the  ministry,    and 
gained  so  much  their  confidence,  that  he 
was  consulted  by  tbem  in  matters  of  im" 
portance,    and   considered  as  capable  not 
only  of  defending,  but   almost  of    guiding 
the  public  measures.     Though  thus  court- 
ed by  the   great   and  powerful,  he  did  not 
receive  any  preferment  before   1713,  when 
be  was  made  dean  of  St.  Patrick,  Dublin. 
A  bishopric  bad  before  been  intended  for 
bim  by  the  queen  ;    but  on  the  representa- 
tion of  archbishop  Sharp,  who  declared  him 
to  be  a  mah  whose  Christianity  was   very 
questionable,   his  name    was    passed    bv. 
Soon  after  he  had  taken  possession  of  his 
deanery,  he  returned  to  England  to  attempt 
to  reconcile  Harley  and   St.  John,  whose 
enmity  seemed  to  threaten  destruction  to 
the   whole   power  of  the  ministry,  but  in 
vain.     After  the  death  of  queen  Anne,   be 
bad  little  connexion  with  the  leading  men 
of  England  j    but,  though   for  some   time 
.  Vol..  11.  ^7 


very  unpopular    in  Ir(;land,  hi:*  patriotisiw 
soon   restored   him    to  the   public  favour. 
AVhcn  Wood  obt;iiiio.tl,  by  iniquitous  meau'^, 
a  patent  to  coin  1«(),()()1)/.  in  copper,  fur  thrt 
use  of  Ireland,  a  measure  which,  in  enrich- 
ing the   projector,  would   have   ruined  the 
people,    the    dean  boldly  opposed  the  plan, 
and  by  the  publication  of  his  Drapier's  Let- 
ters, he  prevailed  upon  the  pul)li(;  to  reject 
tlie  use  of  the  money.     Thus  successful  in 
the  suppression  of  this  irregulaj-  patent,  he 
became  the  oracle  of  Ireland,  and   nothii»g 
was  adopted  in  cominercial  or  political  sub- 
jects, either  at   Dublin  or   in  the  country, 
without  previously  knowing  the  sentiments 
of  the  dean.     TIiq   last   period  of  his  life 
was  spent  in  retirement,  and  under  the  af- 
flictions of  melancholy.     In    1736   he   lost 
his  memory,  and  as  bis  temper  was  natu- 
rally irascible,  he  grew  violent  and  peevish, 
so  that  few  of  his  friends  were  permitted 
to  visit  him.     In  1741,  his  infirmities  were 
such  that  he  was  unfit  for  conversation,  and 
the  next  year  he  became  wild  and  delirious, 
and  at  times  sunk  into   such  insensibility, 
that  for  a  whole  year  he  never  spoke.     Af- 
ter short  intervals  of  reason,  be  gradually 
declined,   and   at  last   died   at  the  end  of 
October,  1745,  aged  78,  without  the  least 
pang  or  convulsion.     He  was  buried  in  the 
cathedral  of  St.  Patrick.     Among  the  sin- 
gularities of  this  extraordinary  character, 
his  conduct  to  Stella  deserves  the  severest 
reprobation.     After  an  intimate  friendship 
of  more  than  16  years,  he  in  1716  married 
this  amiable  woman  ;  but  still  no  alteration 
took  place  in  their  mode  of  living,  and  she 
never  resided  in  his  house  except  when  fits 
of  giddiness  or  deafness  made  her  presence 
necessary.     He  never  acknowledged  her  as 
his  wife,  though  she  always  presided  at  his 
table ;  and  this  cruel  conduct  at  last  broke 
the  heart  of  this  injured  woman.     Late  in 
life  he  wished  her  to  be  publicly  acknow- 
ledged as  his  wife,  but  hurt  by  his  unkind- 
ness,  she  replied,  "that  it  was  too  late,  and 
that  they  must   live   as  they  had  lived  be- 
fore,^ and  she  gradually  declined  in  health, 
and  died  28th  Jan.  1727,  in  her  44th  year. 
But  not  only  Stella  experienced  the  cold- 
ness and  cruelty  of  his  lieart.     In  his  ex- 
cursions in  England,  he  became  acquainted 
with  Mrs.  Vanhomrigh,and  her  two  daugh- 
ters, with  the  eldest  of  whom  he  conversed 
frequently  on  literary  and  poetical  subjects. 
From  an  occasional  instructer.  Swift  soon 
became  in  tiie  eye  of  the  lady  an  object  oi' 
admiration  and  of  love,  and  she  at  last  ven- 
tured to  propose  marriage  to  him.     He  af- 
fected to  ridicule  her  on   her  choice,  but 
without   a  direct  and  absolute  refusal,  he 
continued  to  indulge  her  hopes  by  the  fre- 
quency  of  bis  correspondence.     In  1714, 
this  lady,  who  is  better  known   under  the 
name  of  Vanessa,  passed  into  Ii-t»Iand  with 
her  f^i'^ter,  and  fixed  her  residence  in  bis 

689 


^>Vi 


swi 


iioigKbouFiiooti,  and  at  last  in  1717,  she  so- 
licited him  in  the  strongest  terms  not  to 
trifle  with  her  affections,  but  to  declare 
whether  he  would  accept  or  refuse  her  for  a 
wife.  The  dean,  who  had  hitherto  sported 
with  the  feelings  of  this  innocent  and 
amiable  woman,  wrote  an  answer  to  her 
letter,  probably  intimating  his  marriage 
with  Stella,  and  delivered  it  with  his  own 
hands.  Vanessa  read  it,  and  survived  the 
shock  only  a  few  weeks  ;  but  before  she  ex- 
pired, she  altered  her  will,  and  left  to  the 
bishop  of  Clojne  and  sergeant  Marshall,  the 
property  which  she  had  designed  for  her 
cruel  lover.  The  works  of  Swift  are  very 
respectable.  He  wrote  poems,  which  pos- 
sess elegance  and  beauty,  but  their  humour 
is  often  coarse  and  licentious.  His  politi- 
cal writings  are  composed  in  a  forcible  and 
argumentative  style,  and  when  published 
they  had  a  strong  effect  on  the  public  opi- 
nion, and  drew  on  the  author  the  admira- 
tion and  the  applause  of  the  great  parlia- 
mentary leaders  of  the  time.  His  Gulli- 
ver's Travels,  a  satirical  romance,  and  his 
Tale  of  a  Tub,  in  which  he  ridiculed  popery 
and  puritanism,  were  very  popular  works, 
and  are  still  read  with  admiration.  In  his 
political  principles  he  was  a  tory,  and  ably 
defended  the  succession  of  a  protestant 
monarch  to  the  throne.  As  the  friend  of 
Oxford,  Pope,  Addison,  Congreve,  Steele, 
Rowe,  and  other  great  and  learned  men,  he 
•was  universally  respected  for  the  import- 
ance which  his  opinion  acquired  in  the  pub- 
lie  esteem,  and  wherever  he  appeared  he 
was  courted  and  respected  as  a  pleasing 
companion,  and  a  man  of  information. 
Though  a  great  humorist  and  an  excellent 
punster,  he  preserved  delicacy  in  his  con- 
versation, and  was  best  pleased  when  la- 
dies were  present,  as  he  observed  that  they 
would  banish  whatever  was  indecorous, 
profane,  or  vulgar.  As  an  ecclesiastic  he 
was  punctually  exact,  and  as  a  man  of  the 
world  he  regarded  wealth  as  the  proof  of 
independence,  and  therefore  often  made  his 
frugality  subservient  to  his  avarice.  *  He 
left  by  his  will  11,000/.  for  the  endowment 
©f  a  hospital  for  idiots  and  lunatics,  in  the 
city  of  Dublin.  His  works  have  been  pub- 
lished in  14  vols.  4to.  also  in  25  vols.  8vo. 
in  27  vols,  small  8vo.  and  in  17  vols.  8vo. 
1784,  with  an  account  of  his  life  by  T. 
Sheridan. 

Swift,  Deane,  a  near  relation  of  the 
dean  of  St.  Patrick,  was  called  Deane  from 
the  name  of  one  of  his  maternal  ancestors. 
He  published  in  1755  an  Essay  on  the  Life, 
Writings,  and  Character  of  Dr.  Jonathan 
Swift ;  in  1765  an  eighth  quarto  volume  of 
the  dean's  works,  and  in  1768  2  vols,  of 
his  letters.  He  intended  a  complete  edi- 
tion of  his  relation's  works,  but  died  before 
it  was  finished,  at  Wor<»ePter,  12^h  July, 
178.3. 

€90 


Swift,  Zephaniah,  LL.D.  chief  justice 
of  Connecticut,  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1778,  and  established  himself  as 
a  lawyer  at  Windham,  in  that  state,  where 
his  superior  talents  and  professional  attain- 
ments soon  elevated  him  to  extensive  prac- 
tice and  a  high  reputation.  He  was  early 
elected  to  a  seat  in  congress,  and  in  ISOO 
was  secretary  to  Ellsworth,  Davie,  and 
Murray  in  their  mission  to  France.  Soon 
after  his  return  he  was  placed  on  the  bench 
of  the  superior  court,  where  he  continued 
eighteen  years,  during  the  last  five  of  which 
he  was  chief  justice,  and  discharged  the  du- 
ties of  that  station  with  the  most  distin- 
guished ability  and  uprightness.  He  was 
afterwards  a  member  of  the  state  legisla- 
ture, and  was  appointed  one  of  a  committee 
to  revise  the  statute  laws  of  the  state.  He 
published  a  Digest  of  the  Laws  of  Connec- 
ticut, in  2  volumes,  on  the  model  of  Black- 
stone,  a  work  of  great  learning  and  repu- 
tation. His  death  took  place  at  Warren, 
Ohio,  October  27th,  1823,  in  the  65th  year 
of  his  age.  |CJ^  L. 

Swinburne,  Henry,  a  native  of  York. 
He  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  took  his 
degree  of  LL.B.  and  became  proctor  and 
judge  of  the  prerogative  court  of  the  arch- 
bishop of  York.  He  wrote  Brief  treatise 
on  Testaments  and  Last  Wills,  4to. — trea- 
tise of  Sponsals  or  Matrimonial  Contracts, 
4to.  &c.  and  died  at  York,  1620. 

Swinburne,  Henry,  a  traveller,  was 
born  of  a  catholic  family  in  Northumber- 
land. After  going  through  a  preparatorj' 
course  of  education  at  Scorton  school  in 
Yorkshire,  he  went  to  Paris,  Bourdeaux, 
and  Turin,  for  improvement.  In  1774 
he  again  made  a  tour  on  the  continent, 
where  he  spent  six  years  ;  and  on  his  return 
retired  to  his  seat  in  the  bishopric  of  Dur- 
ham ;  but  o%ving  to  a  failure  in  his  cir- 
cumstances, was  obliged  to  go  to  the  island 
of  Trinidad,  where  he  died  in  1803.  Mr. 
Swinburne  published  **  Travels  in  Spain," 
in  1  vol. ;  and  "  Travels  in  the  Two  Sici- 
lies," in  2  vols.  4to.—  W.  B. 

Swinden,  Tobias,  an  English  divine,  au- 
thor of  a  curious  Inquiry  into  the  Nature 
and  place  of  Hell,  which  he  places  in  the 
sun.  This  work,  first  published  in  8vo. 
1714,  appeared  again  with  an  appendix, 
1727,  and  was  translated  into  French  by 
Bion,  Amsterdam,  1728,  Svo.  The  author, 
who  was  vicar  of  Cuxton  in  Kent,  died 
about  1720. 

SwiNNOCK,  George,  a  native  of  Maid- 
stone, educated  at  Cambridge,  from  which 
he  removed  to  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
master's  degree.  He  lost,  in  1662,  his 
living  of  Great  Kymbels,  Bucks,  for  non- 
conformity, and  died  at  Maidstone,  1673. 
He  was  author  of  Heaven  and  Hell  Epito- 
mised, 4to. — the  Door  of  Salvation  Open- 
ed, Svo. — the  Christian    Man's   Calling,  •% 


SAU 


SIX 


vols.  4to.  a  useful  work,  and  other  diviiiity 
tracts,  now  little  known. 

SwiNTON,  John,  B.D.  an  English  anti- 
quary, born  1703,  at  Bexton,  Cheshire. 
He  was  originally  servitor  oi"  VVadham 
college,  Oxford,  where,  in  consequence  of 
bis  good  conduct,  he  was  elected  scholar 
and  fellow.  When  he  had  taken  orders 
he  obtained  the  living  of  St.  Peter-le-Bai- 
ley,  in  Oxford,  and  then  went  as  chaplain 
to  the  English  factory  at  Leghorn.  As  the 
situation  did  not  agree  n  ith  his  health,  he 
returned  home  through  Venice,  Presburg, 
and  Vienna.  He  married  in  1743,  and  in 
1747  was  elected  keeper  of  the  university 
records.  He  died  4th  April,  1777,  and  his 
wife  in  17S4.  They  were  both  buried  in 
Wadham  chapel.  He  published  some 
learned  works,  the  best  known  of  which 
are  an  Essay  on  the  Words  ^xiy-uv  and 
Asa/xov/ov,  &c. — Inscriptiones  Critical,  &c. 
— and  other  curious  dissertations,  besides 
some  sermons,  and  parts  of  the  Ancient 
Universal  History,  comprehended  in  the 
6th  and  7ih  volumes  of  that  useful  work. 

Sybrecht,  John  a  landscape  painter, 
born  at  Antwerp,  1630.  His  drawings,  es- 
pecially of  views  on  the  Rhine,  were  much 
admired.  The  duke  of  Buckingham  invited 
him  to  England,  and  patronised  him.  His 
Derbyshire  views  possessed  great  merit. 
He  died  at  London,  1703,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  James's  church. 

Sydenham,  Thomas,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, born  at  Winford  Eagle,  Dorsetshire, 
1624.  He  was  of  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford, 
which,  when  it  was  garrisoned  by  the  king's 
forces,  he  left  for  London,  but  afterwards 
returned  and  took  his  degree  of  M.B.  1648. 
He  then  subscribed  to  the  authority  of  the 
parliamentary  visiters,  and  wasmade  fellow 
of  All  Souls,  and  some  years  afterwards 
settled  as  a  physician  at  Westminster,  and 
took  his  doctor's  degree  at  Cambridge. 
From  1660  to  1670  he  enjoyed  a  most  ex- 
tensive practice,  and  a  reputation  superior 
to  that  of  his  contemporaries,  but  the  gout 
arrested  his  progress,  and  permitted  him  to 
go  little  abroad.  He  was,  however,  con- 
sulted at  home,  and  his  writings  continued 
to  improve  and  enlighten  the  medical  world. 
He  died  in  Pall  Mall,  29th  Dec.  1689,  and 
ivas  buried  in  St.  James's  church.  In  his 
practice  he  followed  experience  rather  than 
theoi-y,  and  observed  the  nature,  properties, 
and  symptoms  of  disease  with  such  suc- 
cess and  discrimination,  that  he  has  been 
called  the  father  of  physic  among  the  mo- 
derns. He  was  the  first  who  recommended 
a  cool  regimen  in  the  smallpox.  His  treatises 
on  nervous  disorders,  and  on  consumptive 
fevers  are  very  valuable.  His  works  were 
written  in  English,  but  translated  into  Latin 
by  his  friends,  and  universally  esteemed  by 
the  le:3i.i'nctl  of  Europe.     There  were  edi- 


tions of  ihcm  at  Leyden,  Gencta,  Leipait, 
and  London. 

Sydenham,  Floycr,  a  learn(;d  man,  born 
1710,  and  educated  at  Wadham  college^ 
Oxford,  where  he  took  his  degree  of  M.A- 
1734.  He  undertook  the  translation  of  Plato, 
for  which  he  was  well  qualilied  by  hi^i  great 
knowledge  of  ancient  literature,  and  pub- 
lished some  parts  ;  but  poverty  persecuted 
him,  and  clouded  the  happiest  of  his  houra. 
He  was  at  last  arrested  by  a  victualler,  at 
whose  house  he  had  often  had  a  scanty  din- 
ner, and  he  died  while  in  confinement,  178*5. 
The  amiable  character  of  the  man,  his  un- 
assuming modesty, and  well-known  abilities, 
as  well  as  his  melancholy  fate,  deeply  inte- 
rested the  friends  of  humanity  and  of 
science,  and  to  that  honourable  feeling  Eng- 
land owes  the  institution  of  the  literary 
fund,  a  noble  establishment,  which  tends  to 
banish  indigence  and  despair  from  the  hum- 
ble abodes  of  the  professional  favourite  of 
the  muses,  and  to  shed  a  beam  of  comfort 
on  his  declining  years. 

Sylburgius,  Frederick,  a  learned  Ger- 
man born  at  Marpurg,  1546.  He  was  for 
some  time  schoolmaster  at  Licha,  but  af- 
terwards devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
ancient  authors.  He  published  learned 
editions  of  Herodotus,  Aristotle,  Dionysius 
of  HalicarnassuSjDion  Cassius,  Justin  Mar- 
tyr, &c.  wrote  some  Greek  poems,  and  also 
assisted  Stephens  in  the  compilation  of  his 
Greek  Thesaurus.  His  Greek  Grammar, 
and  Etymologicon  Magnum,  folio,  1594, 
are  highly  valued.  He  died  universally  la- 
mented, 1596. 

Sylla,  Lucius  Cornelius,  a  famous  Ro- 
man, who  acquired  military  fame  in  the  ar- 
mies of  Marius  and  of  Catullus.  Success  in 
the  war  against  the  Marsi,  and  great  popu- 
larity among  the  soldiers,  incited  him  to  as- 
pire to  the  sovereign  power  under  the  title 
of  dictator,  and  though  opposed  by  Marius, 
he  gained  his  purpose,  and  cruelly  murder- 
ed the  most  powerful  of  the  senators,  who 
wished  to  curb  his  authority.  After  being 
absolute  at  Rome,  he  had  the  courage  to  lay- 
down  his  office,  and  to  retire  to  the  incon- 
sequence of  a  private  life.  He  died  at  Pu- 
teoli,  B.C.  78,  aged  60.  The  last  years  of 
his  life  were  spent  disgracefully  in  low  de- 
bauchery. 

SYLVESTEfe,  Matthew,  an  English  divine, 
educated  at  Cambridge,  and  ejected  from 
the  living  of  Gunnerby,  Lincolnshire,  foi- 
nonconformity,  1662.  He  settled  after- 
wards in  London,  as  pastor  to  a  dissenting 
congregation,  and  died  there  1708.  Besides 
some  sermons, he  published  Baxter's  history 
of  his  Life  and  Times,  in  fol. 

Sylvester,  Joshua,  an  English  poet, 
born  1563.  He  was  noticed  by  Elizabeth 
and  James  \.  and  was  for  some  time  enga- 
ged in  mercantile  business.  He  was  poeti- 
cal pensioner  to  Henrv,  James's  eldest  scVi 

GUI 


SVL 


sip 


He  was  obliged  to  leave  his  country,  ior 
•what  cause  is  unknown,  and  died  at  Mid- 
dleberg  in  Holland,  28th  Sep.  1618  He  is 
linown  as  the  translator  of  Du  Bartas's  Di- 
vine Weeks,  and  works,  4to.  and  as  the  au- 
thor of  some  poems,  but  of  little  merit. 

Sylvius,  Francis,  professor  of  eloquence, 
and  principal  of  the  college  of  Tournay  at 
Paris,  was  a  native  of  Levilly  near  Amiens. 
He  laboured  zealously  to  introduce  the 
right  pronunciation  of  the  Latin  language 
in  the  colleges  of  France,  and  to  supersede 
Ihe  barbarous  jargon  of  the  schools  by  the 
more  elegant  diction  of  Cicero.  Besides 
commentaries,  he  wrote  Progymnasmatum 
in  Artem  Oratoriam,  &c.  and  died  1530. 
After  the  fashion  of  the  times,  he  altered 
his  name  of  Dubois,  to  the  more  classical 
word  Sylvius. 

Sylvius,  Lambert,  or  Vanden  Bosch,  a 
Dutch  writer,  born  at  Dordrecht.  He 
wrote  the  Theatre  of  illustrious  men,  &c. 
2  vols.  4to. — History  of  his  age,  from  1667, 
to  1687. — History  of  sea  heroes,  4to. — with 
figures,  tragedies,  poems,  &e.  He  died 
1688,  aged  78. 

Sylvius,  Francis  de  le  Boe,  a  native  of 
Hanau  in  V'eteravia,  professor  of  medicine 
at  Leyden, where  he  ably  demonstrated  the 
truth  of  Harvey's  discovery  of  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood.  He  promoted  also  the 
study  of  chymistry,  and  died  14th  Nov. 
1672,  aged  33.  His  works  have  been  col- 
lected by  Elzevir,  1679,  4to.  and  fol.  Ve- 
nice 1703. 

Sylvius,  James,  or  Dubois,  an  eminent 
French  physician,  born  at  Amiens  in  Picar- 
dy  1479.  After  receiving  an  excellent  edu- 
cation he  devoted  himself  totally  to  medi- 
cine and  to  the  study  of  Hippocrates  and 
Galen.  He  gave  lectures  on  the  medical 
art  at  Paris  with  such  success,  that  other 
physicians,  jealous  of  his  fame,  exclaimed 
against  him,  as  he  had  been  graced  by  no 
degree.  In  consequence  of  this  he  went  to 
Montpellier,  but  his  avarice  was  so  great 
that  he  would  not  spend  money  to  procure 
the  university  honours.  He  afterwards 
obtained  a  degree  by  interest  at  Paris,  and 
in  1548  was  nominated  to  the  medical  chair 
of  the  royal  college.     He  died  l.'^SS.     His 


great  learning  was  obscured  by  his  uncooi- 
mon  avarice,  and  he  unfortunately  was  en=- 
gaged  with  his  pupil  Vesalius.  His  works 
have  often  been  printed,  called  Opera  Me- 
dica,  the  best  edition  of  which  is  that  of 
Cologne  1630. 

Symmachus,  Q.  Aur.  Avianus,  a  learned 
Roman,  who  warmly  opposed  Christianity, 
and  wished  for  the  re-establishment  of  pa- 
ganism at  Rome.  He  was  banished  by 
Theodosius.     His  epistles  are  extant. 

Syncellus,  a  monk  of  Constantinople 
792,  author  of  a  chronography  in  Greek 
and  Latin. 

Synesius,  a  native  of  Africa,  made  bi- 
shop of  Ptolemais  410.  His  epistles  and 
homilies  remain,  and  possess  merit.  There 
was  a  Platonic  philosopher  of  that  name, 
author  of  a  treatise  on  natural  philosophy, 
&e. 

Synge,  Edward,  a  pious  prelate,  second 
son  of  the  bishop  of  Cork,  was  born  at  Ini- 
shonane  in  Ireland,  where  his  father  was 
then  vicar,  6th  April,  1659.     He  was  educa- 
ted at  Cork  school  and  then  came  to  Christ- 
church  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  first  de- 
gree, and  afterwards  completed  his  studies 
at  Dublin  university.  He  distinguished  him- 
self for  above  20  years,  as  an  active  and  la- 
borious  parish   priest  in   Ireland,   and  in 
consequence  of  his  great  zeal  in  favour  of 
the  Hanoverian  succession  was  made  bishop 
of  Raphoe  in  1714,   and  two  years  after 
advanced  to  the  primacy  of  Tuam.     He  died 
at  Tuam  1 741,  and  was  buried  in  the  church- 
yard of  his  cathedral.    His  tracts  are  valua- 
ble as  written  in  a  popular  style,  and  for  the 
active  promotion  of  piety  and  virtue.     They 
have  appeared  in  4  vols.  12mo.  and    often 
been  reprinted,  especially  by  the  society  for 
promoting  Christian  knowledge.    Dr.  Synge 
had  the  singular  fortune  of  being  a  bishop, 
the  son  and  the  nephew  of  a  bishop,  and  the 
father  of  two  bishops. 

Syphax,  a  king  of  Numidia,who  revolted 
from  the  side  of  the  Romans,  to  the  cause 
of  Carthage,  and  of  Asdrubal,whose  daugh- 
ter he  had  married.  He  was  defeated  by 
Massinissa,  and  died  in  prison  at  Rome, 
B.C.  201. 


TAB 


TAB 


X  ABOR,  John  Otho,  a  native  of  Bautzen 
in  Lusatia.  On  the  destruction  of  his  coun- 
try during  the  wars  of  Germany,  he  retired 
to  Giessen  where  he  became  counsellor  to 
the  landgrave  of  Hesse  Darmstadt.  He 
died  at  Frankfort  1 674,  where  he  had  re- 
tired a  few  years  before,  aged  70.  His 
ivorks,  which  are  all  on  law,  were  published 
692 


1688,  in  two  vols.  fol.  An  account  of  his 
life  was  wTitten  by  Paschius  his  son-in-law. 
Tabourot,  Stephen,  called  Sieur  des  Ac- 
cords, a  French  writer,  born  1549.  He  was 
king's  proctor  at  Dijon,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  some  curious  and  eccentric  pub- 
lications. He  died  1590.  His  bigarrures, 
&e.  consisting  of  apophthegms,  epitaphs. 


TAl. 


TAL 


dialogues,  conundrums,  &c.  not  always  on 
the  most  delicate  subjects,  were  published, 
2  vols.  l2mo. 

Tacca,  Peter  James,  a  native  of  Carrara, 
who  studied  sculpture  under  John  of  Bo- 
logna. He  travelled  into  Spain  and  France, 
and  acquired  great  celebrity.  He  died  at 
Florence,  1640.  The  best  of  his  pieces  is 
an  equestrian  statue  of  Philip  IV.  at  Ma- 
drid. His  statue  of  Henry  IV.  at  Paris, 
his  Jane  of  Austria,  his  Ferdinand  HI.  of 
Tuscany,  and  the  four  slaves  in  bronze,  in 
the  harbour  of  Leghorn,  are  also  much  ad- 
mired. His  son  Ferdinand  was  also  an 
able  sculptor,  and  his  statue  of  Ferdinand 
was  among  his  best  pieces. 

Tachard,  Guy,  a  French  Jesuit,  sent  in 
1686  as  missionary  to  Siam.  He,  with  the 
ambassadors  Chaumont  and  Choisi,  visited 
Europe,  1688,  and  then  returned  and  died 
at  Bengal  of  a  contagious  disorder,  1694. 
An  account  of  his  voyages  to  Siam  have  ap- 
peared in  two  vols.  12mo.  Paris,  1686,  and 
1689, but  he  is  very  credulous  and  inaccurate. 
Tacitus,  Caius  Cornel,  a  celebrated  Ro- 
man historian.  He  was  also  eminent  as  a 
pleader,  and  as  the  asserter  and  the  advocate 
of  virtue  and  innocence,  in  the  reigns  of  Do- 
mitian  and  Nerva.  Of  his  historical  works 
some  have  perished.  His  annals  are  very  va- 
luable. His  language  and  style  possess  ele- 
gance and  spirit, purityand  nervous  strength. 
Tacitus,  Marcus  Claudius,  emperor  of 
Rome  after  Aurelian  275,  was  a  wise,  bene- 
volent, and  patriotic  monarch.  He  was 
also  distinguished  as  a  warrior,  and  died 
276,  aged  70,  as  he  was  preparing  to  go 
against  the  Persians. 

Taconnet,  Toussaint  Gaspard,  a  native 
of  Paris,  known  for  his  eccentricities.  He 
was  for  some  time  a  player,  and  then  a 
poet,  and  rendered  himself  ridiculous  by 
his  intemperance.  He  wrote  several  farces 
and  plays,  of  which  the  heroes  are  persons 
of  low  birth  and  mean  professions.  He 
died  in  the  hospital  of  charity  at  Paris,  29th 
Dec.  1774,  aged  44. 

Tacquet,  Andrew,  a  Jesuit  of  Antwerp, 
eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  mathematics, 
and  his  publications,  a  Treatise  on  Astro- 
nomy— an  edition  of  Euclid,  &c.  He  died 
1660.  His  works  were  collected  into  one 
volume  fol.  1669,  and  1707,  at  Antwerp. 

Taffi,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Florence, 
eminent  as  being  the  artist  who  introduced 
the  art  of  designing  in  mosaic,  which  he  had 
learnt  from  some  Greeks.  His  best  piece 
is  a  dead  Christ,  in  a  chapel  at  Florence. 
He  died  1294,  aged  81. 

Talbert,  Francis  Xavier,  a  native  of 
Besan<^on.  He  abandoned  the  law,  for 
which  his  father,  a  counsellor  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Franche-Comte,  designed  him,  and 
embraced  the  ecclesiastical  profession,  and 
obtained  a  canonry  at  Bensan«;on.  He  was 
a  popular  and  eloquent  preacher  at  Lune- 


villc,  Versailles,  and  Paris,  and,  in  1701, 
he  quitted  France  to  reside  in  Italy,  and  af- 
terwards went  with  the  princess  of  Nassau 
into  Poland.     He  died  at  Lemberg,  in  Gal- 
licia,  4th  June,  1803,  aged  78.     He  is  au- 
thor of  a  discourse    on   inequality   among 
men,  crowned  at  Dijon,  1755— Panegyric  of 
St.  Louis — Eloges  of  Bonnet,  Montaigne, 
cardinal  Amboise,  Philip  regent  of  France 
Boileau,    &.c.    and   some   poetical  pieces. 
Talbot,    John,   earl  of  Shrewsliury,  a 
warlike  Englishman  descended  from  a  Nor- 
man family,  distinguished  himself  in  the  re- 
duction of  Ireland,  of  which  he  was  made 
governor  by  Henrj-  V.    He  was  afterwards 
in  France  with  the  English  army,  and  took 
Alencon,  Pontoisc,  and  Laval,  but  was  re- 
pulsed at  the  siege  of  Orleans,  by  Joan  of 
Arc.     He  was  afterwards  taken  prisoner 
at  the   battle  of  Patay,  but  when  restored 
to  liberty  he  signalized  himself  at  the  siege 
of  Beaumont-sur-Oise,  and   afterwards  in- 
vaded  Guienne,  and  took  Bourdeaux,  and 
other   towns.     This   brave   warrior,    who 
was  the  terror  of  the  French,  and  deserved- 
ly named  the  Achilles  of  England,  at  last 
fell  in  the  battle  near  Castillon,  a  town  of 
which  he  was  attempting  to  raise  the  siege, 
17th  July,  1453. 

Talbot,  Peter,  a  native  of  Ireland,  al- 
moner to  Catherine,  wife  of  Charles  II.  He 
was  a  zealous  papist,  and  was  made  by 
pope  Clement  IX.  archbishop  of  Dublin. 
He  was  seized  by  the  protestants,  and  died 
in  prison,  1682.  He  wrote  de  Natura  Fi- 
dei  et  Haeresis — Tractatus  de  Religione,  and 
other  works. 

Talbot,  Richard,  earl  of  Tyrconnel, 
brother  to  the  preceding,  was  made  viceroy 
of  Ireland  by  James  II.  and  he  opposed  the 
invasion  of  William  III.    He  died  1692. 

Talbot,  Charles,  earl  and  duke  of 
Shrewsbury,  was  one  of  the  warmest  pro- 
moters of  the  revolution,  and  for  his  ser- 
vices he  was  created  a  duke.  He  was  af- 
terwards made  lord  chamberlain,  and  went 
to  Ireland  as  viceroy,  and  afterwards  held 
the  office  of  high-treasurer.  He  died  1717, 
aged  57. 

Talbot,  William,  a  native  of  J-ichfield, 
educated  at  Oriel  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  entered,  1674.  The  interest  of  his  re- 
lation, the  earl  of  Shrewsbury,  opened  for 
him  the  door  of  preferment,  and  he  became 
dean  of  Worcester  1691,  bishop  of  Oxfoni 
1699,  of  Sarum  1715,  and  six  years  after 
was  translated  to  Durham.  He  died  1730. 
He  wrote  sermons,  which  have  been  pub- 
lished in  1  vol.  8vo. 

Talbot,  Charles  lord,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, rose  by  his  merit  to  high  offices  in  the 
law,  and  was  at  last  made  lord  chancellor. 
To  the  deepest  knowledge  of  law  and  of 
politics,  he  joined  the  soundest  virtue  and 
the  most  incorruptible  integrity.  He  died 
1737,  aged  51, 

6fl.*? 


TAL 


TAN 


Talijaiarn,  a  Welsh  bard  of  the  sixth 
century.  He  composed  a  prayer  which 
was  adopted  by  the  whole  body  of  bards  in 
Wales,  and  he  afterwards  retired  to  the  so- 
litude of  a  hermitage,  where  he  was  visited 
as  a  saint  of  superior  virtues. 

Taliacotius,  Caspar,  or  Tagliacocei, 
an  Italian  surgeon,  at  Bologna,  where  he 
died,  1553,  aged  64.  He  wrote  a  Treatise 
"  de  Curtorura  Chirurgia  per  Insitionem," 
Venice,  fol.  1597,  which  is  known  in  Eng- 
land by  the  ludicrous  allusion  to  it  in  Hu- 
dibras,  "  So  learned  Taliacotus  from,"  &c. 
In  this  work  he  pretended  that  he  could  re- 
store the  nose,  ears,  &c.  to  their  original 
form  and  appearance  in  case  of  mutilation 
or  deformity.  He  is  represented  at  Bo- 
logna in  a  statue  with  a  nose  in  his  hand, 
as  expressive  of  the  art  which  he  prac- 
tised. 

Taliesin,  a  Welsh  bard  of  great  celebri- 
ty. He  flourished  about  the  sixth  century. 
Several  of  his  compositions  are  preserved 
in  the  Archaeology  of  Wales,  and  are  men- 
tioned with  applause. 

Tallard,  Camille  d'Hostun,  count  de,  a 
celebrated  marshal  of  France,  born  14th 
Feb.  1652,  in  Dauphine.  He  early  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  soldier,  and  in  1672, 
was  under  Lewis  XIV.  in  Holland,  and 
soon  after  gained  the  approbation  and 
friendship  of  Turenne,  by  his  noble  conduct 
in  the  battles  of  Mulhausen  and  Turkheim. 
In  1693  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieu- 
tenant general,  and  1697,  was  sent  as  am- 
bassador to  England,  concerning  the  suc- 
cession to  the  Spanish  crown  in  the  person 
of  Charles  II.  In  1702  he  was  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  armies  on  the  Rhine,  and 
made  marshal  of  France  soon  after.  He 
defeated  the  Imperialists  under  the  prince 
of  Hesse,  before  the  town  of  Landau, 
which  he  took  after  a  short  siege  ;  but  his 
pompous  ostentation  of  announcing  the 
victory,  rendered  him  ridiculous.  "  I  have," 
said  he,  "  obtained  more  standards  than 
your  majesty  has  lost  soldiers."  In  1704,  he 
was  opposed  to  the  great  Marlborough,  and 
at  the  battle  of  Blenheim  was  taken  pri- 
soner and  brought  to  England,  where  he 
continued  seven  years.  On  his  return  to 
Paris,  1712,  he  was  created  a  duke,  and  in 
1726,  made  secretary  of  state.  He  died 
March  3d,  1728. 

Tallis,  Thomas,  an  eminent  English 
musician  in  the  16th  century.  He  was  or- 
ganist, it  is  said,  in  the  chapel  of  Henry 
VIII.  and  of  his  three  successors.  Under 
Mary  he  was  only,  it  is  supposed,  gentle- 
man of  the  chapel,  and  received  for  his  sa- 
lary, 7  l'2d.  a-day,  and  under  Elizabeth  he 
had  Bird  as  his  fellow  organist.  He  may 
be  said  to  be  the  father  of  the  cathedral 
style,  especially  in  England.  He  publish- 
ed, with  Bird,  a  Collection  of  Hymns, 
chiefly  from  the  English  liturgy,  for  church 
694 


service,  &c.     He  died  23d  Nov.  1585,  4nd 
was  buried  in  Greenwich  church,  Kent. 

Tamerlane,  or  Timur  Beg,  or  Timur 
the  Lame,   from  some  defect  in  his  feet, 
was  born  in  the  village  of  Kesch,  in  ancient 
Sogdiana,  1335.     Whether  the  son   of  a 
shepherd,  or  descended  from  the  royal  race, 
is  unknown  ;  but,  however,  the  obscurity 
of  his  first  years  was  soon  forgotten  in  the 
glory  of   his   exploits.     Distinguished   by 
courage,  by  intrepidity,  and  by  unbounded 
ambition,  he  soon  gained  a  number  of  faith- 
ful adherents,  and  at  their  head  he  seized 
the  city  of  Balk,  the  capital  of  Khorassan, 
and  easily  subdued  the  province  of  Canda- 
har,  the  kingdom  of  Persia,  and  Bagdad. 
Elate  with  his  success  he  now  meditated 
the  conquest  of  India,  and  though  his  sol- 
diers at  first  refused  to  follow,  their  hesita- 
tion was  soon  conquered  by  promises,  and 
the  powerful  aid  of  a  pretended  prophet. 
Thus  seconded  by  an  enthusiastic  army,  he 
penetrated  to  India,  took  Delhi,  with  the 
immense  treasures  of  the  Mogul,  and  re- 
turned to  conquer  Damascus,  and  to  punish 
Bagdad,  that  presumed  to  shake  off"  his 
yoke.     The  offending  city  was  given  up  to 
the  pillage  of  his-  soldiers,  and  80,000  of 
her  inhabitants  put  to  the  sword.     Now 
master  of  the  fairer  part  of  Asia,  he  inter- 
fered, at  the  request  of  the  Greek  emperor,^ 
in  the  affairs   of  Bajazet,  emperor  of  the 
Turks,  and  sent  to  him  a  haughty  message, 
commanding  him  to  abandon  the  siege  of 
Constantinople,  and  to  restore  the  princesr 
whom    he    had    deposed.     The    message 
roused   the   indignation   of    Bajazet ;    he 
marched  against  this  new  enemy,  and  was 
defeated  by  Tamerlane  in  the  plains  of  An- 
cyra,   in  Phrygia,  after  a  dreadful  battle, 
which  continued  three  days.     Bajazet  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  conqueror,  and  was 
treated  with  great  ix»iiumanity,  and  carried 
about  in  mockery  in  an  iron  cage.     Some 
writers,  however,  deny  this,  and  affirm  that 
the  conduct  of  Tamerlane  towards  the  cap- 
tive prince,  was  as  humane  and  honourable 
as  fallen  greatness  merited.     To  these  last 
conquests  Tamerlane  added  Egypt,  and  the 
immense  treasures  of  Cairo,  and  then  fixed 
the  seat  of  his  empire  at  Samarcand,  where 
he    received   the    homage    of    submissive 
princes,  and  among  them  of  Manuel  Paleo- 
logus,    emperor    of    Constantinople,    and 
Henry  III.  king  of  Castille,  by  their  am- 
bassadors.   Tamerlane  was  preparing  fresh 
victories  by  the  invasion  of  China,  when 
death  stopped  his  career,  April  1st,  1405, 
in  the  36th  year  of  his  reign.    He  appoint- 
ed his  grandson  as  his  successor  over  that 
vast  empire,  which  he  had  acquired  with 
such  astonishing  success  and  rapidity. 

Tanaquil,  wife  of  the  elder  Tarquin,  per- 
suaded her  husband  to  go  and  settle  at  Rome, 
where  he  was  elected  king.  Her  memory 
was  held  in  great  respect  by  the  Roman?. 


TAN 


TAfl 


Tanevot,  Alexander,  first  commissary 
■of  the  finances,  was  born  at  Versailles,  and 
died  at  Paris,  1773,  aged  81.  He  wrote 
Sethos,  and  Adam  and  Eve,  two  tragedies, 
besides  fables,  stories,  epistles,  songs,  &.c. 
which  were  collected  into  3  vols.  12mo. 
1766.  His  style  is  pure,  easy,  and  flow- 
ing, though  he  occasionally  degenerates  in- 
to a  feeble  and  insipid  diction.  Though  he 
had  the  power  of  enriching  himself,  he  died 
poor,  but  highly  respected. 

Tanner,  Thomas,  a  learned  antiquary, 
born  1674,  at  Market  Lavington,  Wilts, 
where  his  father  was  minister.  He  was 
educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and 
became  chaplain  and  fellow  of  All  Souls. 
In  1701  he  was  made  chancellor  of  Nor- 
wich, and  rector  of  Thorpe,  and  afterwards 
prebendary  of  Ely,  canon  of  Christ-church, 
and  in  1732,  bishop  of  St.  Asaph.  He  died 
at  Christ-church,  Oxford,  14th  Dec.  1735, 
and  was  buried  in  the  cathedral.  He  is 
known  as  the  author  of  Notitia  Monastica, 
or  a  short  History  of  all  the  Religious 
Houses  in  England  and  Wales,  8vo.  1695, 
republished  in  folio,  1744 — Bibliotheca  Bri- 
tannico-Hibernica,  the  labour  of  40  years, 
published  1748,  folio.  He  also  contributed 
to  Wood's  Athenae  Oxonienses,  last  edi- 
tion, &c. 

Tansillo,  Luigi,  an  Italian  poet,  born 
at  Nola  1520.  The  best  part  of  bis  life  was 
spent  in  the  service  of  Don  Pedro  de  To- 
ledo, viceroy  of  Naples,  and  he  was  made 
judge  of  Gaieta,  and  died  after  1596.  He 
was  esteemed  as  a  poet,  but  his  11  Vinde- 
Kiiatore,  or  the  Vintager,  a  poem  1534,  was 
considered  so  indelicate  and  licentious,  that 
liis  writings  were  put  into  the  index  expurga- 
torius  of  the  pope.  He  published  besides 
other  poems,  and  reconciled  himself  to  the 
see  of  Rome,  by  his  "  Tears  of  St.  Peter," 
which  removed  the  papal  interdicts  from 
his  writings,  except  the  Vintager.  His 
poems  consist  of  sonnets,  songs,  comedies, 
&c.  The  Tears  of  St.  Peter  were  transla- 
ted by  Malherbe  into  French. 

Tanucci,  Bernard,  marquis  de,  chief 
minister  of  Naples,was  born  of  poor  parents 
at  Stia,  in  Tuscany,  1698.  He  studied  at 
Pisa,  and  by  his  mex'it  rose  to  the  chair  of 
jurisprudence  in  that  university.  On  the 
coming  of  Don  Carlos  to  succeed  to  the 
Neapolitan  throne,  the  professor,  who  had 
been  recommended  to  the  new  king,  and 
who  had  defended  the  legality  of  seizing  a 
murderer  from  the  asylum  of  a  church 
against  the  opinions  of  the  see  of  Rome, 
was  raised  to  the  office  of  minister,  and  by 
his  firmness  and  wisdom,  deserved  the  high 
appointment.  For  50  years  he  continued  in 
ihis  important  office,  and  after  contributing 
zealously  to  the  prosperity  of  the  kingdom, 
and  to  establish  its  independence  from  the 
ecclesiastical  superiority  of  Rome,  he  re- 
signed in  1777,  and  died  29th  April,  1783. 


This  enlightened  minister  encouraged  lite- 
rature ;  and  to  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of 
science  antiquarians  are  indebted  for  the 
important  discoveries,  and  the  valuable  col- 
lections made  in  the  subterraneous  towns 
of  Herculaneum  and  Pompeii. 

Tappan,  David,  D.D.  professor  of  theo- 
logy in  Harvard  college,  was  born  at  Man- 
chester, Massachusetts,  April  21st,  1752, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1771.  In  1774 
he  was  ordained  pastor  of  a  church  in  New- 
bury, and  laboured  there  eighteen  years. 
He  was  elected  to  the  professorship  in 
1792,  and  continued  in  the  station  till  his 
death  in  1803.  He  was  highly  useful  in 
the  institution.  His  theological  views  cor- 
responded essentially  with  those  generally 
held  by  the  clergy  of  New-England,  and 
though  he  insisted  less  on  the  doctrines 
of  the  gospel,  his  lectures  were  fraught 
with  truth,  clothed  in  an  attractive  style, 
and  enforced  with  much  vigour  of  ar- 
gument and  warmth  of  feeling.  He 
was  characterized  by  great  amiableness, 
modesty,  and  regard  for  the  feelings  of 
others.  IdJ^  L. 

Targe,  I.  B.,  professor  of  mathematics, 
and  author  of  a  general  history  of  Italy, 
from  the  fall  of  the  Roman  empire,  to  mo- 
dern times,  4  vols.  12mo. — translated  Smol- 
let's  history  of  England,  19  vols.  12mo. — 
Barrow's  Travels,  12  vols.  12mo. — and  died 
at  Orleans,  1788.  He  wrote  also  a  history 
of  England,  from  the  treaty  of  Aix  la  Cha- 
pelle  to  1763,  5  vols.  l2mo'. 

Tarin,  Peter,  a  French  physician,  born 
at  Courtenai.  He  died  in  1761,  but  his 
age  is  unknown.  His  writings  were  held 
in  great  esteem,  especially  his  Adversaria 
Anatomica,  4to.  ;  Anatomical  Dictionary, 
4to. ;  Osteographia,  4to.  ;  the  Art  of  Dis- 
secting, 2  vols.  12mo. ;  a  treatise  on  Liga- 
ments ;  Observations  on  Medicine  and  Sur- 
gery, 3  vols.  l2mo;  a  description  of  the 
Muscles,  4to.  with  figures,  &o. 

Tarleton,  Richard,  a  native  of  Condo- 
ver  in  Shropshire,  who  distinguished  him- 
self as  an  actor,  and  was  patronised  by  Ro- 
bert earl  of  Leicester.  He  performed  the 
character  of  judge  in  the  play  called  Henry 
V.  acted  at  the  Bull,  Bishopsgate-street, 
London,  before  the  Henry  \.  of  Shakspeare 
was  written.  He  was  one  of  the  queen's 
players  in  1583,  according  to  Stowe,  and  he 
died  1589.  The  seven  deadly  sins  are  men- 
tioned as  one  of  his  dramatic  compositions, 
and  his  jokes  are  still  preserved  in  several 
collections, 

Taupa,  Spur.  Moctius,  a  learned  Roman 
appointed  by  Augustus  to  examine,  with  four 
others,  the  compositions  of  contemporary 
poets. 

Tarpeia,  daughter  of  Tarpeius,  the  go- 
vernor of  Rome,  under  Romulus.  It  is  said 
that  she  betrayed  the  gates  of  the  city  to 
the  Sabines,  and  that  she  was  overwhelmed, 

C95 


TAR 


TAS 


by  the  bucklers  of  the  enemy  thrown  upon 
her  as  they  entered  through  the  street. 

Tarquin,  the  elder,  fifth  king  of  Rome, 
settled  at  Rome  from  Tarquinii  the  place  of 
his  birth,  and  by  liberality  and  mildness  so 
gained  the  hearts  of  the  Romans,  that  on 
the  death  of  Ancus  Martius  he  was  elected 
king.  He  was  a  benevolent  prince,  and 
adorned  his  city  with  stately  buildings,  and 
aqueducts,  and  added  dignity  and  conse- 
quence to  the  body  of  the  senate  and  to  the 
magistrates.  He  was  assassinated  by  the 
sons  of  Ancus  Martius,  B.  C.  578,  aged  SO. 

Tarquin  the  second,  or  the  Proud,  was 
grandson  to  the  elder  Tarquin.  He  was 
brave,  but  his  rise  to  the  throise  by  the  mur- 
der of  his  father-in-law  Tullius,  rendered 
him  deservedly  unpopular.  The  licentious 
and  cruel  conduct  of  his  son  proved  fatal  to 
his  interests  ;  and  while  he  was  at  the  siege 
of  Ardea,  the  Romans  took  up  arms  and 
shut  him  out  of  their  city.  He  took  refuge 
among  the  cities  of  Etruria,  and  died  there, 
aged  90. 

Tarrakanoff,  N.  princess  of,  daughter 
of  Elizabeth,  empress  of  Russia,  by  her 
secret  marriage  with  Alexis  Rozoumoffski, 
was  carried  away  at  the  age  of  12  by  prince 
Radzivill  in  1767,  and  concealed  in  a  con- 
vent at  Rome.  This  singular  step  was  ta- 
ken by  the  dissatisfied  noble,  to  curb  the 
views  of  the  ambitious  Catharine,  but  they 
failed,  and  Alexis  Orloff",  pretending  greater 
discontent  against  the  government  of  the 
empress,  prevailed  upon  the  princess,  in  the 
absence  of  Radzivill,  to  marry  him,  and  by 
her  influence  and  presence  to  excite  a  new 
insurrection  in  Russia.  The  unsuspecting 
princess  no  sooner  yielded  her  person  to 
her  seducer,  than  she  was  seized  in  the 
bay  of  Leghorn,  where  she  had  been  con- 
ducted on  pretence  of  paying  her  military 
honours,  and  cruelly  bound  in  chains  and 
conveyed  to  Petersburg.  In  Dec.  1777,  a 
violent  rising  of  the  Neva  suddenly  forced 
the  waters  into  her  prison,  and  the  unfor- 
tunate princess  was  drowned  before  any 
assistance  could  extricate  her. 

Tarrantius,  Lucius,  a  Roman,  the 
friend  of  Cicero,  who  is  said  to  have  made 
two  curious  horoscopes. 

Tartaglia,  Nicholas,  a  native  of  Bres- 
cia, called  the  most  eminent  mathematician 
of  his  times.  He  published  an  Italian  trans- 
lation of  Euclid,  with  a  commentary,  fol. 
1543 — a  treatise  of  Numbers  and  Mea- 
sures— Nova  Scientia,  and  other  works,  3 
vols  4to.  1606.  He  died  about  1557,  in  a 
good  old  age. 

Tartini,  Joseph,  a  musician,  called  the 
Admirable  by  Dr.  Burney,  was  born  April 
1692,  at  Pirano  in  Istria.  He  studied  the 
law  at  Padua,  but  his  powers  were  formed 
for  musical  eminence,  and  by  practice  and 
application  he  became  one  of  the  best  per- 
formers on  the  violin,  and  was  made  master 


of  the  band  in  the  church  of  St.  Antony  of 
Padua.  He  died  26th  Feb.  1770,  at  Padua, 
universally  respected  and  endeared  to  the 
inhabitants,  by  a  residence  of  50  years. 
He  wrote,  sonatas,  a  treatise  on  music, 
1754,  and  other  things,  and  was  a  great 
admirer  of  Corelli. 

Taruffi,  Emilius,  a  native  of  Bologna, 
distinguished  as  a  painter.  His  landscapes 
were  particularly  admired  for  boldness  of 
expression,  and  for  the  correctness  and  ani- 
mation of  his  figures.  He  died  1694, 
aged  62. 

Tasker,  William,  a  native  of  Devon- 
shire, educated  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  first  degree  in  arts.  He 
afterwards  obtained  the  living  of  Iddes- 
leigh,  in  Devonshire,  and  died  there,  1800. 
He  distinguished  himself  as  a  poet,  and 
published  Odes  of  Pindar  and  Horace,  in 
English  verse,  3  vols.  8vo. — Ode  to  the 
warlike  Genius  of  Britain — Letter  on  Phy- 
siognomy, &c. 

Tasman,  N.  a  Dutch  navigator.  He 
sailed  from  Batavia,  1642,  and  discovered 
New  Holland,  and  New  Zealand,  which 
were  regarded  as  a  southern  continent,  till 
the  more  minute  investigation  of  captain 
Cook  ascertained  their  insular  form  and 
situation.  He  visited  also  Gilolo,  New 
Guinea,  and  other  islands,  on  his  return  to 
Europe. 

Tasso,  Bernardo,  an  Italian  poet,  better 
known  as  the  father  of  the  illustrious  Tasso. 
The  best  esteemed  of  his  poems  is  Amadis, 
in  100  cantos,  and  his  letters  also  are  re- 
garded as  very  valuable  by  the  Italians. 
He  died  at  Rome,  in  the  convent  of  St. 
Onuphrius,  1575.  The  best  edition  of  his 
lettei-s  is  that  of  Padua,  3  vols.  8vo.  1733, 
and  of  his  poem  1560,  4to. 

Tasso,  Torquato,  a  celebrated  Italian 
poet,  son  of  the  above.  He  was  born  at 
Sorrento  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  11th 
March,  1544.  His  father  was  secretary  to 
San  Severino,  prince  of  Salerno,  and  he 
shared  his  honour  and  his  disgrace.  When 
the  prince  made  a  complaint  to  Charles  V. 
against  the  viceroy  of  Naples,  who  wished 
to  introduce  the  inquisition  into  the  king- 
dom, he  was  condemned,  and  the  cruel 
sentence  was  pronounced  not  only  against 
him  but  against  his  secretary,  and  also  his 
son,  the  future  poet,  who  was  only  nine 
years  old.  They  withdrew  from  the  fatal, 
punishment  by  flight,  and  came  to  Rome, 
where  the  young  poet  already  wrote  verses, 
and  compared  his  escape  to  the  adventures 
of  Ascanius  and  ^neas  flying  from  Troy. 
From  Rome  he  was  sent  to  Padua  to  study 
the  law,  and  there  he  took  his  degrees  in  phi* 
losophy  and  theology,  but  poetry  was  his  fa- 
vourite pursuit,  and  at  the  age  of  17  he  pro- 
duced his  Rinaldo.  In  1565,  he  placed  him- 
self under  the  protection  of  Alphonso  duke 
of  Ferrara,  and  he  accompanied  his  brother, 


TAS 


TAV 


the  cardinal,  in  an  embassy  A-om  pope  Gre- 
gory XIII.  to  the  court  of  Charles  IX.  of 
France.  On  his  return  to  Ferrara  he  impru- 
dently became  enamoured  of  the  sister  of  his 
patron,  and  this  passion,  joined  to  the  male- 
volent insinuations  of  his  enemies  and  perse- 
cutors, proved  the  cause  of  that  melancholy, 
which  embittered  his  life  for  20  years.     To 
fly  from  the  scene  of  his  misery  he  retired 
to  his  sister's  house  at  Sorrento,  and  there 
spent  a  whole  summer,   but  absence  in- 
creased his  flame.     He  returned  to  Ferra- 
ra, and  in  the  midst  of  a  crowded  assem- 
bly he  had  the  imprudence  to  embrace  his 
favourite  princess    Eleonora.     The  duke, 
who  was  present,  with  great  coolness,  or- 
dered  his  courtiers  to  remove    the  poet, 
whom  he  pronounced  insane,  to  a  place  of 
confinement,  and  there  in  the  hospital  of 
St.  Anne  the   unfortunate  lover  mourned 
his  misfortunes,  a  prey   to   lingering  dis- 
ease, and  at  intervals  deprived  of  his  rea- 
son.    The   interference  of  the  duke  Vin- 
cent de  Gonzaga,  at  last  restored  him  to 
liberty  1586,  and  he   retired  to   Naples  in 
quest  of  ti'anquillity  and  happiness.     His 
great  merits  now  eclipsed  the  clouds,  which 
envy  and  malice  had  raised  around  him, 
and  his  poetical  works  began  to  be  regard- 
ed as  the  pride  and  glory  of  Italy.     Sensi- 
ble of  his   deserved   reputation,  the  pope 
Clement  VIII.  in  a  full  congregation   of 
cardinals,  determined  to  encircle  his  brows 
with  the  laurel  crown,  and  to  honour  him 
with  a  triumph.   The  poet  was  sent  for  from 
Naples,  and  received  with  all  due  honours 
at  the  distance  of  one  mile  from  Rome, 
and  the  most  magnificent  preparations  were 
made  for    the    ceremony   in   the   capitol. 
Vain,  however,  are  the  schemes  of  man, 
Tasso,  as  if  persecuted  by  fortune  to  the 
last  moment  of  life,  was  taken  ill,  and  the 
preparations  made  for  his  coronation  ended 
in  the  melancholy  procession  of  his  fune- 
ral, as  he  died  the  evening  before   the  in- 
tended ceremony,  15th  April,  1595,  aged  51. 
He  derives   his  celebrity  and  the  palm  of 
immortality  from  his  Jerusalem  Delivered, 
a  poem  well  conducted   throughout,   and 
abounding  with  all  the  pleasing  description 
of  tender  scenes,  the  animated  represen- 
tation  of  battles,  and  the  majestic  flow  of 
language,  which  so    much    captivate    and 
overpower  the  reader  in  the  pages  of  Ho- 
mer and  Virgil.     Besides   his  Jerusalem, 
which  is  familiar  to  the  English  reader  in 
the  elegant   translation  of  Mr.  Hoole  and 
of  Miss  Watts,  Tasso  wrote    Jerusalem 
Conquered  ;  Rinaldo  ;  Aminta,  a  pastoral  ; 
Torismond,  a  tragedy,   &c.     His  life  has 
been  written  by  the  marquis  Manzo.     His 
works    have    been   published    in    various 
forms,  the  best  of  which  is   that  of  Flo- 
rence, 6  vols.  fol.  1724. 

Tassoni,   Alexander,   an   Italian    poet, 
born  at  Modena  1565.     Though   early  an 

Vol.  II.  88 


orphan,  Lii  aljjli'.ies  displayed  ihcmselvc* 
through  want  and  obscurity.  He  was  in 
the  service  of  eardin:il  Coloiina,  and  of 
the  dukes  of  Savoy  and  of  Modena,  and 
died  1635.  He  wrote  "  Sccchia  Rapita, 
or  Rape  of  the  Bucket,"  a  mock-heroic 
poem,  much  admired  in  Italy  for  its  ele- 
gance and  delicate  humour.  It  was  writ- 
ten in  consequence  of  the  war  between 
Modena  and  Bologna.  He  wrote  besides, 
observations  on  Petrarch,  an  ecclesiastical 
history,  &c. 

Tate,  Nahum,  a  native  of  Dublin,  born 
1652,  and  educated  at  the  college  there. 
He  was  befriended  by  Dryden,  and  patro- 
nised by  Dorset,  and  succeeded  Shadwell 
as  poet  laureat,  witha  salary  of  100/.  per  an- 
num, and  a  butt  of  canary.  He  wrote  nine 
dramatic  pieces,  but  he  is  noAv  little  known 
but  as  the  joiur^ranslator  of  the  Psalms  of 
David  with  Dr.  Brady.  Of  his  miscel- 
laneous poems,  that  on  the  death  of  queen 
Anne  was  most  admired.  He  died  12th 
Aug.  1715,  at  the  mint,  where  he  resided 
to  escape  irom  the  persecution  of  his  cre- 
ditors. 

Tatian,  a  Syrian  pagan,  who  was  con- 
verted to  Christianity  and  became  the  dis- 
ciple of  Justin  Martyr.  He  still  retained 
the  principles  of  the  Platoniats,  and  fell 
into  the  errors  of  Marcion.  Of  his  works 
nothing  remains  but  an  apology  for  the 
Christian  religion,  edited  1700,  Svo.  at 
Oxford. 

Tatischef,  Vassili,  a  Russian  historian, 
engaged  for  30  years  in  collecting  materials 
for  the  history  of  his  country.  He  died 
before  his  labours  were  completed  1750. 
The  work  is  rather  a  series  of  connected 
chronicles  than  a  regular  history.  The 
part  published  by  MuUer  was  3  vols.  4to. 

Tathts,  king  of  the  Sabines,  took  pos- 
session of  the  Roman  capitol,  but  was  re- 
conciled to  Romulus,  with  whom  he  shared 
the  kingdom.  He  was  murdered  at  Lanu- 
vium,  B.C.  174-3. 

Tatius,  Achilles,  a  native  of  Alexandria, 
who  became  a  Christian.  He  is  author  of 
a  commentary  on  Aratus's  phajnomena,  and 
of  the  loves  of  Leucippus  and  Clitophon, 
a  Greek  romance. 

Tavanes,  Gaspard  de  Saulx  de,  a  French 
general,  born  1509.  He  M'as  taken  pri- 
soner with  Francis  I.  at  the  fatal  battle  of 
Pavia,  and  afterwards  became  the  compa- 
nion of  the  king's  second  son  the  duke  of 
Orleans.  Called  away  at  last  from  scenes 
of  dissipation  and  extravagance,  he  be- 
came an  ornament  to  the  military  profes- 
sion. He  prevailed  upon  the  rebellious  ci- 
tizens of  Rochclle  to  return  to  their  duty 
in  1542,  and  two  years  after  he  ably  con- 
tributed to  the  victory  of  Cerisoles.  lie 
distinguished  himself  so  much  at  the  battle 
of  Renti  in  1554,  that  the  king  seeing  him 
covered  with  dust  and  witk.|)lood,'torc  the 

697 


TAV 


TAY 


oictcr  of  St.  Michael  which  he  wove  round 
his  own  neck,  to  throw  it  around  that  of 
his  vahant  general.  His  courage  again  was 
displayed  at  the  sieges  of  Calais  and  Thion- 
Tille,  and  afterwards  at  the  famous  victories 
of  Jarnac  and  Moncontour  ;  but  his  cha- 
racter in  the  eyes  of  humanity  must  deser- 
vedly sufier  for  the  countenance  and  sup- 
port which  he  gave  to  the  bloody  massacre 
of  St.  Bartholomew,  though  he  had  the 
magnanimity  to  save  from  the  horrors  of 
that  dreadful  day  the  king  of  Navarre  and 
(he  prince  of  Conde.  He  died  at  Sully 
29th  June,  1573,  as  he  was  preparing  to  go 
to  the  siege  of  Rochelle,  which  had  again 
revolted.  His  son  William  was  governor 
of  Burgundy,  and  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
league,  which  he  maintained  at  the  battle 
of  Ivry,  but  he  was  afterwards  reconciled 
to  Henry  IV.  and  died  1633.  The  family 
long  distinguished  itself  in  the  military  ser- 
vice of  France. 

Tavarone,  Lazarus,  a  Genoese  painter, 
ihe  disciple  of  Luca  Cangiagio,  and  his  suc- 
cessor in  the  service  of  the  Spanish  king. 
He  died  1631,  aged  75. 

Taubman,  Frederic,  a  German  critic, 
born  at  Wonscisch,  in  Franconia,  1565. 
He  was  well  educated  at  Culmbach, 
though  his  father-in-law  was  but  a  tailor, 
and  on  the  foundation  of  the  college  of 
Heilbrun,  1582,  he  was  removed  thither 
among  other  promising  students.  Ten 
years  after  he  went  to  Wittemberg,  and  be- 
came the  favourite  of  the  prince  of  Saxony, 
and  in  1595,  obtained  the  professorship  of 
poetry  and  belles  lettres,  which  he  kept  till 
his  death  1613.  His  private  character  was 
very  amiable.  He  left  a  widow  and  five 
children.  He  wrote  commentarius  in 
Plautum,  1605,  and  also  in  Virgilium — de 
Lingua  Latina  Dissertatio,  besides  Latin 
poems,  &c. 

Tavernier,  John  Baptist,  a  famous  tra- 
veller born  at  Paris,  1605.  He  acquired  a 
fondness  for  travelling,  in  the  house  and 
conversation  of  his  father  who  was  a 
merchant,  and  after  visiting  the  best  part 
of  Europe,  before  he  had  completed  his 
23d  year,  he  meditated  more  distant  ex- 
cursions in  mercantile  pursuits  as  a  trader 
in  jewels.  In  the  space  of  forty  years  he  is 
said  to  have  travelled  six  times  into  Turkey, 
Persia,  and  the  East  Indies,  by  various 
routes,  and  after  being  ennobled  by  Lewis 
XIV.  he,  in  1668,  purchased  Aubonne  near 
Geneva,  there  to  spend  the  rest  of  his  days, 
in  the  enjoyment  of  independence  and  tran- 
quillity. His  affairs,  however,  were  after- 
wards thrown  into  disorder  by  the  ill  con- 
duct of  a  nephew,  and  to  repair  his  losses 
he  began  a  seventh  journey  into  the  East. 
He  died  on  his  way  at  Moscow,  July  16S9, 
aged  84.  His  travels,  6  vols.  l2mo.  were 
published  in  French,  with  the  assistance  of 
his  friends,  as  hewas  not  a  jierfect  master 
698 


of  the  language,  and  they  have  been  trana* 
lated  into  English. 

Taylor,  Jeremy,  a  celebrated  prelatSj 
son  of  a  barber  at  Cambridge.  At  the  age 
of  thirteen  he  was  admitted  at  Caius  col- 
lege, Cambridge.  And  when  he  had  taken 
orders,  he  removed  to  London,  where  he 
was  introduced  to  Laud,  who  admired  his 
abilities  as  a  scholar,  and  his  eloquence  as  a 
preacher,and  by  his  influence,  procured  him 
a  fellowship  at  All-souls  college,  Oxford, 
1636.  He  was  afterwards  made  chaplain  to 
his  patron,  who  bestowed  upon  him  the  rec- 
tory of  Uppingham,  and  in  1642,  he  was 
created  by  royal  mandamus  doctor  in  divi- 
nity. During  the  civil  troubles  he  retired 
to  Caermarthenshire,  where  he  maintained 
himself  by  teaching  a  school,  till  the  death 
of  three  sons  in  three  months  rendered  his 
retirement  extremely  unpleasant,and  there- 
fore he  retired  to  London,  and  soon  after 
accompanied  lord  Conway  to  Ireland,  and 
settled  at  Portmore.  At  the  restoration  he 
came  back  to  England,  and  in  1662,  he  was 
nominated  to  the  bishopric  of  Down  and 
Connor,  and  to  the  administration  of  Dro- 
more,  and  was  appointed  vice-chancellor  of 
the  university  of  Dublin.  He  died  of  a 
fever  at  Lisnegarvy  13th  Aug.  1667,  and 
was  buried  in  a  chapel  which  he  had  erect- 
ed on  the  ruins  of  Dromore  cathedral.  His 
friend  and  successor  Dr.  Rust  represents 
him  as  a  most  learned  man,  of  solid  judg- 
ment, keen  sagacity,  and  the  most  lively 
imagination,  to  which  were  united  all  the 
mild  virtues  of  private  life.  His  writings 
are  universally  known  and  admired,  the  best 
of  which  are,  his  life  and  death  of  Jesus 
Christ,  folio — Holy  living  and  dying,  8vo. 
— Ductor  Dubitantium — Cases  of  Con- 
science— Discourse  on  the  liberty  of  pro- 
phesying, &c. 

Taylor,  John,  called  the  water  poet, 
was  born  in  Gloucestershire  1580.  From 
Gloucester  school,  where  he  learnt  little, 
he  was  bound  apprentice  to  a  waterman  in 
London,  but  in  the  midst  of  his  laborious 
vocation  he  often  indulged  in  poetry.  In 
1642,  he  came  to  Oxford,  where  he  kept  a 
victualling  house,  and  assisted  the  King's 
service  by  his  facetious  songs  and  ballads 
against  the  Roundheads.  When  Oxford 
surrendered,  he  went  to  London,  and  kept 
a  public  house  in  Phoenix  alley,  Long  Acre, 
which  he  called  the  Mourning  Crown.  The 
sign,  however,  displeased  the  government, 
and  instead  of  it  he  hung  up  his  own  eflSgy, 
with  these  lines  under. 

There's  many  a  head  stands  for  a  sig^ij 
Then,  gentle  reader,  why  not  mine  ? 

And,  on  the  other  side,  these, 
Though  I  deserve  not,  I  desire 
The  laurel  wreath,  the  poeVs  hire. 
He  died  1654,  aged  74,  and  his  portrait  was 
given  by  his  nephew,  a  painter,  to  the  pic- 


TAY 


tt:k 


lure  gallery  Oxford.  It  is  s  ul  tliat  he 
wrote  eighty  books,  more  facetious  than 
elegant. 

Taylor,  John,  a  dissenting  minister  of 
abilities,  was  born  near  Lancaster,  lie  was 
settled  twenty  years  at  Kirkstead,  Lin- 
colnshire, and  then  removed  to  Norwich, 
and  afterwards,  by  pressnig  invitations,  to 
Warrington,  where  lie  was  engaged  to  su- 
perintend the  academy  there.  In  this  si- 
tuation, where  he  expected  independence 
and  comfort,  he  soon  found  opposition  and 
ill  treatment,  and  this  weiglied  so  much 
upon  his  mind,  that  it  shortened  his  days. 
He  died  5th  March,  1761.  He  wrote  a 
treatise  on  Original  Sin, — various  theolo- 
gical tracts,  &c.  but  his  most  valuable  work 
is  a  Hebrew  and  English  concordance,  2 
vols,  folio. 

Tatlor,  John,  an  eminent  critic,  born 
1703,  at  Shrewsbury,  where  his  father  was 
a  barber.  He  was  educated  at  the  gram- 
mar-school there,  and  at  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  of  which  he  became  fellow 
1730.  He  soon  distinguished  himself  by 
bis  publications,  and  was  appointed,  by  the 
university,  its  librarian,  and  afterwards  re- 
gisti-ar.  He  took  his  doctor's  degree  in  ci- 
vil law,  and  was  of  Doctors  Commons,  and 
afterwards  became  known  to  lord  Carteret, 
who  intrusted  him  with  the  education  of 
his  sons.  After  some  hesitation  he  took 
orders,  and  obtained  the  rectory  of  Law- 
ford,  Essex,  the  archdeaconry  of  Bucks, 
and  the  residentiaryship  of  St.  Paul's.  He 
died  April  4th,  1766,  universally  and  deser- 
vedly lamented,  and  was  buried  nearly  un- 
der the  litany  desk  in  St.  Paul's.  His 
publications  were  numerous  and  highly  re- 
spectable. Besides  public  orations  and 
other  tracts,  he  published  "  Elements  of 
the  Civil  Law,"  4to.  1755,  and  1769,— 
valuable  editions  of  Lysias  and  Demos- 
thenes,— a  Latin  dissertation  on  the  Mar- 
mor  Sandvicense,  &c. 

Taylor,  Brook,  an  eminent  philosopher 
and  mathematician,  born  at  Edmonton 
2Sth  Aug.  1685.  He  was  educated  at  home, 
and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  entered  at  St. 
John's  college,  Cambridge,  and  in  1709, 
took  his  degree  of  LL.B.  He  became 
known  by  his  treatise  on  the  Centre  of  Os- 
cillation, and  in  1712,  was  admitted  into 
the  Royal  Society,  and  two  years  after 
elected  the  secretary  of  that  learned  body . 
He  took  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1714, 
and  continued  to  distinguish  himself  by  his 
philosophical  publications.  He  visited 
Paris  in  1717,  and  was  honourably  received 
by  the  French  literati,  and  soon  after  his 
return  he  resigned  the  ofllce  of  secretary  to 
the  Royal  Society.  He  was  twice  married, 
and  had  the  singular  misfortune  of  losing 
both  his  wives  very  soon  after  his  union 
with  them,  a  melancholy  circumstance, 
which  in  some  degree  hastened  his  end. 


His  first  wife  died  1723,  and  the  second^ 
whom  he  married  in  17-25,  died  indiild- 
bed  1729,  and  on  the  29th  Dec.  17  11,  he 
himself  fell  a  victim  to  a  consumptive  disor- 
der in  his  16th  year,  lie  was  buried  at 
St.  Ann's,  Soho.  His  works  on  mathema- 
tical subjects  arc  very  valuable,  especially 
his  new  Principles  of  Linear  Perspective, 
which  has  often  been  republished  and  also 
improved  by  Colson  of  Cambridge.  He 
wrote  also  Contemplatio  Philosophica,  pub- 
lished by  Sir  William  Young,  the  son  of 
his  only  surviving  daughter  by  his  second 
wife. 

Taylor,  George,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  American  Independence, 
was  a  respectable  and  wealthy  Iron  Master 
of  Northampton  County,  Pennsylvania. 

ICT'  L. 

Teilo,  a  British  saint  in  the  fifth  centu- 
ry. It  is  said  that  he  founded  a  college  at 
Landaff,  and  erected  that  church  into  a  bi- 
shop's see.  Several  churches  in  Wales 
bear  his  name. 

Teissier,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Mont- 
pelier,  who  quitted  France  at  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  retired  to  Prus- 
sia. He  was  made  by  the  elector  historio- 
grapher, with  a  handsome  salary,  and 
counsellor  of  embassies.  He  died  at  Ber- 
lin, 1715,  aged  83.  He  is  author  of  Eloges 
of  learned  Men,  from  de  Thou's  History,  4 
vols.  12mo. — Catalogus  Auetorum  qui 
Librorum  Catalogos  Indices  Bibliothecas, 
Virorum  Literator.  Elogia,  Vitam  aut  Ora- 
tiones  Funebris  scriptis  Consignanint,  Svo. 
— the  Duties  of  Man  as  a  Citizen,  from  Puf- 
fendorf— Moral  and  Political  Instructions 
— Calvin's  Letters — the  Life  of  Illustrious 
Princes,  &c. 

Tekeli,    Emmeric,    count    de,  a  noble 
Hungarian,  who  escaped  from  the  captivity 
which  the   Austrians  prepared  against  his 
father  for  his  attachment  to  the  cause  of 
some    rebellious    chiefs.       From    Poland, 
where  he  had  concealed  himself,  Tekeli  is- 
sued forth  to  head  the  Hungarian  malcon- 
tents, and  he  proved  successful  against  the 
forces  of  Austria.     Assisted  by  the  armies 
of  the  Turks,  and  by  the  Transylvanians, 
he  wished  to  assume  the  title  of  king,   but 
the  terror  which  he  spread  among  the  Im- 
perialists did  not  further  his  views  of  ambi- 
tion, nor  promote  a  reconciliation  with  the 
emperor.    He  joined  in  the  siege  of  Vienna, 
with  the  vizier  Mustapha  ;  but  though  the 
disasters  which  happened  were  attributed 
to  him  by  the  suspicious  Turk,  he  hastened 
to  Adrianople  to  justify  himself  in  the  pre- 
sence of  the  grand  signior  Mahomet,  who 
assured  him  of  his  protection,  and  bestowed 
on  him  the    principality  of  Transylvania. 
This  was  but  an  empty  title,   as  the  pro- 
vince was  in  the  hands  of  the   Austrians, 
and  therefore,  after  a  vain  but  gallant  strug- 
gle against  Heusler, 

699 


the  governor  of  the 


TEL 


TEL 


country,  lie  retired  from  the  contest,  and 
lived  in  a  private  manner  at  Constantino- 
ple. He  was  a  man  of  great  courage,  but 
though  admired  for  his  intrepidity,  he  want- 
ed judgment,  and  that  commanding  pre- 
sence of  mind  which  often  converts  dangers 
into  prosperous  events  in  the  career  of  the 
military  hero.  He  died  near  Nicomedia, 
13th  Sept.  1705,  aged  47. 

Telfair,  Edward,  several  years  gover- 
nor of  Georgia,  was  one  of  the  principal 
promoters  of  the  revolution  in  that  colony, 
and  one  of  the  committee  appointed  in 
1774,  to  draw  up  resolutions  to  be  adopted 
by  the  friends  of  liberty.  In  1780  he  was 
appointed  a  delegate  to  congress.  He  was 
employed  in  various  public  stations  during 
a  long  life,  and  died  at  Savannah,  October, 
1807.  ICT'  L. 

Tell,  William,  a  celebrated  Swiss,  one 
of  the  heroes  who  restored  liberty  to  their 
oppressed  country  in  1307.  The  conspi- 
racy which  he  had  formed  with  others  was 
suspected,  when  the  Austrian  governor, 
Herman  Gesler,  more  clearly  to  ascertain 
the  spirit  of  the  people,  ordered  a  hat  to  be 
raised  on  a  pole,  and  homage  to  be  paid  to 
it  as  to  himself.  Tell  refused,  and  when 
seized  for  disobedience,  was  directed  to 
shoot  an  arrow  at  an  apple  placed  on  the 
head  of  his  own  son,  or  else  to  be  dragged 
with  his  child  to  immediate  death.  He 
cleft  the  apple  in  two  without  injuring  his 
son,  and  declared  that  the  other  arrow 
which  he  had  in  his  girdle  w^as  intended  for 
the  heart  of  the  governor  if  he  had  hurt  his 
child.  This  boldness  occasioned  his  con- 
finement, and  the  governor,  afraid  of  a  res- 
cue, carried  him  across  the  lalie  of  Lucern; 
but  a  violent  storm  obliged  Gesler,  who 
knew  the  nautical  skill  of  his  prisoner,  to 
intrust  to  him  the  helm  for  his  own  pre- 
servation. Tel!,  freed  from  his  fetters, 
steered  the  boat  to  a  rock,  still  called  by 
his  name,  leaped  ashore,  and  escaped  into 
the  mountains.  The  governor  afterwards 
was  shot  by  the  hand  of  Tell,  and  the 
Swiss,  roused  to  arms  by  the  conduct  of 
their  hero,  drove  away  their  Austrian  mas- 
ters, and  established  the  independence  of 
their  country.  Tell,  47  years  after  this 
great  event,  lost  his  life  in  an  inundation 
at  Burgeln,  1354.  His  descendants  became 
extinct  in  the  male  line  in  1684,  and  in  the 
female  1720. 

Tellier,  Michael  le,  a  French  lawyer, 
born  at  Paris,  19th  April,  1603.  After  fill- 
ing various  law  offices  about  the  court,  he 
was  in  1640  named  intendant  of  Piedmont, 
and  gained  the  favour  of  cardinal  Mazarin, 
who  recommended  him  to  Lewis  XIIL  as 
a  proper  person  to  be  secretary  of  state. 
He  displayed  great  abilities  in  this  office, 
and  during  the  political  disputes  which 
agitated  France  after  the  death  of  Lewis 
XIIL  he  possessed  the  confidence  of  the 
7.00 


queen-mother  and  of  the  cardinal,  and  con- 
tributed much  to  the  restoration  of  con- 
cord and  reconciliation  among  the  contend- 
ing parties.  Though  he  resigned  in  1666 
his  office  to  his  son,  he  yet  continued  in 
the  cabinet,  and  in  1677  was  made  chan- 
cellor of  the  kingdom.  It  is  to  be  lament- 
ed that  his  many  services  were  disgraced 
by  a  particular  hatred  against  the  protes- 
tants,  whom  he  represented  to  the  mo- 
narch as  suspicious  subjects.  By  his  in- 
fluence with  Lewis  XIV.  the  famous  edict 
of  Nantes  was  revoked,  and  the  minister, 
triumphing  in  the  cruel  measures  which  he 
saw  adopted,  exclaimed,  profanely,  "  nunc 
dimittis  servum  tuum,  Domine,  quia  vide- 
runt  oculi  mei  salutare  tuum."  He  died  a 
few  days  after,  28th  Oct.  1685,  aged  83, 
and  his  funeral  oration  was  pronounced  by 
Bossuet.  To  great  intrigue  of  character, 
and  to  deep  dissimulation,  he  joined  the  im- 
posing appearance  of  simple  and  austere 
manners,  high  talents  for  business,  inde- 
fatigable application,  and  extensive  know- 
ledge. 

Tellier,  Francis  Michael  le,  marquis 
de  Louvois,  son  of  the  chancellor  of 
France,  was  born  at  Paris,  Jan.  18th,  1641. 
The  elevation  of  his  father,  as  well  as  his 
own  abilities  recommended  him  to  notice  ; 
at  the  age  of  23  he  was  made  war  minis- 
ter, and  in  1666  he  became  secretary  of 
state.  He  was  a  great  favourite  at  court, 
and  after  the  death  of  Colbert  in  1683,  he 
was  placed  by  Lewis  XIV.  in  the  office  of 
superintendent  of  buildings,  arts,  and 
manufactures.  His  attention  was  like- 
wise du'ected  to  military  affairs  ;  he  intro- 
duced more  regular  discipline  into  the 
army,  supplied  the  magazines  with  provi- 
sions, and  built  the  royal  hospital  of  inva- 
lids. The  consciousness,  however,  of  his 
own  abilities,  rendered  him  proud  and  ar- 
rogant, and  he  even  showed  some  marks 
of  disrespect  to  his  king.  Lewis,  in  con- 
sequence of  this,  treated  him  with  cold- 
ness, and  the  ambitious  and  disappointed 
minister,  returning  home  from  the  levee, 
died  in  his  own  apartment  of  vexation  and 
grief,  16th  July,  1691.  Though  at  last  un- 
popular in  the  court,  he  was  a  statesman  of 
most  splendid  talents,  who  united  for  the 
glory  of  France,  promptitude,  secrecy, 
spirit,  and  magnanimous  conduct.  Ma- 
dame de  Sevigne  has  elegantly  comment- 
ed on  his  death  in  her  letters  to  her  daugh- 
ter. The  "  Testament  Politique,"  pub- 
lished in  his  name,  was  written  by  Cour- 
tils. 

Tellier,  Adrian  le,  a  lawyer  of  Melun, 
who  was  returned  as  deputy  to  the  national 
assembly  of  France,  and  afterwards  to  the 
convention.  He  was  in  1795,  sent  by  the 
convention  to  Chartres,  to  encourage  a 
more  free  circulation  of  the  corn,  but  the 
diaffected  raised  a  yiolent  cry  against  him, 


TEM 


TEM 


anil  obliged  him  not  only  to  sign  ft  tlecrcc, 
to  reduce  bread  to  three  sous  the  pound, 
but  to  proclaim  it,  in  the  public  square, 
mounted  on  the  back  of  an  ass.  This  in- 
dignity had  such  an  elVect  on  the  feelings  of 
this  honest  deputy,  that  he  shot  himself  on 
returning  to  his  lodgings,  leaving  a  paper 
by  which  he  declared  the  decree  which  he 
had  signed  void,  and  hoped  that  no  blood 
but  his  own  might  be  shed  to  restore  the 
public  tranquillity. 

Tellier,  N.  le,  a  faithful  servant  about 
the  person  of  Barthelemy.  When  this  vir- 
tuous minister  was  condemned,  during  the 
violent  measures  of  the  French  revolution, 
to  be  deported  in  1797,  the  honest  domes- 
tic demanded  to  share  his  captivity,  and, 
from  the  prison  of  the  Temple,  he  was  con- 
veyed with  him  to  Guyenne,  where  his  at- 
tentions and  kindnesses  administered  to  his 
relief  under  a  burning  climate,  and  in  the 
hands  of  cruel  oppressors.  When  Barthe- 
lemy escaped  from  his  dungeon,  Tellier  ac- 
companied his  flight,  but  this  faithful  friend 
died  on  the  passage,  before  he  reached  the 
European  shores. 

Tempesta,  Antonio,  a  Florentine  paint- 
er, the  disciple  of  Strada.  His  landscapes, 
animals,  and  battles,  were  much  admired 
for  their  spirit,  and  the  delicacy  of  their 
colouring  He  died  1630,  aged  75.  He 
also  engraved  some  of  his  pieces. 

Temple,  sir  William,  an  eminent  states- 
man, son  of  sir  William  Temple,  master 
of  the  Rolls  in  Ireland,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, 1629.  He  was  educated  under  the 
care  of  his  uncle  Dr.  Hammond,  minister 
of  Penshurst,  Kent,  and  afterwards  at 
Bishop's  Stratford  school,  and  at  the  age 
of  17  was  admitted  of  Emanuel  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  had  Cudworth  for 
his  tutor.  He  did  not  continue  more  than 
one  year  at  the  university,  and  then  tra- 
velled through  France,  Holland,  Flanders, 
and  Germany,  and  returned  to  England  in 
1654.  He  lived  in  Ireland  during  the 
usurpation,  devoted  to  studious  pursuits 
and  philosophy  ;  but  at  the  restoration  he 
became  a  member  of  the  Irish  parliament. 
About  1663  he  removed  with  his  family  to 
England,  and  then  began  to  be  employed 
as  an  active  and  penetrating  negotiator. 
He  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  forming 
the  triple  league  in  1668  between  England, 
Holland,  and  Sweden,  and  also  by  his 
means  the  marriage  of  the  lady  Mary  with 
the  prince  of  Orange  was  effected.  After 
spending  twenty  years  in  the  affairs  of  the 
state,  and  in  advancing  her  prosperity  and 
consequence  by  his  negotiation^^  with  fo- 
reign nations,  he  retired  in  1680  from  pub- 
lic life,  and  employed  the  rest  of  his  time 
in  literary  pursuits,  and  in  the  cultivation 
of  his  grounds.  But,  though  withdrawn 
from   the  intrigues  of  courts,  his  charac- 


ter  for  general   information   and   for  in- 
tegrity was  too  well  known  to  he  neglect- 
ed ;    his   advice  and   opinions    were    fre- 
quently  consulted  by  the  leading   men  of 
the  nation,  and  even  king  William  himself 
visited   him  to   converse  with   him  on   po- 
litical affairs.     Sir  William  died  at  the  end 
of  1700,  at  Moor  Park,  near  Faridiam,  and 
according  to   his  directions  his  heart  was 
buried  in  a  silver  box  under  a  sun-dial  in 
his  garden.     Though  universally  respected 
as  an  able  negotiator,  sir    William  is  cen- 
sured, and  with  justice,  by  bishop  Burnet, 
not  only  for  his   vanity  and  spleen,  but  for 
his  irreligious  and  profane  principles.     His 
only  son  John  was  a  man  of  abilities,  and 
was,  in  consequence  of  his  merit,  and  his 
father's  influence,  made  secretary  at  war 
under  king  William ;  but    he  had   scarce 
been  in  office  one   week  when  he  drowned 
himself  at  London  bridge,  14th  x\pril,  1689. 
The  cause  of  this  melancholy  event  is  said 
to  have  originated  in  his  recommending  to 
the  king   too  warmly,  though  innocently, 
general    Hamilton,  who,   instead    of    re- 
ducing to  obedience   Tyrconnel,  the  rebel- 
lious viceroy   of  Ireland,  encouraged  and 
assisted  him  in  his   defection.     This  mis- 
fortune was  borne  with  great  composure 
by  the  father,  whose  atheistical  opinion  it 
was  said  was,  that  a  wise  man  might  dis- 
pose of  himself  and  make  his  life  as  short 
as  he  pleases.     By  his  wife,  a  French  lady 
of  the  name   of  Rambouillet,  the  son  had 
two  daughters,  to  whom   he  left  his  pro- 
perty, provided  they  did  not  marry  French- 
men.    The  works  of  sir  William  are  valu- 
able,  and  consist  of    Memoirs  of  Public 
AflTairs  during  his    public    employments — 
Letters — Miscellanies — Observations      on 
the  United  Provinces  of  the  Netherlands, 
2  vols,  folio,  &c. 

Templeman,  Peter,  M.D.  a  physician, 
born  at  Dorchester,  Dorsetshire,  17th 
March,  1711,  and  educated  at  the  Char- 
ter-house, from  whence  he  went  to  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge.  After  taking  his  first 
degrees,  he  went  to  Leyden,  where  for 
two  years  he  studied  medicine  under  Boer- 
haave,  and  other  celebrated  professors,  and 
in  1739  returned  to  London.  Though  he 
settled  in  London  with  the  intention  to 
practise,  yet  he  was  of  too  indolent  a  dis- 
position to  succeed,  and  his  fondness  for 
literature,  and  the  company  of  men  of 
science  and  erudition,  left  him  little  time 
to  pursue  his  original  plan.  In  1753  he 
was  appointed  keeper  of  the  reading  room 
of  the  British  museum,  which  he  resigned 
in  1760,  when  elected  secretary  to  the  new 
society  of  arts.  He  died  of  an  asthma, 
23d  Sept.  1769.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
erudition,  and  published  a  translation  of 
Norden's  Travels  in  Egypt — Curious  Re- 
marks on  Physic,  Anatomy,  &c.  extracted 

701 


TEN 


TEN 


from  the  memoirs  of  the  French  academy 
of  sciences,  &c. — besides  some  poetical 
pieces. 

Templeman,  Thomas,  a  writing  mas- 
ter of  Bury,  Suffolk,  who  published  en- 
graved tables,  with  calculations  of  the 
number  of  square  feet  and  population  of 
the  kingdoms  of  the  world,  tblio, 

Tencin,  Peter  Guerin  de,  a  native  of 
Grenoble,  nho  was  educated  at  Paris,  and 
embracing  the  ecclesiastical  profession,  be- 
came grand  vicar  of  Sens.  He  went  in 
1721  with  cardinal  de  Bissy,  to  Rome,  and 
after  the  election  of  Innocent  XIII.  to  the 
popedom  he  remained  in  that  capital  as  the 
envoy  of  France.  His  services  were  re- 
warded by  the  archbishopric  of  Embrun, 
and  in  1739  he  was  raised  to  the  purple, 
and  soon  after  made  archbishop  of  Lyons, 
and  prime  minister  of  France  in  the  room 
of  Fieury.  This  high  distinction  was 
not  suited  to  the  talents  of  the  new  cardi- 
nal, who,  though  he  might  possess  the 
abilities  or  the  intrigues  necessary  for  an 
inferior  station,  was  devoid  of  that  firm- 
ness, that  intelligence,  and  that  unshaken 
integrity  which  should  adorn  the  px-ime 
minister  of  a  mighty  empire.  He  retired 
soon  after  from  the  helm  of  affairs,  and 
lived  in  privacy  in  his  diocess,  where  he 
died  1758,  aged  80. 

Tencin,  Claudine  Alexandrine  Guorsi 
de,  sister  of  cardinal  Tencin,  ivas  born  at 
Grenoble,  and  took  the  religious  habit  at 
the  monastery  of  Montfleuri.  Tired  of  a 
religious  life,  she  obtained  the  pope's  per- 
mission to  quit  it,  and  she  came  to  Paris, 
and  launched  into  all  the  extravagances 
and  foibles  of  the  gay  world.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  death  of  la  Fresnaye,  a  coun- 
sellor of  state,  who  was  said  to  be  murdered 
in  her  chamber,  she  was  thrust  into  the 
Chatelet  prison,  and  then  into  the  Bastile, 
from  which  she  was  liberated  soon  after. 
She  died  at  Paris,  1T49,  advanced  in  years. 
She  wrote  the  Siege  of  Calais,  a  romance 
of  merit ;  Memoirs  of  Comminges ;  les 
Malhem's  de  I'Amour,  &c. 

Teniers,  David,  a  Flemish  painter,  born 
at  Antwerp,  1582.  He  learned  the  rudi- 
ments of  his  art  under  Rubens,  and  then 
travelled  to  Rome,  and  studied  under 
Adam  Elsheimer.  He  afterwards  return- 
ed to  Antwerp,  where  he  died  1649.  His 
pieces  are  much  admired  for  their  expres- 
sion, and  contain  entertaining  scenes  taken 
from  country  fairs,  drinking  parties,  mer- 
ry making,  chymists,  &c.  He  was  called 
old  Teniers  to  distinguish  him  from  his 
son  David,  who  also  excelled  as  a  painter. 
Young  Teniers  died  at  Antwerp,  1694, 
aged  84.  His  pieces  are  highly  esteemed. 
They  consist  of  fairs,  drinking  and  smoking 
parties,  laboratories,  &c.  but  are  superior  to 
those  of  his  father  in  harmony,  union,  and 
correctness.  Youns:  David  was  patronised 
702 


by  the  prince  of  Orange,  and  the  archduke 
Leopold  of  Austria.  He  had  a  brother 
Abraham,  who  was  also  a  painter,  and 
chiefly  excelled  in  the  knowledge  of  the 
chiaro  obscuro. 

Tenison,  Thomas,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, was  born  at  Cottenham,  Cambridge- 
shire, 29th  Sept.  1636,  and  educated  at 
Norwich  school,  from  which  he  went  to 
Corpus  Christi  college,  Cambridge.  Here 
he  became  fellow,  and  took  his  degrees  re- 
gularly, and  in  the  first  part  of  his  life,  du- 
ring the  prevalence  of  fanaticism,  he  studied 
physic,  but  afterwards  applied  to  divinity. 
He  was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Holy- 
well, Huntingdonshire,  by  lord  Manchester, 
and  in  1680  he  obtained  the  vicai'age  of  St. 
Martin  in  the  fields,  London.  During  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  and  his  successor,  he 
was  an  active  and  zealous  writer  against 
popery,  and  in  consequence  of  his  services 
in  favour  of  the  revolution,  he  was  made 
archdeacon  of  London  by  William,  1689, 
and  in  1691  nominated  to  the  see  of  Lin- 
coln, and  on  the  death  of  Tillotson,  1694, 
promoted  to  Canterbury.  Distinguished  as 
a  parish  priest  by  his  benevolence  and  libe- 
rality, and  an  assiduous  care  of  his  Chris- 
tian calling,  he  continued,  at  the  head  of  the 
church,  the  same  zeal,  mingled  with  mode- 
ration, firmness,  and  exemplary  piety.  He 
died  at  Lambeth,  14th  Dec.  1715,  about 
one  year  after  his  wife,  daughter  of  Dr. 
Love,  of  Benet  college.  He  published  some 
sermons — the  Creed  of  Hobbes  examined, 
&c. — Baconiana,  or  Remains  of  sir  Francis 
Bacon,  8vo. — some  tracts,  &c. 

Tennent,  Gilbert,  minister  of  Philadel- 
phia, was  born  in  Ireland  in  1703,  and  came 
in  early  life  to  America.  He  was  educated 
by  his  father,  who  was  a  clergyman,  and 
taught  an  academy;  and  in  1726  was  settled 
at  New-Brunswick,  New-Jersey,  where  he 
was  highly  useful.  In  1740  and  1741,  he 
travelled  through  New-England  at  the  re- 
quest of  Mr.  Whitefield,  and  preached  in 
many  places  with  great  success.  In  1743, 
he  established  a  new  Presbyterian  church 
in  Philadelphia,  of  the  followers  of  Mr. 
Whitefield.  In  1753  he  went  to  England 
to  solicit  benefactions  to  the  college  at 
Princeton.  After  a  life  of  uncommon  use- 
fulness, he  died  about  the  year  1765.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  ministers 
of  his  day,  ardent  in  his  zeal,  forcible  in 
his  reasoning,  and  bold  and  passionate  in 
his  addresses  to  the  conscience  and  heart. 

iCF"  L. 

Tennent,  William,  minister  of  Freehold, 
New-Jersey,  was  a  brother  of  Gilbert,  and 
born  in  Ireland  in  1705.  The  most  remarka- 
ble event  in  his  history,  was  an  apparent  sus- 
pension which  he  experienced  for  several 
daysjof  all  the  functions  of  life.  He  destroyed 
his  health  by  excessive  application  to  study, 
and  in  a  swoon  apparently  expired.      His 


TEK 


TKR 


fiicnds  prcparecl  to  inter  him,  but  were  pci- 
suaded  to  postpone  iho  funiral  repcatcdly,by 
a  physician,  who  tliought  he  perceived  some 
indications  of  remaininii;  life,  anil  at  lcii£;th 
he  was  restored  to  animation  ;  but  for  a 
considerable  time  with  nearly  an  entire  loss 
of  all  the  knowledge  he  had  before  acquired. 
After  his  recovery  he  related  a  remarkable 
dream  of  the  heavenly  world  which  em- 
ployed his  mind  during  the  swoon,  and 
which  by  many  has  been  mistakenly  re- 
garded not  as  a  mere  dream  occurring  ac- 
cording to  the  ordinary  laws  of  the  mind, 
hut  as  having  taken  place  by  an  actual  mi- 
gration of  his  soul  to  the  heavenly  regions. 
After  recovering  his  health,  he  was  settled 
at  Freehold  in  1733,  where  he  laboured 
with  great  devotedness  and  success.  He 
died  1777,  aged  71  years.  He  was  a  man 
of  very  eminent  piety.  \CZr'  L. 

Tentzelius,  Andrew,  an  eminent  Ger- 
man physician,  in  the  17th  century,  author 
of  a  treatise  on  Mummies,  &c. 

Tentzelius,  William  Ernest,  a  native 
of  Arnstadt,  Thuringia.  He  devoted  himself 
to  literature,  and  struggled  with  unusual  re- 
signation against  the  evils  of  poverty.  He 
died  1707,  aged  49.  He  wrote  Saxonia 
Is^imismatic a,  4  vols.  4to. — Supplementum 
Historiae  Gothana),  3  vols.  4to.  works  of 
great  merit. 

Terburgh, Gerard,  a  Dutch  painter,  born 
at  Zwol  near  Overyssel  1608,  He  travelled 
over  Europe,  and  was  much  noticed  and  en- 
couraged, especially  at  the  court  of  Spain, 
where  he  was  knighted.  He  settled  at  De- 
venter,  where  he  became  a  magistrate,  and 
died  1681.  His  subjects  are  chiefly  con- 
versations, persons  engaged  in  games,  and 
other  humorous  adventures,  much  inferior 
however  to  the  performances  of  Douw,  or 
Mieris. 

Terence,  Publius,  an  African  slave,  in 
the  service  of  Terentius  Lucanus.  By  the 
kindness  of  his  master  he  obtained  his  li- 
berty, and  soon  distinguished  himself  as  an 
elegant  writer  of  comedies.  By  his  indus- 
try some  of  the  best  Greek  comedies  ap- 
peared in  a  Latin  dress  ;  but  of  all  these 
only  six  remain,  deservedly  admired  for 
delicacy  of  sentiment,  and  purity  of  expres- 
sion. He  was  drowned,  as  is  supposed,  in 
coming  from  Greece,  B.  C.  159. 

Terpander,  a  poet  and  musician  of  Les- 
bos, who  added  three  to  the  four  strings  of 
the  lyre,  B.  C.  675. 

Terrasson,  John,  a  French  writer,  born 
at  Lyons,  1670,  and  admitted  into  the  con- 
gregation of  the  oratory,  which  he  after- 
wards left.  By  the  friendship  of  Bignon, 
he  procured  a  place  in  the  academy  of 
sciences  1707,  and  in  1721,  was  elected 
professor  of  the  royal  college  in  Greek, 
Latin,  and  philosophy.  He  died  1750,  re- 
spected, according  to  Voltaire,  as  a  good 
practical  philosopher.     He  wrote  a  disser- 


tation against  the  Iliad,  2  vols.  12mo.  du- 
ring the  dispute  bcUveen  la  Mottc  and 
Madame  Dacier  about  Homer, — Sethos,  a 
learned  political  and  moral  romance,  trans- 
lated into  English — a  traii-.laUon  ol  Diodo- 
rus  Siculus  into  French  witli  notes  and  pre- 
faces, an  excellent  work  in  7  vols.  r2mo. 
— Reflections  in  favour  of  Laws  Mi-..sissippi 
Project,  &.C. — His  brother  Andrew  was  also 
a  priest  of  the  oratory,  and  died  at  Paris, 
1723,  author  of  sermons  in  4  vols.  Hvo. 
much  admired.  Gaspar,  another  brother, 
was  also  of  the  oratory,  but  quitted  it.  Ho 
also  published  sermons,  and  died  1752. 

Terrasson,  Mathew,  a  French  lawyer, 
born  at  Lyons  13th  Aug.  1669.  He  studied 
law  at  Paris,  and  acquired  great  reputation 
in  the  provincial  courts.  Besides  some  con- 
tributions to  the  Journal  des  Savans,  he 
wrote  discourses,  pleadings,  memoirs,  &.c. 
published  together  in  4to.  He  died  at  Paris 
30th  Sept.  1734,  aged  66. 

Terrasson,  Anthony,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  also  distinguished  as  an  advocate. 
He  was  born  at  Paris,  1st  Nov.  1705.  He 
wrote,  at  the  request  of  the  chancellor 
Aguesseau,  the  history  of  Roman  Jurispru- 
dence, published,  folio,  1750,  and  for  this 
useful  and  judicious  work  he  was  made 
censor  royal,  counsellor  to  the  assembly  of 
Dombes,  and  afterwards  advocate  to  the 
French  clergy,  and  professor  to  the  royal 
college.  He  wrote  besides  miscellanies  in 
history,  literature,  jurisprudence,  criticism, 
&c.  12mo.  &c.  and  died  30th  Oct.  1782, 
aged  77,  without  issue. 

Terray,  Joseph  Marie,  a  native  of  Boen, 
near  Roanne,  who  by  his  merits  rose  to 
places  of  honour  and  trust  in  the  French 
government.  He  was  made  comptroller 
general,  minister  of  state,  and  director  ge- 
neral of  buildings  ;  and  in  times  of  diffi- 
culty he  maintained  his  character  of  integ- 
rity, loyalty,  and  patriotism.  He  recom- 
mended to  the  monarch,  not  the  laying  of 
fresh  taxes  on  the  already  overloaded  peo- 
ple, but  to  suppress  abuses,  to  introduce 
reform  and  economy,  and  to  make  the  ex- 
penses equal  to  the  resources  of  the  state. 
He  retired  in  1774  from  public  aflairs,  re- 
spected by  the  virtuous,  but  hated  by  those 
who  live  upon  the  distresses  of  the  public, 
and  grow  rich  by  the  profusion  and  the  extra- 
vagance of  the  government.  He  died  at  Pa- 
ris, 18th  Feb.  1778,  aged  63.  His  collec- 
tion, Des  Comptes  Rendus,  from  1758  to 
1787,  has  been  published.  His  nephew, 
who  was  intendant  of  Lyons,  was  dragged 
with  his  wife  to  the  guillotine,  at  Paris, 
1793,  on  the  accusation  that  he  hadsuftered 
his  children  to  emigrate  and  to  bear  arms 
against  the  republic. 

Tertre,  Francis  Joachim  Duport  du,  a 
French  writer,  born  at  St.  Maloes  1715. 
He  was  of  the  society  of  Jesuits,  among 
whom  he  was  professor  of  the  learned  lan- 

703 


TES  THE 

guages.      He   died   1759.     He  wrote  an  the  favour  of  his  master,  he  fell  under  hi* 

Abridgment   of   the  history  of  England,  3  displeasure  and  ended  his  days  in  confine- 

Tols.  12mo.  a  work  of  some  merit — a  his-  ment  in  a  fortress  1646.      He  wrote  odes 

tory  of  famous  Conspiracies,  10  vols.  12mo.  and  other  poems,   printed  Venice  1656,  2 

— Abridgment  of  the  History  of  Spain,  5  vols.  12mo.     He  was  a  successful  imitator 

vols.  l2mo. — L'Almanach  Des  Beaux  Arts,  of  the  best  writers  of  Greece  and  Rome, 

&c.  and  was  called  by  his  countrymen  the  Ita- 

Tertre,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Calais,  Han  Horace, 
■who  after  serving  his  country  in  the  military         Testzel,  John,  a  native  of  Pirn  on  the 
and  naval  service,  became  a   Dominican,  Elbe.     He  became  a  Dominican,  and  was 
and  set  out  as   Missionary  into  America,  empowered  by  the  archbishop  of  Mayence, 
After  a  zealous  discharge  of  his  mission,  he  to  publish  the  indulgences  granted  by  pope 
returned  to  Europe  1658,  and  died  at  Paris  Leo  X.  for  the   completion  of  St.  Peter's 
1687.     He  wrote  a  general  history  of  the  church  at  Rome.     The  zeal  with  which  this 
Antilles  belonging  to  the  French,  4  vols,  holy  father  executed  his  commission,  drew 
4to.    1667,   and   1671,    a  work    accurate,  upon  him  the  attacks  of  Luther,  and  at  last 
though  not  elegantly  written.     There  was  became  the  cause  of  the  reformation.     Not 
a  Jesuit  of  that  name,  Rodolphus,  a  native  only  in  the  monasteries,  but  in  taverns  and 
of  Alenqon,  who  died  1762,  aged  95.     He  even  brothels,    these   indulgences   for  the 
was  author  of  some   works   on    religious  remission  of  sins  were  to  be  bought,  and 
subjects,  and  refuted  Malebranche's  Meta-  whoever  contributed  to  the  filling  of  the 
physics.  purse  of  the  holy  see  might  be  permitted  to 
Tertullian,  Q.  Septim.  Florus,  one  of  riot  in  the  greatest  debauchery,  and  even, 
the  fathers  of  the  church,  was  born  at  Car-  as  Testzel  said,  might  offer  violence  to  the 
thage.     When  converted  to  Chiistianity  he  holy  virgin,  and  be  forgiven  by  the  power  of 
came  to   Rome,  and  produced  his  famous  the  pope,  whose  arms  were   equal  to  the 
apology  for  the  Christians  during  the  perse-  cross  of  Christ.    When  this  bigoted  preach- 
cution  of  Severus.     He  died  about  216.  er  was   reproached   by  Miltitius  as  being 
Terwesten,  Augustin,  a  Dutch  painter,  the  cause  of  all  the  disasters  of  the  church 
He  was  born  at  the  Hague,  and  studied  the  in  Germany,  he  was  so  afflicted  with  the 
works  of  the  best  masters  in  Italy.     By  his  imputation  that  he  died  of  a  broken  heart, 
influence  the  academy  of  painting  was  re-  1519. 
vived  at  the  Hague,  and  that  of  Berlin  was         Textor.  Vid.  Texiei. 
established.     He  died  at  Berlin,  where  be         Thais,  a  celebrated  courtezan  of  Corinth, 
had  been  deservedly  patronised,  1711,  aged  who  persuaded  Alexander  the  Great  to  set 
72.     His  brothers  Matthew  and  Elias  were  Persepolis  on  fire.     She  afterwards  married 
also  eminent  painters.     The  first  excelled  Ptolemy  king  of  Egypt. 
in  the  representation  of  fruits  and  flowers,         THALES,a  famous  philosopher  of  Miletus, 
and  died  1724,  and  the  latter  was  admired  who  improved  himself  by  travelling,   and 
for  his  valuable  historical  pieces.     He  died  deserved  to  be  the  first  of  the  seven  wise 
1735.  men.     He  first  observed  the  apparent  dia- 
Testa,  Peter,  an  Italian  painter  and  en-  meter  of  the  sun,  and  divided  the  year  into 
graver,  born  at  Lucca  1659.     He  studied  365  days.     He  also  was   able   to   predict 
at  Rome,  under  Dominichino,  and  showed  eclipses,  and  died  B.  C.  545. 
great  attachment  to  his  art,  though  his  sub-         Thellusson,  Peter,  a  native  of  Geneva, 
jects  were  not  always  correct,  nor  his  exe-  who  settled  as  a  merchant  in  London, where 
cution  chaste.     He  was  drowned  in  the  he  acquired,  by  his  industry  and  labour,  an 
Tiber,  1650,  while  endeavouring  to  recover  enormous  fortune.     He  died  at  his  seat  at 
his  hat,  which  had  been  blown  into  the  wa-  Plastow,  Kent,  21st  July,1797,  leaving  three 
ter  whilst  he  was  engaged  in  taking  a  land-  sons  and  three  daughters.     From  an  ambi- 
scape.  tious  desire  of  posthumous  fame,  he  left  his 
Testelin,  Lewis,  a  painter,  born  at  Pa-  property  in  an  extraordinary  manner.     To 
ris.     He  studied  under  Vouet,  and  distin-  his  wife  and  children  he  left  about  100,000?. 
guished   himself  by  his   historical   pieces,  and  the  rest  amounting  to  upwards  of  500, 
His  restoration  of  Tabitha  to  life,  and  the  OOOZ.   he  leaves  to  trustees  to  accumulate 
scourging  of  Paul  and  Silas  were  the  best  till  the  male  children  of  his  sons  andgrand- 
of  his  compositions.    He  died  at  Paris  1655,  sons  are  dead.     This  distant  period  may 
aged  40.     His  brother  Henry  also  excelled  extend  to  120  years,  in  which  case  the  pro- 
as a  painter,   and   was  on  account  of  his  perty  will  then  amount  to  140  millions,  and 
merits  patronised  by  the  French  king.     He  if  then  he  should  have  no  lineal  descendants, 
died  1696,  aged   SO.     He  was,  as  well  as  this  astonishing  property  is  to  go  to  the  use 
his  brother,  member  of  the   French  aca-  of  the  country,  for  the  benefit  of  the  sinking 
demy.  fund.     This  extraordinar}'  will  was  disputed 
Testi,  Fulvio,  an  Italian  poet,  born  at  by  his  surviving  family,  but  it  was  affirmed 
Ferrara.     He  became   prime   minister   to  by  a  solemn  decree   of  chancery,  though 
Francis  duke  of  Modena,  but  after  enjoying  afterwards  an  act  was  passed,  by  the  means 
704 


THi: 


THE 


of  chancellor  Uosslyn,  to  prevent  the  recur- 
rence of  so  extravagant  a  desire  of  private 
accumulation. 

Thkrusius,  a  Paphlagoiiian  philosopher 
in  the  fourth  century,  made  prefect  of  Con* 
stantinople  by  Theodosius.  lie  wrote  com- 
mentaries on  Aristotle  and  Plato,  and  died 
410  A.  D. 

TnEMisoN,  an  ancient  physician,  author 
of  the  sect  called  Methodists  in  Medicine 
before  the  Christian  era. 

Themistocles,  an  illustrious  Athenian 
general.  He  was  brave  in  war,  and  in  the 
invasion  of  Greece  by  Xerxes,  his  prudence 
and  perseverance  contributed  to  the  naval 
battle  and  victory  of  Salamis.  After 
strengthening  and  improving  the  resources 
of  his  country,  he  was  treated  with  suspi- 
cion and  ingratitude  by  his  fellow-citizens, 
and  sought  an  asylum  in  the  territories  of 
his  Persian  enemies.  He  died  at  Magne- 
sia, 449  B.C.  aged  65. 

Theobald,  Lewis,  the  editor  ofShak- 
speare,  was  born  at  Sittingbournc,  Kent, 
and  educated  at  Islington.  He  studied  the 
law,  which  he  soon  relinquished  for  poetry. 
He  was  for  some  time  engaged  in  the  Cen- 
sor, published  in  Mist's  Journal,  and  by  his 
severe  censure  on  the  wits  of  the  age,  drew 
down  their  resentment  upon  his  own  head. 
Pope  made  him  the  hero  of  his  Dunciad, 
but  aftenvards  bestowed  the  honour  on 
another  character.  He,  in  1720,  introdu- 
ced on  the  stage  the  Double  Falsehood  as 
the  production  of  Shakspeare,  which  was 
attacked  by  Pope  and  other  critics.  He 
wrote  in  1726,  Shakspeare  Restored,  and 
besides,  above  20  dramatic  pieces  of  little 
merit.  He  is  chiefly  known  as  the  editor 
of  Shakspeare's  plays,  8  vols,  labours  which, 
though  abused  by  some  critics,  and  espe- 
cially Warburton,  are  not  devoid  of  merit. 
He  died  1742. 

Theocritus,  a  famous  Greek  poet  of 
Syracuse,  patronised  by  Ptolemy  Philadel- 
phus.  He  wrote  Idyllia,  in  a  very  interest- 
ing style  of  sweetness  and  simplicity,  be- 
sides epigrams. 

Theodatus,  king  of  the  Goths,  was 
placed  on  the  throne  of  Italy  by  his  aunt 
Amalasonta,  whom  he  married,  and  after- 
wards destroyed.  He  was  defeated  by 
Belisarius,  the  general  of  Justinian,  and 
then  put  to  death  by  his  own  soldiers,  A.D. 
536. 

Theodore,  king  of  Corsica,  was  son  of 
Anthony,  baron  de  Newhoff  and  de  Stein, 
in  Westphalia.  He  was  born  1696  at 
Metz,  where  his  father  then  held  an  office 
at  the  court  of  Lorraine,  having  left  his 
country  in  consequence  of  marrying  a  mer- 
chant's daughter  against  the  wishes  of  his 
family.  Young  Theodore  was  for  some 
lime  in  the  suite  of  baron  Gortz,  the  Swe- 
dish minister,  but  after  his  execution  he 
left  the  Swedish  for  the  Spanish  service. 

YOL.  II.  89 


He   afterwards    visited   France,    Holland; 
and  England,  and  in  1736  landed  in  Corsi- 
ca,   while    the    inliabitiints  of  that  island 
were  in  a  .state  of  rebellion  against  their 
tyrannical  masters  the  Genoese.     His  cha- 
racter for    boldness     and    ent»;rprisc    wa3 
such  that  he  was   treated  with   uimsual  re- 
spect by  the  heads  of  the  insurrection,  and 
as  he  had  brought  with  him  supplies  of  arms 
and  money,  he  was  soon   regarded  as  the 
future  delivoer  of  the  opprcs.sed  Corsicans, 
and  solemnly  declared  king  of  the   island, 
15th  April,  1736.     In  this  new  capacity  h* 
displayed  great  vigour  ;  though  denounced 
as  a  traitor  by  the  Genoese,  he  collected  an 
army  of  25,000  men,  and  laid  siege  to  Bas- 
tia,  which  he  took.  Asoistanee  from  abroad 
was  also  expected,  to  give  weight  and  con- 
sequence to  his  measures  :  and  to    render 
his  power  more  united,  he   established  o 
military  order,  called  the  Order  of  Deliver- 
ance, but  his  popularity  at  last  began    to 
vanish  when   the   promised   succours  from 
France  and   England  did  not  arrive.     His 
subjects  grew   dissatisfied,  and  threatened 
to  reduce  him   to   a   private  station  ;  but 
Theodore,  not  tnisting  to  the  negotiations 
of  ambassadors,  deternuned  in  person  to 
solicit  the  crowned  heads  of  Europe  for  as- 
sistance, and  after  appointing  a  regency  of 
47  to  manage  the  public  affairs  in  his  ab- 
sence, he  left  the  island.     He  now  travel- 
led in  disguise  ;  but  when  he  reached  Paris, 
he  was  ordered  to  leave  the  kingdom  ;  and 
after  retiring  to  Amsterdam,  ivhere  he  met 
with  some  protection,  he  embarked  for  the 
Mediterranean,  but  was  soon  after  seized 
at  Naples,  and   imprisoned  in  the  fortress 
of  Cueta.     His  circumstances  were  now  so 
desperate,  that  when  he  regained  his  liber- 
ty, he   could  not  venture  to  visit  his  sub- 
jects, but  fled   to  England  for  an  asylum. 
His  creditors  prosecuted  him  also  in  Eng-' 
land,  and  in  the   midst   of  his  distresses, 
though  a  charitable  contribution  v.'as  made 
for  his  relief,  he  was  thrown  into  the  king's- 
bench  prison,  from  which  in  1750  he  extri- 
cated himself,  by  the  privilege  of  a)i  act  of 
insolvency,  after  registering  his  kingdom 
for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors  at  Guildhall 
He  died  soon  after,  Dec.  11,  1756,  at  the 
house  of  his  tailor,  and  was  buried  in  the 
churchyard  of  St.  Anne's,   Westminster. 
In  1757  a  marble  monument   was  erected 
to  his  memory,  by  Horace  Walpole,   witlt 
these  concluding  lines  : 

The  grave,  great  teacher^  to  a  level  brings 
Heroes  and  beggurSygnlley  slaves  a7id  kings. 
But  Theodore  this  mond  learned,  ere  dead, 
Fate  poured  its  lesson  on  his  living  head ; 
Bestowed  a  kingdom,  and  denied  him  breed. 

Theodoret,  a  father  of  the  church,  de- 
posed from  his  bishopric  by  the  council  of 
Ephesus,  but  restored  by  the  assembly  of 
Chalcedon.     He  died  about  460.  He  wrot^ 

70.? 


THE 


THE 


an  Ecclesiastical  History,  Lives  of  Saints, 
Commentaries,  &c. 

THEODORir,  first  king  of  the  Goths  in 
Italy,  was  the  natural  son  of  Theodomir, 
king  of  the  Ostrogoths.  He  was  given  up 
as  a  hostage  by  Welamir,  his  father's  bro- 
ther, to  the  emperor  Leo  L  461,  and  he 
distinguished  himself  by  the  importance  of 
his  services  to  Zeno,  who  had  been  driven 
from  his  throne  by  Basilisces.  He  became 
consul,  484,  and  was  sent  by  the  emperor 
to  Italy,  against  Odoacer,  whom  he  defeat- 
ed and  put  to  death.  Thus  become  master 
of  all  Italy,  he  strengthened  his  power  by 
marrying,  in  509,  the  sister  of  Clovis,  king 
of  France,  and  by  making  a  treaty  of  alli- 
ance with  Anastasius,  emperor  of  the  East, 
and  with  the  Vandals  of  Africa.  In  the 
enjoyment  of  peace,  be  devoted  himself  to 
the  improvement  of  his  dominions,  and  to 
the  happiness  of  his  people,  and  bis  noble 
plans  were  warmly  and  ably  seconded  by 
his  active  secretary,  the  celebrated  Cassio- 
dorus.  New  edifices  were  raised  to  beau- 
tify Rome  ;  her  walls  were  repaired,  and 
Pavia  and  Ravenna  also  equally  shared  the 
kindness  of  their  munificent  prince.  While, 
however,  he  promoted  commerce,  encou- 
raged the  arts,  and  patronised  literature, 
Theodoric  grew  suspicious  and  cruel,  and 
lie  caused  to  be  put  to  death  Symmachus 
and  Boethius,  two  of  the  most  illustrious  of 
his  subjects.  This  inhumanity,  it  is  said, 
preyed  upon  his  mind,  and  he  died  soon 
after,  under  the  severest  tortures  of  con- 
science, 30th  Aug.  526. 

Theodorus,  a  bishop  of  Cilicia,  who  died 
428.  His  works  were  condemned  by  a  ge- 
lieral  council,  as  heretical.  His  commen- 
taries on  the  Psalms,  &c.  are  extant. 

TiiEODOSics,  a  noble  Roman,  raised  for 
his  valour  and  services,  to  a  share  of  the 
imperial  throne,  by  Gratian.  When  sole 
emperor,  he  waged  successful  war  against 
the  Goths  ;  but  he  disgraced  himself  in 
causing  the  people  of  Thessalonica  to  be 
put  to  the  sword,  a  cruel  action  which  drew 
down  upon  him  the  censures  of  St.  Am- 
brose, and  exclusion  from  the  church  till 
he  made  due  atonement  for  the  crime.  He 
afterwards  defeated  the  barbarians  that  in- 
vaded Thrace,  and  proved  equally  fortu- 
nate in  his  war  against  Maximus  and  Eu- 
genius.     He  died  at  Milan,  395. 

Theodosius  II.  grandson  of  'the  prece- 
ding, succeeded  his  father  Arcadius  on  the 
imperial  throne,  408.  Though  a  weak 
prince,  he  defeated  the  Persians  on  the 
borders  of  the  Euphrates  ;  but  in  his  expe- 
dition against  the  Huns,  he  was  obliged  to 
purchase  a  dubious  peace.  He  married 
Eudocia,  the  daughter  of  the  philosopher 
Leontius,  and  died  450. 

Theodotus,  a    tanner  of   Byzantium, 
who  abandoned  the  Christian  faith  to  save 
his  life,  under  the  perf^ecution  of  M .  Aure- 
706 


iius.  His  apostacy  drew  down  upon  him 
the  censures  of  the  church,  and  in  conse- 
quence he  became  the  founder  of  a  new 
sect,  which  denied  the  divinity  of  Christ. 
Another  of  that  name  became  the  head  of 
the  Melchisedeckians,  who  supported  that 
the  Messiah  was  inferior  to  Melchisedeck. 

Theognis,  a  Greek  poet  of  Megara,  of 
whose  works  only  a  few  fragments  remain. 
He  flourished  B.C.  544. 

The  ON,  a  Greek  sophist,  author  of  a 
Treatise  on  Rhetoric,  edited  Leyden,  1726, 
Bvo. 

Theon,  a  mathematician  of  Alexandria 
in  the  age  of  the  great  Theodosius.  His 
Commentary  on  Euclid  was  printed  Oxford, 
1672,  in  4to. 

Theophanes,  George,  a  native  of  Con- 
stantinople, known  as  a  historian,  and  as  an 
ecclesiastic  at  the  seventh  general  council. 
He  was  banished  into  Samothrace  by  the 
jealousy  of  Leo  the  Armenian,  and  died 
there,  818.  He  is  author  of  a  chronicle, 
extending  from  the  period  where  Syncellus 
finishes,  to  the  reign  of  Michael  Curopa- 
latus,  of  which  the  best  edition  is  that  of  the 
Louvre,  1655,  folio. 

Theophanes,  Prokopowitch,  a  Russian 
historian  of  eminence,  born  at  Kiof,  9th 
June,  1681.  After  studying  under  his 
uncle,  the  rector  of  a  convent  school,  the 
learned  languages,  he  went  to  Rome,  where 
he  imbibed  a  taste  for  the  fine  arts  and 
works  of  genius.  He  returned  to  Kiof, 
and  assumed  the  monastic  habit,  and  be- 
came professor  of  philosophy.  He  was  no- 
ticed by  Peter  the  Great,  attended  him  in 
his  campaigns,  and,  under  his  direction, 
was  employed  in  reforming  the  clergy,  and 
abolishing  the  patriarchal  dignity.  His 
stervices  were  duly  rewarded  ;  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Plescof,  and  under  Catherine, 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  metropolitan  of  all 
Russia,  as  the  archbishop  of  Novogorod. 
He  died  1736.  Besides  sermons,  disquisi- 
tions, and  a  treatise  on  rhetoric,  he  wrote, 
a  Life  of  Peter  the  Great,  which  terminates 
at  the  battle  of  Pultowa,  a  most  candid  and 
valuable  performance. 

Theophilus,  archbishop  of  Antioch,  the 
first  who  used  the  word  Trinity,  to  express 
the  three  persons  in  the  Godhead.  He 
flourished  in  the  second  century,  and  wrote 
a  Defence  of  Christianity. 

Theophrastus,  a  Greek  Philosopher  of 
Lesbos,  educated  under  Plato  and  Aristotle. 
He  was  a  popular  teacher,  and  had  not  less 
than  2000  pupils.  His  works  have  been 
best  published  by  Heinsius,  Leyden,  1613, 
folio. 

Theophtlact,  a  native  of  Constantino- 
ple, metropolitan  of  Bulgaria,  in  the  11th 
century.  He  was  author  of  Commentaries 
on  the  Gospels,  and  Acts,  and  also  the  Pro- 
phets, and  the  Epistles,  &c. 

Theramenes,  an  Athenian  pbilo^opher. 


THi 


Till 


mxQ  of  the  30  tyrants  appointed  over  Athens 
by  Sparta.  He  was  condemned  to  death 
b}"-  Critias,  because  he  refused  to  assent  to 
the  violent  and  cruel  measures  of  his  col- 
leagues, and  took  poison,  B.C.  403. 

Thermes,  Paul  de  la  Berthe,  lord  of,  a 
native  of  Conserans,  who  early  devoted 
himself  to  arms,  and  served  under  Francis 
I.  and  his  two  successors.  The  victory  of 
Cerisoles,  in  1544,  was  attributed  to  his 
great  valour,  and  he  acquired  fresh  glory  at 
the  taking  of  Saluces  and  llavel.  He  af- 
terwards passed  into  Scotland,  to  invade 
the  English  territories,  and  in  1551,  was 
sent  as  ambassador  to  Rome,  and  soon  af- 
ter he  headed  the  French  forces  in  Italy. 
His  capture  of  Dunkirk,  and  of  St.  Ve- 
nox,  was  followed  by  his  defeat  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Gravelines,  in  which  he  was  taken 
prisoner.  The  peace  of  1559  set  him  at 
liberty,  and  he  died  at  Paris,  6th  May, 
1562,  aged  80,  without  posterity. 

Thespis,  a  Greek  poet  of  Attica,  called 
the  inventor  of  tragedy,  B.C.  536.  His 
theatre  was  a  cart  dragged  from  town  to 
town,  where  two  men  with  besmeared  faces 
entertained  the  people  with  uncouth  dia- 
logues and  rustic  songs. 

Thevenot,  Melchisedec,  librarian  to 
the  king  of  France,  was  born  in  Paris, 
1621.  He  was  actuated,  from  his  youth, 
with  the  strongest  desire  of  seeing  foreign 
countries,  and  from  the  voyages  published 
by  others,  as  well  as  from  his  own  personal 
observations,  he  gave  to  the  world  his  voy- 
ages and  travels.  His  account  of  an  in- 
strument for  ascertaining  the  longitude,  and 
the  declination  of  the  needle,  is  considered 
as  the  best  part  of  these  books.  Thevenot 
was,  for  some  time,  ambassador  of  France 
at  Constantinople,  and  also  assisted  at  the 
conclave  assembled  after  the  death  of  Inno- 
cent X.  and  was  afterwards  envoy  at  Ge- 
noa. He  died  of  a  slow  fever,  Oct.  1691. 
He  was  a  curious  collector  of  rare  and  va- 
luable books  and  manuscripts,  but  the 
most  noble  part  of  his  libi'ary,  was  the  mar- 
bles presented  to  him  by  M.  Nointel,  with 
bas  reliefs,  and  inscriptions,  two  thousand 
years  old.  His  travels  have  been  transla- 
ted into  English.  He  wrote  also  the  Art 
of  swimming,  12mo. 

Thevenot,  John,  another  traveller  of 
reputation,  who  died  1667.  It  is  said  that 
he  Avas  the  first  person  who  brought  coffee 
to  Paris.  He  travelled  into  Asia,  of  which 
an  account  was  published,  3  vols.  4to.  and 
at  Amsterdam,  1727,  5  vols.  12mo. 

Thielin,  John  Philip,  a  painter  of 
Mechlin,  born  1618.  Though  of  noble 
birth,  and  a  man  of  considerable  fortune, 
he  studied  painting  under  Daniel  Segers, 
and  produced  some  beautiful  pieces  for  the 
king  of  Spain.  His  floAvcrs  were  particu- 
larly admired,  as  painted  with  native  deli- 


cacy, and  grouped  with  taste,     llii  three 
daughters  were  also  eminent  as  artists. 

Tiiierkv  I.  king  of  Francn,  third  son  of 
Clovis  11.  asceiulcd  the  throne  of  Ncustria, 
and  Burgundy,  670,  by  the  interest  of 
Ebroin,  the  mayor  of  the  palacf;,  by  whom 
he  suffered  himself  to  be  goviirned.  He 
was  defeated  at  Tostri  in  Vennandois,  by 
Pepin,  of  Austrasia,  and  he  died  four  y('ars 
after,  691,  aged  39.  He  is  called  by  lle- 
nault,  the  third  of  that  name. 

Thierry  II.  or  IV.  son  of  Dagobert  III. 
was  taken  from  a  cloister  to  ascend  the 
throne  of  France.  He  was  a  king  only  in 
name,  as  his  minister  Charles  Martel  go- 
verned the  kingdom  at  pleasure.  He 
died  737,  aged  25. 

Thierry  I.  son  of  Clovis  I.  obtained 
as  his  share  of  the  kingdom  of  France, 
the  kingdom  of  Austrasia,  of  which  he 
made  Metz  the  capital.  The  best  part  of 
his  reign  was  occupied  in  repelling  the 
invasion  of  the  Danes,  and  in  quarrels 
with  his  brother  Childebert,  king  of  Pa- 
ris. He  died  534,  aged  about  51,  aftei' 
a  reign  of  23  years. 

Thierry  II.  second  son  of  Childebert, 
was  king  of  Burgundy  and  Austrasia.  He 
was  engaged  in  disputes  with  his  brother 
Theodebert,  in  consequence  of  the  in- 
trigues of  his  mother-in-law,  Brunehaut, 
and  at  last  he  took  him  prisoner,  and 
suffered  him  to  be  cruelly  put  to  death. 
He  was  afterwards  reconciled  to  Brune- 
haut, at  whose  instigation  he  had  dis- 
graced himself  by  the  murder  of  his  bro- 
ther, but  this  inhuman  princess,  soon  af- 
ter, caused  him  to  be  poisoned,  613. 

Thierry,  of  Niem,  a  native  of  Pader- 
born,  in  Westphalia,  who  was  secretary 
to  the  popes  at  Rome,  and  was  employed 
by  them  at  the  council  of  Trent.  lie 
died  1417.  He  wrote  history  of  the 
schisms  of  the  popes,  fol.  and  other  works 
now  little  known. 

Thierry,  Henry,  a  printer  of  emi- 
nence at  Paris,  in  the  15th  century.  His 
family  became  celebrated  in  France  for 
several  generations  as  printers,  and  some 
most  valuable  works  at  various  times  have 
issued  from  their  press.  One  of  their  de- 
scendants who  was  bookseller  to  Boileau, 
and  was  immortalized  by  the  poet  in  his 
epistle  to  his  verses,  died  at  Paris,  1 762. 

Thiers,  John  Baptist,  a  doctor  of  the 
Sorbonne,  born  at  Chartres,  1536.  He  was 
professor  of  belles  lettres  at  Paris,  and  af- 
terwards curate  of  Vivray,  in  the  Mans, 
and  of  Champrond,  in  the  diocess  of  Char- 
tres. He  died  Feb.  2Sth,  1703.  He  wrote 
a  treatise  on  Superstitions,  concerning  the 
Sacraments — de  Fastorum  Dienun  Immu*; 
nitione  Liber — and  other  things,  besides  the 
History  of  Perukes,  a  curious  boot,  in 
Avhich  he  says  the  year  1629  was  the  epocjj 

707 


THO 


THO 


ofTerukesin  France,  av.u  that  no  clergy- 
man wore  them  before  1660. 

Thirlby,  Styan,  an  able  critic,  born  at 
Leicester,  1692.  He  was  of  Jesus  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degree  of 
LL.D.  but  the  most  promising  abilities 
were  clouded  by  great  indolence  of  dispo- 
sition, a  quarrelsome  temper,  and  a  strong 
fondness  for  intemperate  drinking.  He  stu- 
died physic,  and  afterwards  applied  himself 
to  the  civil  law,  and  then  the  common  law, 
but  with  this  he  soon  grew  dissatisfied,  and 
at  last  obtained  a  sinecure  place  of  about 
1001.  a  year  as  king's  waiter  in  the  port  of 
London,  by  the  interest  of  his  friend  Sir 
Edward  Walpole,  who  had  been  his  pupil. 
For  some  time  he  resided  in  the  house  of 
his  friend,  but  he  rendered  himself  disa- 
greeable by  keeping  a  journal  of  whatever 
he  observed  or  heard  in  the  family,  incom- 
patible with  his  unsocial  ideas,  and  he 
spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  private 
lodgings,  where  he  died,  Dec.  19th,  1753. 
He  wrote  some  notes  on  Shakspeare's  plays, 
which  appear  in  Johnson's  edition,  but  he 
is  chiefly  known  as  the  author  of  an  able 
tract  against  Whiston  on  the  Trinity,  and 
as  the  publisher  of  a  valuable  edition  of 
Justin's  works,  folio,  1723,  the  dedication 
to  which  is  considered  as  a  masterly  pro- 
duction. 

Thomas,  St.  surnamed  Didymus,  was 
a  Galilean,  and  one  of  the  apostles  of  the 
Redeemer.  When  after  the  resurrection, 
he  disbelieved  the  appearance  of  his  Mas- 
ter, he  was  convinced  of  the  truth,  and  re- 
quired by  our  blessed  Lord  to  examine  his 
wounds,  and  to  put  his  finger  into  the  print 
of  the  nails,  upon  which  he  expressed  his 
belief  by  the  exclamation  of,  my  Lord, 
and  my  God  !  After  the  ascension  he  went 
to  Parthia,  to  preach  the  gospel,  and  pene- 
trated into  the  Eastern  countries  as  far  as 
India,  where  it  is  said  that  he  suffered  mar- 
tyrdom. 

Thomas,  an  obscure  individual,  from 
a  common  soldier  obtained  the  command 
of  the  troops  of  Leo,  the  Armenian,  after 
whose  death  he  aspired  to  the  throne  of 
the  Caesars.  He  caused  himself  to  be  pro- 
claimed emperor,  but  was  soon  after  de- 
feated by  Michael  the  successor  of  Leo, 
who  caused  him  to  be  impaled  alive,  823. 

Thomas,  James  Ernest,  a  native  of 
Haglestein,  who  studied  painting  in  Italy, 
and  was  the  friend  and  imitator  of  Esthei- 
mer.  His  landscapes  possessed  great  me- 
rit.    He  died  1663,  aged  65. 

Thomas,  William,  D.D.  bishop  of  Wor- 
cester, was  born  at  Bristol,  2d  Feb.  1613. 
He  was  educated  at  Caermarthen  school, 
and  then  entered  at  St.  John's  college,  Ox- 
ford, from  which  he  removed  to  Jesus, 
of  which  society  he  became  fellow.  He 
was  then  chaplain  to  the  earl  of  Northum- 
708 


berland,  from  whom  he  obtained  the  vica  r* 
age  of  Laugh arn,  and  Lansedurnen  rec- 
tory, and  during  the  troublesome  times  of 
civil  war,  he  continued  here  to  discharge 
his  duties,  and  became  an  active  and  bene- 
volent parish  priest.  At  last,  however,  he 
was  deprived  of  his  living  by  the  parlia- 
ment, and  had  in  consequence  to  struggle 
with  many  difficulties  and  with  poverty,  till 
the  restoration  replaced  him  in  the  confi- 
dence of  the  government  and  the  posses- 
sion of  his  living.  He  was  afterwards  chap- 
lain to  the  duke  of  York,  and  made  dean  of 
W^orcester,  1665,  and  in  1677,  raised  to  the 
see  of  St.  David's.  In  this  diocess  he  ren- 
dered himself  popular  by  his  affability  and 
attention,  he  often  preached  in  Welsh  ;  and 
gained  the  good  opinion  of  his  clergy,  but 
his  attempts  to  remove  the  cathedral  of  his 
diocess  from  the  unfrequented  town  of  St. 
David's,  to  the  more  populous  and  commer- 
cial town  of  Caermarthen,  proved  abortive. 
In  1683,  he  was  translated  to  Worcester, 
where  he  behaved  with  exemplary  attention 
towards  his  clergy,  and  promoted  the  pros- 
perity of  his  diocess.  In  1687,  he  enter- 
tained the  king  in  his  progress  through  the 
country,  grieved  indeed  at  the  sight  of  his 
popish  attendants,  but  hospitably  respectful 
to  him  as  became  a  subject.  On  William's 
accession  he  was  unwilling  to  take  the  oaths 
to  the  new  monarch,  and  prepared  to  resign 
all  his  preferments,  and  to  retire  to  the 
house  of  his  friend  Martin,  vicar  of  Wol- 
verly.  He  died,  however,  before  the  time 
fixed  for  his  departure,  of  a  violent  fit  of  the 
gout,  25th  June,  1689.  He  was  buried  in 
the  cloisters  of  his  cathedral.  By  his  wife, 
who  died  1677,  he  had  eight  children, 
four  sons  and  four  daughters,  but  only  two 
survived  him.  Respectable  as  a  man  and 
as  a  prelate,  he  was  also  a  good  writer,  but 
more  nervous  than  elegant.  He  wrote  an 
Apology  for  theChurch  of  England,  1678-9, 
8vo. — Letter  to  the  Clergy — some  ser- 
mons— Roman  Oracles  Silenced,  published 
after  his  death. 

Thomas,  William,  grandson  of  the  bi- 
shop, by  John  Thomas  and  Mary  Bagnall, 
was  born  1670,  and  was  educated  at  West- 
minster school,  from  whence  in  1688,  he 
was  elected  to  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  degrees.  By  the  interest 
of  lord  Somers  he  obtained  the  living  of 
Exal  in  Warwickshire,  and  in  1721,  he  re- 
moved to  Worcester,  for  the  better  educa- 
tion of  his  family,  which  consisted  of  nine 
daughters  and  five  sons.  In  1723  he  was 
presented  by  bishop  Hough  to  the  rectory 
of  St.  Nicholas,  W^orcester,  and  died  July 
26th,  1738.  He  was  buried  in  the  cloisters 
of  the  cathedral  near  his  grandfather.  He 
was  distinguished  as  a  man  of  letters  and 
as  a  good  antiquary.  He  published  Anti- 
quitates  Prioratus  Majoris  Malverne — Dug- 
dale's  Warwickshire  improved,  2  vols.  foL 


THO 


THO 


i730 — a  Survey  of  Worcester  Cathedral, 
and  prepared  materlials  for  a  history  of 
Worcestershire,  which  have  been  hand- 
somely noticed  by  Dr.  Nash. 

Thomas,    Elizabeth,   better  known    by 
the  name  of  Corinua,  Avas  born  1675.    She 
was  known  as  a  writer  of  considerable  abi- 
lities, but  her  misfortunes  arose  in  the  death 
of  Mr.  Gwynnet,  to  whom  she  was  to  have 
been  married,  1711.     After  this,  ill  health 
and  affliction  were  her   constant   compa- 
nions, and  she  sunk  into  the  grave  3d  teb. 
1730,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Bride's  church. 
She  incurred  the  severest  displeasure    of 
Pope,  because  she  had  suffered  Curl  the 
bookseller  to  publish  some  of  the  poet's  let- 
ters with  those  of  Henry  Cromwell,  and  for 
this  offence   she  was  placed  in   a  conspi- 
cuous  situation    in    the   Dunciad.         Her 
poems  were  published  after  her  death  to- 
gether with  2  vols,  of  letters  which  passed 
between  her  and  her  lover  Gwynnet. 

Thomas,  Anthony  Leonard,  a  member 
of  the  French  academy,  distinguished  as  a 
wTiter  and  a  poet.     He  was  born  at  Cler- 
mont in   Auvergne,     1732,    and  educated 
with  great  care  by  his  mother.     He  was  in- 
tended for  the  law,  but  his  abilities  were 
called  into  action  by  the  offer  of  a  profess- 
orship in  the  college  of  Beauvais  at  Paris, 
which  was  more  congenial  with  his  dispo- 
sition. He  rose  gradually  by  his  merit,  and 
was  at  last  secretary  to  the  duke  of  Orleans. 
He  died  of  a  fever  l7th  Sept.  1785,  at  the 
house  of  the  archbishop  of  Lyons,  and  was 
buried  in  the  village  of  Oulins.     Respected 
and  beloved  as  a  man, he  was  highly  esteem- 
ed as  a  writer.  In  1756,he  published  his  re- 
flections,   historical  and  literary,  on  Vol- 
tah-e's  poem  of  natural  religion,  in  which 
he  ably  defended  Christianity.     In  1759, 
his  eloge  of  marshal  Saxe  was  crowned  by 
the  academy,  and  he  deserved  public  ap- 
plause also  by  his  eloges  on  d'Aguesseau, 
Du  Guay  Trouin,   Des  Cartes,  Sully,  and 
Marcus  Aurelius.    He  wrote  also  an  Essay 
on  Elogies,  2  vols.  12mo. — an  Essay  on  the 
Character,  Manners,  and  Mind  of  Females, 
8vo.  and  some  poems,  and  he  was  at  his 
death   engaged  on  a  poem  on  Peter  the 
Great.    His  works  were  published  together 
1802,  7  vols.  Svo.  Paris. 

Thomas,  Sir  George,  governor  of  Penn- 
sylvania, was  appointed  in  1738,  and  con- 
tinued in  office  until  174V,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  James  Hamilton.  He  was 
previously  a  wealthy  planter  of  Antigua, 
and  a  member  of  the  council  there.  His 
administration  was  less  popular  than  that 
of  his  predecessor  Gordon,  because  he  was 
less  indulgent  to  the  Quakers.  In  1752  he 
was  appointed  governor  of  the  Leeward  and 
Caribbee  Islands,  where  he  was  succeeded 
by  governor  Woodleyc  in  1766.  On  reti- 
ring from  this  office  he  was  created  a  Ba- 


ronet.    He  died  in  Loudon,  January  11th, 
1775.  iczr-  h. 

Thomas,   John,  a  major-general   in  the 
army  of  the  liiitcd  States,  who  served  with 
reputation  in  the  war  against  the   French 
and  Indians,  and  was  one  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous of  the  oHicers  of  the  army  at  the 
opt-iung  of  the   revolution.      He   was  ap- 
pointed a  brigadier-general  in   1775,  and 
commanded   a  division    of    the   provincial 
troops  during  the  siege  of  Boston.     In  177G 
he  was  advanced  to  the  i-ank  of  ni:ijor-gene- 
neral,and  on  the  death  of  general  Montgo- 
mery, appointed  to   the  command    in  Ca- 
nada.    He  joined  the  army  at  Quebec  on 
the  first  of  May,  and  soon  retreated  thence 
to   Chamblee,  where  he  died  of  the  small- 
pox on  the   30th  of  June.     He  was  brave 
and  judicious   as   an  officer,  and  amiable 
in  private  life.  IdP"  L. 

Thomas,  Josiah,  an  English  divine,  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  master  of  arts,  entered  into  or- 
ders, and  became  successively  rector  of 
Kingston  Devcrell  in  Wiltshire,  and  of 
Street-cum- Walton  in  Somersetshire.  He 
was  also  made  archdeacon  of  Bath,  and  cho- 
sen minister  of  Christ  church  in  that  city, 
where  he  died  May  27th,  1820,  aged  sixty. 
He  published — 1.  A  poetical  Epistle  to  a 
Curate.  2.  Strictures  on  subjects  relating 
to  the  established  religion  and  the  clergy. 
3.  Remarks  on  some  popular  principles  and 
notions.  Mr.  Thomas  made  himself  con- 
spicuous about  a  year  or  two  before  his 
death  by  opposing  the  bishop  of  Gloucester, 
at  a  missionary  meeting  of  the  evangelical 
clergy,  as  they  are  denominated,  at  Bath. 
—  IV.  B. 

Thomasius,  James,  a  native  of  Leipsie, 
of  an  ancient  family.  He  became  there  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence,  belles  lettres,  and  phi- 
losophy, and  had  among  his  pupils  the  cele- 
brated Leibnitz.  He  was  a  man  of  mild 
manners  and  great  benevolence  of  heart, 
and  he  died  1684,  aged  62,  at  Leipsie.  He 
wrote  the  Origin  of  Philosophical  and  Ec- 
clesiastical History — several  dissertations, 
&c.  all  in  Latin  in  11  vols.  Svo.  His  son 
Christian  was  born  at  Leipsie,  and  took  his 
doctor's  degree  at  Frankfort  on  the  Oder 
1676.  He  published  a  German  journal, 
which  drew  upon  him,  in  consequence  of 
the  severity  of  some  of  his  remarks,  the  dis- 
pleasure of  government,  and  he  retired  to 
Berlin,  and  was  made  by  the  king  of  Prus- 
sia first  professor  of  law,  in  the  newly 
founded  university  of  Halle.  He  attracted 
much  cf  the  public  attention  by  asserting  in 
a  thesis  that  concubinage  is  not  contrary  to 
the  laws  of  God.  He  died  1728,  aged  73.^  He 
wrote  an  Introduction  to  the  Philosophy  of 
the  Court — Histoiy  of  Wisdom  and  Folly 
— on  the  Defects  of  the  Roman  Jurispru- 
dence, Sac. 

Thompson,  Edward,  a  native   of  Hullj 

709 


THO 


THO 


in  Yorkshire.    He  was  educated  under  Dr. 
Cox,  at  Hampstead,  and  early  went  to  the 
East  Indies.     He  was  afterwards  pressed 
into  the  navy,  and  by  his  good   conduct 
rose,  in  1757,  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant. 
At  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  retired  on 
half  pay,  and  then  turned  his  thoughts  to 
literary  pursuits.     He  published  successive- 
ly the  Meretriciad,  a  lict-  tious  poem — the 
Soldier,  apoem,  4to.  1764 — the  Courtezan, 
and  the  Demirep,  two  poems,  1765 — and 
Sailors'  letters,  2  vols.  12mo.  1767.      His 
Trinculo's  Trip  to  the  Jubilee,  a  ludicrous 
performance,  in  which  he  gave  an  account 
of  the  jubilee  celebrated  at  Stratford  on 
Avon,  in  honour  of  Shakspeare,  appeared 
in  1769,  and  also  his  Court  of  Cupid,  2  vols. 
which  contained  a  collection  of  the  immo- 
ral pieces  which  he  had   already  obtruded 
upon  the  world.     He  altered  the  Fair  Qua- 
ker from  Shadwell,  in  1773,  and  produced 
it  on  the  Drury-lane  stage,  with  some  ef- 
fect,  and  he   afterwards   published    Paul 
Whitehead's  works,  and  also  Marv^ell's,  3 
vols.  4to.     On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Ame- 
rican war  he  obtained,  by  the  interest  of 
Garrick,  a  captain's  commission,  and  the 
command  of  the  Hydra,  in  which  he  had 
the  good   fortune    to   capture   a   valuable 
French  East  Indiaman.     He  died  in  1786, 
on  the  coast  of  Africa,  on  board  the  Gram- 
pus, a  ship  to  which  he  had  been  appointed 
the  preceding  year.     He  published  propo- 
sals  for  maritime  observations,  collected 
from  1753  to  1763,  but  the  work  never  ap- 
peared. 

Thomson,  William,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, was  born  in  1746,  at  Burnside,  in 
Perthshire.  He  was  educated  at  St.  An- 
drews, for  the  church,  after  which  he  be- 
came librarian  to  the  earl  of  Kinnoul,  and 
minister  of  Monivard  ;  but  being  dissatis- 
fied with  that  situation,  he  left  Scotland, 
and  settled  in  London,  where  he  kept  an 
academy,  and  exercised  his  pen  as  an  au- 
thor by  profession.  His  compilations  were 
numerous  ;  and  he  was  also  the  editor  of 
several  periodical  publications,  as  the  Eng- 
lish Review — the  Political  Magazine — the 
Whitehall  Evening  Post — and  the  Annual 
Register.  His  original  works  are.  The 
Man  in  the  Moon,  a  novel — Memoirs  of 
the  War  in  Asia,  2  vols. — Mammuth,  or 
Human  Nature  displayed,  a  romance,  2 
vols.  &c.  He  obtained  a  doctor's  degree 
at  St.  Andrews,  and  died  at  Kensington  in 
1817.— fF.  B. 

Thomson,  James,  a  celebrated  English 
poet,  son  of  a  Scotch  minister,  and  born  at 
Ednam,  in  RorJiurgshire,  11th  Sept.  1700. 
He  was  educated  at  Jedburgh  school,  and 
then  entered  at  the  university  of  Edin- 
burgh. He  here  distinguished  himself  by 
the  elegance  and  spirit  of  his  compositions, 
and  when  be  had  been  directed  by  the  di- 
vinity professor,  Hamilton,  to  write  an 
710 


exercise  on  a  psalm,  descriptive  of  the 
greatness  and  majesty  of  God,  his  para- 
phrase was  much  admired  for  its  fire  and 
its  poetical  beauties.  He  then  studied  di- 
vinity, but  soon  relinquished  it,  as  he  con- 
sidered the  profession  too  confined  for  the 
expansion  of  his  abilities.  He  determined 
to  seek  in  London  the  patronage  which 
might  be  extended  to  merit,  and  the  publi- 
cation of  his  "  Winter,"  1726,  soon  intro- 
duced him  to  the  notice  of  the  great  and  of 
the  learned.  By  the  friendship  of  Dr.  Run- 
die,  afterwards  bishop  of  Dorry,  he  was 
recommended  to  lord  chancellor  Talbot, 
and  attended  his  son  as  a  companion  in  his 
travels  on  the  continent.  The  popularity 
of  "  Winter,"  produced  Summer  in  1727, 
Spring  1728,  and  Autumn  in  1730  ;  and 
other  pieces  were  also  published  to  prove 
the  diligence,  the  patriotism,  and  the  crea- 
tive powers  of  the  poet.  The  death  of  his 
noble  pupil  was  soon  after  followed  by  that 
of  the  chancellor,  and  Thomson  wai  thus 
reduced  from  a  state  of  comfort  and  inde- 
pendence, to  a  narrow  and  precai'ious 
subsistence.  The  place  of  secretary  of  the 
briefs,  which  he  had  obtained  from  the 
chancellor,  fell  at  his  death,  yet  the  gene- 
rosity of  his  friends  was  kindly  exerted ;  he 
was,  by  the  recommendation  of  lord  Lyt- 
tleton,  noticed  and  patronised  with  a  pen- 
sion by  the  prince  of  Wales,  and  by  the  in- 
fluence of  the  same  noble  friend  he  obtain- 
ed, in  1746,  the  office  of  surveyor-general 
of  the  Leeward  islands.  He  died  of  a 
fever,  27th  Aug.  1748,  and  was  buried  in 
Richmond  church,  Surrey.  His  executors 
were  lord  Lyttleton  and  Mr.  Mitchel.  Be- 
sides his  Seasons,  Thomson  wrote  an  ele- 
gant poem  to  the  memory  of  sir  Isaac  New- 
ton, 1727 — Britannia,  a  political  poem,  oc- 
casioned by  the  quarrels  of  the  Spaniards 
with  England,  with  respect  to  America — 
Liberty,  a  poem  in  five  books,  containing 
ancient  and  modern  Italy  compared, 
Greece,  Rome,  Britain,  the  Prospect — the 
Castle  of  Indolence,  an  allegorical  poem, 
after  Spenser's  manner — besides  some  tra- 
gedies, which  were  received  on  the  stage 
with  reiterated  and  deserved  applause — 
Agamemnon,  acted  1738 — Edward  and 
Eleanora,  a  tragedy,  not  acted  in  conse- 
quence of  the  dispute  between  the  prince  of 
Wales,  his  patron,  and  the  king — the 
Masque  of  Alfred,  written  jointly  with  MaN 
let — Tancred  and  Sigismunda,  from  Gil 
Bias,  acted  1745 — and  Coriolanus,  acted 
after  his  death  for  the  benefit  of  his  sisters. 
Thomson  in  private  life  was  an  amiable, 
pious,  and  benevolent  character,  with  great 
goodness  of  heart  and  the  most  virtuous 
disposition.  As  a  poet  he  possessed  pow- 
ers and  perfections  peculiarly  his  own. 
His  Seasons  display  the  most  glowing,  ani- 
mated, and  interesting  desci'iptions  of  na- 
ture, in  language  at  once  elegant,  simple. 


THO 


THO 


«xud  diguified.  Tbey  bring  before  us,  as  is 
well  observed,  the  wbole  magnificence  of 
nature,  whether  pleasing  or  dreadful.  The 
gayety  of  spring,  the  splendour  of  summer, 
the  tranquillity  of  autumn,  and  the  horrors 
of  winter,  take  each  in  turn  the  possession 
of  our  minds.  In  the  midst  of  a  llorid  and 
luxuriant  flow  of  imagery,  some  exuberances 
perhaps  may  be  found  by  the  fastidious 
critic,  but  the  merits  of  the  poet  are  built 
on  too  solid  a  foundation  to  be  shaken,  and 
while  the  delightful  changes  of  the  varied 
year  continue  to  convey  pleasure  to  the 
eye,  so  long  must  the  verse  of  the  poet  en- 
tertain the  mind  with  the  most  seducing 
powers  of  well-managed  description  and  of 
animated  portraiture.  The  works  of  the 
poet  have  been  edited  in  various  forms. 

Thoresby,  Ralph,  an  eminent  antiquary, 
born  at  Leeds,  Yorkshire,  1658.     As  his 
father  was  a  merchant,  he  was   intended 
for  the  mercantile  line,  and  was  in  conse- 
quence sent  to   Rotterdam   to   learn   the 
Dutch    and    French    languages.     On    the 
death  of  his  father,  1680,  he  succeeded  to 
his  business,  but  he  paid  at  the  same  time 
great  attention  to  the  study  of  history  and 
to  antiquarian  researches.     Though   bred 
among  the  presbyterians,  he  was  induced 
by  reflection  to  conform  to  the  rites  of  the 
church,  and  to  participate  in  her  sacra- 
ments.    He  was  not  only  a  learned  man, 
but  the  friend  of  the  learned,  and  to  his 
kindness  and  communications  the  most  re- 
spectable writers  of  the  times  have  acknow- 
ledged themselves  indebted,  such  as  Gib- 
son, Walker,  Calamy,  Collins,  Lister,  Gale, 
Hearne,  &c.     He  died  1725,  aged  68,  and 
was  buried  in  St.  Peter's  church,  at  Leeds. 
He  was  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and 
wrote  Ducatus  Leodiensis,  or  the  topogra- 
phy of  Leeds,  and  the  parts  adjacent,  with 
a  catalogue  of  the  antiquities  and  curiosi- 
ties of  his  cabinet.     He  intended  to  pub- 
lish a  view  of  the  state  of  the  Northern 
parts  of  the  kingdom  in  the  times  of  the 
Romans  and  Britons,  but  his  age  prevented 
the   completion,    and   his   history   of    the 
church  of  Leeds  alone,  as  a  part,  appeared, 
1724,  containing  an  account  of  some  re- 
markable   characters,    Matthew    Hutton, 
Edwyn    Sandys,   Tobie    Matthews,   John 
Thoresby,  archbishop  of  York,  &c. 

Thorius,  Raphael,  a  physician,  much 
admired  at  the  court  of  James  1.  He  was 
a  French  protestant,  and  was  remarkable 
for  his  learning,  but  more  for  his  love  of 
wine.  He  died  of  ths  plague  in  London, 
1629.  He  wrote  a  poem  on  tobacco,  pub- 
lished, 12mo.  1644,  and  a  letter  de  Causa 
Morbi  et  Mortis  Is.  Casauboni. 

Thorndike,  Herbert,  an  able  divine, 
educated  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  degree  of  B.D.  He  ob- 
tained the  mastershipof  Sidney  college,  1643, 
but  was  soon  dispossessed  for  his  attach- 


ment to  the  royal  cause.  His  suflcring» 
during  the  civil  wars  were  rewarded  at  the 
restoration  by  the  gift  of  a  prclx.iid  of  WcHt- 
minster.  He  wrote  Epilogiis,  fol.  in  which 
he  ably  defends  the  tenets  of  the  church  of 
England — treatises  on  Weights  and  Mea- 
sures—on Ef  rlesiastical  Censures,  and  he 
also  assisted  VVaiton  in  the  completion  of 
his  Polyglott  Bible.     He  died  1672. 

Thorn  HILL,  sir  James,  an  eminent  paint- 
er, born  1676.     Though  of  a  respectable 
family  in  Dorsetshire,   his   circumstances 
weie  low  through  the  ill  conduct  of  his  fa- 
ther, but  by  the   friendship  of  his   uncle, 
Dr.  Sydenham,  he  was  enabled  to  attend 
to  his  favourite  pursuit,  painting.     He  tra- 
velled on  the  continent,  and  there  greatly 
improved  himself,  and  made  a  valuable  col- 
lection of  some  of  the  pieces  of  the  best 
masters.     His  merits  were  noticed  by  the 
great ;  queen  Anne  intrusted  to  his  care 
the  beautifying   the   dome    of   St.   Paul's 
with    the   history  of  that   saint,  which  he 
executed  in  a  grand  style  on  eight  pannels  ; 
and  his  abilities  were  also  called  into  ac- 
tion  on  other  works    at   Hampton-court, 
Greenwich  hospital,  and  other  places.     He 
was  made  chief  historical   painter  to   the 
queen,  and  knighted  by  George  I.  and  he 
acquired  a   very  handsome  fortune.     He 
died  1732,  aged  56,  and  left  besides  a  son, 
a  daughter  married  to  Hogarth.     Sir  Jame» 
was  for  some  time  member  of  the  house  of 
commons,   and  also  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society.     He  chiefly  excelled  in  historical 
and  in  allegorical  pieces,  though  his  por- 
traits and  landscapes  also  possessed  great 
beauty. 

Thornton,  Bonnel,  an  English  poet, 
born  in  Maiden-lane,  London,  1724.  He 
was  educated  at  Westminster  school,  and 
in  1743  was  elected  to  Christ  church.  He 
wished  to  study  medicine,  and  accordingly 
took  his  degree  of  M.B.  in  1754,  but  he 
preferred  a  literary  life  to  the  labours  of  the 
medical  profession.  The  first  publication, 
in  which  he  was  engaged  with  Smart  and 
others,  was  the  Student,  or  Oxford  and 
Cambridge  Miscellany,  in  monthly  num- 
bers, which  was  collected,  2  vols.  Svo. 
1748.  In  1754  the  Connoisseur  was  un- 
dertaken jointly  with  Colman,  and  was 
continued  for  two  years.  In  1766,  after 
the  example  of  his  friend  Colman,  who  had 
translated  Terence,  he  published  2  vols,  of 
a  translation  of  Plautus,  which,  though 
possessing  merit,  and  admired  by  Warbur- 
ton  for  its  pure  and  elegant  style,  has  not 
been  very  popular.  In  17(57  he  published  as 
an  additional  canto  to  Garth's  Dispensary, 
the  Battle  of  the  Wigs,  to  ridicule  iht  quar- 
rels then  kindU  d  between  the  fellows  and 
licentiates  of  tlu  college  of  physicians.  He 
died  9th  May,  1768,  aged  44,  of  the  gout 
in  his  stomach,  leaving  behind  him  a  widow 
with  two  sons  and  a  daughter.     His  epitaph 

711 


TilU 


THU 


was  written  in  Latin  by  his  friend  Dr. 
Warton,  and  placed  on  his  grave  in  West- 
minster abbey.  He  wrote,  besides,  the 
**  Oxford  Barber,"  and  some  periodical  es- 
says, &c.  in  the  Public  Advertiser,  and 
other  publications. 

Thornton,  Matthew,  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaration  of  American  indepen- 
dence, was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  came 
to  America  at  an  early  age.     He  first  set- 
tied  in  the  eastern  part  of  New-Hampshire, 
afterwards  at  Londonderry,  from  whence 
he  removed  to  the  bank  of  the  Merrimack 
about  1780.     Before  the  revolution  he  was 
considerably  eminent  as  a  physician.     He 
was  also  a  colonel  of  militia,  and  in  1775 
was  president  of  the  convention  which  as- 
sumed the  government  in  the  name  of  the 
people  of  the  colony.     He  was  elected  a 
delegate  to  congress  in  September,  1776, 
and  although  not  present  on  the  fourth  of 
July,  subscribed  his  name  to  the  declaration 
of  independence.      He  did  not  take  his 
seat  until  November,  and  was  but  a  short 
time  in   Congress.     He  held  the  office  of 
chief  justice  of  the  county  of  Hillsborough, 
and  afterwards  that  of  judge  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  state  for  several  years,  until 
1782.      Subsequently  he  was  a  member  of 
the  house  of  representatives,  and  of  the  se- 
nate, and  in  1 785  of  the  council.     He  died 
at  Newburyport,  June  24,  1803,  aged  83 
years.     He  possessed  uncommon  powers 
of  mind.      His  memory  was  surprisingly 
tenacious,  and  he  had  made  large  acquisi- 
tions of  useful  knowledge.  iC3^  L. 

Thoynard,  Nicholas,  a  learned  French- 
man, bom  at  Orleans.  He  was  well  skilled 
in  history,  and  in  the  knowledge  of  medals. 
He  wrote  a  concordance  of  the  four  evan- 
gelists, in  Greek  and  Latin,  1707,  folio, 
with  learned  notes,  and  died  at  Paris,  5th 
Jan.  1706,  aged  77. 

Thrastbulus,  an  Athenian  general,  ce- 
lebrated for  his  bravery  and  his  bold  attack 
and  expulsion  of  the  30  tyrants.  He  united 
the  highest  benevolence  to  personal  cou- 
rage, and  passed  an  act  of  amnesty  for  the 
reconciliation  of  all  parties.  He  was  at 
last  killed  in  a  battle  against  the  Aspen- 
dians,  B.C.  394. 

Thuanus,  Jacobus  Augustus,  or  ds 
Thou,  a  celebrated  French  historian,  born 
9th  Oct.  1553,  at  Paris,  where  his  father 
was  first  president  of  the  parliament.  His 
infancy  was  passed  in  debility  and  disease, 
and  while  all  possible  care  was  bestowed  to 
improve  his  constitution,  little  was  done 
for  the  cultivation  of  his  mind  ;  his  pow- 
ers, however,  shone  forth  early,  and  with 
unusual  splendour.  He  was  at  first  edu- 
cated under  private  tutors,  and  then  stu- 
died the  law  at  Orleans,  but  as  he  was  des- 
tined for  the  church,  he  was  placed  near 
his  uncle,  the  bishop  of  Chartres,  who  re- 
signed some  of  his  preferments  in  his  fa- 


vour.     In  1573  he  visited  Italy,  and  after 
devoting  himself  to  the  pleasures  of  re- 
tirement and  study,  he  was  employed  in 
various  negotiations  in  the  Low  Countries, 
and  in  1578  made  counsellor  clerk  to  the 
parliament.     The  death  of  his  brother,  in 
1579,  induced  him  to  give  up  the  ecclesias- 
tical profession,  and  he  now  gradually  rose 
to  offices  of  trust  and  honour.     In  1581  he 
was  sent  to  administer  justice  at  Guyenne, 
with  other  counsellors,   and  in  1584  was 
made  master  of  the  requests.     During  the 
violence   of  the   league  he  attached  him- 
self to  Henry  II.  and  was  usefully  employ- 
ed in  various  negotiations   by  him.     He 
afterwards  enjoyed  the  favour   of  Henry 
IV.  who  appointed  him  his  first  librarian, 
and   intrusted  him  with  the  negotiations 
with  the  duk€  of  Guise,  and  with  the  pro- 
testants.     Under  Mary  de  Medicis  he  was 
one  of  the  general  directors  of  the  finances. 
After  a  life  spent  honourably  in  the  ser- 
vice of  literature,  and  of  his  country,  this 
great  man   died  17th  May,   1617,  univer- 
sally respected,  not  only  as  an  historian,  but 
as  a  man,  and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of 
St.  Andrew  of  the  Arches.      He  was  twice 
married  j  by  his  first  wife,  who  died  1601, 
he  had  no  children,  and  by  the  second  he 
had  three  sons.     He  is  particularly  distin- 
guished for  his  history  of  his  own  Times, 
from  1545  to  1608,  written  in  pure,  ele- 
gant, and  classical  Latin,  and  admirable  for 
its  fidelity,  correctness,  and  accuracy.     It 
has   been  much  and  deservedly  praised  by 
Grotius,   Casaubon,  Perrault,  and  others  ; 
but  as  it  speaks  with  freedom  and  truth  of 
men  and  of  manners,  it  never  appeared, 
but  in  a  mutilated  and  partial  form,  till  Dr. 
Mead  undertook  its  publication,  free  from 
all  omission,   in   1733,    in   7  vols,    folio. 
Thuanus     wrote    besides    some    poetical 
pieces,  a  Paraphrase  on  the  book  of  Joh 
— on    Ecclesiastes — the   Lamentations  of 
Jeremiah,   &c. — Miscellanies,   &c.      The 
eldest  of  his  sons,  Francis  Augustus,  was 
librarian  to  the  king ;  but  he  unfortunately 
did  not  reveal  a  conspiracy  with  which  he 
v.as    acquainted,    made   by    the  marquis 
d'Effiat  against  Richelieu  ;   and  the  cardi- 
nal, resenting  the  levity,  and  contemptuous 
manner  in  which  he  had  been  mentioned  in 
the  pages  of  the  historian,  most  inhuman- 
ly sacrificed  the  son  to  his  mean  revenge, 
and  caused  him  to  be  beheaded  at  Lyons. 
1642. 

Thuctdides,  a  celebrated  Greek  histo- 
rian of  Athens.  He  was  in  the  military 
service  of  his  country,  and  during  a  tempo- 
rary disgrace,  through  the  jealousy  of  his 
countrymen,  he  devoted  himself  to  the 
composition  of  his  famous  History  of  Gre- 
cian Affairs  in  his  own  Times.  He  died 
391  B.C.  The  best  edition  of  his  work  is 
that  of  Duker.  It  has  been  ably  translated 
by  Dr.  Smith  = 


THU 


I'lir 


TiruiLLiEB,  Dom  Vincent,  a  native  of 
Coucy,  in  Laon,  distinguished  among  the 
members  of  the  congregation  of  St.  Maur. 
He  was  eminent  as  a  preacher  and  as  a  man 
of  letters.  He  died  12th  Jan.  173G,  aged 
51.  He  wrote  Letters  of  an  ancient  Pro- 
fessor of  Theology  on  the  Bull  Unigenitus, 
&c.  besides  a  transhition  of  Polybius  into 
French,  in  6  vols.  4to. 

TnuNBERG,  Charles  Peter,  an  eminent 
Swedi.-h  botanist,  the  pupil  and  the  friend 
of  Linna;us.  He  visited  France  in  1770, 
and  soon  after,  by  the  interference  of  his 
friend  13urmann,  he  was  sent  by  the  Dutch 
company  to  Japan,  to  make  observations 
and  discoveries  in  botany.  After  a  delay 
of  three  years  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
where  he  made  himself  perfect  in  the 
Dutch  language,  he,  in  177j,  set  out  for 
Japan  ;  but  the  jealousy  of  the  inhabitants, 
and  the  mistrusting  conduct  of  the  govern- 
ment, limited  his  excursions,  and  he  made 
few  botanical  discoveries.  In  1776  he 
quitted  Japan  for  Ceylon,  and  after  some 
valuable  observations  on  this  island,  he  re- 
turned to  Europe,  and  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  Upsal.  He  died  at  the 
end  of  the  last  century,  leaving  his  valua- 
ble cabinet  of  natural  history  to  the  uni- 
versity. His  Flora  Japonica  appeared 
at  Leipsic  1784,  8vo.  with  39  plates,  and 
gave  an  account  of  above  300  unknown 
plants. 

Thurloe,  John,  secretary  to  the  Crom- 
wells,  during  their  usurpation,  was  born 
1616,  at  Abbots-Roding,  Essex,  where  his 
father  was  rector.  He  was  educated  for 
the  law,  and  by  the  influence  of  judge  St. 
John,  he  obtained  some  offices,  and  in 
1645,  was  secretary  to  the  parliamentary 
commissioners  at  the  treaty  of  Uxbridge. 
Though  connected  with  the  great  republi- 
can leaders,  he  was  not  accessary  to  the 
king's  death  ;  but  he  favoured  with  all  his 
might  the  affairs  of  the  commonwealth, 
and  in  1653,  became  secretary  of  state  to 
Cromwell.  In  1656  he  was  member  for 
Ely,  and  the  next  year  deserved  the  thanks 
of  the  commons  for  discovering  Harrison's 
plot.  On  Cromwell's  death,  he  continued 
in  his  office  under  Richard,  the  next  pro- 
tector, over  whom  he  had  great  influence, 
and  at  the  restoration  he  made  a  tender  of 
his  services  to  the  new  monarch,  who,  how- 
ever, did  not  accept  them.  He  was  ac- 
cused, soon  after,  of  high  treason  by  the 
Commons,  but  released,  and  then  he  re- 
tired to  his  seat  at  Great  Milton,  Oxford- 
shire. His  knowledge  of  political  affairs 
was  such,  that  Charles  solicited  him  in 
vain  to  take  a  share  in  the  administration, 
which  he  declined.  He  died  suddenly  at 
his  chambers,  Lincoln's  Inn,  21st  Feb. 
1668,  aged  51.  He  was  twice  married,  and 
left,  by  his  second  wife,  four  sons  and  two 
daughters.     In  his  chararter  he  was  vei-y 

Vni,.  n.  9X\ 


amiable,  and  remarkable  for  his  courtcey 
and  mildness  to  persons  of  all  parties. 
His  State  Pjipcrs,  in  7  vols,  folio,  have  been 
published,  and  they  are  valuable  not  onlr 
for  conciseness  and  perspicuity,  but  for  the 
general  and  important  matter  which  they 
contain. 

TiiuuLow,  Edward  lord,  a  celebrated 
lawyer.  He  was  born  in  17:;5,  at  Ash- 
field,  Norfolk,  where  his  father  was  rec- 
tor, and  after  passing  some  time  at  Cam- 
bridge, he  came  to  London,  to  study  the 
law.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  1758,  and 
raised  himself  to  professional  notice  by 
his  manly  and  successful  opposition  to  sir 
Fletcher  Norton.  In  the  famous  Douglas 
cause,  in  which  hewas  accidentally  engaged, 
he  displayed  such  abilities,  such  eloquence, 
and  such  a  command  of  arguments,  that 
the  public  attention  was  turned  towards 
him,  as  towards  a  man  who  was  formed  to 
fill  the  highest  stations  in  the  law.  In 
1770  he  was  appointed  solicitor-general, 
and  the  next  year  succeeded  sir  \N'illiam  de 
Grey  as  attorney-general  ;  but  in  the 
house  of  Commons  he  neglected  the  culti- 
vation of  his  oi-atorical  powers,  till,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  American  war,  he  step- 
ped forth  with  the  most  commanding  lan- 
guage of  eloquence  in  support  of  the  mea- 
sures of  administration.  In  June  1778, 
he  was  created  a  peer,  and  the  day  follov,-- 
ing  he  was  nominated  lord  high  chancellor 
of  Great  Britain.  This  dignified  office  he 
resigned  in  1783,  during  the  temporary 
triumph  of  the  coalition  ministry,  but  on 
the  re-admission  of  Mr.  Pitt  into  the  ca- 
binet, he  again  was  promoted  to  the  seals, 
and  kept  them  till  1793,  when  a  dispute 
with  the  premier  occasioned  his  resigna- 
tion. Since  that  time  he  lived  in  retire- 
ment, and  seldom  engaged  in  the  political 
disputes  of  the  day.  He  died  after  an 
illness  of  two  days  at  Brighthelmstone, 
12th  Sept.  1806,  and  was  buried  in  the 
Temple  church.  His  character  as  a  law- 
yer is  fixed  on  the  firmest  basis  of  exten- 
sive knowledge,  quick  penetration,  correct 
judgment,  and  the  most  undeviating  in- 
tegrity. Though  overbearing  in  his  man- 
ners, harsh  and  uncivil,  he  was  zealously 
attached  to  his  party,  and  inflexible  in  his 
opinions,  and  loyal  in  his  conduct.  As  a 
patron  of  church  preferment,  he  was  the 
friend  of  persevering  industry,  and  active 
merit,  and  though  lax  in  his  private  con- 
duct, and  in  his  moral  principle;-,  he  wcis 
ever  anxious  to  reward  virtue  and  to  en- 
courage learning.  In  his  court  he  display- 
ed all  the  wisdom,  and  nothing  of  the  low 
cunning  of  the  lawyer,  and  with  a  power- 
ful mind  which  quickly  comprehended  and 
discussed  with  clearness  the  most  intricate 
cases,  he  pronounced  his  judgment  by  the 
strictest  rules  of  equity  and  justice,  alike 
anxio^is  to  protect  the  rights  and  the  privj- 

713 


TIC 


TIE 


jegns  of  the  }iooF,  as  the  immunities  of  the 
great.     He  was,  as  has  been  well  observed, 
among  lawyers  and  orators,  in  the  senate 
and  in  the  courts,  what  his  contemporary 
Johnson  v.as  among  wits   and  authors,   a 
mighty  genius  proudly  elevated  above  the 
littleness  of  common   minds.     As  he  was 
not  married  his  titles  descended    to   the 
issue  of  his  brother  the  bishop  of  Durham. 
He  left  three   natural  daughters,  to  two  of 
whom  he  left   70,000/.    each,    and   to  the 
third,  because  she  married  against  his  con- 
sent, he,  with    the  most  uncharitable  ca- 
price, and  studied  cruelty,  bequeathed  only 
an  annuity  of  oO/.  per  month,  and  on  the 
condition  that  she  never  returned  to  her 
husband. 

ThysiiTS,  Anthony,  a  Dutch  philologer, 
born  1603,  at  Harderwyck.  He  became 
professor  of  poetry  and  eloquence  at  Le}-^- 
den,  and  librarian  to  the  university,  and 
died  there  1670.  He  published  "  Historia 
Navalis,"  a  History  of  Naval  Wars  be- 
tween the  Dutch  and  ripaniards — Com- 
pendium Historic  Batavicae,  1645 — Tracts 
on  the  Government  and  the  Laws  of 
Athens,  besides  valuable  editions  of  Pa- 
terculus,  Sallust,  Valerius  Maximus,  Se- 
neca's tragedies,  Lactantius,  Aulus  Gel- 
lius,  &c. 

TiARiNi,  Alexander,  a  native  of  Bolog- 
na, eminently  distinguished  as  a  painter  of 
portraits  and  historical  pieces.  He  suc- 
ceeded in  happily  expressing  the  passions. 
The  best  of  his  pieces  are  preserved  in  the 
church  of  St.  Michael  in  Bosco.  He  died 
1668,  aged  91. 

TiBALDi,  Pelegrino,  a  native  of  Bolog- 
na, who  became  eminent  as  a  painter, 
sculptor,  and  architect.  He  studied  at 
Rome  under  Vasari,  and  was  patronised  by 
Philip  II.  of  Spain,  who  raised  him  to  the 
dignity  of  marquis.  He  died  at  Bologna, 
1592,  aged  70.  His  son  Dominico,  was 
also  distinguished  as  an  architect.  He 
built  the  palace  of  Magnani,  at  Bologna, 
and  other  public  edifices  in  that  city  which 
are  still  deservedly  admired.  He  died 
1583,  aged  42. 

Tiberius,  Claudius  Nero,  emperor  of 
Rome  after  Augustus,  promised  a  happy 
reign  on  his  succession,  but  soon  disgraced 
himself  by  debauchery,  cruelty,  and  the 
most  flagitious  excesses.  He  died  A.D. 
37,  aged  78. 

Tiberius,  Constantine,  emperor  of  the 
East,  was  appointed  by  his  merits,  col- 
league on  the  throne  by  Justin  the  younger. 
He  was  a  wise,  valiant,  and  benevolent 
prince,  and  died  582. 

TiBULLUs,  Aulus  Albius,  a  Roman  poet, 
in  the  age  of  Augustus.  His  elegies  are 
much  admired  for  ease,  elegance,  and  sim- 
plicity, and  they  are  generally  published 
with  Propertius  and  Catullus. 

TiCKELL,    Thomas,     an    English    poet, 
714 


born    at    Bridekirk,    Cumberland,    1686. 
He  was  educated  at  Queen's  college,   Ox- 
ford, where  he  obtained  a  fellowship,  1710, 
which  he  vacated  by  marrying  at  Dublin, 
1726.     He  was  early  introduced  to  the  no- 
tice and   the  patronage  of  Addison,   who 
employed  him  in  Ireland,  and  when  secre- 
tary of  state  made  him  his  under  secretary. 
In  1724  he  was  secretary  to  the  lords  jus- 
tices of  Ireland,  and  continued  in  that  ho- 
nourable  office  till   his   death,  which  hap- 
pened 23d  April,  1740,  at  Bath.     As  a  wri- 
ter Tickell  obtained  some  celebrity,  and  he 
must  rank  high  among  the   minor  English 
poets.     His  "  Prospect  of  Peace,"  written 
during  the   negotiations   with   the  French 
government  under  queen  Anne,  was  a  popu- 
lar work,  and  passed  quickly   through  six 
editions.     He  wrote  "  the  Royal  Progress" 
on  the  arrival  of  George  I.  and  published 
a  translation  of  the  first  book  of  the  Iliad, 
in    opposition  to   Pope's   version.      This 
work,   which  some   have  regarded  as  the 
labour  of  Addison,  was  not  without  merit  ; 
but  while  it  was  approved  by  the  literati  at 
Button's,  Pope,  no  way  dismayed,  boasted 
that  he  had  the  town,   that  is,  the  mob,  in 
his  favour.     "  The  Letter  to  Avignon"  is  a 
party  poem  of  great  merit,   and   expresses 
contempt  without  vulgarity,  and  maintains 
its    dignity    without    insulting   arrogance. 
Tickell  published    the  works  of  his  friend 
Addison  after  his   death,  and  wrote  also  a 
very  beautiful  funeral  poem  in  honour  of 
his  memory. 

Tickell,  Richard,  an  eminent  writer 
who  first  appeared  before  the  public  1778, 
in  his  **  Project,"  and  soon  after  in  his 
"  Wreath  of  Fashion,"  two  poems  of  some 
merit  and  celebrity.  The  most  admired 
of  his  performances  was  the  *'  Anticipa- 
tion," in  which  he  imitated  with  great  suc- 
cess and  humour  the  principal  speakers  in 
the  parliament,  and  thus  in  some  degree 
disarmed  the  opposition  of  the  force  of 
their  argument.  He  altered  Ramsay's  Gen- 
tle Shepherd  for  the  stage,  1781,  and  wrote 
also  the  Carnival  of  Venice,  a  comic  opera. 
He  Avas  killed  Nov.  4,  1793,  by  falling  from 
the  window  of  his  apartments  in  Hampton- 
court.  He  had  been  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  the  stamp-office.  He  was  twice 
married,  and  by  his  first  wife,  Miss  Linley, 
had  three  children. 

TiDEMAN,  Philip,  a  painter,  born  at 
Hamburgh.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Lairesse, 
and  excelled  in  mythological  and  allegori- 
cal representations.  He  died  1705,  aged  48. 

TiEUEMANN,  Dietrich,  a  native  of  Bre- 
mervorde,  in  the  dutchy  of  Bremen,  educa- 
ted at  Gottingen.  By  the  recommendation 
of  his  friend  Hcyne,  he  obtained,  in  1766, 
the  professorship  of  Greek  and  Latin,  at 
Cassel,  which  he  quitted,  in  1786,  for  the 
chair  of  philosophy  at  Marpurg.  He  wrote 
PiSsay  on  an  Explanation  of  the  Origin  of 


Til. 


'JIL 


JLanguage — System  oC  the  Sloio  philosophy 
— Investigation  of  Man — 8|)irit  of  Specula- 
tive Philosophy — the  First  Pliilosoplicrs  of 
Greece — Arguinenta  Platoiiis  ;  works  of 
great  merit,  and  deep  erudition.  He  died 
1803,  aged  55. 

TiGNY,  G.  de',  a  French  naturalist.  He 
published  the  Natural  History  of  Insects, 
lO  vols.  8vo. — a  work  of  great  merit.  His 
collection  of  insects  was  large,  curious,  and 
valuable.    He  died  1803. 

TiGRANES,  king  of  Armenia,  opposed  the 
power  of  Rome,  but  was  easily  conquered 
by  Lucullus.  He  preserved  his  dominions 
by  a  large  bribe,  and  maintained  himself 
against  the  rebellion  of  his  son,  and  the  in- 
surrection of  his  subjects.  Pompey  after- 
wards conquered  him,  and  sent  him  in 
chains  to  Rome. 

TiLiNGius,  Matthias,  a  native  of  West- 
phalia, who  studied  medicine,  which  he 
professed  at  Rintheln.  He  was  also  physi- 
cian to  the  court  of  Hesse  Cassel,  and  died 
1615.  He  wrote  de  Rhabarbaro,  4to. — 
Lilii  Albi  Descriptio,  8vo. — de  Laudano 
Opiate,  8vo. — Oplologia  Nova,  4to. — Trea- 
tise on  Malignant  Fevers — Anatomie  de  la 
Rate,  12mo. 

TiLLEMANS,  Peter,  a  landscape  painter, 
bom  at  Antwerp.  He  came  to  England  in 
1708,  with  Casteels,  and  was  patronised  by 
the  great,  of  whose  horses,  seats,  races, 
&c.  he  drew  very  pleasing  views.  He  died 
of  an  asthma,  at  Norton,  Suffolk,  5th  Dec. 
1734,  aged  about  50. 

TiLLEMONT,  Sebastian  de  Nain  de,  a 
French  writer,  born  at  Paris,  1637.  He 
was  educated  in  the  school  of  Port-royal, 
and  distingiiished  himself  as  an  accurate 
and  elegant  author.  He  was  an  ecclesias- 
tic, but  of  such  humility  of  deportment,  that 
he  refused  to  succeed  to  the  bishopric  of 
IJeauvais,  and  preferred  obscurity,  retire- 
ment, and  literature,  to  all  dignities.  His 
indefatigable  application  proved  at  last  too 
much  for  his  constitution.  He  died  1698, 
aged  61.  His  Histoire  des  Empereurs,  et 
Histoire  Ecclesiastique,  are  two  works  va- 
luable for  accuracy,  correctness,  precision, 
and  elegance. 

TiLLET,  N.  du,  a  native  of  Bourdeaux, 
who  devoted  himself  to  agricultural  pur- 
suits, and  published  various  works  of  merit 
for  the  destruction  of  insects  in  corn,  and 
for  the  improvement  of  the  produce  of  the 
earth.  This  active  and  ingenious  author, 
who  was  member  of  the  academy  of  sci- 
ences at  Paris,  and  director  of  the  mint,  at 
Troyes,  died  20th  Dec.  1791,  aged  60. 

TiLLi,  John  Tzerclaes  count  de,  a  native 
of  Brussels,  of  an  illustrious  family.  He 
quitted  the  order  of  the  Jesuits  for  the  mili- 
tary profession,  and  after  signalizing  his 
courage  against  the  Turks,  in  Hungary,  he 
commanded  the  troops  of  Maximilian,  duke 
of  Bavaria,  at  tfic  battle  of  Prague,  1 620. 


lie  eontrib'ilrd  to  the  ( apture  of  Breda, 
and  of  Fleidrlbcrg,  and  defeated  Mansfrld, 
one  of  Uic  rebel  cliiels,  ;ni.i  afterward"? 
routed  the  forces  of  the  duU<;  d'lLdbcr- 
stadt,  at  Stavelo,  and  took  ISlinden.  In 
1626,  he  obtained  a  great  victory  over  the 
army  of  Denmark,  at  the  battle  of  Lutter, 
and  three  years  after  Avent  to  Luberk  to 
settle  the  articles  of  peace  with  the  Danish 
ministers.  When  placed  at  the  liead  of  the 
imperial  armies,  he  took  Brandenburg, 
Magdeburg,  and  Leipsie  ;  but  he  was  soon 
after  defeated  by  Gustavus  Adolphu.s,  king 
of  Sweden,  and  received  a  mortal  wound 
in  defending  the  passage  of  the  Leech,  at 
Ingoldstadt,  30th  April,  1632. 

TiLLi,  Michael  Angelo,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, educated  at  Pisa.  He  studied  medi- 
cine, and  became  physician  to  the  grand 
duke,  and  professor  in  the  university  of  Pi- 
sa, inspector  of  the  botanical  garden,  and 
fellow  of  the  London  royal  society.  He 
published  Catalogus  Horti  Pisani,  fol.  Flo- 
rence, 1723,  with  50  plates,  and  died  1740, 
aged  85. 

TiLLOTSON,  John,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury, was   born   at    Sowerby,   Yorkshire. 
Oct.    1630,    son  of  a  clothier,  descended 
from  an  ancient  Cheshire  family.     Though 
his  father  was  a  strict  Calvinist,  Tillotson 
was  educated  at  Clare-hall,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he   was  chosen  fellow,  1651.     The 
perusal  of  Chillingworth's  works,  and  the 
friendship  and  conversation  of  Cudworth, 
Whichcot,   Worthington,  Smith,  Wilkins, 
and  other  learned  divines,  soon  removed 
those  principles  which  he  might  have  imbi- 
bed from  puritanical  instructors,  and  fitted 
him  for  the  more  active  scenes  of  life.     In 
1656,  he  was  tutor  to  the  son  of  Mr.  Pri- 
deaux,  of  Devonshire,  and  was  afterwards 
curate  to  his  friend   Dr.  Wilkins,   at  St. 
Lawrence,  Jewrj'.     After  the  restoration, 
he  was  curate  of  Cheshunt,   and,  in  1663, 
was  promoted  to  the  rectory  of  Kedding- 
ton,  Suftblk,  which  he  immediately  resign- 
ed for  the   preachership  of  Lincoln's-inn- 
society.     In  1664,  he  was  chosen  Tuesday 
lecturer  at  St.  Lawrence,  Jewry,  and  as  be- 
ing a  popular  preacher,  he  exerted  himself 
strenuously  against  popery  and  atheism.  In 
1666  he  took  his  degree  of  D.  D.  and  after- 
wards was  promoted  to  a  prel>end  in   the 
church    of    Canterbury,  and    also  of    St. 
Paul's,   and  in   1672,    was  made  dean  of 
Canterbury.     He  attended  his  friend  lord 
Russel,  when  condemned  to  die  in  conse- 
quence of  tlie  Ryehouse  plot,  and  he  strong- 
ly urged  him  to  admit  the  doctrine  of  non- 
resistance,  a  measure   for  which  he  was 
greatly   censured,   and  for  which  he  cen- 
sured himself.     At   the  revolution  he  was 
confidentially    consulted   by   the  princess 
Anne  of  Denmark,  and   for  his   integrity 
and  loyalty,  he  was  held  in  high  esteem  by 
the  new  kins,  and  bv  his  queen.     In  1689, 

715 


TIL 


TIJN 


he  was  made  clerk  of  the  closet  to  Wiiiiam, 
and  upon  the  suspension  of  Sancroft  in  con- 
sequence of  his  refusal  to  take  the  oaths, 
he  was  nominated  by  the  king  to  fill  the 
vacant  see  of  Canterbury.  His  elevation 
gave  great  displeasure  to  the  non-jurors, 
"ivho  directed  all  their  virulence  and  malice 
against  him ;  but  he  exhibited  in  his  con- 
duct the  persevering  and  conscientious  pi*e- 
late,  intent  upon  the  reformation  of  all  ec- 
clesiastical abuses,  and  eager  to  introduce 
greater  regularity,  and  a  more  strict  resi- 
dence among  his  clergy.  The  reproaches 
which  were  hurled  against  him,  though 
they  depressed  his  spirits,  did  not  alter  the 
mildness  of  his  manners  ;  and  after  his 
death  were  found  some  bundles  of  papers, 
and  letters,  full  of  invective  and  malicious 
insinuations  against  him,  on  which  he 
wrote  with  his  own  hand,  "  these  are  libels, 
I  pray  God  forgive  them,  I  do."  The  cares 
attendant  upon  an  elevated  situation  were 
felt  and  recorded  by  him,  with  all  the  re- 
signation of  a  Christian  philosopher  ;  and 
in  his  commonplace  book  he  inserted  some 
strong  and  striking  remarks,  to  remind  the 
reader  that  what  appears  to  a  distant  spec- 
tator real  grandeur  and  perfect  happiness, 
is  too  often  experienced  by  the  unhappy 
possessor,  a  source  of  misery,  vexation,  and 
trouble.  This  great  and  good  man  was  at- 
tacked by  a  palsy,  which  proved  fatal,  and 
he  died  in  the  arms  of  his  respected  friend 
Mr.  Nelson,  24th  Oct.  1694.  His  death 
was  sincerely  lamented.  Dr.  Burnet,  bi- 
shop of  Salisbury,  preached  his  funeral  ser- 
mon, and  Locke  was  also  in  the  number  of 
those  who  regarded  his  departure  as  a  great 
loss  to  the  church,  and  to  the  nation.  He 
left  nothing  to  his  widow  but  the  copy  of 
his  posthumous  sermons,  which  sold  for 
2,500  guineas,  to  which  the  king  added  an 
annuity  of  400/.  in  1695,  and  in  1698,  an 
addition  of  200/.  more.  His  sermons  have 
been  frequently  published,  in  10  vols.  8vo., 
and  in  3  folio.  These  volumes  have  been, 
and  continue  to  be,  universally  read,  and 
they  have  been  translated  also  into  various 
languages.  They  are  the  composition  of 
an  able  divine,  who  displays  throughout 
sound  reasoning,  strong  sense,  and  solid 
piety,  in  a  clear,  elegant,  unaffected  style. 
Though  abused  by  some  critics  for  inharmo- 
nious periods,  and  undignified  metaphors, 
he  is  deservedly  commended  for  his  noble 
simplicity,  and  great  copiousness  ;  and  not 
only  Dryden  attributed  his  own  perfect 
knowledge  of  prose  writing  to  the  frequent 
perusal  of  Tillotson's  works,  but  Addison, 
who  was  a  judge  of  writing,  regarded  them 
as  the  chief  standard  of  our  language,  and 
actually  projected  an  English  dictionary  to 
be  illustrated  with  particular  phrases  to  be 
selected  from  the  sermons.  Dr.  Birch  has 
prefixed  a  copious  life  of  the  learned  pre- 
late to  his  edition  of  his  sermon?. 

7ie-v 


TiM^cs,  a  philosopher  of  Locvis,  the 
pupil  of  Pythagoras,  and  author  of  a  Trea- 
tise on  the  Nature  of  the  Soul.  He  sup- 
posed that  there  is  a  universal  motion  in 
the  universe. 

TiMAGENES,  a  native  of  Alexandria, 
known  as  an  historian.  He  was  the  slave 
of  Sylla's  sons,  and  afterwards  was  in  the 
service  of  Augustus,  but  burnt  the  history 
of  that  emperor's  reign,  when  he  was  dis- 
carded from  his  protection. 

TiMOLEON,  an  illustrious  Corinthian, 
who  went  to  the  assistance  of  S  'icuse, 
when  oppressed  by  the  tyranny  of  i.  ji^y- 
sius.  He  became  there  a  most  benevolent 
and  popular  character,  and  died  B.  C.  337. 

TiMON,  a  misanthrope,  born  at  Athens. 
He  declared  himself  the  enemy  of  the  hu- 
man race,  and  in  his  conduct  exhibited  the 
savage  character  of  a  man-hater.  He  said 
he  loved  Alcibiades,  because  he  would 
prove  one  day  the  ruin  of  Athens. 

TiMOTEO,  da  Urbino,  a  painter  of  emi- 
nence, born  at  Urbino.  He  died  1524,  aged 
54.  His  landscapes,  historical  pieces,  and 
portraits,  possessed  particular  beauty,  and 
all  the  striking  effects  of  taste  and  genius. 

TiMOTHEUS,  a  musician  of  Miletus, 
splendidly  rewarded  by  the  Ephesians  for 
a  poem  in  honour  of  Diana,  the  protecting 
goddess  of  their  city.  He  died  about  557 
B.C. 

Timothy,  the  disciple  of  St.  Paul,  was  a 
native  of  Lystra  in  Lycaonia,  and  the  son 
of  a  pagan  by  a  Jewish  woman.  He  la- 
boured earnestly  with  Paul  in  the  propaga- 
tion of  the  Christian  faith,  and  he  was 
made  by  him  first  bishop  of  Ephesus,  and 
received,  for  the  guide  of  his  conduct  in  the 
ministry,  the  two  excellent  epistles  which 
are  still  preserved  in  the  New  Testament. 
It  is  supposed  that  he  was  stoned  to  death, 
97,  for  opposing  the  celebration  of  an  im- 
pious festival  in  honour  of  Diana. 

TiNDAL,  Matthew,  a  deistical  writer,  born 
1657,  at  Beer-ferres,  Devonshire,  where 
his  father  was  minister.  He  entered  at 
Lincoln  college,  Oxford,  1672,  and  after- 
wards removed  to  Exeter,  and  thence  was 
elected  fellow  of  All-souls.  In  1685  he 
took  the  degree  of  LL.D.  and  under  James 
II.  declared  himself  a  papist,  but  after- 
wards renounced  the  Roman  catholic  te- 
nets, and  took  the  oaths  to  secure  his  fel- 
lowship. He  died  in  London,  Aug.  1733. 
He  is  particularly  known  for  two  publica- 
tions, the  first,  published  1706,  the  Rights 
of  the  Christian  church  asserted  against 
the  Romish  and  all  other  priests,  &c.  8vo. 
— and  the  other,  published  1730,  in  8vo. 
Christianity  as  old  as  the  Creation,  or  the 
Gospel  a  republication  of  the  Religion  of 
Nature.  In  the  former  of  these  works, 
the  intention  of  the  author  was,  in  subtle 
and  insinuating  language,  to  destroy  the 
authority  of  the  church  ;  and  in  the  latter*. 


•UN 


IIK 


his  desigu,  in  the  most  plausible  ami  artful 
manner,  is  to  set  aside  revealed  religion, 
and  to  establish  that  there  is  no  other  reve- 
lation but  that  of  the  law  of  nature  im- 
printed upon  the  heart  of  all  mankind. 
These  works  were  deservedly  censured,  and 
among  the  ablest  opponents  of  his  tenets, 
he  had  Dr.  Ilickes,  who  bad  been  his  tutor 
at  Lincoln,  Dr.  Conybeare,  afterwards  bi- 
shop of  Bristol,  Leiand,  Foster,  and  others. 
He  wrote  some  tracts  besides,  on  civil  and 
religious  liberty,  and  he  left  at  his  death  a 
second  volume  to  his  Christianity  as  old  as 
the  Creation,  the  publication  of  which  was 
prevented  by  Gibson,  bishop  of  London. 

TiNDAL,  Nicholas,  nephew  to  Matthew, 
was  educated  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  master's  degree  1713. 
He  was  afterwards  fellow  of  Trinity  college, 
and  obtained  the  livings  of  Alverstoke, 
Hants,  and  of  Great  Waltham,  near  Chelms- 
ford, and  afterwards  succeeded  to  the  rec- 
tory of  Colbourne,  in  the  isle  of  Wight. 
He  died  at  Greenwich,  where  he  was  chap- 
lain to  the  hospital,  at  an  advanced  age, 
27th  June,  1774.  He  published  two  quar- 
to numbers  of  an  intended  history  of  Essex, 
in  3  vols,  which,  however,  he  relinquished 
for  the  translation  of  Rapin's  History  of 
England,  in  which  he  was  assisted  by  Mr. 
Morant.  This  last  work  succeeded  so  well 
that,  in  addition  to  his  agreement,  his  book- 
sellers, the  Knaptons,  handsomely  gave  him 
a  present  of  200  guineas.  He  published 
besides  Cantemii's  History  of  the  Ottoman 
Empire,  folio — and  Polymetis  abridged,  a 
Guide  to  Classical  Learning,  a  useful  work. 

TiNDALL,  William,  an  English  divine, 
author  of  Juvenile  excursions  in  Literature 
and  Criticism,  12mo. — History  and  Anti- 
quities of  the  Abbey  and  Borough  of  Eves- 
ham, 4to, — Plain  Truth  in  a  Plain  Dress — 
Evils  and  Advantages  of  Genius  contrasted, 
a  poem,  &c.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his  master's 
degree  1778,  and  he  was  admitted  into  the 
Antiquarian  society,  and  appointed  chaplain 
to  the  Tower,  where,  in  a  fit  of  melancho- 
ly, he  shot  himself,   1804,  at  the  age  of  50. 

TiNELLi,  Tiberio,  a  native  of  Venice, 
admired  for  his  abilities  as  a  histoxncal  and 
portrait  painter.  He  was  honoured  with 
the  patronage  of  Lewis  XH.  and  made 
knight  of  St.  Michael.  He  died  1638, 
aged  52. 

Tintoretto,  James,  a  famous  painter, 
so  called,  as  son  of  Robusto,  a  dyer  at  Ve- 
nice, where  he  was  born  1512.  He  studied 
under  Titian,  who  observed  his  rising  ta- 
lents, and  therefore  dismissed  him  as  afraid 
of  a  powerful  rival.  Tintoretto  studied  the 
works  of  his  predecessors,  especially  of 
Michael  Angclo,  with  judgment,  and  de- 
served the  surname  of  Furious,  from  the 
boldness  of  his  paintings,  the  rapidity  of 
his  genius,   and  the  vivacity  of  hi^  spirit 


He  died  1594,  leaving  behind  him  a  son  and 
daughter,  who  also  inherited  his  genius  and 
his  powers  in  the  use  of  the  pencil.  The 
daughter  married  a  German,  and  died  1590, 
aged  30,  and  the  son,  eminent  a.s  a  histori- 
cal painter,  died  1637,  aged  75.  The  pieces 
of  Tintoretto  are  dcservf-diy  udrnired, 
and  though  he  is  censured  for  the  incor- 
rectness of  his  outlines,  and  some  other 
irregularities,  his  colouring,  and  the  ex- 
pression of  his  figures  are  particularly  stri- 
king. 

Tippoo  Saib,  succeeded  his  father  Hy- 
der-Ally,  as  king  of  Mysore,  and  of  the 
Mahrattas,  and  he  ably  maintained  his  in- 
dependence against  the  Great  Mogul.  Du- 
ring the  American  war,  he  joined  the 
French  in  hostilities  against  the  English ; 
but  after  the  breaking  out  of  the  French 
revolution,  he  was  alone  exposed  to  the 
fortunes  of  the  war.  In  1790  he  was  de- 
feated at  Travancore  ;  Bengalore  was  after- 
wards taken,  and  yielding  to  the  superior 
force  of  the  British  arms,  he  consented,  in 
1792,  to  make  peace  with  lord  Cornwallis 
by  delivering  up  his  two  sons  as  hostages, 
and  paying,  besides  the  loss  of  part  of  his 
dominions,  above  three  millions  sterling. 
His  intrigues  with  the  French  government, 
and  his  secret  machinations  to  destroy  the 
English  power  in  India,  renewed  the  war  in 
1799.  He  was  quickly  attacked  by  the  Bri- 
tish forces  in  his  very  capital,  and  in  the 
storming  of  Seringapatam,  the  Mysore 
monarch  was  killed  whilst  bravely  defend- 
ing himself  on  the  ramparts.  He  was  52 
years  old.  Though  oppressive  and  capri- 
cious in  his  government,  he  patronised  the 
arts,  and  his  fondness  for  literature  was  dis- 
played in  the  valuable  collection  of  books 
found  in  his  palace,  consisting  of  various 
works  in  the  Shanscrit  language  in  the  10th 
century,  translations  of  the  Koran,  MSS. 
of  the  history  of  the  Mogul  victories,  and 
historical  memoirs  of  Hindostan,  all  of 
which  have  been  carefully  deposited  in  the 
library  of  the  university  of  Calcutta. 

TiRABOSCHi,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Berga- 
mo, who  entered  among  the  Jesuits,  and 
became  professor  of  rhetoric  at  Milan.  He 
was  in  1770  made  librarian  to  the  duke  of 
Modena,  and  was  enrolled  in  the  number  of 
the  nobility  by  tht^  unanimous  voice  of  the 
people,  who  thus  honoured  his  virtues  and 
his  merits.  He  died  June  1794,  aged  62. 
He  wrote  Memoirs  on  the  Ancient  Order 
of  the  Humilies,  3  vols.  4to. —Catalogue  of 
the  Writers  of  Modena,  6  vols.  4to. — His- 
tory of  Italian  Literature  from  the  days  of 
Augustus,  13  vols.  4to.  a  work  of  great 
merit.  His  eloge  was  written  by  Lombar- 
di  in  Italian,  and  translated  into  French  by 
Boulard. 

TiRAftUEAU,  Andrew,  a  French  lawyer, 
counsellor  of  the  parliament  of  Bomdeaux, 
and  afterwards  of  Paris,  was  born  at  Poi- 

717 


TIT 


TiX 


tou.  His  abilities  were  usefully  employed 
by  Francis  I.  and  Henry  II.  and  in  their 
service  he  displayed  great  integrity  and 
sound  judgment,  and  exerted  also  all  his 
influence  to  banish  intrigue  and  chicane 
from  the  French  bar.  He  died  at  an  ad- 
vanced age,  1574.  He  wrote  various  books 
and  commentaries,  and  it  was  observed  that 
he  produced  every  year  a  child  and  a  book, 
till  the  number  of  each  was  20,  some  say 
30  ;  as  it  is  recorded  in  a  jocular  epitaph, 
which  mentions  his  being  a  water-drinker  ; 
*'  Hie  jacet,  qui  aquam  bibendo,  vigintilibe- 
ros  susceit,  viginti  libros  edidit.  Si  merum 
bibisset,  totum  orbem  implevisset." 

TissoT,  S.A.D.  a  celebrated  Swiss  phy- 
sician, a  warm  advocate  of  inoculation,  and 
of  experimental,  rather  than  theoretical 
systems  of  medicine.  He  was,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  great  reputation,  member  of 
the  medical  societies  of  London,  Berne, 
Basil,  &c.  He  died  at  Lausanne,  15th 
June,  1797,  aged  70.  His  works,  which 
are  valuable,  have  been  collected  in  10  vols. 
12mo.  His  Advice  to  Men  of  Letters,  and 
to  the  people  on  the  subject  of  health,  and 
other  smaller  pieces,  possess  high  merit, 
and  are  deservedly  popular.  He  also 
edited  Morgagni's  works,  3  vols.  4to.  1779. 

Titian,  or  Titiano,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, descended  from  the  ancient  family  of 
Vacelli,  and  born  at  Cadore  in  Friuli,  1477. 
His  fondness  for  painting  was  early  observ- 
ed, and  he  was  placed  under  the  care  of 
Bellino  ;  but  he  improved  himself  more  by 
the  laudable  emulation  between  him  and 
his  fellow-pupil  Giorgione,  than  by  the  in- 
struction of  his  master.  His  abilities,  and 
the  execution  of  his  pencil  soon  recom- 
mended him  to  the  notice  of  the  great ;  he 
was  patronised  by  Charles  V.  who  knight- 
ed him,  made  him  a  count  palatine,  assign- 
ed him  a  pension,  and  bestowed  on  him 
several  handsome  presents,  which  he  gave 
him  as  a  mark  of  his  esteem,  and  not  for 
his  pictures,  which  he  declared  to  be  above 
any  price.  He  died  at  Venice,  of  the 
plague,  1576,  aged  99.  His  character  as  a 
man  as  well  as  a  painter,  was  so  universally 
respected,  that  he  received  the  strongest 
marks  of  esteem  and  friendship  from  the 
greatest  and  most  eminent  persons  in  Eu- 
rope. His  pieces  are  much  admired  for 
theii'  colouring,  delicacy,  and  correctness. 
His  best  pieces  are  a  Last  Supper  in  the 
Escurial — a  Christ  crowned  with  thorns,  at 
Milan — and  a  portrait  of  himself,  with  his 
mistress  combing  her  hair,  in  the  Paris 
collection.  He  left  two  sons,  one  of  whom, 
Horatio,  was  also  eminent  as  a  painter,  till 
allured  by  the  hopes  of  dicovering  the  phi- 
losopher's stone,  he  applied  himself  to  chy- 
mistry,  and  died  of  the  plague  with  his 
father.  Titian's  brother,  Francesco,  was 
also  a  painter,  and  besides  employed  him- 
718 


self  in  making  cabinets  of  ebony,  adorned 
with  figures,  &c. 

TiTLEY,  Walter,  a  polite  scholar,  edu- 
cated at  Westminster,  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  held  a  lay-fellowship. 
He  was  employed  by  the  court  as  envoy  ex- 
traordinary to  Copenhagen,  where  he  died, 
highly  respected,  1754.  He  had  been  for 
some  time  resident  in  bishop  Atterbury's 
house,  as  tutor  to  his  son.  He  wrote  an 
Imitation  of  Horace,  and  other  Latin 
pieces,  preserved  in  the  Reliquiae  Galeanae. 

TiTON  Du  TiLLET,  Everard,  a  native  of 
Paris,  educated  at  the  Jesuit's  college,  after 
which  he  followed  the  military  profession. 
At  the  peace  of  Ryswick,  he  purchased  a 
place  in  the  royal  household,  and  afterwards 
travelled  into  Italy  as  a  man  of  letters  and 
an  antiquarian.  He  formed  in  1708  the 
plan  of  erecting  a  brazen  Parnassus  in  ho- 
nour of  Lewis  XIV.  and  the  work  was 
completed  in  1718.  In  this  singular  monu- 
ment the  monarch  was  represented  in  the 
figure  of  Apollo  holding  a  lyre,  while  below 
the  graces  are  personified  by  de  la  Suze^ 
des  Houlieres,  and  de  Scuderi,  three  learned 
French  ladies,  and  the  nine  muses  appear 
under  the  name  of  P.  Corneille,  Moliere, 
Racan,  Segrais,  la  Fontaine,  Chapelle,  Ra- 
cine, Despreaux,  and  the  musician  LuUy. 
Medallions  in  this  celebrated  groupe  are 
given  to  less  known  poets,  and  every  per- 
son distinguished  for  literature  or  the  fine 
arts,  had  due  honours  paid  to  his  talents. 
Titon  published  in  1727  a  description  of 
this  poetical  monument,  and  of  the  cha- 
racters of  the  personages  represented,  and 
as  he  continued  additions  to  his  Parnassus, 
he  likewise  added  supplements  to  the  lives 
and  accounts  of  his  heroes  up  to  the  year 
1760.     He  died  26th  Dec.  1762,  aged  86. 

Titus,  a  Greek  disciple  of  St.  Paul,  con- 
verted from  the  errors  of  paganism  by  that 
great  apostle.  He  was  the  attendant  and 
the  amanuensis  of  his  master,  and  was  ap- 
pointed by  him  bishop  of  Crete,  where  he 
died  in  a  good  old  age. 

Titus  Vespasian,  a  Roman  emperor, 
distinguished  at  the  siege  of  Jei-usalem,  un- 
der his  father  Vespasian,  and  deservedly 
celebrated  for  reforming  the  profligacy  of 
his  youth  by  the  most  correct  morals  when 
raised  to  the  throne.  He  was  so  anxious 
to  do  good  to  his  subjects,  that  he  exclaim- 
ed one  day,  on  discovering  that  he  had 
granted  no  favour,  "  my  friends,  I  have  lost 
a  day."     He  died  A. D.  81. 

TixiER,  John,  called  also  Ravisius  Tex- 
TOR,  lord  of  Ravisy  in  Nivernois,  was  an 
elegant  scholar,  and  taught  polite  literature 
in  the  college  of  Navarre  at  Paris,  where 
he  died  1522.  He  wrote,  among  other 
things,  epistles — dialogues — epigrams — an 
edition  of  Opera  Scriptorum  de  Claris  Mu- 
lieribus,  folio,  &c. 


TOI 


rui. 


ToALDo,  Joseph,  an  Italian  physician, 
who  tau;;ht  mathematics  in  the  university 
of  Padua,  and  bestowed  much  attention  on 
subjects  of  electricity,  astronomy,  and  me- 
teoroIop;y.  He  published  a  Journal  Astro- 
Meteorological— Memoirs  on  the  Applica- 
tion of  Meteorology  to  Agriculture — Cycle 
of  123  Moons,  &c.  He  died  at  Padua, 
11th  Nov.  1707,  aged  79. 

ToBiN,  John,  a'dramatic  writer,  was  the 
son  of  a  West  India  merchant,  and  born  at 
Salisbury  in  1770.  He  vras  educated  part- 
ly at  Soutliampton,  and  next  at  Bristol  ; 
after  which  he  was  articled  to  a  solicitor  in 
London.  On  the  expiration  of  his  term, 
he  was  admitted  to  practice  ;  but  devoted 
more  attention  to  the  play-house  than  to 
business.  He  wrote  several  plays,  which 
were  all  rejected,  except  a  farce,  called 
**  All's  fair  for  Love,"  acted  for  the  benefit 
of  one  of  the  performers.  A  pulmonary 
complaint  at  length  compelled  the  author  to 
seek  a  milder  climate  ;  but  he  died  on  his 
voyage  to  the  West  Indies,  and  was  buried 
at  Cork,  in  1804.  After  his  death  the 
"  Honey  Moon,"  and  '*  Curfew,"  were 
acted  with  success. — W.  B. 

Todd,  Hugh,  D.D.  a  divine,  born  at 
Blencow,  Cumberland,  and  educated  at 
Queen's  college,  Oxford.  He  was  elected 
fellow  of  University,  1678.  He  was  chap- 
Iain  to  Smith,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  vicar 
of  Stanwix,  and  accumulated  his  degrees, 
1692.  He  published  various  things,  and 
died  about  1710.  The  best  known  of  his 
works  are,  the  Description  of  Sweden,  fol. 
—the  Life  of  Phocion,  &c.  He  left  in  MS. 
a  History  of  the  Diocess  of  Carlisle,  &c. — 
Notitia  Prioratus  de  Wedderhall — Notitia 
Ecclesiae  Cathedralis  Carlilensis,  &c. 

ToiRAS,  John  Caylard  de  St.  Bonnet, 
marquis  de,  a  native  of  St.  Jean-de-Cardon- 
nenques,  who  embraced  the  military  pro- 
fession, and  served  under  Henry  IV.  and 
Lewis  XIII.  He  distinguished  himself  at 
the  sieges  of  Montauban  and  Montpellier, 
and  at  the  taking  of  Rhc,  and  when  gover- 
nor of  the  Montserrat,  he  acquired  new 
glory  by  his  gallant  defence  of  Casal,  against 
marquis  Spinola.  He  was,  in  consequence 
of  his  services,  made  marshal  of  France  ; 
but  the  attachment  of  his  brothers  to  the 
party  of  Orleans,  and  the  mean  jealousies 
of  Richelieu  brought  on  his  disgrace,  and 
be  retired  from  France,  and  found  in  lialy, 
at  Naples,  Rome,  Venice,  and  other  places, 
that  respect  for  his  talents  and  meritorious 
services,  which  his  ungrateful  country  re- 
fused to  acknowledge.  He  afterwards  be- 
came a  general  in  the  army  of  the  duke  of 
Savoy,  and  was  killed  before  the  fortress  of 
Fontanette,  in  the  Milanese,  14th  June, 
1636,  aged  51.  His  reputation  for  courage 
was  such,  that  after  he  expired,  the  soldiers 
dipped  their  handkerchiefs  in  the  blood 
which  issued  from   his  wound,  exclaiming, 


that  so  long  as  they  carrird  that  with  ilietn, 
so  long  would  they  prove  victorious  over 
their  enemies. 

ToLAND,  John,  one  of  the   foundcrM   of 
modern  deism,  was   horn    30tli  Nov.  1669, 
in  the  north   of   Irclaud,    ami   f(lu(-iit<-d  at 
Redcastle  school,  near  Londonderry,  from 
Avhich    he    went  to   Glasgow,    16^7,  and  3 
years  after  to  Edinburgh.     Though  brought 
up  as  a  papist,  he  renounced  that  religion, 
and  at    the   age   of  15  declared  himself  a 
zealous  protestant   dissenter.       He  after- 
wards went  to  study  at   Leyden,  and  then 
returned  to    England,  and  visited    Oxford, 
and  in  1696,  published  at  London  his  Chris- 
tianity not  mysterious,  which  excited  great 
clamour  against  the  writer,  and  even  occa- 
sioned its  presentation  as  dangerous  by  the 
grand  jury  of  Middlesex.     At  this  time  he 
went  to  Ireland,  but   here  the  fame  of  his 
book  was  spread,  and   not  only  his  compa- 
ny was  shunned  as  infectious,  but  his  work 
was  attacked  by  the  parliament,  and   or- 
dered to  be  burnt  by  the  hands  of  the  com- 
mon hangman.     He,  upon  this,  returned  to 
England,  and  was  engaged  in  various  publi- 
cations.    His  Life  of  Milton  was  published 
in  1698,  and  some  other  works  on  political 
or   religious  subjects   followed.      He  was 
abroad  in  1703^  at  the  court  of  Berlin  and 
Hanover,  where  he  was  received  with  great 
respect,  and   on   his  return  to  England,  he 
was   for  some  time  patronised  by  Harley, 
earl  of  Oxford.     In  1718,  he  published  his 
Nazarenus,  or  Jewish,  Gentile,  or  Maho- 
metan Christianity,  &c.  which  was  a  violent 
attack  against  revelation,   and   in  1720  ap- 
peared his  Tetradymus,  in  four  parts.     He 
died  at  Putney,  near  London,  where  he  had 
retired  for  some  time,  11th   March,  1722. 
It  must  be  fully  acknowledged  that  Toland 
possessed  vast  erudition,  and  great  powers 
of  mind  ;    but,   unfortunately,    these  were 
misapplied  in  the  support  of  atheism.     The 
wish  of  being  known  in  the  world,  and  the 
strong  passion  of  vanity,  with  which  he  was 
influenced,  led  him  to  adopt  opinions  which, 
probably,  sober  reflection  disapproved  ;  and 
the  ambition  of  being  singular,  hurried  him 
to  oppose  whatever   is  held  as  most  sacred 
and  solemn  among  mankind.     His  works 
were  very   numerous ;    those   which  were 
posthumous  were  published  in  2  vols.  8vo. 
1726,  and  republished  1747,  with   an   Ac- 
count  of  his    Life   and  Writings  by  Des 
Maizeaux. 

ToLLET,  Elizabeth,  an  English  lady,  emi- 
nent for  her  knowledge  of  mathematics,  of 
history,  of  French,  Latin,  and  Italian.  She 
published  some  poems,  besides  Susannah, 
or  Innocence  Preserved,  a  sacred  drama, 
and  died  unmarried  1754,  aged  60. 

ToLLius,  Jacobus,  a  physician,  born  at 
Ingra,  in  the  territory  of  Utrecht.  He  was, 
in  16S4,  made  professor  of  eloquence,  and 
Greek  at  Brandenbursh.  bv  the  elector,  and 

719 


TOO 


TOO 


died  1696.  He  possessed  great  learning, 
but  favoured  the  notion  of  discovering  the 
philosopher's  stone.  He  edited  Ausonius, 
in  8vo.  and  Longinus,  in  4to.,  and  wrote 
Epistolae  Itinerariae.  His  brother  Cornelius 
was  at  first  an  amanuensis  to  Isaac  Vossius, 
and  then  became  professor  of  eloquence  and 
Greek  at  Hardervvyck,  and  published  an  ap- 
pendix to  Pierus  V  alerianus's  treatise  de  In- 
felicitate  Literatorum,  12mo.  Another  bro- 
ther, Alexander,  puohshed  a  useiui  and 
valuable  edition  ol  Appian. 

ToLOMMEi,  Claudio,  a  native  of  Sienna, 
who  distinguished  himself  as  a  poet  and 
oratoi*,  and  was,  in  consequence  of  his  abi- 
lities, made  bishop  of  Corsala.  The  best 
known  of  his  woi'ks  is  a  speech,  which  he 
delivered  in  the  presence  of  Pope  Clement 
VII.  in  consequence  of  the  peace  made  with 
Charles  V.  in  1529.  This  truly  learned  and 
virtuous  man  died  1557,  aged  62. 

ToBiPioN,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  mecha- 
nic. His  name  is  mentioned  with  those  of 
Graham,  and  other  ingenious  men,  as  an 
able  clock  and  watch  maker.    He  died  1696. 

ToNSTALL,  Cuthbert,  a  native  of  Tack- 
ford,  Hertfordshire,  who  studied  at  the  uni- 
versities of  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  Padua, 
and  distinguished  himself  for  his  knowledge 
of  mathematics  and  divinity.  He  was  em- 
ployed in  several  embassies  by  Henry  V'ill. 
and  for  his  services  was  made  bishop  of 
London  1522,  lord  privy  seal  1523,  and  in 
1530,  translated  to  Durham.  He  was  de- 
prived of  his  honours  by  Elizabeth,  for  de- 
nying her  supremacy,  though  he  had  for- 
merly supported  her  father  in  the  work  of 
the  reformation,  and  he  died  in  confine- 
ment, 1559,  aged  84.  He  was  author  of  a 
treatise  de  Arte  Supputandi,  Lon.  1522, 
4to. — on  the  presence  of  Christ  in  the  Eu- 
charist, 4to. — Aristotle's  Morals  abridged, 
&c. 

TooKE,  Andrew,  an  English  writer,  born 
in  London,  1673.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Charter-house,  and  Ciare-hall,  Caisibridge, 
where  he  took  his  degrees  in  arts.  In  1695 
he  was  made  u  her  of  the  Charter-house, 
and  in  1704  professor  of  geometry  at  Gres- 
ham  college,  and  though  he  inherited  much 
property  from  his  brother,  the  bookseller  in 
Fleet-street,  he  was  so  attached  to  his  habits 
of  life  that  he  accepted  the  headship  of  the 
school,  1728.  He  died  of  a  dropsy,  20th 
Jan.  1731,  aged  58,  and  was  buried  in  the 
Charter-house  chapel.  He  published  Sy- 
nopsis Graecae  Linguae — Ovid's  Fasti,  the 
Pantheon,  or  History  of  the  Heathen  Gods 
translated  without  acknowledgment  from 
the  Latin  of  Pomey,  a  Jesuit. 

TooKE,  George,  of  Popes  in  Hertford- 
shire, was  born  1595.  He  went  as  captain 
of  a  band  of  volunteers  in  the  expedition 
against  Cadiz,  in  1625,  of  which  he  wrote 
a  poetical  account,  tie  retired  to  his  seat, 
and  devoted  himself,  durina;  the  civil  wars, 
720 


to  literary  pursuits,  and  the  conversation  of 
his  friends,  the  learned  Selden,  Hales,  John 
Greaves,  &c.     He  lost  his  wife  1642,  and 
wrote  various  canzonets    to   her  memory. 
He  died  1675,  aged  80. 

TooKE,  John  Home,  a  politician,  was 
the  son  of  a  poulterer  named  Home,  and 
born  in  Newport-street,  Westminster,  in 
173G.  He  was  educated  partly  at  West- 
minster, and  partly  at  Eton  ;  after  which  he 
became  a  member  of  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge.  In  1670  he  was  inducted  to 
the  chapelry  of  New-Brentford  ;  but  his 
conduct  ill-suited  the  clerical  profession, 
and  he  became  the  partizan  of  Wilkes ; 
till,  on  founding  the  '  Society  for  support- 
ing the  Bill  of  Rigats,"  a  quarrel  arose  be- 
tween them,  eacii  charging  the  other  with 
venality  and  hypocrisy.  In  1771,  he  took 
his  master's  degree,  though  witU  great  dif- 
ficulty ;  and  about  this  time  he  had  a  con- 
troversy with  Junius,  in  which  he  was  sup- 
posed to  have  the  advantage.  Soon  after 
this  he  resigned  the  living  of  Brentford,  and 
entered  as  a  student  in  the  Temple,  but  was 
refused  admission  to  the  bar.  In  1775  he 
was  imprisoned  for  a  libel  on  the  king's 
troops  in  America ;  which  gave  occasion  for 
his  "  Letter  to  Dunning,"  containing  the 
outline  of  the  philological  system,  which  he 
published  at  large  in  1786,  under  the  title 
of  "The  Diversions  of  Purley."  Having 
rendered  some  services  to  Mr.  Tooke,  of 
Purley,  in  Surrey,  that  gentleman  made 
Home  his  heir,  who,  out  of  gratitude,  as- 
sumed his  name.  When,  hoAvever,  Mr. 
Tooke  died  in  1803,  his  will  only  contained 
a  legacy  of  five  hundred  pounds  to  our  au- 
thor, and  one  hundred  to  each  of  his  daugh- 
ters. In  1790  Home  Tooke  offered  him- 
self as  a  candidate  for  Westminster,  but 
without  success.  His  next  appearance  be- 
fore the  public  was  on  a  charge  of  high 
treason,  at  the  Old  Bailey,  in  1794,  when 
he  and  his  associates  were  acquitted.  In 
1796  he  again  stootl  for  Westminster,  and 
failed  ;  but  a  few  years  afterwards  he  ob- 
tained a  seat  in  parliament  for  Old  Samm, 
on  the  nomination  of  lord  Camelford.  A 
motion  was  brought  forward  to  expel  him, 
on  the  ground  of  his  being  in  orders  ;  but 
this  measure  was  di'opped ;  and  a  bill 
brought  in  to  pi'event  the  admission  of 
clergymen  in  future.  He  died  at  Wimble- 
don, March  19,  1812.— PT.  B. 

Tooke,  William,  an  English  divine,  was 
born  in  1744  at  Islington.  He  was  origin- 
ally a  printer;  but  in  1771  he  obtained 
episcopal  ordination,  and  was  appointed 
minister  of  the  church  at  Cronstadt.  In 
1774  he  became  chaplain  to  the  factory  at 
St.  Petersburgh  ;  and  after  residing  there 
many  years,  he  returned  to  his  own  coun- 
try, where,  however,  he  enjoyed  no  prefer- 
ment. He  waa  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, and  died  Nov.  17,  1820.     His  priu- 


TOR 


TUK 


c'ipal  works  arc — 1.  "  Varieties  in  Litera- 
ture," 2  vols.  8vo. — 2.  A  translation  of 
Zoliikoffer's  Sermons. — 3.  The  Life  of  Ca- 
therine IL — 4.  A  View  of  the  Russian  Em- 
pire.— 5.  A  General  History  of  Russia, — 
6.  A  translation  of  Lucian,  2  vols.  4to. — 
W.  B. 

ToPHAM,  Thomas,  a  publican  of  Isling- 
ton, of  whose  prodigious  strength  curious 
particulars  are  related  in  Hutton's  History 
of  Derbyshire.  It  is  said  that  he  could 
squeeze  together  a  pewter  quart  pot  at 
arms'  length  j  lift  over  his  head  with  his 
little  finger  a  weight  of  200lbs.  and  with 
his  teeth  raise  an  oak  table  six  feet  long, 
at  the  extremity  of  which  was  suspended 
half  a  hundred  weight.  He  raised  with  ap- 
parent ease,  and  with  one  hand,  a  man 
who  weighed  27  stone,  and  so  powerful  was 
the  strength  of  his  arm,  that  he  broke 
against  it  the  largest  sticks.  He  stabbed 
himself  in  1749,  in  consequence  of  a  quar- 
rel with  his  wife,  and  after  wounding  her 
in  a  dangerous  manner. 

ToPHAM,  Edward,  an  ingenious  gentle- 
man, was  the  son  of  Dr.  Topham,  judge  of 
the  prerogative  court  at  York.  He  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  on  leaving  which,  he  obtained 
a  commission  in  the  guards,  where  he  rose 
to  the  rank  of  major.  He  was  at  one  time 
the  proprietor  of  a  fashionable  paper,  called 
"  The  World,"  in  which  he  inserted  several 
lively  pieces  in  prose  and  verse,  particular- 
ly the  curious  memoir  of  John  Elwes,  the 
miser,  which  aflervvards  was  published  in  a 
separate  form,  and  went  through  two  edi- 
tions. His  other  works  are,  "  Letters  from 
Edinburgh,"  8vo.  ;  "  Address  to  Edmund 
Burke,  Esq."  8vo. ;  "  Account  of  a  stone 
which  fell  from  the  clouds  on  his  estate  in 
Yorkshire,"  4to. ;  and  some  dramas.  He 
died  at  Doucasterin  1820.— IF.  B. 

ToPLADY,  Augustus  Montague,  a  native 
of  Farnham  in  Surrey,  educated  at  Vfc^est- 
minster  school  and  Dublin  university.  He 
became  in  1768  vicar  of  Broadhembury, 
Devon  ;  but  finding  the  air  of  the  place 
unfavourable  to  his  constitution,  he  settled 
in  London,  and  officiated  in  a  chapel. 
Orange-street,  Leicester-fields.  He  was 
author  of  Historic  Proofs  of  the  Doctrinal 
Calvinism  of  the  Church  of  England,  and 
other  theological  Works,  which  have  been 
collected  together  in  6  vols.  Svo.  with  an 
account  of  his  life.  He  died  in  London, 
1778,  aged  41. 

ToRFJEUs,  Thormodus,  a  native  of  Mia- 
nia,  historiographer  to  the  king  of  Den- 
mark. He  is  known  for  his  History  of  the 
Orcades  from  850  to  1206,  published  1715, 
folio — and  his  History  of  Norway,  4  vols, 
folio,  1711,  two  works  written  in  Latin, 
and  possessing  great  merit.  IJe  died  1720, 
aged  81. 


Vol.  n. 


91 


ToRut,  N.  a  native  of  the  Alilanesej 
who  from  low  beginnings,  rose  to  »;minence 
as  a  chymist,  and  as  an  artist  in  fireworks. 
By  his  great  application,  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  experimental  philosophy,  and 
the  friendship  of  Reaumur,  rendered  hini 
expert  in  the  construction  of  barometers, 
and  in  the  knowledge  of  pneumatics.  His 
artificial  fireworks,  exhibited  at  Paris,  on 
the  marriage  of  Lewis  XVI.  were  much  ad- 
mired, and  in  his  experiments  in  pyrotech- 
ny,  it  is  said,  that  he  discovered  the  method 
of  preparing  an  unextinguishable  fire,  which 
might  consume  an  enemy's  fleet.  This 
dreadful  secret  was  revealed  to  the  French 
government,  who  refused  to  practise  it 
against  the  English  fleet,  and  the  inventor 
at  last,  sensible  of  the  terrible  consequences 
of  this  powerful  engine  of  destruction,  ex- 
pressed great  contrition  for  his  discove- 
ry. The  sudden  death  of  his  wife  had  such 
an  effect  upon  him,  that  he  soon  followed 
her  to  the  grave,  30th  April,  1780.  Though 
an  intelligent  man,  he  wasted  much  of  his 
time  in  the  foolish  attempt  of  transmuting 
metals  into  gold. 

ToRRENTius,  Laevinus,  a  learned  man, 
born  at  Ghent  in  Flanders  1525,  and  edu- 
cated at  Louvain.  He  studied  the  civil  law 
at  Bologna,  and  on  his  return  home  was 
employed  in  some  embassies.  He  after- 
wards took  orders,  and  died  bishop  of  Ant- 
werp, 1595.  He  published  Latin  poems — 
Commentaries  on  Suetonius  and  Horace, 
&c. 

ToRRENTius,  John,  a  painter  of  Amster- 
dam. He  possessed  merit,  but  unfortunate- 
ly was  so  lascivious  in  his  ideas,  that  all 
the  powers  of  his  art  were  employed  in  de- 
lineating naked  and  obscene  figures,  in  the 
most  licentious  and  disgusting  attitudes. 
Not  satisfied  to  corrupt  the  youthful  and 
unwary  by  the  extravagant  efforts  of  his 
pencil,  he  became  the  founder  of  a  sect  of 
Adamites,  and  for  his  heretical  opinions 
was  seized  by  the  magistrates,  and  tor- 
tured. He  expired  under  the  severity  of 
his  torments,  1640,  and  his  offensive  pieces 
were  burnt  by  the  hands  of  the  hangman. 
ToRRiCELLi,  Evangeliste,  an  eminen 
mathematician,  born  at  Faenza,  1608.  He 
was  well  educated,  and  he  learned  philoso- 
phy under  Castelli,  who  had  been  the  pupil 
of  the  great  Galileo.  His  progress  in  science 
was  so  great  that  he  was  recommended  to 
Galileo, and  went  to  live  with  him  as  an  as- 
sistant and  friend  ;  but  the  death  of  that 
venerable  philosopher  three  months  after 
left  him  to  his  own  pursuits.  He  settled 
at  Florence,  where  he  was  ])atronised  by 
the  duke  Ferdinand  IL  and  he  devoted  him- 
self to  the  construction  and  improvement 
of  telescopes  and  microscopes.  To  his 
ingenious  experiments  we  are  indelited  for 
the  discovery  of  ascertaining  the  weight  of 
the  atmosphere  by  quicksilver  in  the  b?«ro- 

721 


-rot 


TOU 


iufcler  or  Tomcellian  tubo.  He  died  aficr 
a  few  days'  illness,  1647,  aged  40.  He 
jjublished  Opera  Geometrica,  4to.  1644. 

Tory,  GtJOtfVey,  a  native  ot'Bourges,  who 
settled  at  Paris  as  professor  of  pliilosopliy 
in  the  eollege  of  Burgundy,  and  atlenvards 
became  printer.  He  greatly  improved  the 
art  of  printing,  and  published  a  useful 
book  on  the  Proportion  and  Distauee  of 
tetters  called  Champ  Fieuri,  4to.  and  Svo. 
He  also  translated  the  Hieroglyphics  of 
Horus  Apollo,  Svo.  and  wrote  wiEdiloquium, 
&c.     He  died  1550. 

ToscANELLA,  Paul,  an  able  astronomer, 
who  erected  in  Florence  cathedral  a  famous 
gnomon,  of  which  a  description  has  been 
published  by  father  Ximenes  in  4to.  1757. 
It  is  said  to  be  the  largest  of  the  kind  in 
Europe.  Some  supposed  that  Toseanella 
formed  an  idea  of  the  possibility  of  a  pas- 
sage to  the  east  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
and  by  mentioning  tne  circumstance  to 
Martenz  of  Lisbon,  the  Portuguese,  it  is 
said,  were  animated  in  their  endeavours  to 
improve  navigation  and  to  make  discoveries. 
He  died  about  1490. 

TosTATUs,  Alphonso,  a  doctor  of  Sala- 
manca, bishop  of  Avilla,  who  distinguished 
himself  by  his  eloquence  at  the  council  of 
liasil,  and  died  1454,  aged  40.  He  wrote 
Commentaries  on  Kusebius's  Chronicle,  5 
vols,  folio — Commentaries  on  Scripture, 
^f.  His  works  were  printed  together  at 
Venice  1596,  in  13  vols,  folio,  a  ponderous 
mass. 

ToTiLA,  king  of  the  Goths,  defeated  the 
troops  of  the  emperor  Justinian,  and  ob- 
tained possession  of  Italy,  Corsica,  Sar- 
dinia, and  Sicily.  He  sacked  Rome,  and 
ivas  at  last  killed  in  battle  by  one  of  the  sol- 
diers of  Justinian,  552,  in  the  11th  year  of 
his  reign. 

ToTTiE,  John,  a  learned  divine,  who  be- 
came canon  of  Christ-church,  and  archdea- 
con of  Worcester.  He  was  an  able  and 
eloquent  preacher,  and  was  much  admired 
at  St.  Mary's,  Oxford.  His  Sermons  have 
been  published,  and  are  deservedly  esteem- 
ed.    He  died  after  1775. 

TouLMiN,  Joshua,  a  dissenting  minister 
of  the  Baptist  persuasion,  and  a  Unitarian, 
was  born  in  London.  He  officiated  many 
years  to  a  congregation  at  Taunton  in  So- 
mersetshire, where  also  he  carried  on  the 
business  of  a  bookseller.  On  the  emigra- 
tion of  Dr.  Priestley  to  America,  he  was 
chosen  minister  of  the  united  congregations 
at  Birmingham,  where  he  died  in  1815, 
aged  73.  Dr.  Toulmin,  for  he  had  obtained 
a  degree  from  an  American  college,  was  an 
indefatigable  compiler,  and  published  seve- 
ral works,  tlie  principal  of  Avhich  are — 1. 
The  Life  of  Socinus,  Svo,  2.  Disserta- 
tions on  the  Evidences  of  Christianity,  Svo. 
3.  Life  of  John  Biddlc.  4.  History  of 
Taunton,  with  a  .supplement,  4ta  5.  A 
732 


new  edition  of  Neal's  history  of  the  Puri- 
tans, 5  vols.  6.  Biography  of  Dr.  Priest- 
ley. 7.  Memoirs  ot  Samuel  Bourne.  8. 
Historical  view  of  the  Protestant  Dissent«« 
ers,  Svo. —  W.  B. 

Toup,  Jonathan,  a  learned  critic,  born  at 
St.  Ives,  in  Cornwall,  1713.     He  was  edu- 
cated in    the   school  of   his  native  town, 
and  at  St.  Meri'yn's,  and  then  entered  at 
Exeter  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
bachelor's    degree.     His   master's    degree 
was  taken  at  Cambridge  1756.   His  "Emen- 
dationes  in  Suidam,"  which  first  appeared 
in  1760,  and  were  continued  in  another  vo- 
lume, 1764,  recommended  him  to  the  notice 
of  VVarburton,    by   whose    means    bishop 
Keppei  bestowed  on  him  a  prebend  in  Exe- 
ter cathedral,  and  the  vicarage  of  St.  Mer- 
ryn's.      He   published   his    Appendiculum 
iNotarum  in  Suidam,  1775,  and  tn  1778  his 
edition  of  Longinus  in  4to.  and  afterwards 
in  Svo.     He  passed  his  life  in  retii'ement, 
devoted   to  literary  pursuits  ;   but  though 
unacquainted  with  the  world,  he   was  the 
correspondent  of  the  learned  of  the  age,  of 
Ernestus,    Brunk,    Valknaer,    Runkenius, 
Larcher,  &c.     He  died  1785,  aged  72,  and 
was  buried  ni  St.  Martin's  church,  Exeter, 
of  Avhich  he  was  rector.     He  was  never 
married. 

TouRNEFORT,  Joscph  Pitton  de,  a  cele- 
brated French  botanist,  born  at  Aix  in  Pro- 
vence, 5th  June,  1656.  From  his  very 
youth  he  showed  a  strong  passion  for  collect- 
ing plants,  and  though  devoted  to  theologi- 
cal pursuits  by  his  father,  he  did  not  aban- 
don his  favourite  studies,  and  when  become 
his  own  master,  he  applied  himself  most 
assiduously  to  botany,  philosophy,  and  me- 
dicine. In  1678  he  explored  the  mountains 
of  Dauphine  and  Savoy  in  quest  of  plants, 
and  in  1679  perfected  himself  in  anatomy 
and  medicine  at  MontpeiUer.  In  1681  he 
set  out  for  Spain,  and  after  visiting  atten- 
tively the  mountains  of  Catalonia  and  the 
Pyrenees,  frequently  in  the  midst  of  danger 
from  the  uncivilized  inhabitants,  he  return- 
ed to  France  with  the  intention  of  exploring 
also  the  Alps,  to  enrich  his  botanical  curio- 
sities. In  1683  he  was  at  Paris,  where  his 
merit  began  to  be  known,  and  he  was  ap- 
pointed botanical  professor  in  the  king's 
garden.  He  afterwards  travelled  over 
Spain,  Portugal,  Holland,  and  England, 
and  in  1700  was  sent  by  the  king  to  examine 
the  plants  of  Greece,  Asia,  and  Africa,  and 
to  make  observations  on  the  manners  and 
the  natural  history  of  those  countries.  He 
returned  after  an  absence  of  three  years, 
and  brought  with  him  1356  species  of  plants. 
He  was  soon  after  made  professor  of  physic 
in  the  college  royal,  and  admitted  into  the 
academy  of  sciences.  He  received  an  in- 
jury from  the  wheel  of  a  cart  which  passed 
by  hhn,  and  neglecting  the  proper  remedies, 
he  was  seized  with  the  spitting  of  blood. 


TO  I 


TOW 


ivhich  after  some  months  carried  him  ori", 
28th  Dec.  1708.  This  most  eelebrated  bo- 
tanist of  the  age  publislied,  Elements  of 
Botany,  3  vols.  Hvo.  cnUirged  to  3  vols.  4to. 
— History  of  Plants  near  Paris,  I'imo.  en- 
larged to  2  vols, —  Voyage  to  the  Levant,  2 
vols.  4to.  and  three  in  8vo. — a  treatise  on 
the  Materia  Medica,  2  vols.  12mo.  besides 
several  papers  in  the  history  of  the  acade- 
my of  sciences 

TouiiNELy,  Honore,  a  French  ecclesias- 
tic, born  at  Antibes  28th  Aug.  1658,  of  ob- 
scure parents.  He  gradually  rose  by  his 
great  application  from  the  mean  oHice  of  a 
swineherd,  to  become  professor  of  theology 
at  Douay,  and  a  popular  preacher.  He  was 
much  engaged  in  the  controversy  about  the 
bull  Unigcnitus,  which  he  defended  with 
great  ability.  He  died  ol  an  apoplexy,  26th 
Dec.  1729.  The  best  known  of  his  works  is 
n  Course  of  Theology  in  Latin,  16  vols.  8vo. 
a  composition  of  great  merit. 

TouRRETTE,  Mark  Anth.  Lew.  Claret 
de  la,  a  native  of  Lyons,  who  studied  in  the 
Jesuits'  college  at  Lyons,  and  afterwards  at 
the  Harcourt  college  at  Paris.  He  became 
one  of  the  magisti-ates  of  his  native  city, and 
devoted  himself  much  to  the  study  of  natu- 
ral history.  He  formed  a  valuable  collec- 
tion of  insects  and  of  herbs,  and  cultivated 
in  his  garden  not  less  than  3000  of  the 
rarest  and  most  curious  plants.  This  amia- 
ble man,  whose  zeal  in  the  investigation  of 
natural  curiosities  and  in  botanical  pursuits 
was  indefatigable,  and  whose  correspon- 
dence was  extended  to  all  the  learned  of 
Europe,  was  attacked  by  an  inflammation 
in  the  lungs  at  the  siege  of  his  native  town 
in  the  autumn  of  1793,  and  he  survived  it 
but  few  days.  He  died  aged  64.  He  pub- 
lished, Demonstrations  Elementaires  de 
Botanique,  2  vols.  8vo. — Voyage  au  Mont 
Pila,  8vo. — Chloris  Lugdunensis,  8vo. — 
Memoircs  sur  les  Monstres  Vegetaux,  &c. 

TouRviLLE,  Anne  Hilarion  de  Costentiu 
de,  a  French  admiral,  born  at  Tourvillc, 
near  Contances  1642.  He  first  distinguish- 
ed himself  against  the  Algerines,  and  after- 
wards at  the  battle  of  Palermo,  and  against 
the  Spanish  fleet.  He  defeated  in  1690, 
the  conibined  fleets  of  England  and  Hol- 
land, but  the  battle  of  la  Hogue,  twoyears 
after,  proved  fatal  to  his  glory,  and  to  the 
honour  of  the  French  flag,  by  the  loss  of 
14  of  his  largest  ships.  He  was  honoured 
in  1701,  with  the  staiT  of  marshal  of 
France,  and  died  the  same  year,  28th  May, 
aged  59. 

ToussAiNT  LouvERTURE,  a  mulatto  of 
St.  Domingo,  who  by  his  courage  and  abili- 
ties rose  to  command  in  the  French  army, 
under  Rochambeau,  in  1796.  The  influence 
which  he  possessed  among  the  blacks,  in- 
duced him  to  aspire  to  sovereign  power, 
and  the  cruelties  which  the  French  began 
to  exercise  against  the    native^?,  served   to 


increase  the  numbers  which  llock«^d  to  fai> 
rebellions  standard.  AiU-r  cstablisliinj;  a 
constitution  in  the;  island,  nnd  l.tiing  ac- 
knowledged the  head  of  ull  power  civil  and 
military,  he  consolidated  his  authority,  by 
the  wisest,  and  most  humane  regnlutions  ; 
but  his  conlidcnce  in  the  friendly  profes- 
sions of  the  French,  who  still  kept  an  army 
in  the  province,  proveil  fatal  to  him.  He 
trusted  his  person  among  them,  an<l  in- 
stead of  being  respected  as  an  independen( 
chief,  he  was  seized  as  a  criminal,  and  sent 
to  France  by  le  Clerc.  Immured  in  a  pri- 
son, liis  iurierings  were  disregarded,  while 
his  countrymen,  indignant  at  his  treatment, 
rose  to  repel  their  ferocious  invaders. 
This  ill-treated,  but  truly  valiant  chieftain, 
died  in  his  prison  1803,  and  it  is  said  that 
8itherpoison,orviolence, hastened  his  death. 

Towers,  Joseph,  a  dissenting  minister, 
born  at  Southwark  1737.  He  followed  the 
printing  business  with  Goadby,  of  Sher- 
borne, and  then  settled  as  a  bookseller  in 
London,  and  in  1774  became  pastor  of  a 
presbyterian  congregation  at  Highgate. 
Four  years  after  he  was  associated  with  Dr. 
Price,  in  Newington-green  meeting,  and  in 
1779  was  honoured,  by  Edinburgh  univer- 
sity,with  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  He  wrote, 
British  Biography,  7  vols.  Svo. — Observa- 
tions on  Hume's  History  of  England — thr; 
Life  and  Reign  of  Frederic  IH.  of  Prussia, 
2  vols.  Svo. — a  Vindication  of  Locke — Ser- 
mons— an  Answer  to  Burke's  famous  pam- 
phlet, and  other  political  tracts.  He  also 
assisted  Dr.  Kippis  in  the  new  edition  oi' 
the  Biographia  Britannica.     He  died  1799. 

Tov»NLET,  Charles,  an  eminent  English 
collector  of  antiquities,  born  at  Town  ley- 
hall,  Lancashire,  long  the  residence  of  his 
ancient  family.  With  genuine  taste  in  the 
knowledge  of  antiquities,  and  with  the  com- 
mand of  an  independent  fortune,  he  zeal- 
ously devoted  his  labours  to  the  formation 
of  a  noble  collection,  and  his  hou5e,  in 
Park-street,  became  the  depository  of  tlie 
bulky  fragments  of  Egyptian  architecture, 
and  the  more  pleasing  and  beautiful  speci- 
mens of  the  Grecian  and  Roman  models. 
His  medals  were  also  numerous  and  valua- 
ble, and  among  his  choice  manuscripts  was 
a  Homer,  which  he  permitted  to  be  collated, 
in  a  late  edition  of  that  poet.  Tlie  Etnis- 
can  vases,  and  other  antiquities  of  his  col- 
lection, were  illustrated  in  2  vols.  4to.  by 
d'Ancarville,  a  French  antiquarian,  avIio  has 
explained  the  mythological  representations 
and  incriptions,  with  ingenious  observa- 
tions. Mr.  Townley,  who  was  fellow  of 
the  anticpiorian  and  royal  societies,  and  one 
of  the  trustees  of  the  British  museum,  died 
at  his  house, Park-street,  3d  Jan.  1S05,  aged 
67.  By  his  will  he  left  1000/.  for  the 
building  of  a  museum,  at  Standish,  for  the 
reception  of  his  valuable  antiquities,  but  as 
the  bequest  has  not  been  couj^dicd  with,  the 


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whole  collection  is,  agreeable  to  his  further 
fiirections,  now  deposited  in  the  British  mu- 
seum, for  which  purpose  parliament  have 
granted  a  very  liberal  allowance  to  the  trus- 
tees. 

TowNSEND,  Joseph,  an  English  divine, 
was  originally  destined  for  the  profession 
of  physic,  and  educated  at  Caius  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a  fellowship 
and  took  his  master's  degree.  He  then 
studied  under  Dr.  CuUen  at  Edinburgh  ; 
but  on  hearing  the  Methodists  he  took 
another  turn,  was  ordained  and  presented 
to  the  rectory  of  Pewsey  in  Wiltshire.  He 
also  became  chaplain  to  lady  Huntingdon, 
and  preached  in  her  chapel  at  Bath  ;  but 
after  some  time  his  Calvinistic  zeal  abated, 
and  he  settled  on  his  living,  where  he  died 
in  1816.  He  published — 1.  A  Journey 
through  Spain,  3  vols.  8vo.  2.  The  Phy- 
sician's Vade  Mecum.  3.  Dissertation  on 
the  Poor  Laws.  4.  A  Guide  to  Health. 
5.  Thoughts  on  Despotic  and  Free  Govern- 
ments. 6.  Sermons.  7.  The  character  of 
Moses  as  an  Historian  established,  2  vols, 
4to.— ir.  B. 

TowNsoN,  Thomas,  D.D.  an  able  divine, 
born  in  Essex,  1715.  From  Christ-church, 
Oxford,  he  removed  to  Magdalen  college, 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship,  and  after- 
wards was  presented  successively  to  Hat- 
field Peveral,  in  Essex,  Blithfield,  Stafford- 
shire, the  lower  moiety  of  Malpas, Cheshire, 
and  by  the  patronage  of  bishop  Porteus, 
Richmond  archdeaconry,  Yorkshire.  He 
is  eminently  known  for  his  valuable  dis- 
courses on  the  four  gospels,  and  three 
tracts  in  answer  to  the  Confessional,  and 
since  his  death,  which  happened  in  1792,  a 
discourse  on  the  Evangelical  History  has 
appeared  with  his  life. 

TozzETTi,  John  Targioni,  an  eminent 
botanist  born  at  Florence,  11th  Sept.  1722. 
He  was  educated  at  Pisa,  and  succeeded  in 
1737  his  master  Micheli  in  the  care  of  the 
botanic  garden  of  Florence.  In  1737,  he 
was  made  professor  of  botany  there,  and 
consulting  physician  to  the  government. 
He  was  engaged  with  Cocchi  in  making  a 
catalogue  of  the  famous  library  at  Florence, 
and  in  consequence  of  his  fame  as  a  physi- 
cian and  botanist  he  was  admitted  into  se- 
Teral  of  the  learned  societies  of  Europe. 
He  was  one  of  the  first  who  introduced  in- 
oculation in  Tuscany.  He  died  at  Florence 
1780,  of  an  atrophy.  His  publications  in 
Latin,  as  well  as  in  Italian,  are  very  res- 
pectable. He  published  a  thesis  "  De  Prae- 
stantia  et  Usu  Plantarum  in  Medicina," 
fol. — a  work  on  the  Improvement  of  Medi- 
cine in  Etruria,  in  4  vols.  4to.  &c. 

Tracy,  Uriah,  a  distinguished  lawyer, 
Avas  born  at  Norwich,  Connecticut,  Febru- 
ary 2d,  1755,  and  educated  at  Yale  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1778,  with  an 
uncommon  reputation  for  tnlents.  Having 
7-24 


studied  law  he  established  himself  in  1780 
at  Litchfield,  and  soon  rose  to  a  high  rank 
in  the  profession.  He  was  elected  a  repre- 
sentative in  the  state  legislature  in  1787, 
and  was  for  several  succeeding  years  speak- 
er of  that  body.  In  1793  he  was  transfer- 
red to  the  house  of  representatives  in 
the  national  legislature,  where  he  con- 
tinued for  six  years,  when  he  was  elect- 
ed to  a  seat  in  the  senate,  and  continued  a 
member  of  that  body,  greatly  admired  for 
his  legal  and  political  knowledge,  wit,  and 
eloquence,  till  his  death  on  the  19th  of 
July,  1807,  in  the  fifty-third  year  of  his 
age.  He  possessed  a  mind  of  uncommon 
strength,  acuteness,  and  vivacity  ;  was  dis- 
tinguished for  frankness,  generosity,  and 
richness  and  sprightliness  of  humour  ;  and 
enjoyed  the  highest  esteem  and  respect  of 
his  fellow-citizens,  both  on  account  of  the 
amiableness  of  his  private  character,  and 
the  fidelity  with  which  he  discharged  his 
public  duties.  tC?^  L. 

Tradescant,  John,  a  Dutchman,  who 
travelled  over  the  best  part  of  Europe, 
Greece,  Turkey,  Egypt,  and  Barbary,  and 
at  last  settled  in  England,  where  he  be- 
came superintendent  of  the  gardens  of 
Charles  I.  It  is  said  that  he  was  the  first 
who  formed  in  England  a  collection  of  me- 
dals and  objects  of  natural  history.  His 
son  was  also  a  great  traveller.  They  had 
a  large  garden  at  Lambeth,  well  stocked 
with  various  plants  and  trees  from  foreign 
countries.  An  account  of  their  valuable 
collection  appeared  under  the  name  of  Mu- 
seum Tradescantium.  The  father  died 
1652,  and  the  monument  of  the  family  is 
still  seen  in  Lambeth  churchyard. 

Trajan,  M.  Alpinus  Crinitus,  a  Roman 
emperor.  After  serving  under  Vespasian 
and  Titus  in  their  Asiatic  campaigns,  and 
after  supporting  by  his  valour  the  power  of 
Nerva,  he  was  associated  with  him  on  the 
throne.  He  was  a  brave  and  popular 
prince,  though  he  persecuted  the  Chris- 
tians.    He  died  in  Cilicia,  117  A.D. 

Trallian,  Alexander,  a  native  of 
Tralles,  in  Lydia,  eminent  as  a  medical 
writer.  He  first  used  cantharides  for  the 
cure  of  the  gout,  and  practised  phlebotomy 
Avith  success,  about  550  A.D.  His  works, 
all  on  medical  subjects,  have  appeared  at 
Basil,  Paris,  and  London. 

Trapp,  Joseph,  an  able  divine,  born 
1672,  at  Cherington,  Gloucestershire, 
where  his  father  was  rector.  He  was  edu- 
cated by  his  father,  and  then  entered  at 
Wadham  college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  be- 
came fellow.  He  was  the  first  poetry  pro- 
fessor on  the  Birkhead  foundation,  and  he 
published  the  lectures  which  he  delivered 
under  the  title  of  Praelectiones  Poetica;,  a 
very  elegant  and  ingenious  work.  As  he 
had  given  excellent  rules  for  the  forming 
of  a  poet,  he  afterwards  attempted  to  act 


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up  to  those  rules  in  the  translation  of  the 
^neid,  but  in  this  he  totally  failed.  Vir- 
gil, as  has  been  well  observed,  viewed 
through  tlie  medium  of  Trapp,  appears  an 
accurate  writer,  and  the  ^'.neid  a  well-con- 
ducted fable  ;  but  discerned  in  Drydcn's 
page  he  glows  as  a  fire  from  heaven,  and 
the  ^neid  is  a  continued  series  of  what- 
ever is  great,  elegant,  pathetic,  and  sub- 
lime. Dr.  Trapp  was  rector  of  Harlington, 
Middlesex,  of  Christ  church,  Newgate- 
street,  and  St.  Leonard's,  Foster-lane,  and 
lecturer  of  St,  Lawrence,  Jewry,  and  St. 
Martin's  in  the  Fields.  Though  acquaint- 
ed with  the  great,  he  obtained  no  higher 
preferment.  He  died  22d  Nov.  1747,  and 
left  behind  him  an  excellent  character  as  a 
critic,  a  scholar,  a  preacher,  and  as  a  man. 
He  published  Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  in 
Latin  verse — 4  vols,  of  sermons — Abra- 
mule,  a  tragedy — a  treatise  on  being  over 
righteous — liesides  2  vols,  of  his  Prajlec- 
tiones — a  poem  in  the  Musae  Anglicanae, 
and,  among  other  poems,  one  on  the  duke 
of  Ormond,  of  which  only  11  copies  were 
sold. 

Traversari,  Ambrose,  a  monk,  born  at 
Cameldoni,  near  Florence,  1386.  He 
translated  into  Latin  Diogenes  Laertius, 
which  he  inscribed  to  Cosmo  de  Medici, 
and  the  work  possessed  merit,  and  has 
often  been  reprinted.  He  was  for  some 
time  interpreter  between  the  Greeks  who 
fled  from  Constantinople,  and  the  Italians, 
who  hospitably  received  them. 

Travis,  Geoi^e,  a  native  of  Royton, 
Lancashire,  educated  at  Manchester 
school,  and  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  master's  degree.  He 
afterwards  was  promoted  to  Eastham  vicar- 
age, and  Handley  rectory,  Cheshire,  and 
obtained  the  archdeaconry  of  Chester,  and 
a  prebend  in  that  church.  He  ably  attack- 
ed Gibbon's  History,  and  showed  himself 
a  strenuous  asserter  of  the  genuineness  of 
the  famous  passage  in  1  John  v.  7,  about 
the  three  witnesses,  against  Griesbach, 
Porson,  Marsh,  and  Pappelbaum.  He  died 
at  Hampstead,  24th  April,  1797. 

Treadwell,  John,  LL.D.  governor  of 
Connecticut,  was  born  at  Farmington,  in 
that  state,  November  23d,  1745,  and  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1767.  He 
studied  law,  though  not  with  the  design  of 
practising,  and  settled  in  his  native  town, 
where  he  was  early  introduced  into  civil 
employments,  for  which  his  education, 
sound  judgment,  public  spirit,  and  integri- 
ty, rendered  him  peculiarly  qualified,  and 
passed  successively  through  many  of  the 
most  important  offices  in  the  state.  He 
was  elected  a  representative  in  the  legisla- 
ture in  1776,  and  thence  annually,  with 
the  exception  of  one  year,  till  1785,  when 
he  was  transferred  to  a  seat  in  the  council. 
He  continued  a  member  of  that  body  till 


1798,  and  was  then  advanced  to  the  chair 
of  lieutenant-governor.  On  the  death  of 
governor  Trumbull,  in  ihe  autuni;i  of  1809, 
he  was  appointed  by  the  legislature  to  buc- 
ceed  him,  and  was  elected  by  the  people  to 
the  office  in  the  ensuing  sprinp.  He  had 
also  been,  antecedently  to  1809,  twenty 
years  judge  of  probate,  three  years  a  judge 
of  the  county  court,  twenty  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  errors,  and  nineteen  a 
member  of  the  corporation  of  Yale  college. 
He  had  likewise  the  honour  of  a  principal 
agency  in  establishing  the  school  fund  of 
that  state,  assisted  in  negotiating  the  sale 
of  the  lands  from  which  it  was  raised,  drew 
the  bill  for  its  appropriation,  and  was  until 
1810  one  of  the  board  to  which  its  manage- 
ment was  intrusted.  The  duties  of  these 
several  stations  he  discharged  with  ability, 
and  with  an  exactness  and  disinterested 
regard  to  the  public  good,  most  honourable 
to  his  character.  He  was  a  warm,  consis- 
tent, and  intelligent  Christian,  and  render- 
ed important  services  to  the  cause  of  reli- 
gion, not  only  as  an  exemplary  and  active 
member  of  the  church  at  home,  but  as  a 
frequent  member  of  ecclesiastical  councils, 
a  trustee  of  the  Connecticut  Missionary 
Society,  and  as  president  of  the  American 
Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis- 
sions, which  office  he  filled  from  the  orga- 
nization of  that  body  till  his  death  on  the 
19th  of  August,  1823.  He  possessed  a 
sound  and  vigorous  mind,  and  beside  law 
and  politics,  to  which  his  public  employ- 
ments called  his  attention,  was  extensively 
acquainted  with  literature,  science,  and 
theology.  |C3^  L. 

Treat,  Robert,  governor  of  Connecti- 
cut, was  a  native  of  Milford,  in  that  state, 
and  was  elected  a  magistrate  in  1673. 
During  the  war  with  king  Philip  he  com- 
manded the  troops  of  Connecticut,  and  de- 
feated the  Indians  at  Springfield  and  Had- 
ley.  In  J  676  he  was  chosen  deputy-gover- 
nor, and  from  1683  to  1698  chief  magis- 
trate of  the  state.  He  again  held  the  office 
of  deputy-governor  in  1698  and  1708.  He 
was  a  brave  and  cautious  military  officer, 
and  an  able  magistrate,  and  rendered  the 
most  important  services  to  the  colony  in 
both  capacities.  He  died  in  1710,  in  his 
eighty-ninth  year.  jCF*  L. 

Treat,  Samuel,  first  minister  of  East- 
ham,  Massachusetts,  was  the  son  of  gover- 
nor Treat,  and  educated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege, where  he  was  graduated  in  1669.  He 
was  ordained  in  1672.  He  studied  the 
language  of  the  Indians  who  lived  in  his 
neighbourhood,  and  devoted  himself  with 
great  zeal  to  their  instruction,  many  of 
whom  were  led  by  his  instrumentality  to 
adopt  the  arts  of  civilization,  and  a  consi- 
derable number  to  embrace  Christianity. 
He  preached  for  many  years  to  about  500 
Indians,  and  employed  four  native  teachers 

725 


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to  instruct  them.  After  having  devoted 
near  half  a  century  to  these  benevolent  ex- 
ertions, he  died  in  1717,  in  his  sixty-ninth 
year.  |CT^  L. 

Tremblet,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Gene- 
va, who  retired  to  Holland,  not  to  embrace 
the  ecclesiastical  profession,  according  to 
the  wishes  of  his  father.  After  being  pri- 
vate tutor  to  some  persons  of  distinction  in 
Holland,  he  came  to  London,  and  under- 
took the  education  of  the  duke  of  Rich- 
mond. He  returned  to  Geneva,  1757, 
where  he  married,  and  became  a  useful 
member  of  the  republic.  He  died  there, 
1784,  aged  74.  His  works  are  Memoirs 
on  Polypus,  4to. — Instructions  from  a  Fa- 
ther to  his  Children,  on  Natural  Religion, 
2  vols.  8vo.— Instructions  on  Natural  Re- 
ligion, 3  vols.  Svo. — Inquiries  on  Virtue 
and  Happiness,  &c. 

Tremellius,  Immanuel,  a  protestant 
divine,  born  at  Ferrara,  1510,  of  Jewish 
parents.  He  was  converted  by  Peter  Mar- 
tyr, and  after  visiting  England  and  Hol- 
land, he  settled  at  Heidelberg,  where  he 
was  appointed  HebreAv  professor.  He  was 
afterwards  professor  of  Hebrew  at  Sedan, 
where  he  died  1580.  He  published  a 
translation  of  the  Bible,  much  esteemed  by 
Matt.  Poole  and  others,  and  also  a  Latin 
version  of  the  Syriac  Testament. 

Trebioille,  or  Trimouille,  Louis  de 
la,  viscount  de  Thouars,  a  French  general 
of  illustrious  birth,  born  20th  Sept.  1460. 
He  so  early  displayed  his  valour,,  that  at 
the  age  of  18  he  was  made  general  of  the 
French  forces,  and  at  the  battlefiolTSt,' Au- 
bin-du-Cormier,  in  1488,  he  took^iprisoher 
the  duke  of  Orleans,  afterwards  Lewis 
XII.  He  possessed  equal  abilities  as  a  ne- 
gotiator, and  was  successfully  employed  as 
an  ambassador  at  the  courts  of  Britany,  of 
Vienha,  and  of  Rome.  Lewis  XII.  when 
raised  to  the  throne,  forgot  the  injuries 
which  he  had  received  from  this  powerful 
subject,  and  inti'usted  him  with  his  armies 
iii  Italy,  and  rewarded  his  services  with 
several  honourable  appointments.  Tre- 
moille  was  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Nova- 
ra,  but  bravely  defended  Dijon  against  the 
Swiss,  and  protected  Picardy  and  Frovence 
against  the  attacks  of  invading  armies.  He 
fell  gloriously  at  the  fatal  battle  of  Pavia, 
24th  Feb.  1525,  aged  65.  An  account  of 
his  life  was  published  ])y  Bouchet,  4to.  His 
grandson  Francis  was  taken  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Pavia,  and  recommended  himself 
to  the  favour  of  his  sovereign  by  his  atten- 
tions to  him  during  his  captivity.  He  died 
at  Thouars,  1541,  aged  39.  There  were 
others  of  this  family  distinguished  for  their 
fidelity  and  services  to  the  crown. 

Tremolliere,  Peter   Charles,  a  native 

of  Chollet,  in   Poitou,  who  died  at  Paris 

1739,  aged    36.     He   studied   under  J.  B. 

Vanloo,  and  after  a  residence  of  six  years 

726 


in  Italy  he  settled  at  Paris.  His  ship- 
wreck of  Ulysses,  his  golden  age,  and  his! 
altar  pieces  are  much  admired. 

Trenchard,  John,  an  English  patriot, 
born  1669.  He  was  bred  to  the  law,  but 
never  followed  it  as  a  profession.  He  was 
commissioner  of  forfeited  estates  in  Ireland, 
and  enjoyed  independence  and  comfort,  by 
the  offices  he  held,  and  by  marriage.  He 
began  publishing  in  1697,  and  distinguished 
himself  as  a  political  writer.  In  1720  he 
began,  with  Thomas  Gordon,  to  publish  in 
the  London,  and  the  British  Journal,  let- 
ters under  the  name  of  "  Cato,"  which 
were  popular,  and  attracted  much  atten- 
tion. He  was  a  member  of  parliament  for 
Taunton,  Somersetshire,  and  died  1723,  of 
an  ulcer  in  his  kidneys.  He  published 
some  pamphlets  now  forgotten.  He  is  de- 
scribed by  his  friend  Gordon  as  a  man  of 
extraordinary  talents,  and  great  probity, 
and  one  of  the  worthiest,  ablest,  and  most 
useful  men  this  country  ever  produced. 

Trenck,  Francis,  baron  de,  a  Prussian 
nobleman,  who  by  his  imprudent  conduct 
drew  upon  him  the  displeasure  of  his  go- 
vernment, and  was  imprisoned.  After  a 
long  captivity  he  escaped,  and  published 
his  memoirs,  which  contain  a  curious  ac- 
count of  his  adventures  and  sufferings,  but 
not  always  in  the  language  of  truth.  He 
came  to  France  during  the  revolution,  and 
wishing  to  acquire  popularity  among  the 
leaders  of  the  state,  he  was  arrested  as  a 
suspected  person,  and  by  the  revolutionary 
tribunal  sentenced  to  the  guillotine.  He 
suffered  in  the  summer  of  1794,  aged  70. 

Trevisani,  Francis,  a  native  of  Trieste, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  He  married  a  Ve- 
netian lady  of  illustrious  birth,  and  after- 
wards settled  at  Rome,  where  he  acquired 
celebrity  and  opulence.  His  historical 
pieces  and  his  landscapes  are  deservedly 
admired.  He  died  at  Rome,  1746,  aged 
90. 

Trevisi,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Trevisi. 
He  came  to  England,  and  recommended 
himself  to  the  notice  of  Henry  vm.  to 
whom  he  was  appointed  painter,  and  chief 
engineer.  He  was  killed  at  the  siege  of 
Boulogne,  1544.  He  chiefly  excelled  in 
history  and  in  portraits. 

Trimmer.,  Sarah,  an  ingenious  lady,  was 
the  daughter  of  Mr.  Joshua  Kirby,  clerk  of 
the  works  at  Kew,  and  author  of  some 
treatises  on  Perspective,  in  which  art  he 
instructed  their  late  majesties,  as  well  as 
the  present  king.  Sarah  was  born  at  Ips- 
wich, Jan.  6,  1741,  and  received  an  excel- 
lent education  under  the  eye  of  her  father. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-one  she  married 
Mr.  Trimmer,  by  whom  she  had  twelve 
children,  to  whose  education  she  devoted 
herself  with  exemplary  assiduity.  She 
was  also  an  active  encourager  of  Sunday 
schools ;    and    published     several     n«ef»it 


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books  Cor  the  benefit  of  youth  ;  some  of 
ivhich  are  in  the  list  of  publications  dis- 
Itersed  by  the  Society  for  prouiotiiig  Chris- 
tian Knowledge.  She  died  Dec.  15,  1810. 
—  W.  B. 

Trissino,  John  George,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  ^  iecnza,  1 178.  lie  studied  at 
Milan  and  at  Rome,  and  devoted  himself 
to  literary  pursuits.  He  married  in  1503, 
and  retired  to  the  enjoyment  of  domestic 
happiness  and  learned  ease.  The  death  of 
his  wife,  by  whom  he  had  two  sons,  drew 
him  into  public  life,  and  at  Rome  he  sooth- 
ed the  sorrows  of  his  domestic  misfortunes 
by  writing  a  tragedy,  Sophonisba,  which 
was  received  with  universal  applause,  and 
acted  before  pope  Leo.  X.  with  unusual 
pomp  and  magnificence.  He  was  after- 
wards employed  in  some  embassies  by  the 
pope,  and  universally  respected  for  his  ta- 
lents as  a  negotiator.  His  second  mar- 
riage, 1526,  and  his  fondness  for  a  son,  the 
fruit  of  this  marriage,  proved  the  source  of 
misery  to  him.  His  eldest  son  was  jealous 
of  his  partiality  for  this  younger  child,  and 
sued  his  father  for  the  property  of  his  de- 
parted mother,  in  which  he  prevailed. 
This  had  such  effect  upon  Trissino,  that  he 
died  of  chagrin,  at  Rome,  1550.  His  works 
were  published,  2  vols.  fol.  Verona,  1720. 
His  chief  poem  is  Italy  delivered  from  the 
Goths  by  Belisarius,  in  Italian,  a  work 
which  displays  genius  and  felicity  of  inven- 
tion, though  it  does  not  possess  the  flights 
or  beauties  of  Tasso.  If  he  was  not  the 
greatest  modern  poet,  he  was  the  first  who 
attempted  an  epic  poem  in  blank  verse,  and 
in  a  language  as  yet  unclassical. 

Trivulce,  John  James,  a  native  of  Mi- 
lan, banished  from  his  country  for  his  at- 
tachment to  the  Guelfs.  He  next  entered 
into  the  service  of  the  king  of  Arragon, 
and  afterwards  of  Charles  VIII.  king  of 
France,  and  for  his  meritorious  actions 
Tvas  promoted  to  the  rank  of  marshal  of 
the  kingdom.  He  greatly  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Aignadel,  in  1509, 
but  the  defeat  of  the  French  before  Novarra 
was  attributed  to  his  negligence,  and  there*- 
fore  his  character  suffered  much  in  the 
public  estimation,  till  his  services  to  Fran- 
cis I.  in  the  crossing  of  the  Alps,  1515,  re- 
stored him  to  popularity.  He  afterwards 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Ma- 
rignan,  and  died  at  Arpajon,  5th  Dec.  1518, 
aged  about  80.  His  relation,  Theodore, 
was  also  marshal  of  France,  and  distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battle  of  Aignadel. 
He  was  made  governor  of  Genoa  by  Fran- 
cis I.  and  when  obliged  to  surrender 
through  famine  to  a  besieging  army,  he  re- 
tired to  Lyons,  where  he  died,  1531.  His 
brother  Anthony  was  a  cardinal,  and  four 
others  of  that  family  also  were  raised  to 
the  rank  of  cardinals  in  the  16th  and  17th 
centuries. 


Trogus  PoMPEins,  author  of  a  valuabt^ 
hi.story  of  the  world  to  the  age  of  Augustus, 
nourished  about  11  B.C.  The  work  was 
epitomized  by  Justin,  and  the  original  is 
lost. 

Trommius,  Abraham,  a  protestant,  born 
at  Groningen  1633.  He  wrote  a  valuable 
Greek  concordance  of  the  Old  Testament, 
2  vols.  fol.  1718,  and  died  the  next  year. 

Tromp,  Martin  Happcrlz,  a  native  of 
Brille,  who  at  the  age  of  eight  embarked 
for  the  Indies  in  the  naval  service  ol  his 
country.  He  distinguisbed  himself  before 
Gibraltar,  1607,  and  by  degrees  rose  from 
the  lowest  station  to  the  chief  command, 
and  was  made  admiral  of  Holland.  He  de- 
feated a  numerous  Spanish  fleet  in  1639, 
and  signalized  his  valour  in  the  service  of 
his  country  in  32  other  naval  battles.  He 
was  killed  on  the  quarter  deck  while  com- 
manding the  fleet  which  engaged  the  English 
ships  under  Albemarle,  10th  Aug.  1653, 
and  he  was  honoured  by  his  countrymen 
with  a  most  splendid  funeral  in  Delft 
church,  where  his  remains  were  deposited. 
This  brave  man  refused  all  titles,  except 
that  of  father  of  the  sailors. 

Tromp,  Cornelius,  son  of  the  above,  dis- 
tinguished himself  also  in  the  naval  service 
of  the  republic,  against  the  corsairs  of  Bar- 
bary  in  1650,  and  against  the  Englibh  in 
1653,  and  1665.  He  behaved  with  great 
valour  in  the  two  naval  battles  fought  w  ith 
the  English  fleet  in  1673,  and  three  years 
after  he  succeeded  lluyter  as  admiral  of 
the  fleets  of  the  United  Provinces.  He 
died  21st  May,  1691,  aged  62. 

Tronchin,  Theodore,  a  physician,  born 
at  Geneva  1704.  He  came  to  England  with 
lord  Bolingbroke  his  relation,  and  after 
studying  at  Cambridge  he  went  to  Leyden, 
where  he  devoted  himself  to  medichie, under 
the  care  of  the  great  Boerhaave.  After 
taking  his  degrees  he  settled  at  Amsterdam 
as  physician,  but  returned  to  Geneva  in 
1754,  and  two  years  after  removed  to  Pa- 
ris, where  he  inoculated  some  of  the  Royal 
family  with  great  success.  He  was  much 
respected  in  this  capital,  and  acquired  great 
celebrity  and  equal  independence.  He  died 
there  1781,  deservedly  lamented  for  his  be- 
nevolence and  humane  attention  to  the  dis- 
eases of  the  poor.  He  wrote  de  Nympha, 
8vo. — de  ColicA  Pictorum,  Svo.  besides  an 
edition  of  Baillon's  works,  and  various  com- 
munications to  the  Encyclopedia. 

Troost,  Cornelius,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, distinguished  as  a  historian  and  a 
painter.  He  died  1750,  aged  53.  His  chief 
piece  is  preserved  in  the  school  of  surgery 
at  Amsterdam,  where  he  represents  an 
anatomical  professor  in  the  act  of  dissect- 
ing a  body  before  his  attentive  pupils. 

Trott,  Nicholas,  LL.D.  by  birth  an 
Englishman.  After  having  been  governor 
of  the  Bahama  Islands,  became  a  resident 

727 


TRU 


TKU 


of  South  Carolina,  near  the  close  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  He  was  elected 
speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly  of  that 
province  in  the  year  1700.  Three  years 
afterwards  his  name  appears  in  the  list  of 
counsellors  of  the  province.  After  this  he 
became  a  judge,  and  in  the  discharge  of  the 
duties  of  this  office  displayed  a  profound  ac- 
quaintance with  law,  and  an  extent  of 
general  erudition  truly  rare.  He  was  deeply 
versed  in  the  Latin,  Greek,and  Hebrew  lan- 
guages, as  well  as  in  the  principles  of  juris- 
prudence, and  for  nearly  forty  years,  was 
among  the  most  influential  men  in  South 
Carolina.  He  died  in  that  province  in  the 
year  1740.  jC3^  L. 

Trowbridge,  Edmund,  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Massachusetts,  was  born 
at  Newton  in  1709,  and  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1728.  He  became  a  law- 
yer of  the  first  rank  in  Massachusetts,  was 
appointed  attorney  general  in  1749,  and  a 
judge  of  the  supreme  court  in  1767,  and 
presided  at  the  trial  of  captain  Preston  of 
the  British  troops  in  Boston,  for  murder,  on 
the  5th  of  March,  1770.  He  was  attached 
to  the  royal  government,  though  he  disap- 
proved of  many  of  its  measures.  Alarmed 
by  the  aspect  of  the  times  he  resigned  in 
1772.  He  was  the  mo«t  profound  com- 
mon lawyer  in  New  England  before  the 
revolution,  and  pursued  his  legal  disquisi- 
tions long  after  he  had  ceased  to  be  actively 
engaged  in  the  profession,  and  employed 
himself  in  writing  essays  and  forming  ela- 
borate readings  upon  abstruse  and  difficult 
points  of  law,  many  of  which  are  now  ex- 
tant in  manuscript  and  print,  and  prove 
the  depth  of  his  learning,  and  diligence 
and  patience  of  his  research.  He  lived  in 
retirement  from  the  time  of  his  leaving  the 
bench,  and  died  at  Cambridge  in  April  1793, 
aged  94.  |Cj=^  L. 

Troy,  Francis  de,  a  native  of  Toulouse, 
who  studied  painting  under  his  father  and 
under  le  Fevre.  He  became  professor,  and 
afterwards  director  of  the  academy  of 
painting,  and  was  patronised  by  the  royal 
family.  His  female  figures  were  particu- 
larly pleasing,  so  that  it  was  said  of  him, 
that  he  had  stolen  the  cestus  of  Venus. 
He  died  at  Paris  1730,  aged  85. 

Troy,  John  Francis,  son  of  the  above, 
died  at  Rome  1752,  aged  76.  He  also  ex- 
celled as  a  painter,  and  was  made  rector  of 
the  academy  of  painting  at  Paris,  after- 
wards director  of  that  of  Rome,  and  a 
knight  of  the  order  of  St.  Michael.  His 
Niobe  changed  into  a  rock,  his  Esther  and 
his  Jason,  are  admired  pieces. 

Troyen,  Rombrud,  a  Flemish  painter, 
who  travelled  in  Italy,  and  excelled  in  the 
representation  of  jgrottoes,  caves,  ruins, 
and  all  objects  of  a  dark  and  melancholy 
appearance.     He  died  1650. 

Trublet,  Nicholas  Charles  Joseph,  a 
728 


native  of  St.  Malo,  who  became  member 
of  the  French  academy,  of  the  Berlin  aca- 
demy, and  treasurer  of  the  church  of  Nan- 
tes. He  published  Reflections  on  Telema- 
chus,which  introduced  him  to  la  Mothe  and 
Fontenelle,  and  he  enjoyed  the  patronage 
of  cardinal  de  Tencin,  but  preferred  retire- 
ment and  privacy  to  the  honours  which  the 
court  might  have  heaped  upon  him.  His 
essays  on  literature  and  morality,  4  vols. 
12mo.  possess  great  merit,  and  have  been 
translated  into  various  languages.  He 
wrote  besides,  memoirs  of  la  Mothe  and 
Fontenelle,  &.c.  and  died  March  1770, 
aged  73. 

Truchet,  John,  a  native  of  Lyons.  He 
applied  himself  to  philosophy  and  divinity, 
but  mechanics  proved  his  favourite  pursuit. 
Under  the  patronage  of  the  great  Colbert, 
he  paid  attention  to  geometry  and  hydrau- 
lics, and  his  superior  knowledge  was  con- 
sulted in  the  construction  of  canals  and 
aqueducts.  He  also  improved  the  mode  of 
bleaching,  and  invented  various  machines 
for  purposes  of  commerce,  and  for  the  pro- 
motion of  the  arts.  This  ingenious  man, 
who  had  embraced  the  order  of  the  Carmesy 
died  at  Paris,  5th  Feb.  1729,  aged  72.  As 
he  was  member  of  the  academy  of  sciences 
at  Paris,  he  enriched  their  memoirs  with 
yaluable  communications. 

Trumbull,  William,  LL.D.  an  eminent 
statesman,  born  in  Berkshire.  He  was  of 
St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  and  afterwards 
fellow  of  All  Souls,  where  he  took  his  doc- 
tor's degree  1667.  He  was  advocate  in 
doctors'  commons,  was  knighted  1684,  and 
the  next  year  sent  envoy  extraordinary  to 
France.  He  was  member  for  East  Loo, 
and  afterwards  for  Oxford  university,  and 
in  1695  was  appointed  secretary  of  state, 
but  resigned  two  years  after.  The  time  of 
his  death  is  not  fully  ascertained.  He  is 
described  by  Burnet  as  a  most  able  civilian, 
and  a  very  virtuous  man.  He  is,  however, 
chiefly  known  as  the  friend  and  correspon- 
dent of  Pope  the  poet. 

Trumbull,  Jonathan,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut was  born  in  Lebanon  in  1710,  and 
graduated  in  1727,  at  Harvard  college.  He 
possessed  a  mind  of  superior  endowments. 
He  at  first  devoted  himself  to  theology,  and 
preached  for  a  number  of  years  j  but  at 
length  turned  his  attention  to  law,  and  be- 
came eminent  in  the  profession.  He  was 
employed  in  many  offices  in  the  state,  the 
chief  of  which  were  those  of  chief  justice  of 
the  supreme  court,  lieutenant  governor, 
and  chief  magistrate,  the  latter  of  which  he 
held  from  1769  to  1783,  when  he  resign-^d 
on  account  of  his  age,  and  died  August 
17th,  1785.  He  rendered,  by  his  wisdom 
and  firmness, the  most  important  services  to 
the  state  and  nation  during  the  war  of  the 
revolution,  enjoyed  the  highest  confidence 
of  Washington,  and  was  pronounced  by 


TRU 


TtL 


him  to  be  among  the  first  of  patriots.  He 
ivas  distinguished  for  nmiahleness,  mo- 
desty, prudence,  uprightness,  the  love  of 
IVeedom,  and  piety.  «CIP'  L- 

Trumbull,  Jonathan,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, and  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  and  resided  at  Leliaiioii  in  that 
state.  He  was  educated  at  Harvard  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1759.  In  1775 
he  was  appointed  by  congress  paymaster 
in  the  northern  department,  and  not  long 
after,  secretary  and  aid  to  general  W^ash- 
ington.  He  was  for  several  years  a  mem- 
ber of  the  state  legislature,  and  speaker  of 
the  house,  and  in  1790,  was  elected  a  repre- 
sentative in  congress.  In  1791,  he  was 
chosen  speaker  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives, and  continued  in  that  station  tilll794, 
when  he  was  transferred  to  a  seat  in  the 
senate  of  the  United  States.  In  1796  he 
was  elected  lieutenant  governor  of  Connec- 
ticut, and  in  1798  governor,  and  continued 
in  the  office  till  his  death  in  1809,  in  the 
seventieth  year  of  his  age.  He  held  a  high 
rank  in  talents  and  acquirements,  was  emi- 
nent for  his  social  virtues,  stability,  upright- 
ness, and  piety,  and  discharged  the  duties 
of  his  various  public  stations,  with  distin- 
guished fidelity  and  intelligence. 

Truxton,  Thomas,  an  American  naval 
commander,  was  born  on  Long  Island, 
New- York,  February  l7th,  1755.  He  com- 
menced a  seafaring  life  at  the  age  of 
twelve,  and  was  impi'essed  and  served  a 
short  time  on  board  a  man  of  war.  He 
commanded  a  vessel  as  early  as  1775,  and 
during  the  revolution  distinguished  himself 
by  his  depredations  on  the  commerce  of 
the  enemy.  After  the  war  he  was  exten- 
sively engaged  in  the  East  India  trade  till 
1794,  when  he  was  appointed  to  command 
the  frigate  Constellation.  Being  sent  with 
a  squadron  to  protect  the  American  com- 
merce in  the  West  Indies,  while  cruising 
alone  he  fell  in  with  the  French  frigate 
L'Insurgente  on  the  9th  February,  1799, 
and  captured  her  though  of  superior  force  ; 
in  consideration  of  which  he  received  a 
service  of  plate  from  the  merchants  of 
Lloyd's  coffee-house.  In  February  of  the 
next  year  he  obtained  a  victory  over  the 
La  Vengeance  of  54  guns,  and  500  men, 
though  she  afterwards  escaped  from  him. 
After  the  close  of  that  war  with  France  he 
retired  from  service,  and  resided  at  Phila- 
delphia till  his  death  on  the  5th  of  May, 
1822.  ICF  L. 

Trusler,  Dr.  John,  a  literary  compiler, 
was  born  in  London  in  1735.  He  was 
brought  up  to  physic  in  a  very  humble  line  ; 
but  contrived  to  get  into  orders,  and  for 
some  time  officiated  as  a  curate.  At  length, 
in  1771,  he  began  to  publish  abridgments 
of  popular  sermons,  printed  in  imitation  of 
manuscript ;  and  next  he  established  a 
Vol.  II.  92 


bookselling  Ijusiness  upon  an  extensive 
scale.  Hiving  thus  acquired  a  fortune,  he 
piuchased  an  e.«tate  at  Knglcfnld-tjreen, 
where  he  died  in  1820,  His  compilalions 
are  too  numerous  and  contemptible  to  de- 
serve farther  notice.  The  best  are  his 
'•  Hogarth  Moralized,"  Hvo.  ;  and  a 
**  Compendium  of  Chronology,"  12mo. — 
W.B. 

Trtphiodorus,  a  Greek  poet,  wljoi^e 
poem  on  the  destruction  of  Troy  has  been 
printed  by  Merrick,  with  an  English  trans- 
lation, Oxford,  1742,  Svo. 

Tucker.  Abraham,  author  of  "  the  Light 
of  Nature  Pursued,"  9  vols.  Svo.  published 
under  the  assumed  name  of  Search,  was 
possessed  of  an  allluent  fortune,  and  died  at: 
his  seat,  Betchworth  castle,  near  Dorking, 
Surrey,  1775.  By  his  wife,  daughter  of  E. 
Barker,  esq.  he  had  two  daughters,  one  of 
whom  married  sir  H.  St.  John.  He  was 
an  amiable  man  in  private  life. 

Tucker,  Josiah,  an  able  divine.  He  was 
born  at  Laugharn,  Caermarthensliire,  1711, 
and  educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  proceeded  D.D.  1759.     His  first 
ecclesiastical  prefercnent   Avas  a  curacy  at 
Bristol,  and  afterwards  he  became  rector  of 
St.  Stephen's,  then  prebendary   of  the  ca- 
thedral, and  in   1758  dean   of  Gloucester. 
During  the  American  war  he  drew  much  of 
the  public  attention  upon  himself  by   his 
pamphlets,  in  which  he  asserted  the  neces- 
sity of  granting  independence  to  the  colo- 
nies, rather  than  to  attempt  to  subdue  them 
by  arms,  and  though  he  was  abused  by  the 
friends    of  the   minister,     his    deductions 
proved  prophetically  true.     As  a  writer  on 
subjects  of  government,  of  commerce,  and 
of  politics,  his  opinion  was  highly  respect- 
table,  and  ensured  him  the  good  opinion  of 
the  world.     In  his  celebrated  treatise  on 
civil  government  he  opposed  the  system  of 
Locke,  and  proved  himself  no  mean  anta- 
gonist in  the  field  of  philosophy  and  reason- 
ing.    He  published  some  sermons,  &c.  and 
died  at  an  advanced  age  1799. 

TucKEY,  James  Hingston,  a  nautical  wri- 
ter, was  born  at  Greenhill,  in  the  county 
of  Cork,  in  1776.  He  entered  the  navy  at 
an  early  age;  and  in  1794  went  to  India, 
where  he  was  made  a  lieutenant.  In  1803 
he  sailed  to  New  South  Wales,  where  he 
made  several  surveys  of  the  coast,  which 
with  the  account  of  his  voyage,  have  b*cn 
published.  In  1805,  he  was  taken,  and 
kept  in  confinement  in  France,  till  the 
downfal  of  Buonaparte.  He  was  then  se- 
lected to  command  an  expedition  for  explo- 
ring the  river  Congo,  where  he  died  in  Sep- 
tember, 1816.  While  a  prisoner  in  France, 
he  compiled  a  work,  entitled  "  Maritime 
Geography,"  which  was  published  in  4  vols. 
Svo.— W.B. 

TuLDEN,    Theodore  Van,    a  native  of 
Bois-le-duc,  eminent  as  a  painter  and  en- 

729 


TUL 


TUR 


graver.  His  fairs,  markets,  village  feasts, 
&c.  were  subjects  in  which  he  displayed  su- 
perior abilities  and  unparalleled  excellence. 
Some  of  his  historical  pieces  ax'e  much  ad- 
mired, and  his  engraving  of  the  labours  of 
Hercules  by  Nicolo  possesses  merit.  He 
died  1676,  aged  69. 

TuLL,  Jethro,  a  gentleman,  descended 
from  an  ancient  Yorkshire  family.  He  is 
ever  to  be  celebrated  as  the  first  English- 
man who  bestowed  particular  attention  to 
agriculture,  and  endeavoured  to  reduce  it 
to  a  regular  system,  and  on  consistent  prin- 
ciples. He  is  the  inventor  of  the  drill 
plough.  He  travelled  into  France,  and  vi- 
sited other  parts  of  Europe,  earnestly  atten- 
tive to  the  improvements  made  in  agricul- 
ture in  foi-eign  countries,  and  he  introduced 
into  practice  his  own  plans  in  his  farms  in 
Oxfordshire  and  Berkshire.  Though  in 
some  degree  baffled  by  the  stupidity  and 
obstinacy  of  his  labourers  and  the  mecha- 
nics whom  he  employed,  he  demonstrated 
that  by  careful  labour,  and  due 'arrange- 
ment, the  ground  would  produce  ^in  the 
course  of  thirteen  years  more  plen<iiul 
erops  than  by  the  usual  methods  of  manu- 
ring and  of  fallow.  His  neighbours,  who 
observed  the  rapid  improvements  of  his 
land,  prevailed  upon  him  to  publish  his 
theory,  which  appea-ed  in  1733.  His  es- 
say on  Horse-I.ceing  Husbandry,  fol.  was 
so  popular  that  it  was  translated  into 
French  by  du  Hamel.  He  published  other 
agricultural  tracts,  and  died  3d  June,  1740. 

TuLLUs  HosTiLius,  third  king  of  Rome, 
after  Numa,  was  successful  in  his  war 
against  the  people  of  Alba  and  the  Latins. 
He  died  B.C.  640. 

TuLLT,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Carlisle, 
educated  at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  where 
he  became  tutor  and  fellow.  He  was  in 
1642,  elected  master  of  Tetbury  grammar- 
school,  but  he  soon  quitted  the  appointment 
for  a  college  life.  He  was  made  head  of 
St.  Edmund  hall  1657,  and  at  the  restora- 
tion he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  and  became 
chaplain  to  the  king.  He  was  made  dean 
of  Rippon  1675,  and  died  the  next  year 
aged  56.  He  was  author  of  Logica  Apode- 
ictica,  8vo.  and  some  other  theological 
tracts,  besides  controversial  pieces  against 
Bull  and  Baxter  on  the  subject  of  justifica- 
tion. 

TuLLY,  George,  a  relation  of  the  prece- 
ding, born  also  at  Carlisle,  and  educated  at 
Queen's  college,  Oxford.  He  was  author 
«  of  a  Discourse  on  the  Government  of  the 
Thoughts,  8vo. — and  published  a  Transla- 
tion of  Plutarch's  Morals — of  Miltiades's 
Life  by  Corn.  Nepos,  and  of  Julius  Caesar 
by  Suetonius,  with  notes.  He  published 
besides  some  sermons  and  theological  tracts. 
He  obtained  a  prebend  of  Rippon,  and  the 
iectory  of  Galeside  near  Newcastle,  and 
730 


the  subdeanery  of  York  cathedral.      He 
died  1695,  aged  42. 

TuNSTALL,  James,  an  able  divine,  born 
1710,  and  educated  at  St.  John's  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  became  fellow  and 
tutor.  He  was  presented  1739,  to  Sturmer 
rectory,  Essex,  and  in  1741,  elected  public 
orator  of  the  university.  He  was  chaplain 
afterwards  to  Potter  the  primate,  who  gave 
him  Great  Chart  rectory  in  Kent.  He  died 
universally  respected,  28th  March,  1772. 
He  wrote  Epistola  ad  Virum  Erudit.  Con- 
yers  Middleton,  &c. — Academica,  or  Dis- 
courses on  Natural  and  Revealed  Religion 
— a  Vindication  of  the  Power  of  the  State 
to  prohibit  Clandestine  Marriages,  &  c. 

TuRBiDO,  Francis,  a  native  ol  Verona, 
who  studied  painting  under  Gorgione  and 
Veronese,  and  acquired  eminence  in  the  ex- 
ecution of  historical  pieces,  in  fresco  and 
in  oil.  His  transfiguration  is  much  ad- 
mired.    He  died  1581,  aged  81. 

TuRENNE,  Henry  de  la  Tour  d'Au- 
vergne,  viscount  de,  second  son  of  the  duke 
of  Bouillon,  by  Elizabeth  daughter  of  Wil- 
liam I.  of  Nassau,  prince  of  Orange,  was 
born  at  Sedan  11th  Sept.  1611.  He  was 
alive  from  his  earliest  years  to  military 
glory,  and  found  particular  delight  in  read- 
ing Curtius  on  the  exploits  of  Alexander  the 
Great.  He  learned  the  art  of  war  under 
his  maternal  uncle  Maurice  of  Nassau,  and 
first  distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  la 
Mothe  in  Lorraine,  in  1634.  In  1635  he 
reduced  with  great  rapidity  the  castle  of 
Soire  in  Hainault,  with  a  garrison  of  2000 
men  ;  and  the  next  year  so  signalized  him- 
self at  the  taking  of  Brisach,  that  Richelieu 
admiring  his  valour,  offered  him  his  niece 
in  marriage,  an  honour  which,  as  he  was  a 
protestant,  he  declined.  Italy  was  in  1639, 
the  scene  of  his  valour,  and  in  1642,  he  as- 
sisted at  the  conquest  of  Rousillon,  and  two 
years  after,  in  reward  for  his  able  services, 
during  17  years  under  various  generals,  he 
was  made  marshal  of  France,  and  appoint- 
ed commander-in-chief  of  the  army  in 
Germany.  He  crossed  the  Rhine  with  a 
small  force,  and  though  defeated  at  Ma- 
riendal  1645,  he  recovered,  three  months 
after,  at  the  victory  of  Northlingen,  the  ho- 
nour of  his  army.  In  1645, he  re-established 
the  elector  of  Treves  in  the  possession  of 
his  dominions,  and  the  following  year  he 
formed  a  union  with  the  Swedish  army 
under  Wrangel,  after  a  march  of  140 
leagues,  and  by  this  masterly  manoeuvre, 
obliged  the  duke  of  Bavaria  to  sue  for 
peace.  When  the  duke  soon  after  violated 
the  peace  which  he  had  made  with  France, 
Turenne  again  attacked  him,  and  gaining 
over  him  the  famous  battle  of  Zumarthau- 
sen,  he  obliged  him  to  quit  his  dominions. 
In  the  civil  wars  which  soon  after  distract- 
ed France,  Turenne  at  first  embraced  the 
party  of  the  rebellious  princes,  and  was  de- 


TUU 


TUU 


feated  near  Khetel  in  1650,  by  du  Plessis 
Prassin,  but  the  following  year  he  was  re- 
conciled to  the   court,    and   obtained   the 
command  of  the  royal  army.     He  was  suc- 
cessfully employed  in  checking  the  progress 
of  Conde,  to   whom  he  was  ojiposed,  and 
after  some  skilful  inanajuvres  on  the  Loire, 
the  Seine,  and  the  Marne,  he  went  in  1654 
to  raise  the  siege  of  Arras,  which  was  pres- 
sed by  the   Spaniards,   and    the    following 
year  he  took  Conde,  St.  Guillan,  and  other 
towns.     In  16;)7  he   took   St.  Venant   and 
Mardick,  and  joined  the  forces  of  Crom- 
well in  taking  Dunkirk,  which  was  followed 
by  the  fall  of  Oudenarde,  Ypres,  and  other 
Flemish  towns.     The  peace   of  the   Pyre- 
nees in  1659,  put  an  end  to  the  war  between 
France   and  Spain,  but  in  1667,  it  was  re- 
newed, and  Turenne,   again  placed  at  the 
head  of  military  operations,  had  the  honour 
of  instructing  the   king  his  master  in  the 
art  of  war.     His   success   was   so   rapid, 
that  the  Spaniards  sued  for  peace  the  next 
year,  and  about  this  time  the  general  re- 
nounced the  tenets  of  the  protestants  for 
the   catholic  .faith.      In    the  war   against 
Holland  the  experienced  general  took  40 
Dutch  towns  in  22  days,  in  1672  and  the 
following  year,  he  pursued  to  the  gates  of 
Berlin  the  elector  of  Brandenburg,  who  had 
come  to  the  assistance  of  the  Dutch,  and 
obliged   him   to  sue  for  peace.     His  con- 
quest of  Franche  Comtc  in  1674,  occasion- 
ed a  powerful  league  in  the  empire  against 
Lewis  XIV.  but  Turenne,  ever   active  in 
the  service  of  his  master,  suddenly  march- 
ed into  the  Palatinate,  and  defeated  at  Sint- 
zein   a   German  army  under  the  duke  of 
Lorraine,  and  laid  waste  the  country  so  ef- 
fectually, that  from  the  top  of  his  castle  at 
Manheim  the   elector  Palatine  could  see 
two  cities  and  25  villages  around  him  in 
flames.      After  this  campaign,   in  which 
more  cruelty  was  exercised  than  humanity 
could  defend,   Turenne  retreated  to  Lor- 
raine, and  defeated  the  Imperialists  at  Mul- 
hausen,  and  again  in  a  more  terrible  battle 
at  Turkheim,  and  compelled  them  to  recross 
the  Rhine  1675.     These  disasters  did   not 
dishearten  the  cabinet  of  Vienna,  who  de- 
termined to  place  at  the  head  of  their  armies 
Montecuculli,  a  general  worthy  to  oppose 
tlxe    victorious    Turenne,  and  these  two 
illustrious  characters  were  going  to  decide 
the   valour  of  their  troops  and  their  own 
superiority  near  the  village  of  Saltzbach, 
when  the  French  hero,  examining  a?pot  on 
which  to  erect  a  battery,  was  unfortunately 
killed  by  a  cannon  ball,  27th  July,  1675, 
aged  64.     This  celebrated  character,  de- 
servedly reckoned  as  the  first  general  of 
his  age,  was  honoured  with  a  most  splen- 
did funeral  by  the  gratitude  of  his  master, 
and  he  was  buried  among  the  French  kings 
at   St.  Denys.     In   1781  a  superb  trophy 
was  erected  on  the  very  spot  where  he  fell 


at  Saltzbach,  by  cardinal  d<:  Rohan,  in 
the  midst  of  his  victories,  Turcrme  was 
particularly  attentive  to  the  comforts  of 
his  soldiers  ;  he  not  ordy  watfjhcd  for  their 
glory,  but  their  welfare  was  the  great- 
est wish  of  his  heart.  In  his  private  con- 
duct he  was  modest  and  unassuming,  and 
when  at  the  treaty  of  the  Pyrenees,  the 
kings  of  Spain  and  France  introduced  to 
each  other  the  chief  persons  of  their  court, 
Turenne  was  found  concealed  among  the 
crowd,  and  when  presented  to  the  Spanish 
monarch,  Philip  observed  to  his  sister,  Ann 
of  Austria,  "  that  is  the  man  who  has  made 
me  pass  so  many  sleepless  nights." 

TuRGOT,  Michael  Stephen,  president  of 
the  parliament  at  Paris,  was  an  active  and 
popular  magistrate.  He  contributed  much 
to  adorn  Paris,  and  to  promote  the  comforts 
of  its  inhabitants.  He  left  three  sons,  and 
died  1751,  aged  52. 

TaRGOT,  Anne  Robert  James,  an  emi- 
nent statesman,  youngest  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Paris,  lOth  May,  1727. 
He  studied  divinity  at  the  Sorbonne,  where 
he  pronounced  two  Latin  discourses  with 
great  applause,  one  on  the  advantages  de- 
rived from  the  Christian  religion,  and  the 
other  on  the  progress  of  the  human  mind, 
and  at  the  age  of  24  he  began  a  translation 
of  the  Georgics  of  Virgil.  His  abilities 
recommended  him  to  the  court,  and  for  12 
years  he  was  intendant  of  liimoges,  where 
he  promoted  commerce  and  industry,  and 
opened  sources  of  opulence  by  the  making 
of  new  roads,  and  the  digging  of  canals. 
Called  by  the  favour  of  Lewis  XVI.  to  the 
office  of  comptroller-general  of  the  finan- 
ces, he  devoted  himself  zealously  to  im- 
prove the  resources  of  the  kingdom,  and  to 
lessen  the  burdens  of  the  people  without 
diminishing  the  revenues  of  the  state.  His 
plans  were  grand,  liberal,  and  useful ;  but 
unfortunately  he  was  opposed  by  those  who 
were  possessed  of  power  rather  than  of  an 
enlightened  mind,  and  his  measures  were 
ridiculed  by  the  profligate  and  the  vicious, 
who  rioted  on  the  miseries  of  the  people, 
and  he  at  last  retired  from  a  situation  which 
he  had  adorned  by  his  talents  and  his  in- 
tegrity. His  ministry  was,  indeed,  short, 
but  very  popular  and  useful,  and  he  carried 
into  his  retirement  the  good  wishes  and  the 
regret  of  the  people.  He  died  of  the  gout, 
18th  March,  1781,  aged  49.  Memoirs  of 
his  life  and  of  his  works  were  published  by 
Condorcet,  in  1782,  8vo.  He  was  a  warm 
admirer  of  the  principles  of  the  econo- 
mists, a  society  at  the  head  of  which  was 
placed  Quesnay. 

TuRNEBUs,  Adrian,  a  French  critic,  born 
1512,  at  Andely  in  Normandy.  He  studied 
at  Paris,  and  acquired  great  reputation  for 
his  application,  learning,  and  critical  know- 
ledge. He  taught  polite  literature  at  Tou- 
louse, and  in  1547  became  Greek  professor 

•731 


TU^ 


TWE 


at  Paris,  where  his  lectures  were  mest  nu- 
merously attended.  In  1552  he  superin- 
tended the  royal  press  for  Greek  books, 
but  resigned  three  years  after.  He  died 
12th  June,  1565,  leaving  his  wife  pregnant 
of  her  sixth  child.  Not  only  his  extensive 
erudition,  but  his  amiable  manners,  entitled 
him  to  the  general  praise  which  has  been 
bestowed  upon  his  character,  and  from  the 
Scaligers,  Scioppius,  Huetius,  Montaigne, 
and  others,  he  has  been  deservedly  men- 
tioned as  possessing  great  powers  of  mind. 
His  works,  all  in  Latin,  Mere  printed  in  1 
vol.  folio,  Strasburg  1600,  and  his  Adver- 
saria, an  excellent  book  in  3  vols,  folio, 
Paris.  His  works  chiefly  consist  of  valu- 
able notes  on  Cicero,  Varro,  Thucydides, 
Plato,  &c. — Latin  poems — translations 
from  Aristotle,  Theophrastus,  Plutarch,  and 
other  authors,  &c. 

Turner,  William,  a  native  of  Morpeth, 
Northumberland,  educated  at  Pembroke- 
hall,  Cambridge.  He  warmly  embraced 
the  tenets  of  the  reformation,  and  preached 
to  various  congregations,  till  Gardiner,  jea- 
lous of  his  popularity,  imprisoned  him. 
When  liberated  he  went  to  the  continent, 
and  took  his  doctor's  degree  of  medicine  at 
Ferrara.  He  returned  to  England,  on  Ed- 
ward's accession,  and  was  made  dean  of 
Wells,  but  he  went  into  exile,  under  Mary, 
till  the  elevation  of  Elizabeth  recalled  him, 
and  restored  him  to  his  ecclesiastical  ho- 
nours. He  wrote  a  treatise  on  the  baths  of 
England  and  Germany — a  complete  Her- 
bal, or  History  of  Plants,  fol. — Historia  de 
Naturis  Herbarum,  Scholiiset  Notis  Valla- 
ta,  8vo. — and  other  botanical  works,  and 
died  1568. 

Turner,  Thomas,  an  able  divine,  born  at 
Reading,  Berks,  and  educated  at  St.  John's 
college,  of  which  he  became  fellow.  He 
was  in  1629  made  residentiary  of  St.  Paul's, 
and  chaplain  to  Charles  L  whom  he  accom- 
panied in  his  expedition  to  Scotland,  and 
in  1641,  he  was  made  dean  of  Rochester, 
and  soon  after  of  Canterbury.  These  dig- 
nities, and  particularly  the  favourof  Charles, 
I'endered  him  very  suspected  to  the  parlia- 
ment, and  during  the  civil  wars,  he  was 
stripped  of  his  preferment,  with  every  mark 
of  cruel  insult,  and  meditated  ignominy. 
The  restoration  replaced  him  in  his  eccle- 
siastical offices,  and  he  died  1672,  aged  81. 

Turner,  Francis,  son  of  the  above,  was 
educated  at  Winchester  school,  and  New 
college,  Oxford,  and  he  afterwards  obtained 
a  prebend  of  St.  Paul's,  and  the  deanery  of 
Windsor.  He  was  in  1683  made  bishop 
of  Rochester,  and  the  next  year  removed 
to  Ely,  but  his  opposition  to  the  king's  mea- 
sures rendered  him  unpopular  at  court,  and 
he  was  one  of  the  seven  bishops  sent  to  the 
Tower.  At  the  revolution  he  refused  to 
take  the  oaths  to  William,  and  was  conse- 
quently deprived  of  his  preferment*  He 
732 


wi'ote  some  sermons,  besides  religious  po^ 
ems,  and  the  life  of  Nicholas  Ferrar,  and 
died  in  privacy,  1700. 

Turner,  Robert,  an  English  divine,  who 
quitted  the  kingdom  to  preserve  his  attach- 
ment to  the  Romish  church.  He  was  for 
some  time  in  the  service  of  the  duke  of  Ba- 
varia, who  employed  him  in  negotiations, 
and  he  afterwards  became  canon  of  Bres- 
law,  and  died  at  Gratz  1597.  He  wrote 
commentaries  on  Scripture  and  other  theo- 
logical works. 

Turpin,  F.  H.  a  native  of  Caen.  He 
became  a  professor  of  belles  lettres  in  his 
native  town,  and  alterwards  at  Paris,  and 
acquired  some  celebrity  as  a  writer.  He 
published  the  lives  of  the  great  Conde,  and 
of  marshal  Choiseul — History  of  the  Go- 
vernment of  Ancient  Republics — Life  of 
Mahomet,  3  vols.  12mo. — Civil  and  Natural 
History  of  Siam,  &c.  2  vols.  12mo. — Uni- 
versal History,  4  vols. —  History  of  the  Alco- 
ran, 2  vols. — The  French  Plutaich.  He 
died  at  Paris  1799,  aged  90. 

Turretin,  Benedict,  of  an  ancient  fa- 
mily at  Lucca,  was  born  at  Geneva,  where 
he  became  professor  of  theology,  and  where 
he  died  4th  March,  1631,  aged  43.  He 
wrote  a  defence  of  the  Genevese  translation 
of  the  Bible,  sermons,  &c. 

Turretin,  Francis,  son  of  the  above, 
was  born  at  Geneva,  1623.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  theology  at  Geneva,  1653,  and 
went  in  1661  as  envoy  from  the  republic  to 
Holland.  He  died  28th  Sept.  1687.  He 
wrote  Institutio  Theologia;  Elenchticae,  3 
vols.  4to. — Theses  de  Satisfactione  J.  C. 
4to. — De  Secessione  ab  Ecclesid  Rom.  2 
vols. — Sermons,  &c. 

Turretin,  John  Alphonsus,  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Geneva,  1671.  In 
encouragement  of  his  great  talents,  a  pro- 
fessorship of  ecclesiastical  history  was 
founded  for  him  at  Geneva.  After  travel- 
ling over  Holland,  France,  and  England, 
much  respected  by  the  learned  and  the 
great,  he  died  at  Geneva  1st  May,  1737. 
He  wrote.  Dissertations,  3  vols,  4to. — Ser- 
mons— An  Abridgment  of  Ecclesiastical 
History — treatises  on  the  Truth  of  the 
Jewish  religion,  &c. 

TussER,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Raven-hall, 
Essex,  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge. 
He  was  introduced  to  the  court  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  but  he  preferred  the  peace  ami 
retirement  of  a  rural  life  to  the  intrigues  of 
ambition.  His  five  Hundred  Points  of 
Good  Husbandry,  4to.  1586,  is  an  interest- 
ing picture  of  the  agricultural  progress  made 
in  those  days.     He  died  about  1580. 

Tweddell,  John,  an  accomplished  scho- 
lar, was  born  June  1st,  1769,  at  Threep- 
wood,  near  Hexham,  in  Northumberland. 
He  was  educated  first  at  Hartforth  school 
in  Yorkshire,  next  under  Dr.  Parr,  and  last- 
ly at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  where  YiC- 


«TYJ. 


TiH 


ttbtaincd  a  fellowship  in  179*2.  He  gained 
prizes  at  the  university  for  his  eoniposi- 
lions,  which  he  published  in  1794,  with  the 
title  of  "  Prolusiones  Juveniles."  lie  be- 
came a  student  in  the  Temple  ;  but  in  1795 
he  set  out  on  his  travels,  and  died  while  at 
Athens,  July  25th,  1799.  As  it  was  known 
that  he  had  amassed  large  materials  for  pub- 
Ucation,  the  learned  world  anxiously  ex- 
pected the  result  of  his  labours  ;  but  un- 
fortunately, though  his  manuscripts  were 
left  in  the  care  of  the  Engi-ih  ambassador 
at  Constantinople,  none  of  tliem  came  to 
the  hands  of  his  friends.  A  volume  of  his 
correspondence,  with  some  of  his  remains, 
and  a  biographical  memoir,  appeared  in 
1815,  4to. 

Twining,  Thomas,  an  elegant  Greek 
scholar,  well  known  for  his  trandation  of 
the  Poetics  of  Aristotle,  in  one  volume,  4to. 
He  was  a  native  of  London,  and  finished 
his  education  at  Sidney  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  proceeded  M.A.  1763.  He  was 
presented  to  the  living  of  St.  Mary's,  Chi- 
chester, by  Dr.  Porteus,  bishop  of  London, 
and  he  died  there  in  1804. 

Twiss,  William,  a  native  of  Newbury, 
Berks,  educated  at  Winchester  school  and 
New  college,  Oxford.  He  became  a  zeal- 
ous defender  of  the  tenets  of  the  presby- 
terians,  and  was  made  president  of  the 
Westminster  assembly  of  divines,  and  rec- 
tor of  St.  Andrew's,  Holborn.  He  wrote 
Tindiciae  Gratiae  Potestatis  et  Providentiae 
Dei,  fol. — Four  Dissertations  de  Scientia 
Medica,  fol. — Riches  of  God's  Love,  and 
other  theological  works  which  tended  to 
prove  his  strong  attachment  to  the  doc- 
trines of  Calvin.     He  died  1645. 

Tte,  Christopher,  musical  preceptor  to 
Edward  VL  and  organist  of  the  royal 
chapel  under  Elizabeth,  was  born  at  West- 
minster, and  educated  at  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  his  doctor  of  music's  degree  1 545. 
As  a  musician  he  was  very  eminent,  and 
set  to  music  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  and 
other  things.  To  his  diligence  in  some 
degree  may  be  attributed  the  restora- 
tion of  church  music,  which  had  near- 
ly perished  with  the  dissolution  of  the 
abbeys.  The  time  of  his  death  is  not 
tnown. 

Tyers,  Thomas,  a  writer,  known  as  the 
friend  of  Johnson,  and  as  the  proprietor 
of  Vauxhall  gardens.  He  was  brought  up 
to  the  bar,  but  never  practised.  He  pos- 
sessed some  genius  and  taste,  though  for 
his  celebrity  he  was  indebted  to  the  par- 
tiality jof  his  friends.  He  died  1787. 
He  wrote  some  sonnets,  pastorals,  besides 
political  tracts,  &c.  8vo. 

Tyler,  John,  governor  of  Virginia,  was 
elected  in  1808.  He  was  one  of  the  lead- 
ing revolutionary  characters  of  Virginia, 
was  many  years  a  member  of  the  house  of 
delegates,  and  in  1781  succeeded  Mr.  Ben- 


jamin Harrison  as  speaker.  After  being 
governor  hi;  was  judge  of  the  district  court 
of  the  Lnited  States  for  Virginia,  and 
died  at  his  seat  in  Charles  county,  Janu- 
ary 6th,  181  :J.  He  was  simple  in  his  man- 
ners, distinguished  for  tbe  uprightness 
and  fidelity  with  which  he  dischargt  d  his 
official  duties,  and  enjoyed  in  an  uncom- 
mon degree  the  esteem  and  confidence  of 
his  fellovv-eitizens.  I'CZr'  L. 

Tynuall,  William,  an  English  reformer. 
He  was  born  on  the  borders  of  Wales,  and 
educated  at  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford,  where 
he  inibibed  the  doctrines  of  Luther.  He 
afterwards  went  to  Cambridge,  and  then 
settled  on  the  continent  that  he  might  with 
greater  security  print  his  translation  of  the 
New  Testament  into  English.  His  trans- 
lation was  well  received  in  En;^land, 
thougli  the  catholics  exerted  themselves 
with  the  aid  of  a  royal  proclamation  to 
suppress  it.  He  afterwards  translated  the 
five  books  of  Moses,  and  intended  further 
labour,  but  the  papists  of  England  were  so 
enraged  against  him  that  they  employed  a 
spy  of  the  name  of  Philips  to  betray  him, 
and  he  was  seized  as  a  heretic  at  Antwerp, 
where  he  had  fixed  his  residence.  Philips 
was  so  active  that  though  the  English  mer- 
chants in  Antwerp  interested  themselves  in 
his  favour,  and  lord  Cromwell  wrote  for  his 
release,  he  was  condemned  to  die.  He  was 
first  strangled,  then  burnt  near  Filford  cas- 
tle, 18  miles  from  Antwerp,  1536.  He  was 
a  man  of  persevering  spirit,  and  great  zeal 
as  a  reformer,  and  was  therefore  called  the 
apostle  of  England.  His  history  is  men- 
tioned in  Fox's  Martyrs.  He  wrote  some 
other  things. 

Tynte,  Edward,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  succeeded  sir  Nathaniel  John- 
son. He  was  commissioned  in  1709,  and 
died  the  following  year.  He  was  a  man  of 
taste  and  genius.  Idr*  L> 

Tyrannion,  a  surname  of  Theophrastus, 
a  grammarian  of  Pontus,  from  the  severity 
of  his  discipline.  He  was  taken  prisoner 
by  Lucullus,  and  came  to  Rome,  where  he 
had  Cicero  and  other  illustrious  Romans 
among  his  friends  and  pupils. 

Tyrt^us,  a  poet  of  Athens  about  681 
B.C.  He  animated  the  Lacedaemonians, 
who  were  dispirited  in  their  war  against 
the  Messenians,  and  such  was  the  effect  of 
his  poetical  numbers  that  they  obtained  the 
victory  over  their  enemies. 

Tyrwhitt,  Thomas,  an  eminent  scho- 
lar, born  1730.  He  was  sent  from  Ken- 
sington to  Eton,  and  then  entered  at 
Queen's  college,  Oxford,  from  whence  he 
wa-^,  in  1755,  elected  fellow  of  Merton. 
He  was,  in  1756,  under-secretary  at  war  to 
lord  Barrington,  and  in  1761  became  prin- 
cipal clerk  of  the  house  of  Commons, 
which  office  he  resigned,  six  years  after,  to 
]Mr.  Hatsell.     In  1784  he  was  elected  cu- 


T¥S 


TZE 


lAtor  of  the  British  museum,  and  died 
1786,  universally  respected,  as  well  for 
learning  as  for  gentleness  and  amiableness 
of  temper,  seldom  equalled.  His  works, 
12  in  number,  display  labour,  as  well  as 
taste  aiid  judgment.  The  best  known  of 
his  publications  are  Observations  on  some 
passages  in  Shakspeare — Poetical  transla- 
tions of  Pope's  Messiah,  of  Philip's  Splen- 
did Shilling,  into  Latin,  and  Pindar's 
eighth  Isthmian  ode  into  English — Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales,  5  vols.  Svo. — Rowley's 
poems,  written  by  Chatterton,  with  a  vin- 
dication against  Bryant,  the  dean  of  Exe- 
ter, and  others — de  Lapidibus,  a  Greek 
poem  attributed  to  Orpheus — an  oration  of 
Isaeus  against  Menecles — Aristotle's  Poet- 
ics, &c. 

Tysilio,  a  Welsh  bard  about  the  7th 
century,  author  of  a  chronicle  of  Britain, 
from  which  it  is  said  that  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth  derived  much  of  his  informa- 
tion. 

Tyson,  Edward,  a  native  of  Bristol,  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford,  where  he 
studied  medicine,  and  took  his  degrees. 
Dr.  Tyson  afterwards  settled  in  London, 
and  acquired  a  very  extensive  practice. 
He  became  physician  to  Bethlehem  and 
Bridewell  hospitals,  and  died  very  sud- 
denly, 1708,  aged  58.  He  was  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society,  and  communicated  some 
valuable  papers  to  its  transactions.  His 
works  are  Phocaena,  or  anatomy  of  a  por- 


poise, 4to. — Ephemeri  Vita,  or  the  natural 
history  of  the  Ephemeron,  4to. — Ourang 
Outang,  or  comparison  of  the  anatomy  of 
the  Pigmy,  the  Ape,  the  Monkey,  and 
Man,  &c.  4to. 

Tytler,  William,  an  able  antiquary, 
born  at  Edinburgh  1711.  He  published 
the  poetical  remains  of  James  I.  of  Scot- 
land—  a  dissertation  of  Scottish  music — 
an  inquiry  into  the  evidence  against  Mary 
queen  of  Scots,  &.c.  an  able  work,  which  in 
reflecting  on  the  conclusions  of  Robertson 
and  Hume,  endeavoured  to  turn  away  the 
tide  of  unpopularity  from  that  unfortu- 
nate queen.  This  last  work  passed 
through  several  editions.  He  died  advan* 
ced  in  life,  and  highly  respected  for  his 
private  and  public  character.  He  left  two 
sons. 

TzETZES,   John,  a  celebrated  gramma- 
rian  of  Constantinople.      He  shone  as  a 
great  scholar  and  a    most   accomplished 
man,  and  it  is  said  his  memory  was  so  re- 
tentive that  he  could  repeat  all  the   Scrip- 
tures by  heart.     He  wrote  valuable  com- 
mentaries on  the  Alexandra  of  Lycophron, 
published  by  Potter,  in  his  edition  of  that 
poet,  1697.     He  wrote  also    "  Chiliades," 
an   elaborate    work — Scholia   on    Hesiod 
— epigrams  and  poems — pieces  on  gram- 
mar, &.C. — Allegories  on  Homer,  dedicated 
to   the    empress  Irene,   who    died   1158, 
which  proves  the  author  to  have  flourished 
in  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century. 


ULF 

UbALDINI,  Petruccio,  a  celebrated  illu- 
minator on  vellum.  The  book  in  which  he 
wrote,  and  illuminated,  in  beautiful  letters, 
various  sentences  from  Scripture,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Nicholas  Bacon,  for  the  use  of  lady 
Lumley,  has  been  long  preserved  in  the  li- 
brary of  Gorhambury.  He  died  about  the 
middle  of  the  16th  century. 

Udino,  John  d',  an  Italian  painter,  the 
disciple  of  Raphael.  His  animals  and  land- 
scapes were  much  admired.  He  died  1564, 
aged  70. 

Ughelli,  Ferdinand,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  entered  among  the  Cister- 
cians, and  distinguished  himself  bj'  his 
learning,  his  humility,  and  his  other  vir- 
tues. He  died  at  Rome  19th  May,  1670, 
aged  75.  He  published  Italia  Sacra,  9 
vols.  fol.  i662,  and  Iv)  vols.  fol.  1722. 

Ulacq,  Adrian,  author  of  a  treatise  on 
Trigonometry  in  Latin,  fol. — Logarithmo- 
rum  Chiliades  Centum,  fol.  1628,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Ghent,  and  died  in  the  middle  of 
the  17th  century. 

Ui-FELD  CoRNiFJx,  couut  dc  son  of  the 
734 


ULL 

Danish  minister,  was  patronised  by  Chris^ 
tian  IV.  king  of  Denmark,  whose  natural 
daughter  he  married.  His  ambition  and 
his  intrigues  rendered  him  suspected  to 
the  next  monarch,  Frederic  III.  and  he  fled 
to  Sweden,  where  Christina  received  him 
with  open  arms.  After  that  queen's  death 
he  returned  to  Copenhagen,  but  his  inten- 
tions were  interpreted  as  hostile  to  the  go- 
vernment, and  he  was  again  obliged  to  fly 
for  protection  abroad.  He  lived  for  some 
time  in  disguise  at  Basil,  but  being  disco- 
vered, he  sailed  down  the  Rhine,  and  died 
of  cold  in  the  vessel  in  which  he  had  em- 
barked, Feb.  1664,  aged  60,  and  was  buried 
at  the  foot  of  a  neighbouring  tree. 

Ulloay  Pereira,  Lewis  de,  a  Spanish 
poet,  born  at  Toro,  in  Leon.  He  gained 
the  protection  of  Philip  IV.  by  his  sonnets 
and  other  poetical  pieces,  and  by  the  friend- 
ship of  the  duke  of  Olivares,  he  obtained 
the  government  of  the  province  of  Leon. 
He  died  1660.  Though  great  in  the  comic 
and  the  burlesque,  he  was  equally  successful 
in  the  grave  and  the  serious.     The  best  of 


UND 


URii 


his  poems  is  Racliael,  or  the  Loves  of  Al- 
phonso  VIII.  His  works  were  printed  to- 
gether, 1674,  in  4to. 

Ulloa,  Dom  Antonio,  a  Spanish  mathe- 
matician, sent  with  others  to  Peru,  to  mea- 
sure a  degree  of  the  meridian.  On  his  re- 
turn to  Europe  he  was  taken  by  the  Eng- 
lish, and  when  released  was  again  sent  to 
America,  as  governor  of  Louisiana.  He 
died  1795,  aged  79.  His  Historical  Voy- 
ages in  South  America,  have  appeared  2 
vols.  4to.  and  have  been  translated  into 
French. 

Ulpian,  Domitius,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
minister  of  state  to  the  emperor  Alexan- 
der Severus.  He  was  very  hostile  to  the 
Christians.  He  was  assassinated  by  the 
soldiers,  226.  Some  fragments  of  his  works 
are  extant. 

Ulrica,  Eleonora,  second  daughter  of 
Charles  XI.  of  Sweden,  was  born  1688, 
governed  the  kingdom  during  the  absence 
of  her  brother  Charles  XII.  and  after  his 
death  she  was  proclaimed  queen,  1719. 
The  following  year  she  resigned  the  crown 
to  her  husband  Frederic  of  Hessc-Cassel, 
with  whom  she  shared  the  honours  of  roy- 
alty ;  but  such  was  the  ascendency  of  the 
nobles,  that  they  obliged  their  sovereigns 
to  acknowledge  their  right  to  the  throne  as 
the  unbiassed  election  of  the  people.  Ulri- 
ca, by  a  wise  administration,  contributed 
to  restore  peace  and  prosperity  to  the  na- 
tion, and  died  much  respected,  1741.  The 
wife  of  Charles  XL  of  Sweden,  and  the 
mother  of  the  preceding,  also  bore  the 
name  of  Ulrica,  and  died  1693,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  chagrin  which  her  husband's 
treatment  had  occasioned.  When  she 
supplicated  his  compassion  in  favour  of 
those  whom  his  government  oppressed,  he 
spurned  her  from  him,  observing,  "  that  he 
had  taken  her  to  give  him  children,  not  ad- 
vice." 

Ulug-Beig,  a  Persian  prince  celebrated 
for  his  knowledge  of  astronomy.  His  ca- 
talogue of  fixed  stars,  rectified  for  1434, 
was  published  by  Thomas  Hyde  at  Ox- 
ford in  1665  in  4to.  with  learned  and  use- 
ful notes.  This  worthy  prince  was  put  to 
death  by  his  own  son  1449,  after  reigning 
40  years  at  Samarcand.  Another  learned 
work  on  Chronology,  m  Arabic,  has  been 
attributed  to  him,  and  it  has  been  edited 
in  the  original  with  a  Latin  translation  by 
John  Greaves,  London,  1650,  in  4to. 

Underbill,  John,  one  of  the  first  plant- 
ers of  Massachusetts,  was  sent  by  sir  Henry 
Vane  to  command  the  colony's  troops  at 
Saybrook  in  1637.  He  accompanied  cap- 
tain Mason  in  the  expedition  against  the 
Pequots,  and  conducted,  as  did  all  on  that 
occasion,  with  the  greatest  bravery.  He 
was  chosen  in  1641  governor  of  Exeter 
TVover.     He  was  extremelv  eccentric.     He 


at  length  left  New  England,  and  died  ut 
New-York,  Mcdford,  fn  1726.     JCP  L. 

Upton,  James,  a  native  of  Cheshire, 
elected  from  Eton  to  a  fellowship  at  king's 
college,  Caml)iidgc.  He  obtained  the 
headship  of  Taunton  gramniar-srliool,  So- 
mersetshire, and  died  there,  174'J,  aj^ed  79. 
He  was  an  excellent  scholar,  and  published 
a  valuable  edition  of  Aristotle's  Art  of 
Poetry,  and  also  Ascham's  Schoolmaster, 
1711,  with  notes,  8vo.  His  son  James, 
born  at  Taunton,  received  his  education  at 
Exeter  college,  Oxford,  and  obtained  His- 
sington  rectory,  (jloucestershire,  and  a 
Rochester  prebend.  Besides  Observations 
on  Shakspeare,  8vo.  he  published  an  edi- 
tion of  Epictetus,  2  vols.  4to. — and  Spen- 
ser's Faery  Queen,  2  vols.  4to.  and  died 
1760. 

Urban  I.  pope  after  Calixtus  I.  223,  was 
beheaded  seven  years  after  under  the  per- 
secution of  Alexander  Severus. 

Urban  II.  Oddon,  a  priest  of  Cluni, 
made  a  cardinal  by  Gregory  VII.  and  cho- 
sen pope  after  Victor  III.  lOSb.  He  held 
the  council  of  Clermont,  where  the  crusade 
against  the  infidels  was  first  published. 
He  died  at  Home,  1099,  respected  for  his 
wisdom,  moderation,  and  courage. 

Urban  III.  Hubert  Crivelli,  archbishop 
of  Milan,  was  elected  pope  after  Lucius  III. 
1185,  and  died  two  years  after. 

Urban  IV.  James  Pantaleon,  a  native  of 
Troyes,  who  rose  from  obscurity  to  conse- 
quence in  the  church,  and  on  the  death  of 
Alexander  IV.  was  elected  pope,  1261.  He 
published  a  crusade  against  Mainfroi,  king 
of  Sicily,  and  died  1264. 

Urban  V.  William  de  Grimoald,  was 
born  at  Grisae  in  the  Gevaudan,  and  was 
elected  pope,  1362,  after  the  death  of  Inno- 
cent VI.  He  removed  in  1367  from  Avig- 
non, where  the  popes  had  constantly  re- 
sided since  1304,  and  by  fixing  his  abode  at 
Rome  he  became  popular.  In  1370  he 
again  retired  to  Avignon,  and  died  there  at 
the  end  of  that  year.  He  was  a  liberal 
patron  to  learned  and  religious  bodies,  and 
founded  several  churches  and  colleges.  He 
also  I'eformcd  abuse?,  and  was  not,  like 
other  popes,  lavish  of  the  treasures  of  the 
church  in  enriching  his  family. 

Urban  VI.  Bartholomew  Prignano,  a  na- 
tive of  Naples,  made  archbishop  of  Bari, 
and  elected  to  the  popedom  without  the  or- 
dinary forms,  in  a  popular  sedition,  1378. 
The  cardinals  soon  after  chose  Robert  de 
Geneva,  who  assumed  the  name  of  Clement 
VII.  and  this  double  election  was  the 
source  of  a  schism  in  the  church.  Urban, 
supported  by  England,  Hungary,  Bohemia, 
and  the  empire,  exercised  the  severest 
cruelties  upon  his  enemies,  so  that  his 
death,  13S9,  was  regarded  by  the  people 
as  a  happy  event. 

73.^ 


usij 


Urban  VII.  John  Baptist  Castagna,  was 
elected  pope  after  Sixtus  V.  1590,  and  died 
12  days  after,  much  lamented,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  happy  days  which  the  Ro- 
mans expected  from  his  many  virtues. 

Urban  VIII.  Maffeo  Barberini,  a  native 
of  Florence,  elected  pope  after  Gregory  XV. 
1623.  He  united  the  dutchy  of  Urbino  to 
the  holy  see,  and  published  a  bull  against 
the  tenets  of  the  Jansenists.  He  died  29th 
July. '1644.  He  was  an  excellent  poet, 
and  so  good  a  Grecian,  that  he  was  called 
the  Attic  Bee.  His  poems,  consisting  of 
paraphrases  from  the  psalms,  odes,  hymns, 
epigrams,  Scc.  have  been  published  at  Paris, 
fol. 

Urcjeus,  Codrus  Anthony,  a  native  of 
Rubiera,  near  Reggio,  professor  of  belles 
lettres  at  Forli,  and  of  languages  at  Bolog- 
na. He  wrote  harangues,  satires,  epi- 
grams, eclogues,  &c.  and  died  1500,  aged 
54.  His  works  appeared  again,  1515,  in 
4to. 

Ursins,  Anne  Mary  de  la  Tremouille, 
took  for  her  second  husband  Flavio  des 
Ursins,  and  became  lady  of  honour  to  the 
queen  of  Spain.  She  was  a  woman  of 
great  powers  of  mind,  very  intriguing  in 
her  conduct,  and  possessed  of  such  in- 
fluence in  the  court,  that  she  guided  the 
affairs  of  the  nation.  She  was  banished 
from  Spain,  1712,  on  the  marriage  of  Phi- 
lip V.  with  Elizabeth  Farnese,  and  after 
seeking  in  vain  an  asylum  at  Paris,  Genoa, 
and  Avignon,  she  at  last  settled  at  Rome, 
where  she  died,  5th  Dec.  1722,  aged  80. 

Ursinus,  Zachary,  a  native  of  Breslau, 
in  Silesia.  He  studied  at  Wittemberg,  and 
attended  Melancthon  at  the  conference  of 
Worms,  1557.  The  next  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed over  the  academy  of  Bi-eslau,  but 
when  he  declared  himself  a  Calvinist  he 
Tvas  exposed  to  severe  persecution,  and 
with  difficulty  found  an  asylum  at  Zurich. 
He  was  in  1561  invited  by  the  university 
of  Heidelberg  to  fill  the  chair  of  theology, 
but  on  the  death  of  his  patron,  Frederic, 
the  elector  palatine,  he  was  obliged  to 
abandon  his  situation.  From  Heidelberg 
he  removed  to  Neustadt,  where  he  was 
appointed  divinity  professor,  and  where  he 
died  soon  after,  1583,  aged  49.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  learning,  but  in  his  disposi- 
tion was  violent  and  passionate.  His 
•works  have  been  edited  in  3  vols.  fol. 

Ursinus,  John  Henry,  a  Lutheran  di- 
vine, eminent  for  his  learning  in  sacred  and 
profane  history.  He  was  superintendent 
of  the  churches  of  Ratisbon,  and  died 
there,  14th  May,  1667,  author  of  Exerci- 
tationes  de  Zoroastro,  Hermete,  &c.  Svo. 
— Sylvae  Theologiae  Symbolicae,  12mo. — 
de  Ecclesiarum  German.  Origine,  &c.  Svo. 
1664.  His  son  George  Henry  was  author 
of  Diatribe  de  Taprobana,  Cerne,  &c. — 
Bispntatio  de  Locu^tis — Observation^^  Phi- 


lologica&j  &c. — Critical  Notes  on  Virgil. 
&c.     He  died  1 0th  Sept.  1707,  aged  60. 

Ursinus,  George,  a  Danish  divine,  au- 
thor of  Hebrew  Antiquities,  a  work  of 
merit. 

Lrsus,  Nicolas  Raymarus,  a  Danish 
mathematician.  Though  originally  a 
swineherd,  and  unacquainted  with  the  let- 
ters of  the  alphabet,  before  his  l8th  year 
he  made  the  most  rapid  progress ;  and  with 
scarce  any  instruction  he  became  a  very 
eminent  astronomer.  He  taught  mathe- 
matics at  Strasburg,  and  afterwards  re- 
moved, at  the  solicitation  of  the  emperor, 
to  Prague,  where  he  died  about  1600.  He 
published  some  mathematical  works,  and 
made  some  discoveries  in  astronomy,  in 
consequence  of  which  he  disputed  for  a 
time  with  Tycho-Brahe,  about  the  priori- 
ty of  the  discovery  of  his  celestial  system. 

Usher,  James,  an  illustrious  prelate, 
born  of  an  ancient  family  at  Dublin,  4th 
Jan.  15S0.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Dublin,  which  had  been  founded  by 
his  uncle  Henry  Usher,  archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh, and  here  he  acquired  so  much  know- 
ledge, and  studied  with  such  assiduity,  that 
betbre  his  16th  year  he  had  completed  a 
chronicle  of  the  Bible  as  far  as  the  book  of 
Kings,  which  became  the  foundation  of  his 
great  work  the  Annals.  To  be  more  per- 
fectly acquainted  with  the  true  doctrines  of 
Christianity,  he  applied  himself  to  the  read- 
ing of  the  Fathers,  and  in  18  years,  in  his 
38th  year,  after  astonishing  perseverance 
he  completed  this  laborious  undertaking. 
Though  his  friends  wished  him  to  follow  the 
law,  he  preferred  divinity,  and  after  bis  fa- 
ther's death  he  devoted  himself  to  his  fa- 
vourite pursuits,  and  gave  up  the  whole  of 
his  patrimony,  with  little  exception,  to  his 
brothers  and  sisters,  to  avoid  the  troubles 
of  law-suits  and  family  quarrels.  Soon  af- 
ter he  was  admitted  into  orders,  he  visited 
England  to  purchase  books  and  MSS.  for 
Dublin  college,  and  in  1607,he  was  appoint- 
ed chancellor  of  St.  Patrick's  church,  and 
divinity  professor  to  the  university.  He 
vvas,  in  1610,  unanimously  elected  provost 
of  Dublin  college,but  he  declined  the  honour. 
Though  represented  by  some  of  his  enemies 
as  a  puritan,  he  was,  in  1620,  nominated, 
by  James  I.  to  the  see  of  Meath.  His  repu- 
tation was  now  so  great  as  an  author,  and 
as  the  champion  of  the  protestant  church, 
that  the  king,  a  little  before  his  death,  pro- 
moted him  to  the  see  of  Armagh,  and  in 
this  elevated  situation  he  showed  himself  vi- 
gilant and  active  against  the  extravagant 
claims  of  the  catholics,  and  maintained,  by 
his  zeal  and  exemplary  conduct,  the  dignity 
of  the  churchman,  and  the  meekness  of  the 
Christian.  He  visited  England,  with  his 
family,  in  1640,  but  the  breaking  out  of  the 
rebellion,  the  next  year,  prevented  his  re- 
tiirn  to  his  dioces?,  where  his  palace  w&s 


USH 


L\K 


nearly  destroyed,  and  all  his  property  plun- 
dered.    To  compensate  his  losses,  the  kin}; 
granted  him  the  bishopric  ol'  Carlisle  ;  but 
as  the  Scotch  armies  were  quartered  there, 
he  derived  little  or  no  benefit  from  the  ap- 
pointment.    From   Oxford,  where   he  had 
removed,  he  retired,  in  eonsecjuence  of  the 
ruined  state  of  the  king's  aflairs,  to  Cardiff, 
and  then  to  the  castle  of  St.   Uonate's,  in 
Wales,  where   he  was  afilicted  with  an  al- 
most fatal  disease.    So  great  was  his  attach- 
ment to   his   unfortunate   master,  that  he 
was  consulted   by  him  in   the  treaty  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  about  the  government  of  the 
church  ;  but  though  his   zeal  for  the   royal 
cause  was  unshaken,  he  remained  unmolest- 
ed.    During  the  usurpation,  Cromwell  de- 
sired once  losee  him,  and  treated  him  with 
great  civility  ;  but  never  fulfilled  tbe  promi- 
ses which  he  had  made  to  him  in  favour  of 
the  church.     This  truly  great  and  virtuous 
man  died  21st  March,  1655-6,  at  the  house 
of  lady  Peterborough,  at  Ryegate,  Surrey, 
aged  80,  and  though  he  directed  to  be  bu- 
ried privately, Cromwell  ordered  his  remains 
to  be  deposited  in  Westminster  abbey,  with 
great  funeral  pomp.     His  valuable  library, 
consisting  of  10,000  volumes,  printed  and 
manuscript,  though  solicited  by  the  king  of 
Denmark,  and  by  cardinal   Mazarin,  was, 
as  he  wished,  bestowed  on  Dublin  college. 
As  a  scholar,  Usher  was  highly  respectable, 
acute  as  a  critic,  well  informed  as  a  divine, 
and  as  a  prelate  meek  but  dignified  ;  the 
friend  of  order,  religion,  and  morality.    His 
reputation  was  so  well  established  for  clas- 
sical knowledge  and  deep  erudition,   that, 
during  the  civil  wars,  which  distracted  his 
country,  he  was   solicited  to  accept  a  pro- 
fessor's  chair  at   Leyden,  and  invited   by 
Richelieu  to  settle  in  France,  with  a  pro- 
mise of  protection,  and  the  free  exercise  of 
his  religion.     His  works  are,  Annals  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testament,  best  edited  at  Ge- 
neva, 2  vols.  fol.  1722 — a  Body  of  Divinity, 
folio — the  History  of  Goteschalc,  in  Latin 
— Antiquitates  Ecclesiarum  Britannicarum, 
fol.  editionsof  the  Letters  of  Ignatius,  Bar- 
nabas, and  Polycarp,  with  learned  notes,  2 


vols.  4to. — a  treatise  on  the  London  Edi- 
tion of  the  Septuagint — sermon?*,  &.c.  Hi* 
life  has  been  written  by  Richard  Parr,  and 
is  found  prefixed  to  his  iiUO  letters,  edited 
at  London  1686,  in  folio. 

Usher,  John,  lieutenant-governor  of 
New-Hampshire,  was,  for  a  considerable 
time,  a  counsellor,  and  treasurer  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  rendered  important  services 
to  the  province  in  purchasini;  the  district 
of  Maine.  He  was  at  length  apjiuiiHed 
lieutenant-governor  of  New-Hainpshire, 
but  was  not  popular.  He  favoured  the  am- 
bitious designs  of  the  British  ministry  on 
the  colonial  rights.  On  being  dismissed 
from  the  government  he  returned  to  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  died  at  New- York. 

iCj^L. 

Utenbogaert,  John,  one  of  the  chief 
supporters  of  the  Remonstrants,  was  born 
at  Utrecht,  and  died  at  the  Hague,  1644, 
aged  87.  Though  inferior  to  his  friend 
Episcopius  in  genius  and  penetration,  he 
was  his  superior  in  neatness  and  elegance 
of  style.  He  published  an  Ecclesiastical 
History,  fol. — History  of  his  own  Life, 
4to.  &c. 

Utenhovius,  Charles,  a  native  of  Ghent, 
%vho  studied  at  Paris,  and  afterwards  went 
to  England,  where  he  defended  the  govern- 
ment, and  the  religion  of  Elizabeth,  for 
which  he  was  liberally  rewarded.  He  re- 
turned to  Cologne,  where  he  died  of  an 
apoplexy,  1600,  aged  64.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Turnebus,  and  published  Latin 
poems  — Epistolarum  Centuria — Mytholo- 
gia  ^sopica   Metro-Elegiaco,  8vo.  1607, 

&.C. 

UxELLES,  Nicholas  Chalons  du  Blc,  mar- 
quis d',  a  French  general,  distinguished  for 
his  defence  of  Mayence,  for  56  days, 
against  a  powerful  besieging  army.  He 
was  afterwards  plenipotentiary  at  Gertruy- 
denberg  and  Utrecht,  and  was  made  mar- 
shal of  France.  He  continued  long  a  fa- 
vourite at  the  court  of  Lewis  XIV.  and  at 
that  of  the  regent,  and  died  1730,  in  a  good 
old  age. 


VAC 


VAC 


V  ACHER,  N.  a  native  of  Moulins,  au- 
thor of  Observations  on  Surgery,  12mo. 
— Dissertation  on  Cancers,  &c.  He  died 
1760. 

Vachet,  John  Anthony  le,  a  French 
ecclesiastic,  born  at  Romans  in  Dauphine. 
He  devoted  the  riches  which  he  inherited 
from  his  noble  family,  to  charitable  pur- 
poses, and  died   6th  Feb.   1681,  aged  78, 

Vol.  n.  <).•? 


much  respected  for  his  works  of  piety. 
He  wrote  various  treatises  on  religiou3 
subjects. 

Vachet,  Peter  Joseph  dc,  an  ecclesias- 
tic, born  at  Beaune.  He  is  knov.n  as  the 
author  of  some  Latin  poetry  of  merit, 
published  1664,  12rao.  He  died  about 
1655. 

Vacquerie,  .John  de  la,  first   president 

7:^7 


VAI 


VAI 


of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  is  celebrated 
for  the  firmness  of  his  address  to  Lewis 
XI.  when  he  wished  to  enforce  some  unpo- 
pular taxes.  Sire,  exclaimed  he,  at  the 
head  of  the  parliament,  we  resign  our  of- 
fices into  your  hands,  and  we  are  deter- 
mined rather  to  endure  the  severity  of 
your  displeasure,  than  wound  our  con- 
sciences. 

Vacquette,  John,  sieur  du  Cardonnoy, 
a  native  of  Amiens,  known  for  his  know- 
ledge of  jurisprudence,  but  more  for  his 
love  of  literature.  He  clothed  some  sto- 
ries in  a  poetical  dress,  and  died  much  re- 
spected, Oct.  1739,  aged  81. 

Vade,  John  Joseph,  a  native  of  Ham, 
in  Picardy,  who  made  amends  for  the  ir- 
regularities of  his  youth  by  the  excellence 
of  his  poetical  productions.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  that  kind  of  poetry  which  the 
French  called  Poissard,  which  paints  in 
low,  but  natural  characters,  the  various  oc- 
cupations of  vulgar  life.  He  was,  among 
poets,  what  Teniers  is  among  painters,  and 
his  parodies,  songs,  bouquets,  fables,  epis- 
tles, &c.  possess  great  merit,  with  all  the 
vivacity  and  boldness  of  the  rustic  muse. 
The  dissipated  life  which  he  led  shortened 
his  days,  so  that  he  died  4th  July,  1757,  at 
the  early  age  of  37.  His  works  have  been 
collected  in  4  vols.  12mo. 

Vadian,  Joachim,  a  native  of  St.  Gal, 
in  Switzerland,  well  acquainted  with  lite- 
vature,  mathematics,  medicine,  and  philo- 
sophy. He  was  honoured  with  the  laurel 
crown  for  his  literary  merits,  by  the  empe- 
ror of  Germany,  and  died  1551,  aged  66. 
He  wrote.  Commentaries  on  Pomponius 
Mela,  fol. — a  treatise  on  Poetry,  and  other 
works  in  Latin. 

Vaillant  de  GuELLis,  or  Valens, 
bishop  of  Orleans,  was  patronised  by  Fran- 
cis L,  and  died  at  Meun-sur-Loire,  1587,  in 
a  good  old  age.  He  wrote,  a  Commentary 
on  Virgil,  fol. — a  Latin  poem,  &c. 

Vaillant,  John  Foy,  a  celebrated 
French  medalist,  born  at  Beauvais,  24th 
May  1632.  He  studied  jurisprudence,  and 
afterwards  medicine,  in  which  he  took  his 
doctor's  degree  ;  but  the  sight  of  a  number 
of  medals,  which  a  peasant  had  found  in 
digging  in  a  neighbouring  field,  roused  all 
his  attention,  and  fixed  the  bent  of  his 
genius.  On  a  visit  to  Paris  he  was  noticed 
by  Seguin  and  other  antiquarians,  and  in- 
troduced to  Colbert,  who  patronised  him, 
and  engaged  him  to  travel  over  Italy,  Sici- 
ly, and  Greece,  in  quest  of  medals  to  en- 
vich  the  king's  cabinet.  On  a  second  voy- 
age from  Marseilles,  he  was  taken  by  pi- 
rates, and  instead  of  visiting  Rome,  he 
was  carried  as  a  slave  to  Algiers  ;  but  after 
five  months  of  cruel  slavery  he  was  per- 
mitted to  return  to  France  for  his  ransom. 
At  sea,  the  sight  of  another  pirate  threaten- 
ed fresh  slavery  ;  but  he  determined  to  pre- 
738 


serve  the  medals  which  he  bad  collected  at 
Algiers,  and  swallowed  them.  He  landed 
soon  after  at  the  mouths  of  the  Rhone, 
and  with  some  difficulty,  nature  dischar-> 
ged  the  favourite  medals.  Undismayed  by 
former  misfortunes,  he  undertook  another 
voyage,  and  visited  Egypt  and  Persia,  and 
returned  loaded  with  valuable  curiosities. 
His  labours  in  the  cause  of  science  were 
liberally  rewarded  by  Lewis  XIV.  ;  he  was 
made  associate  of  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions 1701,  and  soon  after  pensionary.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy,  23d  Oct.  1706,  aged 
76.  The  best  known  of  his  works  are, 
Numismata  Imperatorum  Roman.  Praes- 
tantiora  a  J.  Caesar,  ad  Posthumum  et 
Tyrannos,  4to.  afterwards  enlarged  to  3 
vols.  4to. — Seleucidarum  Imperium,  &c. 
4to.  a  valuable  work — Numismata  ^rea 
Augustorum  et  Caesar,  in  Coloniis,  &c. 
2  vols.  fol. — Numismata  Imperatorum,  &c, 
apud  Graecos,  &c.  fol. — Historia  Ptole- 
maeorum,  &c.  fol. — Nummi  Antiqui  Fami- 
liarum  Roman.  &c.  2  vols.  fol. — Arsacidarum 
Imperium,  &c.  4to. — Achaemenidarum 
Imperium,  &c.  4to.  &c.  He  contributed 
also  some  valuable  communications  to  the 
memoirs  of  the  academy.  His  son  John 
Francis  was  born  at  Rome,  and  educated 
at  Paris  among  the  Jesuits.  He  took  his 
degrees  in  medicine,  but  studied,  like  his 
father,  the  science  of  medals.  He  died 
17th  Nov.  1708,  aged  44,  of  an  abscess 
in  the  head  occasioned  by  a  fall.  He  is 
author  of  a  treatise  on  the  Nature  and 
Use  of  Coffee,  and  a  Dissertation  on  the 
Cabiri. 

Vaillant,  Sebastian,  a  French  bota- 
nist, born  at  Vigny,  near  Pontoise.  From 
an  organist  at  a  convent  at  Pontoise,  he  be- 
came surgeon  and  secretary  to  Fagon,  the 
king's  physician,  and  by  the  friendship  of 
this  worthy  patron  he  obtained  the  place 
of  director  of  the  royal  gardens.  He  en- 
riched the  garden  by  the  addition  of  several 
curious  plants,  and,  for  his  services  to  bo- 
tany, was  honoured  with  a  seat  in  the  aca- 
demy of  sciences.  He  published,  remarks 
on  Tournefort's  institutions  of  Botany — 
Botanicon  Parisiense,  containing  an  ac- 
count of  the  plants  which  grew  near  Pa- 
ris, with  300  plates,  published  by  Boer- 
haave,  fol. — a  Discourse  on  the  Structure 
of  Flowers  and  their  use — a  small  Botani- 
con, or  abridgment  of  the  larger  work  in 
12mo.  He  died  of  an  asthma,  22d  May, 
1722,  aged  53. 

Vaillant,  Walleran,  a  native  of  Lisle, 
eminent  as  a  painter  and  engraver.  He 
was  patronised  by  the  emperor  and  by  the 
French  king,  and  died  at  Amsterdam  1677, 
aged  54.  His  brother  was  also  eminent  as 
a  portrait  painter  in  crayons. 

Vaissette,  Don  Joseph,  a  native  of 
Gaillac,  who  quitted  the  office  of  king's 
procureur  in   Albigeois,    to  embrace  the 


\AI- 


VAJ, 


ecclesiastic  profession,  as  member  of  the 
congregation  of  St.  Maur  at  Toulouse.  He 
came  to  Paris,  1713,  and  applied  himself 
in  company  with  Claude  de  Vic,  in  wri- 
ting a  history  of  Languedoc,  of  which  the 
first  volume  appeared  in  1730,  folio.  After 
the  death  of  his  coadjutor  he  published 
four  other  volumes,  and  the  sixth  has  been 
presented  to  the  public  by  his  historical 
successor  Bourotte.  He  wrote  besides, 
an  abridgment  of  his  great  work,  6  vols. 
12mo. — Universal  Geography,  4  vols.  4to. 
and  12  vols.  r2mo.  He  died  at  St.  Ger- 
main-des-pr6s,  lOth  April,  1756,  aged  71. 

Valade,  James  Francis,  a  native  of 
Toulouse,  known  as  an  intelligent  printer 
and  bookseller.  He  published  some  valu- 
able catalogues,  and  died  at  Paris,  24th 
June,  17S4. 

Valart,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Hesdin,  au- 
thor of  a  supplement  to  the  general  gram- 
mar of  Beauzee,  Svo. — and  of  translations 
of  the  New  Testament,  Cornelius  Nepos, 
&c.     He  died  1779. 

Valaze,  Charles  Eleonore  Dufriche,  a 
native  of  AlenQon,  who  after  being  engaged 
in  the  military  profession,  was  called  to  the 
bar,  and  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  French 
revolution  was  sent  as  deputy  to  the  con- 
vention. He  was  violent  in  his  reflections 
against  the  unhappy  Lewis,  but  as  he  was 
attached  to  the  Girondists,  he  was  soon 
marked  for  slaughter  by  the  sanguinary 
Marat.  He  was  condemned  30th  October, 
1793,  at  the  age  of  42,  but  as  the  sentence 
was  pronounced,  he  stabbed  himself  to  the 
heart  and  immediately  expired.  He  was 
an  intelligent  man  on  subjects  of  law,  com- 
merce, and  agriculture,  and  published  Lois 
Penales,  Svo.  1784 — le  Reve,  conte  philo- 
sophique — a  Mon  Fils,  Svo. — Defense  des 
Accuses  au  31  Mai,  &c. 

Valdo,  Peter,  a  native  of  Vaux,  in  Dau- 
phine,  who  became  in  1180,  the  head  of  a 
sect  called  from  him  Vaudois.  Lewis  VH. 
endeavoured  in  vain  to  convert  these  fana- 
tical men  to  the  tenets  of  the  catholic  faith, 
and  his  son  Philip  Augustus  considering  the 
sword  as  a  more  powerful  engine  of  per- 
suasion than  the  tongue,  destroyed  their 
bouses,  and  put  above  7000  to  the  sword. 
These  persecuted  men,  though  dispersed 
through  Languedoc,  Dauphine,  Bohemia, 
&.C.,  nevertheless  adhered  to  their  princi- 
ples ;  and  their  sect,  regarded  as  the  fore- 
runners of  the  Calvinists,  still  maintains 
their  original  opinions. 

Valens,  Flavins,  son  of  Gratian,  shared 
the  imperial  throne  with  his  brother  Valen- 
tinian.  He  defeated  the  Goths,  but  after 
making  a  treaty  of  peace  with  them,  he  per- 
mitted them  to  settle  in  Thrace,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  they  were  better  enabled 
to  attack  their  new  allies.  Valens,  defeated 
^iv  these  barbarian  invaders,  was  pursued 


aim  burnt  to  death  in  a  tower  where  he  Uatl 
taken  refuge,  A.  I).  378. 

Valentin,  a  Human,  pope  after  Kuge- 
nius  n.  He  died  40  days  after  his  election, 
Sept.  827. 

Valentin,  a  hcresiarrh  of  tht;  2d  cen- 
tury. He  was  an  Egyptian  by  birth,  and  a 
follower  of  Plato's  philosophy,  but  he  was 
so  oflended  because  he  was  refused  a  bi- 
shopric, that  he  separated  from  the  church, 
and  gave  rise  to  new  errors.  He  main- 
tained after  the  Gnostics  the  existence  of 
^ons,  whose  numbers  composed  the  God- 
head, and  that  by  them  the  world  had  been 
created,  and  was  still  governed.  These 
wild  doctrines  were  spread  with  rapidity 
over  Gaul  and  the  western  world.  He  died 
160. 

Valentin,  Basil,  the  assumed  name  of 
an  able  chyraist  in  the  16th  century,  who 
was  a  Benedictine  of  Erford.  His  works 
are  in  German,  and  so  popular  that  they 
have  been  translated  into  Latin  and  Eng- 
lish. The  best  known  are  Currus  Tri- 
umphalis  Antimonii,  Amsterd.  1671,  l2mo. 
— Azoph  of  philosophers  with  the  twelve 
keys  of  philosophy,  Svo. — Relation  des 
Mysteres  des  Sept  Metaux,  &c.  4to. — Tes- 
tament of  Basil  Valentin,  Svo. 

Valentin,  Moses  le,  a  native  of  Colo- 
miers  in  Brie.  He  studied  painting  under 
Vouet,  and  improved  himself  much  at  Rome, 
and  successfully  imitated  the  manner  of 
Caravaggio.  His  concerts,  players,  sol- 
diers, and  low  scenes  are  very  valuable,  as 
he  paints  nature  with  great  correctness, 
and  powerful  effect.  He  died  in  conse- 
quence of  bathing  imprudently  when  his 
body  was  too  hot,  near  Rome  1632,  aged 
32. 

Valentin,  Michael  Bernard,  a  native  of 
Giessen,  who   studied  botany  and  became 
professor  of  medicine  in  his  native  town. 
He  died  13th  March,  1729,  aged  72.     He 
is  author  of  Historia  Simplicium  Reforma- 
ta,  with  23   plates,  1723 — Amphitheatruni 
Zootomicum,  in  German,  3  vols.  fol.  trans- 
lated  into  Latin  by  Becker — Medicina  No- 
va Antiqua,  4to. — Cynosura  Materia?  Me- 
dicae,  3  vols.  4to. — Viridarium    Reforma- 
tum,    fol. — Corpus    Juris    Medico-legale, 
fol. — Physiologiae  Biblicae  Capita  Selecta, 
4to. 

Valentine,  daughter  of  John  Galeas, 
duke  of  Milan,  married  Lewis,  duke  of  Or- 
leans, who  was  basely  murdered  by  the 
duke  of  Burgundy.  Unable  to  avenge  the 
death  of  her  lord,  she  died  of  a  broken 
heart,  5th  Dec.  1408,  recommending  to 
her  children,  and  especially  to  John,  count 
of  Dunois,  the  natural  son  of  her  husband, 
the  vindication  of  their  father's  reputation 
and  glory. 

Valentinian  I.  son  of  Gratian,  rose 
bv  his  merit  to  the  imperial  throne,  aft**' 

739 


VAL 


VAL 


the  death  of  Jovian,  aiid  Avhilc  he  kept  the 
ivest  for  himself,  he  bestowed  the  eastern 
empire  on  his  brother  Valens.  He  defeat- 
ed the  Germans,  and  restored  tranquillity 
to  his  African  provinces.  His  next  expe- 
dition was  against  the  Quadi,  whose  terri- 
tories he  laid  waste  with  fire  and  sword, 
and  afterwards,  when  giving  an  audience 
to  their  ambassadors,  he,  while  speaking 
in  a  fit  of  passion  to  them,  burst  a  blood- 
vessel, which  proved  fatal,  17th  Nov.  375, 
aged  55. 

Valentinian  H.  son  and  successor  of 
the  preceding,  was  stripped  of  his  domi- 
jjions  by  Maximus.  In  his  distress  he  ap- 
plied to  Theodosius,  emperor  of  the  east, 
who  cut  off  the  head  of  the  usurper,  338, 
and  restored  him  to  his  throne.  He  was 
afterwards  strangled  by  order  of  Arbogas- 
tes,  his  rebellious  general,  15th  May,  392, 
He  was  a  most  virtuous  and  benevolent 
prince. 

Valentinian  III.  Flavius  Placidus,  son 
of  Constantius,  and  Placidia,  the  daughter 
of  the  great  Theodosius,  was  acknowledged 
emperor,  425,  when  six  years  old.  His 
mother  directed  the  administration  during 
his  minority,  and  though  she  was  obliged 
to  yield  Africa  to  the  Vandals,  she  ably 
maintained  the  dignity  of  the  empire  by 
the  valour  of  her  general,  ^Etius.  When 
of  age  the  young  emperor  gave  loose  to 
the  most  licentious  passions,  and  at  last 
was  assassinated  by  order  of  Petronius 
Alaximus,  to  whose  wife  he  had  offered 
violence,  455.  He  was  succeeded  by  his 
murderer. 

Valerianus,  Publius  Licinius,  a  Roman, 
proclaimed  emperor  of  Rome,  after  ^Emi- 
iianus,  253.  He  made  his  son  Gallienus 
his  partner  on  the  throne,  and  after  perse- 
i^ting  the  Christians,  and  waging  war 
against  the  Goths  and  Scythians,  he  march- 
ed against  Sapor,  king  of  Persia.  The 
Persians  were  victorious,  and  Valerian,  car- 
ried about  in  derision,  was  at  last  ordered 
by  his  cruel  conqueror  to  be  flayed  alive, 
263.  His  skin,  tanned  red,  was  hung  up 
in  one  of  the  Persian  temples  in  derision 
of  the  Romans. 

Valerian  us,  Pierius,  an  Italian  writer, 
born  at  Belluno,  in  the  Venetian  states. 
He  was  educated  by  the  kindness  of  his 
uncle,  and  studied  under  Valla  and  Lasca- 
I'is,  and  he  acquired  such  celebrity  as  a 
classical  scholar,  that  he  was  intrusted  with 
the  care  of  the  two  nephews  of  Leo  X. 
Though  thus  patronised  by  the  pope,  he 
had  the  modesty  and  firmness  to  refuse  two 
bishoprics,  and  remained  satisfied  with  the 
office  of  apostolic  notary.  After  the  death 
of  his  pupils,  he  retired  to  the  enjoyment  of 
literary  ease  at  Padua,  where  he  died,  1558, 
aged  83.  He  was  author  of  various  trea- 
tises on  curious  and  interesting  subiects, 
740 


both  in  Italian  and  Latin,  and  he  also  pub- 
lished 2  vols,  of  Latin  poems,  which  were 
possessed  of  great  merit. 

Valerius  Maximus,  a  Latin  writer. 
His  entertaining  work,  in  nine  books,  con- 
taining various  anecdotes  of  great  men,  is 
dedicated  to  Tiberius,  in  whose  age  he 
flourished.  The  best  edition  is  that  of 
Leyden,  with  notes,  &c.  2  vols.  4to.  1726. 

Valesio,  Francis,  a  Spanish  physician, 
patronised  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain.  He  pub- 
lished a  treatise  de  Methodo  Medendi, 
1647 — Controversiarum  Medic,  et  Philos. 
Libri  Decem,  1625,  4to.  &c. 

Valesius,  an  Arabian,  who  in  the  third 
century  became  the  head  of  a  new  sect. 
He  made  himself  an  eunuch,  and  recom- 
mended the  same  operation  to  his  follow- 
ers, to  avoid  giving  loose  to  those  violent 
passions  which,  under  a  warm  climate,  and 
with  a  heated  imagination,  might  tempt 
them  to  disobey  the  precepts  of  chastity, 
and  endanger  their  salvation. 

Valesius  Henricus,  or  Henry  de  Va- 
Lois,  a  native  of  Paris,  who,  after  studying 
under  the  Jesuits  at  Verdun,  and  after- 
wards at  Paris,  and  at  Bourges,  embraced, 
to  please  his  father,  the  profession  of  the  law. 
Literature,  however,  had  greater  charms  for 
him,  and  he  applied  himself  assiduously  to 
the  study  of  history,  and  antiquities.  He 
published,  at  the  request  of  the  clergy  of 
the  diocess  of  Toulouse,  the  ancient  ec- 
clesiastical historians,  for  which  he  receiv- 
ed the  honourable  reward  of  a  pension 
from  the  liberality  of  his  employers,  and  in 
1670  he  was  appointed,  by  the  king,  histo- 
riographer of  France,  with  a  stipend,  in 
consequence  of  his  publication  of  Eusebius, 
His  intense  application^  at  last  proved  fatal 
to  his  sight,  but  he  relieved  his  increasing 
infirmities  by  marrying,  at  the  age  of  60, 
a  ycung  woman  by  whom  he  had  seven 
children.  He  died  9th  May,  1676,  aged 
73.  Besides  his  Ecclesastical  Historians, 
published,  Amsterdam,  1639,  3  vols.  foL 
and  at  Cambridge,  1720,  he  edited  and  im- 
proved with  valuable  notes,  Ammianus 
Marcellinus,  &c.  He  was  a  critic  of  vast 
erudition,  profound  learning,  and  solid 
judgment,  but  in  his  character  peevish,  sus- 
picious, and  vain.  His  brother  Adrian  dis- 
tinguished himself  also  as  a  learned  histo- 
rian, and  acute  critic.  He  published  Gesta 
Francorum  from  254  to  752,  3  vols.  fol.  a 
work  of  great  labour  and  merit.  He  pub- 
lished, besides,  Notitia  Galliarum,  fol. — a 
second  edition  of  Ammianus  Marcellinus 
— a  Panegyric  on  the  king,  &c.  He  was 
historiographer  to  the  king  with  his  bro- 
ther, and  also  received  a  pension.  He 
likewise  married  in  his  old  age,  and  died 
July  2d,  1692,  aged  85. 

Valette  Parisot,  John  de  la,  grand 
m.aster  of  Malta,  1557.  bravely  defended 


VAL 


VAL 


ihe  island  against  the  attacks  of  Solyman 
II.  and  an  army  of  80,000  men.  After  a 
siege  of  four  months,  and  the  loss  of  20,000 
tnen,  the  Turks  retreated  in  dismay,  and 
the  Maltese  raised  anew,  from  its  ruins, 
their  demolished  city,  to  which  they  gave 
the  name  of  their  heroic  defender.  This 
great  patriot  died  3lst  Aug.  1568. 

Valette,  John  Lewis  dc  Nogaret,  duke 
d'Epernon,  a  French  general.  He  was  the 
friend  and  favourite  of  Henry  HI.  whom  he 
served  with  fidelity,  and  after  his  death, 
though  for  a  while  attached  to  the  interests 
of  the  enemies  of  the  new  king,  Henry  IV. 
he  was  reconciled  to  him,  and  deserved  his 
confidence.  He  was  loaded  with  all  the 
honours  which  the  monarch  could  bestow, 
and  he  maintained  the  same  influence  in 
the  court  of  Lewis  XIII.  in  spite  of  the  in- 
trigues of  Richelieu,  and  the  jealousy  of 
new  favourites.  His  violent  attack  upon 
the  person  of  the  archbishop  of  Bourdeaux, 
whom  he  struck,  exposed  him  to  the  se- 
verest censures  of  the  church,  but  the  in- 
terference of  his  friends,  and  his  oW'n  sub- 
mission, restored  him  to  favour.  He  died 
at  Loches,  l3th  Jan.  1642,  aged  88.  His 
brother  Bernard  shared  his  honours,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  the  military  ser- 
vice of  his  country.  He  was  killed  at  the 
siege  of  Roquebrune,  near  Frejus,  1592. 

Valgulio,  Charles,  a  native  of  Brescia, 
in  Italy,  who  published,  in  1507,  a  Latin 
translation  of  Plutarch's  treatise  on  Music, 
4to.  He  also  translated  some  of  the  other 
moral  works  of  Plutarch. 

Valin,  Ren6  Joshua,  a  learned  native  of 
Rochelle,  author  of  a  Commentary  on  the 
Costume  de  la  Rochelle,  3  vols.  4to. — L'Or- 
donnance  de  la  Marine,  2  vols.  4to. — Traite 
des  Prises,  2  vols.  8vo.  This  intelligent 
writer  died  1765. 

Valincour,  John  Baptist  Henry  du 
Trousset  de,  a  French  writer,  born  in  Pi- 
cardy,  1653.  He  was  secretary  of  Marine 
to  admiral  de  Toulouse  at  the  battle  of  Ma- 
laga, in  which  he  was  wounded,  and  he  was 
appointed  by  Lewis  XIV.  his  historian,  in 
the  room  of  Racine.  He  died  at  Paris,  5th 
Jan.  1730,  aged  77,  universally  respected. 
He  was  author  of  a  Letter  to  la  Marquise 
de  . . . .  12mo. — the  Life  of  Francis  de  Lor- 
raine, duke  of  Guise — Critical  Observa- 
tions on  the  (Edipus  of  Sophocles,  4to.  be- 
sides some  translations  from  Horace's  Odes. 

Valkenburgh,  Theodore,  a  native  of 
Amsterdam,  eminent  as  a  painter.  He  un- 
fortunately lost  all  his  property  in  a  voyage 
to  the  West  Indies,  and  died  in  indigent 
circumstances  in  Holland,  1721,  aged  46. 
His  dead  game  and  fruit  pieces  are  admi- 
red. There  was  also  an  artist  of  that  name, 
whose  fairs,  public  exhibitions,  &c.  were 
much  esteemed.     He  died  1623. 

Valla,  George,  a  native  of  Placentia, 
professor  of  medicine  and  belles  Icttres  at 


Venice,  died  suddenly,  1460.  He  wrote  dc 
Expetcndis  et  Fugieudis  Htbus,  2  vols.  fol. 
a  curious  work,  now  little  read. 

Valla,  Laurentius,  a  learned  native  of 
Placentia,  born  1415.  He  possessed  great 
powers  as  a  critic,  and  his  severest  cen- 
sures were  directed  against  the  barbarism 
in  the  Latin  tongue,  which  the  ignorance  of 
the  age  still  tolerated.  Violent  in  his  re- 
marks, and  contentious  and  contradicting 
in  his  character,  he  raised  against  himself  a 
host  of  enemies,  and  without  confining  the 
bitterness  ol'  his  reflections  to  subjects  of 
literature,  he  ventured  to  attack  the  tradi- 
tions of  the  church,  and  to  declare  that  in 
his  quiver  he  had  arrows  even  against 
Christ  himself.  He  was  kindly  patronised 
by  Alphonsus,  king  of  Naples,  who  ai  the 
age  of  50  learned  Latin  of  him  ;  and  when 
he  was  persecuted  by  the  virulence  of  his 
enemies,  for  the  boldness  of  his  opinions, 
before  the  inquisition,  and  conden;ned  to 
be  burned  alive,  he  was  saved  frum  the 
flames  by  the  interference  of  his  royal  pro- 
tector, and  submitted  only  to  a  private  cor- 
rection in  the  convent  of  the  Jacobines. 
He  was  invited  from  Naples  to  Rome  by- 
Nicholas  V.  who  knew  his  literary  merits, 
and  who  relieved  his  necessities  by  the  ho- 
nourable grant  of  a  pension.  He  died  at 
Rome,  1st  Aug.  1465,  aged  50,  after  teach- 
ing belles  lettres  and  rhetoric  with  great 
reputation  at  Genoa,  Pavia,  Milan,  Naples, 
and  other  cities  of  Italy.  Though  censu- 
red by  Poggius  and  others,  Valla  Las  had 
among  his  defenders  the  impartial  Eras- 
mus, and  if  he  cannot  be  exculpated  from 
asperity  of  language,  he  yet  possesses  the 
merit  of  indefatigable  zeal  in  the  cause  of 
science,  of  correct  judgment,  and  acute  dis- 
cernment. The  following  epigram  was 
w ritten  upon  him  by  some  of  those  who  re- 
garded him  as  superciliously  nice  in  the 
choice  of  words : 

J^unc  postquam  manes  defuncttis  Valla  pe- 
tivit, 

^cn  audet  Pluto  verba  Latina  loqui ; 
Jupiter  hunc  cceli  dignatu^i  parte  fimset, 

Censuram  lin^cce  sed  timet  ille  suoc. 

His  works  are,  Elegances  of  the  Latin  Lan- 
guage, a  valuable  work,  printed  ^'enit•e, 
1471,  folio,  Paris,  1575,  4to.  and  Cam- 
bridge, 8vo. — Treatise  against  the  False 
Donation  of  Constautine — History  of  the 
Reign  of  Ferdinand,  king  of  Anagon,  4to. 
— translations  of  Thucydides,  Herodotus, 
Homer's  Illiad,  &.c.  not  of  much  value — 
Notes  on  the  Greek  Tcj^tanient — Fables — 
Facetious  Stories — a  Treatise  on  Truth 
and  Falsehood,  &.c.  all  printed  together  at 
Basil,  1540,  in  folio. 

Valle,  Peter  della,  a  native  of  Rome, 
who  for  twelve  years,  from  1614  to  1626, 
employed  himself  in  visiting  Turkey,  Egypt, 
the  Holv  Land,  Persia,  India,  and  other 

741 


VAL 


VAN 


Eastern  countries,  of  which  he  published 
an  interesting  account  in  a  series  of  54 
letters.  He  died  at  Rome,  1652,  aged  66. 
The  best  edition  of  his  voyages  is  that  of 
Rome,  1662,  in  4  vols.  4to.  which  was 
translated  by  Carneau. 

Vallee,  Geofroi,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
known  for  the  absurdities  and  the  impro- 
prieties of  his  Beatitude  des  Chretiens,  a 
work  which  drew  upon  him  the  severest 
punishments  of  the  inquisition.  He  was 
burnt  at  Paris,  8th  Feb.  1574. 

Vallee,  Simon,  a  French  engraver  of 
merit.  His  Venus  in  her  car  from  Troy — 
the  Resurrection  of  Lazarus,  by  Raphael — 
Jesus  bearing  his  cross,  from  Sacchi,  are 
much  admired.  Lewis  XIV.  granted  him  a 
pension,  but  the  artist,  then  lying  on  his 
death-bed,  declined  it,  exclaiming,  "  it  is 
too  late,"  and  expired. 

Vallemont,  Peter  le  Lorraine  de,  an 
ecclesiastic,  who  died  at  Pont-Audemer, 
his  native  town,  30th  Dec.  1721,  aged  72. 
He  wrote  Elements  of  History,  5  vols. 
12mo.  a  work  of  merit — Curiosities  of  Na- 
ture and  Art  in  the  Vegetation  of  Plants, 
2  vols.  &c. 

Valliere,  Louise  Francoise,  duchesse 
de  la,  a  French  lady,  born  of  an  ancient 
family.  She  was  one  of  the  maids  of  ho- 
nour to  Henrietta  of  England,  the  wife  of 
the  duke  of  Orleans,  and  she  became  mis- 
tress to  the  voluptuous  Le%vis  XIV.  by 
whom  she  had  a  son  and  a  daughter.  When 
the  charms  of  Madame  de  Montespan  alien- 
ated the  affections  of  her  fickle  lover,  she 
retired  from  the  distinctions  of  a  court 
which  she  had  enjoyed  with  great  modera- 
tion, tempered  with  beneficence,  to  the  so- 
litude of  a  cloister,  where,  for  35  years, 
she  atoned  by  acts  of  piety  and  devotion, 
for  the  guilt  and  the  licentiousness  of  her 
youth.    She  died  6th  June,  1710,  aged  66, 

Vallisnieri,  Anthony,  an  Italian  natu- 
ralist, born  at  Tresilico,  near  Reggio.  He 
studied  under  Malpighi,  and  was  appointed 
by  the  Venetian  republic  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  Padua,  and,  on  account  of  his  cele- 
brity, was  admitted  member  of  the  learned 
societies  of  Italy,  and  of  the  London  Royal 
Society.  He  died  28th  Jan.  1730,  aged  69. 
He  wrote  in  Italian,  Dialogues  on  the  Ori- 
gin of  various  Insects,  8vo. — Experiments 
on  the  Worms  of  the  Human  Body — His- 
toire  de  la  Generation  de  I'Homme  et  des 
Anintaux,  4to. — de  Corpi  Marini  che  su 
Monti  si  Trovano,  4to. 

Valois.   Vid.  Valesius. 

Valois,  Yves  de,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Bour- 
deaux,  2d  Nov.  1694.  He  became  profes- 
sor of  hydrography  at  Rochelle,  and  pub- 
lished various  useful  works.  The  time  of 
his  death  is  unknown. 

Valsalva,  Anthony  Marie,  a  physician, 
born  at  Imola.     He  studied  under  Malpi- 
!5hi,  and  taught  anatomy  with  great  repu- 
742 


tation  at  Bologna.  He  died  1723,  aged^ 
57.  His  works  are,  Anatomical  Disserta- 
tions in  Latin,  2  vols.  4to.  edited  at  Venide, 
1740,  by  Morgagni — de  Aure  Humane,  4to. 
a  valuable  composition,  the  labour  of  six- 
teen years. 

Valverda,  John,  a  Spanish  physician, 
the  pupil  of  Realdus  Columbus.  It  is  said 
that  he  introduced  the  knowledge  of  ana- 
tomy from  Italy  into  Spain,  where  he  pub- 
lished the  Tables  of  Vesalius,  with  Re- 
marks, &c.  in  Spanish.  Indefatigable  more 
than  ingenious,  his  labours  were  highly 
useful  in  propagating  anatomy  in  Spain. 
He  wrote  a  Treatise  on  Anatomy,  published 
Venice,  1589 — et  de  Animi  et  Corporis  Sa- 
nitate Tuenda,  1553. 

Vanaken,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  satins,  velvets, 
lace,  embroidery,  &c.  possessed  peculiar 
beauty.  He  died  4th  July,  1749,  aged  50. 
— Another  of  that  name,  Arnold,  excelled 
in  the  representation  of  small  figures,  and 
he  published  a  set  of  prints  of  fishes,  or  the 
wonders  of  the  deep. 

Vanbrugh,  sir  John,  a  native  of  Che- 
shire, highly  distinguished  for  his  poetical 
talents,  and  his  knowledge  of  architecture. 
He  was  for  some  time  in  the  army,  and  in 
1697,  produced  his  first  play,  the  Relapse, 
or  Virtue  in  Danger,  which  was  received 
with  such  applause,  that  the  following  year 
he  again  claimed  the  public  approbation  by 
his  Provoked  Wife.    Soon  after,  his  -Sisop, 
a  comedy  abounding  with  satire  and  moral- 
ity, appeared  at  Drury-lane,  and  in  1702, 
the  False  Friend.     His  character  was  now 
become  so  respectable,  that  he  was  knight- 
ed by  queen  Anne,  and  appointed  Claren- 
cieux  king  at  arms,  and  afterwards  he  held 
successively  the  offices  of  surveyor   of  the 
works  at  Greenwich  hospital,  of  comptrol- 
ler general  of  his  majesty's  works,  and  of 
surveyor  of  the  gardens  and  waters.     No- 
thing, however,  could  compensate  the  want 
of  economy,  and  the  poet,  suffering  under 
indigent  circumstances,  exerted  the  powers 
of  his  genius  to  amuse  the  town,  and  to  re- 
trieve his  fortunes.     He   had   undertaken 
the  building  of  the  new  theatre  in  the  Hay- 
market,   but   the    plan  did    not    succeed, 
though  he  rapidly  produced  for  public  re- 
presentation,  the  Triumph  of  Love — the 
Confederacy — the    Cuckold   in  Conceit — 
Squire  Treeloby — and   the    Mistake.     Sir 
John  died  of  a  quinsy,  26th  March,  1726, 
Though  ridiculed  by  Pope,  sir  John  is  yet 
acknowledged  by  the  satirist  to  be  a  man 
of  wit  and  of  honour.     The  most  remarka- 
ble monument  of  his  architectural  abilities 
is  Blenheim  house,  which,  though  admired 
by  some  as  a  perfect  whole,  must  be  consi- 
dered as  a  heavy  pile,  with  scarce  an  apart- 
ment of  magnitude  sufficiently  proportion- 
ed to  the  size  of  a  splendid  mansion,  or 
adequate  to  the  expectations  formed  at  the 


VAN 


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aight  of  a  noble  edifice  raised  by  national 
gratitude.  The  dramatic  pieces  of  Vau- 
brugh,  from  their  wit,  ease,  and  vivacity, 
possess  great  merit ;  but  they  must  be  con- 
demned for  that  licentiousness  and  immo- 
ral tendency,  which,  though  palliated  by 
the  corrupt  and  indelicate  taste  of  the 
times,  are  yet  unbecoming  a  man  of  pure 
Tirtue,  of  refined  sense,  and  of  honourable 
principles- 

Van-Ceclen,  Ludolph,  a  mathematician 
of  Leyden,  of  great  merit,  in  the  17th  cen- 
tury. He  published  Fundanienta  Geome- 
triae,  translated  by  Snellius,  4to, — de  Cir- 
culo  et  Adscriptis,  4to.  1619.  The  36  ci- 
phers by  which  he  expressed  the  propor- 
tion of  the  circumference  and  the  diameter 
of  a  circle,  were,  in  honour  of  his  laborious 
calculations,  engraved  on  his  tomb  in  St. 
Peter's  church,  Leyden. 

Van-Cleve,  Joseph,  a  sculptor  of  emi- 
nence, the  pupil  of  Anguier.  He  embel- 
lished Marly,  Versailles,  Trianon,  Paris, 
&c.  with  his  beautiful  groupes,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1733,  aged  89. 

Vancouveur,  George,  an  English  navi- 
gator. He  was  captain  in  the  navy,  and 
made  a  voyaee  in  the  North  Pacific  ocean, 
and  round  the  globe  in  1790-5,  of  which  he 
published  an  interesting  account  in  4to. 
He  died  1797. 

Vandale,  Anthony,  a  Dutch  physician, 
born  8th  Nov.  1638.  From  his  earliest 
years  he  showed  great  fondness  for  litera- 
ture ;  but  his  parents  engaged  him  in  com- 
mercial pursuits,  which  at  last  he  quitted, 
at  the  age  of  30,  to  study  medicine.  He 
practised  with  great  reputation  at  Haerlem, 
where  he  died  universally  respected,  28th 
Nov.  1708.  He  wrote  Dissertations  on 
the  Heathen  Oracles,  best  edited  1700,  Am- 
sterdam, and  ably  abridged  and  improved 
by  la  Fontenelle — a  Treatise  on  the  Origin 
and  Progress  of  Idolatry,  4to. — Disserta- 
tions on  Important  Subjects,  4to. — Disser- 
tatio  super  Aristed  de  LXX.  Interpretibus, 
4to. 

Vanden-Eckout,  Gerbrandt,  a  painter 
of  Amsterdam,  the  pupil  of  Rembrandt. 
His  historical  pieces,  as  well  as  his  por- 
traits, possess  great  merit.  He  died  at 
Amsterdam,  1674,  aged  53. 

Vanden-Velde,  Adrian,  a  painter  of 
Amsterdam.  His  animals,  landscapes,  &c. 
were  represented  with  taste,  ease,  and  de- 
licacy.    He  died  1672,  aged  33. 

Vanden-Velde,  Isaiah,  a  Flemish  paint- 
er, whose  battles  and  attacks  of  robbers  ai-e 
highly  admired.  He  resided  at  Haerlem, 
and  aftf  rwards  at  Leyden,  and  died  about 
1640.  His  brothers,  John  and  William, 
were  also  eminent  artists.  The  former 
excelled  as  an  engraver,  and  the  latter  was 
particularly  commended  for  his  representa- 
tion of  sea  views  and  sea  fights,  for  which 
he  was  patronised  by  Charles  I.     He  died 


in  London,  1693.  The  son  of  William, 
also  called  William,  posseBsed  the  K,tnius 
and  supported  the  reputation  of  his  lanuly. 
He  was  patronised  by  Charles  II.  and  his 
brother.  His  water  pieces  are  finished  in 
the  highest  characters  of  grace,  correctness, 
and  nature. 

Vander-Does,  Jacob,  a  Dutch  painter, 
who  died  at  the  Hague,  1673,  aged  50.  liia 
animals  and  landscapes  were  highly  finish- 
ed, and  as  his  temper  was  of  a. gloomy  cast, 
he  infused  the  melancholy  feelings  of  his 
mind  into  his  pieces  with  peculiar  effect. 

Vander-Heyden,  John,  a  painter,  born 
at  Gorcum.  He  chiefly  excelled  in  the  re- 
presentation of  ruins,  temples,  distant  tow- 
ers, &c.  He  was  correct  in  the  most  mi- 
nute circumstances,  and  in  an  open  Bible, 
only  four  inches  high,  which  was  intro- 
duced in  one  of  his  pieces,  the  characters 
of  the  whole  page  were  perfectly  legible. 
He  died  at  Amsterdam,  1712,  aged  75. 

Vander-Kabel,  Adrian,  a  painter  and 
engraver,  born  at  Ryswick,  near  the  Hague. 
He  excelled  in  sea  views  and  in  landscapes, 
but  his  colouring  was  bad.  He  was  in  his 
conduct  fond  of  low  company,  and  as  his 
resources  were  narrow,  he,  in  one  instance, 
like  another  Morland,  painted  a  sign  to  pay 
his  host's  reckoning.  He  died  at  Lyons, 
1695,  aged  64. 

Vander-Linden,  John  Antonides,  pro- 
fessor of  Medicine  at  Leyden,  was  de- 
scended from  an  ancient  and  respectable 
family.  His  grandfather  Henry,  who  was 
master  of  the  learned  languages,  and  who, 
in  the  Spanish  massacre  at  Naerden,  lost 
several  of  his  relations,  was  minister  at 
Enckhuysen,  and  afterwards  divinity  pro- 
fessor at  Franeker,  where  he  died  1614, 
aged  63.  His  son  Anthony  was  rector  of 
Enckhuysen  college,  and  afterwards  prac- 
tised physic  at  Amsterdam,  where  he  died 
1633,  leaving  Antonides.  Antonides,  who 
was  born  at  Enckhuysen,  13th  Jan.  1609, 
studied  at  Leyden  and  Franeker,  and  finish- 
ed his  medical  studies  at  Amsterdam  under 
his  father.  His  abilities  were  such  that  for 
12  years  he  filled  the  professorial  chair  of 
medicine  at  Franeker,  with  universal  ap- 
probation, and  next  removed,  1651,  to  Ley- 
den, where  his  reputation  and  success  fol- 
lowed him.  He  died  at  Leyden,  4th  March, 
1664.  He  was  distinguished  not  only  as  a 
professor,  but  as  a  writer.  His  works  are,  de 
Scriptis  Medicis,  8vo. — Selecta  Medica, 
4to — editions  of  Hippocrates,  Celsus,  and 
Spigelius. 

Vander-Meer,  John,  a  painter  of  Haer- 
lem, who  resided  in  Italy,  and  perished  in 
a  short  excursion  on  the  sea-coast,  1690, 
aged  62.  He  was  the  pupil  of  Nicholas 
Bergbem,  and  chiefly  excelled  in  his  sea 
views  and  landscapes.  His  brother  was 
also   an  eminent  artist.     His  representa- 

743 


VAN 


VAN 


tions  of  animals,  especially  the  wool  of  his 
sheep,  possessed  peculiar  grace  and  spirit. 

Vander-Mersch,  general  of  the  insur- 
gents of  Brabant,  in  1789,  against  the  im- 
perial forces,  distinguished  himself  by  his 
valour  and  prudence.  When  insulted  and 
betrayed  by  his  countrymen,  he  retired  to 
Brussels,  and  was  imprisoned  by  his  ene- 
mies in  the  citadel  of  Antwerp.  He  was 
afterwards  restored  to  liberty,  and  died  at 
Antwerp,  14th  Sept.  1792. 

Vander-Meulen,  Anthony  Francis,  a 
painter  of  Brussels,  the  pupil  of  Peter 
Sneyers.  His  pieces  exhibit  all  the  graces, 
the  spirit,  and  delicacy  of  the  most  admired 
performances  of  Teniers.  The  subjects  are 
chiefly  hunting  parties,  sieges,  battles,  &c. 
He  attended  Lewis  XIV.  in  his  military 
expeditions,  and  gave  an  accurate  repre- 
sentation of  the  towns  which  he  besieged, 
and  the  actions  which  he  fought.  He  mar- 
ried the  niece  of  le  Brun,  and  Lewis  XIV. 
became  sponsor  to  one  of  his  children.  He 
died  at  Paris,  1690,  aged  56.  His  brother 
Peter  was  distinguished  as  a  sculptor.  He 
was  in  England  in  1670. 

Vander-Monde,  Charles  Augustin,  a 
physician,  born  at  Macao  in  China,  of  Eu- 
ropean parents.  He  became  censor  royal 
of  the  university  of  Bologna,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1762,  aged  35.  He  published  a  Col- 
lection of  Observations  on  Medicine,  and 
Surgery,  J2mo.  which  were  the  Origin  of 
the  Journal  of  Medicine — Essay  on  the 
Perfecting  of  the  Human  Species,  2  vols. 
12mo. — Pocket  Dictionary  of  Health,  2 
vols.  12mo.  &c. 

Vander-Monde,  N.  a  French  mathema- 
tician, born  at  Paris,  He  studied  under 
Fontaine,  and  was  member  of  the  national 
institute,  and  died  at  Paris,  1st  Jan.  1796, 
aged  61.  He  contributed  much  to  the  me- 
moirs of  the  academy  of  sciences,  in  his 
observations  on  equations,  on  music,  &c. 

Vander-Neer,  Eglon,  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam, eminent  as  a  painter.  Like  his 
father,  who  was  also  a  good  artist,  he  chiefly 
excelled  in  his  representations  of  nature, 
and  his  views  by  moonlight  possessed  pe- 
culiar merit.  He  died  at  Dusseldorf,  1697, 
aged  53. 

Vander-Spiegel,  a  Dutch  statesman  of 
great  eminence,  whose  services  from  1785 
to  1795,  tended  much  to  establish  order 
and  regularity,  and  to  repress  the  schemes 
of  political  innovators.  He  left  Holland  in 
consequence  of  the  persecution  of  his  ene- 
mies, and  died  an  exile  at  Lingen,  in  West- 
phalia, 1800. 

Vander-Ulft,  James,  a  painter  of  Gor- 
cum,  born  1627.  As  he  painted  only  for 
his  amusement,  his  pieces  are  few,  but 
they  possess  great  merit.  He  became  bur- 
gomaster of  his  native  town. 

Vander-Velde.  Vid.   Vanden-Velpe. 

Vandtck,  Anthony,  a  celebrated  painter, 
744 


born  at  Antwerp,  1599.  He  was  the  pupil 
of  Rubens,  and  afterwards  travelled  into 
Italy,  where  he  studied  the  beauties  of  the 
Venetian  school.  On  his  return  to  Flan- 
ders, the  reputation  of  his  historical  pieces 
procured  him  honourable  invitations  from 
Richelieu  and  the  court  of  France  ;  but  he 
preferred  the  patronage  of  Charles  I.  and 
came  to  England.  The  monarch,  pleased 
with  his  merits,  knighted  him,  and  allowed 
him  a  pension,  and  the  painter,  flattered  by 
the  favours  of  the  court,  and  grown  rich  by 
the  exertion  of  his  pencil,  married  the 
beautiful  daughter  of  earl  Gowry,  and  sup- 
ported the  dignity  of  her  rank  by  the  osten- 
tatious display  of  a  magnificent  equipage, 
numerous  servants,  and  a  splendid  table. 
He  died  in  1641,  aged  42,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Paul's  church,  where  his  monument, 
on  which  was  inscribed  an  epitaph  by  Cow- 
ley, perished  at  the  dreadful  conflagration 
of  1666.  The  most  celebrated  of  his  pic- 
tures is  a  Descent  from  the  Cross,  preser- 
ved in  the  great  church  of  Antwerp.  His 
pieces  in  England  are  numerous,  but  chiefly 
portraits,  and  from  them  he  derived  a  more 
rapid  and  substantial  remuneration  than 
from  the  exertion  of  his  powers  on  histo- 
rical subjects.  Of  all  the  pupils  of  Rubens, 
he,  according  to  Fresnoy,  best  compre- 
hended the  rules  and  general  maxims  of 
his  master.  He  even  excelled  him  in  the 
delicacy  of  his  colouring,  and  in  his  cabi- 
net pieces,  though  his  gusto  in  the  design- 
ing part  was  not  superior  to  that  of  Ru- 
bens. His  pictures  preserve  in  high  per* 
fection  the  dress  and  the  costume  of  the 
times.  After  his  death  his  widow  married 
a  Mr.  Price. 

Vandtck,  Peter,  a  Dutch  painter.  His 
portraits  of  the  Stadtholder  and  his  family 
are  much  admired,  and  he  also  excelled  in 
his  history  and  conversation  pieces.  He 
was  born  at  Amsterdam,  and  died  at  the 
Hague  1758,  aged  78. 

Vane,  sir  Henry,  eldest  son  of  sir  Henry, 
the  secretary  of  state  to  Charles  I.  was 
born  1612.  From  Westminster  school  he 
removed  to  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford,  and  af- 
terwards visited  Geneva.  He  displayed  on 
his  return  sentiments  so  hostile  to  the 
church,  that  to  avoid  his  father's  displea- 
sure he  went  to  New-England,  1635,  but 
came  back  to  Europe  two  years  after.  He 
soon  after  married,  and  by  his  father's  in- 
terest obtained  the  place  of  treasurer  of  the 
navy  with  sir  William  Russel ;  but  a  quar- 
rel with  the  earl  of  Strafford,  who  had  as- 
sumed, in  a  new  created  title,  the  name  of 
their  family  seat,  engaged  the  father  and 
the  son  in  measures  of  opposition  to  the 
government.  Eager  to  ruin  his  political 
enemy,  Vane  united  with  Pym  and  the 
more  violent  members  of  the  commons, 
and  during  the  civil  wars  he  ably  promoted 
the  views  of  the  republicans,  and  a-rsisteA 


\  AN 


\  A.N 


til  the  courciences  uitli  the  kiiiu  ut  Ux- 
brid^c  and  in  the  Isle  of  \Vi<;ht.  Though 
he  disapproved  of  the  violence  ofl'ercd  to 
the  king's  person,  he  accepted  afterwards 
of  a  seat  at  the  council  board  ;  but  his  op- 
position to  Cromwell's  usurpation  was  so 
determined  that  he  was  sent  a  prisoner  to 
Carisbrook  castle.  At  the  restoration, 
though  both  houses  voted  for  an  act  of  in- 
demnity in  his  favour,  his  conduct  to  Straf- 
ford, and  the  perseverance  with  which  he 
had  supported  the  republican  cause,  were 
not  forgotten,  and  therefore  he  was  arraign- 
ed and  condemned  oa  pretence  of  having 
compassed  the  late  king's  death.  lie  was 
beheaded  on  ToAver-hill,  14th  June,  1662, 
and  suffered  with  great  firmness  and  resig- 
nation. He  is  represented  by  Clarendon 
as  a  man  of  deep  dissimulation,  of  quiek 
conception,  and  great  understanding ;  but 
Burnet  speaks  of  him  as  a  fearful  man, 
whose  head  was  darkened  in  his  notions  of 
religion.  From  his  fanatical  mode  of 
preaching  he  and  his  adherents  were  called 
Seekers,  and  in  his  writings,  which  were 
on  moral  and  theological  subjects,  he 
clothed  his  thoughts  in  such  affected  lan- 
guage that  his  meaning  was  totally  unin- 
telligible. His  only  son  Christopher  was 
created  bai'on  Barnard  by  king  William, 
and  he  is  the  ancestor  of  the  present  Dar- 
lington family. 

Van-Effen,  Just,  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
known  as  the  translator  of  Robinson  Cru- 
soe, 2  vols.  12mo. — of  the  Modern  Mentor, 
3  vols.  12mo.— of  Swift's  Tale  of  a  Tub, 
&c.  died  18th  Sept.  1735. 

Van-Everdingen,  Albert,  a  painter  and 
engraver,  born  at  Alkmaer.  His  land- 
scapes and  water-falls  possessed  peculiar 
beauty,  and  especially  his  agitated  seas. 
He  died  1675,  aged  54.  His  brothers  John 
and  Caesar,  who  both  died  1679,  were  also 
eminent  artists,  whose  works  are  preserved 
chiefly  in  their  native  city. 

V  AN-HuTSUM,  John,  a  painter,  born  at 
Amsterdam,  1682.  He  studied  under  his 
father,  but  instead  of  seeking  reputation  in 
the  various  branches  of  his  profession,  he 
applied  all  the  powers  of  his  genius  in  the 
delineation  of  flowers,  fruit,  and  land- 
scapes. He  was  so  successful,  that  in  the 
representation  of  the  down  and  bloom  of 
fruit,  and  the  varied  tints  of  flowers,  no 
painter  ever  possessed  greater  delicacy, 
more  exactness,  or  more  taste  in  tracing 
the  beauties  of  nature  through  all  her  va- 
rious refinements.  His  pieces  were  so 
much  admired  that  he  sold  them  for  a  very 
high  price,  and  at  last  only  princes  and  no- 
bles could  aflbrd  to  become  purchasers. 
The  violent  temper  of  his  wife,  and  the  ili 
conduct  of  his  son,  ruftled  his  spirits  in  the 
last  part  of  life,  and  produced  habits  of 
intemperance  and  of  melancholy,  from 
which,  he  was  seldom  able  to  recover.     He 

Vol  U.  fi,4 


died  at  Am^lcrdam,  1710,  aged  57.  His 
brothers  were  also  good  arti^ts.  Juste  ex- 
celled in  the  repnsenlalion  of  battles,  mui 
died  at  the  age  of  22,  and  James,  who  waa 
an  able  copyi.st,  died  in  London. 

Vanieke,  James,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Caus- 
ses  in  the  diocess  of  Beziers,  'Jth  March, 
1664.  He  studied  under  Joubert,  and 
soon  after  being  admitted  among  the  Je- 
suits, he  displayed  great  poetical  powers. 
The  best  known  of  his  poems  is  his  Pra;- 
dium  Kusticum,  in  16  cantos,  a  work  in 
imitation  of  Virgil's  Georgics,  though  not 
always  interesting  and  free  from  tedious 
descriptions.  The  best  edition  is  that  of 
Paris,  1756,  l2mo.  He  wrote  besides, 
eclogues,  epistles,  epigrams,  hymns,  &c. 
and  a  Poetical  Dictionary,  in  Latin,  in  4to. 
He  died  at  Toulouse,  22d  Aug.  1739,  aged 
76.  His  nephew,  who  died  at  Paris,  1768, 
was  author  of  a  Cours  de  Latinite,  2  vols. 
Svo.  and  also  translated  some  of  Horace's 
odes. 

Vanini,  Lucilio,  a  well-known  atheist^ 
born  at  Taurozano  in  Otranto  1585.  Af- 
ter studying  at  Rome,  Naples,  and  Padua, 
and  taking  the  degree  of  doctor  in  civil 
law,  he  entered  into  orders,  but  soon  dis- 
regarded divinity  for  the  writings  of  Aris- 
totle, Avcrroes,  Cardan,  and  Pomponatiu3. 
In  the  pages  of  these  philosophers  it  is 
supposed,  that  he  drew  his  principles  of 
atheism,  which  he  laboured  so  earnestly  to 
disseminate  through  Europe.  After  visit- 
ing part  of  Germany  and  the  Low  Coun- 
tries he  came  to  Geneva,  and  afterwards 
passed  into  England,  from  which  he  re- 
turned to  Italy  and  next  to  France,  where 
he  propagated  his  opinions  sometimes 
openly,  and  sometimes  under  the  imposing 
garb  of  the  friend  of  truth  and  religion. 
Though  for  a  while  patronised  by  Bassom- 
pierre  he  preferred  the  freedom  of  a  wan- 
dering life,  and  quitting  Paris  he  gained 
some  celebrity  as  a  professor  of  physic, 
philosophy,  and  divinity,  at  Toulouse.  The 
impious  tenets,  however,  Avhich  he  instilled 
into  the  minds  of  his  pupils,  soon  drew 
upon  him  the  public  indignation,  and  he 
was  tried  before  the  parliament  and  con- 
demned to  be  burnt  as  an  irreligious  and 
immoral  atheist.  The  sentence  was  execu- 
ted 19th  Feb.  1619.  His  works  are  Am- 
phitheatrum  ^Eternae  Providential,  Svo. 
1615 — de  Admirandis  Naturae,  Regina-, 
Deceque  Mortalium  Arcanis,  Svo.  1616, 
works  which  abound  with  impiety  and  pro* 
faneness — a  treatise  of  Astronomy  in  MS. 
The  best  account  of  his  life  is  by  Durand, 
12mo.  Rotterdam,  1727. 

Van-Keulen,  John,  a  Dutchman,  who 
edited  the  Flambeau  de  la  Mer,  5  vols.  fol. 
Amsterdam,  1687,  with  a  supplement  iii 
1699  in  folio,  with  160  maps. 

Vanloo,  John  Baptist,  a  famous  painter, 
born  at  Aix^     He  was  honoured  with  the 

745 


VAN 


VAR 


patronage  ol'  some  of  the  princes  of  Eu- 
rope, but  he  preferred  a  settlement  at 
Paris,  where  his  pencil  was  successfully 
employed  on  portraits  and  on  histoxical 
pieces,  which  are  preserved  in  the  churches 
and  the  palaces  of  France,  &c.  He  died 
at  Aix  1745,  aged  61.  His  sons  Lewis 
Michael,  and  Charles  Amadeus  Philip, 
were  also  good  artists  ;  the  former  was  a 
painter  to  the  king  of  Spain,  and  the  lat- 
ter to  the  king  of  Pi'ussia. 

Vanloo,  Charles  Andrew,  brother  and 
pupil  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Nice 
1705.  After  visiting  Italy,  and  studying 
under  Lutti,  and  le  Gros,  he  settled  at  Pa- 
ris, and  became  painter  to  the  king,  and 
professor  in  the  academy  of  painting.  He 
was  also  made  knight  of  St.  Michael. 
The  best  of  his  pieces  are  a  lame  man 
healed  by  St.  Peter,  Jesus  washing  his  dis- 
ciples' feet,  the  graces,  the  sacrifice  of 
Iphigenia,  &c.  He  died  luth  Feb.  1765, 
aged  61.  His  life  was  written  by  d' Andre 
Bardon. 

Van-Mender,  Charles,  a  native  of 
Courtray,  eminent  as  a  landscape  and  his- 
torical painter.  He  died  1606,  aged  58. 
His  best  pieces  are  Adam  and  Eve  in  Pa- 
radise, and  the  deluge. 

Vanni,  Francis,  a  painter  born  at  Sien- 
na. He  studied  the  manner  of  F.  Ba- 
roche,  and  of  Corregio,  and  chiefly  excelled 
in  devotional  subjects.  He  was  also  an 
able  architect  and  good  mechanic.  He 
died  at  Rome  1609,  aged  46. 

Vannius,  Valentin,  a  native  of  Swabia, 
who  warmly  espoused  and  defended  the 
tenets  of  the  Lutherans  in  his  Judicium  de 
Miss^,  published  at  Tubingen  1567,  and 
Missae  Historia  Integra  1563,  4to. 

Van-Obstal,  Gerard,  a  sculptor  of  ce- 
lebrity, born  at  Antwerp.  He  died  rector 
of  the  royal  academy  of  painting  and 
sculpture  at  Paris  1668,  aged  73. 

Van-Oort,  Adam,  a  Dutch  painter. 
His  landscapes  and  historical  pieces  were 
admired.  He  died  in  his  native  town  of 
Antwerp,  1641,  aged  84. 

Van-Orlat,  Bernard,  a  painter,  the  pu- 
pil of  Raphael.  He  was  patronised  by 
Charles  V.  and  died  at  Brussels,  1550. 

Van-Ostade,  Adrian,  a  native  of  Lu- 
beck,  eminent  as  a  painter.  His  taverns, 
stables,  &c.  possessed  great  merit.  He  died 
at  Amsterdam,  1689,  aged  75.  His  bro- 
ther Isaac,  was  also  an  artist,  but  of  infe- 
rior merit. 

Vansomer,  Paul,  a  native  of  Antwerp, 
known  as  a  painter.  He  was  for  some 
time  resident  in  England,  where  his  abili- 
ties were  patronised  by  the  nobility.  He 
died  1621,  aged  45. 

Van-Swieten,    Gerard,    a    celebrated 

physician,  born  at  Leyden,  7th  May,  1700. 

After    finishing  his  education   under  the 

great  Boerhaave,  he  left  his  native  country, 

746 


and  declining  the  liberal  offers  of  patron- 
age in  England,  settled  at  Vienna,  where 
he  became  first  physician  to  the  empress 
Maria  Theresa.  To  an  extensive  practice 
he  joined  the  labours  of  a  public  professor, 
and  it  may  truly  be  said  that  to  his  indefa- 
tigable zeal  and  to  his  enlightened  mind, 
medicine  is  indebted  for  its  present  flour- 
ishing state  in  the  capital  of  Germany. 
The  most  celebrated  practitioners  of  Vien- 
na regard  him  still  as  the  cause  of  their 
eminence,  and  his  experiments  and  his  suc- 
sessful  mode  of  treating  diseases  laid  the 
foundation  of  that  superiority  which  his 
school  has  so  justly  acquired  over  the  other 
medical  institutions  of  the  continent. 
Though  branded  with  the  appellation  of 
the  tyrant  of  the  mind,  and  the  assassin 
of  the  body,  by  those  extravagant  philoso- 
phers of  France,  whose  works  he  censured 
with  merited  severity,  it  is  universally  ad- 
mitted that  to  encourage  merit,  and  to  pa- 
tronise rising  talents,  he  employed  with 
alacrity  the  powerful  influence  which  he 
possessed  at  the  court  of  the  empress. 
This  truly  great  and  virtuous  character 
died  18th  June,  1772,  leaving  two  sons. 
His  chief  work  is  Commentaries  on  Boer- 
haave's  Aphorisms  de  Cognoscendis  et 
Curandis  Morbis,  5  vols.  4to.  Paris,  1771-3, 
which  has  been  translated  separately,  into 
French,  and  also  into  English. 

Van-Tulden,  Theodore,  a  painter  and 
engraver,  born  1620,  at  Bois  le  Due,  and 
the  pupil  of  Rubens.  He  chiefly  excelled 
in  the  representation  of  fairs,  markets,  and 
village  sports. 

Van-Uden,  Lucas,  a  native  of  Ant- 
werp, eminent  as  a  painter.  His  lands- 
capes are  particularly  worthy  of  admira- 
tion, as  his  trees,  his  figures,  and  other  ob- 
jects are  represented  with  all  the  delicacy 
and  correctness  of  nature.  He  died  1660, 
aged  65. 

Varchi,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Fiesole, 
who  became  professor  of  morality  at  Pa- 
dua. He  preferred  the  patronage  of  Cos- 
mo de  Medicis  to  the  honourable  invita- 
tions of  Paul  III.  and  showed  himself  so 
correct  and  elegant  a  speaker  of  his  native 
tongue  that  the  Florentines  said  if  Jupiter 
wished  to  talk  Italian,  he  would  speak  the 
language  of  Varchi.  Though  admired  and 
publicly  applauded,  he  was  not  without 
enemies  who  censured  him,  perhaps  with 
justice,  for  obstinacy  of  opinion,  and  for 
debauchery  of  morals.  He  died  at  Flo- 
rence 18th  Dec.  1666,  aged  63.  He  wrote 
a  history  of  the  Principal  Events  of  his 
time  in  Florence  and  Italy,  published  Co- 
logne 1721.  He  wrote  besides  some  poeti- 
cal pieces  called  Capitoli,  2  vols.  8vo.  of- 
fensive for  their  indelicacy — sonnets,  2 
vols.  8vb. 

Vardes,  Francis  Rene  du  Bee,  marquis 
de,  one  of  the  favourites  at  the  court  of 


VAR 


VAS 


Lewis  XIV.  As  he  was  well  acquainted 
with  tlic  debaucheries  of  iiis  master,  he 
Lad  the  imprudence  to  reveal  them  to  the 
queen  in  a  letter  supposed  to  come  from 
her  mother  the  queen  of  bpuin,  but  after 
procuring  the  disi>race  of  the  duke  of 
Noailles  by  fixing  the  suspicion  of  this  per- 
fidious conduct  upon  him,  he  was  at  last 
discovered  and  sent  to  ijj;nomiiiious  exile. 
He  was  afterwards  pardoned  and  died  at 
Paris  1688. 

Varenius,  Augustus,  a  native  of  Lunen- 
burg, well  known  for  his  deep  acquain- 
tance with  Hebrew,  and  his  extensive 
learning  as  a  Lutheran  divine.  It  is  said 
that  he  could  repeat  the  Hebrew  Bible  by 
heart,  and  that  he  was  so  conversant  with 
that  language  that  he  spoke  it  with  greater 
fluency  than  his  own.  He  wrote,  among 
other  things,  a  Commentary  on  Isaiah, 
4to.  and  died  IGS4,  aged  64. 

Varenius,  Bernard,  a  Dutch  physician, 
author  of  a  Description  of  Japan  and  Siam, 
8vo. — and  of  Geographia  Universalis,  bvo. 
translated  into  English  with  notes  by  sir 
Isaac  Newton,  1672,  and  from  the  English 
translated  into  French  by  Puisieux,  4  vols. 
l2mo. 

Varekne  de  Penille,  p.  C.  a  native  of 
Brescia.  He  was  an  intelligent  agricultu- 
rist, and  published  observations  on  the 
causes  why  tishes  die  in  pools,  memoirs 
on  forests,  &c.  2  vols.  12mo.  He  was 
guillotined  at  Lyons  in  consequence  of 
false  accusations  before  sanguinary  judges 
in  1794. 

Vargas,  Alphonso,  a  native  of  Toledo, 
■who  died  archbishop  of  Seville  1366.  He 
was  author  of  commentaries  on  the  first 
book  of  the  Master  of  Sentences,  fol. 

Vargas,  Francis,  a  Spanish  lawyer,  em- 
ployed by  Charles  V.  and  Philip  II.  in  va- 
rious embassies.  He  protested  in  his  mas- 
ter's name  against  the  transferring  of  the 
council  of  Trent  to  Bologna,  and  after  be- 
ing ambassador  at  Rome  he  became  coun- 
sellor of  state  in  Spain,  and  some  time 
after  retired,  disgusted  with  the  world,  to 
the  monastery  of  Cissos,  where  he  died 
about  1560.  He  wrote  on  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  pope  and  of  bishop?,  a  work  which 
gave  offence  at  Rome — and  memoirs  of  the 
council  of  Trent. 

Vargas,  Lewis  de,  a  painter  born  at  Se- 
ville. He  studied  for  some  years  at  Rome, 
and  in  the  Italian  schools,  and  acquired 
great  celebrity  among  his  countrymen. 
The  best  known  of  his  pieces  are,  a  Jer.us 
bearing  his  Cross,  and  Adam  and  Eve,  still 
preserved  at  Seville.  Some  of  his  portraits 
also  possessed  superior  excellence.  He 
died  at  Seville  1590,  aged  62. 

Varignon,  Peter,  a  native  of  Caen, 
known  as  an  architect  and  mathematician. 
He  was  member  of  the  academy  of  inscrip- 
tions at  Paris,  and  of  that  of  Berlin,  aud 


professor  of  mathematics  iu  the  college  of 
Mazarine.  This  uhlc  writer,  etpially  ad- 
mired for  his  virtues  and  his  modesty,  died 
suddenly  at  Paris  22d  Dec.  1722,  aged  CM. 
He  wrote  Nouvelle  Macanique,  2  \ols.  4to. 
— Conjectures  on  Gravity — Eh  ments  of 
Mathematics,  4to. — Meuioires  of  the  Aca- 
demy of  Sciences,  &c. 

Varili.as,  Anthony,  a  native  of  (jihtj  t, 
wdio  was  patronised  by  Gaston  dul:e  of 
Orleans,  and  appointed  one  of  the  libra- 
rians to  the  king  1655.  He  wrote  a  his- 
tory of  France  from  the  birth  of  Lewis 
XL  to  the  death  of  Henry  HI.  15  vols. 
4to. — History  of  the  Revolutions  in  Reli- 
gion through  Europe,  6  vols.  4to. — la  Po- 
litique de  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  4to. —  la 
Politique  de  la  Maison  d'Autrichc,  4to. — 
Anecdotes  of  Florence,  12mo.  and  other 
works  which  betray  great  partiality,  igno- 
rance, and  inaccuracy.  He  died  9ih  June, 
1696,  aged  72. 

Varius,  a  Latin  poet  the  friend  of  Ho- 
race. He  was  one  of  those  to  whom  Au- 
gustus intrusted  the  revision  of  Virgil's 
JEneid.  Some  fragments  of  his  poetry  re- 
main. 

Varnum,  James  Mitchell,  was  appointed 
a  brigadier  general  in  the  American  revo- 
lutionary army  in  February,  1777,  and  re- 
signed in  1779.  In  1736  he  was  elected  a 
delegate  to  congress  from  Rhode-Island. 
He  resided  at  East  Greenwich.  In  Octo- 
ber, 1787,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  territory  northwest  of 
the  Ohio,  and  died  at  ISIarietta,  January 
10th,  1789.  ICT'  L.  ' 

Varro,  Marcus  Terentius,  a  celebrated 
Roman  writer,  the  friend  of  Pompey  and  of 
Cicero.  His  treatise  de  Re  Rustica  is  ex- 
tant.    He  died  B.C.  29. 

Varro,  a  poet  of  Gaul,  who  wrote  a 
poem  on  the  war  of  the  Sequani,  and 
translated  into  Latin  verses  the  Argonau- 
tics  of  ApoHonius  Rhodius. 

Vasari,  George,  a  native  of  Arezzo, 
known  as  a  painter  and  an  architect.  He 
studied  under  del  Sarto  and  Michael  An- 
gelo,  but  though  he  paid  much  attention  to 
the  noblest  monuments  of  antiquity,  he 
was  deficient  in  the  colouring  of  his  pieces, 
thouEh  his  knowledge  of  architecture  was 
respectable.  He  was  patronised  by  the 
Medicis,  and  published  some  useful  works. 
His  memory  was  so  retentive  that  at  thr 
age  of  nine  he  could  repeat  the  whole  ol 
tiie  a'Eneid.  He  Avrote  (he  lives  of  the 
most  illustrious  painters,  scluptors,  and 
architects,  3  vols.  4to.  156S,  published  at 
Rome  175S.  He  died  at  Florence  1574, 
aged  62.  His  nephew  George  publishfid 
a  treatise  on  paiiiting  in  4to.  Florence, 
1619. 

\  asconcellos,  Michael,  a  Portuguese 
statesman,  devoted  to  the  interests  of  the 
court  of  Spain.     When  a  conspiracy  was 

747 


VAT 


VAU 


formed  by  the  nobles  to  place  the  duke  of 
Braganza,  on  the  throne  of  Portugal,  this 
minister,  who  possessed  great  talents,  but  a 
character  cruel  and  ferocious,  was  the  first 
sacrificed  to  the  safety  and  the  liberty  of 
the  state,  and  his  body  was  thrown  into 
the  street  with  exultation  by  his  murderers, 
1st  Dec.  1640. 

Vascosan, Michael  de,a  native  of  Amiens, 
eminent  as  a  printer  at  Paris,  where  he 
married  one  of  the  daughters  of  Badius. 
Among  the  most  valuable  of  his  editions  are 
Plutarch's  lives  and  moral  works  translated 
by  Amyot,  13  vols.  Svo. — Cicero's  Works — 
Diodonis  Siculus— Quintilian,  &c.  He  died 
1576. 

Vasselier,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Alsace, 
■who  became  member  of  the  academy  of 
sciences  at  Lyons,  and  administrator  of  the 
post,  and  died  there  1800.  He  is  known  in 
France  for  bis  poetical  pieces,  which  were 
published  3  vols.  12mo.  but  do  not  always 
possess  delicacy  of  sentiment,  or  language 
friendly  to  virtue. 

Vassor,  Michael  le,  a  native  of  Orleans, 
who  quitted  the  congregation  of  the  oratory 
and  retired  to  England,  where  he  embraced 
the  protestant  tenets  and  received  a  pension 
from  the  prince  of  Orange.  He  was  patro- 
nised by  the  duke  of  Portland  and  by  bishop 
Eurnet,  and  died  1718,  aged  71.  He  pub- 
lished an  history  of  Lewis  XIIL  20  vols. 
12mo.  1710-21  and  7  vols.  4to.  1756.— Trea- 
tise on  Religion,  &c. 

V4TABLUS,  Francis,  a  native  of  Gamma- 
the  in  Picardy,  made  Hebrew  professor  of 
the  royal  college  by  Francis  I.  The  obser- 
vations which  he  made  in  his  lectures  on 
the  Scriptures  were  ingenious  and  learned, 
and  they  were  presented  to  the  public  from 
the  notes  of  Robert  Stephens,  and  though 
censured  by  the  divines  of  Paris  they  were 
applauded  by  the  university  of  Salamanca. 
The  most  correct  edition  of  these  valuable 
commentaries  is  that  of  1729,  in  2  vols.  fol. 
Vatablus  translated  also  some  parts  of  Aris- 
totle into  Latin,  and  he  encouraged  Marot 
in  the  completion  of  his  version  of  David's 
psalms.     He  died  1547. 

Vattel,  N.  a  native  of  Neufchatel  in 
Switzerland,  author  of  some  valuable  trea- 
tises on  metaphysics  and  jurisprudence. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  is  the  Right 
of  Nations,  or  the  Principles  of  the  Natural 
Law  applied  to  the  conduct  of  nations  and 
of  sovereigns,  1758,  2  vols^  4to.  From  this 
composition,  which  abounds  with  singular 
ideas  of  modern  philosophy,  and  treats  re- 
ligion as  merely  a  political  system,  the  au- 
thor has  derived  great  celebrity,  and  ranks 
with  Grotius  and  Pufiendorff,  among  the 
most  intelligent  writers  on  subjects  of  le- 
gislation, and  of  general  policy.  It  is  said 
that  in  consequence  of  the  popularity  of 
his  work  he  applied  in  1765  to  the  Austrian 
government  to  introduce  a  reformation  in 
748 


the  public  administration  of  affairs  at  Brrss- 
sels,  but  his  solicitations  were  received  not 
only  with  indifference  but  jealousy  by  Ma- 
ria Theresa.     He  died  about  1770. 

Vavasseur,  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  born  at 
Paray  in  the  diocess  of  Autun  1605.  After 
teaching  rhetoric  and  belles  lettres  for  seven 
years,  he  came  to  Paris,  where  during  36 
years  he  read  lectures  on  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures, and  cidtivated  poetry  and  classical  li- 
terature. He  died  at  Paris  14th  Dec.  1681, 
He  wrote  de  Ludicra  Dictione,1658,  a  work 
of  great  merit,  in  which,  with  fine  criticism 
and  deep  and  learned  research,  he  asserted 
that  the  Greeks  and  Romans  knew  nothing 
of  the  burlesque  style — de  Epigrammate, 
1669,  a  work  opposed  and  censured  by  Ra- 
pin,  another  Jesuit,  who  declared  that  an 
epigram  is  the  most  insipid  of  all  poetry  ex- 
cept it  be  admirable,  and  that  the  compo- 
sition is  so  rare,  that  to  make  an  excellent 
one  is  sufficient  for  the  whole  of  a  man's 
life.  He  published  besides,  Job,  a  heroic 
poem — the  miracles  of  Jesus  Christ,  a  poem 
— Elegies — Epic  poetrj' — 3  books  of  Epi- 
grams— a  Commentary  on  Job,  &c. 

Vauban,  Sebastian  le  Prestre,  Seigneur 
de,  a  celebrated  French  engineer.  He  was 
born  1st  May,  1633,  and  early  entered  into 
the  Spanish  army,  under  Conde.  He  was 
taken  prisoner  by  the  French,  and  prevailed 
upon  by  the  interest  of  Mazarine  to  enter 
into  the  service  of  the  French  king,  and  he 
soon  distinguished  himself  at  the  sieges  of 
St.  Menehould,  Stenai,  Landrecies,  Valen- 
ciennes, Montmedi,  &c.  His  abilities  were 
seen  and  acknowledged  by  the  government, 
and  his  superior  knowledge  of  fortifications, 
and  of  the  defence  of  towns,  was  employed 
in  raising  impregnable  ramparts  around  the 
French  monarchy.  He  was  honourably  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Lisle,  which  he  had 
strongly  fortified,  and  his  genius  next  plan- 
ned citadels  for  the  defence  of  Verceil,  Vc- 
rue,  Turin,  &c.  In  the  wars  of  1672,  and  of 
1683,  he  contributed  much  to  the  glory  of 
the  French  arms  and  the  victories  of  Lewis 
XIV.  by  the  manner  in  which  he  conducted 
the  sieges  of  the  towns  of  Flanders  ;  and  for 
his  many  and  eminent  services,  he  was  re- 
warded with  the  rank  of  marshal  of  France. 
This  illustrious  character,  who  had  during 
his  laborious  and  useful  life  been  engaged  in 
140  actions,  had  conducted  53  sieges,had  as- 
sisted in  repairing  the  fortifications  of  300 
ancient  citadels,  and  had  erected  33  new 
ones,  died  30th  March,  1707,  aged  74.  Im- 
mortalized as  an  engineer,  he  Avas  remarka- 
ble for  his  attachment  to  his  country,  and  for 
his  heroism  in  danger,  and  in  the  midst  of 
victory  he  displayed  the  man  of  benevolence 
and  humanity.  From  the  suggestions  of  an 
active  mind,  always  eager  to  add  to  his 
knowledge  and  to  increase  his  resources  of 
information,  he  had  collected  12  large  MS. 
vnbjnies    of   observations,    thoughts,    tS*'- 


VAU 


VAU 


which  he  called  his  Oisivctes.  His  works 
arc  a  treatise  on  Fortification,  or  the  Trench 
Engineer,  8vo. — new  treatise  on  the  Attack 
and  Defence  of  Places,  8vo. — Kssays  on 
Fortification,  12njo. — Project  of  a  Koyal 
Tithe  for  abolishing  the  Estuhlishecl  Taxes, 
and  by  other  means  increasing  the  Public 
Kevcnue,  4to. — Political  Testament  of  M. 
Vauban,  12mo. — He  was  member  of  the 
academy  of  sciences  at  Paris,  and  his 
eloge  was  pronounced  by  Fontenelle.  He 
left  only  two  daugliters  who  were  both  mar- 
ried. 

Vaucantson,  James  de,  a  native  of  Gre- 
noble, celebrated  in  France  for  his  know- 
ledge of  mechanics.  He  constructed  with 
ivonderful  ingenuity  various  automata,  and 
improved  and  simplified  the  machinery  of 
silk-mills,  and  advanced  the  interests  of 
commerce  and  of  science  by  many  other 
curious  and  useful  inventions.  He  declined 
the  honourable  offers  of  a  settlement  and  a 
pension  from  Frederic  king  of  Prussia, 
1740,  and  died  at  Paris,  21st  Nov.  1782, 
aged  73. 

Vaudreuil,  Marquis  de,  governor  of 
Canada,  was  appointed  to  the  government 
of  Montreal  in  1689,  and,  in  1703,  to  that 
of  the  whole  province  of  Canada,  which  he 
retained  till  his  death,  October  10th,  1725. 
He  was  distinguished  for  bravery,  firmness, 
and  vigilance,  and  gave  the  English  colo- 
nies incredible  trouble  by  the  long  war  he 
maintained  against  them,  by  exciting  the 
savages  to  perpetual  inroads  on  their  fron- 
tier. IC^^  L. 

Vaugelas,  Claude  Favre  lord  de,  a  na- 
tive of  Bourg  in  Bresse.  He  was  member 
of  the  French  academy,  and  was  engaged  in 
the  completion  of  their  famous  dictionary. 
In  his  style  he  was  unusually  elegant  and 
accurate,  and  his  translation  of  Quintus 
Curtius,  4to.  in  which  he  was  employed  for 
30  years,  was  regarded  in  his  time  as  the 
most  correct  composition  in  the  French  lan- 
guage, so  that  Balzac,  a  judge  of  literary 
merit,  said  that  the  Alexander  of  Curtius 
xras  invincible,  and  that  of  Vaugelas  inimi- 
table. He  wrote  besides  Remarks  on  the 
French  language,  afterwards  enriched  with 
the  notes  of  T.  Corneille,  3  vols.  12mo. 
He  died  1650,  aged  65,  in  indigent  circum- 
stances, though  he  had  received  a  pension 
from  the  king ;  but  his  attachment  to  the 
fortune  of  Gaston  duke  of  Orleans,  to  whom 
he  was  chamberlain  and  companion,  em- 
barrassed and  ruined  his  aflairs. 

Vaughan,  sir  John,  an  English  lawyer, 
author  of  "reports,"  published  by  his  son 
Edward.  After  the  restoration.  Clarendon 
offered  him  his  patronage,  but  he  refused  it, 
and  soon  after  joined  his  enemies,  and  was 
raised  to  the  office  of  chief  justice  of  the 
common  pleas.  Though  a  man  of  abilities, 
he  was  haughty  and  overbearing,  and  more 
admired  for  his  talents,  than  beloved  for  his 


courteous  manners.  He  died  1674,  and  wa** 
buried  in  the  Temple  church,  near  the  re- 
mains of  his  friend  Scld'ii. 

\  AUGMAN, George,  liciilenant-gOTcrnor  of 
New- Hampshire,  who  succc-dcd   Usher  ia 
1715,  was  the  son  of  major  William  Vaugh- 
an,   a  wealthy   merchant   of    PortHtnoiith, 
who   was    many    years    a  member  of   the 
council,  and  was  distinguished  for  his  pul)- 
lie  spirit,  and  the  firmness   witli    wliich   he 
resisted  the   claims  of  the   proprietor-^   of 
New- Hampshire.     George   was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  169C,  and  was  agent 
for  the  province  in  England  before  his  ap- 
pointment as  lieutenant-governor.     Having 
oflended   the  governor  and   disgusted   the 
council  and  assembly  by  his  imprudence,  he 
was  displaced   in  1717,  and   succeeded  bj 
Wentworth.     He  died  in  1724.     A  son  of 
the  governor  was  a  brave  and  enterprising 
ofiiccr  in  the  expedition  against  Cape  Bre- 
ton, and  died  in  England,  whither  he  went 
to  seek  a  reward  for  his  services. 

Vaumoriere,  Peter  Dortigue  Sicur  de, 
a  French  writer  born  at  Apt,  in  Provence. 
He  was  an  intelligent  writer,  pleasing  in  his 
conversation,  and  beloved  by  his  friends. 
He  died  1693.  He  wrote,  I'Art  de  Plairo 
dans  la  Conversation,  12mo. — Lettres,  &c. 
2  vok.  12mo. — le  Grand  Scipion,4  vols.8vo. 
— plane  de  France,  l2mo. — Adelaide,  and 
other  romances,  &c. 

Vauvenargues,  Luke  Chapier  de,  a 
French  writer  of  Provence,  who  died  1747, 
aged  35.  He  lost,  in  his  youth,  his  eyesight 
by  the  smallpox,  and  supported  the  rest  of 
his  life,  in  the  most  Christian  resignation, 
in  the  midst  of  his  friends  and  family.  His 
introduction  to  the  knowledge  of  the  Hu- 
man Mind,  with  reflections,  and  maxims, 
12mo.  possesses  merit.  This  and  others  of 
his  works,  were  republished  by  Fortia,  in  2 
vols.  l2mo.  1797. 

Vax'villiers,  John  Francis,  professor  of 
Greek,  for  20  years,  in  the  royal  college  of 
France,  struggled  through  the  storms  of  the 
revolution,  and  at  last  when  proscribed  lied 
from  the  country.  In  liis  voluntary  exile, 
he  was  invited  by  Paul  I.  to  Russia,  but  the 
climate  of  Petersburg  proved  too  rigorous 
for  his  delicate  constitution,  and  he  died 
there  23d  July,lS00,  aged  64.  He  publish- 
ed Essay  on  Pindar,  l2mo. — Letters  on 
Horace,  l2mo. — Examen  Historique  of  the 
Spartan  government — notes  to  Brotier''; 
Plutarch,  &.c. 

Valx,  Nicholas  lord,  son  of  sir  William 
Vaux  of  Harrowden,  Northamptonshire,  af- 
ter finishing  his  university  education, distin- 
guished himself  at  the  battle  of  Stoke,  near 
Newark, 1497,  and  was  knighted  on  the  oc- 
casion. He  continued  such  a  favourite  at 
the  coui't  of  Henry  VHL  that  he  attended 
his  master  in  his  interview  with  Francis  L 
and  was  afterwards  i*ai'=!ed  to  the  rank  nf 

7f9 


VEG 


^EL 


baron.  He  wrote  poems  called  the  Para- 
dise of  Dainty  Devices,  and  died  in  North- 
amptonshire, 1522. 

Vaux,  Noel  Jordan  de,  a  French  general 
descended  from  a  noble  family  in  Gevaudan. 
He  early  embraced  the  military  profession, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  vaiom*  and 
discipline  in  the  wars  of  Italy.  He  was  at 
the  battles  of  Parma  and  (iuestalla,  of  Fon- 
tenoy  and  llocroux,  and  at  the  sieges  of 
Prague,  Oudenarde,  and  Bergen-op-Zooni, 
at  which  last  place  he  was  wounded  by  the 
bursting  of  a  shell.  In  1769  he  was  made 
governor  of  Corsica,  and  completed  the 
conquest  of  the  island  ;  but  in  his  adminis- 
tration, he  %vas  charged  with  cruelty  and 
oppression,  though  the  French  defended  his 
conduct  as  just  and  politic.  He  was  in  con- 
sequence of  his  manj'  services  raised  to  the 
dignity  of  marshal  of  France,  1783,  and  in 
17S8  he  was  sent  to  Dauphine  to  quell  the 
troubles  of  that  province.  He  died  the 
same  year,  l4th  Sept.  at  Gi'enoble,  aged 
83.  He  had  been  present  at  19  sieges  and 
14  battles.     He  left  2  daughters. 

Vecelli,  Francis,  a  native  of  Cador.  the 
brother  of  Titian,  and  also  himself  an  able' 
artist.  His  brother,  who  saw  the  genius 
with  which  he  executed  his  pieces,  dreading 
in  him  a  powerful  rival,  persuaded  him  to 
apply  himself  to  commercial  pursuits.  •  His 
nephew  Horace,  the  son  of  Titian,  was*lso 
an  eminent  artist,  some  of  whose  pieces 
are  attributed  to  the  pencil  of  his  father. 
He  died  young,  of  the  plague,  1576. 

Veeninx,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam, distinguished  as  a  painter.  He 
was  the  pupil  of  Abi-aham  Bloemaert,  and 
he  painted,  with  great  spirit  and  success, 
historical  pieces,  landscapes,  flowers,  ani- 
mals, portraits,  &,c.  He  died  near  Utrecht, 
1660,  aged  39. 

Vega,  Lopez  Felix  de,  a  .Spanish  poet, 
born  of  a  noble  family  at  Madrid,  25th 
Nov,  1562.  From  an  humble  office  in  the 
bishop  of  Avila's  household,  he  entered  at 
the  university  of  Alcala,  and  afterwards 
became  secretary  to  the  duke  of  Alva.  He 
embarked  in  the  celebrated  Armada  of  Phi- 
lip II.  to  invade  England,  but  escaped  the 
dangers  of  the  sea,  and  of  war,  though  his 
brother  perished  in  the  expedition.  He  next 
was  in  the  service  of  the  count  of  Lemos, 
and  though  unfortunate  in  the  levities,  and 
the  immoral  conduct  of  his  first  wife,  he 
took  another,  whose  early  death  so  deeply 
affected  him,  that  he  quitted  the  world. 
When  admitted  into  orders,  Urban  VII.  in 
reward  of  his  great  poetical  celebrity,  be- 
stowed on  him  the  degree  of  D.D.  the  cross 
of  the  order  of  Malta,  and  a  lucrative  office 
in  the  apostolic  exchequer.  He  died  27th 
Aug.  1635,  aged  72.  His  compositions  are 
verynumerous,and  form  upwards  of  seventy 
volumes  of  prose  and  lyric  pieces.  His  muse 
was  so  prolific,  that  he  often  wrote  a  play 
750 


in  the  course  of  one  day,  and  some  of  his 
comedies  even  in  the  short  space  of  five 
hours,  and  in  a  style  correct,  elegant,  and 
animated.  His  dramatic  pieces  were  so 
popular  and  successful,  that  he  acquired  by 
them  above  150,000  ducats.  His  poetical 
pieces  are  said  to  amount  to  the  number 
of  1800. 

Vegetius,  Flavins  Renatus,  a  Latin  wri- 
ter, author  of  Military  Institutions,  which 
give  a  satisfactory  account  of  the  Roman 
tactics.  He  wrote  also  a  treatise  on  the 
Veterinary  Art,  preserved  in  the  Rei  Rus- 
ticae  Scriptores,  2  vols.  4to.  Leipsic.  His 
institutions,  which  are  written  in  very  ele- 
gant Latin,  are  best  edited  at  Paris,  2  vols. 
4to.  1783,  with  Turpin's  Commentaries. 
They  have  been  translated  into  French  by 
Bourdon.  He  flourished  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, and  in  Valentiuian's  reign. 

Veil,  Charles  Marie  de,  son  of  a  Jew  at 
Metz,  was  converted  to  Christianity  by 
Bossuet,  and  entered  among  the  Au^us- 
tines,  and  became  canon  of  St.  Genevieve. 
After  giving  public  lectures  on  theolc^y  at 
Angers,  and  in  other  universities,  he  came 
to  England,  1679,  where  he  abjured  the 
catholic  faith,  and  after  marrying  the 
daughter  of  an  anabaptist,  became  a 
preacher  of  that  persuasion.  He  wrote, 
Commentaries  on  Matthew  and  Mark,  4to. 
— on  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  8vo. — on 
Joel,  12mo. — on  the  Song  of  Solomon,  and 
the  Minor  Prophets.  He  died  about  the  end 
of  the  century.  His  brother  Lewis  was  also 
a  protestant,  and  became  known  as  the 
author  of  Catechismus  Judaeorum  in  Dispu- 
tatione  et  Dialogo  Magistri  et  Discipuli,  a 
R.  A.  Jagel  Monte  Silicis  Oriundo,  Hebrew 
and  Latin,  1679,  and  other  works. 

Velasquez,  Don  Diego  de  Sylva,  a 
Spanish  painter,  the  pupil  of  Herrera  and 
Pacheco.  He  was  born  at  Seville,  and  died 
at  Madrid,  1660,  aged  66.  His  abilities 
Avere  noticed  by  Philip  IV.  who  appointed 
him  his  iirst  painter,  knighted  him,  and 
bestov.ed  on  him  a  liberal  pension,  and  on 
his  death,  honoured  his  remains  with  the 
most  magniiicent  obsequies  in  the  church 
of  St.  John  at  Madrid.  His  pieces  are 
preserved  in  the  churches  and  palaces  of 
Spain,  and  one  of  the  most  celebrated  is 
the  representation  of  a  man  returning  from 
a  well,  with  bare  breast,  and  giving  water 
to  drink  to  a  little'boy. 

Velleius  Patef.culus,  a  Roman  histo- 
rian, in  the  age  of  Tiberius.  He  was  au- 
thor of  an  elegant  epitome  of  Grecian  and 
Roman  history,  part  of  which  only  is  ex- 
tant. As  he  was  the  friend  of  Sejanus,  it 
is  supposed  that  he  shared  the  disgrace  and 
the  misfortunes  of  that  guilty  favourite. 
Vellutello,  Alexander,  a  native 
Lucca,  author  of  some  commentaries  on  the 
wo -ks  of  Dante  and  of  Petrarch.  The  best 
edition  of  these  works,  which  were  once 


of 


/ 


much   esteemed  in  Italy,  is  1545,    in  4to. 
He  died  at  the  end  of  the  16t|j  century. 

Velly,  Paul  Francis,  a  Jesuit,  born  near 
Nismes,  in  Champagne,  lie  wrote  a  His- 
tory of  France,  of  which  he  completed  only 
8  vols,  in  a  plain  but  correct  style,  with 
every  mark  of  candour  and  accuracy.  He 
died  4th  Sept.  175it,  aged  48. 

Velserus,  Mark,  u  native  of  Augsburg, 
distinguished  as  a  civilian,  and  author  of 
Rerura  Augusto-Vindeiicarun),  Libri  octo. 
ibl. — Rerum,  Boicarum,  Libri  quinque,  4to. 
He  died  13th  June,  1614,  aged  56. 

Vrltheim,  a.  F.  count,  a  native  of 
Brunswick,  appointed  in  consequence  of 
his  knowledge  of  mineralogy,  superintend- 
ent of  the  mines  of  Hartz,  and  made  a 
count  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  doctor  of 
laws  in  the  university  of  Helmstadt.  He 
wrote  dissertations  on  the  Formation  of 
Basaltes — on  the  vases  of  the  Ancients — 
on  Memnon's  Statue — on  the  Barberini 
Vase — on  making  Glass,  and  other  valuable 
works.     This  ingenious  man  died  1801. 

Velthuysen,  Lambert,  a  native  of 
Utrecht,  who  studied  medicine  and  philo- 
sophy, and  was  an  able  defender  of  the 
opinions  of  Des  Cartes  against  Voet.  He 
died  in  retirement  1685,  aged  63.  His 
works,  consisting  of  theological,  philoso- 
phical, and  medical  pieces  have  been  col- 
lected in  2  vols.  4to. 

Vence,  Henry  Francis  de,  a  French  ec- 
clesiastic, author  of  some  Dissertations  and 
Analyses  of  the  Old  Testament,  much  and 
deservedly  commended  by  Calmet.  This 
pious  author  was  preceptor  to  the  children 
of  the  duke  of  Lorraine,  and  died  at  Nancy, 
1st  Nov.  1749. 

Vendome,  Csesar,  duke  de,  son  of  Hen- 
ry IV.  and  Gabrielle  d'Estrees,  was  made 
governor  of  Bretagne  by  his  father,  whose 
courage  and  vii'tues  he  inherited.  He  died 
1665,  leaving  two  sons  and  a  daughter.  His 
grandson  Louis  Joseph,  also  duke  of  Ven- 
dome, who  was  born  1st  July,  1654,  was 
distinguished  as  an  able  warrior.  His  va- 
lour was  first  displayed  at  the  taking  of 
Luxemburg,  Mons,  and  Namur,  and  when 
raised  to  the  rank  of  general,  he  was  sent 
into  Catalonia,  where  he  took  Barcelona, 
1697.  In  1702  he  was  sent  to  Italy  to 
succeed  Villeroy,  who  had  been  unfor- 
tunate, and  his  presence  turned  the  tide 
of  victory  in  favour  of  the  French.  The 
imperialists  were  defeated  at  St.  Vittoria, 
and  Luzara,  Mantua  was  relieved.  Savoy 
was  invaded,  Eugene  was  defeated  at  Cas- 
sano,  at  Raventlau,  and  Caicinito,  and  Tu- 
rin was  going  to  open  its  gates  to  the  con- 
queror, when  he  was  recalled  to  head  the 
armies  in  Flanders.  From  Flanders  he 
passed  to  Spain,  and  Philip  V.  who  had 
neither  troops  nor  resources,  soon  saw  him- 
self surrounded  with  soldiers  at  the  call 
of  his  generous    defender,   and  replaced 


YEN 


English 


on  his  throne  at  Madrid.  The 
forces  were  next  pursued  by  the  active 
Vendome,  and  lord  Stanhope,  and  his  army 
of  5000  men,  surrendered  prisonc-tH  of  war, 
and  on  the  morrow,  lOih  Dee.  1710,  Stah- 
remberg  and  the  imperialists  were  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  V  illaviciosa.  These  impor- 
tant services  were  honourably  rewarded 
by  the  gratitude  of  Philip,  who  created  him 
prince  of  the  blood,  and  bestowed  on  him 
the  most  valuable  presents.  Vendome 
continued  his  services  against  the  imperial- 
ists in  Spain,  but  died  suddenly  of  an  indi- 
gestion at  Tignaros,  11th  June,  1712,  aged 
58.  His  remains  were  magnificently  inter- 
red in  the  Escurial,  and  the  Spanish  nation 
put  on  mourning  in  honour  of  his  meri- 
torious services  to  their  monarch. 

Vendome,  Philip  de,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Paris,  23d  Aug.  1655. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  the  army  un- 
der Lewis  XiV.  in  the  conquest  of  Hol- 
land, at  the  passage  of  the  Rhine,  and  at 
the  sieges  of  Msestricht,  Valenciennes, 
Cambray,  &c.  He  afterwards  served  with 
honour  under  his  brother  in  Catalonia,  but 
he  fell  under  the  displeasure  of  the  French 
king  for  not  having  joined  the  army  at  the 
celebrated  battle  of  Cassano.  He  retired 
to  Rome,  but  afterwards  returned  to 
France,  and  died  at  Paris,  24th  Jan.  1727, 
aged  72. 

Venel,  Gabriel  Francis,  a  native  of  Pe- 
zenas,  known  as  an  able  and  intelligent 
physician,  and  professor  of  medicine  at 
Montpellier,  where  he  died  1776  aged  53. 
He  wrote  an  Account  of  the  Mineral  Wa- 
ters of  Passi — Instructions  on  the  Use  of 
the  rouille — Analysis  of  the  Waters  of 
Seltz,  &c. 

Veneroni,  John,  a  native  of  Verdun, 
in  the  17th  century,  who  altered  his  name 
of  Vigneron  to  the  Italian  word  Yeneroni. 
He  taught  Italian  at  Paris  with  great  suc- 
cess, and  contributed  much  to  render  the 
Italian  poets  popular  in  France.  He  wrote 
Method  to  learn  Italian,  12mo.  1770 — a 
Dictionary,  French  and  Italian,  4to.  1768 
— Fables  Choisies — Letters  of  Loredano — 
Bentivoglio's  Letters,  &c. 

Venetiano,  Dominic,  a  Venetian  paint- 
er. He  was  basely  murdered  by  Castagno, 
to  whom  he  had  communicated  the  secret 
of  painting  in  oil,  when  first  introduced 
into  Italy. 

^ENETTE,  Nicolas,  a  French  physician, 
\vho  died  at  Rochelle,  his  native  town, 1698, 
aged  05.  He  wrote  treatises  on  the  Scurvy 
— on  the  Human  Calculus — Tableau  de 
TAmour  Conjugal,  with  plates,  2  vols. 
l2mo.  a  work  of  licentious  tendency. 

Veniero,  Dominic,  a  Venetian  noble, 
known  as  a  poet.  His  Puttana  Errante,  in 
three  cantos,  is  a  composition  very  disho- 
nourable to  his  chaiacter  as  a  moral  man. 
He  had  also  three  brothers,  Jerome,  Fran- 

751 


VEfe 


VEK 


cis,   and  Lewis,   who  wrote  some   poetiy 
and  some  prose  works.     He  died  1581. 

Venius,  or  Veen,  Otho,  a  painter  of 
Leyden,  who  studied  at  Rome  under  Zuc- 
charo.  He  was  patronised  by  the  emperor, 
and  by  the  German  electors,  and  from  his 
attachment  to  his  native  country,  he  de- 
clined the  liberal  offers  of  Lewis  XIIL  He 
settled  at  Antwerp,  and  afterwards  retired 
to  Brussels,  where  he  died  1634,  aged  78, 
leaving  two  daughters,  who  inherited  his 
great  abilities.  He  was  well  acquainted 
with  the  claro  obscuro,  and  very  correct 
and  animated  in  his  pieces,  the  best  of 
which  are  his  Triumph  of  Bacchus,  and  the 
Last  Supper,  preserved  in  the  cathedral  of 
Antwerp.  He  was  the  master  of  the  cele- 
lebrated  Rubens.  He  published  Bellum 
Batavicum  ex  Tacito,  with  plates — Horace, 
with  plates — Amorum  Emblemata,  4to. — 
Emblemata  Ducenta,  &c. 

Venn,  Henry,  a  native  of  Barnes  in  Sur- 
rey, educated  at  Jesus  college,  Cambridge. 
He  became  fellow  of  Queen's,  and  in  1759, 
obtained  the  living  of  Huddersfield,  York- 
shire, which  he  exchanged  in  1770  for 
Yelling,  Huntingdonshire.  He  published 
Sermons  on  various  Subjects,  8vo. — Mis- 
takes in  Religion  Exposed,  8vo. — the  Com- 
plete Duty  of  Man,  and  other  tracts  in 
which  he  showed  himself  strongly  attached 
to  the  doctrines  of  Calvin.  He  died  at 
Clapham,  1796,  aged  71. 

Venner,  Tobias,  author  of  Via  Recta  ad 
Longam  Vitam,  a  popular  work — of  a  trea- 
tise on  the  Bath  Waters — and  of  a  Censure 
on  British  Water,  was  a  native  of  Pether- 
ton,  near  Bridgewater.  He  studied  medi- 
cine at  St.  Alban's  hall,  Oxford,  and  took 
his  doctor's  degree,  1613,  after  which  he 
settled  at  Bridgewater,  and  afterwards  at 
Bath,  where  he  died  respected,  26th 
March,  1660,  aged  83. 

Venner,  Thomas,  a  wine-cooper,  who, 
not  satisfied  with  the  business  of  his  profes- 
sion, became  a  fanatical  preacher,  and  per- 
suaded his  followers,  who  were  called  fifth 
monarchy  men,  that  all  human  government 
was  soon  to  cease,  to  make  room  for  the 
coming  of  Christ  and  his  saints.  From 
preaching  he  proceeded  to  violence,  and  af- 
ter representing  Cromwell  and  Charles  IL 
as  usurpers,  he  headed  a  mob,  and  pro- 
claimed the  kingdom  of  king  Jesus.  This 
popular  insurrection  called  for  the  inter- 
ference of  the  civil  power,  and  Venner  and 
twelve  of  his  followers,  who  considered 
themselves  as  invulnerable,  were  executed 
Jan.  1660-1,  exclaiming,  "that  if  they  were 
deceived,  the  Lord  himself  was  their  de- 
ceiver." 

Verdier,  Anthony  du,  u  native  of  Mont- 
brisson  in  Forez,  who  died  25th  Sept.  1600, 
aged  56.  He  w  as  historiographer  of  France, 
and  author  of  Bibliotheque  des  Auteurs 
Francois,  and  other  works. 
752 


Verdier,  Caesar,  a  native  of  Moliereij 
near  Avignon,  eminent  as  an  anatomical 
professor.  He  was  in  his  character  an 
amiable  and  benevolent  man,  and  died  at 
Paris,  19th  March,  1759.  He  wrote  an 
Abridgment  of  Anatomy,  2  vols.  12mo. 
published  with  the  notes  of  Sabatier — Me- 
moirs on  the  Hernias  of  the  Bladder — Me- 
dical Observations,  &c. 

Verduc,  Laurence,  an  able  surgeon  of 
Toulouse.  He  was  a  popular  professor  on 
surgery,  and  died  at  Paris,  1695.  He  wrote 
an  excellent  Treatise  on  Healing  by  Means 
of  Bandages,  &c.  His  son,  John  Baptist, 
was  a  physician,  and  w  rote  the  Operations 
of  Surgery,  &c.  3  vols.  8vo.  &c. 

Vere,  Edward,  earl  of  Oxford,  received 
his  education  at  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, and  was  one  of  the  judges  in  the 
trial  of  the  unfortunate  Mary  of  Scotland, 
1 588.  He  displayed  great  valour  and  judg- 
ment in  the  destruction  of  the  Spanish  ar- 
mada, and  was  also  admired  for  his  poeti- 
cal talents.  Some  of  his  poems  are  pre- 
served in  Percy's  Reliques,  and  in  Eng- 
land's Parnassus,  printed  4to.  1600.  He 
died  1604. 

Vere,  sir  Francis,  an  English  general. 
He  served  under  Leicester  in  the  English 
expedition  to  Holland,  1585,  and  was  made 
governor  of  Flushing  in  1596.  He 
greatly  distinguished  himself  at  the  siege 
of  Bergen-op-Zoom,  at  the  battle  of  Nieu- 
portj  in  the  defence  of  Ostend,  and  against 
the  Spaniards.  He  died  governor  of  Ports- 
mouth, 28th  Aug.  1608,  aged  54,  and  was 
buried  in  Westminster  abbey.  His  brother 
Horace,  served  under  him  on  the  conti- 
nent, and  also  shared  his  honours  by  his 
bravery  at  the  battle  of  Nieuport.  He  was 
intrusted  by  James  L  with  the  forces  sent 
to  the  assistance  of  the  duke  Palatine,  and 
his  retreat  from  Spinola,  the  Spanish  gene- 
ral, was  regarded  as  a  most  glorious  ex- 
ploit. He  was  created  baron  Tilbury  by 
Charles  L  in  reward  for  his  meritorious 
services,  and  he  died  2d  May,  1635,  and 
was  buried  in  Westminster  abbey. 

Verelst,  Simon,  a  Flemish  painter,  who 
resided  for  some  time  in  England,  and  ex- 
celled in  the  representation  of  fruits  and 
flowers.  He  died  1710. — A  woman  of  that 
name,  was  also  eminent  for  her  knowledge 
of  music  and  painting,  and  the  facility  with 
which  she  spoke  the  several  languages  of 
Europe.  She  was  born  at  Antwerp,  1680, 
and  she  settled  in  England,  where  her  pen- 
cil was  engaged  with  success  in  historical 
pieces  and  portraits. 

Vergennes,  Charles  Gravier,  count  de, 
a  French  statesman,  born  of  a  noble  family 
in  Burgundy.  His  abilities  recommended 
him  to  the  court,  and  in  1755  he  was  sent 
as  anibassador  from  France  to  Constanti- 
nople, where  his  good  conduct  and  sound 
policy  merited  the  thanks  of  his  master,  and 


VEK 


\  F.n 


the  friendly  approbation  of  Maria  There- 
sa, and  of  Catherine  of  Russia.  He  was 
sent  in  1771  ambassador  to  Sweden,  and 
promoted  the  revolution  which  made  (jus- 
tavus  master  of  his  country,  and  on  the 
accession  of  Lewis  XVI.  to  the  throne,  he 
was  recalled  to  share  in  his  councils  as  mi- 
nister for  foreign  affairs.  Whilst  he  spread 
the  influence  of  France  through  Kurope,  he 
eagerly  promoted  general  tranquillity,  and 
the  peace  of  Teschen,  the  reconciliation  of 
the  emperor  and  the  Dutch,  and  the  com- 
mercial treaty  with  Russia,  are  important 
proofs  of  his  wisdom  and  sagacity.  In  his 
politics  toward  the  Bnglioh  government  he, 
however,  greatly  erred,  and  b^  supporting 
the  American  colonies  agaii.st  the  parent 
country,  he  laid  the  foundation  of  a  system 
which  hurled  his  master  from  his  throne. 
His  treaty  of  peace  with  England  in  1783, 
was  followed  by  a  commercial  treaty,  which 
proved  beneficial  to  both  countries.  He 
died  at  Versailles,  13th  Feb.  1787,  aged 
68,  and  was  magnificently  buried  by  the 
order  of  Lewis  XVI.  who  shed  tears  of  re- 
gret and  affection  on  the  ashes  of  his  fa- 
vourite minister.  A  Historical  and  Politi- 
cal Memoir  on  Louisiana,  Svo.  published, 
1802,  has  been  attributed  to  him. 

Verger  de  Haurane,  John  du,  abbe 
de  St.  Cyran,  an  eminent  French  ecclesias- 
tic, who  was  born  at  Bayonne,  1581.  He 
obtained  in  1620  the  abbey  of  St.  Cyran, 
and  by  reading  the  works  of  the  fathers 
and  the  History  of  Ancient  Councils,  he 
formed  a  new  system  of  faith.  At  Paris 
his  insinuating  manners,  his  learning,  and 
his  virtues,  procured  him  adherents,  and 
while  he  regarded  confec-.sion  as  useless, 
and  absolution  unavailing,  except  it  was 
attended  with  the  total  reformation  of  the 
penitent  sinner,  he  failed  not  to  inculcate 
that  confirmation  was  a  more  important 
and  more  powerful  ceremony  than  baptism, 
or  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper.  His 
maxims,  though  committed  only  to  the  se- 
crecy of  tried  friends,  soon  became  popular, 
and  at  last  drew  upon  him  the  jealousy  and 
resentment  of  Richelieu,  who  caused  him 
to  be  imprisoned  in  1638.  The  death  of  his 
persecutor  restored  him  to  liberty,  but  he 
soon  after  himself  fell  sick,  and  died  at 
Paris,  1 1th  Oct.  1643,  aged  62.  His  works 
are  la  Somme  des  Fautes,  &c.  de  Garasse, 
3  vols.  4to. — Spiritual  Letters,  2  vols.  4to. 
— Apology  for  Roche-Posay,  &c. — Ques- 
tion Royale.  Among  the  friends  and  pu- 
pils of  St.  Cyran  were  Jansenius,  Arnauld, 
Nicole,  Pascal,  &c. 

Vergier,  James,  a  native  of  Lyons,  who 
possessed  great  poetical  talents,  and  was 
patronised  by  Colbert.  His  fondness  for 
dissipated  and  licentious  pleasures,  how- 
ever, stood  in  the  way  of  his  advancement. 
He  was  shot  dead  at  Paris  by  some  robbers 
in  the  night  of  the  23d  Aug.  1720,  aged  63. 

Vol,.  IT.  9.5 


His  works  arc  odes,  sonnets,  madri?;ali(, 
epigrams,  fables,  purodicH,  6lc.  edited  to- 
gether, 2  vols.  12mo.  750. 

Vergne,  Louis  Klizabclh  de  l;i,  a  French 
general,  born  at  Mans,  I7n:,.  lie  uxh  the 
friend  of  Voltaire,  FontenclU-,  and  other 
learned  men,  and  shared  tlie  glories  of  the 
campaigns  of  Lewis  XV.  in  Flanders.  He 
died  at  Paris,  3lst  Oct.  1782,  aged  77.  Ilis 
works  are  numerous,  consisting  chieily  of 
Romances,  &.c. 

Vergniaud,  Peter  Victorin,  a  native  of 
Limoges,  who  left  his  profession  of  advo- 
cate at  Bourdeaux,  to  attend  the  meeting 
of  the  national  assembly.  With  command- 
ing eloquence  he  recommended  the  violent 
measures  against  the  emigrants,  he  pro- 
posed the  suspension  of  the  monarch,  and 
suggested  the  convoking  of  a  national  con- 
vention. By  degrees,  however,  his  viru- 
lence abated,  and  in  the  convention  he 
showed  himself  moderate  and  the  friend  of 
order,  but  his  views  did  not  escape  the  p«- 
netration  of  Robespierre,  who  saw  in  him  a 
powerful  rival  aspiring  to  the  sovereign 
power.  He  was  accused  before  the  revo- 
lutionary tribunal,  and  sent  to  the  scaffold. 
He  suffered,  31st  October,  1793,  aged  35. 

Verheten,  Philip,  son  of  a  peasant  at 
Verrebrouck  in  Waes,  was  born  1648.  Af- 
ter working  in  the  fields  with  his  father  till 
the  age  of  22,  he  was  drawn  from  this  low 
occupation  by  the  curate  of  the  parish,  who 
observed  the  superior  powers  of  his  mind, 
and  he  made  such  rapid  progress  at  the  col- 
lege of  Louvain,  that  he  soon  obtained  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  medicine,  and  a  profes- 
sorship of  anatomy,  lie  published  Trea- 
tise de  Corporis  Humani  Anatomia,  2  vols. 
4to.  translated  into  German, — de  Febribus, 
and  other  medical  works.  This  worthy 
character  died  at  Louvain,  iSth  Feb.  1710, 
aged  62,  universally  regretted,  leaving  by 
his  second  wife  four  children,  who  inherit- 
ed little  besides  their  father's  reputation. 

Verkolie,  John,  an  eminent  painter  and 
engraver  of  Amsterdam,  who  died  at  Delft, 
1693,  aged  43.  His  Venus  and  Adonis,  his 
tempest,  his  kneeling  penitent,  and  paiticu- 
larly  his  pieces  on  which  little  light  is 
thrown,  are  particularly  admired. 

Vermander,  Charles,  a  native  of  Meule- 
beck,  in  F'landers,  known  as  a  painter  and 
a  poet.  He  died  1607,  aged  59.  His  land- 
scapes and  grotesque  pieces  were  deserved- 
ly admired.  He  wrote  a  poem  on  painting 
— Figures  of  Antiquity — Lives  of  celebra- 
ted Painters,  &c. 

Vermeyen,  John  Cornelius,  a  painter, 
born  near  Haerlem.  He  was  surnamed  the 
Bearded,  because  he  wore  his  beard  so  long 
that  it  touched  the  ground.  He  was  pa- 
tronised by  Charles  V.,  whom  he  accompa- 
nied in  his  Tunis  expedition.  He  died  at 
Brussels,  1559,  aged  59. 

Vernes,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Languedoc, 

75.? 


VEK 


VER 


who  died  at  Geneva,  where  he  was  minis- 
ter, 1788,  aged  60.  He  wrote  la  Confi- 
dence Philosophique,  2  vols.  8vo. — Choix 
Literaire,  24  vols.  8vo. — Letters  on  Rous- 
seau's Catechism — an  elegant  work  on  the 
death  of  his  wife,  &c. 

Vernet,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Avignon, 
who  from  a  common  cart  painter  became 
the  first  marine  artist  in  France.  He  visit- 
ed the  diflferent  seaports  of  France  %vhich 
he  painted  with  astonishing  effect.  He  died 
at  Paris,  Dec.  1789,  aged  77,  and  it  has  been 
said  of  him  that  his  genius  had  neither  in- 
fancy nor  old  age. 

Verneuil,  Catherine  Henrietta  de  Bal- 
zac, Marquise  de,  a  French  lady  who  so  cap- 
tivated the  heart  of  Henry  IV.  that  he  pro- 
mised to  marry  her.  When  the  monarch 
gave  his  hand  to  Mary  de  Medicis,  this 
haughty  mistress  was  so  offended  that  she 
conspired  with  the  Spanish  court  to  de- 
throne him,  and  to  place  the  crown  on  the 
head  of  her  own  son,  whom  she  had  borne 
to  Henry.  Their  intrigues  were  discover- 
ed, and  her  accomplices  punished.  She 
died  in  exile,  1633,  aged  54. 

Verney,  Guichard  Joseph  du,  professor 
of  anatomy  in  the  royal  gardens,  was  born 
at  Feurs  en  Forez,  5th  Aug.  1648.  He  ac- 
quired great  celebrity  at  Paris  as  a  profes- 
sor, and  died  there  lOth  Sept.  1730.  He 
wrote  an  excellent  Treatise  on  the  Ear, 
12mo.  &c.  His  works  appeared  together 
in  2  vols.  4to.  1762. 

Vernon,  Edward,  an  English  admiral, 
born  at  Westminster.  After  serving  with 
distinction  in  the  navy,  he  was  sent,  1739, 
against  Porto-Bello,  which  he  took,  and 
with  a  small  force,  as  he  had  often  boasted 
in  the  house  of  Commons,  but  he  was  un- 
successful in  his  attack  on  Carthagena  two 
years  after.  His  name  is  beautifully  intro- 
duced in  the  most  pathetic  lines  written  by 
Thomson.  He  died  suddenly,  29th  Oct., 
1757,  aged  73. 

VERNULiEUs,  Nicholas,  professor  of 
belles  lettres  at  Louvain,  was  author  of  a 
Latin  History  of  Louvain  University,  4to. 
' — Historia  Austriaca,  8vo. — Latin  Trage- 
dies— and  Institutiones  Politicae.  He  died 
at  Louvain,  1649,  aged  79. 

Veronese,  Paul  Caliari,  a  celebrated 
painter,  born  at  Verona,  1532.  He  studied 
under  his  uncle,  and  soon  acquired  such  re- 
putation as  to  rival  Tintoret  and  the  most 
illustrious  artists.  The  most  celebrated  of 
his  pieces  are  the  marriage  of  Cana  and  the 
supper  in  the  house  of  Simon  the  leper. 
From  the  rich  resources  of  a  strong  imagi- 
nation, he  painted  with  all  the  truth  of  na- 
ture, his  characters  were  represented  with 
dignity,  his  female  figures  exhibited  grace 
and  elegance,  and  in  his  draperies  appeared 
splendour  and  magnificence.  In  commen- 
dation of  his  great  abilities,  Guido  said 
tljat  he  wished  to  be  what  Veronese  was 
754 


rather  than  acquire  the  celebrity  of  any 
other  artist,  for  as  he  observed,  others  dis- 
play their  art,  but  ghe  paints  nature  in  all 
her  real  charms.  This  admired  painter, 
equally  great  as  a  good  Christian  and  as  an 
amiable  man,  died  at  Venice  1588,  aged  51. 

Veronese,  Alexander  Turchi,  a  painter 
born  at  Verona.  In  his  pieces  he  drew  the 
beauty  of  his  female  figures  from  the 
charms  of  his  wife  and  daughters.  He 
died  at  Rome  1670,  aged  70.  As  he  suf- 
fered much  from  indigence  in  consequence 
of  the  luxurious  extravagance  of  his  wife, 
many  of  his  pieces  were  hastily  finished. 

Veronese,  Carlo,  a  Venetian  who  ac- 
quired some  reputation  at  Paris  as  an  actor, 
and  as  a  dramatic  author.  He  died  1760, 
aged  58.  His  daughter  Anna  was  also 
eminent  as  an  actress  and  an  elegant  dan- 
cer on  the  French  stage. 

Verrochio,  Andrew,  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence, who  united  in  his  own  person  the 
various  knowledge  of  the  painter,  the  gold- 
smith, the  geometrician,  the  sculptor,  the 
engraver,  &c.  He  first  introduced  the  art 
of  taking  casts  in  plaster  of  the  faces  of 
dead  or  living  persons.  His  heads  of 
Alexander,  Darius,  &c.  in  bronze  are  much 
admired,  but  his  paintings  possessed  not 
equal  merit.     He  died  1488,  aged  56. 

Verschuring,  Henry,  a  native  of  Gor- 
cum,  who  studied  painting  under  John  Bois 
of  Utrecht,  and  afterwards  in  the  Italian 
schools.  He  followed  the  Dutch  army  in 
1672,  and  drew  views  of  its  various  encamp- 
ments, &c.  He  was  made  public  magis- 
trate at  Docum,  but  did  not  abandon  his 
profession.  He  was  drowned  in  a  storm 
on  the  toast  near  Dordrecht  1690,  aged  63. 

Verse,  Noel  Aubert  de,  a  native  of 
Mans,  who  embraced  the  Calvinistic  doc- 
trines and  afterwards  became  a  Roman  Ca- 
tholic. He  was  rewarded  with  a  pension 
by  the  French  clergy  for  his  theological 
works.     He  died  1714. 

Verskovis,  James  Francis,  a  Flemish 
artist,  who  settled  in  England  and  died 
there  1749.  His  vases  and  figures  in  wood, 
ivory,  &c.  were  much  admired.  His  son 
was  eminent  as  a  painter. 

Verstegan,  Richard,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don. His  parents  were  of  Flemish  descent, 
and  after  studying  at  Oxford  he  went  to 
settle  at  Antwerp,  where  he  died  1625.  He 
wrote  a  restitution  of  decayed  intelligence 
in  antiquities  concerning  the  noble  and  re- 
nowned English  nation,4to.  a  curioiis  work, 
reprinted  London  1634,  and  again  1674, 
4to. — The  Regal  Government  of  England, 
— Antiquitates  Belgicae,  12mo. — Theatrum 
Crudelitatum  Haereticorum,  4to.  &c. 

Vert,  Dom  Claude  de,  an  ecclesiastic  of 
the  order  of  Cluni.  He  studied  at  Avig- 
non, and  travelled  into  Italy,  and  devoted 
himself  to  inquiries  on  the  ecclesiastical 
ceremonies  of  Rome.     He  died  at  Abbe- 


Vf:s 


\lL 


ville,  1st  May,  1708,  aged  63.  He  wrote 
a  simple  and  historical  history  of  the  Cere- 
monies of  the  Church,  4  vols.  9vo.  &c. 

Vertot  d'Auboeuf,  Rene  Aubcrt  de,  a 
native  of  Bennetot  in  Normandy.  He  en- 
tered among  the  Capuchins,  but  (juitted  the 
order  in  1677,  to  be  admitted  among  the 
regular  canons  of  Premontrc.  In  1701  he 
abandoned  the  solitude  of  the  monastery 
for  an  ecclesiastical  life,  and  a  residence  in 
Paris,  where  he  found  great  and  powerful 
patrons.  He  became  in  1715,  historio- 
grapher to  the  order  of  Malta,  and  was  se- 
lected for  the  office  of  sub-preceptor  to 
Lewis  XV.  but  the  appointment  never  took 
place.  The  abbe  suffered  much  from  the 
infirmities  of  age,  and  died  15th  June,  1735, 
aged  80.  In  his  character  he  was  an  amia- 
ble man,  and  united  the  virtues  of  private 
life  to  great  intelligence,  deep  penetration, 
and  an  elegant  taste.  He  wrote  the  His- 
tory of  the  Revolutions  of  Portugal,  12mo. 
— History  of  the  Revolutions  of  Sweden, 
2  vols.  12mo. — History  of  the  Revolutions 
of  Rome,  3  vols.  12mo.  his  chief  work — 
History  of  Malta,  4  vols.  4to.  and  7  in 
12mo. — History  of  the  settlement  of  the 
Britons  in  Gaul,  2  vols.  l2mo. — Origin  of 
the  greatness  of  the  Court  of  Rome,  12mo. 
Dissertations  on  the  Memoirs  of  the  Aca- 
demy of  Belles  Lettres,  &c. 

Vertue,  George,  a  native  of  London, 
bound  apprentice  to  an  engraver  of  arms. 
He  afterwards  studied  painting  and  engra- 
ving, and  by  degrees  emerged  into  reputa- 
tion and  consequence  by  the  patronage  of 
sir  Godfrey  Kneller  and  lord  Somers.  He 
made  a  collection  of  materials  for  a  history 
of  painting  and  painters,  which  was  bought 
of  his  widow  and  digested  and  published 
from  his  MSS.  by  Horace  Walpole,  in  4 
vols.  4to.  1762,  and  afterwards  republished 
5  vols.  8vo.  1782.     He  died  1757,  aged  73. 

Verus,  Lucius  Ceionius  Commodus,  son 
of  ^lius,  distinguished  himself  against  the 
barbarians  in  the  East,  and  was  adopted  by 
Marcus  Aurelius,  and  admitted  to  share 
the  throne.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy  in  his 
German  expedition,  aged  39. 

Verwey,  John,  a  learned  Dutchman, 
who  presided  with  great  reputation  over  the 
school  of  Goude,  and  afterwards  that  of  the 
Hague,  where  he  died  about  1690.  He  is 
author  of  a  Medulla  Aristarchi  Vossiani — 
and  Nova  Via  docendi  Greece, 8vo. two  gram- 
mars of  singular  merit  and  general  utility. 

Vesalius,  Andrew,  a  celebrated  anato- 
mist, born  at  Brussels  of  a  family  long  dis- 
tinguished for  their  knowledge  of  medi- 
cine. After  studying  at  Louvain,  where 
he  displayed  the  strong  bent  of  his  ge- 
nius by  dissecting  dogs,  cats,  moles,  &c.  he 
came  to  Paris  and  applied  himself  labori- 
ously to  anatomy,  a  science  then  in  its  in- 
fancy.    He  next  visited  Pisa,  Bologna,  and 


the  other  universities  of  Italy,  and  in  1537, 
was  appointed  anatomical  prof(;.s«or  at  Pa- 
dua. He  next  rrmovcd  to  Spain  to  be 
physician  to  Charles  V.  and  there  acquired 
the  most  extensive  rrputation  by  his  skill 
and  sagacity.  From  t\m  hi^h  popularity, 
he,  however,  all  at  once  formed  the  project 
of  going  to  the  Holy  Land,  and  while  some 
attribute  it  to  the  wish  of  flying  from  the 
jealousy  and  persecution  of  his  enemies  at 
court,  or  to  the  troublesome  peevishncHs  of 
his  wife,  others  ascribe  the  cause  to  a  more 
extraordinary  circumstance.  He  obtained, 
it  is  said,  permission  to  open  the  body  of  a 
young  nobleman,  whom  during  a  severe 
illness  he  had  attended,  but  dreadful  to 
relate,  he  no  sooner  uncovered  the  heart  of 
his  patient,  than  he  perceived  it  still  palpi- 
tating with  life.  This  circumstance  so  ir- 
ritated the  weeping  family  of  the  nobleman, 
that  the  unhappy  physician  was  summoned 
before  the  inquisition,  but  Charles  V.  inter- 
fered and  saved  him  from  the  most  excru- 
ciating torments,  on  condition  that  he 
should  undertake  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy 
Land.  On  his  return  from  Cyprus  and 
Jerusalem,  which  was  hastened  by  the 
invitations  of  the  senate  of  Venice,  who 
solicited  him  to  fill  the  medical  chair  of 
Padua,  vacant  by  the  death  of  Fallopius, 
the  wretched  pilgrim  was  shipwrecked  and 
thrown  upon  the  barren  shores  of  the 
island  of  Zante,  where  he  soon  after  pe- 
rished through  famine  and  hardship,  Oct. 
1674,  aged  about  60.  His  body  when 
found  was  buried  in  St.  Mary's  church  in 
the  island.  The  chief  of  his  works  is,  do 
Humani  Coi-poris  Fabrica,  Leyden,  2  vols, 
fol.  1722.  Vesalius  may  be  truly  consider- 
ed as  the  great  restorer  of  anatomy  in 
Europe,  as  before  his  time  it  was  not  only 
neglected,  but  the  study  of  it  was  impeded 
by  the  gross  superstition  and  the  ignorant 
prejudices  of  the  age. 

Vespasian,  Titus  Flavius,  an  obscure 
native  of  Riti,  who  by  his  merits  and  vir- 
tues rose  to  consequence  in  the  Roman 
armies,  and  headed  the  expedition  against 
Jerusalem.  On  the  death  of  Vitellius  A.  D. 
69,  he  was  proclaimed  emperor  by  his  sol- 
diers, and  the  wisdom,  moderation,  antl 
firmness  of  his  reign  showed  the  propriety 
of  the  choice.  This  truly  virtuous  mo- 
narch, the  liberal  patron  of  learning,  and 
the  friend  of  morality  and  order,  died  A.  D. 
79,  aged  71. 

Vesputius  Americus,  the  discoverer  of 
the  new  continent,  was  a  native  of  Flo- 
rence.     Vid.  Americus. 

Vicars,  John,  a  native  of  London,  edu- 
cated at  Christ's  hospital  and  Queen's  col- 
lege, Oxford,  after  which  he  officiated  as 
undermaster  in  Christ's  hospital.  He  wafs 
author  of  God  in  the  Mount,  or  England's 
Remembrancer,  a  poem,  4to. — Looking 
Glass  for  Maliffnani?,^  and  other  pamphlet? 


v.j».-» 


VIG 


VID 


in  favour  of  the  Presbyterians  against  tlie 
royalists.     He  died  1652. 

ViCARY,  Thomas,  a  native  of  London, 
sergeant  surgeon  to  Henry  VIII.  and  his 
three  successors,  and  surgeon  to  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's hospital,  was  the  first  anatomi- 
eal  writer  in  the  English  language.  His 
book  "  a  Treasure  for  Englishmen,  or  the 
Anatomy  of  a  Man's  Body,"  12mo.  1577, 
and  other  medical  and  surgical  tracts,  are 
chiefly  compiled  from  the  works  of  Galen 
and  of  the  Arabians. 

Vicente,  Giles,  a  famous  dramatic  poet 
of  Lisbon  in  the  l6th  century,  whose  works 
have  served  as  models  to  the  labours  of  Lo- 
pez de  Vega,  and  to  Quevedo.  He  wrote 
with  great  facility,  and  his  pieces  were  so 
popular  among  the  Portuguese,  that  he  was 
called  the  Piautus  of  Portugal.  It  is  said, 
that  Erasmus  learned  the  Portuguese  to  be 
able  to  read  his  works,  which  were  pub- 
lished by  his  children  in  five  parts,  1562. 

Vico,  John  Baptist,  a  native  of  Naples, 
who  became  professor  of  rhetoric  in  the  uni- 
versity there.  The  best  known  of  his  works 
is  Scienza  Nuova.     He  died  1740,  aged  70. 

Vicft  d'Azir,  Felix,  a  native  of  Valone, 
who  like  his  father  became  eminent  as  a 
physician.  He  came  to  Paris  in  1765,  and 
acquired  such  celebrity  that  in  1775  he  was 
sent  by  the  minister  Turgot  to  stop  a  con- 
tagious distemper  which  raged  among  the 
people  of  Languedoc,  and  in  this  he  was 
happily  successful.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  society  of  medicine,  and 
pronounced  the  eloges  of  Haller,  Linne, 
Pringle,  and  other  illustrious  men,  and  with 
such  applause,  that  he  was  elected  member 
of  the  academy  of  sciences  in  the  room  of 
Buffon.  He  died  universally  respected, 
20th  June,  1794,  aged  46.  Besides  his 
eloges  he  wrote  memoirs — Anatomical  Ob- 
servations— Description  of  the  Nerves,  &c. 

Victor  I.  pope  after  Eleutherus  193, 
suffered  martvrdom  under  Severus  202. 
During  his  age  there  were  violent  disputes 
in  the  church  about  the  time  most  proper 
for  the  celebration  of  Easter. 

Victor  II.  Gebehard,  elected  pope  after 
Leo  IX.  1055,  died  two  years  after.  He 
was  an  active  pontiff,  who  devoted  himself 
attentively  to  the  reformation  of  his  clergy. 

Victor  III.  Didier,  was  elected  pope 
1086.  He  hurled  a  bill  of  excommunica- 
tion against  the  anti-pope  Guibert,  and 
died  soon  after,  16th  Sept.  1087.  Some  of 
his  epistles,  dialogues,  &c.  are  extant. 
There  was  an  anti-pope  of  that  name  after 
the  death  of  Anicletus,  1138. 

Victor,  Amadeus,  duke  of  Savoy,  and 
first  king  of  Sardinia,  was  born  I4ih  May, 
1666,  and  succeeded  his  father  Charles 
Emanuel  in  1675.  By  his  marriage  with 
the  niece^of  Lewis  XIV.  he  ensured  the  co- 
operation of  France,  but  he  was  no  sooner 
established  in  his  power,  than  be  declared 
756 


against  his  new  allies.  He  was  conse- 
quently attacked  and  defeated  by  Catinat  at 
Staffarde  1690,  and  lost  all  Savoy,  but  two 
years  after  he  entered  Dauphine  and  seized 
upon  Gap  and  Embrun.  Another  victory 
at  Marseilles,  obtained  over  him  by  Catinat, 
robbed  him  of  all  his  newly  acquired  do- 
minions, but  though  he  was  obliged  to  make 
peace  in  1696,  he  took  up  arms  again  in 
1701,  encouraged  by  the  promises  of  the 
emperor,  who  flattered  his  ambition  by  the 
hopes  of  possessing  a  large  territory  be- 
tween the  Po  and  Tanaro.  His  troops 
were  now  defeated  by  Vendome,  and  Turin 
his  capital  besieged  by  the  duke  de  la 
Feuillade,  but  the  timely  succour  of  prince 
Eugene  saved  him  from  ruin,  and  restored 
him  to  his  independence.  Peace  was  re- 
stored in  1713,  and  Victor,  acknowledged 
king  of  Sicily  by  the  king  of  Spain,  soon 
after  resigned  his  title  in  favour  of  the  em- 
peror, who  in  return  supported  his  assump- 
tion of  the  name  of  king  of  Sardinia. 
Tired  with  the  intrigues  and  labours  of 
greatness,  Victor  at  last  in  1730,  after  a 
reign  of  55  years,  abdicated  the  throne  in 
favour  of  his  son,  but  the  next  year,  with 
the  same  capricious  inconsistency,  he  re- 
claimed the  regal  honours.  The  son  might 
have  complied,  but  when  he  saw  that  the 
crown  was  claimed  by  the  suggestions  of 
an  ambitious  mistress,  who  tyrannized  over 
the  affections  of  his  father,  he  wisely  re- 
fused, and  the  fickle  old  man  soon  after 
died  at  Rivoli  near  Turin,  31st  Oct.  1732. 

VicTORius,  or  Vettorin,  Peter,  a  learn- 
ed Florentine,  appointed  by  Cosmo  de  Me- 
dicis,  professor  of  eloquence  in  the  college 
of  his  native  town.  He  was  universally 
resp'.cted  for  his  learning  and  abilities,  and 
served  his  country  in  some  embassies.  He 
died  1585,  aged  87.  He  is  to  be  regarded 
as  one  of  "the  first  restorers  of  learning  in 
Italy,  and  he  ably  devoted  his  time  in  elu- 
cidating the  classics,  especially  Cicero. 
His  works  are  Critical  Notes  on  Cicero, 
Cato,  Varro,  and  Columella — Commenta- 
ries on  Aristotle's  Rhetoric,  &c. — Collec- 
tion of  Latin  Epistles  and  Harangues,  &c. 

Victorius,  Benedict,  a  native  of  Faenza, 
professor  of  medicine  at  Bologna.  He 
wrote  Empyrica!  Medicine,  8vo. — de  Mor- 
bo  Gallico,  8vo. — la  Grande  Pratique,  2 
vols.  fol.  &c.  and  died  about  1552,  aged  72. 
His  uncle  Lionel  was  also  professor  of  me- 
dicine at  Bologna,  where  he  died  1530.  He 
wrote  a  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  Chil- 
dren, Svo. — Practice  of  Medicine,  4to.  &c. 

ViDA,  Mark  Jerome,  a  celebrated  modern 
poet,  born  at  Cremona  1470.  After  finish- 
ing his  studies  at  Padua  and  Bologna,  he 
entered  into  the  order  of  the  regular  canons 
of  St.  Mark  at  Mantua,  which  he  soon 
after  exchanged  for  the  order  of  St.  John 
Lateran  at  Rome.  His  poetical  fame 
reached  the  ears  of  Leo  X..  who  rewardet^ 


VIE 


VIU 


itim  with  his  friendship  and  the  priory  of  St. 
Sylvester  at  Tivoli.  In  this  charming  re- 
treat he  devoted  himself  to  the  composition 
of  his  Christias,  and  though  liis  labours 
were  interrupted  by  the  death  of  his  patron, 
he  soon  emerged  from  the  dissatisfaction 
which  the  neglect  shown  to  literary  merit 
during  the  short  reign  of  Adrian  \  I.  had 
created,  and  under  the  next  pope,  Clement 
VII.,  he  received  tlic  rewards  due  to  his 
talents,  and  was  made  bishop  of  Alba,  lo32. 
This  truly  benevolent  prelate,  and  learned 
man,  died  27th  Sept.  1566,  aged  96,  and 
was  buried  in  his  own  cathedral  ;  and  liis 
countrymen  of  Cremona  honoured  his  mo- 
mory  by  the  erection  of  a  noble  monument 
in  their  cathedral.  The  tributes  of  praise 
paid  to  the  genius  and  merits  of  this  great 
man,  have  been  numerous,  and  among  them, 
the  words  of  Pope  are  particularly  striking. 
Speaking  of  Leo's  golden  days,  the  poet 
thus  celebrates  his  name  : 

With  sweeter  notes  eachrising  temple  rang, 
A  Raphael  painted,  and  a  Vida  sang. 
Immortal  Vida  !  on  whose  honoured  brow, 
The  poeVs  bays,  the  critic''s  ivy  grow, 
Cremona  now  shall  ever  boast  thy  name, 
t^s  next  in  place  ta  Mantua,  next  in  fame. 

The  poetical  works  of  Vida  were  collected 
by  himself,  2  vols.  8vo.  1550.  They  con- 
sist of  Ars  Poetica,  a  valuable  poem — de 
Bombyce  Libri  Duo,  the  most  correct  of 
his  works — Scacchia  Ludus — Hymni  de  Re- 
bus Divinis — Christiados  Libri  Sex — Buco- 
lica,  Ecloga,  et  Carraina,  &c. — Besides 
these  he  wrote.  Dialog!  de  Republicae  Dig- 
nitate — Orationes  Tres  ad  versus  Papienses, 
&c. — Constitutiones  Synodales  Alba;,  &c. 
The  best  edition  of  hi--  poems  is  that  of  Ox- 
ford, r33,  in  3  vols.  8vo. 

ViETA,  Francis,  master  of  requests  to 
queen  Margaret,  was  born  at  Fontenay,  in 
Poitou  1540,  and  acquired  great  celebrity 
as  a  mathematician.  He  was  the  first  who 
used  in  algebra  the  letters  of  the  alphabet 
to  mark  known  quantities,  as  they  could 
express  every  variety  of  number,  and  he 
also  introduced  some  important  improve- 
ments in  that  science,  and  in  geometry. 
He  made  afterwards  some  alterations  in  the 
Gregorian  calendar,  and  showed  himself  so 
exact  and  sagacious  in  deciphering  the  se- 
crets of  the  Spanish  government  in  their 
intercepted  letters,  that  the  divulging  of  the 
contents  which  were  obscurely  clothed  in 
500  different  characters,  was  ascribed  to 
magic.  He  died  1603.  He  published 
Apollonius  of  Perga,  under  the  name  of 
Apollonius  Gallus,  4to.  1610,  and  his  works 
were  collected  together  in  1646,  in  1  vol. 
folio,  by  F.  Schooten. 

ViEussENS,  Raymond  de,  a  native  of 
Rouergue,  who  became  physician  to  the 
king  of  France,  and  distinguished  himself 
^\y  his  publications  on  his  profession,  one  of 


which,  on  Internal  Diseases,  in  4  vols.  4io. 
was  published  by  his  grandson  1774.  He 
died  at  Montpellier,  where  he  had  retired 
for  his  hcaltli,  1715. 

ViGAND,  or  Wig  AND,  John,  a  Lutheran 
divine,  born  at  Mansfield.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  the  pul)licat.on  of  that  important 
work,  the  Centuries  of  Magdeburg,  printed 
at  Basil,  13  vols.  fol.  1562,  and  afterwards 
presided  over  the  churches  of  Pomeraiiia. 
He  wrote  several  works  m  favour  uf  the  re- 
formation, and  died  21st  Oct.  1  587,  aged  64. 

ViGiLius,  an  African  bishop,  ai;out  484. 
He  aldy  opposed  (he  heretics  of  his  age,  in 
his  sermons  und  in  his  writings,  which  have 
been  published  separately  at  Dijon,  4to. 
1665. 

ViGiLius,  a  Roman,  who  was  elevated  to 
the  papal  throne  by  the  intrigues  of  Theo- 
dora the  wife  of  Justinian,  to  whom  he  pro- 
mised, as  the  price  of  his  elevation,  that  he 
would  cancel  all  the  decrees  of  the  council 
of  Constantinople,  against  the  Eutychian 
bishops,  whose  cause  she  embraced.  Though 
thus  raised  to  the  pontificate  in  537,  he  af- 
terwards ventured  to  oppose  Theodora,  and 
even  excommunicated  her,  for  which  he 
was  banished  from  Rome,  but  died  soon  af- 
ter at  Syracuse  555.  Eighteen  of  his  letters 
have  been  published  at  Paris,  8vo.  1642. 

ViGNES,  Peter  des,  a  native  of  Capua, 
who  rose  from  the  obscurest  situation  to 
the  dignity  of  chancellor  of  the  German 
empire.  After  receiving  his  education  at 
Bologna,  by  the  charity  of  some  benevolent 
persons,  he  rose  to  consequence,  and  be- 
came the  favourite  of  the  emperor  Frederic. 
It  is  said  that  he  attempted  to  poison  his 
master,  for  which  his  eyes  were  put  out,  but 
others  attributed  this  severe  treatment  to 
the  malice  and  misrepresentation  of  his 
enemies.  Disgusted  with  the  confinement 
of  a  prison,  and  the  tyrannical  conduct  of 
his  sovpreign,  he  dashed  his  head  against 
the  column  to  which  his  galling  chains  were 
fastened,  and  thus  expired  1245).  Des  Vig- 
nes  was  very  eminent  in  the  knowledge  of 
jurisprudence.  Some  of  his  works  have 
been  printed. 

ViGNOLE,  James  Barozzio,  an  eminent 
architect,  born  at  Vignole  in  the  dutchy  of 
Modena,  1507.  He  studied  at  Rome,  and 
was  afterwards  employed  in  France  by 
Francis  I.  in  the  construction  of  several 
splendid  edifices,  after  which  he  returned 
to  Italy  to  finish  the  magnificent  palace  of 
cardinal  Farnese.  He  died  at  Rome,  7th 
July,  1573,  aged  66.  He  wrote  a  treatise 
on  the  Five  Orders  of  Architecture,  in 
Italian,  translated  into  French  by  Davilier, 
3  vols.  4to.  and  another,  sur  la  Perspective 
Pratique. 

^'iGNOLES,  Stephen  de,  better  known  by 
the  name  of  la  Hire,  was  of  an  illustrious 
family,  settled  at  Languedoc.  He  was  one 
of  the   ablest   generals  in   the  service  of 

757 


VUj 


tit 


Charles  VII.  and  he  obliged  the  duke  of 
Bedford  to  raise  the  siege  of  Montargis, 
and  assisted  Joan  of  Arc  in  the  relief  of 
Orleans.  After  contributing  by  his  valour 
to  the  restoration  of  Charles  to  his  throne, 
he  died  at  Montauban,  1447. 

ViGNOLES,  Alphonso  de,  a  native  of  Au- 
bais  in  Languedoc,  who,  as  a  Calvinist, 
left  France  on  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes,  and  retired  to  Prussia.  He 
was  patronised  by  the  king  of  Prussia,  and 
made  director  of  the  royal  academy  of 
sciences  at  Berlin,  where  he  died  24th  July, 
1744,  aged  95.  He  wrote  the  Chronology 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  &c.  2  vols.  4to. — 
Epistola  Chronologica — Conjectures  on 
Virgil's  fourth  Eclogue,  &c. 

ViLLALPANDUs,  John  Baptist,  a  Jesuit  of 
Corduba,  well  skilled  in  the  knowledge  of 
the  Holy  Scriptures.  He  wrote  Desultory 
Commentaries  on  Ezekiei,  in  3  vols.  1596, 
in  which  he  gives  an  interesting  description 
of  the  Temple  and  the  city  of  Jerusalem. 
He  wrote  besides,  Explanatio  Epistolarum 
S.  Pauli,  &c.  and  died  22d  May,  1608. 

ViLLARET,  Claude,  a  native  of  Paris, 
who  first  became  known  by  his  romance  of 
la  Belle  Allemande.  In  con-sequence  of 
some  domestic  distresses  he  quitted  Paris, 
and  to  support  himself  began  the  life  of  an 
actor  at  Rouen,  Compiegne^  Liege,  &c.  but 
he  afterwards  abandoned  a  profession  in 
which  he  had  acquired  some  celebrity.  He 
again  settled  at  Paris,  and  obtained  the 
place  of  first  commissary  of  the  chamber  of 
accounts.  On  the  death  of  Velly  he  was 
appointed  his  successor  in  the  completion 
of  a  History  of  France,  which  he  ably  con- 
tinued from  the  8th  volume,  and  the  reign 
of  Philip  VI.  to  the  348th  page  of  the  17th 
volume.  He  wrote  besides,  Considerations 
aur  I'Art  du  Theatre,  8vo.— et  I'Esprit  de 
Voltaire.  He  died  at  Paris,  March  1766, 
aged  61. 

ViLLARS,  Andrew  de  Brancas  de,  a  French 
general,  who  espoused  the  interests  of  the 
league  against  Henry  IV.  He  was  after- 
wards gained  over  by  the  interference  of 
Sully,  and  when  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle 
of  Dourlens  by  the  Spaniards,  24th  July, 
1 595,  he  was  basely  murdered  by  the  con- 
querors. 

ViLLARS,  Louis  Hector,  marquis  and 
duke  of,  peer  of  France,  was  born  at  Mou- 
lins  in  Bourbonnois,  1653.  He  embraced 
early  the  profession  of  arms,  and  distin- 
guished himself  on  the  Rhine,  at  the  siege 
of  Maestricht,  at  the  battle  of  Senef,  and 
on  various  occasions,  and  for  his  services 
Avas  raised  to  the  rank  of  marshal  of  France, 
1690.  At  the  peace  of  Ryswick,  he  went 
ambassador  to  Vienna,  and  when  after- 
wards placed  at  the  head  of  the  French 
armies,  he  defeated  the  prince  of  Baden, 
and  gained  the  battle  of  Hochstet ;  but 
after  supporting  the  character  of  a  brave 
758 


and  active  general  against  the  superior  ge- 
nius of  Marlborough,  he  was  at  last  routed 
and  dangerously  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Malplaquet,  1709.  He  afterwards  regained 
his  reputation  at  Denay  on  the  Scheldt,  and 
by  the  fall  of  Douay,  Quesnoy,  and  other 
places,  and  he  assisted  in  the  establishment 
of  peace  as  plenipotentiary  at  Radstadt, 
1714.  After  the  death  of  Lewis  XIV.  he 
supported  the  administration  of  the  duke 
of  Orleans,  and  in  1733,  when  a  new  war 
broke  out,  he  was  sent  to  take  the  com- 
mand of  the  French  armies  in  Italy.  He 
took  Pisighitone,  but  soon  after  was  taken 
ill,  and  died  at  Turin,  l7th  June,  1734,  aged 
82.  His  memoirs  were  published  in  Hol- 
land, 3  vols.  12mo. 

ViLLEFORE,  Joseph  Francis  Bourgoin  de,- 
a  native  of  Paris,  who  devoted  himself  la- 
boriously to  literary  pursuits,  and  published 
various  works  on  history,  &c.  He  died  2d 
Sept.  1737,  aged  85. 

ViLLENA,  marquis  of,  a  Spanish  poet, 
allied  to  the  royal  house  of  Arragon.  He 
preferred  retirement  and  solitude  to  the 
intrigues  of  the  court,  and  translated  at 
the  request  of  his  relation  John,  king  of 
Navarre,  Virgil's  iEneid  into  Spanish 
verse.  His  Gaya  Sciencia,  a  system  of 
poetry,  rhetoric,  and  oratory,  describing 
the  ceremonies  and  public  exhibitions  of 
the  Troubadours,  is  his  most  celebrated 
performance.  He  also  translated  Dante 
into  prose,  a  work  still  esteemed  by  the 
Spaniards,  and  died  of  the  gout,  1434. 

ViLLENEUVE,  Gabriellc  Susanne  Barbot 
de,  widow  of  John  Baptist  de  Gaalon  de  V. 
lieutenant-colonel  of  French  infantry  is 
distinguished  as  an  elegant  and  interesting 
novel-writer.  Her  romances  are  numerous, 
the  best  known  of  which  are,  la  Jeune 
Americaine,  12mo. — le  Phenix  Conjugal — 
le  Juge  Prevenu — la  Jardiniere  de  Vincen- 
nes,  &c.     She  died  29th  Dec.  1755. 

VrLLERS,  Charles  Francis  Dominic  de,  a 
French  writer,  was  born  in  1764,  at  Belch- 
en,  in  Lorraine.  He  became  a  lieutenant 
in  the  artillery  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  but 
in  the  revolution  he  joined  the  prince  of 
Condc  at  Triers,  in  consequence  of  which, 
on  the  failure  of  the  royal  cause,  he  was 
obliged  to  seek  an  asylum  in  Germany. 
After  many  removals  he  settled  at  Lubec, 
where  he  wrote  several  works,  particularly 
an  "  Essay  on  the  Influence  of  the  Refor- 
mation of  Luther,"  which  obtained  the  prize 
of  the  national  institute.  He  next  removed 
to  a  professorship  of  philosophy  at  Gottin- 
gen,  but  was  deprived  of  it  on  the  restora- 
tion of  peace  ;  though  he  obtained  a  pen- 
sion from  the  Hanoverian  government,  and 
was  made  a  knight  of  the  polar  star  by  that 
of  Sweden.  He  died,  Feb.  26,  1815.  He 
was  also  the  author  of  "  a  Letter  to  Fanny 
de  Beauharnois  ;"  in  which  he  drew  such 
an  affecting  picture  of  French  enormity  ir^ 


VIL 


ML 


Cfermany,  as  brought  upon  him  the  ven- 
geance of  Davoust.  Besides  this,  he 
wrote  "  Rapport  a  I'lnstitut  sur  I'Etat  ac- 
tual de  la  Littorature  anciennc  et  dc  I'His- 
toire  en  Allemagne." — W.  B. 

ViLLETTE,  Charles,  marquis  de,  a  native 
of  Paris,  known  as  a  writer.  He  married 
Voltaire's  niece,  and  was  one  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  convention.  He  died  lOth 
July,  1793,  and  his  remains  were  attended 
to  the  grave  by  a  deputation  of  the  French 
senators  His  eloges  of  Charles  V.  Henry 
IV. — poetical  pieces,  &c.  were  collected 
together,  1784,  8vo. 

ViLLiERS,  George,  duke  of  Buckingham, 
was  born  of  a  respectable  family  at  Brookes- 
by,   Leicestershire,   20th    Aug.   1592,  and 
after  receiving  an  indifl'erent  education,  he 
travelled  into  France,  where  he  acquired 
all   the   personal   accomplishments  of  the 
gentleman  and  the  courtier.     He  was  in- 
troduced to  the  notice  of  .fames  I.  at  the 
play  represented  for  his  entertainment  by 
the   students  of  Cambridge,  and  the  mo- 
narch was  so  captivated  with  his  handsome 
person  and  his  fine  clothes,  that  he  soon 
succeeded  to  the  honours  of  the  discarded 
Somerset,  and  became  cup-bearer  to  the 
king.     By  degrees    honours  were  heaped 
upon  him  ;  he  was  kniglited,  and  rapidly 
rose  to  the  rank  of  a  baron,  an  earl,  a  mar- 
quis, and  a  duke,  and  was  made  master  of 
the  horse,  warden  of  the  cinque  ports,  and 
obtained  the  disposal  of  all  the  offices  of 
honour  and  emolument,  in  the  church  and 
state,  in  the  three  kingdoms.     In  1620  he 
married  the  earl  of  Rutland's  daughter,  the 
richest  heiress  in  the  kingdom,  and  three 
years   after  he  persuaded   the    prince   of 
Wales  to  go  to  Spain,  in  di.sguise,  to  solicit 
the  hand  of  the  Infanta,  his  intended  bride. 
On  the  death  of  James,  Villiers  retained  all 
his  influence  with  the  new  monarch,  but 
while  he  was  the  favourite  of  the  court,  he 
was  regarded  with  odium  by  the  parliament 
and  the  people.     His  unpopularity  was  in- 
creased  by  rashly  advising  his  master  to 
dissolve  the  parliament  and  to  raise  supplies 
without  the  consent  of  the  people.     In  the 
midst  of  these  popular  discontents  a  war 
broke  out  with  Fraace,  and  the  duke  took 
upon  himself  to  carry  hostilities  into  the 
enemy's  country,  but  instead  of  landing  on 
the  continent,  he  made  an  imprudent  at- 
tack on  the  isle  of  Rhe,  in  which  he  lost 
the  flower  of  his  army.     This  disaster  was 
to  be  repaired  by  a  more  formidable  arma- 
ment, for  the  relief  of  Rochelle,  which  Ri- 
chelieu was  besieging  with  all  the  powers 
of  the   French   monarchy,  and   the  duke 
made  the  most  extraordinary  preparations 
for  the  expedition,  but  before  he  sailed  he 
was  stabbed  at  Portsmouth  by  Felton,  a 
lieutenant  of  the  army,  who  was  dissatis- 
fied with  his  conduct,  and  had  vowed  his 
d^ath.     This  happened  23d  Aug.  1628,  in 


the  36th  year  of  his  age.  In  his  disposition 
Buckingham  was  generous  and  humane, 
but  in  his  attachments  he  was  violent 
and  headstrong.  Immoderalely  ambitious, 
he  viewed  the  cautious  measures  of  tl»o 
parliament  with  distrust  and  contempt,  and 
to  carry  into  eflect  his  favourite  meaBures, 
he  hesitated  not  to  sacrifice  the  interests  of 
his  master,  and  the  happiness  of  the  p.oplc. 
For  the  inibrmation  which  he  posse-sed  on 
|)ublic  artairs,  he  was  indebtt  d  to  the  par- 
tiality of  the  monarch,  who,  with  ridicu- 
lous fondness  lor  bis  person,  rcaoUcit  to 
make  him  a  mas  trj)K-ce,  and  to  mould 
him,  as  it  were,  platonically  to  his  own 
ideas. 

Villiers,  George,  duke  of  Buckingham, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  W  ailing- 
ford  house,  London,   30th  Jan.  1627,  the 
year  before   his   father's  murder.      After 
being  at  Cambridge  he  went  on  his  travels, 
and  at  his  return  he  was  presented  to  the 
king,  who  was  at  Oxford,  and  he  entered 
at  Christ  church.     On  the  fall  of  the  royal 
power   he   went   with    prince   Charles    to 
Scotland,  and  shared  afterwards   his  dan- 
gers at  the  battle  of  Worcester,  but  after 
accompanying  him  on  the  continent  he  re- 
turned to  England,  and  retrieved  his  for- 
tunes by  marrying,  in   1657,  the  daughter 
of  lord  Fairfax.     Though  thus  connected 
with  republicans,  he  did  not  lose  the  royal 
favour,  but  preserving  his  property,  he  at 
the  restoration  was  possessed  of  an  estate 
of  20,000/.  a  year,  and  added  to  his  honours 
the  place  of  master  of  horse  to  the  king. 
The   favours  which   he  enjoyed  at   court 
were,  however,  soon   forfeited,   when  he 
joined  a  conspiracy  against  the  government, 
yet  so  forgiving  was  the  king's  temper,  that 
he  was  restored,  on  his  submission,  to  his 
honours,  and  to  confidence.   The  flagitious 
attempt  which  he  made  with  Blood  on  the 
duke   of  Ormond's  life,  did  not  again  ex- 
pose him,  as  he  deserved,  to  the  royal  dis- 
pleasure, but  he  was  made  chancellor  of 
Cambridge,  and  employed  as  ambassador 
to  Lewis   XIV.     He  afterwards   resigned 
the  chancellorship,  and  capriciously  favour- 
ed the  cause  of  the  nonconformists,  and  af- 
terwards was  sent  to  the  Tower  for  con- 
tempt, by  order  of  the  house  of  lords.     He 
died  at  Kirkby  Moorside,  Yorkshire,   16th 
April,  1688,  after  a  short  illness  of  three 
days,  of  an  ague,  in  consequence  of  sitting 
on'the  ground  when  fatigued  with  hunting. 
His  remains  were  buried   in  Westminster 
abbey.     Though  a  man  of  abilities,  of  great 
vivacity,  and  of  quickness  of  parts,  he  did 
not  possess  a  single  virtue.     His  wit  was 
malevolence,  his   generosity  was   profuse- 
ness,  and  so  debauched  was  his  character, 
that  the  whole  business  of  his  life  seemed 
to  be  the  gratification  of  the  most  sensual 
appetites.     His   character  has   been  well 
delineated  under  the  name  of  Zimri  in  Dry- 

759 


VIN 


VI N 


<ien's  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  but  though 
a  debauchee  he  has  acquired  celebrity  as  a 
poet  and  a  man  of  letters.  His  poems, 
though  few  in  number,  are  great  in  merit. 
Besides  the  Rehearsal,  a  comedy  of  singu- 
lar merit,  in  which  he  ridicules  the  drama- 
tic writers  of  his  age,  he  wrote  the  Chances, 
altered  from  Fletcher — the  Restoration — 
the  Battle  of  Sedgemoor— the  Militant 
Couple — an  Essay  on  Reason  and  Religion 
—on  Human  Reason — Discourse  on  the 
Reasonableness  of  having  a  Religion  and 
Worship  of  God,  &c. 

ViLLoisoN,  John  Baptist  Gaspard  d'Ansse 
de,  a  learned  critic,  was  born  at  Corbeilie- 
sur-Seine  in  1750.  He  studied  under  Cap- 
peronier,  professor  of  Greek  in  the  royal 
college;  and  in  1773  published  the  Greek 
Lexicon  to  Homer  by  Apollonius,  from  a 
manuscript  in  the  library  of  St.  Germain- 
des-Pres  ;  for  which  he  was  admitted  a 
member  of  the  academy  of  inscriptions  and 
belles  lettres.  His  next  publication  was  an 
edition  of  the  pastoral  of  "Longus,"  with  a 
commentary.  In  1781  he  went  to  Venice 
to  search  far  Greek  manuscripts  in  the 
library  of  St.  Mark,  where  he  found  several 
unedited  works,  from  which  he  made  ex- 
tracts, and  published  them  in  two  quarto 
volumes,  under  the  title  of  "  Anecdota 
Graeca."  But  his  most  important  discovery 
was  a  copy  of  Homer  of  the  tenth  century, 
which  he  published  in  folio  in  1788.  From 
Venice,  Villoison  went  to  the  court  of 
Saxe- Weimar,  at  the  invitation  of  the  duke, 
and,  while  there,  formed  the  collection  of 
critical  letters,  which  he  printed  at  Zurich, 
under  the  title  of  "  Epistolae  Vinarienses." 
He  next  published  a  translation  of  part  of 
the  Old  Testament,  made  by  a  Jew  in  the 
ninth  century.  Soon  after  this,  he  travel- 
led into  Greece,  and  left  numerous  obser- 
vations for  a  history  of  that  country,  and 
for  a  new  edition  of  Montfaucon's  "  Palaeo- 
graphia  Graeca."  In  the  French  revolution 
he  lost  all  his  property  ;  but  was  appointed 
professor  of  ancient  and  modern  Greek, 
which  office  he  had  just  entered  upon  when 
he  died,  April  26,  1805.— fT.  B. 

ViLLOTTE,  James,  a  Jesuit  of  Bar-le-duc, 
who  travelled  into  Armenia,  and  returned 
to  Europe  1709.  He  died  at  St.  Nicholas, 
near  Nancy,  14th  June,  1743,  aged  87. 
He  wrote  an  explanation  of  the  Catholic 
Faith — Christian  Armenia,  &c. — Commen- 
taries on  the  Gospels,  4to. — Armenian  Dic- 
tionary, &c. 

Vincent,  Thomas,  author  of  God's  Ter- 
rible Voice  in  the  City,  by  Plague,  and  Fire, 
8vo. — of  an  Explanation  of  the  Catechism, 
and  other  religious  tracts,  was  ejected  for 
nonconformity  from  the  living  of  St.  Mary 
Magdalen,  in  Milk-street,  and  died  at  Hox- 
ton,  1671.  During  the  plague  he  continued 
in  the  city,  and  by  his  discourses  from  the 
pulpit  greatly  contributed  to  support  the 
760 


spirits,  and  relieve  the  terrors  of  the  afflict* 
ed  inhabitants. 

Vincent,  Nathaniel,  author  of  the  Con- 
version of  a  Sinner,  and  the  Day  of  Grace, 
8vo. — sermons,  and  other  religious  books, 
was  of  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  and  was 
ejected  from  the  living  of  Langley  Marsh, 
Bucks,  for  nonconformity.  He  adhered  so 
strenuously  to  his  dissenting  principles 
that  he  wa.s  imprisoned  for  preaching  in  a 
conventicle  at  Southwark.     He  died  1697. 

Vincent,  William,  a  learned  divine,  was 
born  in  London,  Nov.  2,  1739.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  in  Westminster  school, 
from  whence  he  was  elected  to  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a  fel- 
lowship. In  1762  he  was  appointed  usher 
of  the  school  where  he  had  been  bred  ;  and 
in  1771,  second  master.  He  was  also  made 
chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the  king ;  and  in 
1778,  being  then  doctor  of  divinity,  he  was 
presented  to  the  vicarage  of  Longdon,  in 
Worcestershire ;  which  he  resigned  the 
same  year,  on  being  instituted  to  the  recto- 
ry of  Allhallows,  Thames-street.  In  1788 
he  became  head  master  of  Westminster 
school,  which  office  he  held  till  1801,  when 
he  obtained  a  stall  in  the  collegiate  church 
of  St.  Peter.  On  the  translation  of  bishop 
Horsley  to  St.  Asaph,  in  1803,  he  was  made 
dean  of  Westminster,  with  which  prefer- 
ment he  held  the  rectory  of  Islip,  in  Ox- 
fordshire. He  died,  Dec.  21,  1815.  His 
principal  works  are,  1.  A  Charity  Sermon 
at  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster,  1792.  2. 
"  De  Legione  Manliana."  3.  The  Conju- 
gation of  the  Greek  Verb ;  and  the  Greek 
Verb  analyzed.  4.  A  Commentary  on 
Arian's  Voyage  of  Nearchus,  4to.  6.  The 
Periplus  of  the  Erythean  Sea,  2  vols.  4to. 
The  two  last  he  afterwards  printed  toge- 
ther, with  the  title  of"  The  Commerce  and 
Navigation  of  the  Ancients  in  the  Indian 
Ocean,"  2  vols.  4to,  7.  A  Defence  of 
Public  Education,  8vo.  A  volume  of  Ser- 
mons, with  his  life  prefixed,  was  published 
after  his  death. —  W.  B. 

Vinci,  Leonard,  a  celebrated  painter, 
descended  of  a  noble  family,  and  born  in 
the  castle  of  Vinci  near  Florence  1445. 
He  studied  under  Verrochio,  and  soon  be- 
came a  most  accomplished  painter,  well 
skilled  in  the  knowledge  of  anatomy,  of  op- 
tics, of  geometry,  and  of  all  the  arts  which 
could  add  correctness,  grace,  and  delicacy 
to  the  effiarts  of  a  great  genius.  He  was 
patronised  by  Lewis  Sforza,  duke  of  Mi- 
Ian,  and  not  only  introduced  the  simplicity 
and  purity  of  the  Greeks  over  the  rude 
Gothic,  but  he  contributed  much  to  orna- 
ment the  city,  and  as  well  acquainted  with 
architecture  and  engineering,  he  supplied 
it  with  water  by  a  new  canal  200  miles  in 
length.  The  wars  of  Milan,  and  the  mis- 
fortunes and  captivity  of  the  duke  in- 
fluenced the  destinies  of  the  painter^  and 


VIN 


M 


lieonarcl  quilted  a  city  which  he  hud  adorn- 
ed nith  his  paintings  and  the  hibours  of  his 
genius.  He  removed  to  Florence,  where 
he  found  protection  and  friendship  with  the 
Medicis.  From  Florence  he  went  to 
Rome,  and  soon  after  visited  France  by  the 
liberal  invitations  of  Francis  I.  The  fa- 
tigues of  the  journey,  however,  were  too 
much  for  his  constitution,  he  languished 
for  some  months  at  Fontaincblcau,  and  du- 
ring one  of  the  visits  which  he  frequently 
received  from  Francis,  he  raised  himself  in 
his  bed  to  show  the  gratitude  of  his  heart, 
and  at  that  moment  being  seized  with  a 
fainting  lit,  he  expired  in  the  arms  of  the 
monarch,  who  had  eagerly  stooped  to  sup- 
port him.  This  was  in  1520.  The  best  of 
his  pieces  was  our  Saviour's  last  supper, 
painted  in  oil,  on  the  wall  of  a  church  of 
Milan,  long  since  defaced  from  moisture 
and  the  ravages  of  time,  though  a  copy  of 
it  was  taken  by  order  of  Francis  I.  which 
is  preserved  at  St.  Germain's.  At  Flo- 
rence he  was  engaged  with  Michael  Ange- 
lo  in  painting  the  council  chamber  of  the 
city,  but  this  union  of  talents  produced  un- 
fortunately not  only  rivalship,  but  lasting 
jealousy.  According  to  Rubens,  his  chief 
excellence  was  in  giving  every  thing  its 
proper  character.  His  pieces  are  mostly 
preserved  at  Florence  and  in  France.  He 
wrote  treatises  on  the  Nature,  Equilibrium, 
and  Motion  of  Water ;  on  Anatomy ;  on 
Perspective  ;  on  Light  and  Shadows  ;  on 
Painting,  &c. 

ViNER,  sir  Robert,  a  goldsmith  and 
hanker  of  London,  who  was  much  noticed 
by  Charles  H.  to  whom  he  lent  large  sums 
of  money.  When  he  was  lord  mayor  of 
the  city  the  monarch  honoured  him  with 
his  presence  at  dinner,  and  showed  him 
many  marks  of  kindness  and  favour. 

Vines,  Richard,  an  English  divine,  born 
at  Blaston,  Leicestershire.  He  Avas  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen  college,  Cambiidge,  and 
afterwards  became  master  of  Hinckley 
school,  and  when  in  orders  he  obtained  the 
living  of  Weddington,  Warwickshire.  The 
civil  wars  drove  him  from  his  parish  to  Co- 
ventry, but  on  the  establishment  of  the 
presbyterian  government  in  1644,  he  was 
nominated  one  of  the  assembly  of  divines, 
and  proved  himself  by  his  eloquence,  an 
able  champion  of  the  republican  cause. 
From  London,  where  he  obtained  St.  Cle- 
ment Danes,  and  St.  Lawrence,  Jewry,  he 
removed  to  Cambridge,  where  he  was  ap- 
pointed master  of  Pembroke  hall,  which 
he  resigned  soon  after,  as  he  would  not 
take  the  engagement.  In  the  conferences 
which  he  had  with  the  monarch  as  one  of 
the  deputies  from  the  parliament,  he  con- 
ducted himself  with  becoming  propriety 
and  marked  respect  towards  his  unfortu- 
nate sovereign,  and  on  the  morning  of  his 
execution  he  offered  him  his  spiritual  co?i- 

VoL.  IL  9fi 


solalion  and  aisislancc  lie  died  lOJ.lp, 
and  was  buried  in  St.  Lawrence,  Jewry, 
where  his  monument  perished  in  the  great 
hre  of  London.  Though  u  strong  and  vio- 
lent Calvinist,  he  was  n  bene\oh  nt  niitn, 
void  of  pride  and  (lattery,  and  as  a  scholar 
distinguished  for  his  perfect  knowledge  of 
Glreek,  and  cmincnl  as  a  I'hilologibt,  in- 
vincible as  a  disputant,  and  as  a  preacher 
most  persuasive.  He  often  preached  be- 
fore the  parliament,  and  of  the  sermons 
which  he  composed,  32  ha\e  been  publish- 
ed. 

ViNNius,  Arnold,  professor  of  law  at 
Leyden,  was  author  of  commentaries  on 
the  institutes  of  Justinian,  2  vols.  4to.  and 
on  the  ancient  lawyers,  8vo.  and  died  at 
Leyden  1G57,  aged  09. 

ViOT,  Marie  Ann  Henrietta  Payan  de 
I'Estang,  a  native  of  Dresden,  distinguish- 
ed for  her  learning,  her  wit,  and  the  great 
versatility  of  her  genius.  She  married 
d'Antremont  at  the  age  of  12,  and  was  a 
widow  at  16,  and  afterwards  she  took  for 
her  second  husband  de  Bourdic  of  Nismes. 
Her  mental  accomplishments  recommend- 
ed her  to  the  notice  of  the  learned,  she  was 
honoured  with  a  seat  in  the  academy  of 
Nismes,  and  read  on  her  admission  an 
eloge  on  her  favourite  author  Montaigne. 
Among  her  compositions  are  known  an 
Ode  to  Silence  ;  the  Summer ;  Fauvctte, 
a  romance  ,  la  Floret  de  Brama,  an  opera : 
Epistle  to  Trcmblaye,  &c.  This  inge- 
nious and  excellent  woman  died  of  a  fever 
in  the  summer  of  1802,  aged  56,  at  Bag- 
nols. 

ViRGiLius,  Publius  Maro,  a  celebrated 
Latin  poet.  He  was  born  at  Andes  near 
Mantua,  and  died  at  Brundusium,  B.C.  19, 
aged  51.  He  was  happily  patronised  by 
Mecaenas  and  Augustus,  and  the  indepen- 
dence which  he  enjoyed  permitted  him  to 
devote  the  great  powers  of  his  genius  to 
the  composition  of  the  sublimest  efforts  of 
the  Italian  muse.  His  10  Eclogues,  his 
four  Georgics,  and  his  ^Eneid  in  12  books 
are  Avell  known,  and  will  be  read  and  ad- 
mired so  long  as  the  labours  of  genius 
can  command  the  applauses  of  mankind. 

Virginia,  daughter  of  Virginius,  was 
stabbed  to  the  heart  by  her  father,  and  thus 
saved  from  the  violence  which  Appius  the 
tyrannical  decemvir  meditated  against  her 
person,  under  the  pretence  that  she  was 
the  slave  of  one  of  his  freed  men.  This 
created  a  revolution  in  the  state  and  the 
abolition  of  the  decemviral  power,  449, 
B.C. 

ViscoNTi,  Ennius  Quirinus,  an  Italian 
antiquary,  was  born  at  Rome,  in  1753. 
His  father,  John  Baptist  Visconli,  was 
keeper  of  the  Pontifical  Museum;  and  un- 
der him  the  son  imbibed  a  taste  for  anti- 
quarian research,  which  was  encouraged  by 
several  cardinals  and   princes.     His  gi'cat- 

'  761 


VIV 


VLO 


est  work  is  "  A  Description  of  the  Mu- 
seum Pio-Clementinum  ;"  in  which  he  has 
explained  a  vast  number  of  obscure  in- 
scriptions, medals,  and  basso-relievos. 
When  the  French  carried  off  the  ancient 
monuments,  and  works  of  art,  to  Paris, 
M.  Visconti  was  called  thither,  and  ap- 
pointed keeper  of  the  museum.  There  also 
he  published  his  "  Iconographie  Gi-ecque 
et  Romaine ;"  which,  however,  he  did 
not  live  to  complete.  He  died  in  1818. — 
W.B. 

ViTELLio  or  ViTELLO,  a  native  of  Po- 
land, author  of  a  treatise  on  Optics,  col- 
lected from  the  works  of  Euclid,  Archi- 
medes, and  others,  in  the  middle  of  the 
13th  century.  His  works  were  best  edited 
in  1572. 

ViTELLius,  Aulus,  a  Roman  emperor. 
After  sharing  in  the  debaucheries  of  Tibe- 
rius, and  administering  to  the  vices  of  Ca- 
ligula, Claudius,  and  Nero,  he  was  pro- 
claimed emperor  in  Germany  by  his  troops, 
in  opposition  to  Otho.  Though  defeated 
in  three  battles  by  his  rival  he  prevailed  on 
the  fourth,  but  instead  of  reigning  like  a 
father,  he  disgraced  himself  by  every  spe- 
cies of  licentiousness,  and  at  last  was  as- 
sassinated, and  Vespasian  placed  on  the 
throne  A.D.  69. 

ViTRiNGA,  Campegio,  a  native  of  Lee- 
warde  in  Friesland,  who  became  professor 
at  the  university  of  Franeker,  where  he 
died  of  an  apoplexy  3d  March,  1722,  aged 
63.  He  was  author  of  a  Latin  commen- 
tary on  Isaiah,  2  vols.  fol. — Apocalypseos 
Anachrisis,  4to. — Typus  Theologiae  Prac- 
ticae,  8vo. — Synagoga  Vetus,4to. — Archisy- 
nagogus,  4to. — De  decem  Viris  Otiosae 
Synagogoe,  4to. — Observationes  Sacrse, 
4to.  His  son  of  the  same  name  died  also 
at  Franeker  1723,  aged  31,  professor  of 
theology,  and  author  of  a  valuable  abridg- 
ment of  Natural  Theology,  4to.  1720. 

ViTRUvius,  M.  Pollio,  a  famous  archi- 
tect of  Antiquity.  He  lived  in  the  age  of 
Julius  Cajsar,  and  dedicated  his  valuable 
work  on  architecture,  in  10  books,  to  Au- 
gustus Cassar ;  but  few  particulars  are 
known  of  his  history.  The  best  edition 
of  this  work  is  that  of  Amsterdam,  1649, 
in  fol. 

Vivaldi,  Antonio,  a  famous  Italian  mu- 
sician. His  execution  on  the  violin  was 
particularly  admired,  and  his  symphonies, 
and  four  seasons,  are  still  popular  pieces. 
He  died  about  1743,  at  Venice. 

ViVAREs,  Francis,  an  engraver  of  great 
eminence,  born  at  St.  John  de  Bruel,  a  vil- 
lage of  Rouergue.  He  came  to  London  in 
1727  with  the  intention  of  following  the 
business  of  his  uncle,  a  master  tailor,  but 
his  partiality  to  engraving  prevailed,  and 
by  the  instructions  of  Amiconi  the  Italian 
painter,  he  acquired  an  extensive  reputa- 
762 


tion.  His  landscapes,  and  ti'ees  were  par- 
ticularly admired.  He  died  1780,  aged  71. 
He  was  three  times  married,  and  by  his 
first  wife,  had  16  children,  and  by  the  two 
last  15. 

VivENS,  Francis  de,  a  French  physician, 
who  died  at  Clairac  1780,  aged  80.  He 
was  author  of  tracts  on  the  Flight  of  Birds 
— on  the  Principles  of  Physics — new  The^ 
ory  of  Motion,  6ic. 

VivES,  John  Lewis,  a  native  of  Valen- 
cia, in  Spain,  who  taught  belles  lettres  at 
Louvain,  and  came  to  England,  where  he 
taught  Latin  to  Mary  the  daughter  of  Hen- 
ry VIII.  He  was  highly  favoured  by  the 
monarch,  but  when  he  presumed  to  speak 
and  to  write  against  the  divorce  of  Cathe- 
rine of  Arragon,  he  was  arrested,  and  for 
six  months  sent  to  prison.  When  he  re- 
covered his  liberty  he  returned  to  Spain, 
and  died  at  Bruges  6th  May,  1540,  aged 
48.  He  wrote  Commentaries  on  Augus- 
tin's  Civitas  Dei — a  treatise  on  the  Corrup- 
tion and  Decline  of  Arts  and  Siences — 
treatise  on  Religion — and  other  theological 
works. 

ViviANi,  Vincent,  a  famous  mathemati- 
cian, born  at  Florence,  5th  April,  1622. 
He  was  the  pupil  and  the  friend  of  Gali- 
leo, and  acquired  such  reputation  that  he 
received  a  pension  from  Lewis  XIV.  and 
was  appointed  first  mathematician  to  the 
grand  duke  of  Tuscany.  He  died  22d 
September,  1703,  member  of  several  learn- 
ed societies  in  Europe.  He  published 
Divination  on  Aristeas,  a  work  of  merit, 
fol. — de  Maximis  et  Minimis  Geometricae 
Divinatio  in  Quintum  Conicor.  Apoll.  Per- 
gaei,  &c.  fol. — Enodatio  Problematum  Uni- 
versis  Geometris  Propositorum,  a  CI.  Com- 
mieres,  4to. — a  treatise  on  Proportions, 
4to. 

Vivien,  Joseph,  a  painter,  born  at  Ly- 
ons. He  studied  under  le  Brune,  and  was 
patronised  by  the  electors  of  Cologne  and 
Bavaria.  His  pieces  are  much  admired  for 
correctness  of  delineation,  and  a  happy 
manner  which  gave  to  the  features  the  very 
feelings  of  the  soul.  He  died  at  Bonn  in 
Germany,  1735,  aged  78. 

Vlodomir,  grand  duke  of  Russia,  em- 
braced Christianity  in  989,  and  enforced 
the  observation  of  its  mild  tenets  among 
his  heathen  subjects.  His  good  intentions 
were  powerfully  seconded  by  his  daughter- 
in-law,  the  daughter  of  Boleslaus  duke  of 
Poland,  who  brought  in  her  retinue  Reim- 
bern,  bishop  of  Colberg,  an  active  and  in- 
telligent missionary.  Vlodomir,  by  an  old 
age  of  repentance,  made  amends  for  the 
cruelties  and  the  debauchery  of  his  former 
years,  and  after  his  death  he  was  regarded 
by  his  subjects  as  an  apostle  and  a  saint, 
nd  his  tomb  at  Kiow  has  long  continued 
an   object  of  veneration  among  the  Rus« 


\0\ 


vol. 


sians.  An  order  of  merit  was  established 
by  the  second  Catherine,  which  bears  his 
name. 

VoETius,  Ciisbert,  a  learned  divine,  born 
at  Heusden,  3d  March,  loSI*.      He  was  ap- 
pointed in  1G34,  professor  of  theology,  and 
of  oriental  languages  at  Utrecht,  where  he 
continued  an  active  iiistructcr  for  40  years, 
and  died    1st   November,    1G77,   aged   87. 
His  accusation  of  Des   Cartes,   whom  he 
charged  with  atheism,   was  believed  by  the 
magistrates  of  Utrecht,  and  the  two  Apo- 
logetical  letters   of  the  philosopher    were 
condemned    to   ignominy.      His   followers 
were  called  Voetians.     He  published    Ex- 
ercitia  el  Bibliotheca  Studiosi  Theologi — 
Politica   Ecclesiastica,   4  vols.  4to. — Dia- 
tribe de  Coelo  Beatorum,  &c. —  His  son  Paul 
was  professor  of  law  at  Utrecht,  and  died 
1667,  aged  4S.     He   wrote  de   Usu  Juris 
Civilis  et  Canonici,  &c. — de  Jure  Militari 
— Commcntar.  in  Institutiones  Imperiales, 
2  vols.  4to. — de  Mobilium  et  Immobil.  Na- 
tura,    8vo. — John,   the  son  of  Paul,   was 
professor  of  law  at  Leyden,  and  at  Her- 
born,  and  died  1714,  author  of  an  excel- 
lent Commentary  on  the  Pandects,  2  vols, 
folio,  169S-17U4,  &c. 

VoGLERUS,  Valentine  Henry,  a  native 
of  Helmstadt,  who  became  professor  of 
medicine,  and  died  there,  highly  respected 
as  a  physician,  1677,  aged  55.  He  wrote 
an  Account  of  Writers,  &c.  improved  by 
Meibomius — Institutionum  Physiologica- 
rum  Liber,  4to. — Diaeticorum  Comment. 
Dissertationes,  &c. 

VoiGT,  Godfrey,  a  learned  Lutheran  di- 
vine, who  was  born  at  Misnia,  and  died  at 
Hamburgh,  1682.  He  wrote  a  treatise  on 
the  Altars  of  the  Primitive  Christians,  8vo. 
&c. 

VoiSENON,  Charles  Henry  de  Fusoe  de, 
a  native  of  Voisenon,  near  Melun,  who 
quitted  the  ecclesiastical  profession  for  the 
pleasures  of  the  world,  and  for  the  writing 
of  dramatic  pieces.  He  was  author  of  va- 
rious romances  ;  fugitive  pieces  of  poetry  ; 
several  comedies  ;  lyric  poen)s  ;  histori- 
cal fragments,  &c.  written  in  an  easy  and 
pleasing  style,  and  collected  together  in  5 
vols.  8vo.  1782,  by  Madame  de  Turpin.  He 
died  22d  Nov.  1775,  aged  67. 

VoisiN,  Joseph  de,  a  native  of  Bour- 
deaux,  who  became  counsellor  in  the  par- 
liament of  his  native  town,  and  afterwards 
entered  into  orders.  He  wrote  Theology 
of  the  Jews,  in  Latin,  4to.  ;  a  treatise  on 
the  Divine  Law,  8vo.  ;  and  other  treatises, 
and  died  1635. 

VoisiN,  Daniel  Francis,  counsellor  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris,  rose  by  his  merits 
to  the  highest  offices  of  the  state,  and  in 
1714  ivas  made  chancellor  of  France.  His 
integrity  and  virtues  were  eminently  dis- 
played in  a  conference  with  Lewis  XIV. 
The  monarch,  who  had  promised  pardon  to 


some  worthless  cidprit,  directed  hin  chan- 
cillor  to  afliv  ihc  sealH  to  the  pardon,  and 
when  the  upri^ri.t  magistrate  refused,  he 
took  the  seals,  and  scaled  the  pardon  him- 
self. When  Lewis  dosiitd  his  minister  to 
take  the  seals  back,  he  dtdinetl  it,  saving, 
"  they  are  contaminated,  I  wish  no  longer 
to  hold  them."  Astonished  at  his  firnincHs, 
the  king,  with  an  exclamation  of  admird- 
tion,  threw  the  pardon  into  the  lire  j 
"  now,"  rejoined  the  chancellor,  "  I  can 
properly  resume  the  seals,  as  fire  purifies 
every  thing."  This  excellent  character 
died  suddenly,  1st  Feb.  1718,  aged  62. 

VoiTURE,  Vincent,  an  eminent  French 
writer,  son  of  a  wine-merchant,  born  at 
Amiens,  1598.  His  wit  and  literary  repu- 
tation soon  recommended  him  to  the  no- 
tice of  tlie  court,  where  he  was  liberally 
patronised  and  pensioned.  He  was  sent 
to  Spain  on  political  affairs,  and  during  his 
stay  at  Madrid,  he  wrote  verses  in  Spanish 
with  such  elegance  that  they  were  ascribed 
to  the  muse  of  Lopez  de  Vega.  He  after- 
wards visited  Rome,  where  he  was  cour- 
teously treated,  and  he  was  the  bearer  of 
the  information  of  the  birth  of  Lewis  XIV. 
to  the  court  of  Florence.  Though  loaded 
with  pensions,  he  was,  in  consequence  of 
his  fondness  for  gaming,  always  poor.  He 
died  27th  May,  1648.  Though  he  wrote 
verses  with  elegance  in  French,  Spanish, 
and  Italian,  yet  few  of  his  poetical  pieces 
are  preserved.  His  letters  form  nearly  the 
whole  of  his  works,  and  they  have  often 
been  printed  in  2  vols.  l2mo.  They  are 
elegant,  polite,  and  easy,  and  have  deser- 
ved the  highest  commendations  of  Boileau, 
who  regards  him  not  only  as  a  polisher  and 
refiner  of  the  French  language  in  a  bar- 
barous age,  but  as  a  sensible  and  graceful 
writer.  Voltaire,  however,  speaks  differ- 
ently of  his  merits,  and  describes  his  let- 
ters as  the  mere  pastime  of  a  wanton  ima- 
gination, v.ith  nothing  instructive,  nothing 
ilowing  from  the  heart,  but  rather  an  abuse 
than  an  exercise  of  wit. 

VoLDER,  Buichcl  de,  a  native  of  Amster- 
dam, professor  of  philosophy  and  mathema- 
tics at  Leyden,  where  he  died,  1709,  aged 
66.  He  wrote  Harangues  and  Disserta- 
tions on  Philosophical  Subjects. 

VoLKOF,  Feodor,  the  Gairick  of  Russia, 
was  the  son  of  a  tradesman  at  Yaroslaf, 
and  was  born  1729.  He  was  educated  at 
Moscow,  but  instead  of  devoting  himself  to 
the  business  of  a  manufacturer  of  salt- 
petre and  sulphur  in  the  house  of  his  mo- 
ther's second  husband,  he  took  pleasure  in 
frequenting  the  German  theatre  at  Peters- 
burg, and  on  his  return  to  Yaroslaf,  he. 
erected  a  stage  in  his  father's  house,  and 
provided  himself  with  all  the  apparatus  ne- 
cessary f'^r  dramatic  representation.  His 
four  brothers  shared  his  theatrical  labours, 
and  by  dKjrees  acquired  buch  reputation, 

763 


VOL 


tot 


that  a  i-egula?  theatre  was  buiit  for  the  rx;- 
ception  of  crowded  audiences.  The  fame 
of  the  young  performer  was  no  sooner  re- 
ported at  Petersburg,  than  the  empress,  in 
1752,  sent  for  him  to  the  capital,  and  nobly 
allowed  him  a  handsome  pension,  and  ena- 
bled him  to  represent  with  effect  and  mag- 
nificence the  finest  productions  of  Sumoro- 
kof  and  of  Moliere.  Under  the  patronage 
of  the  court,  not  less  than  2200Z.  were  an- 
nually granted  for  the  salaries  of  the  actors, 
and  Volkof  and  his  brother  were  ennobled, 
and  presented  with  extensive  estates.  The 
last  character  which  this  eminent  actor  per- 
formed was  in  the  tragedy  of  Zemira,  at 
Moscow,  and  he  died  soon  after,  1763, 
aged  35. 

VoLMAR,  Isaac,  a  German  statesman, 
who  assisted  as  ambassador  from  the  em- 
peror at  the  conferences  before  the  peace 
of  Westphalia.  He  wrote  in  Latin,  Me- 
moirs of  the  Transactions  which  happened 
at  Munster  and  Osnaburgd  between  the 
Catholics  and  Protestants  from  1643  to 
164S.     He  died  1662. 

VoLNET,  Constantine  Francis  Chasse- 
beuf  de,  a  French  writer,  was  born  at 
Craon  in  1757.  After  finishing  his  educa- 
tion he  went  to  Egypt  and  Syria,  of  which 
countries  he  published  a  description  in  2 
vols.  8vo.  17S7.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
revolution  he  became  a  member  of  the 
vStates-general ;  but  afterwards  he  purcha- 
sed an  estate  in  Corsica,  where  he  gave 
such  offence  by  his  opinions  that  he  was 
obliged  to  leave  the  island.  In  the  reign 
of  terror,  he  suffered  imprisonment ;  but 
in  1794,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  pro- 
fessors in  the  new  school  of  education.  On 
the  failure  of  this  project  Yolney  went  to 
America,  where  he  had  a  controversy  with 
Priestley  on  the  origin  of  Christianity.  At 
the  peace  he  returned  to  Europe,  and  died 
at  Paris,  April  20,  1802.  His  other  works 
are, — 1.  On  the  Simplification  of  the  Ori- 
ental Languages.  2.  Chronology  of  the 
Twelve  Centuries  preceding  the  entrance 
of  Xerxes  into  Greece.  3.  The  Ruins,  or 
Meditations  on  the  Revolutions  of  Empires. 
4.  The  Law  of  Nature,  or  Physical  Princi- 
ples of  Morality.  5.  Account  of  Corsica. 
6.  Lectures  on  History.  7.  On  the  Cli- 
mate and  Soil  of  the  United  States  of  Ame- 
rica. 8.  The  Chronology  of  Herodotus. 
9.  New  Researches  on  Ancient  History, 
3  vols.  &ic.—W.  B. 

Voltaire,  Marie  Francis  Arouet  de,  a 
French  writer  of  great  celebrity,  born  at 
Paris,  20th  Feb.  1694.  He  was  so  feeble 
at  his  birth,  that  it  was  long  doubtful  whe- 
ther he  could  be  reared  by  the  kindest  at- 
tention of  his  parents.  From  his  earliest 
years  he  evinced  superior  powers  of  mind, 
and  a  sprightly  imagination,  so  that  he 
said  he  wrote  verses  before  he  left  his  cra- 
A\e,  He  was  educated  in  the  college  of 
76-4 


Lewis  the  Great,  where  he  made  so  asto* 
nishing  a  progress,  that  Ninon  de  I'Enclos 
left  him  2000  livres  to  buy  him  a  library. 
He  was  intended  for  the  law  ;  but  the  mu- 
ses had  greater  charms  for  him,  and  in  the 
society  of  the  courtiers  of  Lewis  XIV.  he 
acquired  those  graces  of  delicate  humour 
and  easy  expression  by  which  he  was  so 
much  distinguished.     His  fondness  for  sa- 
tire directed  against  the  government,  pro- 
cured his  imprisonment  in  the  Bastile  for 
one  year,  from  which  he  was  liberated  by 
the   interference  of  the   duke  of  Orleans, 
who  was  pleased  with  the  representation 
of  (Edipus,    the   first   tragedy   which    he 
wrote,  1718.     Some  of  his  plays  were  af- 
wards  unsuccessful  on  the  stage,  and  the 
poet,  indignant  at  the  severe  censures  of 
his    countrymen,  left  Paris,  and  came   to 
England,  where  he  was  much  noticed  by 
George  I.  and  queen  Caroline,  under  whose 
patronage  he  published  his  Henriade.  Flat- 
tered with  his  reception  from  the  English, 
and  with  the  handsome  property  which  he 
had  realized  by  the  liberality  of  his  subscri- 
bers,  he   in  1728  returned  to  Paris,  and 
while  with  avaricious  eagerness  he  labour- 
ed by  commerce,  and  by  adventurous  un- 
dertakings to  improve  his  income,  he  de- 
voted the  best  part  of  his  time  to  literary 
pursuits.    His  Brutus,  the  most  nervous  of 
his  tragedies,  appeared  in  1730,  and  was 
soon  succeeded  by  Zara,  the  most  pathetic 
of  his  dramatic  pieces.     His  Lettres  Philo- 
sophiques  at  this  time   gave  such  offence 
for  their  profane  and  indecent  witticisms, 
that  they  were  burnt  by  a  decree  of  the 
parliament,  and  the  author  for  a  while  with- 
drew from  the  public  indignation  to  the 
seat  of  Madame  de  Chatelet  on  the  borders 
of  Lorraine.     His  Alzire,  Mahomet,  and 
Merope,  produced  soon  after,  placed  him 
at  the  head  of  the  dramatic  poets  of  France, 
and  introduced  him  to  the  court  as  the  fa- 
vourite of  Madame  Pompadour.     He  was 
appointed  gentleman  of  the  bed-chamber 
to  the  king,  and  historiographer  of  France, 
and  in  1746  v/as  gratified  in  the  long  covet- 
ed honour  of  a  seat  in   the  academy  of 
sciences.     Though  thus  in  the  possession 
of  popularity,  and  universally  admired  for 
the  bold  effusions  of  his  muse,  he  yet  found 
a  host  of  rivals  and  detractors,  and  to  fly 
from  their  persecution,  he  retired  to  the 
court  of  Berlin.     The  confidence  and  fami- 
liarity of  the  Prussian  monarch,  and  a  li- 
beral pension  of  22,000  livres,  for  a  while 
commanded  his  attachment  and  partiality ; 
but  a  quarrel  with  Maupertuis,  who  was  at 
the  head  of  the  Berlin  academy,  and  that 
spirit  of   independence    and  inconstancy 
which  always  marked  his  conduct,  soon 
after  brought  on  his  disgrace,  and  after  be- 
ing dispossessed  of  a  volume  of  royal  verses, 
Avhich  he   wished  to  carry  away,  he  was 
permitted  to  leave  the  kingdom.     The  pub- 


vol. 


VUK 


\ication  of  an  obscene  and  impious  poem 
at  that  time  rendered  his  return   to  Paris 
dangerous,  and,  therefore,  after  staying  one 
year   at   Cohvar,  he    pin'cliased  an    estate 
near  Cieneva,  where  he.  lixed  his  residence. 
This  place  he  soon   abandoned  for  Ferney, 
on  the  borders  of  France,  where  he  esta- 
blished  a   little  colony   of  industrious  ar- 
tisans, and   received,  in  progress  of  time, 
the  homage  and  the  respect  of  the  learned 
of  Europe.    In  this  peaceful  retreat,  where 
he  received  the  adulation  of  the  great,  and 
the  liberal  presents  of  crowned  heads,  es- 
pecially ol   his   ancient  friend  the   king  of 
Prussia,  and  of  the  empress  Catharine,  he 
continued  long  to  direct  the  taste  and  the 
literature  of  the  world.     At  last,  in  1778, 
he  ventured  to  exchange  the  tranquillity  of 
Ferney  for  the  incense  of  the  capital,  and, 
surrounded  with  glory  and  with  wealth,  he 
appeared  at  Paris,  where  he  was  received 
with   unusual   honours  by  all  the  learned 
bodies,  and  crowned  with  the  poetic  wreath, 
in  the  full  theatre,  amidst  applauding  thou- 
sands.    These  honours,   and   the   compli- 
mentary visits  of  ceremony   which    they 
produced  were,  however,  too  burdensome 
for  the  great  age  of  the  poet,  and  change  of 
regimen,  and  continued  fatigue,   inflamed 
his  blood,  and  brought  on  a  haemorrhage. 
As  if  foreboding  his  approaching  end,  he 
declared,  when  he  reached  Paris,  that  he 
cams  to  seek  glory  and  death  ;    and  when 
presented  by  an  artist  with  a  picture  of  his 
triumph,  he  observed,  "  a  tomb  would  be 
fitter  for  me  than  a  triumph."    ^Vhen  una- 
ble to  enjoy  his  usual  rest  be  took  a  large 
dose  of  opium,  which  deprived  him  of  his 
senses,  and  he  died  soon  after,  30th  May, 
1778.     He  was  buried  at  Selieres,  between 
Nogent  and  Troyes,  and  his  remains  were, 
during  the  fervour  of  the  revolution,  remo- 
ved to  the  church  of  St.  Genevieve,  at  Pa- 
ris, by  a  decree  of  the  convention.     Vol- 
taire was  an  extraordinary   character  ;  as 
the  leader  of  a  new  sect  he  has  caused  a 
revolution  in  wit  and  morals,  and  whilst  he 
has  often  exerted  his  powerful   talents  to 
promote  the  cause  of  reason  and  of  humani- 
ty, to  inspire  princes  with  toleration,  and 
Avith  a  horror  for  war,  he  has  too  often,  and 
too  successfully,  exerted  himself  in  extend- 
ing principles  of  irreligion,  anarchy,  and 
libertinism.     Ever  inconstant  and  waver- 
ing, he  was  the  free-thinker  at  London,  the 
Cartesian  at  Versailles,    the   Christian  at 
Nancy,    and  the  infidel  at  Berlin.     From 
the  high  character  of  the  moralist,  he  fre- 
quently descended  into  the  buffoon  ;  from 
the  philosopher  he  became  an  enthusiast; 
from  mildness  he  passed  to  passion  ;  from 
flattery  to  satire,  from  the  love  of  money 
to  the  love  of  luxury  ;  from  the  modesty  of 
a  wise  man  to  the  vanity  of  an  impious  wit ; 
and  from  the  faith  of  the  humble  Christian 
to  the  foul  language  and  etrroutery  of  the 


blasphemous   atheist.     It  has    been    ^miuI, 
that   his  physiogtioujy   partook  of  that  oC 
the  eagle  and  of  the  ape,  and  his  character 
exhibited  iiiui  occasionally  with  sensibility, 
but  void  of  artcclion,  voluptuous,  hut  with- 
out passions,  open   without  sincerity,  and 
liberal  without  generosity.     As   a  man  of 
letters,  he  must  stand  on  very  high  ground 
ill  the  eye  of  posterity,  for  versatility  of  ta- 
lents, for  brilliancy  of  imagination,  for  as- 
tonishing ease,  for  exquisite  taste,  and  for 
vast    extent   of    knowledge.      Besides    ihc 
pieces  already  mentioned,  he  wrote  several 
tragedies,  the  last  of  which  was  Irene — se- 
veral comedies,  the  best  of  which  are,  I'ln- 
discret,  I'Enfant  Prodigue,  and   Nanine — 
operas — fugitive   pieces — Essai   sur  I'His- 
toire  Generale — Les  Siecles  de  Louis  XIV. 
et  Louis  XV. — History   of  Charles  XII. — 
of  the  Czar  Peter — Melanges  de  Literature 
— Diet  ion  aire    Philosophiquc — Philosophic 
de  I'Histoire,  and   other  works  of  impious 
tendency — Theatre  of  Peter  and  Th.  Cor- 
neille,  &.c.     These  very  voluminous  works 
have  appeared  in  various  forms,  and  by  se- 
veral editors.     The  most  correct  edition  is 
that  of  Geneva,   in  30  vols.  4to.   and    the 
most  copious  that  of  Basil,  in  71  vols.  Svo. 

^  ON  DEL,  Justus,  or  Jossc  du,  a  Dutch 
poet,  born  17th  Nov.  1587.  His  parents 
were  anabaptists,  but  he  quitted  their  sect 
for  the  Roman  catholic  tenets.  With 
strong  natural  powers,  he  for  a  while  dis- 
regarded the  rules  of  art,  and  at  the  age  of 
30,  began  to  learn  Latin,  to  enjoy  in  their 
original  the  beauties  of  the  ancient  muse. 
He  wrote  various  poems,  collected  together 
in  9  vols.  4to.  The  best  known  of  these 
are,  the  Taking  of  Amsterdam  by  Florent 
V.  count  of  Holland,  a  work  of  merit, 
though  wild  and  irregular — the  Destruction 
of  Jerusalem,  a  tragedy — Palamedes,  or 
Innocence  Oppressed,  a  work  which  de- 
scribed the  fate  of  Barneveldt,  and  for  which 
the  author  was  fined  300  livres  by  the  in- 
fluence of  the  offended  Maurice — Satires, 
bitterly  severe  against  the  ministers  of  the 
reformed  religion,  &c.  He  lived  regard- 
less of  worldly  affairs,  and  consequently, 
died  poor,  5th' Feb.  1679,  aged  91. 

Vonscus,  Flavins,  a  Syracusan  in  the 
reign  of  Dioclesian,  author  of  the  Lives  of 
Aurelian,  Tacitus  Florianus,  &c.  printed 
with  the  Historian  Augusta;  Scriptores. 

VoRSTius,  Conrad,  a  native  of  Cologne, 
who  studied  at  Heidelberg,  where  he  took 
his  doctor's  degree.  He  succeeded  Armi- 
nius  in  the  divinity  chairat  Leyden,161 1,  an 
appointment  which  so  displeased  the  Cal- 
vinists,  that  James  I.  not  only  caused  his 
book  De  Deo  to  be  burnt  publicly  in  London, 
but  prevailed  upon  the  statics  of  Holland,  by 
entreaties  and  by  threats,  to  banish  the  of- 
fending divine.  This  persecuted  man  at 
last  found  protection  in  Holstein,  and  died 
at   Toiininii;oii,  1(J"22.     His   remains   were 


vos 


vos 


conveyed  to  Frederickstadt,  the  newly  built 
city  of  the  Arminians,  and  buried  with  great 
pomp.  His  works  are  chiefly  on  contro- 
versial and  theological  subjects.  His  son 
William  Henry  was  minister  of  the  Armi- 
nians at  Warmond,  in  Holland,  and  wrote 
several  tracts,  &c. 

VoRSTius,  jElius  Everard,  a  native  of 
Ruremonde,  professor  of  medicine  at  Ley- 
den,where  he  died  1624,  aged  59.  He  wrote 
De  Annulorum  Origine — the  Fishes  of  Hol- 
land— an  Historical  Voyage,  &c.  in  Magna 
Graecia,  &c.  His  son  Adoiphus  was  also 
professor  of  medicine  at  Leyden,  and  died 
1663,  aged  66.  He  published  a  Catalogue 
of  the  I'lants  in  the  Botanical  Garden  of 
Leyden. 

VoRTiGERN,  a  British  chief,  elected  king 
after  the  departure  of  the  Romans  from  the 
island,  445.  To  repel  the  invasion  of  the 
Picts  and  Scots,  he  called  to  his  assistance 
the  Saxons,  and  when  these  warlike  tribes 
landed  under  the  command  of  Hengist  and 
Horsa,  Vortigern  granted  them  large  do- 
mains. He  afterwards  married  Rowena, 
Hengist's  daughter,  and  granted  him  the 
kingdom  of  Kent,  after  which  he  retired  to 
Wales,  and  was  it  is  said  burned  in  his  cas- 
tle about  484. 

Vos,  Martin  de,  a  painter  of  Antwerp. 
He  studied  in  Italy,  and  was  intimate  with 
Tintoret.  His  landscapes,  historical  pieces, 
&c.  possessed  singular  merit.  He  died  in 
his  native  town,  1604,  aged  70. 

Vossius,  Gerard  John,  a  learned  writer, 
born  near  Heidelberg,  1577.  He  studied  at 
Dort,  and  in  1595,  removed  to  Leyden,  and 
he  acquired  such  reputation  for  learning 
and  for  merit,  that  though  young,  he  was, 
1599,  elected  to  the  office  of  director  of  the 
college  of  Dort.  He  was  in  1614  appointed 
director  of  the  theological  college  of  Ley- 
den, and  four  years  after  was  placed  in  the 
chair  of  eloquence  and  chronology.  Though 
he  endeavoured  to  avoid  all  controversy, 
he  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the  Gomar- 
ists  in  his  history  of  Pelagianism,  and  %vas 
expelled  from  the  communion  of  the  Atiti- 
remonstrants.  Thus  persecuted  in  Holland, 
he  found  friends  and  protection  in  England, 
and  by  the  influence  of  Laud  he  obtained 
a  prebend  in  Canterbury  cathedral,  and  was 
honoured  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws 
at  Oxford  1629.  On  the  erection  of  the 
university  of  Amsterdam  in  1630,  Vossius 
was  regarded  as  a  most  proper  person  to 
support  by  his  learning  and  abilities  the  now 
establishment,  and  notwithstanding  the 
clamours  of  his  enemies  and  the  opposition 
of  Leyden  against  the  institution,  he  was 
called  to  fill  the  chair  of  history.  He  died 
there  1649,  aged  72.  His  works  were  pub- 
lished in  6  vols.  fol.  1695.  The  best  known 
of  these  are,  Etymologicon  Linguae  Latinae 
— de  Origine  et  Progressu  Idolatriae — de 
Historicis  Graecis — de  Hist.  I^atinis — de 
766 


Arte  Grammatica,  &c.  By  his  first  wife, 
whom  he  married  at  Dort  1602,  and  who 
died  1607,  he  had  three  children,  and  by 
the  second  he  had  five  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters, of  whom  only  one  son  survived  him. 

Vossius,  Francis,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  author  of  a  poem  on  a  naval 
triumph  obtained  by  Von  Tromp,  and  died 
1645. 

Vossius,  Dionysius,  son  of  Gerard  John 
V.  was  celebrated  for  his  learning,  which  it 
is  said,  in  consequence  of  his  intense  ap- 
plication, hastened  his  death.  He  wrote 
valuable  notes  on  the  work  of  Moses  Mai- 
monides,  with  a  Latin  translation,  and  died 
1633,  at  Amsterdam,  aged  22. 

Vossics,  Gerard,  third  son  of  Gerard 
John  V.  was  an  able  critic,  who  edited, 
with  valuable  notes,  Velleius  Paterculus, 
1639,  in  16mo.  and  died  1640.  His  bro- 
ther Matthew,  wrote  a  valuable  chronicle  of 
Holland  and  Zealand  in  Latin,4to.  and  died 
1646. 

Vossius,  Isaac,  youngest  of  the  children 
of  Gerard  John  V.   was   born  at  Leyden 
1618.     He  was  educated  under  the  care  of 
his  father,  and  acquired  such  celebrity  that 
he  was  invited  to   S^veden  to  teach  queen 
Christina  the  Greek  language.    He  received 
in  1663,  a  handsome  present  from  Lewis 
XIV.  with  a  flattering  letter  from  Colbert, 
and  on  his  visit  to  England  in  1670,  he  was 
courteously  received  by  Charles  II.   made 
doctor  of  laws   at  Oxford,  and  appointed 
canon  of  Windsor,  with  apartments  in  the 
castle, where  he  died  lOth  Feb.  1688.     The 
valuable  library  which  he  left  was  regarded 
as  the  best  in  the   world,  and    it  was  pur- 
chased by  the  university  of  Leyden.  Though 
learned  and   well   informed,   Vossius  was 
weak  and  credulous,  and  though  he  wrote  a 
book  to  prove  the  Septuagint  to  be  the  work 
of  inspired  writers,  he  ventured  in  private 
conversation  to  dispute  the  truths  and  reali- 
ty of  a  revelation,  in  consequence  of  which 
Charles,  well  acquainted  with  his  belief  in 
fabulous  stories,exclaimed, "there  is  nothing 
which  Vossius  refuses  to  believe,  except  the 
Bible."     His  works  are  very  numerous,  but 
may  perhaps  be  regarded  as  less  valuable 
than  those  of  his  father.     The  character  of 
these  two   illustrious  men  has  been  drawn 
by  the  journalists  of  Trevoux,   with  great 
accuracy.     Nothing,  say  they,  is  more  dif- 
ferent than  the  make  of  their  understand- 
ings.    In  the  father  judgment  prevails,  ima- 
gination in   the  son  ;    the   father  labours 
slowly,  the  son  goes  on  with  ease ;  the  fa- 
ther distrusts  the  best  founded  conjectures, 
the   son    loves    nothing  but  conjectures  ; 
bold  and  daring,  the  father's  aim  was  to  in- 
struct, the    son's  to  parade  and  make   a 
noise  ;  truth  was   the  father's  object,  and 
novelty  the  son's.     In  the  father  we  admire 
vast  erudition  orderly  arranged,  and  clearly 
expressed,  in   the  son  a  dazzling   turn  o( 


vou 


\K(J 


style,  siugulai'  thoughts,  and  a  vivacity 
whicli  pleases  even  in  a  bad  cause.  The 
father  was  a  man  of  probity  and  religion, 
and  regular  in  his  manners,  the  son  was  a 
libertine  in  principle  and  practice,  he  made 
religion  the  object  of  his  insults,  and  only 
studied  to  lind  the  weak  sides  of  it,  and  as 
to  his  morality  his  obscene  notes  on  Catul- 
lus will  too  fully  prove  the  licentiousness 
of  his  heart. 

Vossius,  Gerard,  a  Roman  catholic  eccle- 
siastic, distantly  related  to  the  preceding. 
He  died  at  Liege,  where  he  was  born  1609. 
He  edited  and  enriched  with  Latin  versions 
and  with  notes,  the  works  of  Gregory 
Thaumaturgus,  Ephrem  Syrus,  and  some 
of  the  pieces  of  J.  Chrysostom  and  Theo- 
doret,  besides  a  commentary  of  Cicero's 
Somnium  Scipionis. 

VouET,  Simon,  a  celebrated  painter, 
born  at  Paris  1582.  After  studying  under 
his  father,  who  was  a  painter,  he  visited 
Constantinople,  Venice,  and  Italy,  and  set- 
tling at  Rome  he  was  patronised  by  pope 
Urban  VIIL  and  made  prince  of  the  Roman 
academy  of  St.  Luke.  He  was  recalled  in 
1627,  after  a  residence  of  14  years  at  Rome, 
by  Lewis  XIIL  and  he  was  employed  in 
adorning  the  palaces  of  the  Louvre,  Lux- 
emburg, St.  Germain's,  and  other  places. 
Though  he  had  no  genius  for  grand  com- 


positions, and  was  unacquainted  with  the 
rules  of  perspecti\c,  he  was  a  great  master 
in  colouriuf;,  and  to  liim  France  is  indebted 
for  banishing  the  insipid  and  barbarous 
manner  uliidi  then  prevailed.  As  the 
founder  of  the  French  school,  he  had  nu- 
merous and  respectable  pupils,  li  Hrun, 
Perrier,  Mignard,  Ic  Sueur,  Dorigny,  and 
others,  who  in  acquiring  celebrity  lo  tlirm- 
selves,  reflected  high  honour  on  their  in- 
structer.  He  died,  worn  more  with  labour 
than  with  years,  1641,  aged  r»9.  The  best 
part  of  his  work  was  engraved  by  his  son-in- 
law  Dorigny. 

Vroon,  Henry  Cornelius,  a  native  of 
Haerlem,  who  in  a  voyage  to  Spain  was 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Portugal.  As 
he  was  well  skilled  in  painting  he  drew  a 
representation  of  the  storm  which  had  near- 
ly proved  fatal  to  him, and  with  such  success 
that  he  met  with  general  approbation. 
When  the  earl  of  Nottingham  wished  to 
have  the  defeat  of  the  armada  transmitted 
to  posterity  on  a  suit  of  tapestry,  \  roon 
was  selected  for  the  work,  and  his  execu- 
tion was  equal  to  the  celebrity  of  the  sub- 
ject. It  remains  still  in  the  house  of  lords 
a  monument  of  his  genius,  and  of  the  glo- 
rious victory  of  Elizabeth's  navy.  The  time 
of  his  death  is  unknown. 


WAD 

VV  ACE,  Robert,  a  native  of  Jersey,  clerk 
of  the  chapel  to  Henry  II.  of  England,  and 
canon  of  Bayeux,  flourished  in  the  middle 
of  the  12th  century,  and  wrote,  Rhon,  or 
the  Dukes  of  Normandy,  in  French  verse. 

Wading,  Peter,  a  native  of  Waterford, 
in  Ireland,  who  entered  among  the  Jesuits, 
and  was  professor  of  theology  at  Prague, 
and  afterwards  at  Louvain  for  16  years. 
He  was  also  chancellor  of  the  universities  of 
Prague  and  Gratz,  in  Stiria,  and  was  high- 
ly esteemed  for  his  virtues  and  learning. 
He  wrote  poems,  and  various  other  works 
in  Latin,  and  died  at  Gratz,  1644,  aged  58. 

Wading,  Luke  de,  an  Irish  cordelier, 
who  settled  at  Rome,  where  he  died  1655, 
author  of  Annals  of  his  Order,  4  vols. — 
Bibliotheque  des  Ecrivains  Cordeliers,  &c. 

Wadsworth,  Thomas,  a  native  of  St. 
Saviour's,  South wark,  educated  at  Christ's 
college,  Cambridge.  He  obtained  Newing- 
ton  Butts,  and  was  remarkable  for  his  cha- 
rity, but  at  the  restoration  he  was  ejected 
from  the  living  of  St.  Laurence  Pultenev. 
He  afterwards  preached  at  Newington 
Thee!  aid's,  &c.  and  died  of  the  stone,  29th 
Oct.  1676,  aged  46,  much  respected  for 
his  pietj  and  learning.     His  works  are  the 


WAG 

Immortality  of  the  Soul,  and  on  theological 
subjects. 

Wadsworth,  Benjamin,  president  of 
Harvard  college,  Massachusetts,  was  born 
at  Milton  in  1669,  and  graduated  in  1690  at 
Harvard.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
first  church  in  Boston  in  1G96,  and  preached 
there  till  his  election  to  the  presidency  in 
1725.  His  mind  was  marked  by  str<  ngth 
more  than  brilliancy, and  his  style  of  preach- 
ing more  by  gravity  than  animation.  He 
possessed  a  most  tenacious  memory.  Hi> 
learning  was  considerable,  and  hi.s  piety  ex- 
emplary.    He  died  in  1737.  IZZT"  L. 

Waffer,  Lionel,  a  surgeon  of  London, 
who  made  several  voyages  to  the  South 
Seas, of  which  he  published  an  account  1699, 
translated  into  French  by  Montirat,  1706, 
l2mo. 

Wagenseil,  John  Christopher,  a  learn- 
ed German,  born  at  Nuremberg,  26th  Nov. 
1633.  He  studied  at  Stockholm  and 
Altorf,  and  afterwards  travelled  as  tutor  to 
some  persons  of  distinction,  with  wliom  he 
visited  Holland,  France,  Spain,  England, 
and  Italy,  and  received  every  where  those 
marks  of  respect  and  attention  which  hi.s 
reiiUtation  and  learning  deserved.     Loui? 

— c 


WAK 


WAK 


XIV.  treated  him  with  great  liberality,  and 
the  university  of  Oi-leans  honoured  him 
with  the  title  of  doctor  of  laws,  but  though 
solicited  to  settle  abroad,  he  preferred  lite- 
rary distinction  at  home,  and  after  an  ab- 
sence of  six  years  he  was  placed  in  the 
chair  of  law  and  history  at  Altorf.  He 
afterwards  exchanged  the  professorship  of 
history  for  that  of  oriental  languages,  and 
after  being  honoured  with  the  confidence  of 
the  count  Palatine  of  the  Rhine,  and  the 
notice  of  the  emperor,  he  died  9th  Oct. 
1705,  aged  72.  He  wrote  a  treatise  de 
Urbe  Noribergae,  4to. — Pera  Librorum  Ju- 
Tcnilium,  l2mo. — Tela  Ignea  Satanae,  2 
Tols.  4to.  &c. 

Wagner,  John  James,  a  Swiss  physi- 
cian, librarian  to  the  town  of  Zurich,  and 
member  of  the  academy  of  the  curious  in 
nature.  He  published  Historia  Naturalis 
Helvetiae  Curiosa,  12mo.  and  died  1695, 
aged  54. 

Wagstaffe,  Thomas,  a  native  of  War- 
wickshire, eflur^at^d  at  the  Charter-house, 
and  New  Inn  hall,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  degrees  in  art.  He  obtained  Martins- 
thorp  rectory  in  Rutlandshire,  and  in  1684, 
was  made  chancellor  of  Litchfield,  and  rec- 
tor of  St.  Margaret  Pattens,  London.  At 
the  revolution  be  refused  to  take  the  oaths, 
and  was  deprived  of  his  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferments, and  then  practised  physic  for 
some  years  with  success.  He  was  in  1693, 
consecrated  suffragan  bishop  of  Thetford, 
and  died  Oct.  17th,  1712,  aged  67.  He 
wrote  several  tracts  in  defence  of  the  con- 
stitution, according  to  the  tenets  of  the 
non-jurors,  and  he  ably  supported  the  title 
of  Charles  I.  to  be  author  of  the  Eikon  Ba- 
5ilike. 

Waillt,  Noel  Francis  de,  a  native  of 
Amiens,  distinguished  as  a  philologist.  He 
wrote  a  French  Grammar  of  great  merit, 
often  republished — Principles  of  the  Latin 
tongue — on  Orthography — translations  of 
Caesar's  Commentaries,  and  Cicero's  Ora- 
tions, 4  vols.  12mo.  &c.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1801. 

Wake,  William,  an  eminent  prelate  born 
at  Blandford,  Dorsetshire,  1657.  He  was 
in  1672  admitted  at  Christ  church,  and 
when  in  orders  he  became  preacher  to  the 
Grays-inn  society.  In  1689  he  took  his  de- 
gree of  D.D.  and  was  appointed  deputy 
clerk  to  the  closet,  and  chaplain  to  William 
and  Mary,  and  soon  after  canon  of  Christ- 
church,  in  1694  rector  of  St.  James's,  West- 
minster, dean  of  Exeter  1701,  bishop  of 
Lincoln  1705,  and  translated  to  Canterbury, 
Jan.  1715-16.  He  was  engaged,  1697,  in  a 
severe  controversy  with  Atterbury  with 
respect  to  the  rights  of  convocation,  but 
though  several  of  the  clergy  entered  the 
lists  on  both  sides,  the  State  of  the  Church 
and  Clergy  of  England,  &c.  fol.  by  Dr. 
Wake,  was  the  mo?t  masterly,  Inminous 
768 


and  satisfactory  performance,  published  on 
the  subject.  In  other  writings  he  also  ably 
vindicated  the  church  against  the  papists, 
and  while  he  earnestly  wished  in  his  dis- 
courses, and  in  his  correspondence,  to  form 
a  union  between  the  churches  of  England 
and  France,  he  was  indefatigable  in  support- 
ing the  rights  and  tenets  of  the  protestants. 
This  truly  learned  and  virtuous  man  died  at 
Lambeth,  24th  Jan.  1736-7,  leaving  several 
daughters.  Besides  his  controversial  works 
he  published  a  translation  of  the  epistles  of 
the  Apostolical  Fathers, Svo. — Exposition  of 
the  church  Catechism,  often  edited — Tracts 
against  Popery — sermons  and  charges. 

Wake,  Isaac,  a  native  of  Northampton- 
shire, educated  at  Merton  college,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  became  fellow  1598.  He  was 
public  orator  to  the  university,  and  after- 
wards went  as  ambassador  from  England 
to  Venice,  Savoy,  and  France.  He  was 
knighted,  and  died  abroad  1632.  He  was 
author  of  Rex  Platonicus — Discourse  on 
the  13  Helvetic  Cantons — on  the  State  of 
Italy — on  the  Proceedings  of  the  king  of 
Sweden,  &c. 

Wakefield,  Robert,  an  eminent  divine, 
born  in  the  north  of  England,  and  educated 
at  Oxford.  He  afterwards  travelled  abroad, 
and  acquired  such  reputation  that  the  em- 
peror appointed  him,  1519,  professor  of 
Hebrew  at  Louvain.  He,  however,  soon 
left  the  continent  for  the  patronage  of  Hen- 
ry VIII.  and  he  became  Hebrew  professor 
at  Oxford,  1530,  and  canon  of  Christ 
church.  He  was  author  of  several  Latin 
pamphlets  on  the  abuses  of  the  papal 
power — on  the  Celibacy  of  the  Clergy — 
Syntagma  Hebraiorum — a  paraphrase  of 
Ecclesiastes,  &c.  and  died  in  London  1537. 

Wakefield,  Gilbert,  a  native  of  Not- 
tingham, educated  under  Mr.  Woodeson,  at 
Kingston  on  Thames,  where  his  father  was 
minister,  and  at  Jesus  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  first  and  only  degree 
1776.  When  in  deacon's  orders  he  obtain- 
ed Stockport  curacy,  Cheshire,  and  soon 
after  removed  to  Liverpool  and  married. 
He  quitted  the  church  in  1779  for  the  situa- 
tion of  tutor  in  the  dissenting  academy  at 
Warrington,  and  on  its  dissolution  he  re- 
moved to  Hackney  college  where  he  con- 
tinued about  one  year.  The  French  revo- 
lution at  this  time  gave  rise  to  several  poli- 
tical publications,  and  among  others  Mr. 
Wakefield  excited  the  public  attention  by 
the  violence  of  his  attacks,  and  the  animo- 
sity of  his  observations  on  the  conduct  of 
government.  These  publications  wei'e  dis- 
regarded by  the  ministry,  as  the  cfTorts  of 
virulent  licentiousness  or  disappointed  am- 
bition, but  his  letter  to  the  bishop  of  Lan- 
dafF  appeared  so  hostile  to  the  interests  of 
the  state,  and  to  the  safety  of  the  establish- 
ment, that  he  v/as  prosecuted  by  the  attor- 
ney-general,  and  immured  for  two  years 


WAL 


WAL 


in  Dorchester  jail.  His  imprisunincnt  ex- 
pired May,  1801,  but  a  (ever  carried  him  to 
his  grave  the  following  September,  in  his 
45th  year.  As  a  scholar  he  is  entitled  to 
high  and  unreserved  pmise,  and  had  his  ta- 
lents been  always  directed  in  the  paths  of 
classical  literature,  he  might  have  acquired 
greater  fame,  and  added  much  to  his  do- 
mestic happiness  from  the  respect  and  good 
opinion  of  men  of  all  parties,  and  of  every 
denomination.  Unfortunately,  however, 
attached  to  Socinian  and  levelling  princi- 
ples, he  was  restless  and  dissatisfied  under 
a  government  which  afforded  him  protec- 
tion and  safety  ;  and  while  he  wished  to 
prostrate  in  the  dust  the  noblest  monuments 
of  human  wisdom  in  legislation  and  in  go- 
vernment, be  boldly  claimed  the  exercise  of 
an  unlimited  sway  over  the  opinions,  the 
prejudices,  and  the  attachments  of  his  fel- 
low-subjects. The  best  known  of  his  pub- 
lications are  a  collection  of  Latin  poems, 
with  notes  on  Homer,  1776 — Inquiry  into 
the  Opinions  of  the  Christian  Writers  of 
the  three  first  Centuries  concerning  ihe 
Person  of  J.  C.  4  vols.  Svo. — Sylva  Critica 
— a  pamphlet  against  Public  Worship,  which 
gave  general  offence,  and  was  answered 
chiefly  by  dissenters — translation  of  the 
New  Testament,  2  vols.  Svo. — Tragoedia- 
Irum  Graecarum  Delectus,  2  vols.  r2mo. 
— Lucretius  edited,  3  vols.  4to. — Horace 
edited,  &c.  He  also  published  Memoirs  of 
himself,  Svo.  little  interesting. 

Waldeck,  Christian  Augustus,  prince 
of,  an  Austrian  general,  employed  in  1789 
against  the  Turks,  and  in  1792  against  the 
French.  He  lost  an  arm  at  the  siege  of 
Thionville,  and  afterwards  distinguished 
himself  with  Wurmser  in  carrying  the  lines 
of  Weissemburg.  He  continued  to  serve 
his  country  with  high  distinction,  and  in 
1798  passed  into  Portugal,  where  he  was 
named  commander-in-chief.  He  died 
1798,  aged  54,  highly  respected  as  a  gene- 
ral, and  as  a  warrior. 

Waldo,  Peter,  a  merchant  of  Lyons, 
who,  in  the  12th  century,  became  the  foun- 
der of  the  new  sect  of  the  Waldenses. 
The  sudden  death  of  a  friend  by  his  side, 
had  such  an  effect  upon  him  that  he  made 
a  vow  of  consecrating  himself  more  imme- 
diately to  the  service  of  God.  He  distri- 
buted his  goods  to  the  poor,  and  as  preach- 
er of  the  gospel,  collected  around  him 
thousands  of  followers  in  Dauphine,  Pro- 
vence, and  other  provinces  of  France,  but 
notwithstanding  the  correct  conduct  and  in- 
offensive morals  of  his  sect,  as  he  enter- 
tained opinions  contrary  to  the  interests  of 
Rome,  he  was  declared  an  enemy  to  the 
church,  and  persecution  and  war  were 
raised  against  him.  Though  thousands  fell 
in  this  bloody  and  unequal  contest,  the  sect 
spread  from  France  to  Piedmont,  and  long 
maintained  itself  against  all  opposition. 

Vol,  !I,  '  97 


Wales,  William,  an  English  matheniaii- 
cian  who  acconipani*  d  captain  Cook  in  his 
first  voyage  round  the  world,  a.s  astrono- 
mer, and  was  recommended  on  his  return, 
to  the  place  of  malhemalical  master  at 
Christ's  hospital.  He  was  author  of  Ac- 
count of  Astronomical  Observations  in  the 
Southern  Hemisphere,  4to. — remarks  on 
Foster's  account  of  Cook's  voyage — inquiry 
into  the  Population  of  England  and  Walea 
—  Robertson's  Elements  of  Navigation  im- 
proved— a  Dissertation  on  the  Achronical 
Rising  of  the  Pleiades,  inserted  in  Dr.  Vin- 
cent's Periplus.     He  died  1799. 

Wales,  Samuel,  D.D.  professor  of  divi- 
nity in  Yale  College,  was  graduated  at  that 
institution  in  1767,  and  was  not  long  after 
settled  in  the  ministry  at  Milford,  Connec- 
ticut. He  was  appointed  to  the  professor- 
ship in  1782,  and  continued  in  the  office 
till  his  death,  February  18th,  1794.  He 
was  distinguished  for  talento,  learning,  and 
piety.  ICT^  L. 

Walker,  Clement,  a  native  of  Cliffe, 
Dorsetshire,  educated  at  Christ  church,  Ox- 
ford. He  was  usher  to  the  exchequer,  and 
member  for  Wells,  and  ably  supported  the 
royal  cause,  during  the  civil  wars.  His  op- 
position to  the  republican  government,  was 
so  determined  that  Cromwell  sent  him  to 
the  Tower,  where  he  died,  1651.  He  was 
author  of  the  History  of  Independency, 
4to.  a  curious  work — the  High  Court  of 
Justice,  or  Cromwell's  Slaughter-house, 
4to.  &c. 

Walker,  Edward,  a  native  of  Somerset- 
shire, who  was  made  secretary  at  war  1639< 
and  assisted  the  king  at  the  battle  of  Edge- 
hill.  He  was  also  garter-king  at  arms,  and 
received  from  Charles  I.  the  honour  of 
knighthood,  and  at  the  rettoration  was  made 
one  of  the  clerks  of  the  privy-council.  He 
was  author  of  Historical  Discourses,  fol. — 
Order  of  the  Ceremonies  observed  at  the 
celebration  of  St.  George's  feast  at  the 
Windsor  1674 — Acts  of  the  knights  of  the 
Garter  in  the  Civil  Wars,  &.c.  and  died 
1676. 

Walker,  Robert,  chief  painter  to  Crom- 
well, died  some  time  before  the  restoration 
in  an  apartment  in  Arundel-house.  One  of 
his  pictures  of  the  Protector,  was  sold  to 
the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  for  500/.  ac- 
cording to  the  anecdote  mentioned  by  Ho- 
race Walpole. 

Walker,  John,  a  native  of  Devonshire, 
educated  at  Exeter  college,  and  made  rec- 
tor of  St.  Mary's,  Exeter,  where  he  died 
1725.  His  attempt  towai'ds  recovering  an 
account  of  the  sufferings  of  the  clergy,  in 
the  great  rebellion,  fol.  1714,  was  so  ho- 
nourably received  by  the  public,  that  the 
university  of  Oxford  complimented  him 
with  the  degree  of  D.D. 

Walker,  William,  the  master  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton,  was  successively  appoiiiteci 

7«n 


WAL 


YVAL 


10  the  grammar-schools  of  Lowth,  and  of 
Grantham,  and  was  rector  of  Colsterworth, 
Lincolnshire,  where  he  died  1684,  aged  61. 
He  was  author  of  a  valuable  treatise  on 
English  Particles,  8vo. — and  other  useful 
works  in  grammar,  rhetoric,  and  logic. 

Walker,  Samuel,  an  English  divine,  de- 
scended from  bishop  Hall,  and  born  at  Ex- 
eter, 16th  Dec.  1714.  He  studied  at  Ex- 
eter college,  Oxford,  and  travelled  with  the 
son  of  lord  RoUe,  and  became  in  1740, 
minister  of  Lanlivery,  and  in  1746,  obtain- 
ed the  living  of  Truro  in  Cornwall,  where 
he  died  1 9th  July,  1761.  He  was  author  of 
two  vols,  of  Sermons,  8vo. — and  discourses 
on  the  Catechism,  2  vols.  8vo. 

Walker,  George,  an  Irish  clergyman, 
born  of  English  parents  in  the  county  of  Ty- 
rone, celebrated  as  the  governor  of  London- 
derry, which  he  gallantly  defended  against 
the  attacks  of  James  IL  till  relieved  by  the 
English.  His  valour  was  handsomely  re- 
warded by  king  AVilliam,  whom  he  accom- 
panied in  his  Irish  campaigns.  He  was 
slain  at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne,  as  he  cross- 
ed the  water. 

Walker,  Obadiah,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, educated  at  University  college,  where 
he  became  fellow.  Though  deprived  of 
his  fellowship  by  the  parliament  in  1648,  he 
was  made  master  of  the  college  at  the  re- 
storation, and  turned  papist  to  keep  his 
place  under  James  II.  He  was  dismissed 
from  the  headship  at  the  revolution,  and 
returned  to  the  house  of  his  pupil  Dr.  Rad- 
cliffe,  where  he  was  honourably  maintained 
till  his  death  1698.  He  was  buried  in  St. 
Pancras's  churchyard.  He  wrote  among 
other  things  a  violent  pamphlet  against  Lu- 
ther and  his  opinions — Life  of  Christ,  &c. 

Walker,  John,  an  ingenious  writer,  au- 
thor of  "the  pronouncing  Dictionary  of 
the  English  language,"  and  several  other 
works  of  excellence,  on  grammar,  and  elo- 
cution. He  was  for  nearly  40  years  teach- 
er of  elocution,  and  with  such  reputation 
and  success,  that  he  acquired  a  very  com- 
fortable competence.  His  literary  as  well 
as  his  many  virtues  recommended  him  to 
the  notice  of  the  learned,  and  he  had  among 
Lis  particular  friends  and  patrons.  Dr.  John- 
son, Edmund  Burke,  and  other  eminent 
characters.  He  died  1st  Aug.  1807,  in  his 
76th  year,  at  his  apartments,  Tottenham- 
court  road. 

Walker,  Adam,  a  philosophical  lecturer, 
was  born  in  Westmoreland,  and  brought  up 
to  the  weaving  business.  While  thus  em- 
ployed, he  amused  himself  in  constructing 
the  models  of  mills,  and  devoted  so  much 
time  to  study,  that,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  he 
was  qualified  to  be  an  usher  in  a  school. 
He  next  became  writing-master  and  ac- 
comptant  to  the  free-school  at  Macclesfield; 
after  which  he  travelled  as  a  lecturer,  and 
^n  1778  settled  in   London,  where  he  met 


with  great  encouragement.  He  invented 
the  Eidouranion,  or  transparent  orrery  ; 
the  rotatory  lights  in  the  islands  of  Scilly  ; 
and  various  useful  engines.  His  literary 
works  are — 1.  Lectures  on  Experimental 
Philosophy.  2.  Ideas  suggested  in  an  Ex- 
cursion through  Flanders,  Germany,  Italy, 
and  France.  3.  Remarks  in  a  Tour  to  the 
Lakes  of  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland, 
&c.  4.  A  System  of  Familiar  Philosophy. 
5.  A  Treatise  on  Geography  and  the  Use  of 
the  Globes,  &c.  He  died  at  Richmond, 
aged  90,  Feb.  llth,  1821.—^.  B. 

Walker,  George,  a  mathematician,  was 
born  about  1735  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 
He  studied  at  Glasgow  ;  and  in  1757  was 
ordained  pastor  of  a  congregation  of  dis- 
senters at  Durham  ;  from  whence,  in  1761, 
he  removed  to  Great  Yarmouth,  where  he 
remained  till  1771,  when  he  accepted  the 
office  of  mathematical  tutor  at  Warrington, 
In  1774  he  went  to  Nottingham,  and  in 
1798  to  Manchester.  He  died  in  London 
in  1807.  As  a  mathematician  he  is  known 
by  a  "  Treatise  on  the  Doctrines  of  the 
Sphere  ;"  and  papers  in  the  transactions  of 
the  Royal  Society,  of  which  he  was  a  mem- 
ber. He  was  also  president  of  the  Lite- 
rary and  Philosophical  Society  of  Man- 
chester, in  whose  memoirs  are  some  of  his 
essays.  His  sermons  and  political  tracts' 
were  published  after  his  death,  in  2  vols. 
Svo.—W.  B. 

Wall,  Martin,  M.D.  a  native  of  Po- 
wick,  Worcestershire,  educated  at  Worces- 
ter school,  and  Worcester  college,  Oxford. 
He  was  in  1735  elected  fellow  of  Merton, 
and  afterwards  settled  at  Worcester,  where 
he  practised  with  great  reputation.  He 
died  at  Bath  27th  June,  1776,  aged  68,  and 
was  buried  in  the  Abbey  church.  He  had 
a  strong  genius  for  painting,  and  would 
have  excelled  in  the  art  if  he  had  practised 
it.  Two  of  the  frontispieces  to  Harvey's 
Meditations  were  by  his  pencil.  He  wrote 
a  treatise  on  the  Malvern  waters — some 
medical  tracts,  &c.  edited  by  his  son  at  Ox- 
ford in  Svo.  1780. 

Wallace,  sir  William,  a  celebrated 
Scotchman,  descended  from  a  poor  but  an- 
cient family.  Feeling  for  the  miseries  of 
his  country,  he  determined  to  free  it  from 
English  slavery,  and  collecting  a  small  but 
resolute  band,  fell  unexpectedly  upon  the 
enemy's  troops  amounting  to  40,000  men, 
and  slew  their  leader  lord  Warren.  Thus 
deservedly  regarded  as  the  saviour  of  his 
country,  he  was  appointed  regent  of  the 
kingdom  during  the  captivity  of  John  Ba- 
liol,  and  penetrating  into  England,  laid 
waste  the  county  of  Durham  with  fire  and 
sword.  These  victories  recalled  Edward 
I.  from  Flanders,  he  hastened  to  meet  the 
Scotch,  and  totally  routed  their  forces,  but 
though  defeated,  Wallace  retired  in  secu- 
rity  to  the  impregnable  fastnesses   of  the 


VVAl. 


WAI. 


ujountains,  and  defied  (lit  power  of  the 
English.  Disgusted  nith  tlic  Jealousy  of 
the  nobles,  Wallace  abdicated  his  import- 
ant oflices,  and  lived  in  privacy,  but  his  va- 
lour was  so  formidable  to  the  Knglish  mo- 
narch, that  he  was  meanly  betrayed  info 
his  hands,  and  treated  as  a  traitor,  and 
after  being  executed  in  1303,  his  fotn- 
quarters  were  hung  in  derision  in  the  four 
principal  towns  of  England. 

Waller,  Edmund,  an  English  poet, 
born  3d  March,  1625,  at  Coleshillin  Herts, 
near  Amersham.  He  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  King's  college,  Cambridge,  and 
was  chosen,  when  scarce  seventeen,  mem- 


discourse    ^\a>   admired  for   its  keciiues?. 
and  vivacity,  :ind  in  the  house  of  commons 
his  speeches    were  heard    with  unusual  at- 
tention,   not  only  from    ilu-  tlcnaner  of  his 
delivery,  but    tl,e  force  of  liis  wit,  and  the 
quickness  of  his  remarks.     Thou^li  courted 
however  as  a  man  of  the  world,  he  was  in 
oilier  respects,  says  Clarendon,  of  an  abject 
temper,   without  courage  to  support  liim  in 
any  virtuous  undertaking,  and  of  the  most 
insinuating  and  servile  flattery,     'lint  viru- 
lence  which  he  showed  in  joining  the   per- 
secution of  Clarendon  is  not  free  from  cen- 
sure, and   though  he  was  refused,  by   his 
means,   the   oflice  of  provost  of  Lton,   he 
ber  for  Amersham,  in  the  last  parliament  of    ought  to  have  shrunk  from  the  appearance 
James  I.     He  became  early  known  to  the     of  an  accuser  against  the  virtuous  chan- 
public,    by    carrying    off   a    rich    heiress     cellor.     As  a  poet  Waller  is  entitled  to  the 
against  a  rival  whose  pretensions  were  es-     highest  praise.     He  may   be  called,  as  has 
poused  by  the  court,  but  his  matrimonial    been  observed,  the  parent  of  English  verse, 
happiness  was  of  short  duration,  as  he  was     and  the  first  who  showed  us  that  our  lan- 
a  widower  at  the   age  of  25.     Though  no-     guage  had  beauty  and  numbers.     The  Eng- 
ticed  by  the  court,  and  flattered  by  the  no-     lish  tongue  came  into  his  hands  like  a  rough 
bility   on  account  of  his  wit  and  vivacity,     diamond,  he  polished  it  first,    and  to  that 
he  did  not  neglect  the  muses,  but  imbibed     degree,    that   all   succeeding  artists    have 
a  deep  taste  for  the  beauties   of  ancient    admired  the  workmanship,  without  pretend- 
ing to   mend  it.     Waller   was  twice  mar- 
ried, and  left  several  sons   and  daughters. 
The  best  edition   of  his  works  is    that  of 
1730  in  4to.  containing  his  poems,  speeches, 
and  letters,  with  valuable  notes  by  Fenton. 
Wallet,  John,  judge  of    the   superioi- 
court  of  Massachusetts,  in  1690  command- 
ed the  land  forces  in  the  expedition  of  sir 
William  Phips  against   Canada.     He  was 
a  principal  founder  of  the  town  of  Bristol, 
Rhode   Island.     He   was   for  some  time  a 
member  of  the   council  of  Massachusetts, 
and  a  judge  of  the  superior  court,  and  dis- 
the  duties   of  those  stations  with 


writers,  by  his  acquaintance  with  Morley, 
afterwards  bishop  of  Winchester,  who  for 
several  years  enjoyed  the  comforts  of  hos- 
pitality and  friendship  under  his  roof.  In 
his  parliamentary  conduct  he  warmly  op- 
posed the  measures  of  the  court,  and  in 
the  impeachment  of  judge  Crawley,  he 
spoke  with  such  eloquence  and  animation, 
that  20,000  copies  of  his  speech  were  sold 
in  one  day.  He  was  in  1642  one  of  the 
commissioners  who  proposed  conditions  of 
peace  from  the  parliament  to  the  king  at 
Oxford,  but  the  following  year  his  popula- 
rity vanished  on  an  accusation  of  a  conspi- 
racy to  reduce  the  city  of  London,  and  the     ability,  and  was  highly  respected  for  talents, 


charged 


Tower,  to  the  service  of  the  monarch.  In 
this  design  he  was  assisted  by  some  mem- 
bers of  parliament,  and  other  inferior  per- 
sons, but  though  they  were  all  condemned 
to  death,  only  two  were  hanged,  and  Waller 
purchased  his  life  and  liberty  after  one 
year's  imprisonment,  by  a  heavy  fine  of 
lOjOOOZ.      After  this  disgrace  he  retired  to 


integrity,  and  amiableness.  ICIP'  L. 

Wallis,  John,  an  able  mathematician, 
son  of  a  clergyman,  born  at  Ashford,  in 
Kent,  23d  Nov.  1616.  From  Felsted 
school,  he  removed  in  1632,  to  Emanuel 
college,  Cambridge,  and  soon  after  taking 
his  degree  he  was  elected  fellow  of  Queen's. 
After  living  for  some  time  as  chaplain  in 
France,  and  lived  chiefly  at  Rouen,  and  on     the  family  of  sir  Richard  Darlcy,  and   ol 


his  return  to  England,  after  some  time  he 
paid  his  court  to  the  men  in  power,  and 
became  a  great  favourite  with  Cromwell, 
whose  death  he  embalmed  in  the  most  ful- 
some language  of  panegyric.  So  great  was 
the  versatility  of  his  talents,  and  of  his 
disposition,  that  after  being  in  confidence 
with  the  usurper,  he  became  the  favourite 


lady  Vere,  he  became  in  1644  secretary  to 
the  Westminster  assembly  of  divines,  and 
married.  In  1649  he  was  appointed  Savi- 
lian  professor  of  geometry  at  Oxford,  and 
he  removed  thither  from  London,  where  he 
had  long  resided,  and  by  his  efforts  labori- 
ously assisted  in  laying  the  foundation  of 
the  learned  body,  afterwards  denominated 


of  the  second  Charles,  and  celebrated  the  Royal  Society.  He  entered  at  E,xctcr  col- 
restoration  as  the  happiest  of  events.  He  lege,  and  in  1654,  was  admitted  to  the  dc- 
continued  also  in  the  good  graces  of  James     gree  of  D.  D.  and  four  years  after  he  was 


11.,  and  died  of  a  dropsy  at  Beaconsfield 
1st.  Oct.  1687,  and  was  buried  in  the 
churchyard  there,  where  a  monument  is 
erected  over  his  remains.  In  his  character 
W^aller  was  agreeable  and  insinuating,  his 


appointed,  after  some  opposition,  keeper 
of  the  university  archives.  At  the  resto- 
ration he  was  received  with  kindness  by- 
Charles  II.  made  his  chaplain,  and  not 
onlv   confirmed  in  his   academical  oflices, 

771 


WAL 


WAL 


but  selected  as  one  of  the  divines  to  re- 
view the  liturgy.  He  died  at  Oxford,  28th 
Oct.  1703,  aged  88,  and  was  buried  in  St. 
Mary's  church  at  Oxford,  where  a  monu- 
ment has  been  erected  to  his  memory.  He 
left  one  son  and  two  daughters.  Respect- 
ed as  a  man  of  learning.  Dr.  Wallis  was, 
during  the  turbulent  times  in  which  he 
lived,  universally  esteemed  for  the  modera- 
tion of  his  principles,  and  the  mild  demea- 
nour which  marked  his  compliance  with  the 
various  powers  in  being.  Whilst  he  re- 
garded only  the  advancement  and  the  in- 
terests of  religion,  of  virtue,  and  of  the 
public  good,  he  lamented  the  miseries 
which  afflicted  his  country,  and  endeavour- 
ed, in  the  enjoyment  of  privacy  and  learn- 
ed ease,  to  live  useful  and  not  great.  His 
works  are  very  numerous ;  but  though 
what  he  wrote  on  divinity  is  most  respect- 
able, yet  it  is  from  his  mathematical  labours 
that  he  has  real  claims  to  lasting  celebrity. 
The  best  known  of  his  works  are,  Animad- 
versions on  lord  Brooke's  Nature  of  Truth, 
&c. — Animadversions  on  Baxter's  Apho- 
risms, &c. — Grammatica  Linguae  Anglica- 
nae,  &c. — Elenchus  Geometriae  Hobbianae, 
with  other  pamphlets, against  Hobbes — Ma- 
thesis  Universalis,  4to. — Commercium 
Epistolicum  de  Quxstionibus  Mathem.  4to. 
— de  Cycloide,  &c. — de  ^stu  Maris  Hy- 
pothesis, &c.— the  works  of  Archimedes 
edited,  and  also  Ptolemy's  Opus  Harmoni- 
cam — Appendix  de  Veterum  Harmonicci, 
&c.  His  theological  works  appeared  in 
1699,  3  vols,  folio,  dedicated  to  king  Wil- 
liam. 

Wallius,  James,  a  native  of  Courtrai, 
distinguished  among  the  Jesuits  for  his 
learning  and  his  talents  as  a  Latin  poet. 
He  died  1680,  aged  81.  He  wrote  elegies 
— odes — heroic  pieces — paraphrases,  &c. 

Walpole,  sir  Robert,  earl  of  Oxford, 
an  illustrious  minister,  born  at  Houghton  in 
Norfolk,  6th  Sept.  1674.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  Eton,  and  elected  to  a  fellowship  at 
King's  college,  Cambridge  ;  but  he  resigned 
it  on  the  death  of  his  elder  brother,  to 
whose  estates  he  succeeded.  He  was  elect- 
ed into  parliament  in  1700,  for  King's  Lynn, 
and  gradually  rose  to  consequence  in  the 
nation.  In  1705  he  became  one  of  the 
counsellors  of  George,  prince  of  Denmark, 
and  secretary  at  war,  and  in  1709  treasurer 
of  the  navy,  but  lost  all  bis  places  the  next 
year  on  the  change  of  the  ministry.  In 
1711  he  was  voted  by  the  house  guilty  of 
misdemeanors,  and  of  corruption  in  his 
office  of  secretary  at  war  ;  but  though  he 
was  expelled  from  the  house,  and  confined 
in  the  Tower,  it  is  fully  evident  that  he 
owed  this  disgraceful  sentence,  not  to  his 
own  misconduct,  but  to  the  violence  of  his 
political  opponents,  who  resented  his  firm 
attachment  to  the  Marlborough  family,  and 
were  tealous  of  the  powerfnl  influence  of 
77^ 


his  oratorical  powers  in  the  bouse.     His 
ignominy  was  regarded  as  the  cause  of  the 
Whigs,  he  was  returned  for  King's  Lynn, 
and  though  the  election  was  declared  void, 
his   constituents  nobly  persisted    in  their 
choice.     His  attachment  to  the  Hanoverian 
interest  was   rewarded  on  the  accession  of 
George  I.   he  was  made  paymaster-general 
of  the  forces,  and  a  privy  counsellor,    and 
soon   raised  to  the  arduous  office  of  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer,  and  first  lord  of 
the   treasury.     His   zeal  in  the   impeach- 
ment of  Oxford,  Bolingbroke,  Ormond,  and 
Strafford,  had  rendered  him  popular  in  the 
nation,  and  a  favourite  of  the  court ;  but 
after  two  years  the  ministry  was  divided, 
and  sir  Robert  gave  way  to  the  more  pow- 
erful influence  of  Stanhope.    Now  engaged 
in  the  ranks  of  opposition,  he  directed  the 
shafts  of  his  nervous  eloquence  against  all 
the  measures  of  the  court,  and  even  shared 
the  honours  and  the  popularity  of  patriotism 
with  Wyndham  and  Shippem  ;   but  by  de- 
grees his  acrimony  softened,  and  the  zeal- 
ous and  watchful  defender  of  public  rights 
became  again  the  fawning  courtier,  and  was 
restored  soon  after  to  the  high  and  respon- 
sible situation   of   premier.     Thus  the  fa- 
vourite  minister  of  the  king,  he  continued 
at  the  head  of  affairs  during  the  reigns  of 
the  first  and  of  the  second  George,  till  at 
last  in  1742,  the  clamour  of  opposition  pre- 
vailed, and   sir  Robert,   unable  to  carry  a 
majority  in  the  House  of  Commons,  retired 
from  his  dangerous   emmence,   and   took 
shelter  behind  the  throne.    He  was  created 
earl  of  Orford,  and  as  the  reward  of  his 
long-tried  services,  the  king  granted  him  a 
pension  of  4000/.     This  extraordinary  cha- 
racter, who  so  long  guided  the  destinies  of 
England  by  the  powers  of  eloquence  as  well 
as  by  intrigue  and  by  corruption,  and  who, 
in  the  possession  of  ministerial  infiuencc, 
boasted  that  he  knew   the  price  of  every 
man,  was,  in  private  life  amiable,  kind,  and 
benevolent,  and  fully   deserved  the  unsoli- 
cited, and  therefore    impartial   praises  of 
Pope's  elegant  muse.     The   last  years  of 
his  life  were  spent  in  retirement  and  tran- 
quillity on  his  estate  in  Norfolk,  where  he 
died  18th  March,  1745-6,  aged  71.     Lord 
Orford  was  author  of  various  pamphlets  on 
political  subjects,   which  have  passed   into 
gradual  oblivion,  with  the  subjects  in  which 
they  originated.     An  interesting  and  well- 
written  account   of  the   administration  of 
lord  Orford,  has  appeared  from  the  elegant 
pen  of  Mr.  Coxe. 

Walpole,  Horace,  youngest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  1717,  and  educated  at 
Eton,  where  his  acquaintance  with  Gray 
commenced.  In  1734  he  went  to  King's  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  there  distinguished 
himself  by  his  elegant  verses  in  honour 
of  Henry  VI.  the  founder  of  Eton  school. 
Under  the  patronage  of  his  father,  he  oh- 


WAL 


WAL 


tained,  io  1738,  the  office  of  inspector  of 
exports  and  imports,  which  he  afterwards 
exchanged  for  that  of  usher  to  the  ex- 
chequer, with  which  he  held  the  place  of 
comptroller  of  the  pipe,  and  of  clerk  of  the 
escheats  in  the  exchequer  for  life,  appoint- 
ments of  the  annual  value  of  nearly  5000/. 
In  1739  he  was  permitted  by  his  father  to 
travel  on  the  continent,  and  accompanied  by 
Gray  he  made  the  tour  of  France  and  Itai^  ; 
but  a  dispute  at  Reggio  unfortunately  sepa- 
rated the  two  friends,  whose  intimacy  was 
again  renewed  in  1744,  to  the  honour  of 
both.  On  his  return  to  England  in  1741, 
he  was  elected  into  parliament  ;  but  though 
he  sat  in  the  house  for  above  25  years,  he 
never  distinguished  himself  as  a  speaker, 
except  on  one  occasion,  in  defence  of  his  fa- 
ther in  1742.  On  giving  up  his  seat  in  par- 
liament, he  retired  to  his  favourite  house 
at  Strawberry-hill,  near  Twickenham, which 
he  had  purchased  in  1747,  and  tastefully 
adorned  with  all  the  striking  features  of 
Gothic  times.  In  this  charming  spot  the 
literary    hermit  opened  in    1757  a  printing 

f tress,  where  he  published  first  the  two  sub- 
ime  odes  of  his  friend  Gray,  and  after- 
wards edited  other  works  in  an  elegant  and 
highly  finished  style.  On  the  death  of  his 
nephew  in  1791,  he  succeeded  to  the  title  of 
earl  of  Orford,  but  elevation  of  rank  had  no 
charms  for  him.  He  never  took  his  seat  in 
the  House  of  Lords,  and  with  reluctance 
submitted  to  the  respect  or  adulation  of  his 
friends  in  assuming  an  empty  title,  which 
he  contemptuously  called  a  new  name  for  a 
superannuated  old  man  of  74.  Respectable 
as  a  man  of  letters,  lord  Orford  was  distin- 
guished for  his  extensive  information  ;  he 
was  polite  in  his  manners,  facetious  in  his 
conversation,  and  in  his  sentiments,  lively, 
intelligent,  and  acute.  If  avarice  and  va- 
nity were,  according;  to  one  of  his  biogra- 
phers, his  leading  foibles,  affability,  and  a 
companionable  temper  were  his  most  dis- 
tinguishing virtues.  He  was  of  a  benig- 
nant and  charitable  disposition  ;  but  it  must 
be  confessed,  that  no  man  ever  existed, 
who  had  less  the  character  of  a  liberal  pa- 
tron. He  died  at  his  house  in  Berkeley 
square,  2d  March,  1797,  aged  80.  The 
best  known  of  his  works  are,  a  Catalogue 
of  Royal  and  Noble  Authors,  re-published 
with  great  additions  by  Th.  Park,  in  5  vols. 
8vo.  1806 — Historic  Doubts  concerning  Ri- 
chard III. — Anecdotes  of  Painting  enlarged 
from  Vertue — the  Castle  of  Otranto,  an  in- 
teresting romance  in  the  marvellous  style, 
written  in  eight  days — Essay  on  Modern 
Gardening — the  Mysterious  Mother,  a  tra- 
gedy, &c.  His  works  have  been  collected 
together  in  a  splendid  edition,  5  vols.  4to. 
Anecdotes  concerning  him,  his  family,  &c. 
have  appeared  in  2  vols.  12mo.  called  Wal- 
poliana,  in  1800. 

Walsh,  William,  an  English  poet,  born 


at  Abbcrley,  in  WorccHtershirc,  about  ICttJ. 
He    entered    as   gentleman    roinnioticr    at 
VVadham   college,  Oxford  ;  but    though  he 
left  tbe  university  without  a  d<  gree,  lie  ap- 
plied himself  with  such   assiduity  to  litera- 
ture, at  home,  and  in  London,  that   he  be- 
came, in  DryUen's  opinion,  ih.;   btht  critic 
of  the  nation.      He  was  for   several  years 
member  of  parliament,   and    genth man  of 
the  horse  to   queen    Anne ;  but  he  derives 
greater  celebrity  from  the  acquaintance  of 
Dryden  and  of  Pope,  than  from  his  intima- 
cy with  thi-  great  and    the   powerful.     He 
has  been  praised  by  Pope   in  bis  Essay  on 
Criticism,  and  though  he  possesses  not  the 
fame  of  a  great  poet,  he   is  to  be  admired 
for  the  correctness  of  his  language,  and  the 
sportive  graces  of  his  muse.     The  time  of 
his  death  is  not  certain,  though  it  is  gene- 
rally supposed    to   have    happened   about 
1709.     His  works   are,  a   Dialogue   con- 
cerning Women,   being  a  Defence   of  the 
Sex,  8vo. — letters  and  poems,  amorous  and 
gallant,  8vo. — Essay  on  Pastoral  Poetry — 
Defence  of  Virgil — elegies,  epitaphs,  odes, 
and  songs. 

Walsingham,  Thomas,  a  Benedictine 
monk  of  St.  Albans,  historiographer  to  the 
king  in  the  15th  century.  His  works  are, 
Historia  Brevis  from  the  conclusion  of  the 
third  Henry's  reign,  where  Matthew  Paris 
ends, — and  Hypodigtna  Neustria;,  both  pub- 
lished by  archbishop  Parker,  1574. 

Walstein,  Albert,  duke  of  Friedland, 
distinguished  himself  in  the  service  of  the 
emperor,  and  was  rewarded  with  part  of 
the  lands  of  the  revolted  duke  of  Mecklen- 
burg. When  Germany  was  invaded  by 
Gustavus  Adolpbus,  he  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  imperial  armies,  and  defeated 
the  enemy,  though  be  was  afterwards  beat- 
en at  the  battle  of  Lutzen,  1632.  His  po- 
pularity was  such  among  his  soldiers,  that 
the  emperor,  afraid  of  his  influence,  ap- 
pointed him  a  successor  ;  but  Walstein,  un- 
willing to  yield  his  power,  demanded  and 
received  the  sworn  allegiance  of  his  army, 
and  declared  himself  independent,  1634. 
He  was  murdered  a  month  after,  by  the 
cruel  and  cowardly  suggestion  of  the  empe- 
ror, who  thus  cut  off  an  enemy  whom  he 
despaired  of  destroying  in  the  field  of 
battle. 

Walsingham,  Sir  Francis,  an  illustrious 
statesman,  under  Elizabeth,  born  at  Chisle- 
hurst,  Kent,  of  an  ancient  family.  He  was 
educated  at  King's  college,  Cambridge,  and 
improved  his  knowledge  by  travelling.  He 
was  twice  ambassador  from  England  to 
France,  and  was,  with  difficulty,  saved  from 
the  horrible  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew. 
His  services  abroad  were  rewarded  at  home, 
with  the  office  of  secretary  of  state,  and  his 
vigilance  and  abilities  were  directed  in  es- 
tablishing the  protestant  religion,  and  in 
strengthening  the  throne  of  his  sovereign. 

773 


WAL 


WAL 


He  possessed  such  deep  penetration,  and 
such  address,  that  he  discovered  the  politi- 
cal intrigues  of  foreign  courts,  and  by  means 
of  the  53  agents,  and  15  spies  which  he  en- 
tertained abroad,  procured  the  earliest  in- 
telligence of  the  designs  of  the  enemies  of 
his  country,  and  often  removed  the  scru- 
ples of  his  coadjutors,  by  producing  co- 
pies of  the  most  secret  articles  of  diploma- 
tic confidence.  He  was,  in  1578,  sent  as 
ambassador  to  the  Netherlands,  and  he 
afterwards  visited  France  and  Scotland  in 
the  same  capacity.  This  celebrated  states- 
man, whose  labours  were  indefatigable,  de- 
dicated to  advance  the  commerce,  and  the 
arts  of  his  country,  and  to  patronise  litera- 
ture, died  so  poor,  in  1589,  that,  on  account 
of  his  debts,  his  remains  were  privately 
buried  by  night  in  St.  Paul's  church,  with- 
out any  funeral  ceremony.  He  was  in  his 
90th  year.  He  left  one  daughter,  who  had 
three  husbands  of  high  distinction  j  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  Devereux,  earl  of  Essex,  and 
Bourke,  earl  of  Clanricard.  An  account 
of  his  negotiations  and  despatches  have 
appeared  by  the  title  of  the  Complete  Am- 
bassador, in  fol.  published  by  Sir  D.  Digges, 
1655. 

Walter,  Thomas,  a  minister  of  Roxbu- 
ry,  Massachusetts,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1713,  and  in  1718,  settled 
colleague  with  his  father,  and  was  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  ministers  of  that 
time.  His  mind  was  of  a  very  superior  or- 
der, uncommonly  energetic,  almost  intui- 
tive in  its  perceptions,  and  rich  and  glow- 
ing in  its  views.  He  acquired  learning  al- 
most without  effort,  and  communicated  it 
without  toil.  He  was  a  profound  scholar, 
a  keen  disputant,  and  a  popular  preacher. 
He  excelled  in  the  knowledge  of  music,  and 
published  an  elementary  work  on  the  sub- 
ject of  vocal  music,  which  was  long  used  in 
New-England.  He  died  in  1725.     |CF*  L. 

Walter,  Thomas,  an  eminent  botanist, 
was  a  native  of  England ;  a  man  of  libe- 
ral education,  and  much  devoted  to  the 
study  of  natural  history,  and  especially  of 
botany.  He  migrated  to  America,  and 
settled  in  South  Carolina,  a  few  miles  from 
the  city  of  Charleston,  where  he  resided 
a  number  of  years  as  a  planter,  and  where 
he  died  toward  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  In  1788,  he  published  his  "  Flo- 
va  Caroliniana,"  which  is  much  esteemed. 

Walters,  John,  M.A.  a  Welsh  divine, 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  made  rector  of 
Llandocan,  Glamorganshire,  where  he  died 
1797.  He  published  an  English  Welsh 
Dictionary,  4to.  1794 — a  Dissertation  on 
the  Welsh  Language — sermons,  &c. 

Walther,  N.  a  native  of  Nuremberg, 

in   the  beginning   of   the    16th    century, 

known  as  the  first  who  discovered  the  as- 

trpnomical  refraction  of  lisrht.     He  was  the 

774 


friend  and  the  associate  of  Regiomontanus, 
whose  writings  and  astronomical  instru- 
ments he  purchased. 

Walther,  Michael,  a  native  of  Nurem- 
berg, professor  of  divinity  at  Helmstadt. 
He  published,  Harmonia  Biblica,  4to. — Of- 
ficina  Biblica,  4to. — Mosaica  Pastilla,  &c. 
and  died  1662,  aged  66.  His  son,  of  the 
same  name,  was  divinity  professor  at  Wit- 
temberg,  and  published  some  valuable  trea- 
tises. 

Walther,  Christopher  Theodosius,  a 
German  missionary  to  Tranquebar,  author 
of  Doctrina  Temporum  Indica,  &c.  He 
died  after  his  return,  at  Dresden,  1741, 
aged  42. 

Walther,  Augustin  Frederic,  professor 
of  anatomy  at  Leipsic,  was  author  of  trea- 
tises, De  Lingu^  Human^,  4to. — De  Ar- 
ticulis,  Ligamentis,  et  Musculis,  4to. — 
Academical  Dissertations,  &c.  He  died 
about  1735. 

Walton,  Brian,  the  learned  editor  of 
the  Polyglott  Bible,  was  born  at  Cleveland, 
Yorkshire,  1600.  He  studied  at  Magdalen 
college,  and  afterwards  at  Peterhouse, 
Cambridge,  and  then  officiated  as  curate  in 
Suffolk  and  in  London.  His  learning  re- 
commended him  to  the  notice  of  the  great ; 
he  became  rector  of  St.  Martin's  Orgar, 
London,  and  of  Sandon,  Essex,  and  in 
1639,  took  his  degree  of  D.D.,  and  soon 
after  was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  king, 
and  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's.  His  activity 
in  defending  the  rights  of  the  church,  ren- 
dered him  very  obnoxious  to  the  presbyte- 
rians,  so  that,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  wars,  he  was  accused  before  parlia- 
ment as  a  great  delinquent,  and  stripped  of 
his  benefices.  He  escaped  with  difficulty 
to  Oxford,  where  he  was  incorporated  in 
1645,  and  where  he  formed  the  noble 
scheme  for  his  Polyglott  Bible.  This  most 
valuable  and  laborious  publication  was  hap- 
pily completed  in  the  midst  of  persecution 
and  of  civil  war,  and  made  its  appearance 
in  1657,  in  6  vols,  folio,  exhibiting  the  text 
in  the  Hebrew,  Syriac,  Chaldee,  Samari- 
tan, Arabic,  jiEthiopic,  Persic,  Greek,  and 
Latin  languages.  His  coadjutors  in  the 
collating  of  various  copies,  were  Edmund 
Castell,  Samuel  Clarke,  Thomas  Hyde, 
Edward  Pococke,  Whelock,  Thorndike,  and 
other  learned  men.  For  his  services  to  sa- 
cred literature,  arid  his  attachment  to  the 
royal  couse,  Walton  was,  on  the  restora- 
tion, made  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  a  little 
after  created  bishop  of  Chester.  His  re- 
ception in  his  diocess,  in  the  midst  of  the 
acclamations  of  thousands  of  people,  was 
most  flattering  to  his  virtues  and  populari- 
ty, which  unhappily  was  to  be  short-lived, 
as  he  died  on  his  return  to  London,  at  his 
house,  Aldersgate-street,  29th  November, 
1661.  He  was  buried  in  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral.     He  published  besides,  Introcluctio 


VVAl. 


WAN 


nd  Lcctioucm  Linguarum  Oriental.  8vo. — 
an  able  Defence  of  liis  Bible — and  a  pam- 
plilet  on  the  Right  of  the  London  Clergy  to 
Tith.^s. 

Walton,  Izaak,  an  English  writer,  born 
at  Stafford,  Aug.  151)3.  He  for  some  time 
kept  a  shop  in  the  royal  exchange,  and  in 
Fleet-street,  and  retired  from  business  with 
a  comfortable  competency.  He  was  parti- 
cularly attached  to  angling,  and  he  publish- 
ed a  most  curious  and  valuable  treatise  on 
his  favourite  amusement,  called  the  Com- 
plete Angler,  or  the  Contemplative  Man's 
Recreation,  1653,  in  12mo.  with  cuts,  of 
which  a  fifth  edition  appeared  in  1676.  His 
time  was  afterwards  usefully  employed  in 
compilingaccountsof  the  lives  of  several  of 
his  learned  friends,  and  those  which  appear- 
ed separately  have  been  published  together, 
and  exhibit  a  most  pleasing  picture  of  the 
abilities  of  the  indefatigable  author,  and 
abound  with  interesting  and  curious  anec- 
dotes of  men  eminent  in  rank,  in  talents, 
and  in  learning.  The  characters  mention- 
ed are  Dr.  John  Donne,  Sir  Henry  Watton, 
Hooker,  author  of  Ecclesiastical  Polity, 
George  Herbert,  and  bishop  Sanderson. 
Walton  lived  to  a  good  old  age,  respected 
and  beloved  by  his  friends,  in  the  number  of 
whom  were  archbishops  Usher  and  Shel- 
don, bishops  Morton,  Morley,  King,  Bar- 
low, Drs.  Fuller,  Price,  Holdsworth,  &c. 
He  died  at  the  house  of  Dr.  Hawkins,  at 
Winchester,  15th  Dec.  1683,  aged  above 
90,  and  was  buried  in  Winchester  cathe- 
dral, where  an  ill-written  epitaph  marks 
his  remains.  The  best  edition  of  his  An- 
gler is  by  Sir  John  Hawkins,  and  that  of 
his  Lives  is  that  by  Zouch,  in  4to.  Ano- 
ther edition  has  also  appeared  at  Oxford, 
in  2  vols.  Svo. 

Walton,  George,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  American  Independence, 
was  one  of  the  four  individuals  who  as- 
sumed the  responsibility  of  calling  a  public 
meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Savannah,  for 
the  purpose  of  concerting  measures  for  the 
defence  of  the  country,  in  1774;  and  was 
one  of  the  committee  which  drew  up  the 
patriotic  resolutions  adopted  on  that  occa- 
sion. He  was  active  in  promoting  the  re- 
volution at  home,  and  in  1776,  was  one  of 
the  delegates  of  Georgia  in  congress.  AVhen 
the  enemy  attacked  Savannah,  he  was  dan- 
gerously wounded  and  taken  prisoner.  He 
v^'as  released  in  1779,  and  the  same  year 
was  chosen  governor  of  the  state.  In  1780 
he  was  again  a  delegate  to  congress,  and  in 
1733  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the 
state.  In  1787  he  was  appointed  a  dele- 
gate to  the  convention  which  framed  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States,  but  de- 
clined taking  his  seat.  In  1793  he  was 
again  appointed  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Houston,  and  in 
1795  was  appointed  to    succeed  general 


Jackson  as  a  senator  in  congrc»».     He  died 
February  2d,  1801.  fcT-  L. 

Wani.ky,  Nathaniel,  vicar  of  Trinity 
church  in  Coventry,  was  educated  at  Trini- 
ty college,  Cambridge,  and  died  about  1690. 
He  is  author  of  a  curious  book,  called  the 
Wonders  of  the  Little  World,  or  the  His- 
tory of  Man,  folio. 

Wanlet,  Humphrey,  son  of  the  prece- 
ding, was  born  21st  March,  1671-2,  at  Co- 
ventry. He  preferred  literature  to  the 
drudgeries  of  trade  in  which  his  father  had 
engaged  him,  and  by  the  friend-hip  of 
Lloyd,  his  diocesan,  he  went  to  Edmund 
hall,  Oxford,  and  afterwards  removed  to 
University  college.  By  the  kindness  of 
Mr.  Nelson,  he  obtained  the  office  of  secre- 
tary to  the  society  for  propagating  Christian 
knowledge,  and  he  afterwards  became  li- 
brarian to  lord  Oxford,  with  a  liberal  pen- 
sion. In  this  occupation  he  arranged  with 
judicious  care  the  Harleian  collection,  and 
kept  a  curious  diary  of  every  occurrence  in 
which  he  was  personally  concerned.  He 
made  some  extracts  from  the  MSS. 
of  the  Bodleian,  and  promised  a  supple- 
ment to  Hyde's  catalogue  of  the  printed 
books,  and  intended  a  treatise  on  the  vari- 
ous characters  of  MSS.  &c.  He  travelled 
through  England  in  search  of  Anglo-Saxon 
MSS.  for  Dr.  Hickes,  and  died  universally 
respected,  6th  July,  1726. 

Wansleb,  John  Michael,  a  native  of  Er- 
furt in  Thuringia,  who,  after  studying  at 
Konigsberg,  was  employed  by  the  learned 
Ludolf  to  come  to  England,  to  print  his 
.T^thiopic  dictionary-.  The  work  appeared 
in  London,  1661,  and  the  author  charged 
Wansleb  with  inserting  several  ridiculous 
and  improper  things  without  his  permission. 
Wansleb  afterwards  assisted  Dr.  Castell  in 
the  completion  of  his  Lexicon  Heptaglot- 
ton,  and  then  was  employed  by  Ernest, 
duke  of  Saxe  Gotha,  to  travel  into  ^-Ethio- 
pia  to  propagate  the  Christian  religion.  He 
was  dissuaded  from  penetrating  to  -Ethio- 
pia by  the  patriarch  of  Alexandria,  and 
therefore,  after  visiting  Egypt,  he  returned 
to  Europe.  Afraid,  however,  of  appearing 
before  the  duke,  he  repaired  to  Rome  and 
Paris,  and  was  engaged  by  Colbert  to  go 
into  the  East  in  search  of  literary  curiosi- 
ties, and  he  enriched  the  French  king's  li- 
brary by  the  purchase  of  334  MSS.  His 
conduct,  however,  displeased  Colbert,  as  it 
had  displeased  the  duke  of  Saxe  Gotha,  and 
he  was  recalled  to  Paris  as  he  was  preparing 
to  go  to  /Ethiopia,  and  he  died  a  few  years 
after,  neglected  by  the  government,  which 
had  before  liberally  promised  him  protec- 
tion, June,  1679,  aged  44.  He  published 
some  Account  of  Egypt,  and  also  of  the 
Church  of  Alexandria. 

Wanton,  William,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  elected  in  1732,  and  conti- 
nued in  office  two  years.  He  had  previousl'' 

775 


WAR 


WAR 


been  one  of  the  assistants  of  the  colony, 
and  died  at  Newport,  May  9th,  1737,  aged 
57.  IQ^  L. 

Wanton,  John,  governor  of  Rhode  Is- 
land, was  several  years  an  assistant  and 
lieutenant-governor  previous  to  1734,  when 
he  succeeded  William  Wanton  as  governor. 
He  continued  in  office  until  1741. 

Wanton,  Gideon,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  elected  in  1745,  and  again  in 
1747.  He  had  previously  been  treasurer 
of  the  colony,  and  died  at  Newport,  Sep- 
tember 12th,  1767,  aged  74.        iCF'  L. 

Wanton,  Joseph,  governor  of  Rhode  Is- 
land, was  elected  in  1769,  and  continued  in 
office  until  1775,  when  he  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Cooke.  He  died  at  Newport,  July 
19th,  1780,  aged  75.  |C3^  L. 

Warburton,  William,  an  illustrious 
prelate,  born  at  Newark,  in  Nottingham- 
shire, 24th  Dec.  1698.  He  was  educated 
at  Okeham  school,  under  the  care  of  Mr. 
Weston,  and  was  brought  up  to  the  busi- 
ness of  his  father,  who  was  an  attorney  and 
town-clerk  of  the  town  of  Newark.  Though 
he  practised  for  some  years  as  an  attorney 
in  his  native  town,  it  is  believed  that  he 
had  little  business,  and  consequently  he 
applied  those  high  endowments  of  classical 
knowledge  which  he  had  industriously  ac- 
quired at  school,  to  pursuits  more  congenial 
to  his  taste  and  inclination.  In  1724  he 
published  miscellaneous  translations  in 
prose  and  verse  from  Roman  historians, 
&c.  and  three  years  after  his  Critical  and 
Philosophical  Inquiry  into  the  Causes  af 
Prodigies  and  Miracles  as  related  by  histo- 
rians appeared.  His  learning  and  abilities 
in  the  mean  time  recommended  him  to  the 
notice  of  Theobald,  Concanen,  and  other 
■wits,  and  by  the  friendship  of  Sir  Robert 
Sutton,  to  whom  he  had  dedicated  his  two 
works,  he  was  presented  to  the  living  of 
Burnt  Broughton,  worth  200Z.  a  year.  In 
1728  he  was  among  those  created  masters 
of  arts  in  consequence  of  the  king's  visit  to 
Cambridge,  and  he  deserved  the  honour  by 
bis  merit  and  his  learning.  In  1736,  he 
published  the  Alliance  between  Church  and 
State,  or  the  Necessity  and  Equity  of 
an  established  Religion  and  a  Test  Law, 
&c.  and  in  1738,  appeai'ed  his  Divine 
Legation  of  Moses,  demonstrated  on  the 
principles  of  a  religious  deist,  from  the 
omissions  of  the  doctrines  of  a  future  state 
of  rewards  and  punishments  in  the  Jewish 
dispensation,  in  six  books.  This  work 
drew  upon  him  a  host  of  literary  enemies, 
and  he  was  obliged  to  vindicate  himself 
against  their  objections  and  cavils.  In  1739 
he  defended  Pojie's  Essay  on  Man,  and  this 
ensured  him  the  friendship  and  attention  of 
this  celebrated  poet,  and  a  warm  recom- 
mendation to  the  learned  and  the  great,  and 
among  these  to  Mr.  Ralph  Allen,  of  Prior 
776 


park.  At  his  death  in  1744,  Pope  left  the 
publication  of  his  works  to  the  judgment  of 
his  friend,  a  bequest  worth  about  4000Z. 
At  that  time  Warburton  published  an  an- 
swer to  the  objections  raised  against  his 
Divine  Legation,  and  severely  directed  his 
censures  against  Drs.  Middleton,  Pococke, 
Richard  Grey,  and  others.  On  the  follow- 
ing year  he  cemented  his  intimacy  with 
Mr.  Allen,  by  marrying  his  niece,  Miss 
Tucker,  an  event  which  procured  to  him 
the  opulent  inheritance  of  that  gentleman's 
property,  and  paved  the  way  to  prefer- 
ment and  dignity.  Though  his  abilities 
were  now  universally  acknowledged  as  an 
able  divine,  and  a  zealous  advocate  in  fa- 
vour of  the  church  establishment,  he  yet 
recevied  no  reward  from  the  gratitude  of 
government.  In  1746,  however,  he  was 
unanimously  called  by  the  society  of  Lin- 
coln's inn  to  be  their  preacher  ;  in  1754  he 
was  made  king's  chaplain,  and  prebendary 
of  Durham,  and  also  honoured  with  the 
degree  of  D.D.  by  Herring  the  primate. 
In  1757  he  was  advanced  to  the  deanery  of 
Bristol,  and  two  years  after  his  services  to 
religion  and  literature  were  rewarded  by  his 
nomination  to  the  vacant  see  of  Glouces- 
ter. In  the  last  years  of  his  life  this  learn- 
ed prelate  sunk  into  deep  melancholy, 
which  was  aggravated  by  the  loss  of  his 
only  son,  a  promising  youth,  who  fell  a  vic- 
tim to  a  consumptive  disease.  He  died  in 
his  palace  at  Gloucester,  7th  June,  1779, 
aged  81,  and  was  buried  in  his  cathedral, 
where  a  neat  monument  records  his  vir- 
tues. His  wife  survived  him.  His  works 
are  very  numerous  and  highly  respectable. 
Besides  the  Divine  Legation,  which  he  cor- 
rected and  improved,  a  work  often  re- 
printed, in  3  vols.  8vo.  and  2  vols.  4to.  and 
the  works  already  mentioned,  he  published 
Julian,  or  a  Discourse  on  the  Earthquake 
and  Fiery  Eruptions  which  defeated  that 
Emperor's  Attempt  to  rebuild  the  Temple 
of  Jerusalem — sermons,  2  vols.  8vo. — a 
View  of  lord  Bolingbroke's  Philosophy — 
a  tract  on  the  Lord's  Supper — a  treatise 
against  the  Methodists  on  the  Doctrine  of 
Grace — an  edition  of  Shakspeare,  severely 
criticised  in  the  Canons  of  Criticism  bj  Ed- 
wards— Pope's  works,  9  vols.  8vo.  &c.  His 
works  have  appeared  together  in  6  vols. 
4to.  edited  by  his  friend  and  zealous  advo- 
cate bishop  Hurd,  with  an  account  of  his 
life.  Warburton  was  founder  in  1768  of  a 
lecture  at  Lincoln's  inn,  to  prove  the  truth 
of  revealed  religion  from  the  completion  of 
the  Scripture  prophecies.  The  character 
of  Warburton  is  summed  up  with  great  dis- 
crimination by  Dr.  Johnson.  He  was,  as 
he  observes,  a  man  of  vigorous  faculties,  a 
mind  fervid  and  vehement,  supplied  by  in- 
cessant and  unlimited  inquiry,  with  won- 
derful extent  and  variety  of  knowledge. 
To  every  work  he  brought  a  memory  fwH 


WAR 


v^Al{ 


iruught,  top:cthcr  ivith  a  (aiicy  IciLile  ol" 
original  combinations,  and  at  once  exerted 
tbe  powers  of  the  scholar,  the  rcasoner, 
and  the  wit.  His  abilities  gave  him  a 
haughty  consequence,  ivhich  he  disdained 
to  conceal  or  mollify  ;  and  his  impatience 
of  opposition  disposed  him  to  treat  his  ad- 
versaries with  such  contemptuous  superio- 
rity, as  made  his  readers  commonly  his 
enemies,  and  excited  against  the  advocate 
the  wishes  of  some  who  favoured  the  cause. 
He  seemed  to  have  adopted  the  Roman 
emperor's  maxim,  "  oderint  dum  metuant;" 
he  used  no  allurements  of  gentle  language, 
but  wished  to  compel  rather  than  to  per- 
suade. His  style  is  copious  without  selection, 
and  forcible  without  neatness  ;  he  took  the 
words  that  pi'esented  themselves  ;  his  dic- 
tion is  coarse  and  impure,  and  his  sen- 
tences are  unmeasured. 

Ward,  Samuel,  D.D.  scholar  of  Christ 
college,  fellow  of  Emanuel,  and  in  1G09 
master  of  Sidney,  Cambridge,  was  an  able 
disputant.  He  was  also  archdeacon  of 
Taunton,  and  Margaret  professor  of  di- 
vinity, and  so  well  known  as  a  divine,  that 
he  was  sent  to  the  synod  of  Dordt,  where 
he  relaxed  from  his  rigorous  attachment 
to  the  doctrines  of  Calvin.  He  suficred 
great  persecution  during  the  civil  war, 
and  was  not  only  expelled  from  his  oflices 
in  the  university,  but  treated  with  such 
harshness  and  severity,  that  he  died  in  con- 
sequence, 1643.  He  was  author  of  some 
theological  tracts,  and  many  of  his  letters 
appear  in  Usher's  collection,  folio. 

Ward,  Edward,  a  man  of  low  extraction 
in  the  17th  century,  known  as  the  uncouth 
imitator  of  Butler's  Hudibrastic  rhymes. 
He  wrote  the  Reformation,  a  burlesque 
poem — the  London  Spy — and  Don  Quixote 
in  Hudibrastic  verse.  He  was  in  his  prin- 
ciples a  great  Tory,  and  the  public-house 
which  he  kept  was  frequented  by  persons 
of  his  political  opinions. 

Ward,  Seth,  an  English  prelate,  well 
known  as  a  mathematician  and  astronomer. 
He  was  born  at  Buntingford,  Hertfordshire, 
1617,  and  after  studying  in  the  school  of 
his  native  town,  he  removed  in  1632  to 
Sydney  college,  Cambridge.  By  application 
and  good  conduct,  he  recommended  himself 
to  the  notice  of  the  master  of  the  college, 
who  though  not  a  relative,  was  of  his  own 
name,  and  he  was  elected  fellow  of  the 
society,  but  was  ejected  for  refusing  to  take 
the  covenant.  After  leaving  Cambridge, 
he  was  employed  as  tutor  in  various  re- 
spectable families,  and  on  the  expulsion  of 
Greaves  from  the  Savilian  professorship 
of  astronomy  at  Oxford,  he  was  appointed 
to  succeed  him,  and  entering  at  Wadham 
college,  he  took  the  requisite  oaths  in  1649. 
in  1654  he  had  a  dispute  with  Dr.  Wallis 
about  precedency  in  taking  their  degrees 
of  D.D.  and  three  years  after  he  was  chosen 

Vol.  if.  98 


pnri(:ii>al  of  .Jesus  coUckc,  but  was  disap- 
pointed by   tin;   nomiiialiuii   of  Howell  to 
that  oflicc  by  Croiiiu-.H.     I,,   i»;,VJ   he  was 
elected  president  of  Trinity  college;  but 
at  the  rcstorulion  he   resigned  it,  and    ob- 
.taincd  the  rectory  of  St.  Lawrence,  Jcwrj-, 
and    was   installed  into  the  precentorship 
of  Exeter  church,  which  a  few  years  before 
had  been  presented  to  him  by  the  exjiellcd 
bishop,     in  1661  he  was  made  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  dean  of  Exeter,  aiid  ihc 
next  year  bithop  of  that  see.       In   1667  he 
was  trauslatf'd  to  Salisbury,  and  1671,  ob- 
tained the  chanctlloibhip  of  the  garter,  an 
honour  which  he  had  the  interest  to  annex 
to  his  successors  in  the  see  of  Sarum.     He 
unfortunately,  in  the  last  years  of  his  life, 
wasdeprivcd'of  the  use  of  his  faculties,  and 
died  1689,  a  melancholy  instance  of  weak 
mortality.     In  his  character  he  was  a  pru- 
dent, pious,  and  ingenious  man,  admirably 
skilled  not  only  in  mathematics,  but  alsoiu 
all  kinds  of  polite  literature,   and  he  was, 
as  biohop  Burnet  has  observed,  one  of  the 
greatest  men  of  his  age.     He  was  aulhoi.- 
of  a  Philosophical  Essay  on  the  Being  and 
Attributes   of   a   God,   Sec.  ;     Exercitatio 
Epistolica  in  Hobbii   Philosophiam,   8vo.  ; 
Sermons  ;  a  Lecture  on  Comets  ;  an  Idea  of 
Trigonometry;  Geometrical  Astronomy, &.c. 
Ward,  John,  LL.D.  a  native  of  London, 
educated  at  Utrecht,  where  he  took  his  laAv 
degrees.     He  was  brought  up  for  the  mi- 
nistry among  the  dissenters,  but  obtained 
the  place  of  clerk  in  the  navy  office,  which 
he  afterwards  resigned,  and  kept  an  aca- 
demy in  Moorfields.    He  was  in  1720  elect- 
ed professor  of  rhetoric  at  Gresham  college, 
and  three  years  after  fellow  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  in  1752  one  of  its  vice-presi- 
dents.    He  was  in  1751  created  doctor  of 
laws  at  Edinburgh,  and  in  1753  elected  a 
trustee  of  the  British  museum,  and  he  died 
at  Grcsharn  college,  l7th   Oct.  1758,  aged 
80.      He  was  author  of  the   Lives  of  the 
Gresham  Professors,  2  vols,  folio — Disser- 
tations on  Diflicult  Passages  of  Scripture, 
8vo.  besides  editions  of  Lily's  Grammar,anil 
of  the  Westminster  Greek  Grammar,  and 
he  assisted  Horslcy  in  his  Britannia  Roma- 
na,  and  Ainsworth  in  his  Dictionary,  &.c. 

Ward,  Richard,  two  years  governor  of 
Rhode  Island,  succeeded  Mr.  Wanton  in 
1740.  He  had  previously  been  sccrctary 
of  the  colony  from  1714  to  1733,  and  de- 
puty governor.  His  ancestors,  one  of  whom 
was  an  officer  in  Cromwell's  army,  were 
among  the  first  and  mo^t  respectable  set- 
tlers of  Rhode  Island.  ICP"  L. 

Ward,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding,  a 
distinguished  scholar.  Some  few  of  his  ma- 
nuscripts are  still  preserved  among  the  mem- 
bers of  his  family,  and  many  of  his  classical 
books,fun  of  valuable  notes  in  his  own  hand- 
writing were  presented  by  him  to  the  Red- 
wood llbrarv.  where  part  of  them  still  rex. 

77? 


WAK 


VvAli 


main.     He  was  secretar}"^  of  Rhode  Island, 
from  1746  till  his  death,  in  Dec.  1760. 

[CTL. 

Ward,  Samuel,  brother  of  the  prece- 
ding, governor  of  Rhode  Island,  and  a  dis- 
tinguished patriot,  held  the  office  of  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  that  state, 
for  some  time.  He  was  chosen  governor  in 
1762,  1765,  and  1766.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution,  he  exerted  himself 
vigorously  in  the  cause  of  liberty  ;  and  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress  in  1774,  and 
held  a  seat  in  that  august  body  till  his  death 
by  the  smallpox  in  March,  1776.  |C3^  L. 

Ward,  Henry,  brother  of  the  preceding, 
was  a  member  of  the  congress  which  met  at 
New-York  in  1765.  He  succeeded  his  bro- 
ther Thomas  as  secretary  of  Rhode  Island. 
In  1775  governor  Wanton,  being  a  tory,  and 
having  refused  to  sign  the  commissions  for 
the  officers  of  the  Rhode  Island  brigade 
destined  for  the  siege  of  Boston,  Mr. 
Ward  assumed  that  responsibility  as  secre- 
tary. He,  with  his  brother  Samuel,  were 
the  principal  advocates  and  supporters  of 
the  revolution  in  that  state.  He  held  the 
office  of  secretary  till  his  death  in  Decem- 
ber, 1797.  It  may  be  worthy  of  remark, 
that  this  same  office  was  held  by  the  father 
and  two  of  his  sons  for  70  years  of  the  last 
century.  [CTL. 

Ward,  Artemas,  the  first  major-general 
in  the  army  of  the  American  revolution, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1748. 
He  served  in  the  army  during  the  French 
war,  and  held  a  seat  for  a  number  of  years 
in  the  house  of  representatives  and  council 
of  Massachusetts,  and  on  the  bench  of  the 
court  of  common  pleas  for  Worcester 
county.  He  was  chosen  a  member  of  con- 
gress in  1774,  and  in  1775  appointed  the 
first  major-general.  He  commanded  the 
right  wing  of  the  army  at  Roxbury  for  some 
time.  He  resigned  his  commission  in  1776, 
and  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  congress  both 
before  and  after  the  adoption  of  the  present 
constitution.  He  was  greatly  esteemed 
for  his  integrity,  independence,  and  fidelity. 
He  died  at  Shrewsbury,  in  1800.  ^Lr  L. 

Ward,  William,  English  missionary  at 
Serampore,  was  born  at  Derby,  October 
20th,  1769,  and  was  bred  a  printer.  He 
was  for  some  time  at  the  head  of  a  printing 
establishment  in  Hull,  but  in  May,  1799, 
embarked  with  several  others  for  India, 
and  established  a  press  at  Serampore,  for 
the  purpose  of  printing  the  Scriptures, 
where  with  the  exception  of  a  visit  to  Eng- 
land and  America,  for  the  purpose  of  col- 
lecting fundi  for  the  missionary  college  at 
Serampore,  he  continued  to  labour  with 
great  zeal  and  success,  both  in  his  depart- 
ment in  the  printing  establishment,  and  in 
his  pastoral  office  until  his  death,  March 
-Tth,  1823,  in  his  fifty-fourth  year.  0=  L. 

Ware,  Sir  James,  a  native  of  Dublin,  the 
778 


son  of  the  secretary  of  the  lord  deputies  o/ 
Ireland.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  col- 
lege, Dublin,  and  in  1629  he  was  knighted, 
and  three  years  after  he  was,  on  the  death 
of  his  father,  appointed  his  successor  as  au- 
ditor-general of  the  kingdom.  In  1639  he 
was  made  a  privy  counsellor  ;  but  during 
the  rebellion  he  was  a  great  sufferer  from 
the  violence  of  the  republicans.  He  came 
in  1644  as  deputy  from  lord  Ormond  to 
Charles  I.  at  Oxford,  but  was  taken  at  sea 
on  his  return,  and  sent  to  the  Tower. 
When  liberated,  he  returned  to  Dublin,  and 
after  the  surrender  of  that  city,  on  which 
occasion  he  was  delivered  as  an  hostage, 
he  was  permitted  to  go  to  France,  and  con- 
tinued at  Caen  and  Paris.  On  the  restora- 
tion he  recovered  his  places  of  auditor-ge- 
neral and  of  privy  counsellor,  and  died  at 
Dublin,  1st  Dec.  1666,  aged  62,  Hisworks 
are  chiefly  on  the  history  and  antiquities  of 
Ireland,  the  best  known  of  which  are,  dc 
Praesulibus  Hiberniae,  folio — the  Antiqui- 
ties of  Ireland,  folio,  &c.  His  valuable 
collection  of  MSS.  passed  into  the  hands 
of  lord  Clarendon,  and  afterwards  came 
into  the  possession  of  the  primate  Tenison, 

Wargentin,  Peter,  a  learned  Swede, 
born  22d  Sept.  1717.  He  became  knight 
of  the  order  of  the  Polar-star,  member  of 
the  various  learned  societies  of  Europe,, 
and  secretary  to  the  academy  at  Stock- 
holm, where  he  died  at  the  observatory^ 
13th  Dec.  1783.  He  published  tables  for 
computing  the  eclipses  of  Jupiter's  Satel- 
lites, a  valuable  work,  and  contributed  52 
memoirs  to  the  transactions  of  the  Stock- 
holm academy. 

Warham,  William,  a  native  of  Okeley 
in  Hampshire.  He  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester school  and  New  college,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  became  fellow,  1475.  In  148S 
he  practised  as  an  advocate  in  the  court  of 
Arches,  and  five  years  after  was  sent  as  am- 
bassador to  the  court  of  Burgundy,  to  soli- 
cit the  duke  not  to  support  the  imposture  of 
Warbeck,  and  he  conducted  himself  so 
much  to  the  king's  satisfaction,  that  he 
was  appointed  chancellor  of  Wells,  and 
master  of  the  rolls.  He  was  afterwards 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  lord  chancellor  and 
made  bishop  of  London,  and  in  1504  trans- 
lated to  Canterbury.  The  death  of  Henry 
VII.  greatly  altered  his  situation  in  the 
kingdom,  and  Wolsey  the  favourite  of  the 
new  king  was  raised  in  his  room  to  the  of- 
fice of  chancellor,  and  soon  after  acquired 
the  superiority  in  ecclesiastical  affairs,  by 
being  nominated  legate  a  latere  from  the 
pope.  Warham  remonstrated  in  vain 
against  the  pride  and  encroachments  of  his 
rival,  and  died  at  St.  Stephen's,  near  Can- 
terbury, after  filling  the  see  28  years,  and 
was  buried  in  his  cathedral  without  fune- 
ral pomp.  His  memory  is  entitled  to  re- 
spect,   not    only    from  his    munificence. 


WAR 


\\AIi 


piety,  and  moderation,  but  his  liberal  pa- 
tronage of  Erasmus  and  other  learned  men. 
Warin,  John,  a  native  of  Li('e,e,  famous 
as  an  engraver  and  sculptor.  His  abilities 
recommended  him  to  the  patronage  of 
Lewis  XIII.  who  appointed  him  inspector 
of  the  royal  mint,  and  engraver  general. 
He  engraved  the  seal  of  the  French  acade- 
my representing  Richelieu,  whifh  is  re- 
garded as  his  most  perfect  piece.  His 
two  busts  of  Lewis  XIV.  in  bronze,  and  of 
cardinal  Kichclieu  in  gold,  are  also  deser- 
vedly admired.  He  was  so  avaricious  in 
his  character,  that  he  compelled  his  daugh- 
ter to  marry  a  man  greatly  deformed  but 
very  rich,  and  this  had  such  an  effect  upon 
the  feelings  of  the  unfortunate  bride  that 
she  poisoned  herself  ten  days  after  her 
nuptials,  by  swallowing  sublimate  in  an 
egg.  He  was  poisoned  himself  at  Paris  by 
some  rival  artist,  1672. 

Waring,  Edward,  a  native  of  Shrop- 
shire, educated  at  Magdalen  college,  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  appointed  Lucasian  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  in  1760,  and  two 
years  after  published  his  valuable  book. 
Miscellanea  Analytica,  4to.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine 
1767,  and  died  1798.  He  was  author  be- 
sides of  Meditationes  Analytica;  ;  Pro- 
prietates  Algebraicarum  Curvarum,  besides 
communications  to  the  philosophical  trans- 
actions, &c. 

Warner,  Ferdinando,  LL.D.  vicar  of 
Roude,  Wilts,  rector  of  St.  Michael's, 
Queenhithe,  London,  and  of  Barnes,  Sur- 
rey, was  author  of  a  system  of  divinity  and 
morality,  on  the  most  important  points  of 
natural  and  revealed  religion,  &-c.  5  vols. 
12mo.  reprinted  in  4  vols.  8vo.  1756.  He 
published  besides  some  single  sermons  ; 
Life  of  sir  Thomas  More  ;  the  History  of 
Ireland,  1  vol.  4to.  ;  History  of  the  Rebel- 
lion and  Civil  War  in  Ireland,  4to ;  Bo- 
lingbroke,  or  a  Dialogue  on  the  Origin  and 
Authority  of  Revelation  ;  an  Account  of 
the  Gout,  &c.  This  laborious  author  died 
of  the  gout,  Oct.  3d  1768,  aged  68.  His 
son  John  was  educated  at  Cambridge, 
■where  he  took  his  degree  of  D.D.  1773. 
He  obtained  Hockliffe  and  Chalton  livings 
in  Bedfordshire  in  1771,  and  afterwards 
Stourton,  Wilts.  He  was  author  of  a 
learned  treatise  on  the  pronunciation  of 
Greek,  called  Metron  Ariston,  and  he  also 
translated  from  the  Spanish  the  life  of  Friar 
Gerund,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  He  was  for  some 
time  chaplain  to  the  English  embassy  at 
Paris,  and  died  1800. 

Warner,  Richard,  a  learned  botanist, 
educated  at  Wadham  college,  Oxford. 
Though  called  to  the  bar  he  never  follow- 
ed the  profession,  but  chiefly  passed  his 
time  at  his  seat  at  Woodford  Green,  Es- 
sex, employed  in  those  botanical  pursuits 
which  he  loved.     He  wrote  Plantae  Wood- 


lordiensos,  oracata!o;^ie  of  the  plants  m  bis 
neighbourhood,  8vo.  ;  Letter  to  Garrick  on 
a  Glossary  to  ShaLspc:u-c,  Hvo.  ;  Transla- 
tions of  some  of  I'l.iiitus's  Comediis,  itc. 
He  left  his  valuable  library  to  Wadham  col- 
lege, and  died  1775. 

Warren,  James,  who  acted  a  conspi- 
cuous  part  in  many  of  the  civil  transac- 
tions during  the  contests  of  the  American 
colonies  with  Great  Britrin,  wa^  born  at 
Plymouth  in  1726,  and  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1745.  He  employed  hiui- 
self  a  numl)er  of  years  in  merchandise. 
In  1757  he  was  appointed  high  sheriti,  and 
held  the  office  till  the  opening  of  the  war 
of  the  revolution.  He  took  a  decided  and 
bold  part  in  opposing  the  aggressions  of  the 
British  government.  In  1766  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  general  court,  and 
distinguished  himself  in  maintaining  the 
rights  of  the  colony.  In  1773  he  pro- 
posed the  establishment  of  committees  of 
correspondence,  which  were  instituted  and 
became  highly  useful.  After  the  death  of 
general  Warren  he  was  appointed  president 
of  the  provincial  congress,  and  in  1775, 
while  the  army  was  at  Cambridge,  was 
made  paymaster  general,  but  he  resigned 
the  office  on  its  removal  to  New-Vork. 
He  was  afterwards  appointed  a  major  ge- 
neral of  the  militia.  After  the  adoption  of 
the  constitution  of  Massachusetts,  he  was 
for  many  years  speaker  of  the  house  of  re- 
presentatives ;  and  held  a  seat  at  the  navy 
board.  He  was  solicited  to  accept  of  more 
important  offices,  but  preferred  retirement. 
In  1S04  he  was  chosen  elector  of  presi- 
dent.    He  died  at  Plymouth  in  1808. 

icj^-  L. 

Warren,  Joseph,  mnjor  general  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was  born 
in  Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  in  1740,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1759. 
He  studied  medicine,  and  settling  in  Bos- 
ton, rose  to  eminence  in  the  profession. 
He  distinguished  himself  at  an  early  pe- 
riod by  a  zealous  opposition  to  the  unjust 
measures  of  the  British  government  to- 
ward the  colonies.  He  was  bold,  ardent,, 
decisive,  circiunspect,  eloquent,  elegant 
in  his  manners,  and  accomplished  in  litera- 
ture, and  soon  rose  to  the  first  place  in  the 
esteem  and  confidence  of  his  fellow-citi- 
zens. He  was  a  principal  member  of  a 
secret  association  formed  in  Boston  in 
1768,  which  exerted  a  very  important  in- 
fluence, by  originating  plans  for  resisting 
the  designs  of  the  British  ministry,  de- 
signating individuals  for  office,  and  insti- 
tuting means  to  excite  the  people  to  the  de- 
fence of  their  rights.  He  delivered  two 
of  the  Boston  5th  of  March  orations,  so 
called,  the  last  under  extraordinary  cir- 
cumstances in  1775.  Boston  was  then  fill- 
ed with  British  troops  ;  the  office  of  giving 
the  pttblic  oratioa  was  considered  dangev- 

779-. 


WAR 


WAR 


eus.     He   presented  himself  for  the  pur- 
pose, and  his  oflcr  was  accepted.     On  the 
appointed  day  the  church  designated  was 
crowded  with  citizens,but  the  British  officers 
took  possession  of  the  aisles  and  stairs  lead- 
ing to  the  pulpit.    He  succeeded  in  entering 
by  a  window  ;  and  in  the  presence  of  this 
mixt  audience,  where   every   man's   heart 
was  on  fire,  and   every  hand  ready  to  he 
lifted :    with   absolute  self-command,    not 
intimidated   by  the   menacing    looks  and 
gestures  of  the  officers  surrounding  him, 
he  pronounced  a  most  animated  and  touch- 
ing declamation  on  the  injuries  done  the 
country  by  the   British   government,  and 
the  necessity  of  resisting  them  by  force  of 
arms.     It  was  he,  who,  on  the  evening  be- 
fore the  battle  of  Lexington,   obtained  in- 
telligence  of  the    intended   expedition  of 
the  British  to  Concord,  and  apprised  Han- 
cock and  Adams  of  it,  and  he  was  one  of 
the  most  active  in   the  battle  of  the  next 
day.     He  exerted  a  high  influence  in  pre- 
serving   order  among  the   troops    which 
soon  alter  assembled  at  Cambridge.     On 
the  departure  of  Hancock  to  the  congress 
at  Philadelphia,   he  Mas  chosen  president 
of  the  provincial  congress.     Four  days  be- 
fore the  battle  of  Bunker's  hill,  he  was  ap- 
pointed major  general,  and  on  the  day  of 
that  battle,  to  encoui-age  the  soldiers  with- 
in the  lines,  joined  them  as  a  volunteer, 
and  just  as  the  retreat  commenced,  was 
struck  by  a  ball,  and  died  in  the  trenches, 
aged  35.     He  was  the  first  person  of  rank 
■who  fell  in  the  war,  and  was  deeply  lament- 
ed.    In  1776  his   remains  were  removed 
from  the  battle  ground  and  interred  in  Bos- 
ton. fC3^  L. 

Warren,  Mercy,  was  the  wife  of  gene- 
ral James  W'^arren  of  Plymouth,  and  a 
daughter  of  the  honourable  James  Otis  of 
Barnstable,  Massachusetts.  Her  connex- 
ion with  these  distinguished  individuals  was 
the  means  of  introducing  her  to  extensive 
literary  acquaintance,  and  led  to  a  corres- 
pondence between  her  and  several  of  the 
leading  revolutionary  characters.  The  ad- 
vantages she  thus  enjoyed  led  her  to  write 
a  "  History  of  the  American  Revolution," 
which  was  published  in  3  volumes,  8vo. 
Boston,  1805.  She  also  published  "  The 
Adulator,"  and  "  The  Group,"  two  political 
pieces,  before  the  revolution,  and  a  volume 
of  poems,  containing  tragedies,  and  mis- 
cellanies. She  died  at  Plymouth,  October, 
,1814.  ^trF  L. 

Warren,  John,  M.D.  professor  of  ana- 
tomy and  surgery  in  Harvard  university, 
was  born  at  Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  July 
27th,  1753.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1771  ;  and  prepared  him- 
self for  his  profession  under  the  direction 
of  his  brother,  general  Joseph  "Warren, 
then  a  physician  of  Boston.  He  first  set- 
tled at  Salem,  and  when  the  revolutionarv 
7Si) 


army   was  organized,  had  an  appointment 
as  hospital  surgeon.     Two  years  after,  he 
was  appointed  to  superintend  the  hospital 
at  Boston,  which  was  from  that  time   the 
place  of  his  abode.     In  1780  he  commen- 
ced the  first  course  of  lectures  on  anatomy, 
which  were  given  in  New-England,  and  in 
1783  was  appointed  professor  on  the  foun- 
dation of  doctor  Hersey.     He  was  among 
the  original   members  of  the   medical  so- 
ciety  of  the   state,  and  several  years  its 
president.     He  was  also   president  of  the 
humane   society,  and  a  counsellor  of  the 
American  academy.     His  life  was  a  scene 
of  great  industry  and  professional  useful- 
ness.    He  early  attained,  and  through  life 
enjoyed  as  a  physician,  and   still   more  as 
an  anatomist,  a  very  high  reputation.     He 
died  April  4th,  1815.     His  chief  publica- 
tions were  a  dissertation  on  the  use  of  mer- 
cury in  febrile  complaints,  and  occasional 
essays  in  the  periodical  journals.  ICU^  L- 
Warren,  sir  John  Borlase,  baronet,  ad- 
miral in  the  British  navy,  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,  and  became  a  lieutenant  in  the 
navy  as  early  as  the  American  war.     He 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  captain  in 
1781,  vice  admual  in  1S05,  full  admiral  in 
1810,  and  was  commander-in-chief  of  the 
fleet  on  the  coast  of  North  America,  during 
the  last  war  with  the   United  States.     He 
was  som.e  time  in  early  life  a  member  of 
parliament,  and  ambassador  to  Russia  after 
the  truce  of  Amiens.     His  principal  naval 
battles    were  in   April,  1794,  in  October, 
1798,  and  in  March,  1806,  in  all  of  which 
he  defeated  the  French  fleets  opposed  to 
him,   and   captured  several  of  their  ves- 
sels.     He  died  February  27th,  1822. 

ICJ^  L. 
Warton,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Godel- 
min,  Surrey,  educated  at  Magdalen  col- 
lege, Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fellow. 
He  was  professor  of  poetry  at  Oxford  from 
1718  to  1728,  and  obtained  the  living  of 
Basingstoke,  Hants,  and  Cobham,  Surrey. 
He  died  1745,  and  two  years  after  appear- 
ed a  volume  of  his  poems,  8vo.  He  is  par- 
ticularly known  by  his  ingenious  epigram  on 
the  occasion  of  George  the  second  sending 
a  troop  of  horse  to  Oxford,  and  a  collec- 
tion of  books  to  Cambridge. 

W'arton,  Joseph,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  1722,  at  Dunsfold,  Surrey,  where 
his  mother's  father,  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Richardson,  was  rector.  He  received  his 
education  at  Winchester  school,  but  as  he 
was  superannuated  and  thus  disabled  from 
admittance  on  the  New  college  foundation, 
he  entered  at  Oriel  college,  Oxford.  In 
the  university  he  distinguished  himself  by 
his  application  and  regularity,  and  publish- 
ed there  his  Enthusiast,  his  Dying  Indian, 
and  a  satire  on  Ranelagh  house.  He  left. 
Oxford  after  taking  his  first  degree,  and 
Avas  created  M.A.  in  1757  by  diploma,  and 


WAK 


WAK 


in  1766  be  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of 
D.D.  In  1751  he  went  to  France  as  the 
rompanion  of  the  duke  of  Bolton,  to  whom 
lie  was  chaplain,  witli  the  intention,  it  is 
said,  of  marrying  him  at  Paris  on  the  ex- 
pected death  of  his  dutchess,  to  I'olly 
Peachum  of  licentious  memory,  but  he  re- 
turned to  England  soon  after,  and  thus  was 
prevented  from  solemnizing  the  nuptials  of 
his  amorous  patron.  He  obtained  from 
the  duke  Wynsladc  rectory  in  Hampshire, 
to  which  was  added  in  1755  Tunworth 
living.  In  1755  he  was  elected  to  the  se- 
cond mastership  of  Winchester  school,  and 
in  1766  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  this 
celebrated  foundation,  which  after  an  ho- 
noui'able  and  laborious  service  he  resigned 
in  1793.  In  1782  he  was  presented  to  a 
prebend  of  St.  Paul's  by  Lowth,  and  to  the 
living  of  Chorley,  Hertfordshire,  and  in 
1788  he  obtained  a  stall  in  VV' inchester  ca- 
thedral and  Easton  rectory,  w  hich  he  after- 
wards exchanged  for  Upham.  This  amia- 
ble and  deservedly  respected  character  died 
at  his  living  of  Wickham,  in  Hampshire, 
23d  Feb.  1800,  and  his  remains  were  de- 
posited in  Winchester  cathedral,  where 
the  gratitude  of  his  pupils  has  erected  a 
monument,  and  paid  a  due  and  becoming 
tribute  of  reverence  to  the  abilities,  the 
genius,  and  the  virtues  of  their  beloved 
instructer.  Dr.  W'arton  married  in  1748 
Miss  Daman,  who  died  1772,  and  the  year 
after  he  took  for  his  second  wife  Ivliss 
Nicholas.  His  elegant  and  interesting 
essay  on  the  genius  and  writings  of  Pope 
appeared  in  1756,  and  to  it  he  added  a  se- 
cond volume  in  1782.  He  projected  the 
history  of  the  revival  of  literature,  but  lit- 
tle progress  was  made  in  the  work.  In 
1797  he  published  his  edition  of  Pope's 
works,  and  soon  after  began  an  edition  of 
Dryden's  works  which  he  never  completed, 
though  the  first  2  vols,  were  published  with 
notes.  As  a  poet  his  character  is  very  re- 
spectable, but  his  merits  are  still  greater  as 
a  critic  and  commentator,  and  the  services 
which  he  has  rendered  to  the  public  as  an 
active,  vigilant,  and  enlightened  preceptor, 
have  deservedly  endeai'ed  him  in  the  es- 
teem and  the  affection  of  numerous  pupils, 
on  whose  minds  his  superior  abilities,  and 
his  sound  judgment,  deeply  imprinted  a 
lasting  taste  for  elegant  literature,  and  for 
all  the  beauties  of  poetical  composition. 
Memoirs  of  his  life  and  writings  have  been 
published  in  2  vols.  4to.  by  his  respectable 
pupil  Dr.  W'ooll. 

VVarton,  Thomas,  D.D.  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  172S,  and  educated 
at  W^inchester  school  and  Trinity  college, 
Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  fellowship  in 
1751.  He  had  already  distinguished  him- 
self by  the  publication  of  five  pastoral  ec- 
logues, when  on  the  appearance  of  Isis,  a 
poem  by  Mason,    he   was   encouraged  by 


Dr.  Huddersford,  the  head  of  hia  college, 
to  stand  forth  the  champion  of  the  univer- 
sity,   a  nd    Ik;    hoon     after    produced    the 
Tnuniph    of  Isi.s,    a  poem  of  great  merit, 
which  rivalled  the  elegance  and  the  popu- 
larity   of  the   Cantabrigiitn  bard.      In  1753 
he  pul)lished  his  ObserNalion-*  on  Spenaer'M 
Fairy    Uueen,  and  the    following   year  be 
was  particularly  honoured  witli  the   notice 
of  Dr.  .Johnson  in   his  visit  to  the  univer- 
sity.    In  1756  he  was  elected  professor  of 
poetry  for  ten  years,  and  in  his  lectures  he 
evinced  his  abilities  as  a  polished  scholar, 
and    an    acute    critic.      'i'he    Anthologia 
Graeca  by  Cephala,  was  edited   by  hiiu  in 
1766,  and  four  years  after  his  Theocritus 
issued  from  the  press  in    2  vols.  4to.  with 
valuable  notes.     He  was  admitted  into  the 
antiquarian    society  in    1771,  and  in   that 
year  obtained  from  lord  Lichfield  the  small 
living  of  Kiddington,    Oxfordshire.     The 
life  of  sir  Thomas  Pope,  the  founder  of  his 
college  appeared  in   1771,  and  in  1774  his 
first    volume    of   the    history    of   English 
Poetry,  and  the  second,   which  brings  the 
account  down  to   the    accession  of  Eliza- 
beth, four  years  after.     Though  in  some 
respects  a  tedious  performance   from  the 
long  quotations   of  obsolete  passages,   the 
whole  is  a  valuable  acquisition    to  British 
literature,  and  the  records  of  our  more  an- 
cient poets  are  presented  to  view  in  a  pleas- 
ing and  interesting  form,  whilst  the  genius 
of  the  author  enriches  and  diversifies  the 
dry    narrative    with  acute    remarks,  judi- 
cious explanations,  and  appropriate  anec- 
dotes.    The  death  of  Whitehead  in  1785, 
made  room  for   his   appointment   to    the 
iaureatcship,   and    at   the   same   time    he 
was  chosen   Camden  professor  of  history. 
His  last  publication  was   Milton's  smaller 
poems,  elucidated  with  curious  notes,  illus- 
trative of  the  allusions  and  beauties  of  the 
great  poet.     Blessed  with  an  uninterrupted 
flow  of  health,   and   in  the   possession  of 
comfort  and  independence  in  the  midst  of 
the    enlightened   society   of   his    college, 
Warton  knew  little  of  the  concerns  or  ca- 
lamities of  life,  till  in  his  62d  year  he  felt 
a  serious   attack  of  the  gout.     A  journey 
to    Bath    removed   the   troublesome   com- 
plaint, and  he  promised  himself  more  years 
of  health  and  of  intellectual    enjoyments, 
when  after  spending  a  cheerful  day  in   the 
common-room  of  his  college,  he  was  seized 
with  a  paralytic  stroke,  20th   May,  1790, 
vvliich  terminatcil  his  existence  on  the  fol- 
lowing day.     He  was  buried  with  academi- 
cal honours   in  the  college   chapel,  and   a 
short   inscription  on  the  pavement  marks 
the  spot  where  his  remains  were  deposited. 
In  his  character,  Warton  was   all'able   and 
easy,   his  conversation  was   full  of  anec- 
dotes,  and   he  aspired  to   the  name    of  a 
ready  and   frequent  punster.     As   a   critic 
he  displayed  great  judgment,  elegant  taste, 

7«1 


WAU 


WAS 


and  strong  discriminating  powers,  and  as  a 
poet  he  is  entitled  to  no  mean  praise.  In 
his  imagery  he  is  bold,  clear,  and  lively,  he 
paints  with  correctness,  and  in  his  descrip- 
tions of  rural  scenes  he  is  singularly  hap- 
py, rich,  and  interesting.  The  best  of  his 
poems  are,  the  Progress  of  Discontent — 
the  Suicide — and  the  ode  on  the  king  going 
to  Cheltenham  ;  and  among  the  various 
subjects  which  he  has  attempted  it  is  re- 
markable that  he  never  sung  of  love.  He 
has,  as  one  of  his  biographers  observes, 
visited  many  a  Grecian  isle,  but  he  never 
touched  at  Paphos.  His  Mons  Catharinae 
is  also  an  elegant  Latin  poem ;  but  the 
chief  work  on  which  his  fame  is  built,  is 
his  History  of  Poetry,  of  which  a  third 
volume,  collected  from  his  papers,  has  ap- 
peared. 

WarwicKj  sir  Philip,  an  eminent  wri- 
ter, born  in  St.  Margaret's  parish,  West- 
minister, 1608.  He  was  educated  at  Eton, 
and  after  travelling  over  France,  and  visit- 
ing Geneva  he  returned  to  England,  and 
became  secretary  to  Juxon,  the  treasurer 
and  clerk  to  the  signet.  He  was  also  in 
parliament,  and  opposed  the  impeachment 
of  Strafford,  but  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
civil  war  he  retired  to  Oxford  with  the 
king,  whose  confidence  he  much  enjoyed. 
He  was  in  1646  one  of  the  royal  commis- 
sioners empowered  to  treat  with  the  par- 
liament, and  the  next  year  he  attended  his 
master  in  the  isle  of  Wight  as  his  secre- 
tary. At  the  restoration  he  was  returned 
member  for  Westminster,  and  was  knight- 
ed and  replaced  in  his  situation  of  clerk  to 
the  signet.  He  died  15th  Jan.  1682,  and 
was  buried  in  Chiselhurst  in  Kent,  where 
he  had  purchased  an  estate.  His  chief 
work  is,  Memoirs  of  the  reign  of  Charles 
I.  continued  to  the  restoration,  8vo.  1701, 
a  work  of  great  merit,  candour,  and  inte- 
grity. He  wrote  besides  discourses  on  go- 
vernment, &c. 

Waser,  I.  H.  an  ecclesiastic  of  Zurich, 
known  for  his  writings,  and  chiefly  for  his 
sufferings.  He  inserted  in  a  German  jour- 
nal, some  severe  animadversions  on  the 
administration  of  public  affairs  in  Zurich, 
for  which  he  was  arrested  by  the  magis- 
trates, and  condemned  to  death.  He  was 
beheaded  27th  June,  1780. 

Waser,  Anna,  daughter  of  a  senator  at 
Zurich,  excelled  as  a  painter  in  oil,  and 
particularly  in  miniatures.  She  died  1713, 
aged  34. 

Washington,  George,  the  illustrious 
founder  of  American  independence,  was 
born  1732,  in  the  county  of  Fairfax  in  Vir- 
ginia, where  his  father,  Augustus  Washing- 
ton, was  possessed  of  great  landed  property. 
He  was  descended  from  an  English  family, 
which  emigrated  from  Cheshire,  about  the 
year  1630  for  a  settlement  in  Virginia.  He 
was  educated  under  the  care  of  a  private 
7?2 


tutor,  and  after  making  rapid  progress  in 
mathematics  and  engineering,  he  embraced 
the  military  profession.  His  abilities  were 
first  employed  by  general  Dinwiddle  in 
1753,  in  making  remonstrances  to  the 
French  commander  on  the  Ohio,  for  the 
infraction  of  the  treaty  between  the  two 
nations,  and  he  afterwards  negotiated  a 
treaty  of  amity  with  the  Indians  on  the 
back  settlements,  and  for  his  honourable 
services  deceived  the  thanks  of  the  British 
government.  In  the  unfortunate  expedi- 
tion of  general  Braddock  he  served  as  his 
aid-de-canip,  and  when  that  brave  but  rash 
commander  fell  in  an  ambush,  he  displayed 
great  military  talents  in  conducting  the 
retreat  to  the  corps  under  colonel  Dunbar, 
and  in  the  saving  the  remains  of  the  army, 
from  a  dangerous  and  untenable  position. 
He  retired  from  the  service  with  the  rank 
of  colonel,  but  while  engaged  in  the  peace- 
ful employments  of  an  agriculturist  at  his 
favourite  seat  of  Mount  Vernon,  he  did  not 
refuse  the  civil  offices  of  his  country,  but 
appeared  as  a  senator  in  the  national  coun- 
cil for  Frederic  county,  and  afterwards  for 
Fairfax.  In  the  unhappy  quarrel  which 
separated  the  American  colonies  from  the 
mother  country,  be  was  early  selected  by 
the  leaders  of  the  insurrection,  as  a  proper 
person  to  command  the  provincial  troops, 
to  inspire  them  with  confidence,  and  to 
unite  under  his  standard  their  wavering 
and  undisciplined  ranks.  From  the  mo- 
ment when  he  took  upon  himself  the  im- 
portant office  of  commander-in-chief,  at 
Cambridge,  June  1775,  he  employed  the 
great  powers  of  his  mind  to  his  favourite 
object,  and  by  his  prudence,  his  valour,  and 
his  presence  of  mind  he  deserved  and  ob- 
tained the  confidence  and  the  gratitude  of 
his  country,  and  finally  triumphed  over  all 
opposition.  Distinguished  by  the  name  of 
the  American  Fabius,  he  shoxved  himself 
master  of  the  knowledge  of  military  strata- 
gems, and  while  some  presumed  to  blame 
his  precautions  as  cowardice,  he  proved 
that  he  could  fight,  whenever  he  calculated 
upon  the  prospect  of  decisive  advantages, 
or  certain  victory.  A  more  rash  general 
might  have  endangered  the  safety  of  his 
country,  by  venturing  to  face  openly  the 
disciplined  troops  of  England  in  the  field, 
but  the  sagacious  general  knew  that  cau- 
tious operations,  and  vigilant  delay  would 
prove,  without  loss  to  himself,  more  deci- 
sive than  the  most  brilliant  victory  over  an 
enemy,  whose  resources  were  supplied  with 
difficulty  from  the  distant  shores  of  Europe. 
After  seeing  the  independence  of  his  coun- 
try established  in  the  treaty  of  peace  of 
1783,  the  heroic  chief  resigned  his  high 
office  of  commander  to  the  congress,  and 
in  the  midst  of  the  applauses,  the  admira- 
tion, and  the  tears  of  his  fellow-citizens, 
he  retired  to  the  obscurity  of  a  private 


"VVAS 


WAS 


jitalion.     With  becoming  firmness  he  de- 
clined the  honours  oll'ercd  to  his  active  ad- 
ministration, by  the  gratitude  of  America, 
he  defrayed  all  bis  military  expenses,  du- 
ring the  long  period  of  the  eight  years   of 
the   war,   and    modestly   declared    himself 
satisfied  with  the  recollection  of  the  services 
■which  he  had  performed,  and  with  the  good 
opinion   of  his   fellow-citizens.     Such  pa- 
triotism naturally  pointed  him  out  for  the 
highest  offices  of  the  state,  and  in  1789  he 
was  called  to  fill  the  dignity  of  president, 
for  which  his  wisdom  and  moderation  so 
fully   qualified   him.  •  It   was  a   period  of 
great    difficulty,    the    unsubdued   spirit   of 
liberty  in  America  was  again  kindled  into 
a   flame   by   the    revolutionary   events   of 
France,  and  not  a   few  of  the  Americans 
sighed  at  home  for  that  freedom  and  equali- 
ty, which  seemed  to  promise  more  exten- 
sive happiness,  and   more  lasting  blessings 
to  the  renovated  subjects  of  Lewis  XV  I. 
Washington  foresaw  and   anticipated    the 
plans  of  the  factious,  the  prudence  and  firm 
moderation  of  his  administration  checked 
insurrection,  discontent  was  silenced,  and 
the  people  of  the  Alleghany  and  Washington 
counties,  which  the  intrigues  of  Genet  the 
French  envoy  had  roused  to  rebellion,  were 
convinced  of  the  wildness  of  their  measures, 
and  of  the  wisdom  of  their  governor.    The 
virtuous  president  completed  in   1798  the 
business  of  his  temporary  office  by  signing  a 
commercial  treaty  with  Great  Britain,  and 
then  resigned  his  power,  at  a  moment  when 
all  hearts  and  all  hands  were  united  again 
to  confer  upon  him,  agreeable  to  the  gene- 
ral wish,   the   sovereignty  of  the  country. 
Restored   to  the    peaceful    retirement    of 
Mount  Vernon  he  devoted  himself  to  the 
cultivation  of  his  lands,  and  though  he  ac- 
cepted the  command  of  the  army  in   1798, 
it  was  more  to  unite  together  the  affections 
of  his  fellow-citizens,  to  one  general  point, 
the  good  of  the  country,  than  to  gratify  any 
desires  of  ambition  or  of  pride.    This  great 
man  expired  at  his  seat,  rather  unexpect- 
edly,  after  a  few  days'  illness,  14th  Dec. 
1799.     He  was  buried  with  due  national 
honours,  America,   in  a  public   mourning, 
deplored  in  him  the  loss  of  her  father  and 
of  her  friend,  and  a   new  city  was  erected 
on  the  borders  of  the  Potomack,  which,  in 
becoming  the  capital  of  the  United  States, 
records  to  distant   times,    in   bearing   his 
name,  the  services,  the  patriotism,  and  the 
glories  of  her  great  and  illustrious  founder. 
Wisdom,  says  a  contemporary  writer,  was 
the   predominant  feature  in  the  character 
of  Washington,  in  his  military  and  political 
career.       His   patience,  his    forbeai'ance, 
bis  firmness,  in  adverse  as  well  as  in  prosper- 
ous events  proved  of  more  solid  advantage 
to    his  country  than  his  bravery  and  his 
talent?..    Though  perhaps  inferior  to  other 
^'eat  characters  in  the  extent  of  hrs  ideas, 


and  the  boldness  of  his  plans,  ho  hurpasgcd 
ihem    iar    in    wisdom,    in    moderation,    in 
integrity.     The   history  of  his   life,    is  the 
history    of    American    independence,     and 
though  there  may  be  in   America  nu  n  who 
decry    his   services,    while    they   forg«  t    his 
noble  disinterested  resignation  of  sovereign 
authority,  it  is  much  to  be  feared  that  many 
generations  shall   not  elapse,  before  some 
equally  fortunate,  but  more  ambitious  chief, 
may  boldly  seize  the  reigns  of  absolute  do- 
minion,   and   establish   a   usurped     power, 
over  the  rights,  the  fortunes,  and  the  liber- 
ties of  his   bleeding,  but  enslaved  country. 
A   copious   account  of   his   life   has   lately 
been  published  by  judge  Marshall,  in  five 
large  vols.  8vo.  collected  from   the  private 
papers  of  his  family,  and  from   the  public 

records  of  the  state. 

General  Washington  joined  the  army  at 
Cambridge,  July  2d,  1775.  The  British 
having  evacuated  Boston  on  the  17th  of 
March,  1776,  he  proceeded  to  New- York  in 
April.  The  battle  of  Long  Island  was 
fought  on  the  27th  of  August,  he  evacuated 
New-York  on  the  15th  of  September,  and 
fought  the  battle  of  White-plains  on  the 
28th  of  October.  He  passed  into  New- 
Jersey  in  November,  and  into  Pennsylvania 
in  December.  He  recrossed  the  Delaware 
the  25th  of  December,  and  on  the  2Gth 
captured  a  body  of  Hessians  at  Trenton, 
and  soon  gained  a  victory  over  another 
British  detachment  at  Princeton.  He 
fought  the  Battle  of  Brandywine  September 
11th,  1777,  that  of  Germantown  on  the  4th 
of  October  following,  and  that  of  Monmouth 
February  28th,  1778.  He  continued  during 
the  years  1779  and  1780,  in  the  vicinity  of 
New- York,  and  closed  the  important  mili- 
tary operations  of  the  war  by  the  capture 
of  Cornwallis,  at  Yorktown,  October  19th, 
1781.  The  cessation  of  hostilities  was 
proclaimed  in  the  American  camp  on  the 
19th  of  April,  1783,  and  the  British  evacua- 
ted New-York  on  the  25th  of  the  following 
November,  when  he  entered  the  city,  and 
bidding  farewell  to  the  army,  proceeded  to 
Annapolis,  and  resigned  his  commission  oii 
the  3d  of  December.  ?CIr^  L. 

Washington,  William,  colonel  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was  a 
native  of  Stafford  county,  Virginia,  and 
descended  from  the  same  ancestors  as 
general  Washington.  He  entered  the  army 
as  a  captain  under  general  Mercer,  and  was 
at  the  battle  on  Long  Island,  and  at  Tren- 
ton, in  the  latter  of  which  he  particularly 
distinguished  himself.  He  was  soon  after 
appointed  major,  and  served  in  tlie  northern 
and  midtlle  states  until  1780,  when  he  was 
advanced  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel, 
and  joined  the  army  under  general  Lincoln. 
In  the  battle  at  the  Cowpens  he  had  com- 
mand of  the  cavalry,  and  contributed 
gi-eatly  to  th-e  vietorv.     His  intrepidity  ott 

7S" 


WAT 


WAT 


that  occasion  was  rewarded  by  the  gift  of  a 
sword  by  congress.  In  the  battle  of  Eutaw 
Springs,  he  was  wounded  and  taken  pri- 
soner. After  the  war  terminated,  he  set- 
tled at  Sandy  Hill,  South  Carolina.  In 
1798  General  Washington  selected  him  as 
one  of  his  staff,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier- 
general.  He  died  March  6th,  1810.  He 
was  dignified  in  person,  eminently  enter- 
prising and  intrepid  as  a  soldier,  and  in  pri- 
vate life  amiable  and  unassuming. 

il3=^  L. 

Wasse,  Christopher,  author  of  a  transla- 
tion of  Grotius's  catechism  into  Greek 
verse,  and  of  Gratius's  Cynegeticon  into 
English,  was  for  some  time  fellow  of  King's 
college,  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  supe- 
rior beadle  in  law  at  Oxford.  He  died 
1690. 

Watelet,  Claude  Henry,  receiver  ge- 
neral of  finance,  member  of  the  French  aca- 
demy, and  of  several  foreign  learned  so- 
cieties, paid  much  attention  to  literature, 
and  travelled  to  Italy,  and  the  low  coun- 
tries, to  improve  himself.  He  died  poor 
13th  Jan.  1786,  aged  68.  He  is  author  of 
a  poem  on  the  art  of  painting,  in  4to.  and 
Svo. — and  of  some  comedies — operas — and 
a  prose  poem  from  the  Aminta  of  Tasso — 
a  Dictionary  of  Painting,  Sculpture,  and 
Engraving.  His  Opuscula  were  published 
together  1788. 

Waterland,  Daniel,  an  English  divine, 
born  1683  at  Wasely,  Lincolnshire,  where 
his  father  was  rector,  and  educated  at  Lin- 
coln school,  and  Magdalen  college,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  became  fellow,  and  in 
1713  master.  He  became  successively  rec- 
tor of  Ellingham,  Norfolk,  chaplain  to  the 
king,  rector  of  St.  Austin,  and  of  St.  Faith, 
London,  chancellor  of  York,  archdeacon  of 
Middlesex,  canon  of  Windsor,  and  vicar 
of  Twickenham.  He  died  1 740,  and  was 
buried  at  Windsor.  He  was  author  of  ser- 
mons preached  at  lady  Moyer's  lecture,  of 
which  he  was  the  first  preacher — treatise 
on  the  Eucharist — history  of  the  Athana- 
sian  creed — a  vindication  of  the  Trinity 
against  Dr.  Samuel  Clarke,  with  whom  he 
was  engaged  in  a  long  and  acrimonious  con- 
troversy— and  other  theological  works. 

Waterloo, Anthony,  a  native  of  Utrecht, 
distinguished  as  a  painter  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury— His  pictures  are  scarce,  but  bear  a 
very  great  price. 

Watrin,  Henriette,  Helen,  and  Agatha, 
three  sisters  at  Verdun,  who  were  accused 
of  having  strewed  flowers  in  the  way  of  the 
king  of  Prussia,  when  he  entered  their  town. 
Tinville,  the  public  accuser  of  the  revolu- 
tionary tribunal,  recommended  to  them  to 
deny  the  charge,  but  they  refused  to  pur- 
chase their  liberty  by  a  falsehood,  and  pe- 
rished on  the  scaffold  in  1793,  pitied  by 
thousands. 

Wats,  Gilbert,  D.D.  a  native  of  York- 
78.4 


shire,  educated  at  Lincoln  college,  Oxford^ 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship.  He  trans- 
lated into  English,  Davila's  History  of  the 
Civil  wars,  and  lord  Bacon's  treatise  de 
Augmentis  Scientiarum,  fol.  and  died  1657, 

Watson,  John,  a  native  of  Rengworth, 
Worcestershire,  educated  at  All  Souls  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  studied  medicine,  but 
under  Elizabeth  he  took  orders,  and  rose  in 
1572  to  the  deanery,  and  eight  years  after 
to  the  bishopric  of  Winchester.  He  wrote 
among  other  things  a  Latin  tragedy  called 
Absalom,  and  died  1589. 

Watson,  Thomas, 'M. A.  minister  of  St, 
Stephen,  Walbrook,  was  educated  at  Ema- 
nuel college,  Cambridge,  and  lost  his  pre- 
ferment, for  nonconformity,  at  the  resto- 
ration. He  wrote  the  body  of  Divinity,  a 
course  of  sermons  on  the  assembly's  cate- 
chism, fol.  and  some  other  theological 
works,  and  died  1673. 

Watson,  James,  a  native  of  Aberdeen, 
brought  up  to  the  printing  business  under 
his  father.  In  1711  he  obtained  a  patent 
from  queen  Anne,  with  Mr.  Freebairn,  and 
then  published  several  valuable  works.  He 
printed  in  an  elegant  manner  a  Bible  in  Svo. 
1722,  and  in  4to.  1726,  and  another  in  very 
small  size,  and  of  great  beauty.  He  died 
at  Edinburgh,  1728. 

Watson,  David,  M.A.  a  native  of  Bre- 
chin, in  Scotland,  educated  at  St.  Leonard's 
and  St.  Andrew's,  where  he  became  profes- 
sor of  philosophy.  On  the  union  of  his  col- 
lege with  St.  Salvador's  in  1747,  he  retired 
to  London,  where  he  published  his  prose 
translation  of  Horace,  2  vols,  with  notes,  a 
popular  work.  His  manner  of  life  was 
very  irregular,  and  brought  him  into  many 
difficulties,  and  he  at  last  sunk  a  victim  to 
his  licentious  pursuits,  and  was  buried  at 
the  expense  of  the  parish  1756.  He  pub- 
lished also  the  history  of  the  heathen  Gods 
and  Goddesses. 

Watson,  Robert,  a  native  of  St.  An- 
drew's, educated  in  his  native  town,  from 
which  he  passed  to  Glasgow,  and  to  Edin- 
burgh. He  took  his  degree  of  doctor  of 
laws,  and  became  professor  of  logic,  rhe- 
toric, and  belles  lettres  at  St.  Andrews, 
and  afterwards  principal  of  the  college. 
He  died  1730,  and  three  years  after  his 
death,  appeared  his  History  of  the  Reign 
of  Philip  III.  of  Spain,  in  1  vol.  4to.  and  in 
2  vols.  8vo. 

Watson,  John,  a  divine  born  26th 
March,  1724,  at  Lyme-cum-Hanley,  in 
Prestbury  parish,  Cheshire.  From  Man- 
chester school  he  came  to  Brazen-nose 
college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became  fel- 
low, and  afterwards  he  obtained  the  living 
of  Meningsby,  Licolnshire,  which  he  re- 
signed, in  1769,  for  the  valuable  rectory  of 
Stockport,  Cheshire.  He  devoted  himself 
to  the  compilation  of  the  History  of  Hali- 
fax, which    appeared  in  1775,  and   dietl 


WA'I" 


\\  \  I 


March  14th,  1783.  He  wrote  bcsules  a 
History  of  the  ancient  carls  of  Warren, 
and  Surrey,  to  prove  the  claim  of  his  pa- 
tron, sir  George  Warren,  to  these  ancient 
titles. 

Watson,  Henry,  a  native  of  London, 
eminent  as  a  lecturer  in  anatomy,  and  as 
the  author  of  an  Account  of  the  Absorbents 
of  the  Urinary  Bladder,  was  elected,  in 
1761,  surgeon  of  Westminster  hospital,  and 
died  1793,  aged  91.  He  contributed  besides 
some  papers  to  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions. 

Watson,  sir  William,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, educated  at  Merchant  Tailors'.     He 
applied  himself  to  the  medical  profession, 
and  in  1741  was  made  member  of  the  Royal 
Society.     He   was  complimented  in  1757 
"ivith  the  degree  of  M.  D.  by  the  universi- 
ties of  Hasle,  and  Wittemberg,  and  in  1762 
he  became  physician  to  the  Foundling  hos- 
pital.    He  was  made  member  of  the  col- 
lege of  physicians  in  1784,  and  two  years 
after  knighted  by  the  king.     He  wrote  va- 
rious  tracts  on  electricity,  collected  into 
one  vol.  8vo.  and  as  he  had  paid  particular 
attention  to  that  branch  of  philosophy,  and 
contributed  some  curious   experiments  to 
the  Royal  Society,  in  1744  he  was  honour- 
ed with  the  Copley  medal  from  that  learned 
body.   He  died  universally  respected,  1787. 
Watson,  Richard,  a  celebrated  prelate, 
was  born  in  1737,  at  Heversham,  in  W^est- 
moreland,  where  he  was  educated  under 
his  father,  who  was  master  of  the  gram- 
mar-school at  that  place.    In  1754,  he  be- 
same  a  sizar  in  Trinity  college,  Cambridge, 
where,  in  1760,  he  was  elected  fellow.     In 
1764  he  was  chosen  to  the  chymical  pro- 
fessorship^  and  in  1771  he  succeeded  to 
that  of  divinity.     In  1776  he  printed  "  An 
Apology  for   Christianity,"    addressed    to 
Gibbon,  with  whom  he  held  a  friendly  cor- 
respondence.   In  1782  he  was  advanced  to 
the  bishopric  of  Llandaff,  with  permission 
to  hold  the  archdeaconry  of  Ely,  his  pro- 
fessorship, and  other  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ments.    On  this  promotion,  he  published 
a  letter  to  the   archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
containing  a  plan  for  equalizing  church  re- 
venues.    In  1785  he  printed  six  volumes 
of  "  Theological   Tracts,"  selected  from 
various  authors,   for  the  use  of  students. 
The  year  following,  Mr.  Luther,  of  Ongar, 
in    Essex,    though  noway    related  to   the 
bishop,  left  him  an  estate  worth   twenty- 
four   thousand  pounds,  which  he  sold  to 
lord  Egremont.    During  the  king's  illness, 
in  1788,  Dr.  Shipley,  of  St.  Asaph,  died,  on 
tvhich  bishop  Watson  made  a  speech  in  the 
house  of  lords,  advocating  the  right  of  the 
prince  of  Wales  to  the  regency  ;  and  it  was 
expected  that  his  lordship's  translation  to 
the  vacant  see  would  have  followed  ;  but 
the  king  recovered,  and  the  bishop   was 
disappointed.     In   1796   he   published  an 
Vol.  II,  99 


Answer  lo  I'aine's  Age  of  licujfrjn,  m  a  vo- 
lume called  "  An  Apology  for  the  Bible," 
which  passed  through  nmny  editions.  In 
1798  he  printed  "  an  Address  to  the  Peo- 
ple of  Great  Britain,"  recommending  large 
sacrifices  to  repel  the  French,  for  which 
he  was  attacked  by  (Gilbert  Wakefield.  The 
bishop  died  at  Calgarth-park,  in  W  cstmore- 
land,  July  J,  181(;.  Besides  the  works  al- 
ready mentioned,  he  published  five  volumes 
of  Chymical  Essays,  several  sermons, 
chaises,  and  tracts.  After  his  death  ap- 
peared the  Memoirs  of  his  Life,  written  by 
himself.— I^.  /;. 

Watt,  James,  an  engineer,  was  the  son 
of  a  tradesman  at  Greenock,  and  born 
there,  in  1736.  He  became  a  mathemati- 
cal instrument  maker,  and  in  1757  was  ap- 
pointed in  that  capacity  to  the  university 
of  Glasgow,  with  apartments  in  the  college, 
where  he  resided  till  1763,  when  he  mar 
ried  and  established  himself  in  that  city. 
About  a  year  after  this,  he  made  his  famou- 
improvement  of  the  steam-engine,  and  from 
this  time  entered  almost  wholly  jipon  the 
business  of  civil  engineer,  particularly  in 
planning  and  surveying  canals,  to  aid  him 
in  which  he  invented  a  new  micrometer 
and  machine  for  drawing  in  perspective. 
In  1774  he  removed  from  Glasgow  to  Soho, 
near  Birmingham,  where  he  entered  into 
partnership  with  Mr.  Boulton  in  the  busi- 
ness of  constructing  steam  engines,  which 
they  carried  to  the  height  of  perfection. 
Mr.  Watt  also  invented  a  method  of  copy- 
ing writings  by  a  simple  machine.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  royal  societies  of  London 
and  Edinburgh  ;  and  in  1306  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  laws  was  conferred  on  him  by  the 
university  of  Glasgow.  He  died  Aug.  25, 
1819.— FT.  B. 

Watteait,  Anthony,  a  native  of  Valen- 
ciennes, of  obscure  origin.  Self-instructed, 
he  gradually  rose  to  eminence,  and  after 
visiting  Italy,  and  stydying  the  beauties  of 
Rubens,  and  other  illustrious  artists,  he 
was  admitted  member  of  the  French  acade- 
my of  painting,  and  obtained  a  pension 
from  the  king.  He  afterwards  visited  Eng- 
land, which  he  was  obliged  to  quit  on  ac- 
count of  the  ill  state  of  his  health.  He  die4 
soon  after  at  Nogent  near  Paris,  1721,  aged 
37.  His  pieces  are  particularly  striking  for 
their  originality,  the  grace  of  his  attitudes, 
the  lightness  of  his  figures,  and  the  delica- 
cy of  the  whole.  His  conversation  pieces 
are  his  best  performances,  and  in  these  the 
airs  of  the  heads  deserve  particular  admi- 
ration. 

W'atts,  Isaac,  a  respectable  divine 
among  the  dissenters.  He  was  born  at 
Southampton,  17th  July,  1674.  His  great 
abilities  early  displayed  themselves,  and  he 
was,  in  1690,  placed  under  the  care  of  Mr- 
Thomas  Rowe,  in  London,  where  he  com- 
pleted his  studies,  and  where  he  had  among 

785 


WAk 


WEB 


iiis  lellow-students  Horte,  afterwards  ai'ch- 
bishop  of  Tuam.  In  1696  he  went  into  the 
family  of  sir  John  Hartop,  Stoke  Newing- 
ton,  as  tutor  to  his  son,  and  in  1702  he  was 
appointed  successor  to  Dr.  Chauncey  in  the 
pastoral  office.  Though  his  constitution 
was  weak,  and  his  health  disordered  by 
frequent  illness,  he  not  only  paid  particu- 
lar attention  to  the  duties  of  his  office,  but 
wrote  some  valuable  works  on  subjects  of 
divinity.  In  the  latter  part  of  life  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  sir  Thomas  Abney, 
in  whose  family  he  found  an  asylum  of 
friendship  and  hospitality,  and  where  he 
died  25th  November,  1748,  aged  75.  He 
had  been,  in  1728,  honoured  in  a  very  flat- 
tering manner,  and  unsolicited,  by  the  uni- 
versities of  Edinburgh  and  Aberdeen,  with 
the  degree  of  D  D.  and  the  useful  publica- 
tions which  he  sent  to  the  press  deserved 
the  high  distinction.  In  his  character  he 
was  an  amiable  man,  mild,  generous,  and 
charitable,  and  it  may  be  said  of  him,  that 
few  have  left  behind  such  purity  of  conduct, 
or  such  monuments  of  laborious  piety.  His 
works  are  very  numerous  and  respectable, 
the  best  known  of  which  are,  a  Treatise  on 
Logic — an  Essay  on  the  Improvement  of 
the  Mind — Introduction  to  Astronomy  and 
Geography — Hymns — and  a  poetical  ver- 
sion of  the  Psalms  sung  in  dissenting  con- 
gregations— Horae  Lyricae,  chiefly  on  reli- 
gious subjects — Scripture  History  in  Ques- 
tion and  Answer— Miscellaneous  Thoughts, 
12mo. — two  volumes  of  sermons — Philoso- 
phical Essays,  &c.  The  whole  have  been 
collected  into  six  vols.  4to. 

Wayne,  Anthony,  major  general  in  the 
army  of  the  United  States,  was  born  in 
Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  in  1745.  He 
was  chosen  to  a  seat  in  the  legislatui-e  of 
that  state  in  1773,  and  took  a  vigorous  part 
in  opposing  the  injustice  of  Great  Britain. 
In  1775  be  entered  the  army  as  a  colonel, 
and  accompanied  general  Thompson  to 
Canada.  He  afterwards  served  under  ge- 
neral Gates  at  Ticonderoga,  and  was  high- 
ly esteemed  as  an  engineer,  as  well  as  a 
brave  and  skilful  officer.  At  the  close 
of  that  campaign  he  was  advanced  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier  general.  In  the  cam- 
paign of  1777,  in  the  middle  states,  he  acted 
an  important  part.  At  the  battle  of  Bran- 
dywine,  being  stationed  at  the  ford,  he 
made  a  brave  defence  against  the  attack  of 
(he  British  under  general  Kniphausen,  but 
in  a  few  days  after,  being  detached  with 
1500  men  to  hang  on  the  British  rear,  he 
was  surprised  and  defeated.  He  fought 
also  in  the  battles  at  Germantown  and 
Monmouth.  In  1779,  being  detached  for 
fhat  purpose,  he  stormed  the  fortress  at 
Stony  Point,  and  succeeded  in  capturing 
it.  In  1781  he  was  ordered  to  join  the 
southern  army  under  La  Fayette ;  and 
^hilc  on  his  march,  fallin?  in  with  the  ar- 
7«G 


my  of  Cornwallis,  amounting  to  4000,  sup- 
posed it  to  be  only  a  rear  guard  till  he  had 
approached  too  near  to  allow  an  unmolest- 
ed retreat.  He  extricated  himself  by  inti- 
midating the  enemy.  Advancing  at  the 
head  of  his  troops,  amounting  only  to  800, 
he  made  an  attack  on  the  British  for  a  few 
minutes  so  furious,  that  it  inspired  them 
with  the  belief  that  other  troops  must  be 
in  the  vicinity  to  sustain  him,  and  deterred 
them  from  pursuing  him  on  his  retiring. 
After  the  capture  of  Cornwallis  he  was  de- 
tached to  Georgia,  and  was  victorious  in 
several  battles  with  the  British  and  Indians, 
and  received  from  that  state  the  gift  of  a 
plantation  as  a  reward  for  his  services.  In 
1787  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
of  Pennsylvania  which  ratified  the  consti- 
tution of  the  United  States.  In  1792  he 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
western  army,  as  successor  of  St.  Clair, 
and  at  the  battle  of  the  Miamis,  in  1794, 
gained  a  complete  victory  :  the  next  year 
he  concluded  a  peace.  He  remained  in 
that  region  till  the  15th  of  December  1796, 
when  he  died  at  Presque  Isle  in  his  fifty- 
second  year.  ICP'  L. 

Weare,  Mesheck,  president  of  New- 
Hampshire,  was  a  native  of  that  state,  and 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1735.  He 
was  early  elected  to  a  seat  in  the  house  of 
representatives,  and  was  its  speaker  for  se- 
veral years.  In  1754  he  was  sent  a  com- 
missioner to  the  congress  which  met  at  Al- 
bany. He  was  afterwards  appointed  judge 
of  the  superior  court,  and  in  1777,  chief 
justice.  On  the  establishment  of  a  new 
form  of  government,  in  1776,  he  was  elect- 
ed president,  and  held  the  office  of  chief 
magistrate  and  chief  justice  during  the 
whole  war.  On  the  formation  of  a  new- 
constitution,  in  1784,  he  was  again  chosen 
president,  but  soon  resigned  the  office  on 
account  of  his  age.  He  died  in  1786,  aged 
72.  His  talents,  though  not  splendid,  were 
highly  respectable.  His  understanding  was 
vigorous  and  clear,  his  judgment  accurate, 
and  his  knowledge  extensive  ;  and  he  was 
distinguished  for  uprightness,  fidelity,  and 
amiableness.  rCj^  L. 

Weaver,  John,  author  of  the  Loves  of 
Mars  and  Venus — of  Orpheus  and  Eury- 
dice — of  Perseus  and  Andromeda,  panto- 
mimic dramas — of  a  History  of  the  Mimes 
and  Pantomimes  of  the  Ancients — of  the 
Art  of  Dancing — with  a  Treatise  on  Ac- 
tion and  Gesture,  &c.  was  a  dancing  mas- 
ter, and  died  in  London  about  1730. 

Webb,  Philip  Carteret,  an  able  antiqua- 
rian, born  1700.  He  was  bred  up  to  the 
law,  and  acquired  great  eminence  as  a  par- 
liamentary and  constitutional  lawyer.  He 
published  in  1747,  Observations  on  the 
Course  of  Proceedings  in  the  Admiralty, 
and  in  1751  he  was  employed  in  obtaining 
the  charter  of  incorporation  for  the  AnH- 


WEB 


VVtl. 


ijuarian  Society,  to  whose  labours  he  iicnt 
some  vahiable  communications.  He  was 
returned  member  for  ilasiemere  in  1754 
and  Gl,  and  became  one  of  the  joint  soli- 
citors to  the  treasury  ;  but  during  the  ques- 
tion about  general  warrants,  and  in  the 
prosecution  of  Wilkes,  he  expressed  his 
disapprobation  of  the  measures  of  the  go- 
vernment, and  published  some  pamphlets 
on  the  occasion.  He  died  at  his  house  at 
Busbridge,  near  Haslemere,  22d  June,  1770, 
aged  70.  His  valuable  library  and  MSS. 
were  sold  by  public  auction  for  17  days,  and 
his  other  curiosities  also  passed  into  the 
hands  of  dift'erent  collectors.  He  wrote 
several  pamphlets  of  considerable  merit, 
and  chiefly  on  temporary  subjects  in  law, 
antiquities,  &c. 

Webb,  Benjamin,  son  of  a  shoemaker  at 
Redcross,  became  known  as  the  master  of 
Bunhill-row  school,  where  he  died  1774, 
aged  49.  He  was  very  ingenious  in  his 
calculations,  &c.  and  he  was  employed  in 
writing  copies  of  honorary  freedoms  be- 
stowed by  the  city  of  London  on  eminent 
persons,  and  that  which  he  prepared  for  the 
king  of  Denmark  in  1768  was  particularly 
admired. 

Webber,  Samuel,  D.  D.  president  of 
Harvard  University,  was  a  native  of  By- 
field,  Massachusetts.  His  father  removed 
when  he  was  two  years  old  to  Hopkinton, 
New- Hampshire.  He  early  discovered  an 
attachment  to  study,  and  at  the  age  of 
twenty  entered  Harvard  university.  While 
there  he  exhibited  a  strong  predilection  for 
mathematics,  and  attained  to  uncommon 
eminence  in  them.  When  he  had  con- 
cluded his  college  life,  in  1784,  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  study  of  theology,  but  in  1787 
was  appointed  a  tutor  in  the  university, 
in  1789  succeeded  Doctor  Williams  as  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  and  natural  philoso- 
phy, and  continued  in  that  office  until  the 
death  of  president  Willard,  when  he  was 
elected  his  successor.  His  inauguration 
took  place  May  6,  1806,  and  he  devoted 
himself  with  great  assiduity  to  the  duties 
of  the  station.  He  died  suddenly,  at  Cam- 
bridge, July  17th,  1810,  aged  51.  Dr.  Web- 
ber was  a  fellow  of  the  American  academy, 
and  philosophical  society.  In  1796  he  was 
employed  by  the  government  to  ascertain  the 
boundary  between  the  British  provinces 
and  the  United  States.  He  published  a  sys- 
tem of  mathematics,  intended  to  be  a  text 
book  in  the  university,  in  2  vols.  8vo.  1801, 
a  judicious  work,  which  has  been  adopted 
in  ether  seminaries.  [CF  L. 

Webster,  William,  an  able  writing  mas- 
ter, author  of  a  Compendious  Course  of 
Mathematics,  3  vols.  8vo.  translated  from 
the  French  of  la  Hoste — Book-keeping — 
and  a  Treatise  on  Arithmetic,  often  edited. 
He  kept   a  school  in    Castle-street,  near 


Leicester-square,    where    he    died    1744, 
aged  CO. 

Webstek,  John,  governor  of  Connccli- 
cut,  one  of  tlie  juiiicipal  selikrs  of  Hurt- 
ford,  was  elected  a  magialratc  of  the  colo- 
ny in  1639,  and  governor  in  lO-.C.  About 
four  years  after,  he,  with  three  ulhera  of 
the  name,  the  reverend  Mr.  IluascI,  ol 
WethersOeld,  and  a  number  ol  U'joocialc*, 
purchased  the  territory  now  included  in  the 
towns  of  Hadley,  Hatfield,  Grunl»y,  and 
Amherst,  Massachusetts,  and  removed 
thither.  He  died  in  Hadley  in  1605.   \ij    L. 

Wechel,  Christopher,  an  eminent  print- 
er, at  Paris.  He  began  to  print  Creek 
books  iu  1530,  and  with  such  correctness 
that  scarce  an  error  could  be  discovered  in 
a  folio  volume.  This  accuracy  is  attributed 
to  his  able  corrccior,the  learned  Sylburgiu^. 
He  exposed  himself  to  the  persecution  of 
the  church  for  printing  some  offensive  and 
controversial  books,  and  died  soon  after, 
1552.  His  son  Andrew  retired  from  Paris, 
because  he  was  a  protestant,  and  settled  at 
Frankfort,  where  he  carried  on  with  greai 
success  the  printing  business.  A  catalogue 
of  the  books  which  he  and  his  father  print- 
ed, was  published  in  8vo.  He  died  1531. 

Weever,  John,  a  native  of  Lancaster, 
educated  at  Cambridge.  He  is  author  of 
Funeral  Monuments,  lastly  edited  in  4to. 
1767,  a  work  of  singular  service  to  aati- 
quarians  and  historians,  though  greatly  de- 
ficient in  point  of  accuracy.  He  died  about 
1632,  and  was  buried  in  St.  James's  church, 
Clerkenwell. 

Weimar,  Bernard,  duke  of  Saxe,  early 
distinguished  himself  in  arms  against  the 
house  of  Austria,  whose  severities  to  hLs 
family  he  strongly  resented  by  espousing 
the  cause  of  Gustavus  Adolphus.  Though 
defeated  at  Nordlingen,  he  repaired  his 
losses,  and  at  the  head  of  a  large  army,  in- 
trusted to  his  command  by  Lewis  XIIL  he 
quickly  overran  Franche  Comte,  Burgundy, 
and  Alsace,  and  would  have  obtained  more 
important  advantages  had  not  death  stop- 
ped his  career.    He  died  l8th  July,  1639. 

Welbt,  Henry,  a  native  of  Lincolnshire, 
of  a  very  eccentric  character.  In  conse- 
quence of  an  attempt  on  his  life  by  his  bro- 
ther, he  quitted  his  native  county,  where 
he  had  extensive  estates,  and  retired  to  the 
privacy  of  an  obscure  house  in  Grub-street, 
London,  where  for  44  years,  either  through 
superstition  or  melancholy,  he  suffered 
himself  to  be  seen  by  no  one  till  his  death 
in  1636. 

Wellevs,  James  Thomas  Joseph,  bishop 
of  Antwerp,  is  distinguished  for  his  learn- 
ing, and  his  private  and  public  virtues.  He 
published  Exhortationcs  Familiares  de  Vo- 
catione  Ministrorum,  &c.  Svo.  and  died  at 
Antwerp,  1764,  aged  53. 

Weller,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Freyberg, 
ill  Misnia,  known  as  the  friend  and  favoui- 


WEL 


WEL 


ite  of  Luther.  He  wrote  Comraentaria  in 
Libros  Samuel  et  Regum — Consilium  de 
Studio  Theolog.  &c. — Commentaria  in 
Epistol.  ad  Ephesios,  &c.  all  collected  into 
2  vols.  fol.  and  he  died  at  Freyberg,  1572, 
aged  73. 

Weller,  James,  a  native  of  Newkirk, 
in  Voigtland,  professor  of  theology,  &c. 
at  Wittemberg,  where  he  died  1664,  aged 
62.  He  wrote  Specilegium  Quaestion.  He- 
braeo-Syriac — and  a  Greek  Grammar. 

Welles,  Samuel,  M.  A.  an  English  di- 
vine, born  at  Oxford,  18th  Aug.  1614,  and 
educated  at  Magdalen  college  there.  He 
proved  an  active  minister  during  the  civil 
wars,  though  he  retired  from  persecution, 
and  settled  at  Remenham,  Berks,  from 
which  he  afterwards  removed  to  Banbury, 
Oxfordshire.  He  was  much  beloved  by 
his  parishioners  for  his  eloquence  as  a 
preacher,  and  his  charitable  and  benevo- 
lent deportment  as  a  man.  He  wrote  a 
Spiritual  Remembrancer,  and  died  after  the 
restoration. 

Welles,  Thomas,  governor  of  Connec- 
ticut, was  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  of 
Hartford,  and  was  elected  a  magistrate  and 
treasurer  of  the  colony  in  1639.  He  was 
deputy  governor  in  1656,  governor  in  1657 
and  1658,  and  died  in  1660.        ICT'  L. 

Wells,  William  Charles,  a  physician, 
was  born,  of  Scotch  parents,  at  Charleston, 
in  South  Carolina,  in  1753.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Dumfries,  and  next  at  Edinburgh, 
from  whence  he  returned  to  his  native 
place,  and  was  put  apprentice  to  a  medical 
practitioner.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war,  he  quitted  America,  and  in  1779  was 
appointed  surgeon  of  a  regiment  in  Hol- 
land. The  year  following  he  graduated, 
and  went  back  to  Carolina,  where  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  loyalty.  In  1784 
he  visited  London,  and  in  1788  was  admit- 
ted a  licentiate  of  the  Royal  College.  He 
afterwards  became  a  zealous  manager  of 
the  dispute  with  the  same  learned  body,  on 
the  claims  of  the  licentiates  to  the  right  of 
being  admitted  fellows.  In  1793  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society,  to 
whose  Philosophical  Transactions  he  com- 
municated several  valuable  papers,  for 
some  of  which,  containing  Experiments  on 
Dew,  he  received  the  gold  and  silver  me- 
dals. He  died  Sept.  18,  1817.  Dr.  Wells 
was  also  the  author  of  an  "  Essay  upon 
Single  Vision  with  Two  Eyes  ;"  and  a  de- 
fence of  it  in  answer  to  Dr.  Darwin  ;  also 
several  memoirs  and  medical  papers  in  dif- 
ferent journals. — W.  B. 

Wells,  Edmund,  a  native  of  Corshara, 
Wilts,  educated  at  Westminster  school, 
and  Christ-church,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  degree  of  D.  D.  He  became  professor 
of  Greek  in  the  university,  and  obtained 
the  living  of  Cotesbach,  Leicestershire, 
where  he  died,  1730,  ag:ed  65.  Up  wrote. 
788 


besides  pamphlets  against  the  dissenter^; 
and  an  Answer  to  Dr.  Clarke  on  the  Tri- 
nity— a  Course  of  Mathematics  for  Young 
Gentlemen,  3  vols. — a  work  of  merit  on 
the  Geography  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments, 2  vols.  8vo.  &c. 

Wells,  John,  eminent  as  a  lawyer,  was 
born  at  Cherry- Valley,  New- York,  in  1769, 
or  1770.  While  on  a  visit  at  Schenectady, 
in  1778,  the  celebrated  colonel  Brandt  at- 
tacked the  settlement  of  Cherry-Valley, 
and,  murdering  its  inhabitants,  left  him  the 
only  survivor  of  his  father's  family.  He 
was  not  long  after  placed  in  a  grammar- 
school,  at  Newark,  New-Jersey,  and  at 
length  entered  Princeton  college,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1788.  He  was  admitted 
an  attorney  of  the  supreme  court  in  1792, 
and  to  the  degree  of  counsellor  in  1795. 
He  established  himself  in  the  city  of  New- 
York,  and  devoting  himself  assiduously  to 
his  professional  studies,  at  length  rose  by 
the  superiority  of  his  talents  and  know- 
ledge, to  the  first  eminence  at  the  bar.  He 
possessed  a  mind  of  great  strength  and 
penetration,  an  enlightened  judgment,  and 
a  classical  taste  :  was  an  accomplished  and 
eloquent  speaker,  and  eminently  distin- 
guished in  his  professional  and  private  life 
by  urbanity,  uprightness,  and  the  social 
virtues.  His  death  took  place  September 
7th,  1823.  ttir  L. 

Wellwood,  James,  M.  A.  a  native  of 
Perth,  educated  at  St.  Andrews.  The  trou- 
bles of  the  times  prevented  him  from  en- 
tering into  the  ministry,  and  after  conceal- 
ing himself  from  the  persecution  of  his  po- 
litical enemies,  he  was  attacked  by  a  fever, 
and  died  at  Perth,  1680,  aged  32.  He  was 
author  of  ImmanueFs  Land,  and  other 
tracts. 

Wellwood,  Thomas,  M.  D.  a  native  of 
Edinburgh,  educated  at  Glasgow.  He  fled 
to  Holland  with  his  father,  who  had  been 
suspected  of  being  concerned  in  the  mur- 
der of  archbishop  Sharpe,  in  1679,  and  af- 
ter studying  medicine  at  Leyden,  and 
taking  his  degrees,  he  returned  with  Wil- 
liam at  the  revolution,  and  was  nominated 
one  of  the  royal  physicians  for  Scotland. 
He  acquired  a  respectable  fortune  by  his 
extensive  practice,  and  died  at  Edinburgh, 
1716,  aged  64.  In  his  principles  he  strong- 
ly favoured  the  republican  government, 
and  published  Memoirs  of  England  from 
1588  to  1688,  well  written,  though  with 
the  spirit  of  party. 

Welsted,  Leonard,  a  native  of  Abing- 
ton,  Northamptonshire,  educated  at  West- 
minster school.  He  obtained  a  place  in 
the  ordnance  oflSce  by  by  the  friendship  of 
lord  Clare,  but  in  the  midst  of  his  occupa- 
tions he  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the 
muses.  He  wrote  epistles,  odes,  &c. — 
a  translation  of  Longinus  on  the  Sublime, 
from  Boilearj's  version — the  Genius,  or  the 


WEN 


wf:k 


duke  of  Marlborough's  Apoplexy — an  Kpis- 
tle  on  the  duke's  Death — the  Triumvirate, 
&c.  which  was  considered  as  un  attack  on 
Pope,  and  conse(iuently  procured  tlie  au- 
thor an  honourable  place  in  the  Dunciad. 
He  wrote  besides,  the  Dissembled  Wanton, 
a  comedy,  172G,  and  other  things,  wbich 
were  much  applauded  in  his  day,  and  which 
appeared,  collected  into  one  vol.  Svo.  1787, 
with  a  Vindication  of  his  Character  by  a 
relation.  His  little  poem  called  the  Apple- 
Pie,  written  at  Westminster  school,  was 
for  a  long  time  attributed  to  Dr.  King,  and 
printed  among  his  poems.  Welsted  was 
much  noticed  by  the  great  and  the  learned, 
and  his  poetical  talents  were  respectable, 
and  displayed  genius,  and  though  he  did 
not  perhaps  rise  to  the  sublimer  flights  of 
the  muse,  his  compositions  were  entitled 
to  praise.  He  was  twice  married,  but  left 
no  children.  He  died  at  the  house  which 
he  held  from  his  official  situation  in  the 
Tower,  1747,  aged  58. 

Wenceslaus,  son  of  Charles  IV.  empe- 
ror of  Germany,  succeeded  his  father  in 
1378,  at  the  age  of  15.  Though  he  pro- 
mised the  highest  virtues  for  the  ornament 
and  the  glory  of  the  throne,  he  became  de- 
bauched, capricious,  and  tyrannical,  and  at 
last  he  was  deposed,  in  1400,  by  the  elect- 
ors of  the  empire.  He  died  king  of  Bohe- 
mia, 1419,  aged  58.  In  his  character  he 
united  all  the  extravagance  of  Antony,  the 
infamous  cowardice  of  Heliogabalus,  and 
the  bloody  passions  of  Tiberius.  Though 
twice  married,  he  left  no  issue. 

Went  WORTH,  Thomas,  earl  of  Strafford, 
was  born  in  London,  1594.  After  finish- 
ing his  education  at  Cambridge,  he  travel- 
led abroad,  and  succeeding  to  a  family  es- 
tate of  6000/.  per  annum,  in  Yorkshire,  he 
was  elected  into  parliament,  and  became  a 
leading  member  of  the  house.  His  elo- 
quence in  opposition  to  the  measures  of 
the  court  was  so  powerful,  that  he  was 
named  sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  that  he  might 
not  be  elected  into  parliament ;  after,  how- 
ever, maintaining  such  determined  opposi- 
tion to  the  king,  he  was  gained  over  by  the 
ministry,  and  the  grant  of  a  peerage,  and 
the  office  of  president  of  the  council  in  the 
northern  counties,  rendered  him  a  loyal 
subject.  This  dereliction  of  principle  highly 
offended  his  old  political  friends,  and  Pym, 
to  whom  he  wished  to  justify  his  coniluct, 
told  him,  "though  you  have  left  us,  I  will 
not  leave  you  while  your  head  is  on  your 
shoulders."  In  1631  he  was  sent  as  depu- 
ty to  Ireland,  and  in  his  government  he 
was  a  most  zealous  and  active  representa- 
tive. He  redeemed  the  encumbrances  of 
the  royal  revenue  ;  he  improved  the  yearly 
income  40,000i.  a  year,  and  prevailed  upon 
the  clergy  of  Ireland  to  conform  to  the 
doctrines  and  the  discipline  of  the  English 
church.  Notwithstanding  these  important 
services,  he  was  arbitrary  in  his  conduct, 


and  hi'i  severity  towards  lord  MounlmorriA, 
whom,  ill  the  course  of  two  hour-*,  he 
caused  to  be  condemned  to  death,  In  cause 
he  had  spoken  diMcspcrtfully  of  him,  re- 
flects eternal  disgrace  on  bis  nioniorj .  The 
king  rewarded  the  faithful  administration 
of  his  viceroy  with  every  mark  of  favour 
and  honoural)le  distinction,  but  while  he 
was  secure  of  the  royal  confidence,  he  lo^t 
the  good  opinion  of  the  nation.  Pym,  too 
true  to  his  promise,  inveighed  against  him  in 
parliament,  and  at  last  accused  him  before 
the  house  of  lords,  as  the  cause  of  all  the 
acts  of  tyranny  that  prevailed,  and  as  the 
greatest  enemy  to  the  liberties  of  his  coun- 
try. His  impeachment,  drawn  up  in  28 
articles,  engaged  the  attention  of  the  na- 
tion for  18  days,  but  when  his  noble  and 
energetic  defence  seemed  to  influence  the 
decision  of  the  lords,  the  commons,  with 
persecuting  virulence,  passed  a  bill  against 
hint,  attainting  him  of  high  treason.  The 
king  used  all  his  influence  to  save  this 
faithful  minister,  but  his  compassion  was 
answered  by  the  cries  of  the  factious,  who 
insulted  him  with  the  exclamations  of  jus- 
tice !  justice  !  and  even  threatened  his 
person  if  he  refused  to  sacrifice  him  to  the 
popular  indignation.  Charles  was  re- 
lieved from  his  deep  distress  ;  and  when 
the  earl,  with  ill-requited  generosity,  en- 
treated hin).  by  letter,  not  to  hazard  his 
safety,  nor  the  peace  of  the  kingdom,  for  his 
sake,  but  to  assent  to  the  sacrifice  of  his 
life,  which  might  become  a  means  of  recon- 
ciliation between  the  injured  sovereign  and 
his  rebellious  subjects,  the  monarch,  after 
two  days  and  two  nights  of  dreadful  per- 
plexity, signed,  with  the  greatest  reluctance, 
the  fatal  instrument  which  conducted  his 
friend  to  the  seaflold.  He  suffered  with 
great  resignation,  on  Tower-Iiill,  I2th  May, 
1641.  At  the  restoration  hi.>  attainder 
was  reversed,  as  dishonouraMe  to  the  na- 
tion. His  letters  have  appealed,  in  2  vols, 
fol.  1739,  by  Dr.  Knowles. 

Wentworth,  Benning,  governor  of 
New-Hampshire,  was  a  native  of  that 
state,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1715.  He  resided  at  Portamouth,  and  em- 
ployed himself  in  merchandise.  After  ha- 
ving held  a  seat  both  in  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives and  in  the  council,  he  was,  in 
1741,  when  that  colony  obtained  a  distinct 
government,  appointed  its  governor,  and 
held  the  office  nearly  twenty  years.  He 
was  superseded  in  1767,  and  died  in 
1770,  in  his  seventy-fifth  year.  He 
was  passionate  and  resentful,  addicted 
somewhat  to  favouritism,  and  partial  to- 
wards the  Episcopalians,  yet  his  adminis- 
tration was  on  the  whole  useful.  Benning- 
ton, in  Vermont,  obtained  its  name  from 
him.  He  gave  a  lot  of  500  acres  to  Dart- 
mouth college,  on  which  the  college  build- 
ings were  erected.  ICZP"  L. 

W'erdmuller,  John  Rodolph,  a  histori- 

789 


WES 


WES 


cal  and  landscape  painter  of  Zurich.  He 
was  unfortunately  drowned  in  crossing  a 
river  near  Zurich,  1668,  aged  27. 

Werenfels,  John  James,  a  divine  of 
Basil,  author  of  sermons  in  German,  of  ho- 
milies in  Latin,  &c.  He  died  1655.  His 
son  Peter  became  professor  of  theology  at 
Basil,  and  died  there,  23d  May,  1703,  aged 
76.  He  was  author  of  some  learned  dis- 
sertations, sermons,  &c. 

Werenfels,  Samuel,  son  of  Peter,  was 
born  at  Basil,  where  he  filled  some  profes- 
sorial chairs  with  great  celebrity.  He  tra- 
velled into  Holland,  Germany,  and  France, 
and  was  the  correspondent  of  the  leai'ned 
of  Europe.  He  died  at  Basil,  universally 
respected  for  his  learning  and  for  his  many 
virtues,  1st  June,  1740,  aged  83.  His 
works,  which  are  chiefly  on  subjects  of 
theology,  philosophy,  and  philology,  have 
appeared  in  2  vols.  4to.  The  best  known 
of  his  works  is  de  Logomachiis  Erudito- 
rum. 

Werff,  Adrian  Vander,  a  painter  of 
Rotterdam.  His  portraits  and  historical 
pieces  were  finished  with  correct  taste  and 
judgment,  and  procured  him  the  patronage 
of  the  great  and  the  powerful.  His  pieces 
are  preserved  in  the  Dusseldorf  gallery. 
The  best  are  his  15  pieces  on  the  mysteries 
of  the  Christian  religion.  He  died  in  his 
native  town,  1727,  aged  68.  His  brother 
Peter  was  his  pupil,  and  became  eminent 
also  in  historical  pieces.  He  was  a  hypo- 
chondriac in  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  and 
died  1718,  aged  53. 

Werner,  Abraham  Gottlieb,  a  mineral- 
ogist, was  born  at  Wehraw,  in  Upper  Lu- 
satia,  in  1750.  At  the  age  of  twenty-four 
he  published  a  valuable  treatise  "  on  the 
external  Characteristics  of  Fossils  ;"  which 
procured  him  the  professorship  of  mineral- 
ogy at  Frieberg,  where  his  lectures  were 
attended  by  students  from  various  parts  of 
Europe.  He  was  also  keeper  of  the  cabi- 
net of  natural  history,  and  held  a  situation 
in  the  council  of  Mines.  He  was  employ- 
ed in  very  extensive  works  and  mineralogi- 
cal  surveys,  and  his  system  is  now  almost 
universally  adopted.  Werner  died  at 
Dresden  in  18M.—  W.  B. 

W^esenbec,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Ant- 
werp, professor  of  law  at  Jena,  and  at  Wit- 
temberg,  where  he  died,  1586,  aged  55. 
He  wrote  Observations  on  the  Pandects, 
4to.  and  fol.  and  other  woiks  on  jurispru- 
dence. 

Wesley,  Samuel,  a  native  of  W^inter- 
borne  Whitchurch,  Dorsetshire,  where  his 
father  was  vicar.  He  was  educated  at 
Dorchester  school,  and  then  entered  as 
servitor  at  Exeter  college,  Oxford,  1684. 
By  means  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham  he 
obtained  the  living  of  South  Ormesby,  Lin- 
colnshire, and  afterwards  Epworth,  in  the 
same  county,  where  he  died,  2rith  April, 
790 


1 735.  The  best  known  of  his  publication.^ 
are  the  Life  of  Christ,  a  heroic  poem,  folio 
— the  History  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment, attempted  in  verse,  &c.  3  vols.  12mo. 
— Maggots,  or  Poems,  &c. — Elegies  on 
queen  Mary,  and  on  Tillotson — a  letter 
concerning  the  Education  of  the  Dissent- 
ers, &c. — treatise  on  the  Sacrament — Dis- 
sertations on  Job,  &.C.  He  has  been  ridi- 
culed by  Garth  for  the  inelegance  of  his 
poetry,  but  though  indifferent  as  a  poet,  he 
was  very  respectable  as  a  man.  He  left  a 
large  family,  four  of  whom  are  not  unknown 
in  the  history  of  English  literature.  The 
eldest  of  these,  Samuel,  was  educated  at 
Westminster,  and  elected  to  Christ  church, 
Oxford.  He  was  afterwards  usher  of 
Westminster  school  for  near  20  years,  and 
then  obtained  Blundel's  school,  at  Tiverton. 
He  was  presented  to  no  ecclesiastical  bene- 
fice, and  died  at  Tiverton,  6th  Nov.  1739, 
aged  49,  and  was  buried  in  the  churchyard 
there.  He  is  author  of  the  Battle  of  the 
Sexes — the  Prisons  Opened,  two  poems  of 
merit,  and  the  Parish  Priest — a  eulogy  on 
his  Wife's  Father,  &c.  His  poems  appear- 
ed in  1736,  4to.  and  in  1743,  12mo.  He 
is  said  to  have  presented  to  the  Spalding 
Society  an  amulet  that  had  touched  the 
heads  of  the  three  kings  of  Cologne. 

Wesley,  John,  the  great  founder  of  Me- 
thodism, son  of  Samuel,  was  born  at  Ep- 
worth, Lincolnshire,  1703.  In  1714  he 
was  placed  at  the  Charter  house,  and  two 
years  after  he  was  elected  to  Christ  church, 
Oxford,  and  in  1725  was  ordained  deacon 
by  bishop  Potter,  and  the  next  year  became 
fellow  and  tutor  of  Lincoln  college.  He 
early  expressed  himself  against  the  damna- 
tory clauses  of  the  Athanasian  creed,  and 
was  one  of  that  small  society  at  Oxford 
which  was  formed  on  principles  of  greater 
austerity  and  devotion  than  prevailed  in 
the  university,  and  which  consequently  re- 
ceived the  appellation  of  Methodists.  In 
1735  he  embarked  at  Gravesend  for  Ameri- 
ca, at  the  request  of  the  trustees  of  the  new 
colony  of  Georgia,  who  were  anxious  for 
the  conversion  and  spiritual  instruction  of 
the  natives  and  settlers,  and  in  this  new 
theatre  he,  accompanied  by  his  brother 
Charles,  displayed  his  strong  powers  of 
eloquence  and  persuasion  in  the  cause  of 
methodism.  Here,  though  much  engaged 
in  spiritual  affairs,  Wesley  gave  way  to  the 
emotions  of  love,  but  Miss  Causton,  the 
object  of  his  passion,  growing  impatient  at 
his  delay,  gave  her  hand  to  a  more  favoured 
suiter,  and  the  modern  saint,  who  com- 
pared the  disappointment  to  the  plucking 
out  of  his  right  eye,  carried  his  pique  and 
i-esentment  so  far  as  to  repel  the  virtuous 
bride  from  the  altar  at  the  administration 
of  the  sacrament.  This  gross  attack  upon 
the  character  of  a  woman  whom  he  wished 
to  have  taken  for  a  wife,  was  resented  by 


WEb 


Wtb 


the  lady,  wbo  published  lo  the  world  some 
transactions  not   very  honourahlo   to   the 
sanctity  of  the  preacher,  in  consequence  of 
which  he   hurriod  away   from   the  public 
odium  of  AniericK.       In  1738  he  landed  at 
Deal,  and  began  his  career  of  prosclytisni. 
Believing  himself  to  be  »ct  at  liberty  from 
the  bonds  of  sin  by  divine  illumination,  he 
soon  saw  himself  followed  by  a  crowd  of 
admiring  converts,  and  zealously  delivered 
his  doctrines  in  his  conventicle,  which  was 
first  established   in  Fetter-lane.     His  dis- 
courses were  heard  w^ith  enthusiastic  admi- 
ration,  and    superstitious    deference,   the 
number  of  the  faithful  were   rapidly  in- 
creased, and  the  pious  founder  of  the  sect, 
by  the   solemn  imposition    of  hands,  sent 
forth  his  apostles  to  propagate  the  faith. 
In  1751  he  married  Mrs.  Vizelle,  a  widow 
lady  of  independent  fortune,  but  whatever 
might  have  been  the  motives  to  this  union, 
it  proved  unfortunate,  and  showed   that, 
however  calculated  he  might  be   for  the 
head  of  a  sect,  he  was  very  unwilling  to 
spare  attention  to  the  comforts  or  happi- 
ness of  his  bride,  who  fled  in  disgust  from 
his  home.     The  great  increase  of  his  fol- 
lowers, no  doubt,  flattered  the  pride  of  the 
saint,  and  to  that  he  devoted  the  whole  of 
his  active  life,  in  the  midst  of  dangers,  of 
troubles,  and  of  corporeal  fatigues.     Im- 
pressed with  the  idea  that  his  great  suc- 
cess was  the  immediate  influence  of  hea- 
ven, his  adherents  easily  believed  that  he 
was  inspired,  and  that  methodism  was  the 
work  of  God.     But  while  he  affected  hu- 
mility in  his  intercourse  with  the  multitude, 
with  all  the  strong  powers  which  constitute 
the   leader,  with   coolness,  perseverance, 
and  popular  eloquence,  he  kept  in  his  own 
hands  the  supreme  authority  over  his  sect, 
and  the  whole  spiritual  machine  was  moved 
according  to  his  direction,  so  that  in  the 
most   distant   corners  of  the  empire,  his 
censures  had  as  much  the  weight  of  law 
and  correction  upon  his  delegates  as  if  he 
had  himself  personally  pronounced  the  sen- 
tence of  reproof  or  dismission.     This  ex- 
traordinary character,  who  for  more  than 
half  a  century  exercised  the  most  absolute 
authority,  and  with   undiminished  effect, 
over  his  followers,  died  on  the  2d  March, 
1791,  in  his  88th  year,  and  the  65th  of  his 
ministry.     Though  the  sermons  which  he 
published  are  superior  to  those  of  his  fra- 
ternity, they  must  be  considered  as  loose 
and  desultory,  conveying  little  to  the  mind, 
but,  by  familiar  allusions  or  vulgar  imagery, 
commanding  the  attention  of  the  ignorant 
multitude.     It  has  been  doubted  whether 
he  was  in  his  spiritual  career  hypocritical, 
or  sincere,  and  actuated  more  by  interested 
pride,  than  unspotted  piety  and  unfeigned 
love  ;  but  though  he  was  ambitious  of  pow- 
er, greedy  of  pre-eminence,  and  impatient 
of  con  tradictoin,  it  is  plain  that  he  was  in^ 


tlucuced  by  molivea  of  benevolence,  and 
that  his  zeal  in  the  caune  of  mclh.jdi>tn  wa« 
directed,  wlicther  by  proper  or  improper 
means,  to  promote  the  future  happii.tf^B  of 
man.  lie  publi'^hed  variuus  iructw,  and 
controversial  pamphUl!,,  aj^ainst  the  Cal- 
vinists  and  Moravians.  An  interesting 
account  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  o(  Me- 
thodism, has  been  published  by  Mr.  Night- 
ingale, and  the  Life  of  Wj^sley  has  appear- 
ed from  the  pen  of  John  Whitehead,  one  of 
his  followers,  in  2  vols.  Svo. 

The  insinuations  often  made,  that  Wee- 
ley  was  hypocritical,  and  actuated  supreme- 
ly by  ambition,  are  unjust.  The  plan  on 
which  he  organized  his  societies  did,  in- 
deed, throw  the  management  of  them  en- 
tirely into  his  hands,  and  at  length  elevated 
him  to  an  extraordinary  degree  of  power, 
which  he  retained  till  his  death  ;  but  the 
acquisition  of  that  influence  was  an  adven- 
titious consequence,  not  the  supreme  object 
of  his  exertions.  No  man  ever  gave  more  de- 
cisive evidence  that  he  truly  held  the  views 
which  he  avowed  and  defended,  and  that  he 
regarded  himself  as  promoting  the  salvation 
of  men  by  the  peculiar  measures  he  pur- 
sued. He  was  ardent  in  his  feeUngs, 
strong  in  his  prejudices,  confident  and  hasty 
in  his  opinions,  and  forward  to  make  them 
known,  and  vindicate  them,  on  all  occa- 
sions. His  life  was  a  scene  of  almost  un- 
paralleled labour,  and  was  marked  by  great 
frugality,  temperance,  self-denial,  and  ar- 
dour of  devotion.  He  is  supposed,  in  the 
course  of  his  itinerancy,  to  have  travelled 
near  300,000  miles,  and  to  have  preached 
more  than  40,000  sermons.         jCIP'  L. 

Wesley,  Charles,  younger  brother  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Epworth,  and 
from  the  care  of  his  father,  passed  to  West- 
minster school,  of  which  he  became  captain. 
He  was  elected,  in  1726,  to  Christ  church, 
Oxford,  and  after  taking  his  degrees,  em- 
braced, with  warmth,  the  religious  tenets 
of  his  brother  John,  whom  he  accompanied 
in  his  mission  to  Georgia.  After  various 
adventures  in  his  intercourse  with  the  In- 
dians, he  returned,  in  1736,  to  England, 
and  became  a  zealous  and  active  preacher 
to  the  people  of  his  own  persuasion.  As 
he  was  well  skilled  in  Scripture  divinity, 
and  of  "a  warm,  lively  character,  his  dis- 
courses were  much  admired  among  the  Me- 
thodists. Though  occasionally  resident  in 
London,  he  was  chiefly  employed  as  an 
itinerant  preacher  among  his  adherents. 
He  died  1788,  aged  79.  He  was  respecta- 
ble as  a  poet,  and  his  religious  pieces  are 
also  numerous.  His  two  sons,  Charles 
and  Samuel,  have  been  celebrated  as  very 
great  proficients  in  music. 

Wesselus,  John,  a  native  of  Groningen, 
who  studied  at  Zwool  and  Cologne,  and  af- 
terwards at  Paris.  Sixtus  IV.  who  was 
well  acquainted  with  his  learning,  and  -mih 

791 


WES 


W£S 


his  abilities,  was  no  sooner  raised  to  the  pa- 
pal chair,  than  he  sent  for  him  to  Rome, 
and  oflfered  him  whatever  he  wished.  The 
modest  Wesselus  requested  the  gift  of  a 
Hebrew  and  Greek  Bible  in  the  Vatican. 
Why  do  not  vou  ask  for  a  bishopric,  in- 
quired the  astonished  pontiff,  because,  an- 
swered the  disinterested  ecclesiastic,  I  do 
not  want  one.  He  soon  after  returned  to 
his  country,  where  he  died  4th  Oct.  1489, 
aged  70.  He  was,  in  his  opinions,  occa- 
sionally unfriendly  to  the  tenets  of  the  Ro- 
mish c  urch,  and  many  have  regarded  him 
as  the  forerunner  of  Luther.  He  wrote 
various  things,  some  of  which  appeared  at 
Leipsic  1522,  and  Groningen  1614,  in  4to. 
under  the  title  of  Farrago  Rerem  Theolo- 


gicarum. 


West,  Gilbert,  a  learned  writer,  educa- 
ted at  Eton  and  Christ  church,  Oxford,  for 
the  church.  He,  however,  entered  into 
the  army,  and  afterwards  held  some  civil 
oflSces,  and  was  appointed  clerk  extraordi- 
nary to  the  privy-council  in  1729.  He  mar- 
ried some  time  after,  and  settled  at  Wick- 
ham,  Kent,  where  he  devoted  himself  to 
literary  and  religious  pursuits,  and  where 
his  retirement  was  frequently  visited  by 
Lyttleton  and  Pitt,  who,  weary  with  faction 
and  political  debates,  courted  his  society, 
and  the  tranquillity  of  his  abode.  Though 
thus  noticed  by  the  great,  it  was  not  till 
1751  that  he  could  obtain  an  increase  to  his 
narrow  fortune  by  the  appointment  of  a 
clerkship  to  the  privy  council,  to  which  was 
afterwards  added  the  place  of  treasurer  to 
Chelsea  hospital,  by  the  kindness  of  Mr. 
Pitt.  These  honours,  however,  came  too 
late  ;  the  loss  of  his  only  son,  in  1755,  em- 
bittered the  short  remainder  of  life,  and  on 
the  26th  of  March,  1756,  a  stroke  of  the 
palsy  hurried  him  to  his  grave  at  the  age  of 
50.  He  was  a  man  of  polished  manners 
and  great  erudition,  and  so  respectable, 
that,  it  is  said,  the  care  of  the  young  prince's 
education  was  offered  to  him,  which  he  de- 
clined, because  he  considered  his  mode  of 
superintendence  not  sufficiently  extensive. 
His  works  are  Observations  on  the  Resur- 
rection, 1747,  a  work  which  obtained  for 
him,  from  the  university  of  Oxford,  the  ho- 
nourable degree  of  LL.D. — Pindar's  odes 
translated  into  English,  a  valuable,  elegant, 
and  spirited  composition. 

West,  James,  M.A.  of  Alscot,  Warwick- 
shire, was  educated  at  Baliol  college,  Ox- 
ford, and  in  1741,  was  elected  into  parlia- 
ment for  St.  Alban's.  He  was  soon  after 
made  one  of  the  joint  secretaries  to  the 
treasury,  which  he  resigned  in  1762,  and 
three  years  after  he  obtained,  by  the  favour 
of  the  duke  of  Newcastle,  a  pension  of 
2000Z.  a  year.  He  was  member  of  the  an- 
tiquarian society,  and  for  some  time  presi- 
dent of  the  Royal  Society.  He  died  2d 
July,  1772.  His  valuable  MSS.  were  pur- 
792 


chased  by  lord  Shelburne,  and  his  printed 
books  were  sold  by  auction  in  24  days,  his 
prints  and  drawings  in  13,  his  coins  and 
medals  in  seven,  his  plate  curiosities  in  se- 
ven, and  his  pictures,  drawings,  &c.  in  four. 

West,  Richard,  of  the  Temple,  was 
made  king's  counsel  in  1717,  and  in  1725, 
raised  to  the  dignity  of  lord  chancellor  of 
Ireland.  He  married  a  daughter  of  bishop 
Burnet,  and  died  1726.  He  was  author  of 
a  Discourse  on  Treasons  and  Bills  of  At- 
tainder— treatise  on  the  Manner  of  creating 
Peers,  &c. 

West,  Thomas,  the  ingenious  author  of 
the  history  of  Furness  abbey,  and  of  a 
guide  to  the  lakes,  was  for  some  years  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy  in  the  univer- 
sities on  the  continent.  He  spent  much 
time  in  describing  the  beauties  of  the  lakes, 
&c.  and  in  visiting  those  spots  which  are 
so  remarkable  for  sublimity  and  extent  of 
view.  He  chiefly  lived  in  the  latter  part  of 
life  at  Ulveston,  and  died  there  much  re- 
spected, lOth  July,  1779,  aged  63. 

West,  John,  succeeded  Sir  John  Harvey 
as  governor  of  Virginia,  when  the  latter 
was  displaced  by  the  council  in  1635.  Har- 
vey was  restored  to  his  office  the  following 
year,  and  succeeded  by  Sir  William  Berk- 
ley in  1639.  Colonel  West  was  afterwards 
a  member  of  the  council.  iCP'  L. 

West,  Joseph,  was  a  short  time  governor 
of  South  Carolina  in  1671,  was  again  apoint- 
ed  in  1674,  and  a  third  time  in  1684.  He 
was  succeeded  by  SirRichard  Kirle  in  1685. 
The  brief  accounts  we  have  of  his  adminis- 
tration represent  it  as  having  been  conduct- 
ed with  prudence  and  moderation.  ICJ*'  E. 

West,  Francis,  brother  of  lord  Delawar, 
arrived  at  Plymouth  in  1623,  with  a  com- 
mission to  be  admiral  of  New-England. 
He  was  authorized  to  restrain  vessels  from 
fishing  or  trading  on  the  coast  without  a 
license  from  the  New-England  council,  but 
meeting  with  difficulty  in  executing  that 
part  of  his  commission,  he  sailed  for  Virgi' 
nia.  He  was  a  member  of  the  council  for 
that  colony  under  the  old  charter,  and  was 
reappointed  in  1624.  When  governor 
Yeardly  died,  in  1626,  the  administration 
devolved  on  him.  He  was  succeeded  by 
John  Pott,  in  1628.  During  this  period, 
the  colony  received  large  accessions  of 
emigrants  from  Eui'ope.  ICP'  L. 

West,  Samuel,  D.D.  minister  of  New- 
Bedford,  Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Yar- 
mouth, March  4th,  1730.  He  employed 
himself  in  husbandry  till  twenty  years  of 
age,  when  the  superior  talents  he  discover- 
ed  induced  a  number  of  gentlemen  to  fur- 
nish him  with  the  means  of  education,  and 
he  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1754.  He 
settled  at  New-Bedford  about  ten  years 
after,  and  continued  there  till  disqualified 
by  age  for  the  labours  of  the  ministry.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  men  of 


W'LS 


\V  K> 


iiis  day.     He   possessed   a   mind  of  greal 
originality,  and  extraordinary  streiigtb  and 
Oftivity.       His   investigaiioiis    in   theology 
ncre  profound  and  extensive,  his  reason  mi; 
shrewd  and  demonstrative,  ami  his  memory 
tenacious  and  prompt   to   furnisli  at  e.very 
call  whatever  liad  come  within  his  know- 
ledge.    He  was  not,  however,  popular  as  a 
preaehcr  from  an  iil-modnialeil  \oiee,  and 
singularly  uncouth    manner.       About   the 
year  1775  he  engaged  zealously  in  the  poli- 
tical struggle  against  British  despotism,  and 
rendered  con^ideralJle  service  to  the  country 
by  his  sermons,  and  by  deciphering  the  let- 
ter of  Dr.  Church,   designed  to  convey  in- 
telligence to  the  British.     He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  convention  which  formed  the  con- 
stitution of  Massachusetts,  and  of  that  also 
which  adopted  the  constitution  of  the  Uni- 
ted States.     During  the   last  years  of  his 
life  he  suffered  an  almost  total  loss  of  his 
mental  powers.     He  died  September  24th, 
1807,  in  his  seventy-eighth  year.     He  made 
himself  conspicuous  by  some  metaphysical 
writings   in  opposition  to  the  opinions  of 
president  Edwards,  published  in  1793,  and 
1795,   which  were  answered  by  Dr.   Ed- 
wards, sdr'  L. 

West,  Benjamin,  LL.D.  professor  of 
mathematics  and  natural  philosophy,  in 
Brown  University,  Rhode-island,  was  born 
at  Rehoboth,  Massachusetts,  in  March, 
1730.  He  early  displayed  an  extraordinary 
genius  for  the  exact  sciences,  and  without 
the  aid  of  a  public  education,  and  amid  the 
hinderances  of  other  occupations,  made  him- 
self acquainted  with  mathematics  and  natu- 
ral philosophy,  to  such  an  extent,  that  he 
was,  inl7SG,  appointed  professor  of  those 
branches  in  the  college  at  Providence,  in 
which  town  he  had  before  spent  several 
years  in  instruction.  He  not  long  after 
received  the  same  appointment  from  Co- 
lumbia college,  but  declined  it.  He  enter- 
ed on  his  office  at  Providence  in  1783,  and 
retained  it  till  1799.  He  died  August  2Gth, 
1813,  aged  83.  His  talents  were  of  a  su- 
perior order,  and  had  he  been  able  to  devote 
himself  to  their  cultivation,  would  have 
given  him  a  distinguished  rank  among  ma- 
thematicians. ICJ^  li. 

West,  Benjamin,  a  distinguished  lawyer 
of  New  Hampshire,  was  born  April  8th, 
1746.  He  was  a  brother  of  Samuel  West, 
D.D.  and  was  educated  at  Harvard  college, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  17G8.  He  stu- 
died law  and  established  himself  in  practice 
at  Charlestown,  New-Hampshire,  and  soon 
rose  to  eminence  in  the  profession.  His 
superior  talents  and  great  excellence  of  cha- 
racter,caused  him  to  be  elected  by  his  fellow- 
citizens  to  several  important  civil  employ- 
ments. The  chief  of  which  were  a  seat  in 
Congress  ;  in  the  convention  which  formed 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  ;  and 
the  State  Convention  which  ratified  it :  but 

Vol.  it.  100 


his  dislike  lo  pulilic  life  l.\l  him  to  dccliiU- 
them  all.  After  a  long  life  murk.d  b) 
unconncon  aniiablenrss,  nnxlc^ly,  upright- 
ness, and  piety,  which  endeared  him  to  all 
who  knew  liim,  he  died,  July  i»7th,  1''17. 

tCj  '  I.. 

West,  Benjamin,  a  celebrated  painter, 
was  born  in  Chester  county,  in  the  .stale  of 
Pennsyhania,  in  1738.  Ilis  parents  were 
(Quakers,  but  indulged  him  in  bis  propensity 
to  the  fine  arts,  and  even  the  society,  at  a 
general  meeting,  allowed  him  to  practise 
j)ortrait  painting  as  a  profession.  After  ex- 
ercising his  pencil  in  different  parts  of  Ame- 
rica, he  went  to  Italy  in  17()(»,  and  from 
thence  came  to  England  in  17G3.  Here  he 
was  persuaded  to  settle,  and  soon  met  with 
encouragement  to  confirm  him  in  tiiat  reso- 
lution. One  of  his  earliest  friends  was  Dr. 
Drummond,  archbishop  of  York,  who  intro- 
duced him  to  the  late  king,  and  he  enjoyed 
the  patronage  of  that  excellent  nionarch 
above  forty  years.  On  the  death  of  Sir  Jo- 
shua Jteynolds  in  1791,  Mr.  Wcit  waselect- 
ed  president  of  the  royal  academy,  which 
chair  he  enjoyed,  with  the  except  ion  of  a 
short  interval,  till  his  death,  M.'xrch  lU, 
1820.  He  was  interred  in  St.  Paul's  cathe- 
dral.- W.  B. 

\\  R3T,  Elizabeth,  a  native  of  Edinburgh, 
who  became  known  for  her  eccentricities 
and  mystical  opinions.  She  wrote  an  ac- 
count of  her  life,  and  died  at  Saline,  1735, 
aged  G3. 

Westfiei.d,  Thomas,  a  native  of  El}, 
educated  at  Jesus  college,  Cambridge.  He 
obtained  the  livings  of  Mary-le-Bow,  and 
St.  Bartholomew's,  London,  and  was  made 
archbishop  of  St.  Alban's  and  soon  after 
raised  to  the  see  of  Bristol  by  the  king,  who 
thus  rewarded  his  soundness  of  judgment, 
his  learning,  and  his  unblamable  conversa- 
tion. Though  at  first  respected  and  belov- 
ed in  his  diocess,  he  was  exposed  to  the  ri- 
dicule and  persecution  of  the  republicans, 
and  at  last  ejected  from  his  see.  He  died 
25th  June,  1644.  His  sermons  were  pub 
lished  after  his  death  in  2  vols.  He  was 
so  eloquent  and  so  pathetic  a  preacher,  that 
he  was  called  the  weeping  prophet. 

Weston,  Richard,  a  native  of  Leicester, 
who  though  occupied  in  the  business  of  a 
thread  hosier,  paid  particular  attention  (o 
horticulture,  ami  contributed  some  valuable 
and  curious  observations  to  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine  on  the  subje<-t.  He  also  pub- 
lished various  useful  tracts  on  his  favourite 
pursuit,  and  died  at  Leicestei-  10th  Nov. 
1S06,  aged  74. 

Wetsteiv,  John  Rodolphus,  a  learned 
native  of  Basil,  who  succeeded  his  father  as 
professor  of  Greek  and  of  theology.  He 
published  among  other  valuable  works,  Di- 
alogue of  Origcn  against  the  Marcionites — • 
Exhortation  to  Martyrdom,  &.c.  and  died  in 
his  native  town  1711,  aged  64.    His  brother 

793 


^VET 


WHA 


,1ohn  Henry,  ^vas  well  skilled  in  the  learned 


languages. 


He  settled  in  Holland,  and  ac- 


quired great  celebrity  as  a  printer,  and  died 
1726,  aged  77.  He  was  respected  by  the 
great  and  the  learned,  and  the  prefaces 
■which  he  prefixed  to  the  works  which  he 
edited,  proved  that  he  was  a  man  of  abili- 
ties and  of  deep  erudition. 

Wetstein,  John  James,  of  the  same  fa- 
mily as  the  preceding,  wa»  born  at  Basil. 
He  travelled  over  Switzerland,  France, 
England,  and  Germany,  to  examine  the  va- 
rious MSS.  of  the  Greek  Testament,  and 
on  his  return  home  he  published  his  Prole- 
gomena 1730.  The  work  was  no  sooner 
read  than  it  created  him  a  multitude  of  ene- 
mies, who  accused  him  befoi*e  the  council 
of  Basil  as  a  Socinian,  in  consequence  of 
which  he  was  stripped  of  his  ecclesiastical 
honours,  and  obliged  to  fly  from  his  coun- 
try. He  was  I'eceived  with  distinction  at 
Amsterdam,  and  placed  in  the  professorial 
chair  of  Le  Clerc,  in  philosophy,  an  ap- 
pointment which  he  held  with  great  reputa- 
tion, till  his  death  24th  March^  1754,  in  his 
61st  year.  His  edition  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment with  the  various  readings,  and  with 
critical  remarks,  was  published  in  1751-2, 
in  2  vols.  fol.  He  published  with  that  work 
two  epistles  of  Clemens  Romanus  in  Syriac, 
ivith  a  Latin  version,  of  which  he  ably  de- 
fended the  authenticity.  In  reward  for 
these  useful  labours  he  was  honourably 
elected  member  of  the  royal  societies  of 
London  and  Berlin. 

Whalley,  Peter,  a  native  of  Northamp- 
tonshire, educated  at  Merchant  Tailors' 
and  at  St.  John's  college,  Oxford,  of  which 
he  became  fellow.  He  was  chosen  in  1768 
master  of  the  grammar-school  of  Christ's 
hospital,  which  he  resigned  in  1776,  and  was 
soon  after  placed  at  the  head  of  St.  Olave 
school  in  Southwark.  He  obtained  some 
preferment  in  the  church,  St.  Sepulchre's 
vicarage,  Northampton,  and  afterwards  St. 
Margaret  Pattens,  and  Horley,  Sussex.  He 
died  1791.  He  wrote  an  Inquiry  into  the 
Learning  of  Shakspeare,  8vo. — Vindication 
of  the  Authenticity  and  Evidences  of  the 
Gospels,  Svo. — Ben  Jonson's  Works  with 
notes,  7  vols.  Svo. — Verses  prefixed  to  Her- 
vcy's  Meditations — sermons,  &c.  and  he 
was  for  some  years  engaged  in  making  col- 
lections for  a  histoiy  of  Northampton- 
shire, which  was  never  completed. 

Wharton,  George,  a  native  of  West- 
moreland, whose  property  was  i-uined  in  the 
civil  vv^ars,  in  consequence  of  his  strong  at- 
tachment to  the  royal  cause.  During  the 
usurpation  he  maintained  himself  by  writing 
almanacs,  tracts  on  astronomy,  chronologi- 
cal works,  &c.  His  sufferings  were  re- 
warded at  the  restoration,  he  was  made  a 
baronet,  and  appointed  treasurer  of  the  ord- 
nance.    He  died  about  1681. 

Wharton,  Anne,  daugliter  of  sir  Henry 
794 


Lee,  of  Ditchley,  Oxfordshire,  inherited 
conjointly  with  her  sister  lady  Abingdon, 
her  father's  estates.  She  became  the  wife 
of  Thomas,  marquis  of  WTiarton,  and  dis- 
tinguished herself  by  her  learning  and  po- 
etical works.  Several  of  her  poems  have 
appeared  in  Dodsley's  and  Nicholas's  collec- 
tions.    She  died  about  1685. 

Wharton,  Henry,  a  learned  divine, 
born  9th  Nov.  1664,  at  Worstead  in  Nor- 
folk, where  his  father  was  vicar.  He  was 
educated  under  the  eye  of  his  father,  and 
afterwards  entered  at  Caius  college,  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  took  his  degrees  in  art. 
His  abilities  recommended  him  to  the  no- 
tice of  Dr.  Cave,  and  of  Sancroft,  archbi- 
shop of  Canterbury,  to  whom  he  was  ap- 
pointed chaplain,  and  from  whom  he  re- 
ceived the  vicarage  of  Minster,  and  the 
rectory  of  Chartham  in  Kent.  His  applica- 
tion to  literary  pursuits  was  so  great  that 
his  health  at  last  sunk  under  it,  and  he  died 
at  Canterbury,  5th  March,  1695,  aged  31, 
universally  lamented.  His  publications 
were  numerous  and  valuable,  the  best  known 
of  which  are,  a  treatise  on  the  Celibacy  of 
the  Clergy  against  the  Church  of  Rome — 
Defence  of  Pluralities,  Svo. — Specimens  of 
Errors  in  Burnet's  History  of  the  Reforma- 
tion— Historia  de  Episcopis  et  Decanis 
Assavensibus,  Svo. — Anglia  Sacra,  sive  Col- 
lectio  Historiarum  de  Episcopis,  &c.  2  vols, 
fol. — History  of  Laud's  Troubles,  and 
Trials — sermons,  Svo.  &c. 

Wharton,  Philip,  duke  of,   an  English 
nobleman,  remarkable  for  his  great  eccen- 
tricities, born    1699.     His  early  marriage 
with  a  woman  of  inferior  rank,  though  of 
amiable  and  virtuous  character,  proved  the 
beginning  of    his  misfortunes,    and  flying 
from  those  domestic  comforts  which  were 
within  his  reach,  he  plunged  into  all  the  fol- 
lies, the  crimes,  and  the  extravagance  of  a 
licentious  age.     In  his  travels  on  the  con- 
tinent he  paid  his  court  at  Avignon  to  the 
chevalier  de  St.  George,  and  was  compli- 
mented with  the  title  of  duke  of  Northum- 
berland.    His  partiality  for  the  fortunes  of 
the  exiled   Stuarts   was,  however,   forgot- 
ten ;  on  his  return  home,  he    became  the 
zealous  supporter  of  the  ministry,  and  for 
his  eloquent  services  in  parliament  he   was 
raised  from  the  dignity  of  marquis  to  that 
of  duke.     Unsteady  in  his  politics  he  soon 
changed  sides,  and   distinguished  himself 
not  only  as  the  bold  defender  of  the  bishop 
of  Rochester,  but  as  the  publisher  twice  a 
week  of  a  violent  periodical  paper  called  the 
True  Briton.     His  extravagances  had  now 
so  injured  his  property,  that  his  creditors 
obtained  possession  of  his  income  under  a 
decree  of  chancery,  and  therefore  to  avoid 
that  disgrace  of  sinking  from  a  high  station 
into  contempt  and  poverty,  he  retired  to  the 
continent,  and  at  the  court  of  Spain  openly- 
espoused  the  causae  of  the  pretender.  After 


WIIR 


um: 


filling  Madrid  ami  Rome  with  Iiis  intrigues, 
and  deceiving  by  tl>c  levity  of  his  eonduct 
both  the  Spanish  court  undtl>e  chevalier  of 
St.  George,  he  formed  the  plan  of  revisiting 
his  country,  though  he  heard  that  an  in- 
dictment for  high  treason  was  issued  against 
him.  He  proceeded  as  far  as  Rouen,  but 
new  difficulties  arose,  and  his  want  of  njo- 
iiey  obliged  him  iigain  to  return  to  Spain, 
and  he  died  soon  after  at  Terragone,  where 
he  had  gone  for  tlie  benefit  of  the  waters, 
May  1731.  His  remains  were  interred  with 
little  ceremony  by  the  charity  of  the  Ber- 
nardiiie  monks,  of  a  neighbouring  convent. 
On  the  death  of  his  wife  in  1726,  he  mar- 
ried another,  who,  though  the  daughter  of 
an  Irish  colonel,  was  one  of  the  maids  of 
honour  to  the  queen  of  Spain. 

Whateley,  William,  a  native  of  Lan- 
cashire, educated  at  Magdalen  college, 
Cambridge.  He  obtained  a  living  in  Che- 
shire, and  died  1613.  He  was  an  able  advo- 
cate in  favour  of  the  protestant  religion 
against  the  Roman  catholics,  and  ho  wrote, 
among  other  things,  an  Exposition  of  the 
Ten  Commandments,  &c. 

Wheare,  Degory,  a  native  of  Jacobstow 
in  Cornwall,  educated  at  Broadgate  hall, 
Oxford.  He  became  fellow  of  Exeter  col- 
lege, and  afterwards  travelled  on  the  conti- 
nent. He  was  patronised  by  lord  Chandos, 
and  was  appointed  by  Camden  the  first  pro- 
fessor in  the  lecture  which  he  had  founded, 
and  he  obtained  also  the  mastership  of 
Gloucester  hall,  which  he  held  till  his  death 
in  1647,  in  his  74th  year.  He  was  author 
of  a  Dissertation  de  Rationo  et  Methodo 
legendi  Historias,  8vo.  a  useful  work,  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Edmund  Bohun — 
Parentatio  Historica,  &c. — Epistolarum 
Eucharist.  Fasciculus,  &c. 

Wheatley,  Charles,  a  native  of  Lon- 
don, educated  at  St.  John's  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship.  He  after- 
wards became  lecturer  of  St.  Mildred  in 
the  Poultry,  and  vicar  of  Brent  and  Fer- 
neaux  Pelham,  Hertfordshire,  where  he 
died  1742,  aged  56.  He  wrote  a  Rational 
Illustration  of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer, 
fol.  republished''  in  Svo. — Historical  Vindi- 
cation of  the  85th  Canon,  &c. — Answer  to 
Hoadly  on  the  Sacrament — Private  Devo- 
tions at  the  Sacrament — Sermons  at  lady 
Moyle's  Lectures,  Svo. — Miscellaneous 
Sermons  published  after  his  death,  3  vols. 
Svo. 

Wheatley,  Phillis,  a  poetess,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Africa,  and  brought  to  America  in 
1761  in  her  childhood.  She  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  the  English  language,  and 
also  learnt  something  of  the  Latin.  While 
a  slave  in  the  family  of  Mr.  John  Wheatley, 
Boston,  she  wrote  a  volume  of  poems,  in- 
dicating a  very  superior  genius.  She  died 
in  1784,  aged  31.  ICF  L. 

Wheeler,  George,  a  native  of  Chari  rra". 


Kent,  was  born  at  Breda,  where  Uij;  pa- 
rents lived  ia  exile  during  the  civil  war*. 
He  entered  at  Liiiroln  college,  Oxfonl,  but 
before  he  took  hii  digrccn  h*;  began  to  tra- 
vel, in  company  with  Dr.  James  Spon  of 
Lyons,  and  visited  Venire,  Consl:intinopI«', 
Asia  Minor,  the  various  countries  of 
Greece,  Zante,  &.c.  The  observations  of 
these  two  learned  travellers  were  ingcnioua, 
and  as  tiu-y  minutely  compared  the  rela- 
tions of  Pausanias,  with  the  existing  htalc 
of  the  country,  they  were  enabled  to  trace 
with  accuracy  every  striking  feature  of  dif- 
ference and  of  improvement.  On  his  re- 
turn to  England  \\  heeler  presented  to  the 
university  of  Oxford  several  valuable  anti- 
quities, and  was  in  consequence  compli- 
mented with  the  degree  of  NI.  A.  Though 
a  knight  he  took  orders  and  obtained  the 
living  of  Basingstoke,  and  besides  the  valu- 
able rectory  of  Houghton  le  Spring,  Dur- 
ham, and  a  prebend  in  Durham  cathedral. 
In  his  private  character  he  was  an  amiabh^ 
and  devout  man.  He  was  created  D.D. 
by  diploma  1702,  and  died  Feb.  18,  1724, 
aged  74.  Besides  his  journey  into  Greece, 
in  6  vols.  fol.  1682,  he  published  an  account 
of  the  churches  and  places  of  assembly  of 
the  primitive  Christians,  Svo.  1689 — and  the 
Protestant  Monastery,  or  Christian  (Econo- 


mics, l2mo. 


Wheelock,  Eleazer,  D.D.  first  presi- 
dent of  Dartmouth  college,  New-Hamp- 
shire, was  born  about  the  year  1710,  and 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1733.  He 
studied  theology,  and  was  greatly  distin- 
guished for  zeal  and  piety,  and  success  ia 
the  ministry.  He  settled  at  Lebanon,  Con- 
necticut, and  there  instituted  a  school  for 
the  instruction  of  Indian  youth  for  mission- 
aries in  1754,  in  which  he  was  aided  by  be- 
nefactions from  many  in  the  colonies,  and 
at  length  by  contributions  in  England  and 
Scotland.  In  1762  he  had  more  than  twenty 
Indian  youth  under  his  care.  In  1770,  at 
the  invitation  of  New-Hampshire,  ho  re- 
moved to  Hanover  in  that  state,  and  there 
opened  a  college,  of  which  he  was  appoint- 
ed president,  and  which  was  called  Dart- 
mouth, in  honour  of  the  carl  of  that  name, 
who  was  at  the  head  of  the  board  of  trus- 
tees, to  whose  direction  the  money  collect- 
ed in  Great  Britain  for  the  Indian  school 
was  intrusted.  He  continued  in  his  bene- 
volent labours  there  till  his  death  in  1779, 
in  his  sixty-ninth  year.  ICP'  L. 

Wheelock,  John,  LL.D.  president  of 
Dartmouth  college,  New-Hampshire,  was 
the  second  son  of  the  former  president,  and 
born  at  Lebanon,  Connecticut,  in  1754.  Re- 
moving with  his  father  to  Hanover,  he  was 
educated  there,  and  graduated  with  the  first 
class  in  1771.  The  next  year  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  tutor  in  the  college.  ^Vhen  the 
revolution  came  on  he  was  chosen  a  dele- 
gate to  thn  N^ow->Hamf>sbire  convention,  an<l 

•795 


WHI 


WUI 


in  1777  entered  the  armv,  receiving'  tii'st  a 
major's  commission  from  the  state  of  New- 
York,  and  afterwards  that  of  lieutenant 
colonel  in  the  continental  service.  In  the 
summer  of  1778,  he  conducted  a  hazardous 
expedition  into  the  Indian  country,  and  in 
a  manner  highly  creditable  to  himself.  His 
military  reputation  was  increased  by  sub- 
sequent events,  until  by  request  of  general 
Gates  he  entered  his  family,  and  continued 
in  that  station  until  he  left  the  service. 
The  charter  of  Dartmouth  college  having 
conferred  on  the  president  the  right  of  no- 
minating his  successor,  he  selected  his  son, 
who  assumed  the  office  on  the  death  of  his 
father  in  1779.  In  1782  he  visited  Europe 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  contributions 
to  the  institution.  He  returned  in  1784, 
and  for  the  space  of  thirty-six  years  conti- 
nued at  its  head,  labouring  assiduously  and 
successfully  to  promote  its  usefulness.  In 
addition  to  the  duties  of  president,  he  dis- 
charged those  of  professor  of  civil  and  ec- 
clesiastical history.  Toward  the  close  of 
his  life  a  disaffection  to  him  arose  which 
led  to  his  removal  by  the  legislature  in  1 81 5, 
but  a  subsequent  legislature  and  the  public 
at  large  vindicated  him,  and  he  was  restored 
to  the  office  in  February  1817.  He  died  on 
the  4th  of  April  in  that  year.  He  possessed 
fine  talents,  and  extensive  learning,  and 
excelled  as  a  speaker.  He  was  amiable, 
an  exemplary  Christian,  and  distinguished 
for  his  charities.  ?CJ^  L. 

Whelpley,  Rev.  Philip  Melancthon, 
was  born  in  Stockbridge,  Massachusetts, 
Dec.  22,  1792.  Conspicuous  for  early 
exhibitions  of  talent,  he  entered  the  Chris- 
tian ministry  soon  after  he  reached  the 
age  of  twenty-one.  In  a  few  months  he 
was  called  to  the  pastoral  care  of  the  first 
presbyterian  church  in  the  city  of  New- 
York,  and  was  ordained  April  25,  1815; 
from  which  charge  he  was  removed  by 
death,  after  nearly  ten  years  devotion  to 
its  interests.  Besides  some  anonymous 
pieces  in  the  Christian  Spectator,  a  perio- 
dical work  published  in  New-Haven,  Con- 
necticut, he  published  several  sermons  in 
his  lifetime  ;  among  which,  one  commemo- 
rative of  the  landing  of  the  pilgrims  upon 
this  continent,  delivered  before  the  New- 
England  Society  in  the  city  of  New- York, 
in  1822,  and  one  delivered  before  the  Uni- 
ted Foreign  Missionary  Society  in  1823,  are 
distinguished  for  their  genuine  eloquence, 
and  are  models  of  their  kind.  A  volume 
of  miscellaneous  sermons  from  his  pen  h 
about  to  perpetuate  his  memory.  He  died 
.July  17,  1824.  fCj^  L. 

Whichcot,  Benjamin,  an  English  divine, 
born  1609  at  Stoke  in  Shropshire,  He  was 
educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  degrees  in  arts,  and  ob- 
tained a  fellowship.  He  afterwards  ob- 
tained the  living  of  Ndrthcadburv,  Somer- 


setshire,  from  which  he  was  withdrawn  by 
the  parliamentary  visiters  to  become  pro- 
vost of  King's  college,  in  the  room  of  Dr. 
Collins  who  was  ejected.  At  the  restora- 
tion he  was  removed  from  the  headship  of 
the  college,  and  then  settled  in  London, 
where  he  became  minister  of  St.  Anne's, 
Blackfriars,  and  afterwards  of  St.  Law- 
rence, Jewry.  On  a  visit  to  Cambridge  he 
caught  a  violent  cold,  and  died  soon  after, 
May  1683,  at  the  house  of  his  friend  Dr. 
Cudworth,  master  of  Christ  college,  and 
he  was  buried  in  his  church  of  St.  Law- 
rence, Jewry,  wlierehis  funeral  sermon  was 
preached  by  Dr.  Tillotson.  His  sermons 
were  published  after  his  death,  the  first 
volume  by  Shaftesbury,  the  author  of  the 
Characteristics,  three  more  by  Dr.  Jeffrey 
of  Norwich,  and  another  volume  by  Dr. 
Samuel  Clarke,  1707. 

Whipple,  William,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  a  delegate  from  New- Hampshire.  In 
1777  he  was  appointed  a  brigadier  general 
of  the  troops  of  that  state.  He  was  after- 
wards a  member  of  the  executive  council, 
and  from  1783  until  his  death  a  judge  of  the 
supreme  court.  He  died  at  Portsmouth 
November  28th,  1785.  fC?'  L, 

Whistox,  William,  a  learned  English  di- 
vine, born  9th  Dec.  1667,  at  Norton  near 
Twycrosse,  Leicestershire,  where  his  father 
was  rector.  He  received  his  education  un- 
der his  father,  and  afterwards  was  two 
years  at  Tamworth  school,  and  then  enter- 
ed  at  Clare-hall,  Cambridge.  In  1693  he 
became  fellow  of  his  college,  and  soon  af- 
ter tutor,  but  the  labours  of  this  important 
office  were  too  great  for  his  delicate  consti- 
tution, and  he  resigned  his  numerous  pu- 
pils to  become  chaplain  to  bishop  Moore. 
His  New  Theory  of  the  Earth  appeared  in 
1696,  and  excited  general  admiration, 
though  its  principles  were  opposed  by  Dr. 
Keill.  In|l698  he  was  i)resented  by  his  pa- 
tron the  bishop  to  the  living  of  Lowestoft 
in  Suffolk,  where  he  devoted  himself  assi- 
duously to  his  parochial  duties,  till  he  was 
invited  in  1 700  to  Cambridge,  to  become 
deputy  to  sir  Isaac  Newton,  whom  he  soon 
after  succeeded  in  the  Lucasian  professor- 
ship of  mathematics.  About  this  time  his 
attachment  to  the  principles  of  the  church 
of  England  began  to  waver,  he  pretended  to 
discover  that  the  two  first  centuries  of  the 
church  were  truly  Eusebian  and  Arian,  and 
that  afterwards  doctrines  less  congenial  to 
the  genuine  spirit  of  Christianity  had  been 
adopted.  These  opinions,  which  were 
heard  with  astonishment  by  his  friends,  en- 
gaged much  of  the  public  attention,  but  he 
disregarded  the  opposition  and  censures  of 
his  former  associates,  and  wrote  several 
works  in  support  ?of  his  sentiments,  and  in 
vindication  of  his  conduct.  This  drew  upon 
hiin  the  severe  displeasure  of  the  university. 


VVHI 


IV  HI 


and  in  1710  he  was  deprived  of  bis  pro- 
fessorship, and  banished  irom  the  precincts 
of  Cambridge.  Regardless  of  the  disgrace, 
he  retired  to  London,  where  he  maintained 
himself  by  giving  lectures  on  philosophy, 
astronomy,  and  divinity,  and  by  writing  on 
his  favourite  topic  of  primitive  Christianity. 
The  scanty  pittance  which  he  thus  derived 
was  scarcely  suflicient  to  supply  him 
with  the  necessaries  of  life,  yet  he  was 
cheerful  and  serene,  and  in  the  midst  of 
his  distresses,  he  often  found  the  hand  of 
those  who  revered  him  for  his  learning,  his 
integrity,  and  piety,  extended  to  relieve  his 
wants.  Though  he  had  regularly  frequent- 
ed the  church  of  England,  he  at  last  for- 
sook it  in  1747,  when  the  officiating  clergy- 
man read,  in  allusion  to  him  as  he  supposed, 
the  Athanasian  creed,  and  he  then  repaired 
to  the  Baptist  meeting,  till,  as  he  observed, 
he  had  an  opportunity  of  setting  up  a  more 
primitive  congregation  himself.  He  died 
after  a  week's  illness,  22d  Aug.  1752,  aged 
84,  and  was  buried  near  his  wife,  by  whom 
he  had  several  children,  and  who  had  died 
18  months  before  him,  at  Lyndon,  in  Rut- 
landshire. He  was,  as  bishop  Hare  ob- 
serves, a  fair  unblemished  character,  who 
all  his  life  had  cultivated  piety,  virtue,  and 
good  learning.  Constant  himself  in  the 
private  and  public  duties  of  religion,  he 
promoted  virtue  in  others,  and  such  learn- 
ing as  he  thought  would  conduce  most  to 
the  honour  of  God  by  manifesting  the 
greatness  and  wisdom  of  his  works.  By 
his  useful  works  of  philosophy  and  mathe- 
matics, he  endeavoured  to  display  the  glory 
of  the  great  Creator,  and  to  his  study  of 
nature  he  early  joined  the  study  of  the 
Scriptures.  The  best  known  of  his  works 
are,  besides  his  Theoryi— Astronomical 
liCctures,  8vo. — translation  of  Josephus, 
with  eight  valuable  dissertations, 4  vols.  8vo. 
■ — Astronomical  Principles  of  Religion — 
History  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,  6 
vols.  8vo. — Vindication  of  the  Testimony 
of  Phlegon — Memoirs  of  his  own  Life,  2 
vols.  8vo.  and  several  theological  pieces  in 
defence  or  support  of  his  favourite  doc- 
trines. 

Whitaker,  William,  D.D.  a  native  of 
Holme,  Lancashire,  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Cambridge.  He  became  regius 
professor  in  the  university,  and  master  of 
St.  John's  college,  Avhere  he  died  1595, 
aged  47.  Though  he  wrote  some  tracts 
against  popery,  and  in  favour  of  the  church 
of  England,  he  is  supposed  to  have  inclined 
to  the  puritans.  Bishop  Hall  said  of  him, 
"  never  a  man  saw  him  without  reverence, 
or  heard  him  without  wonder." 

Whitaker,  John,  a  learned  divine,  was 
born  at  Manchester  in  1735.  He  was  edu- 
iiated  at  the  free-school  of  his  native  town, 
and  next  at  Corpus  Christi  college,  Oxford, 
where  he  obtained  a  fellowship,  and  took 


his  degree  of  bachelor  in  divinity.  In  1771 
he  acquired  celebrity  by  his  "  History  of 
Manchester,"  which  was  followed  by  the 
"  Genuine  History  of  the  Britons  assert- 
ed," in  answer  to  Macpherson.  At  this 
time  he  was  morning  preacher  at  Berkeley 
chapel,  and  lived  on  terms  of  intimacy  with 
Gibbon,  who  submitted  to  his  correction 
the  manuscript  of  the  first  volume  of  his 
history,  except  the  offensive  chapter  on 
Christianity.  In  1778  Mr.  Whitaker  was 
presented  to  the  college  living  of  Ruan  La- 
nyhorne  in  Cornwall,  where  he  died  Oct. 
30,  1808.  His  other  works  are  — 1.  Ser- 
mons on  Death,  Judgment,  Heaven,  and 
Hell,  8vo,  2.  A  Vindication  of  Mary, 
queen  of  Scots,  3  vols.  8vo.  3.  The  Course 
of  Hannibal  over  the  Alps,  2  vols.  8vo.  4. 
Criticisms  on  Gibbon's  Decline  and  Fall  of 
the  Roman  Empire,  8vo.  These  were  ori- 
ginally printed  in  the  English  Review.  5. 
The  Origin  of  Arianism  disclosed,  8vo. 
6.  The  origin  of  Government,  8vo.  7, 
The  ancient  Cathedral  of  Cornwall,  2  vols. 
4to.  8.  The  Life  of  St.  Neot.  He  also 
wrote  some  poetical  pieces. —  IV.  B. 

W^HiTAKER,  Edward  W.  an  ingenious 
divine,  Avas  the  son  of  sergeant  Whitaker. 
He  studied  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and 
on  entering  into  orders  became  curate  of 
St.  John's,  Clerkenwell,  but  afterwards  ob- 
tained the  livings  of  St.  Mildred  and  AH 
Saints,  Canterbury.  Latterly  he  resided 
at  Egham  in  Surrey,  where  he  kept  a  re- 
spectable seminary  for  education.  At  the 
close  of  his  useful  life  he  succeeded  in  es- 
tablishing the  Refuge  for  the  Destitute.  He 
died  in  1818,  aged  68.  His  works  are  — 
1.  On  the  Prophecies  relating  to  the  Resto- 
ration of  the  Jews,  8vo.  2.  Dialogues  on 
the  Trinity.  3.  A  letter  to  the  Jews.  4. 
Sermons  on  Education.  5.  A  general  and 
connected  View  of  the  Prophecies.  6. 
Family  Sermons,  3  vols.  7.  Commentary 
on  the  Revelation.  8.  The  Manual  of  Pro- 
phecy. 9.  An  Abridgment  of  Universal 
History,  2  vols.  4to.  ^c.—  W.  B. 

WiiiTBREAD,  Samuel,  a  politician,  was 
the  son  of  the  eminent  porter-brewer  in 
Chiswell-street,  London,  and  born  there  in 
1758.  He  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  af- 
terwards at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 
where  he  took  his  bachelor's  degree,  and 
then  went  on  the  continent,  accompanied 
by  the  present  archdeacon  Coxe.  Soon 
after  his  return,  he  married  the  daughter 
of  the  late  sir  Charles,  and  sister  to  the 
present  earl  Grey.  In  1790  he  was  return- 
ed to  the  House  of  Commons  for  Steyning, 
where  he  instantly  joined  Mr.  Fox,  and 
continued  that  attachment  through  life.  In 
subsequent  parliaments  he  sat  for  Bedford  : 
and  was  distinguished  as  a  vigorous  assail- 
ant of  Mr.  Pitt.  He  also  conducted  the 
impeachment  of  lord  Melville  ;  and,  with 
the  exception  of  the  short-lived  adminisfrs- 

797 


WHI 


WHI 


lion  of  the  talents,  was  uniformly  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  government.  In  a  fit  of  insa- 
nity, supposed  to  be  occasioned  by  his  con- 
nexion with  Drury-lane  theatre,  he  destroy- 
ed himself,  July  6,  1815.— fF.  B. 

Whitbt,  Daniel,  D.D.  a  native  of  Rush- 
den,  Northamptonshire,  educated  at  Trini- 
ty college,  Oxford,  of  which  he  became 
fellow  1664.  He  was  afterwards  chaplain 
to  Seth  Ward,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  and  un- 
der his  patronage  became  chanter  of  the 
cathedral,  rector  of  St.  Edmund's,  Salis- 
bury, and  prebendary  of  Taunton,  Regis. 
He  died  24th  March,  1726,  aged  88.  In 
his  character  he  was  easy,  affable,  devout, 
pious,  and  charitable,  little  acquainted  with 
worldly  affairs,  and  more  attentive  to  the 
business  of  religion,  and  to  the  pursuits  of 
learning.  His  publications  are  more  than 
40  in  number,  and  display  good  sense  and 
learning.  The  best  known  of  these  are, 
the  Protestant  Reconciler,  1682,  which 
gave  great  offence  to  the  clergy,  and  was 
publicly  burnt  by  the  university  of  Oxford 
— five  Points  against  Calvinism,  8vo. — Pa- 
raphrase and  Commentary  on  the  New 
Testament,  2  vols,   folio,    often  re-edited. 

White,  John,   a  bishop   in   the  reign  of 
Elizabeth,   deposed   for  preaching  a  sedi- 
tious sermon.     He  wrote  some  theological 
works  in  Latin,  and  died  1559. 

White,  Richard,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter. His  works  were  in  Latin,  and  chiefly 
on  subjects  of  English  history.  He  died 
atDouay,  1612. 

White,  Francis,  bishop  of  Ely  under 
the  first  James,  was  author  of  some  ser- 
mons and  controversial  tracts  against  Fish- 
er.    He  died  1637. 

White,  Thomas,  lecturer  of  St.  An- 
drew's, Holburn,  and  St.  Anne's,  Alders- 
gate-street,  was  author  of  the  Art  ^of  Di- 
Tine  Revelation,  a  boolc  of  merit.  After 
the  restoration  he  preached  to  the  prison- 
ers in  Ludgate,  and  was  kindly  noticed  by 
bishop  Sheldon. 

White,  Thomas,  or  Albius,  a  Roman  ca- 
tholic priest,  principal  of  a  college  at  Lis- 
bon, and  sub-principal  at  Douay.  He  was 
an  able  scholar,  and  so  warm  an  admirer  of 
Aristotle's  philosophy,  that  he  applied  his 
principles  to  explain  some  of  the  most  mys- 
terious parts  of  the  Christian  religion. 
Some  of  his  pieces  have  been  inserted  in 
the  Index  Expurgatorius.  He  was  intimate 
with  Hobbes,  though  in  their  opinions  they 
widely  differed.     He  died  1676. 

White,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Bristol, 
who  studied  at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford, 
and  obtained  the  livings  of  St.  Gregory, 
and  St.  Dunstan  in  the  W^est,  London.  He 
afterwards  became  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
canon  of  Windsor,  and  Christ  church,  and 
treasurer  of  Salisbury.  He  was  author  of 
some  sermons,  and  founded  an  almshouse 
in  his  native  town,  besides  a  lectureship  at 
7J)8 


Oxford,  and  liberal  donations  to  Sion  col- 
lege in  London.     He  died  1623. 

White,  Jeremy,  fellow  of  Trinity  col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  chaplain  to  Cromwell, 
is  known  for  his  humour  and  vivacity.  He 
showed  particular  attention  to  one  of  the 
protector's  daughters,  and  being  once  sur- 
prised by  the  father  on  his  knees  before  the 
lady,  he  averted  the  indignation  of  Crom- 
well by  saying,  that  he  was  entreating  her 
interference  with  her  maid,  to  whom  he  had 
long  paid  his  addresses  without  hopes  of 
success.  Cromwell,  who  knew  the  artifice 
of  the  lover,  upbraided  the  maid  for  her 
supposed  unkindness,  and  immediately  or- 
dered a  clergyman  to  perform  the  ceremony 
of  marriage  between  her  and  the  astonished 
chaplain.  He  wrote  a  book  on  the  Resto- 
ration of  all  Things,  published  after  his 
death,  in  which  he  maintained  that  all  man- 
kind are  doomed  to  inherit  salvation.  He 
died  1707,  aged  78. 

White,  Robert,  an  engraver  of  emi- 
nence, who  was  pupil  to  Loggan.  His  like- 
nesses were  strikingly  correct  and  expres- 
sive, and  his  attention  to  business  was  so 
intense,  that  it  is  said  he  engraved  more 
portraits  and  other  works  than  any  other 
artist.     He  died  1704. 

White,  Nathanael,  pastor  of  the  dis- 
senting congregation  at  the  Old  Jewry,  was 
born  in  Pali-Mall,  and  educated  under 
Doddridge  and  Caleb  Ashworth.  He  pub- 
lished some  funeral  sermons,  &c.  and  died 
March  3d,  1783. 

White,  Joseph,  a  learned  divine,  was  the 
son  of  a  weaver  at  Gloucester,  and  born 
there  in  1746.  He  was  educated  at  the 
school  of  Gloucester,  and  next  at  Wadham 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  applied  to  the 
study  of  oriental  literature.  In  1775, 
being  then  master  of  arts,  and  fellow  of  his 
college,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  Ara- 
bic. In  1778  he  published  "  Sacrorum 
Evangeliorum  Versio  Syriaca,  Philoxenian- 
na,  ex  Cod.  MSS.  Ridleianis,  in  Bibl.  Coll. 
Nov.  Oxon.  cum  Interpretationes  et  Anno- 
tat."  2  vols.  4to.  The  same  year  he  preach- 
ed a  sermon  before  the  university,  which 
was  printed  with  this  title  ;  "  A  Revisal  of 
the  English  Translation  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment recommended."  In  1779  he  took  the 
degree  of  bachelor  in  divinity,  and  publish- 
ed "  A  Letter  to  the  Bishop  of  London, 
suggesting  a  Plan  for  a  new  Edition  of  the 
Septuagint."  In  1780  he  printed  '*  A  Spe- 
cimen of  the  civil  and  military  Institutes  of 
Timour  or  Tamerlane,"  which  was  followed 
by  an  English  edition  of  the  whole  work  by 
Major  Davy,  with  the  notes  of  Mr.  White. 
In  1783  he  preached  the  Bampton  Lecture, 
on  a  comparison  between  the  characters  of 
Mahomet  and  Christ.  These  lectures  were 
published  in  1784,  with  an  additional  ser- 
mon on  the  duty  of  propagating  Christianity 
in  India.      For  this  work  Lord  Thurlow 


WHl 


VVHI 


gave  the  preacher  a  prebend  in  the  catiie- 
dral  of  Gloucester,  on  which  he  took  his 
doctor's  degree.  But  in  1788  an  attempt 
was  made  to  deprive  him  of  the  honour  of 
writing  these  discourses,  and  it  appeared, 
indeed,  that  he  was  hugely  indebted  to  Mr. 
Badcock  in  the  composition  of  them.  Upon 
this  Dr.  White  published  "  A  Statement  of 
his  literary  Obligations  to  the  Rev.  Samuel 
Badcock  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Parr."  In  1790 
he  vacated  his  fellowship  by  marriage,  and 
was  presented  to  the  rectory  of  Melton  in 
Suffolk.  In  1800  he  published  his  "  Dia- 
tessaron,"  or  a  Harmony  of  the  Gospels,  in 
Latin,  which  was  followed  the  year  after  by 
his  **  ^gyptiaca  ;  or  Observations  on  cer- 
tain Antiquities  of  Egypt."  His  next  pub- 
lication was  an  edition  of  Griesbach's 
*'  New  Testament  in  Greek,"  2  vols.  ;  as  a 
sequel  to  which  he  printed  a  Synopsis  of 
the  Criticisms  of  Griesbach.  He  died  at 
Oxford,  May  22d,  1814.— fT.  B. 

White,  Henry  Kirke,  an  ingenious 
youth,  was  the  son  of  a  butcher  at  Notting- 
ham, and  born  there  March  21st,  1785. 
He  received  an  ordinary  education,  and  at 
the  age  of  fourteen  was  placed  with  a  stock- 
ing weaver,  from  which  business  he  was 
soon  taken,  and  entered  in  an  attorney's 
office,  where  at  his  leisure  hours  he  studied 
Latin  and  Greek.  He  now  wished  to  enjoy 
the  benefit  of  a  university  education,  to  fa- 
cilitate which  object  he  published  a  volume 
of  poems,  but  the  sale  did  not  answer  his 
expectations.  At  length  he  procured  ad- 
mission as  sizar  in  St.  John's  college,  Cam- 
bridge, where  incessant  study  threw  him 
into  a  consumption,  of  which  he  died  Oct. 
19th,  1806.  His  poems  and  other  pieces 
were  published,  with  a  biographical  me- 
moir, by  Mr.  Southey,  under  the  title  of 
"  The  Remains  of  Henry  Kirke  White." — 
W.B. 

White,  Peregrine,  the  first  Englishman, 
whose  birth  was  in  New-England,  was 
born  at  Plymouth  in  November,  1620,  and 
died  at  Marshfield,  July  22d,  1704,  in  his 
eighty-fourth  year.  [CT  L. 

White,  Anthony  Walton,  a  distinguish- 
ed officer  in  the  American  revolutionary 
w^ar,  assumed  the  command  of  the  cavalry 
after  the  defeat  at  Monk's  corner,  in  April, 
1780.  He  died  at  Brunswick,  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  1803.  tdj^  L. 

Whitefield,  George,  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  sect  of  the  Methodists,was  born 
at  Gloucester,  where  his  mother  kept  the 
Bell  inn,  1714.  From  the  Crypt  school  of 
his  native  town,  he  entered  as  servitor  at 
Pembroke  college,  Oxford,  and  was  or- 
dained at  the  proper  age  by  Benson,  bishop 
of  Gloucester.  Enthusiasm  and  the  love  of 
singularity  now  influenced  his  conduct,  and 
in  his  eagerness  to  obtain  popularity,  he 
preached  not  only  in  prisons,  but  in  the 
open  fields,  and  by  strong  persuasive  elo* 


quencc,  he  prevailed  upon  mulliluUes  to 
regard  him  as  a  man  of  superior  sanctity. 
In  1733  he  went  to  America,  to  increase 
the  number  of  his  converts;  but  after  labour- 
ing for  some  time  as  the  friend  and  the  asso- 
ciate of  the  Wesleys,  he  at  la.st  was  engaged 
with  them  in  a  serious  dispute,  which  pro- 
duced a  separation.  While  he  zealously 
asserted  the  doctrine  of  absolute  election 
and  final  perseverance,  agreeable  to  the  no- 
tions of  Calvin,  his  opponents  regarded  his 
opinion  as  unsupported  by  Scripture,  and 
therefore  inadmissible,  and  in  consequence 
of  this  arose  the  two  sects  of  the  Calvinistic 
and  the  Arminian  Methodists.  Secure  in 
the  good  opinion  of  a  great  number  of  ad- 
herents, and  in  the  patronage  of  lady  Hun- 
tingdon, to  %vhom  he  was  chaplain,  he  con- 
tinued his  labours,  and  built  two  Taber- 
nacles in  the  city  and  in  Tottenham-court 
road  for  the  commodious  reception  of  his 
followers.  He  died  while  on  a  visit  to  his 
churches  in  New-England,  America,  1770, 
and  had  the  satisfaction  to  know  that  his 
adherents  were  numerous  on  both  conti- 
nents. His  sermons,  letters,  and  contro- 
versial tracts,  have  been  published  together 
in  7  vols.  8vo.  and  an  account  of  his  life 
has  appeared  by  Gillies. 

Whitfield,  Henry,  B.  D.  first  minister 
of  Guilford, Connecticut,  v/as  the  only  son  of 
an  opulent  lawyer,  and  born  in  England  in 
1597.  His  father  intending  him  for  the 
law,  gave  him  an  education  at  one  of  the 
universities,  and  the  inns  of  court,  but  the 
son  preferring  the  ministry  entered  into 
orders,  and  obtained  the  rich  living  of 
Oakly  in  Surrey.  Here  he  entertained  the 
puritan  divines  in  the  Laudean  persecution, 
and  in  1639,  emigrating  to  America,  he  be- 
came the  founder  of  Guilford  in  connexion 
with  Mr.  Leete,  Samuel  Desborough,  and 
John  Hoadly.  Leete  was  governor  suc- 
cessively of  the  colonies  of  New- Haven 
and  Connecticut,  Desborough  was  related 
to  Cromwell,  and  returning  to  England^be- 
came  lord  chancellor  of  Scotland.  Hoad- 
ly also  returned  to  England,  and  was 
chaplain  to  the  castle  of  Edinburgh.  Whit- 
field returned  in  1650,  and  died  in  the  mi- 
nistry at  the  city  of  Winchester.  He  was 
a  good  scholar,  a  distinguished  divine,  and 
an  excellent  preacher.  He  published  an 
account  of  the  progess  of  the  gospel  among 
the  Indians  in  1G51.  iCj*  L. 

Whitehead,  Paul,  an  English  poet,  born 
in  London,  on  St.  Paul's  day,  from  which 
circumstance  he  derived  his  Christian 
name.  Though  originally  intended  for  bu- 
siness, and  apprenticed  to  a  mercer,  he  de- 
spised the  drudgery  of  the  counter,  and 
entered  at  the  temple  to  study  the  law. 
By  imfortunately  joining  with  Fleetwood 
the  player,  in  a  bond  of  3000/.  he  brought 
misery  upon  himself,  and  languished  for 
some  years  in  the  Fleet  prison.     He  after- 

799 


VVHl  WHf 

wards  maintained  himself  by  iiis  writings,  nerosity  of  liis  pupils.      In  the  midst  of 

and  at  last,  through  the  friendship  of  lord  these  pleasing  assiduities  of  friendship,  he 

le  Despenser,  he   obtained  a  patent   place  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the  muses,  and 

of  800/.  for  life.     He  published  the  State  besides   the  occasional  odes  which  loyalty, 

Dunces — Manners Honour — Satires —  and  official  duty  claimed  from  his  pen,  he 

the  Gymnasiad,  a  mock-heroic  poem,  to  wrote  the  School  for  Lovers,  a  comedy 
ridicule  the  brutish  business  of  boxing,  ad-  acted  at  Drury-lane^  1762,  and  Charge  to 
dressed  to  Broughton,  the  then  famous  the  Poets,  a  satirical  poem.  The  Trip  to 
champion  of  the  order.  He  wrote  also  an  Scotland,  a  farce,  appeared  about  1771,  and 
Epistle  to  Dr.  Thompson,  besides  some  in  1775,  the  poet  collected  together,  and 
songs  and  epigrams.  He  died  30th  Dec.  published  his  poems.  As  he  grew  older, 
1774,  aged  64,  and  was  buried  with  great  Whitehead  felt  more  sensibly  a  palpita- 
pomp  at  Wycombe,  by  the  directions  of  his  tation  of  the  heart,  and  a  difficulty  of 
friend  lord  le  Despenser.  breathing,  with  which  for  nearly  forty 
Whitehead,  William,  an  English  poet,  years,  he  had  been  occasionally  afflicted, 
born  at  the  beginning  of^  I71;j,  at  Cam-  and  these  disorders  at  last  proved  fatal, 
bridge,  where  his  father  was  a  baker.  By  He  died  suddenly,  after  a  short  confine- 
the  kindness  of  Mr.  Bromley,  afterwards  ment,  in  consequence  of  a  cold  at  his  lodg- 
lord  Montfort,  who  generously  exerted  ings,  Charles-street,  Grosvenor  square, 
himself  in  favour  of  his  family,  he  ob-  14th  April,  )  785,  and  was  buried  by  the  di- 
tained,  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  a  nomina-  rection  of  his  friend  general  Stevens,  in 
tion  to  Winchester  college,  and  he  had  South  Audley-street  chapel.  Besides  the 
there  the  honour  of  obtaining  a  prize  for  above-mentioned  pieces.  Whitehead  wrote 
a  poem  which  Pope  set  to  the  scholars  of  Variety — the  Goat's  beard — Venus  attiring 
the  college  whert  he  visited  the  school  in  the  Graces,  &c.  and  though  be  may  not 
company  with  his  friend  lord  Peterborough,  claim  a  distinguished  seat  among  the  first 
Though  very  respectable  in  the  school  for  bards  of  Britain,  he  must  hold  a  respecta- 
abilities  and  learning,  he  lost  the  election  ble  rank  in  the  temple  of  fame,  as  an  elc- 
to  New  college  for  want  of  friends,  and  in  gant  poet  and  a  nervous  writer.  As  a  pri- 
consequence  entered  at  Clare  hall,  Cam-  vate  man,  his  virtues  were  many,  and  de- 
bridge,  where,  as  the  son  of  a  baker,  he  servedly  recommended  him  to  the  friend- 
had  a  claim  to  a  scholarship.  In  1742  he  ship  and  patronage  of  the  great.  An  ac- 
became  fellow  of  the  college,  and  soon  af-  count  of  his  life  has  been  published  by  his 
ter  engaged  in  the  family  of  lord  Jersey,  as  friend  Mason. 

tutor  to  his  son,  and  to  his  friend,    after-  Whitehbad,  John,  a  Methodist  preacher, 

wards  general  Stevens.     The  leisure  which  He  was   well  educated,  and  with  a   mind 

be  enjoyed  amidst  the  comforts  and  the  in-  panting  after  distinction,  he     quitted   the 

dependence  of  his   situation,    directed  his  trade  of  linen-draper  at  Bristol,    and  then 

thoughts  to  dramatic  composition,  and  he  kept  a  school  at  Wandsworth,  where  he 

produced  his  Roman  Father  and  his  Creu-  was  patronised  by  the  Quakers,  whose  prin- 

sa,    which  were   received   with   great  ap-  ciples  he    had    adopted,   after  abandoning 

plause.     In  1754  he  accompanied  his  noble  the  society  of  the  Methodists.     He   next 

pupil  and   lord  Nuneham  on  the  continent,  travelled  on  the  continent,  as  tutor  to  one 

and  after  visiting  the   German  courts,  he  of  his  pupils,   and  at  Leyden   he   applied 

passed    to    Italy,    and    returned    through  himself  to  anatomy  and  physic,    and  took 

Switzerland,   Germany,    and    Holland    to  his  medical  degrees.  On  his  return  to  Lon- 

England    1756.     The  views  of  Rome,  and  don  he  became  physician  to  the   London 

the  monuments  of  her  departed  greatness,  dispensary.     He  preached  the  funeral  ser- 

were  not  lost  on  the  imagination  of  a  man  mon  of  John   W^esley,   and    published  an 

of  genius  and  of  taste,  and  on  his  return  account  of  his  life,  in  2  vols.  8vo. — but  the 

the  poet  presented  to  the  public  his  elegy  work  gave  great  offence  to  the  Methodists, 

written   at   Hautvilliers — his    ode^  on  the  and  occasioned  a  quarrel.     Dr.  Whitehead 

Campagna  of  Rome — and  five  eclogues.  By  died  in  London,  1804. 

the  interest  of  lady  Jersey, he  was  appointed  Whitehurst,    John,    an  eminent   wri- 

secretary,  and  register  to  the  order  of  the  ter,  born  in  1713,   at  Congleton,  Cheshire. 

Bath,  and  two  years  after  he  succeededCib-  He  was  brought  up  to  the  business  of  his 

ber  in  the  honourable  office  of  poet  laureat.  father,  a  clock  and  watch  maker,  and  after 

Thus  deservedly  raised  to  comfortable  in-  visiting  Dublin,  to  see  a  curious  clock,  set 

dependence,he  continued  the  friend  and  the  up  for  himself  at  Derby.     There  he  made 

associate  of  the  two  noblemen  over  whose  the  clock  for  the  Town-hall,   and  also  the 

education  he  had  so  usefully  presided,  and  clock  and  the  chimes  for  All  Saints'  church; 

the  many  days  which  he  passed,  in  honour-  in  1775  he  removed  to  London,  where  he 

able  hospitality,  and  in  cheerful  conversa-  became  stamper  of  the  money  weights,  by 

tion,  at  Nuneham,  and  Middleton  parks,  the  patronage  of  the  duke  of  Newcastle, 

were  proofs  of  the  goodness  of  his  heart,  as  Distinguished    by    his    great    mechanical 

much  as  of  the  virtues,  and  the  grateful  ge-  knowledge,  his  house  was  the  resort  of  the 

son 


WHI 


Win 


iagcuious,  and  the  scientific,  and  in  reward 
for  his  valuable   inquiries  into  the  original 
state  and  formation  of  the  earth,  which  he 
improved  in  1787,  in  1  vol.  4to.  he  was  in 
1779  elected  member  of  the  Roya!  Society. 
He  published  besides,  an  attempt  towards 
obtaining  invariable  measures  of  length,  ca- 
pacity, and   weight,  from  the  mensuration 
of  time,  and  contributed  to  the  philosophi- 
cal  transactions  three  valuable  papers,  on 
thermometrical  observations,  at  Derby,  on  a 
machine  for  raising  water,   and  on   an  ex- 
periment on  ignited  substances.     He   pre- 
pared also  a  treatise  on  Chimneys,  Ventila- 
tion, Slc.    which   appeared  after  his   death, 
by  Dr.  William.     This  ingenious  and  amia- 
ble man,  died  at  his  house  in  Bolt-court, 
Fleet-street,  17SS,  aged  75. 

Whitelock,  Sir  James,  an  able  lawyer, 
born  in  London,  and  educated  at  Merchant 
Tailors',  and  St.  John's  college,  Oxford, 
from  which  he  removed  in  1594,  to  the 
Middle  Temple.  He  was  chosen  member 
for  Woodstock,  in  1620,  and  soon  after 
made  chief  justice  of  Chester,  and  knighted. 
He  was  afterwards  raised  to  the  olHce  of 
judge  of  the  common  pleas,  and  at  last  be- 
came chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench,  and 
died  1632,  aged  62.  He  wrote  Lectures  or 
Readings  in  the  Middle  Temple  hall — 
Speeches  in  Parliament,  &c.  He  was  well 
acquainted  with  Hebi-ew,  and  Greek,  and 
so  fluent  a  Latin  speaker,  that  at  the  as- 
sizes at  Oxford,  he  explained  from  the 
bench,  to  some  dignified  foreigners  who 
"ivere  present,  the  charge  which  he  had  deli- 
vered to  the  jury,  in  good  and  elegantLatin. 

W^HiTELOCK,  Bulstrode,  son  of  the 
above,  was  born  6th  Aug.  1605,  in  Fleet- 
street,  London.  He  was  educated  at  Mer- 
chant Tailors',  and  at  St.  John's,  Oxford, 
which  he  left  without  a  degree,  to  enter  at 
the  Middle  Temple.  Under  the  direction 
of  his  father,  he  acquired  great  knowledge 
of  the  law,  and  in  the  long  parliament  he 
was  elected  member  for  Marlovv.  Though 
he  was  one  of  the  most  active  managers  in 
the  accusation  against  Strafford,  he  honour- 
ably declined  to  engage  in  the  prosecution 
of  Laud,  from  whom  he  had,  when  at  Ox- 
ford, received  many  marks  of  kindness  and 
hospitality.  His  influence  was  such  in  par- 
liament, that  he  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners appointed  to  treat  about  peace  with 
the  king,  and  he  also  sat  as  a  lay  member 
in  the  Westminster  assembly  of  divines. 
He  afterwards  gained  the  confidence  of 
Cromwell,  by  informing  him  secretly  of  the 
intentions  of  lord  Essex,  to  criminate  him, 
but  though  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
great  seal,  he  refused  to  be  concerned  in  the 
trial  of  the  unfortunate  Charles,  and  retired 
into  the  country.  In  1648,  he  was  elected 
high  steward  of  Oxford,  and  he  deserved  the 
thanks  of  the  university  for  the  interfe- 
Vence  of  his  authority  to  preserve  their 

Vol.  II,  '  101 


librar),  and  to  protect  their  imuiunities 
In  1653  he  went  ambassador   to  Sweden, 
and  on  his  return,   the  next  year,  became 
commissioner  of  the   Exchequer,  and    in 
1656,   he  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  com- 
mons, and  the  following  year  called  up  to 
the  other  house  as  one  of  Cromwell's  lords. 
In  1659  he  was  appointed  president  of  the 
council  of  state,   and  keeper  of  the  great 
seal,   but  on  the  approach  of  the   restora- 
tion he  withdrew  to  the  country,  and  led 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  retirement  at  Chilton, 
Wiltshire,  where  he  died  28th  Jan.  1676. 
He  wrote  memorials  of  the  English  affairs, 
or  account  of  what  passed  during  the  reigu 
of  Charles  I.  till  the  restoration,  &c.  pub- 
lished 1682,  and  again  edited  1732— Me- 
morials of  the    English  affairs,   from  the 
time  of  Brutus,   to    the  end  of    the  first 
James's    reign,   published  fol.  1709. — Mo- 
narchy asserted  to  be  the  best,  most  an- 
cient, and  legal  form  of  government,  8vo. 
— Speeches  in  Rushworth's  collection,  &c. 
Though  a  confidential  friend  of  Cromwell, 
he     is    deservedly    commended    by    lord 
Clarendon,    for  his  eminent  parts,   great 
learning,  and  the  openness  of  his  character. 
Whitgift,  John,  a  learned  prelate,  born 
1530,  at  Great  Grimsby,  Lincolnshire,  from 
a   family  anciently  settled  at  Whitgift  in 
Yorkshire.     He  was  educated  at  St.  Antho- 
ny's school,  London,  and  there  he  miracu- 
lously escaped  the  plague,   and  in  1548  he 
entered   at    Queen's    college,    Cambridge, 
from  which  he  soon  after  removed  to  Pem- 
broke hall.     In  1555  he  was  chosen  fellow 
of  Peter-house,  and  when  in  orders  he  ob- 
tained from  bishop  Coxe,  to  whom  he  was 
chaplain,  the  rectory  of  Feversham  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire.    He  was  in    1563   appointed 
Margaret   professor  of  divinity,    and  two 
years  after  made  chaplain  to  the  queen.   In 
1567  he  was  made  master  of  Pembroke- 
hall,   and  three  months  after  placed  at  the 
head  of  Trinity  college,  and  made  regius 
professor  of  divinity.    He  was  in  1573  made 
dean  of  Lincoln,  and  in  1576,  raised  to  the 
see  of  Worcester,  by  Elizabeth,  who  highly 
esteemed  him,  and  in  1533,  he  was  transla- 
ted on  the  death  of  Grindal  to  Canterbury. 
In   this  elevated  situation  he   acted  with, 
great  vigour  against  the  puritans  and  pa- 
pists, but  though  ridiculed  by  his  enemies, 
he  maintained  his  dignity  and  the  modera- 
tion of  his  conduct,  so  that  he  is  deservedly 
called   by    Fuller  the  worthiest  man  that 
ever  the  English  hierarchy  did  enjoy.    He 
died  29th  Feb.  1604,  at  Croyden,  where  he 
had  founded  an  hospital,  and  w  as  buried  in 
the  parish  church  there,  where  a  monument 
is  erected  to  his  memory.    In  his  thesis  for 
his  doctor's  degree,  he  maintained  that  the 
pope  was  antichrist.     He  wTote  an  answer 
to  an  admonition  to  the  parliament   1572, 
which  produced  a  long  controversy  between 
him  and  the  puritans. 

SOI 


WIC 


WIC 


Whittingham,  William,  a  native  of 
Chester,  educated  at  Brazen-nose  col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  was  afterwards  fellow  of 
All-Souls,  and  then  student  of  Christ 
church,  but  he  quitted  England  during 
Mary's  bloody  reign.  Under  Elizabeth  he 
was  made  dean  of  Durham,  though  he 
entertained  scruples  against  the  litur- 
gy and  the  church  ceremonies  established 
by  parliament.  He  gave  great  offence  to 
the  Durham  clergy  by  violating  the  stone 
coflSns,  and  removing  some  of  the  ancient 
ornaments  of  his  cathedral.  He  translated 
the  Geneva  Bible  into  English,  and  also 
turned  into  metre  some  of  the  psalms  of 
David,  which  appear  in  the  old  versions 
with  the  initials  of  his  name.    He  died  1579. 

Whittington,  Robert,  a  native  of  Lich- 
field, who  obtained  a  degree  at  Oxford  by 
petitioning  the  congregation  of  regents,  and 
declaring  that  he  had  spent  14  years  in  the 
study  of  rhetoric,  and  12  years  in  teaching 
boys.  He  edited  Lily's  grammar,  and  pub- 
lished some  school  books  of  great  utility. 
He  was  in  his  character  an  ill-natured  rest- 
less man,  of  whom  it  might  be  said  that  his 
hand  was  against  every  man,  and  every 
man's  hand  against  him.  He  died  about 
15G0. 

Whittington,  sir  Richard,  a  mercer  and 
citizen  of  London  in  the  times  of  Richard 
IL  and  his  two  successors^  He  was  a  man 
of  great  influence,  and  very  rich,  and  among 
other  charitable  labours  he  founded  an 
alms-house  for  13  poor  men,  he  built  New- 
gate, the  best  part  of  Bartholomew's  hospi- 
tal, the  library  in  Gray-friars,  now  called 
Christ's  hospital,  and  part  of  Guildhall,  with 
a  chapel  and  library  for  the  preservation  of 
city  records.  He  was  sheriff  for  the  city 
1393,  and  was  knighted,  and  afterwards 
served  the  office  of  lord  mayor  three  times, 
the  last  time  in  1419.  The  various  stories 
which  are  reported  of  him  are  calculated 
for  the  amusement  of  children,  but  have  no 
foundation  in  truth. 

WicKAM,  William.     Vid.  Wykeham. 

WiCKLiFFE,  John  de,  a  celebrated  doc- 
tor, professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford,  and  de- 
.5ervedly  considered  as  the  forerunner  of 
Luther  in  the  reformation.  He  was  born 
at  Wickliffe  in  Yorkshire,  about  1324,  and 
educated  at  Queen's  college,  and  afterwards 
at  Merton,  and  in  1361  raised  to  the  mas- 
tership of  Baliol  college.  In  1365  he  was 
made,  by  the  scholars,  head  of  Canterbury 
hall,  just  founded  at  Oxford  by  archbishop 
Islip,  but  his  elevation  was  opposed  by  the 
monks,  and  Langbam  the  next  primate,  and 
the  pope,  to  whom  the  dispute  was  referred, 
displaced  him,  and  his  secular  associates. 
Thus  disgraced  by  violence  he  retired  to  his 
living  at  Lutterworth  in  Leicestershire,  me- 
ditating revenge  against  the  authors  of  his 
imjust  privation.  In  the  works  of  Marsi- 
Vuvs  of  Padua,  and  other  bold  writers»  he 
802 


found  ample  room  to  indulge  his  opposition^ 
and  well  aware  of  the  popularity  of  attack- 
ing a  foreign  power,  which  overawed  the 
throne,  and  submitted  the  industry  and  the 
revenues  of  the  kingdom  to  its  own  avari<^ 
cious  views,  he  loudly  inveighed  against  the 
errors  and  the  enci'oachments  of  the  Ro- 
mish church.     His  writings   alarmed   the 
clergy,  and  a  council  was  assembled  at  Lam- 
beth, by  archbishop    Sudbury,    1377,  and 
Wickliffe  summoned  to  give  an  account  of 
his  doctrines.     He  appeared  before  it,  ac- 
companied by  the  duke  of  Lancaster,  then 
in  power,  and  he  made  so  able  a  defence, 
that  he  was  dismissed  without  condemna- 
tion.    His   acquittal,   however,    displeased 
the  pope,    Gregory  XL   who  directed  his 
emissaries  to  seize  the  offending  heretic,  or 
if  he  were  protected  by  the  great  and  pow- 
erful of  the  kingdom,  to  cite  him  to  Rome, 
to  answer  in  person  before  the  sovereign 
pontiff.     In  consequence  of  this  a  second 
council  assembled  at  Lambeth,  and  the  19 
propositions  which  the  pope  had  declared 
heretical,  were  so  ably  vindicated  by  the 
eloquence  of  the  undaunted  reformer,  that 
his  judges,  afraid  of  offending  the  nobles,  or 
of  exciting  a  commotion  among  the  people, 
who   loudly  supported  the  cause  of  their 
champion,  permitted  him  to  depart  in  safe- 
ty, and  enjoined  him  silence  in  matters  of 
religion  and  of  controversy.     Undismayed 
by  the  power  of  his  enemies,  Wickliffe  con- 
tinued to  preach  his  doctrines,  which  were 
now  more  universally  spread,  and  a  third 
council,  therefore,  assembled  under  Court- 
nay  the  primate,  1382,  and  24  propositions 
of  the  reformer  were  condemned  as  hereti- 
cal, and  14  as  erroneous.     The  severity  of 
the  church  was,  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
pope,  and  the   concurrence    of  the  weak 
Richard  II.  directed  with  effect  against  the 
supporters  of  the  ncAV  heresy ;   but  whilst 
some  of  his  followers  suffered  punishment 
for  their  adherence  to  his  principles,  Wick- 
liffe unhappily  died  at  Lutterworth,  1384, 
at  a  time  when   nothing  was  wanting  to 
emancipate  the   English  nation   from  the 
tyranny  of  Rome,  but  the  boldness,  perse- 
verance, and  eloquence  of  a  popular  leader. 
Of  the  several  works  which  he  wrote,  his 
Trialogus  is  almost  the  only  one  which  has 
been  printed.     The  noble  struggle  which 
Wickliffe  had  made  against   the  gigantic 
power  of  Rome  was  almost  forgotten  after 
his  death,  till  Martin  Luther  arose  to  follow 
his  steps,  and  to  establish  his  doctrines  on 
a  foundation  which  will  last  till  Christianity 
is  no  more.     The  memory  of  Wickliffe  was 
branded  with  ignominy  by  the  impotent  pa- 
pists, and  by  the  order  of  the  council  of 
Constance,  whose  cruelties  towards  John  of 
Huss,  and  Jerome  of  Prague  are  so  well 
known,    the  illustrious  reformer  was   de- 
clared to  have  died  an  obstinate  heretic, 
and  his  bones  were  therefore  dug  up  fron? 


WiCi 


WIl. 


holy  ground,  and  contomptuously  thrown 
on  a  dunghiil.  The  English  translation  of 
the  New  Testament,  by  the  pen  of  VV'ick- 
litt'e,  wii^  published  in  folio  by  Lewis,  and 
his  life  has  been  written  among  others  by 
Gilpin. 

WicQUEFORT,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Am- 
sterdam, who  early  settled  in  France,  where 
he  acquired  great  political  knowledge.  He 
became  known  to  the  elector  of  Branden- 
burg, who  appointed  him,  in  1626,  his  am- 
bassador at  the  court  of  France,  where  he 
continued  his  honourable  services  for  32 
years.  The  jealousy  of  Mazarine  at  last 
produced  his  disgrace,  and,  upon  an  accu- 
sation of  sending  private  intelligence  of  the 
state  secrets  of  France  to  the  Dutch  go- 
vernment, he  was  sent  to  the  bastile,  and 
after  some  months  confinement,  was  con- 
ducted out  of  the  kingdom.  From  Calais 
he  passed  over  to  England,  and  afterwards 
to  Holland,  where  he  was  honourably  re- 
ceived by  De  Witt,  and  appointed  histori- 
ographer to  the  states.  He  was  accused, 
in  1675,  of  holding  secret  correspondence 
with  the  enemies  of  the  state,  and  in  conse- 
quence of  this  he  was  condemned  to  perpe- 
tual imprisonment ;  but  four  years  after  he 
escaped,  by  the  assistance  of  one  of  his 
daughters,  who,  at  the  peril  of  her  life,  ex- 
changed clothes  with  him.  He  retired  to 
Zell,  which  he  quitted  in  disgust  in  1681, 
because  the  duke  refused  to  interest  him- 
self in  procuring  the  reversion  of  his  sen- 
tence at  the  Hague,  and  he  died  tho  next 
year.  He  wrote  the  Histoi-y  of  the  United 
Provinces  from  their  establishment  to  the 
peace  of  Munster,  fol. — the  Ambassador 
and  his  Functions,  2  vols.  4to. — Memoirs 
on  Ambassadors  and  public  Ministers,  &c. 

WiDA,  Herman  de,  a  German  divine, 
who  joined  his  labours  with  those  of  Lu- 
ther, Melancthon,  and  Bucer  in  effecting 
the  reformation.  He  was  made  archbishop 
of  Cologne  in  1515  ;  but  was  obliged  to  re- 
sign 1547,  and  died  1552.  His  opinions  of 
church  government  were  the  nearest,  of  all 
the  German  reformers,  to  the  doctrines  of 
the  church  of  England. 

WiGGLESWORTH,  Edmund,  D.D.  first 
Hollis  professor  of  divinity  in  Harvard  col- 
lege, was  a  native  of  Maiden,  Massachu- 
setts, and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1710. 
He  soon  became  conspicuous  in  the  minis- 
try by  his  talents,  learning,  and  piety  ;  and 
on  the  institution  of  the  Hollis  professor- 
ship of  theology  in  1721,  was  elected  to  fill 
it.  He  continued  in  that  station  with  the 
highest  reputation  for  more  than  forty 
years.  He  was  distinguished  for  force  and 
comprehension  of  mind,  keenness  in  rea- 
soning, and  delicacy  of  fancy  ;  erudition, 
candour,  and  modesty.  He  was  chosen  rec- 
tor of  Yale  college,  but  declined  on  account 
of  deafness,  with  which  he  was  afflicted. 


He  died  January  19th,  176.»,  in  his  sevcnt} 
third  year.  jU^  L. 

VViGciLESwoRTii,  Edwiird,  D.D.  son  of 
the  first  Hollis  profc'ssor  in  Harvard  col- 
lege, was  graduated  at  that  institution  in 
1749.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  the  pro- 
fessorship in  1705,  and  retained  it  till  1791, 
when  he  resigned  on  account  of  ill  health. 
He  was  also  conspicuous  for  his  learning, 
and  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 
He  died  in  1794.  iCr  L. 

WiELAND,  Christopher  Martin,  a  Ger- 
man poet,  was  born  at  Biberach,  in  1733. 
After  residing  some  years  in  Switzerland, 
he  returned  to  his  native  place,  where  he 
became  director  of  the  chancery.  The  elec- 
tor of  Mentz  appointed  him  professor  of 
philosophy  and  belles-lettres  at  Erfurt ;  and 
the  duke  of  Saxe- Weimar  made  him  aulic 
counsellor.  In  1803,  Buonaparte  sent  him 
the  cross  of  the  legion  of  honour.  He 
died  at  Weimar,  in  1813.  His  works  make 
42  vols.  4to.  One  of  his  poems,  entitled 
"  Oberon,"  has  been  translated  by  Mr. 
Sotheby.— 1^.  B. 

Wild,  Henry,  a  tailor,  born  at  Noi*wicb. 
Though  well  educated,  the  poverty  of  his 
parents  obliged  him  to  seek  for  mainte- 
nance in  a  tailor's  shop,  and  after  working 
there  14  years,  he  at  laat  emerged  from  ob- 
scurity, and  by  astonishing  application  not 
only  regained  his  classical  knowledge,  but 
formed  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the 
Hebrew,  and  other  oriental  languages.  He 
was  by  accident  noticed  by  Dr.  Prideaux, 
who  liberally  patronised  him,  and  obtained 
for  him  permission  of  admittance  into  the 
Bodleian  library  at  Oxford.  At  the  univer- 
sity he  maintained  himself  by  teaching  the 
oriental  languages  to  private  pupils,  and  in 
1720  he  removed  to  London,  where  he  was 
admitted  to  the  patronage  and  friendship  of 
Dr.  Mead.  He  died  about  1733,  respected 
as  a  sober,  modest,  diffident,  and  inofTen- 
sive  man.  After  his  death  appeared  his 
translation  of  Mahomet's  Journey  to  Hea- 
ven, from  the  Arabic. 

Wild,  Robert,  D.D.  author  of  the  trage- 
dy of  Christopher  Love — Iter  Boreale,  a 
poem  on  the  imprisonment  of  Calamy  in 
Newgate — other  poems,  sermons,  &c.  was 
rector  of  Aynho,  Northamptonshire,  from 
which  he  was  ejected  at  the  restoration  for 
nonconformity.     He  died  at  Oundle,  1697. 

WiLDBORE,  Charles,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, who  obtained  the  living  of  Brough- 
ton  Sulney,  Nottinghamshire,  where  he 
died  1803.  His  knowledge  of  mathematics, 
and  of  the  classics,  was  extensive,  and  all 
acquired  by  his  own  industry,  and  without 
the  assistance  of  others.  In  1759  he  began 
his  ingenious  contributions  to  the  Gentle- 
man's Diary,  and  became  the  editor  of  it  in 
1780.     He  also  contributed  to  the  Ladies' 


S03 


VfU.  WIL 

JDiaiy,  and  to  Martin's  Miscellaneous  Cor-  his  constituents  persisted  in  their  choice, and 

respondence,  and  he  engaged,  in  1773,  in  a  after  he  had  been  thus  arbitrarily  expelled 

controversy  in  Button's  Miscellanea  Ma-  the  house  three  times,  Mr.  Luttrel  his  an- 

tbematica,  and  also  with  Dawson  of  Sed-  tagonist,who  had  but  few  votes, was  declared 

bryk,  about  the  velocity  with  which  water  the  successful  candidate.     In  1769  he  was 

issues  from  a  vessel  in  motion.  elected  alderman  of  Farringdon  Without, 

Wilde,  William,  an  English  lawyer  of  and  the  same  year  he  obtained  a  verdict 

eminence.     He  was   recorder  of  London,  against  Lord  Halifax,  the  secretary  of  state, 

created  a  baronet  1660,  made  king's  ser-  for  seizing  his  papers, with  4000/.  damages, 

geant,  and  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Common  In  1771  he  served  the  office  of  sheriff,  and 

Pleas,  and  four  years  after,  1672,  promoted  in  1774  was  elected  lord  mayor,  and  was 

to  the  King's  Bench.     He  published  Yel-  permitted  quietly  to  take   his  seat  in  the 

\erton's  Reports,  and  died  Nov.  23d,  1679.  House  of  Commons  for  Middlesex.  In  1779 

WiLDMAN,  John  ,  an  able  writer  in  the  he  obtained  the  lucrative  office  of  chamber- 
service  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  He  was  major  lain  to  the  city  of  London,  and  then  gave 
in  the  army,  and  like  the  fanatics  of  the  himself  up  to  the  duties  of  his  appointment 


> 


day,  he  spent  much  time  in  hypocritical  regardless  of  the  political  struggles  in  which 
prayers,  and  all  the  assumed  sanctity  of  re-  he  had  so  long  been  engaged.  In  his  retire- 
ligion.  He  was  imprisoned  by  Cromwell ;  ment  at  his  seat  in  the  isle  of  Wight,  he  de- 
but when  his  execution  was  expected,  he  voted  much  of  his  time  to  literary  pursuits, 
was  set  at  liberty,  and  afterwards  served  and  convivial  society.  He  died  26th  Dec. 
the  usurper  with  great  zeal,  and  by  his  1797,  aged  70,  and  was  buried  in  a  vault  in 
pen,  as  well  as  his  negotiations,  contributed  Grosvenor  chapel, South  Audley-street.  Be- 
much  to  the  popularity  of  his  government,  sides  the  works  already  mentioned,  he  pub- 

WiLKES,  Thomas,  an   Augustine  monk,  lished     sevei^al    political     pamphlets    and 

of  Osney  abbey,  near  Oxford,  author  of  an  speeches,  occasioned  by  the  occurrences  of 

History  of  England  from  William  I.  to  the  the  times,  and  he  also  gave  to   the  world 

end  of  the  first  Edward's  reign.     He  wrote  splendid  editions  of  Theophrastus  and  of 

also  some  Latin  tracts,  &c.  Catullus,  and  prepared  an  elegant   transla- 

WiLKEs,  John,  alderman   and  chamber-  tionof  Anacreon.    Though  for  a  number  of 

lain  of  London,  was  burn  28th  of  Oct.  1727,  years  the  idol  of  the  people,  and  the  cham- 

in  St.  John's-street,  Clerkenwell,  tho  son  of  pion    of  opposition,  Wilkes  sunk  into  ob- 

a  distiller.     He   received  his  education  at  scurity  in  the  latter  part  of  life  ;  and  he, 

Hertford  school,  and  under  a  private  tutor,  who  once  compared  himself  to  Brutus,  and 

and  then  went  to  Leyden,  and  on  his  return  sought  for  public  favour,  and  for  popularity 

to  England,  he  married,  about  1750,  Miss  in  opposing   the  measures  of  government. 

Mead,  of  the  Meads  of  Buckinghamshire,  and  in  abusing  the  monarchy,  was   at  last 

In  1754  he  stood  an  unsuccessful  candidate  seen  a  bending  courtier  at  the  levees  at  St. 

for  Berwick,  but  three  years  after  was  elect-  James's,  and  the  associate  of  those  political 

cd  for  Aylesbury.      He  first   drew    upon  dependents  with  whom  to  have  familiarly 

himself  the  severity  of  the  government  in  conversed    some  years    before  he   would 

1763  by  the  publication  of  the  45th  number  have  considered  as  the  highest  of  disgrace, 

of  the  North  Briton,  and  in  consequence  of  In  his  private  character  he  was  licentious  j 

this  offisnsive  paper  he  was  sent  to  the  Tow-  his  conversation  was  easy  and  full   of  wit, 

er.     Though  the  warrant  by  which  he  had  his  manners  were    pleasing  and   elegant, 

been  arrested  was  declared  illegal,  he  was  though  his  physiognomy  was  in  the  highest 

dismissed  from  the  office  of  colonel  of  the  degree  forbidding  ;  and  his  memory  was  so 

Buckinghamshire  militia,  and  his  opposition  strongly  retentive,  that  his  company  was  a 

to  government  marked  him  as  a  dangerous  perpetual    treat    of   facetiousness    and    of 

innovator,  and  as  an  object  of  persecution,  amusement  to  the  chosen  few  whom  he  se- 

The  republication  of  the  North  Briton  was  lected  for  his  intimate  friends.     He  was  a 

followed  by  his  Essay  on  W^oman,  an  indeli-  man  of  great  personal  courage  ;  he  fought 

cate  and  licentious  performance,  for  which  several  duels  in  support  of  his  political  cha- 

he  was  properly  arraigned  in  the  court  of  racter  ;  and  the  firmness   with    which   he 

King's  Bench,  and  upon  conviction  expelled  exerted  himself  during  the  dreadful  riots  of 

from  the  house  of  Commons  and  outlawed.  1780,  was  so  conspicuous,  so   spirited,  and 

He  afterwards  obtained  a  verdict  against  so  salutary  to  the  bank  and  to  the  city,  that 

Mr. Wood,  the  under  secretary  of  state, with  he  received  for  his  extraordinary  services, 

lOOOL  damages,  and  soon  after  retired  from  the  thanks  of  the  privy  council, 

his  persecutors  to  Paris.     On  his  return  to  Wilkie,  William,  D.D.  a  native  of  West 

England  in  1768,  he  sent  a  letter  of  submis-  Lothian,  educated  at  Edinburgh.     He  be- 

sion  to  the  king,  and  at  the  general  election  came  professor  of  natural  philosophy  at  St. 

offered  himself  a  candidate  for  London,  but  Andrews,  where  he  died    1772.     He  was 

though  unsuccessful,  he  was  soon  after  eho-  distinguished  not  only  as  an  able  divine,  but 

sen  for  Middlesex.     His  election  was  de-  as  an  ingenious  poet,  author  of  the  Epigo- 

f-Tared  void  by  the  house  of  Commons  :  but  niad,  and  some  fables,  §to-. 
'*'^4       ^,, . 


vvir- 


WIL 


WiLKiNS,  John,  an  ingenious  prelate, 
aon  of  a  citizen  ol"  Oxford,  was  born  1614 
at  Fawlsey,  near  Daventry,  Northampton- 
ehire,  at  the  house  of  his  mother's  father, 
Mr.  l)od,  a  well-lino wn  dissenter.  He  was 
educated  at  a  private  school  in  Oxford,  and 
then  entered  in  1627  at  New  Inn  hall,  from 
which  he  soon  removed  to  Magdalen  hall, 
where  he  took  his  degrees.  He  became 
chaplain  to  lord  Say,  and  then  to  Charles, 
count  palatine  ol  the  Rhine,  and  on  the 
breaking  out  ol  the  civil  wars,  he  joined  the 
parliament,  and  took  the  solemn  league  and 
covenant.  He  was  next  appointed  warden 
of  Wadham  college,  and  one  of  the  reform- 
ers of  the  university,  and  in  1656  he  mar- 
ried Robina,  the  w.dow  of  Peter  French, 
canon  of  Christ-church,  sister  to  Oliver 
Cromwell,  and  by  means  of  this  alliance  he 
obtained  a  dispensation  to  keep  the  headship 
of  his  college  against  the  statutes  which  re- 
quired celibacy.  In  1659  he  was  made 
master  of  Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  by 
Richard  Cromwell,but  he  was  ejected  at  the 
restoration, and  then  became  preacher  to  the 
Gray's  inn  society,  and  rector  of  St.  Law- 
rence, Jewry,  London.  He  was  afterward 
member  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  one  of 
their  most  active  council,  and  he  next  was 
made  dean  of  Rippon,and  in  1668  promoted, 
by  the  interest  of  Villiers,  to  the  see  of 
Chester.  He  did  not  long  enjoy  his  prefer- 
ment, but  died  of  the  stone,19th  Nov.  1672, 
at  the  house  of  Dr.Tiliotson,  his  son-in-law, 
in  Chancery-lane,  T^ondon.  He  was  bu- 
ried in  the  chancel  of  St.  Lawrence,  Jewry, 
and  his  funeral  sermon  was  preached  by 
Dr.  Lloyd,  dean  of  Bangor.  Though  much 
abused  by  party  for  his  connexion  with  the 
family  of  the  usurper,  he  was  a  man  of 
great  abilities,  an  able  theologian,  an  acute 
mathematician,  and  an  active  promoter  of 
experimental  philosophy.  To  his  intimacy 
with  Cromwell,  Oxford  was  indebted,  if  not 
for  many  favours,  at  least  for  that  deliver- 
ance from  pillage  and  violence  which  the 
puritans  at  that  time  exercised  against 
every  place  eminent  for  learning  or  loyalty. 
The  writings  of  Dr.  Wilkins  are  curious, 
learned,  and  interesting.  In  1638  he  pub- 
lished the  Discovery  of  a  New  World,  or  a 
Discourse  to  prove  that  the  Moon  is  Habi- 
table, with  a  Discourse  on  the  Possibility 
of  a  Passage  to  it.  His  Discourse  concern- 
ing a  New  Planet,  to  prove  that  our 
Earth  is  a  New  Planet,  appeared  in  1640 
— his  Mercury  1641 — Mathematical  Magic, 
or  the  Wonders  that  may  be  performed  by 
Mechanical  Geometry,  1648 — all  which 
were  republished  in  1708  in  8vo.  He  wrote 
besides,  Ecclesiastes,  or  Discourse  on  the 
Gift  of  Preaching — Discourses  on  the  Gift 
of  Prayer — sermons — of  the  Principles  and 
Duties  of  Natural  Religion,  &c. 

Wilkins,  David,  D.D.  F.A.S.  keeper  of 
the  archbishop's  liWary  at  Lambeth,  was 


rewarded  by  Wake  the  primate,  for  tlic  cu^ 
rious  catalogue  which  he  made  of  all  the 
books  and  MSS.  of  that  valuable  collection 
1718,  with  several  benefices,  a  prebend  in 
Canterbury  church,  and  the  archdeaconry 
of  Suftblk.  He  published  the  New  Testa- 
ment in  Coptic — the  Saxon  Laws,  &c. — 
an  edition  of  Seldon's  works,  3  vols.  fol. — 
Pentateuch  Coptic,  &c.  and  died  6th  Aug. 
1740,  aged  62. 

Wilkinson,  Henry,  of  the  assembly  of 
Westminster  divines,  rector  of  St.Dunstan's 
in  the  East,  canon  of  Christ  church,  and 
Margaret  professor  of  divinity  at  Oxford, 
was  ejected  from  his  ecclesiastical  honours 
at  the  restoration  for  nonconformity,  and 
died  1675.  He  was  author  of  some  ser- 
mons, &c. 

Wilkinson,  Henry,  a  native  of  York- 
shire, educated  at  Magdalen  hall,  Oxford, 
of  which  he  became  principal.  During  the 
civil  wars  he  espoused  the  popular  cause, 
and  was  appointed  professor  of  moral  philo- 
sophy, from  which  he  was  ejected  at  the 
restoration.  He  published  some  English 
sermons,  the  doctrine  of  contentment,  &c. 
several  Latin  tracts,  &c.  His  Praelectiones 
Morales,  remain  in  MSS.  in  the  library  of 
his  college.  He  died  at  Great  Connard 
near  Sudbury,  Suffolk,  13th  May,  1690, 
aged  74. 

Wilkinson,  Jemima,  a  religious  impos- 
tor, was  born  in  Cumberland,  Rhode  Island, 
about  the  year  1753.  She  was  educated  a 
quaker,  was  zealous,  shrewd,  and  bold,  and 
her  fanaticism-imposing  person,  and  artful 
manner,  gave  her  some  distinction  among 
the  sect.  Recovering  suddenly  from  an  ap- 
parent suspension  of  life,  which  she  expe- 
rienced during  a  fit  of  sickness,  about  the 
year  1 773,  she  gave  out  that  she  had  been 
raised  from  the  dead,  and  claimed  to  be  in- 
vested  with  divine  attributes  and  authority 
to  instruct  mankhid  in  religion.  She  made 
a  few  proselytes  with  whom  she  removed 
to  New- York,  and  settled  on  the  tract  called 
Jerusalem,near  Crooked  Lake, where  she  re- 
sided till  her  death  in  1819.  She  professed 
to  be  able  to  work  miracles,  and  offered  to 
demonstrate  it  by  walking  on  the  neigh- 
bouring lake.  Accordingly  her  followers 
and  many  others  assembled  at  a  time  ap- 
pointed to  witness  the  prodigy;  after  recon- 
noitering  the  beach  for  some  time,  she  de- 
manded of  her  disciples  if  they  truly  be- 
lieved her  to  possess  the  extraordinary 
power  she  pretended,  to  which  they  zeal- 
ously replied  in  the  affirmative.  She  an- 
swered that  the  object  of  the  miracle 
was  to  convince  them  of  her  miraculous 
power,  and  as  they  were  already  satisfied  of 
that,  the  miracle  would  be  superffuous,  she 
therefore  declined  performing  it. 

rC?'  L. 

WiLLAN,  Robert,  a  physician,  was  born 
in  1757  at  Hill,  near  Sedburgb,  in  York^ 

805 


WIL 


VVIL 


shire.  His  father  was  a  physician  and  a 
quaker,in  which  profession  the  son  was  also 
educated,  though  some  years  afterwards  he 
quitted  the  society.  He  graduated  at  Edin- 
burgh in  1780,  and  the  year  following  set- 
tled at  Darlington,  where  he  published  a 
tract  entitled  "Observations  on  the  Sulphur 
Water  at  Croft."  Soon  after  this  he  removed 
to  London,  and  became  phjsician  to  the 
dispensary  in  Carey-street.  In  1791  he 
was  admitted  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries.  He  died  of  a  dropsy  at  Ma- 
deira, in  1812.  His  other  works  are — 1. 
The  Life  of  Christ  harmonized  from  the 
Gospels,  8vo.  2.  Reports  on  the  Diseases 
of  London,  12mo.  3.  A  Treatise  on  cuta- 
neous Diseases,  4to.  4.  Another  on  Vac- 
cination, 4to.  ;  and  papers  in  the  Medical 
Journal. — W.  B. 

WiLLARD,  Samuel,  minister  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  and  vice  president  of  Har- 
vard college,  was  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  educated  at  Harvard,  where  he 
was  graduated  in  1659.  He  settled  in 
the  ministry  at  Groton,  but  was  driven 
with  his  people  from  that  place  by  the 
Indians  in  1676.  He  settled  in  the  Old 
South  church,  Boston,  in  1678,  and  became 
the  most  distinguished  among  his  cotempo- 
raries  in  the  ministry.  He  possessed  a 
powerful  mind,  rapid  and  clear  in  its  per- 
ceptions, glowing  in  its  imagery,  and  pro- 
found and  demonstrative  in  argument.  He 
was  an  erudite  scholar,  and  an  eloquent 
writer  and  speaker.  During  the  persecu- 
tion f6r  witchcraft,  he  displayed  his  good 
sense  by  vigorously  opposing  the  infatua- 
tion of  the  people.  In  1701  he  was  called 
to  the  superintendence  of  Harvard  college 
as  vice  president,  and  discharged  the  duties 
of  the  station  till  his  death  in  1707.  His 
publications,  which  were  numerous,  were 
chiefly  sermons.  The  most  important  was 
a  folio  volume  of  divinity  published  in  1726, 
and  the  first  of  that  size  issued  from  an 
American  press.  ICJ^  L. 

WiLLARD,  Josiah,  secretary  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
Boston,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1698. 
After  spending  some  time  as  a  tutor  in  that 
seminary,  and  in  travelling  in  Europe,  he 
was  in  1717  appointed  secretary  of  the  co- 
lony, and  held  the  office  39  years  till  his 
death.  He  was  also  judge  of  probate,  and 
a  member  of  the  council.  He  was  singu- 
larly conspicuous  for  his  piety  and  amiable- 
ness.  He  died  in  1756,  in  his  seventy-sixth 
year.  IQ^  L. 

WiLLARD,  JosephjD.D.  LL.  D.  president 
of  Harvard  college,  was  born  at  Biddeford, 
Massachusetts,  December  29th,  1738,  and 
was  educated  at  Harvard,  where  he  recei- 
ved the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts  in  1765. 
He  was  the  next  year  chosen  a  tutor  of  that 
seminary,and  held  the  office  till  1772, when 
he  was  ordained  colleague  pastor  of  the 
fi06 


first  church  in  Beverley,  where  he  continueu 
highly  popular  till  his  election  in  1781  to 
the  office  of  president  of  Harvard  college. 
He  remained  in  that  station  till  his  deaths 
in  September,  1804.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  acquaintance  with  science  and  lite- 
rature, and  discharged  the  duties  of  his  sta- 
tion in  the  college  with  great  ability  and 
dignity.  ICF'  L. 

WiLLEMET,  Remi  Peter  Frances,  a  phy- 
sician, born  at  Nancy,  2d  April,  1762.  He 
studied  medicine  under  his  father,  and  then 
went  to  the  East  Indies,  and  became  first 
physician  to  Tippoo  Saib,  and  died  at  Se- 
ringapatam  1790.  He  wrote  some  Latin 
dissertations  on  physiology,  &c.  and  his 
Herbarium  Mauritianum,  was  published  at 
Leipsic  in  1796,  8vo. 

William  I.  king  of  England,  surnamed 
the  Conqueror,  was  natural  son  of  Robert 
I.  duke  of  Normandy,  by  Arlotta,  daughter 
of  a  furrier  of  Falaise,  where  he  was  bom 
1024.  He  was  put  in  possession  of  the 
dukedom  of  Normandy  by  his  father,and  on 
the  death  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  king  of 
England,  he  laid  claim  to  the  sovereignty  of 
that  kingdom,  to  which  he  pretended  to  be 
entitled  under  the  will  of  the  late  mo- 
narch. He  landed  on  the  English  shores 
Sept.1066,  and  burning  his  fleet,  encouraged 
his  soldiers  by  pointing  to  the  land  and  ex- 
claiming, behold  your  country !  He  was 
quickly  met  by  Harold,  whom  the  people 
had  fixed  on  the  throne,  but  the  battle  of 
Hastings  soon  decided  the  fate  of  the  king- 
dom, and  the  fall  of  Harold  and  of  his  two 
brothers  with  50,000  English,  left  him  mas- 
ter of  the  country.  William  advanced  to 
London,  where  he  was  crowned  on  Christ- 
mas day,  1066,  and  deservedly  obtained  the 
surname  of  Conqueror  ;  but  while  he  ex- 
pected submission  and  peace,  he  found  in- 
surrection and  hostility  on  all  sides.  By  di- 
viding the  lands  of  the  nobility  among  his 
followers,  he  created  himself  thousands  of 
enemies,  and  the  people  whom  he  oppressed 
by  the  severity  ofhis  laws,  answered  the  ri- 
gour of  his  government  by  discontent  and  re- 
bellion. To  silence  their  clamours  and  pre- 
vent their  seditious  meetings,  he  ordered  a 
bell  or  Curfew  to  be  rung  every  evening  at 
eight  o'clock,  to  warn  the  people  to  put  out 
their  light,and  this  severe  regulation,though 
common  on  the  continent,  was  regard- 
ed by  the  English  as  the  height  of  wanton 
tyranny.  As  if  determined  to  change  the 
manners  of  his  subjects,  he  ordered  that 
all  pleadings  should  be  made  in  his  courts 
in  the  French  language,  but  though  this  was 
observed  as  far  as  the  reign  of  the  third 
Edward,  the  national  idiom  prevailed,  and 
the  English,  though  conquered,  still  retain- 
ed their  language,  their  manners,  and  their 
prejudices.  Notwithstanding  these  arbi- 
trary steps,  William  showed  himself  atten- 
tive to  the  interests  and  prosperity  of  his 


jjeople,  and  an  accurate  survey  -was  made  the  Dutch  forces  against  Lewis  XIV.  and 
by  his  order  of  all  the  lands  and  property  he  carried  to  the  war  a  soul  ambitious  of 
of  the  kingdom,  and  registered  in  Dooms-  glory,  the  most  determined  courage,  and  a 
day  book,  which  is  still  preserved.  Vari-  phlegmatic  indifierence  to  pleasure  and  to 
ous  castles  were  also  raised  in  convenient  luxury,  which  exhibited  him  unshaken  in 
places,  the  Tower  of  London  was  finished,  adversity,  and  heroic  in  the  midst  of  his 
1078,  and  at  last  security  and  protection  greatest  successes.  Though  brave  and  vi- 
were  ensured  to  the  subject,  by  the  firmness  gilant,  he  was  defeated  in  1674  at  Sencf, 
of  the  government,  and  the  prompt  admini-  by  the  prince  of  Condc,  and  in  1G77  he  was 
stration  of  the  laws.  Instead  of  a  con-  obliged  to  raise  the  siege  of  Charleroi,  but 
queror,  William  at  last  was  regarded  as  the  the  peace  of  Nimeguen  the  next  year  put  an 
friend  of  his  people,  and  he  crossed  over  to  end  to  the  quarrels  of  the  continent.  The 
the  continent  with  an  army  of  English,  to  unpopular  measures  of  his  father-in-law 
reduce  to  obedience  his  revolted  dukedom  James  II.  of  England,  excited  in  1688  his 
of  Normandy.  The  king  of  France  had  highest  ambition,  and  yielding  to  the  wishes 
excited  the  sons  of  the  English  prince  to  of  the  British  nation,  he  landed  with  a 
disobedience,  and  William  hastened  to  pun-  small  force  at  Brixam,  4th  Nov.  the  same 
ish  his  insidious  designs,  as  well  as  the  se-  year,  and  after  a  few  skirmishes,  soon  dis- 
vere  jests  with  which  he  had  ridiculed  his  possessed  the  monarch  of  his  throne.  Thus 
great  corpulency.  His  expedition  proved  in  conjunction  with  his  wife  Mary,  he  was 
fatal  to  himself,  he  fell  from  his  horse  in  acknowledged  king  of  England,  and  was 
leaping  a  ditch  near  Mantes,  and  died  in  crowned  lltb  April,  1689,  but  though  hail- 
consequence  of  it,  a  few  days  after,  at  ed  as  a  deliverer  and  a  friend  by  the  Eng- 
Rouen,  lOth  September,  1087,  aged  63.  lish,  Ireland  still  remained  attached  to  the 
He  was  buried  in  the  church  which  he  had  fortunes  of  the  fugitive  James.  William 
built  at  Caen.  W^illiam  as  a  monarch  was  with  his  usual  activity  crossed  to  Ireland, 
a  respectable  character,  and  if  he  had  en-  and  there  met  with  his  father-in-kiw,  who 
deavoured  with  greater  assiduity  to  concili-  had  landed  fx*om  France,  supported  by  a 
ate  the  affections  of  the  people  whom  he  French  force.  The  battle  of  the  Boyne 
had  conquered,  he  might  have  been  a  great  proved-  fatal  to  the  affairs  of  James,  who 
prince,  and  in  more  firmly  securing  his  own  retired  in  dismay  to  France,  and  left  his 
tranquillity  in  the  government,  contributed  rival  in  peaceful  possession  of  the  throne, 
most  essentially  to  the  happiness  and  pros-  The  war  which  had  raged  in  Ireland  was 
parity  of  England.  By  Matilda,  daughter  removed  to  the  continent,  and  by  his  pow- 
of  the  count  of  Flanders,  he  left  three  sons,  erful  alliances  William  determined  to  pun- 
Robert  duke  of  Normandy,  and  William  ish  the  duplicity  of  the  French  king,  who 
and  Henry,  who  both  succeeded  to  the  had  excited  distrust  and  rebellion  in  his 
English  crown.  kingdom.     Though  checked  at  Steinkeique 

William  II.  king  of  England,  surnamed  and  Nerwinde,  William  headed  the  allied 
Rufus  from  the  colour  of  his  hair,  succeed-  forces  to  victory,  Namur  was  taken,  and 
ed  his  father  William  in  the  absence  of  his  greater  conquests  were  promised  to  the 
elder  brother,  and  was  crowned  27th  Sept.  ^English  nation  when  the  peace  of  Ryswick 
1087.  Though  he  made  the  fairest  pro-  was  signed,  and  the  right  of  William  to  the 
mises  for  the  protection  of  the  clergy,  and  British  throne  was  acknowledged  by  Lewis, 
for  the  happiness  of  the  people,  he  became  Always  active,  and  jealously  hostile  against 
a  capricious  persecutor  of  the  one,  and  a  the  power  of  France,  William  was  making 
cruel  oppressor  of  the  other.  He  banished  new  preparations  to  curb  the  ambition  of 
Lanfranc,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  who  his  rival,  and  to  arm  the  powers  of  the  con- 
reprehended  him  for  his  conduct,  and  he  tinent  in  favour  of  his  plans,  when  death 
obtained  the  dukedom  of  Normandy  through  stopped  his  career.  He  fell  from  his  horse 
the  imprudence  of  his  brother.  He  also  while  riding  near  Hampton-court,  and 
invaded  Whales,  and  conquered  the  Scotch,  broke  his  collar  bone,  and  though  the  acci- 
and  used  the  power  which  success  in  war  dent  in  a  more  robust  constitution  might 
and  negotiations  ensured  in  gratifying  his  have  been  deemed  trivial,  it  proved  fatal  in 
avarice  and  in  oppressing  his  people.  He  William,  and  a  slow  fever  carried  him  off, 
was  shot  accidentally  as  he  was  hunting  in  16th  March,  1702,  in  his  53d  year.  Wil- 
the  New  Forest  in  Hampshire,  by  a  dart  Ham  left  behind  him  the  character  of  a 
from  the  hand  of  Walter  Tyrrell,  one  of  great  politician,  though  he  had  never  been 
his  courtiers,  and  he  died  a  few  hours  after,  popular,  and  of  a  formidable  general, 
2d  August,  1100,  aged  44.  though  he  was  seldom   victorious.     In  his 

W^iLLiAM    III.    of   Nassau,    prince    of  manners   he  was  cold  and  reserved,  sullen 

Orange,  and  king  of  England,  was  born  at  and  phlegmatic,  and  showed  little  anima- 

the   Hague,    14th  Nov.   1650,  of  William  tion,  except  in  the  moment  of  battle.     He 

prince   of  Orange,   and  Henrietta  Maria,  despised  flattery,  yet    was    ambitious   of 

daughter  of  Charles  I.     He   was  elected  power.     Greater  as  the  general  of  Holland, 

^tadtholder  in  1672,  and  named  general  of  than  as  the  king  of  England,  he  was  to  the 

807 


X~S    5 


Wit 


WiL 


oi\e  a  father,  and  to  the  other  a  suspieious 
friend.  Disgusted  with  the  jealous  politics 
of  England,  he  at  one  time  resolved  to  aban- 
don the  government,  when  obliged  by  the 
parliament  to  dismiss  his  Dutch  guards, 
and  while  he  regarded  the  leaders  of  oppo- 
sition as  factious  demagogues,  he  did  not 
hesitate  to  ensure  the  success  of  his  mea- 
sures by  the  mean  and  dangerous  engines 
of  bribery  and  of  corruption.  While  in 
his  retirement  in  Holland,  far  from  the  ca- 
bals of  English  politics,  he  devoted  himself 
to  increase  the  enemies  of  Louis  XIV.  he 
did  not  scruple  to  render  the  power  and  the 
resources  of  England  subservient  to  the 
ambitious  schemes  of  the  Stadtholder  of 
Holland,  and  in  guiding  the  interested  plans 
of  a  league  against  France,  he  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  that  system  of  continental  alli- 
ances which,  if  it  has  yielded  to  the  king- 
dom barren  glory,  has  entailed  upon  it  po- 
verty, discontent,  and  wretchedness. 

William,  son  of  Florent  IV.  count  of 
Holland,  and  Matilda  of  Brabant,  was 
crowned  king  of  the  Romans,  after  the 
death  of  Henry  of  Thuringia,  1247.  Though 
opposed  by  powerful  factions,  he  showed 
himself  active  and  vigilant,  and  at  last  was 
assassinated  by  some  peasants,  whilst  in  a 
marsh,  from  which  his  horse  was  unable  to 
extricate  him,  1255. 

William,  St.  son  of  count  of  Thierry, 
and  duke  of  Aquitaine,  after  distinguishing 
himself  by  his  valour  against  the  Saracens, 
in  the  service  of  Charlemagne,  bade  adieu 
to  the  world,  and  retired  to  a  monastery. 
He  died  there,  28th  May,  812. 

William  Longsword,  son  and  successor 
of  RoUo,  first  duke  of  Normandy,  was  an 
able  and  active  general.  He  defeated  the 
Bretons,  and  increased  his  dominions,  by 
the  addition  of  Avranches  and  Cotentin.^ 
He  was  basely  murdered  in  942,  at  Pe- 
quiny-sur-Somme,  where  he  had  been  in^ 
vited  to  hold  a  conference  by  a  neighbour- 
ing chief. 

William  de  Nangius,  a  monkish  histo- 
rian of  St.  Denys.  He  was  author  of  two 
Chronicles,  one  from  the  Creation  to  his 
own  time,  1301,  continued  by  two  monks 
of  his  abbey  to  1368,  and  the  other  of  the 
kings  of  France,  &c. 

Williams,  Charles  Hanbury,  second  son 
of  I.  Hanbury,  a  south-sea  director,  was 
member  for  Monmouth,  in  several  parlia- 
ments, and  1744  was  installed  knight  of  the 
bath,  and  two  years  sent  as  minister  to 
the  Prussian  court.  He  was  afterwards 
ambassador  to  Russia,  and  died,  2d  Nov. 
1759.  He  was  author  of  some  poems  re- 
markable for  their  ease  and  vivacity,  ra- 
ther than  for  their  moral  tendency  or  ele- 
gance of  composition.  They  have  appear- 
ed in  Dodsley's  collection,  and  other  peri- 
<!)clical  works. 

Williams,  John,   an  eminent  prelate, 
808 


born  25th  March,  1582,  at  Aher-conway, 
Caernarvonshire.  From  Ruthin  school,  he 
removed,  at  the  age  of  16,  to  St.  John's 
college,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became 
fellow.  His  application  to  literature  was 
unusually  great,  and  as  he  required  only 
three  hours  of  sleep  in  the  24,  to  recruit  his 
constitution,  his  improvement  in  divinity, 
in  philosophy,  and  in  every  branch  of  litera- 
ture was  rapid,  and  lasting.  He  obtained  in 
1611,  the  rectory  of  Grafton  Regis,  in 
Northamptonshire,  and  the  next  year  that 
of  Grafton  Underwood,  in  the  same  coun- 
ty, to  which  were  soon  after  added  pre- 
bends in  Lincoln,  Hereford,  St.  David's, 
and  Peterborough  cathedrals.  On  the  death 
of  Egerton,  the  chancellor,  to  whom  he  was 
chaplain,  he  obtained  as  a  legacy,  all  his 
MS.  papers,  and  thus  derived  important  in- 
formation, which  afterwards  guided  his 
conduct  in  parliament,  and  in  chancery. 
His  abilities  recommended  him  to  the  king, 
who  made  him  his  chaplain,  and  in  1619, 
gave  him  the  deanery  of  Salisbury,  and  the 
next  year  that  of  Westminster.  On  the 
removal  of  Bacon,  from  the  office  of  chan- 
cellor in  1621,  Williams  was  intrusted  with 
the  seals,  and  a  few  days  after  appointed 
bishop  of  Lincoln.  He  attended  the  king 
in  his  last  illness,  and  preached  his  funeral 
sermon,  in  which  he  compared  him  for 
wisdom  and  intelligence  to  Solomon.  The 
influence  of  Buckingham,  however,  proved 
too  great  for  him,  and  he  was  not  only  re- 
moved from  the  seals,  but  accused  in  the 
star-chamber,  and  by  the  contrivance  of 
Laud  fined  10,000/.  and  stripped  of  all  his 
ecclesiastical  dignities,  and  imprisoned  in 
the  tower.  After  a  confinement  of  nearly 
four  years,  he  was  set  at  liberty,  by  the  in- 
terference of  the  house  of  lords,  and  was 
reconciled  to  the  king.  In  the  impeach- 
men  of  Strafford,  he,  according  to  Cla- 
rendon, asserted  the  impropriety  of  the  bi- 
shops voting  in  a  case  of  blood,  and  after- 
wards when  consulted  by  the  king,  he  ad- 
vised him  to  sacrifice  that  unfortunate  no- 
bleman to  the  fury  of  his  enemies,  if  per- 
haps he  thus  might  produce  a  reconciliation 
between  himself  and  the  people.  In  1641, 
he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  York,  and  ably 
opposed  the  bill  for  depriving  the  bishops  of 
their  seats  in  the  house  of  lords.  When, 
however,  he  protested  with  the  other  pre- 
lates on  the  irregularity  of  the  peers  pro- 
ceeding in  the  public  business,  whilst  the 
bishops  were  absent,  in  consequence  of 
the  threats  of  the  mob,  he  was  sent  to  the 
Tower  as  guilty  of  high  treason.  During 
the  civil  war,  he  yielded  to  the  storm,  and 
retired  to  his  native  town,  where  he  forti- 
fied, and  for  some  time  ably  defended  Con- 
way castle.  The  death  of  the  king  over- 
whelmed him  with  sorrow,  and  he  felt  the 
blow  with  such  poignancy  of  giief,  that  he 
constantly  rose  every  night,  at  midnight- 


VVIL 


>V1L 


JGLud  passed  a  quarter  of  an  hour  in  deep 
and  solemn  prayer.  He  died  soon  after, 
ii5th  March,  1G50,  and  was  buried  in  IJun- 
dogay  church,  where  a  monument  was 
erected  to  his  memory  by  his  nephew,  sir 
Griffith  Williams.  He  was  author  of  some 
sermons — of  the  Holy  Table,  &.c. — against 
Laud's  Innovations,  a  book  commended  by 
lord  Clarendon.  Though  accused  by  some 
of  pride  and  ambition,  archbishop  Williams 
possessed  great  virtues,  he  was  charitable 
and  humane,  the  friend  of  learning  and  of 
merit,  and  in  his  conduct  hospitable  and 
courteous.  His  life  has  been  written  by 
Hacket  his  chaplain. 

Williams,  Anna,  a  lady  of  literaiy  cha- 
racter, daughter  of  a  surgeon  in  Wales. 
Her  father,  with  more  warmth  than  pru- 
dence, persuaded  himself  that  he  had  dis- 
covered the  longitude  by  magnetism,  and 
with  this  idea,  full  of  golden  dreams,  he 
hastened  to  London  in  1730,  but  saw  all  his 
hopes  vanish  in  disappointment,  and  in  the 
midst  of  his  distress  he  was  fortunate 
enough  to  obtain  the  place  of  a  pensioner 
in  the  Charter-house.  His  daughter,  who 
accompanied  him,  contributed  all'the  powers 
of  her  mind  to  support  his  indigence,  but 
in  1740  she  was  afflicted  with  a  cataract, 
which  totally  deprived  her  of  sight.  In 
this  distressful  situation,  she  still  engaged 
herself  in  the  exercise  of  her  needle  for 
the  maintenance  of  her  indigent  father,  who 
had  quitted  the  Charter-house,  and  in  1746 
she  added  a  little  to  her  scanty  income  by 
publishing  the  life  of  the  emperor  Julian, 
from  the  French  of  la  Bleterie.  The  dis- 
tresses of  the  father,  and  the  virtuous  in- 
dustry of  the  daughter,  soon  after  became 
known  to  Dr.  Johnson  and  his  wife,  and 
commiseration  at  last  ended  in  the  closest 
intimacy.  Miss  Williams  was  admitted 
into  the  house  of  the  great  moralist,  and 
after  the  death  of  his  wife,  whose  bed  of 
sickness  she  soothed  with  all  the  kind  offi- 
ces of  friendship,  she  still  continued  under 
the  protection  of  her  excellent  host.  An 
operation  was  performed  upon  her  eyes,  by 
Mr.  Sharp,  but  it  proved  unsuccessful ;  yet 
in  the  midst  of  her  sufferings,  she  found 
comfort,  not  only  in  the  treatment  of  Dr. 
Johnson,  but  in  the  kindness  of  Garrick, 
who  in  1755  granted  her  a  benefit,  which 
produced  for  her  the  clear  sum  of  200Z. 
The  latter  part  of  her  life  was  rendered 
still  more  comfortable  by  the  publication  of 
her  Miscellanies  in  prose  and  verse,  17G5, 
which  added  more  than  100/.  to  her  little 
fortune,  and  thus  tended  to  spread  cheer- 
fulness and  independence  around  the  infir- 
mities of  declining  age  and  of  melancholy 
blindness.  She  died  6th  Sept.  1783,  aged 
77,  in  the  house  of  her  friend  Dr.  Johnson, 
in  Bolt-court,  Fleet-street,  and  left  her  lit- 
tle property  for  the  charitable  education  of 
poor  deserted  girls. 

Vol.  1L        "^  102 


War.iAiH-.,  John,  an  able  divine,  boriiiii 
Northampton-ihire.  He  entered  at  Mag- 
dalen-hall, Oxford,  1651,  where  he  took  his 
degrees,  and  afterwards  obtained  the  rec- 
tory of  St.  Mildred  in  the  Poultry,  and 
Kugmerc  prebend  in  St.  Paul's  cathedral. 
After  the  revolution  he  became  chaplain  to 
the  king,  prebendary  of  Canterbury,  and  in 
1G96  he  was  raised  to  the  see  of  Chichester. 
He  was  author  of  several  controversial 
tracts  against  the  papists  and  dissenters — 
and  of  the  Characters  of  Divine  Revelation, 
in  sermons  preached  at  Boyle's  Lectures. 
He  died  1709. 

Williams,  Daniel,  a  native  of  Wrexham 
in  Denbighshire.  When  in  orders  he  set- 
tled in  Ireland  as  chaplain  to  lady  Meath, 
and  was  for  20  years  an  active  minister  in 
Dublin  ;  but  on  the  breaking  out  of  the 
troubles  in  1687  he  came  to  London,  and 
succeeded  Mr.  Baxter  at  the  merchant's 
lecture.  Pinner's  hall.  He  was  created 
D.D.  in  1709,  by  the  universities  of  Glas- 
gow and  Edinburgh,  and  died  26th  Jan. 
1716,  aged  72.  His  Practical  Discourses 
appeared  in  2  vols.  1738,  with  his  life  pre- 
fixed. He  founded  a  library  in  Redcross- 
street  for  the  use  of  dissenting  ministers. 

Williams,  Francis,  was  sent  over  by 
Mason  and  Gorges  in  1634,  as  governor  of 
the  settlement  which  had  been  commenced 
by  them  in  New-Hampshire,  and  resided 
at  Portsmouth.  He  was  a  gentleman  of 
good  sense  and  discretion,  and  so  very  ac- 
ceptable to  the  people,  that  when  they  com- 
bined in  a  body  politic,  they  continued  him 
at  their  head  by  annual  suffrage,  and  he 
was  continued  in  the  magistracy  when  the 
government  was  assumed  by  Massachusetts, 
in  1641.  |i3^  L. 

Williams,  Roger,  one  of  the  principal 
founders  of  Rhode  Island,  was  born  in 
W'ales  in  1599,  and  educated  at  Oxford. 
He  preached  some  time  as  a  minister  of 
the  established  church,  but  at  length  dis- 
sented, and  came  to  New-England  in  1631, 
to  enjoy  religious  liberty.  He  preached  at 
Salem  and  Plymouth  until  1636,  when  he 
was  banished  from  the  colony  on  account 
of  some  religious  opinions  which  were 
deemed  dangerous  to  the  community. 
Some  of  them  were  indeed  sufficiently  ri- 
diculous, and  fraught  with  an  injurious  ten- 
dency, but  his  views  of  religious  freedom 
were  essentially  just,  and  entitle  him  ta 
everlasting  commendation.  In  January, 
1636,  he,  with  several  others,  removed  to 
Rhode  Island,  and  laid  the  foundation  of 
Providence.  He  purchased  the  lands  of 
the  Indians,  with  whom  he  always  lived  in 
peace.  He  soon  collected  a  company  of 
settlers,  and  they  instituted  a  society,  the 
first  in  the  modern  world  to  their  immortal 
honour,  in  which  perfect  liberty  of  con- 
science was  enjoyed.  In  1643  he  went  to 
England  and  procurevl  a  charter,  confirinino' 

809 


WII. 


WiL 


the  plan  of  government  the  colony  had 
formed.  In  1654  he  was  chosen  president 
of  the  colony,  and  held  the  office  till  1657. 
He  conducted  the  affairs  of  the  colony  with 
ability  and  exemplary  uprightness.  He 
possessed  a  mind  of  unusual  vigour,  and  of 
great  boldness  and  eccentricity  ;  his  learn- 
ing was  respectable,  and  he  exhibited  him- 
self in  his  religious  controversy  with  the 
ministers  and  magistrates  of  Massachu- 
setts, an  able  disputant.  He  continned  to 
preaeh  occasionally  after  his  removal  to 
Rhode  Island.  He  died  in  April,  1683,  in 
his  85th  year.  iCj^  L. 

Williams,  John,  first  minister  of  Deer- 
field,  Massachusetts,  was  born  in  Roxbury, 
December  10th,  1664,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1683.  He  was  ordain- 
ed in  1686,  minister  of  Deerfield,  then  a 
frontier  town,  and  exposed  to  the  Indians. 
On  the  night  of  the  20th  of  February,  1704, 
about  300  Frenchmen  and  Indians  attacked 
the  town,  and  captured  Mr.  Williams  and 
his  family,  with  many  others,  and  putting 
two  of  his  children  and  a  servant  to  death, 
retreated  with  the  others  towards  Canada* 
On  the  second  day,  his  wife  becoming  ex- 
hausted with  fatigue,  was  murdered,  and 
about  twenty  others  who  were  unable  to 
endure  the  journey.  At  length,  after  tra- 
versing a  wilderness  of  300  miles,  they  ar- 
rived in  Canada.  There  attempts  were 
made  to  convert  him  to  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic faith,  and  threats  of  death  employed  for 
the  purpose,  but  he  resisted  their  solicita- 
tions, and  in  1706  was  redeemed  with  57 
others,  and  returned.  One  of  his  daugh- 
ters, who  had  become  a  catholic,  and  mar- 
ried an  Indian,  he  left  behind  him.  He 
settled  again  at  Deerfield,  and  continued 
there  till  his  death  in  1729.  He  published 
in  1707,  a  history  of  his  captivity. 

U-L. 

Williams,  Elisha,  president  of  Yale 
college,  was  born  at  Hatfield,  Massachu- 
setts, and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1711.  He  settled  in  the  ministry  at  New- 
ington,  in  Wethersfield,  Connecticut, where 
he  remained  till  chosen  president  of  Yale 
college  in  1726.  He  retained  that  station, 
discharging  its  duties  with  great  ability  and 
dignity  till  1739,  when  ill  health  induced 
liim  to  resign.  He  returned  to  Wethers- 
field and  became  a  justice  of  the  superior 
court,  acted  as  chaplain  in  the  expedition 
against  Cape  Breton,  and  the  next  year 
was  appointed  colonel  in  the  expedition 
against  Canada.  He  afterwards  visited 
England  as  an  agent  of  the  colony,  and  be- 
came acquainted  with  Dr.  Doddiidge,  who 
represents  him  as  possessing  "  solid  learn- 
ing, consummate  pr-udence,  great  candour, 
and  sweetness  of  temper,  an  ardent  sense 
of  religion,  and  a  certain  nobleness  of  soul, 
capable  of  contriving  and  acting  the  great- 
est things  without  seeming  to  be  conscious 
SIQ 


of  having  done  them."  He  was  a  man  of 
those  great  and  various  talents,  which  en- 
abled him  to  excel  in  whatever  he  attempt- 
ed.    He  died  at  Wethersfield  in  1750. 

Williams,  Ephraim,  founder  of  Wil- 
liams college,  Massachusetts,  was  a  native 
of  Newtown  in  that  state.  He  possessed 
fine  talents  for  a  military  officer,  and  in  the 
French  war  from  1740  to  1748,  command- 
ed the  line  of  forts  on  the  west  side  of  Con- 
necticut river.  In  1755  he  received  the 
command  of  a  regiment,  and  joined  general 
Johnson  at  the  north  of  Albany.  He  was 
sent  out  on  the  morning  of  the  8th  of  Sep- 
tember, at  the  head  of  1200  men  to  skir- 
mish with  the  enemy,  and  falling  into  an 
ambuscade,  was  killed.  His  party  retreat- 
ed to  the  main  body,  and  in  another  battle 
during  the  day,  repulsed  the  enemy.  He 
was  brave,  facetious,  polite,  and  popular. 
He  gave  his  property  for  the  establishment 
of  a  free-school  in  the  town  now  called 
Williamstown,  on  condition  it  should  bear 
that  name.  A  school  was  opened  in  1791, 
and  in  1793,  it  was  incorporated  a  college. 

ttlTL. 

Williams,  Otho  Holland,  brigadier  ge- 
neral in  the  army  of  the  American  revolu- 
tion, was  born  in  the  county  of  Prince 
George,  Maryland,  in  1748.  He  was  bred 
in  the  clerk's  office  in  that  county,  and  for 
a  short  time  before  the  commencement  of 
the  war  of  the  revolution,  had  the  chief 
direction  of  that  office  in  Baltimore.  On 
the  opening  of  that  contest  he  was  appoint- 
ed a  lieutenant  in  captain  Price's  company 
of  riflemen,  and  joined  the  army  at  Boston. 
In  1776  he  was  appointed  major  of  the  rifle 
regiment,  and  was  with  it  in  the  garrison 
of  fort  Washington  when  it  was  surrender- 
ed to  the  British.  After  the  surrender  of 
Burgoyne's  army,  he  was  exchanged,  and 
was  appointed  to  the  colonelcy  of  the  sixth 
Maryland  regiment.  He  marched  to  South 
Carolina,  and  on  the  arrival  of  general 
Gates,  became  adjutant  general,  and  fought 
in  the  disastrous  battle  of  the  16th  of  Au- 
gust. During  the  important  campaign 
whieh  followed,  he  had  command  of  the 
light  corps,  and  acted  a  most  conspicuous 
part,  and  rendered  the  most  important  ser- 
vices in  covering  the  retreat  of  the  army, and 
harassing  the  enemy.  He  fought  with  in- 
trepidity in  the  battles  of  Guilford,  Hobkirk's 
Hill,  and  the  Eutaws.  Before  the  disband- 
ment  of  the  army,  he  was  advanced  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier  general.  After  the  war 
he  was  appointed  collector  of  Baltimore. 
He  died  in  July,  1794,  in  the  45th  year  of 
his  age.  He  was  greatly  respected  for  his 
courage  and  skill  in  the  field,  his  patriotism, 
and  the  refinement  of  his  manners. 

[cr  L. 

Williams,  William,  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaration  of  American  jndepend- 


WiL 


WiL 


eiice,   Avas    a  delegate  from  Connecticut. 
He  was   graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1751.     In    1773  he  nas  a  member  of  the 
committee  of  correspondence  of  Connecti- 
cut, and  in  1775,  speaker  of  the  house  of 
representatives.     He  was  several  years  in 
congress,  and  afterwards  a  member  of  the 
state  council.     In    1302  he  declined  a  re- 
election, and  in  an  address  to  the  people, 
admonished  them  to  appoint  for  his  succes- 
Hor  '*  one  who  fears  God,  is  a  friend  to  the 
constitution,  and   to  the  administration  of 
the  venerable   Washington."     He    died  at 
Lebanon,  August  2d,  1811,  aged  80. 

ICJ*  L. 
Williams,  Samuel,  LL.D.  professor  in 
Harvard  college,  was  born  at  VValtham, 
Massachusetts,  and  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1761.  He  was  ordained  minis- 
ter of  Bradford,  November  20th,  1765, 
where  he  continued  until  his  appointment 
as  professor  of  mathematics  and  natural 
philosophy.  After  holding  that  office  from 
1780  to  1788,  he  resigned,  and  removed  to 
Rutland,  Vermont,  where  he  resided  during 
the  remainder  of  his  life.  For  some  time 
he  was  the  editor  and  proprietor  of  the 
"Rutland  Herald,"  published  at  that  place. 
He  was  a  fellow  of  the  American  Academy, 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  and 
of  the  Meteorological  Society  of  Manches- 
ter, and  published  several  astronomical  and 
other  papers  in  the  scientific  journals.  His 
principal  work  was  the  Natural  and  Civil 
History  of  Vermont,  originally  published  in 
1  vol.  8vo.  1794,  and  afterwards  continued 
and  published  in  2  vols.  It  was  esteemed 
the  best  historical  work  which  had  appear- 
ed in  the  country  at  the  time  of  its  publi- 
cation, and  received  high  encomiums  from 
some  of  the  philosophers  of  Europe.  He 
died  January,  1817.  ilZT'  L. 

Williams,  David,  a  literary  character, 
was  born  in  Cardiganshire  in  1738.  He 
became  a  dissenting  minister,  first  at  Frome 
in  Somersetshire,  next  at  Exeter,  and  af- 
terwards at  Highgate.  But  in  1776,  he 
opened  a  chapel  near  Cavendish-square,  on 
the  avowed  principle  of  deism.  In  a  short 
time,  however,  this  temple  of  infidelity  was 
deserted  ;  and  the  preacher  had  recourse 
to  private  teaching  and  literary  specula- 
tions. One  of  these  was  a  splendid  edition 
of  Hume's  History  ;  but  in  consequence  of 
the  part  taken  by  him  in  the  French  revolu- 
tion, he  was  dismissed  from  this  concern. 
Mr.  Williams  will  be  longest  remembered 
as  the  founder  of  the  "Literary  Fund." 
He  was  himself  supported  by  that  excellent 
institution  at  the  close  of  life,  which  ter- 
minated June  29,  1816.  He  published  Lec- 
tures on  Education,  3  vols. — Lectures  on 
Political  Principles — a  History  of  Mon- 
mouthshire, 2  vols.  4to. — and  other  works. 
-fF.  B. 
Willis,  Thomas,  an  eminent  physician. 


born  at  (jircat  Bedwin,  Wiltshire,  102L  Ue 
was  educated  at  a  private  school  at  Oxford, 
and  then  entered  at  (-hrisi  church,  where 
he  took  his  degrees  in  arts  and  medicine. 
When  Oxford  was  garrisoned  by  the  king, 
he  took  up  arms  in  the  royal  cause,  and  al- 
ter the  surrender,  he  returned  to  the  stu- 
dies and  practice  of  his  profession.  In  1660 
he  was  appointed  Sedleian  professor  of  na- 
tural philosophy,  and  increased  his  reputa- 
tion and  his  fortune  by  an  extensive  and  re- 
spectable practice.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  members  of  the  Royal  Society,  and 
became  fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians. 
In  1666  he  removed  to  London,  and  soon 
rose  to  the  height  of  his  profession  in  the 
city.  He  died  at  his  house  in  St.  Martin's- 
lane,  11th  Nov.  1675,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey.  He  wrote  several 
works  on  the  different  branches  of  his  pro- 
fession, often  reprinted,  especially  at  Ge- 
neva, 2  vols.  4to.  1676,  and  Amsterdam, 
1682.  Though  accused  by  some  of  framing 
a  body  of  physic,  chiefly  on  hypotheses  of 
his  own,  without  having  recourse  to  ex- 
periment and  observation,  he  is  regarded 
by  others  as  a  sagacious  anatomist,  an  able 
philosopher,  and  a  most  learned  and  skilful 
physician,  respectable  for  veracity,  infor- 
mation, and  integrity. 

Willis,  Browne,  LL.  D.  son  of  Thomas 
Willis,  of  Bletchey,  Bucks,  and  grandson  of 
the  preceding,  was  born  at  Blandford,  Dor- 
setshire, 14th  Sept.  1682.    From  Bechamp- 
ton  school  he  passed  to  Westminster,  and 
at  the  age  of  17  he  was  removed  as  gentle- 
man commoner  to  Christ-church,  Oxford, 
where  he  took  his  degrees.    He  afterwards 
retired  to  Fenny-Stratford,  and,  in  1705, 
was  elected    member   of   parliament    for 
Buckingham.     In  1717  he  became  one  of 
the  members  of  the  society  of  antiquaries 
just  revived,  and  he  showed  such  emulation 
in  the  pursuit  of  antiquities,  that  he  visited 
all  the  cathedrals  of  England  and  Wales, 
except  Carlisle.     Though  he   had  a  large 
family,  he  was  a  liberal  contributor  to  the 
repairing  of  the  church  of  Stony  Stratford, 
which  had  suffered  by  fire,  and  he  gave,  in 
1741,  to  the  university,  his  valuable  cabinet 
of  English  coins,  the  laborious  collection 
of  upwards  of  40  years.    He  liberally  made 
other  contributions  to  charitable  purposes, 
and   died  at  Whaddon  hall,  5th  Feb.  1760, 
and  was  buried  at  Fenny-Stratford.     Au 
account  of  his  publications,  with  some  in- 
teresting particulars,    is   inserted    in   the 
anecdotes  of  Bowyer  by    Nichols.     The 
best  known  of  his  works  are  the  Survey  of 
the  Cathedrals,  2  vols.  4to. — an  Account  of 
Mitred  Abbeys,  2  vols.  8vo. 

WiLLOUGHBT,  Fraucis,  an  eminent  natu- 
ralist, born  1635.  To  the  high  advantages 
of  birth,  rank,  and  fortune,  he  added  the 
more  solid  merit  of  application,  and  a 
strong  attachment  to   literature.     He   di- 

dii 


WIl. 


WIL 


rected  the  powers  of  his  cultivated  mind 
<"hiefly  to  the  history  of  animals  ;  and  after 
readinor  everv  book  which  could  elucidate 
the  subject,  he  travelled  over  his  native 
country,  and  afterwards  visited  France, 
Spain,  Italy,  Germany,  and  the  l/ow  Coun- 
tries, accompanied  by  his  intelligent  friend 
Ray.  The  observations,  made  in  these 
journeys,  on  animals  and  on  nature,  were 
carefully  pi'eserved  ;  but  before  they  could 
be  submitted  to  the  public  eye,  the  learned 
author  died,  universallj'  and  deservedly  re- 
spected, 3d  July,  1672,  aged  only  37.  He 
left  Mr.  Ray  the  guardian  of  his  children, 
and  was  buried  with  his  ancestors  in  Mid- 
dletou  church,  Warwickshire.  His  works 
were  afterwards  published  by  his  friend 
Ray,  and  were  Ornithologiae  Libri  tres,  &c. 
with  cuts,  folio,  translated  into  English  by 
the  editor — Historic  Piscium  Libri  qua- 
tuor,  &c.  with  cuts,  folio — Letters,  with 
Observations  on  Wasps  called  Ichneu- 
mones,  &c. — Letters,  &c.  inserted  in  the 
Philosophical  Transactions,  &c.  He  was 
an  actiA  e  member  of  the  Royal  Society. 

WiLMOT,  John  Eardley,  was  born  at 
Derby,  in  1748.  He  was  educated  at  West- 
minster school,  and  next  at  University  col- 
lege, Oxford,  from  whence  he  removed  to 
a  fellowship  in  All-Souls.  He  was  de- 
signed for  the  church,  but  on  the  advance- 
ment of  his  father  to  the  bench  he  applied 
to  the  law,  and  in  1783  became  a  master  in 
chancery.  At  the  close  of  the  American 
war  he  was  appointed  commissioner  for 
settling  the  claims  of  the  loyalists.  In 
1790  he  opened  a  subscription  for  the  relief 
of  the  suffering  French  clergy,  and  other 
emigrants,  with  the  management  of  Which 
fund  he  was  intrusted.  He  died  at  Tot- 
tenham in  1815.  Mr.  Wilmot  published — 
1.  A  Short  Defence  of  the  Opposition, 
1779.  2.  A  Treatise  on  the  Laws  and  Cus- 
toms of  England.  3.  Memoirs  of  his  Fa- 
ther. 4.  Life  and  Letters  of  Bishop  Hough, 
4to.  5.  History  of  the  Commission  of 
American  Claims,  8vo. —  W.  B. 

Wilson,  Arthur,  a  native  of  Yarmouth, 
Norfolk.  He  was  some  time  clerk  in  the 
exchequer  oflfice,  under  sir  Henry  Spillar, 
and  in  1614  entered  into  the  service  of  Ro- 
bert, earl  of  Essex,  whom  he  attended  into 
the  Palatine,  in  Holland,  and  at  the  siege 
of  Cadiz.  In  1630  he  was  dismissed  from 
the  confidence  of  Essex  by  the  intrigues  of 
lady  Essex,  who  had  conceived  an  aversion 
against  him,  and  the  next  year  he  entered 
as  gentleman  commoner  at  Trinity  college, 
Oxford.  He  afterwards  was  in  the  retinue 
of  lord  AVarwick,  and  died  at  Felsted  in 
Essex,  1652,  aged  56.  He  wrote  some 
comedies,  according  to  Wood,  who  speaks 
of  him  with  some  degree  of  commendation, 
and  also  the  Life  and  Reign  of  king  James 
I.  printed  1653,  folio.  This  work  is  cen- 
sured by  most  historians  as  written  not 
St2 


without  prejudice  and  rancour,  and  in  lari' 
guage  harsh  and  obscure. 

Wilson,  Thomas,  a  learned  prelate, 
born  at  Burton  Wirral,  Cheshire,  Dec. 
1663.  From  a  private  school  at  Chester 
he  removed  to  Trinity  college,  Dublin, 
where  he  studied  medicine,  which  he  soon 
abandoned  for  divinity.  He  was  ordained 
in  1686,  and  soon  after  became  curate  of 
New  church  in  the  parish  of  Win  wick, 
Lancashire,  where  he  formed  an  acquaint- 
ance with  lord  Derby,  who  appointed  him 
his  chaplain,  and  tutor  to  his  son,  lord 
Strange.  He  refused  the  rectory  of  Bad- 
deswork  in  Yorkshire,  because  he  was  in- 
capable of  residence  upon  it,  and  when  of- 
fered by  the  kindness  of  his  patron  the 
bishopric  of  Sodor  and  Man,  which  had 
been  already  vacant  for  three  years,  he  de- 
clined the  honour,  but  at  last  in  compliance 
with  the  repeated  requests  of  his  friends, 
he  accepted  it  in  1696.  He  was  created 
LL.  D.  by  archbishop  Tenison,  and  conse- 
crated by  his  primate  Sharp,  in  the  Savoy 
church,  and  in  1698  he  first  visited  his  dio- 
cess.  Though  his  revenues  were  only  300/. 
a-year,  they  were  sufficient  to  support  him 
with  dignity,  and  to  contribute  to  the  com- 
forts of  the  poor  and  the  helpless.  With 
the  most  laudable  zeal  he  built  a  new  cha- 
pel at  Castleton,  and  he  founded  parochial 
libraries  through  the  island,  and,  in  1703, 
obtained  the  act  of  settlement,  and  the  pass- 
ing into  a  law,  of  his  ecclesiastical  consti- 
tutions, which  were  so  highly  applauded  by 
lord  Chancellor  King,  that  he  declared  if  the 
ancient  discipline  of  the  church  were  lost  in 
England,  it  could  be  recovered  in  all  its  puri- 
ty in  the  isle  of  Man.  In  respect  to  his  vir- 
tues and  his  services,  he  was,  in  1707,  cre- 
ated D.  D.  at  both  the  universities  of  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge.  In  1721  he  was  un-^ 
forttmately  engaged  in  a  quarrel  with  the 
governor  of  the  Island  in  consequence  of 
his  forbidding  the  introduction  of  the  In- 
dependent W^hig,  an  obnoxious  book,  into 
his  diocess,  and  this  dispute  was  more  se^ 
riously  increased  the  following  year.  The 
bishop  suspended  one  of  his  clergy  for  ad- 
ministering the  sacrament  to  a  person 
whom  he  had  banished  for  ill  conduct  from 
the  holy  table,  and  the  governor  enlisting 
on  the  side  of  the  offended  party,  fined  the 
prelate,  and  committed  him  to  prison, 
where  he  refused  to  discharge  the  fine. 
The  tumults  which  consequently  were  ex- 
cited among  the  people,  were  appeased  by 
the  mild  exhortations  of  the  bishop  from 
the  walls  of  his  prison,  and  after  a  con- 
finement of  nine  weeks,  he  was  set  at  liber- 
ty by  the  direction  of  the  privy  council, 
who  reversed  all  the  proceedings  of  the  go- 
vernor against  him.  So  high  an  insult  call- 
ed aloud  for  punishment,  but  the  benevo- 
lent prelate  checked  the  importunities  of 
his  friends  who  wished  Ixim  to  prosecnfc 


WIL 


V\1L 


ihe  governor.  This  venerable  man  was  so 
ottached  to  his  situation  that  he  refused  an 
English  bishopric,  and  gradually  sunk  un- 
der the  infirmities  of  age.  He  expired 
gently,  7th  March,  ITof),  in  the  93d  year 
of  his  age,  and  the  S^th  of  his  consecra- 
tion. By  his  wife,  Mary  Patten,  of  War- 
rington, whom  he  married  at  Winwick, 
1698,  and  who  died  1705,  he  had  two  sons 
and  two  daughters,  all  of  whom  died  young 
except  Thomas  the  youngest.  In  1699  he 
published  the  Principles  and  Duties  of  Chris- 
tianity, for  the  use  of  the  island,  in  Manks, 
the  first  book  ever  printed  in  ;hat  language. 
His  works  were  two  vols.  fol.  consisting  of 
religious  tracts  and  sermons,  with  a  short 
history  of  the  isle  of  Man.  He  also  form- 
ed the  plan  for  translating  the  Bible  into 
the  Manks  language,  which  proceeded  un- 
der him  to  the  end  of  the  Gospels,  but  was 
finished  by  his  successor,  Hiddesley.  His 
sermons  have  since  his  death  appeared  in 
4  vols.  8vo.  and  his  Bible,  with  valuable 
notes,  in  3  vols.  4to. 

Wilson,  Thomas,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  24th  Aug.  1703,  and  educated  at 
Christ-church,  Oxford,  where  he  took  his 
degree  of  D.  D.  1739.  He  became  preben- 
dary of  Westminster,  minister  of  St.  Mar- 
garet's there,  and  rector  of  St.  Stephen's, 
Walbrook,  for  46  years.  He  opposed  the 
building  of  a  new  square  at  Westminster, 
because  his  interest  in  the  prebendal  house 
was  undervalued  ;  and  he  rendered  himself 
ridiculous  by  erecting  to  Mrs.  Macauley 
Graham  a  statue  in  his  own  church,  under 
the  character  of  Liberty.  His  fondness 
for  the  lady  disappeared  when  she  married 
against  bis  consent,  and  the  monument  of 
his  weakness  was  removed.  Besides  the 
Ornaments  of  churches  considered,  &c.  a 
View  of  the  Projected  Improvements  in 
"Westminster,  &c. — and  Distilled  Liquors 
the  Bane  of  the  Nation,  a  popular  pam- 
phlet, which  procured  him  the  friendship  of 
sir  Joseph  Jekyll,  he  published  his  father's 
works.  He  died  at  Bath,  15th  April,  1784, 
and  was  buried  in  Walbrook  church. 

Wilson,  Florence,  a  native  of  Murray, 
in  Scotland,  educated  at  King's  college, 
Aberdeen.  He  travelled  abroad,  and  re- 
sided for  some  time  at  Basil,  where  he  had 
Erasmus  among  the  number  of  his  friends. 
He  afterwards  taught  philosophy  in  the 
college  of  Navarre  at  Paris,  where  he  was 
tiniversally  respected  for  his  learning  and 
abilities.  He  returned  to  Scotland  in  1554, 
and  died  at  Elgin,  in  retirement,  1557, 
aged  57.  He  wrote  de  Tranquillitate  Ani- 
ma;,  published  by  Freebairn,1706,  and  Rud- 
diman,  1750. 

Wilson,  John,  a  native  of  Kendal, 
W^estmoreland.  Though  engaged  in  knit- 
ting stockings,  he  emerged  from  his  humble 
occupation,  and  indulging  his  fondness  for 
l>otajiical  pursuits,  he  became  a  popular 


lecturer  in  that  science,  and  had  numerous 
and  applauding  audiences  at  Kendal  and 
Newcastle,  lie  published  a  Synopsis  of 
British  Plants,  in  the  manner  of  Ray,  1711, 
8vo.  and  died  about  1750. 

Wilson,  Richard,  a  native  of  Pineges, 
in  Montgomeryshire,  educated  under  the 
care  of  his  father,  who  was  tlic  rector  of 
the  parish.  He  pursued  his  partiality  for 
painting  under  a  London  artist,  and  in 
1749  he  visited  Italy,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed in  landscape  painting  by  Mr.  Locke. 
He  returned  to  England  in  1755,  and  be- 
came member  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and 
was  appointed  its  librarian  in  1779.  From 
the  superior  execution  of  his  landscapes  he 
has  been  called  the  English  Claude.  He 
died  1782,  aged  63. 

Wilson,  John,  first  minister  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Windham, 
England,  in  1588,  and  educated  at  King's 
college,  Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a 
fellowship.  After  studying  law  for  several 
years,  he  devoted  his  attention  to  theology, 
and  served  as  a  chaplain  in  several  fami- 
lies. He  at  length  settled  at  Sudbury  ; 
but  in  1630  came  to  New- England  with  go- 
vernor Winthrop,  and  was  installed  teach- 
er of  the  church  at  Charlestown  on  the 
27th  of  August.  AVben  the  church  soon 
after  removed  to  Boston,  h§  accompanied 
them,  and  continued  to  labour  till  his  death 
in  1667.  He  possessed  great  excellence 
of  character  ;  and  w  as  distinguished  by  an 
extraordinary  talent  at  rhyming  and  making 
anagrams,  which  he  continually  exercised 
to  the  amusement  of  his  acquaintance. 

iCP  L. 

Wilson,  Matthew,  D.D.  was  a  native  of 
Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  and  born  in 
1731.  He  received  his  academical  educa- 
tion under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Francis  Allison,  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Alexan- 
der McDowell,  and  was  considered  as  one 
of  the  most  accurate  and  mature  scholars 
of  his  day.  He  was  ordaijied  to  the  work 
of  the  ministry,  and  installed  as  pastor  of 
the  united  presbyterian  churches  of  Lewes 
and  Cool-Spring,  in  the  state  of  Delaware, 
in  the  year  1755.  Here  he  continued  to 
reside,  greatly  beloved,  and  extensively- 
useful,  until  his  death,  which  took  place 
March  30th,  1790.  In  1786  he  received 
the  degree  of  doctor  of  di\inity  from  the 
university  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  an 
eminent  physician  as  well  as  divine  ;  and 
although  his  publications  were  few,  and  of 
small  size,  yet  his  active  services  to  man- 
kind were  very  important.  He  was  a 
great  lover  of  peace  ;  a  warm  friend  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty ;  ingenious, 
learned,  pious,  patriotic,  and  benevolent  in 
an  eminent  degree ;  so  that  the  place 
of  his  residence,  and  his  neighbourhood, 
while  he  lived,  became  a  centre  of  literary 
and  evangelical  influence,  honourable   at 

813 


WIL 


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ijiice  to  his  attainments,  his  enterprise,  and 
his  apostolical  zeal.  iCH^  L. 

Wilson,  Alexander,  distinguished  for 
his  knowledge  of  ornithology,  was  born  at 
Paisley,  Scotland,  and  came  to  Delaware 
in  1794.  He  soon  after  went  to  Philadel- 
phia, and  was  led,  by  an  acquaintance  with 
iMr.  Bartram,  to  devote  himself  to  the  stu- 
dy of  natural  history,  for  which  he  had  a 
strong  propensity.  He  bestowed  his  chief 
attention  on  American  ornithology,  and 
after  a  course  of  the  most  laborious  and 
faithful  preparation,  commenced,  in  1808, 
the  publication,  in  7  volumes,  quarto,  of  a 
description  of  the  birds  of  North  America. 
The  last  volume  was  completed  only  a  few 
days  before  his  death,  in  August,  1813. 
The  work  is  splendidly  executed,  and  is  far 
more  accurate  and  comprehensive  than  any 
other  on  the  subject.  He  was  distinguish- 
ed for  integrity,  enterprise,  industry,  and 
perseverance.  Beside  his  knowledge  of 
natural  history,  he  cultivated  a  considera- 
ble acquaintance  with  general  literatui'e, 
and  published  several  poems.     PCj^  L. 

Wilson,  James,  LL.D.  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaration  of  American  indepen- 
dence, was  a  lawyer  of  Pennsylvania.  He 
took  an  early  and  active  part  in  the  con- 
troversy between  Great  Britain  and  the  co- 
lonies, and  vvijote  and  published  his  senti- 
ments with  a  freedom  which  was  then 
thought  by  many  to  be  too  daring.  He 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  first  conven- 
tion of  Pennsylvania,  and  by  the  conven- 
tion recommended  to  the  assembly  to  be 
appointed  one  of  the  delegates  in  the  first 
congress,  but  through  the  influence  of  Mr. 
Galloway  the  recommendation  was  not  re- 
garded. He  was,  however,  elected  a  dele- 
gate to  the  second  convention  in  1775.  On 
hearing  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  he  was 
one  of  the  first  in  arms,  and  in  the  begin- 
ning of  May  was  elected  captain  of  a  com- 
pany of  volunteers.  He  was  soon  after 
appointed  a  delegate  to  congress,  and 
continued  in  that  body  from  May,  1775, 
to  September,  1777.  In  1782  he  was 
again  a  member  of  congress,  and  was 
a  steady  promoter  of  the  most  vigorous 
measuses  for  carrying  on  the  war  until  its 
final  termination.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  which  framed  the  constitu- 
tion of  Pennsylvania  and  the  United  States, 
and  of  the  convention  of  Pennsylvania  by 
which  the  latter  was  ratified,  and  a  stre- 
nuous advocate  for  its  adoption.  In  1789 
he  was  appointed  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
supreme  court  of  the  United  States.  In 
1797  he  was  appointed  professor  of  law  in 
the  university  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was 
the  first  who  held  that  office,  and  delivered 
a  course  of  lectures  which  are  contained  in 
his  works,  published  in  3  volumes,  8vo. 
Philadelphia,  IS04.  He  married,  in  1771, 
Miss  Rachel  Bird,  of  Pennsvlvania,  and 
814 


died  at  Wilmington,  Delaware,  September, 
1798.  UZr-  L. 

WiMPiNA,  Conrad,  a  native  of  Buchan, 
professor  of  divinity  at  Frankfort,  who 
warmly  engaged  in  defence  of  the  papal 
power  against  Luther,  and  the  other  re- 
formers. His  ivorks  appeared  at  Frank- 
fort, 1528,  fol.  and  he  died,  1531. 

WiNCHELSEA,  Aunc,  couutess  of,  daugh- 
ter of  sir  Richard  Kingsmill,  of  Hampshire, 
was  maid  of  honour  to  the  second  wife  of 
James  II.  and  married  Heneage,  afterwards 
earl  of  Winchelsea.  She  possessed  great 
genius,  and  wrote  a  poem  on  the  Spleen, 
printed  in  Gilden's  miscellany,  1701 — Aris- 
tomeues,  a  tragedy  never  acted,  &.c.  Her 
poetical  w  orks,  which  are  elegantly  writ- 
ten, were  published  in  1713,  8vo.  She 
died,  5th  Aug.  1720,  without  issue. 

Winchester,  Thomas,  D.D.  a  native  of 
Farrington,  Berkshire.  He  was  educated 
at  Magdalen  college,  Oxford,  where  he  took 
his  degree  of  D.D.  1749,  and  in  1761  he 
obtained  from  the  societj  the  living  of  Ap- 
pleton,  Berks,  where  he  died,  1780.  He 
was  author  of  a  tract  on  the  l7th  article  of 
the  church  of  England,  reprinted  for  the 
use  of  divinity  students  in  1803,  by  the  ju- 
dicious care  of  Mr.  Churton  of  Brazen- 
nose,  who  has  prefixed  an  account  of  the 
writer.  He  wrote,  besides,  a  tract  against 
the  Confessional,  sermons,  &c. 

Winchester,  Elkanah,  an  American  di- 
vine in  the  last  century,  author  of  a  popular 
work  in  defence  of  the  doctrine  of  univer- 
sal salvation. 

WiNCKELMANN,  Johu,  a  nativc  of  Hora- 
berg  in  Hesse,  author  of  some  polemical 
works,  of  Commentaries  on  the  gospels  of 
St.  Mark  and  St.  Luke,  and  on  the  minor 
prophets,  &c.     He  died  1626. 

WiNCKELMANN,  Abbc  Johu,  a  native  of 
Stendall,  in  Brandenburg,  born,  1718. 
Though  but  the  son  of  a  shoemaker,  and 
for  some  time  engaged  in  the  same  em- 
ployment, he  burst  from  his  obscurity,  and 
became,  for  seven  years,  professor  of  belles 
lettres  at  Sechausen.  He  afterwards  went 
to  Saxony,  where  he  continued  for  seven 
more  years  librarian  to  count  Bunau,  at 
Nothenitz,  and  in  1754  went  to  Dresden, 
where  he  formed  an  acquaintance  with  the 
ablest  artists.  About  this  time  he  re- 
nounced the  protestant  faith  for  the  Roman 
catholic  tenets,  and  the  next  year  went  to 
Italy  to  visit  the  valuable  contents  of  the 
Vatican,  and  the  precious  relics  of  Hercu- 
laneum.  His  celebrity  here  recommended 
him  to  the  notice  of  the  great  and  power- 
ful, and  as  a  most  judicious  antiquarian, 
and  an  enlightened  connoisseur  of  the 
works  of  arts,  he  was  universally  courted  at 
Rome.  He  became  president  of  the  anti- 
quaries in  the  Vatican,  member  of  the 
Royal  and  Antiquarian  societies  of  Lon- 
don, and  of  other  learned  societies  in  Eu- 


WIN 


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rope.  He  nas  honouvaWy  invited  to  Dres- 
den and  to  Berlin  ;  but  the  liberality  of  the 
Pope  detained  him  at  Home,  where,  in  the 
midst  of  the  monuments  collected  from  the 
treasures  of  ancient  and  modern  times,  he 
indulged  his  fondness  for  the  productions 
of  genius  and  of  art.  In  17G8  he  made  a 
journey  to  Vienna,  and  was  received  with 
great  kindness  by  the  emperor  ;  but  on  his 
J'cturn  to  Italy,  while  he  stopped  at  Trieste, 
he  was  basely  assassinated  by  Arcangcli,  a 
man  to  whom  he  had  imprudently  shown 
at  the  inn  the  medals  and  the  various  pre- 
sents with  which  he  had  been  honoured. 
This  unfortunate  catastrophe  happened  8th 
June,  1768,  and  the  murderer,  who  hoped 
to  escape  with  the  plunder,  was  seized,  and 
executed  on  the  wheel,  opposite  the  inn 
where  the  crime  had  been  perpetrated. 
The  works  of  Winckleman  were,  the  His- 
tory of  Art  among  the  Ancients,  in  Ger- 
man, ti'anslated  into  French,  Italian,  and 
English,  3  vols.  4to. — Reflections  on  the 
Imitation  of  the  works  of  the  Greeks — Al- 
legory for  Artists — Explanations  of  difficult 
Parts  of  Mythology — Remarks  on  the  Ar- 
chitecture of  the  Ancients — Familiar  Let- 
ters, &c.  He  planned,  besides,  various 
other  works  for  the  elucidation  of  the  arts, 
of  which  his  melancholy  death  prevented 
the  completion.  In  his  character  he  was 
impetuous  and  enthusiastic,  ardent  and 
authoritative  in  his  decisions,  and  in  his 
.  conversation  so  free  and  open,  that  he 
spoke  his  sentiments  with  boldness  and 
without  reserve.  He  was  the  friend  and 
the  correspondent  of  the  most  learned  men 
of  his  times,  and  he  deserved  their  confi- 
dence by  the  sincerity  of  his  conduct,  and 
the  generosity  of  his  heart.  His  life  has 
been  published  by  Heyne. 

Windham,  Joseph,  an  eminent  antiqua- 
ry, was  born  at  Twickenham  in  1739,  and 
educated  at  Eton,  from  whence  -he  went  to 
Christ's  college,  Cambridge.  He  next  tra- 
velled to  Rome,  and  while  there  took  draw- 
ings of  the  monuments  of  antiquity.  He 
also  composed  the  principal  part  of  the 
letter-press  of  the  *'  Ionian  Antiquities," 
published  by  the  Dilettanti  society,  and  as- 
sisted Stuart  in  his  Athens.  In  the  Ar- 
chaeologia  are  his  "  Observations  on  a  pas- 
sage in  Pliny  relative  to  the  Temple  of  Dia- 
na at  Ephesus."  He  died  at  Earsham 
house,  Norfolk,  in  1810.— fT.  B. 

Windham,  William,  a  statesman,  was 
the  son  of  colonel  Windham  of  Felbrigg  in 
Norfolk,  and  born  in  1750.  He  was  edu- 
cated first  at  Eton,  next  at  Glasgow,  and 
lastly  at  University  college,  Oxford.  In 
1773  he  set  out  with  lord  Mulgrave  on  his 
voyage  to  the  North  pole,  but,  being  taken 
ill,  was  obliged  to  land  in  Norway.  After 
this  he  travelled,  and  on  his  return  was 
elected  into  parliament.  In  1782  he  went 
to  Ireland  as  secretary  to  the  lord  lieute- 


nant, but  quitted  that  kingdom  in  a  few 
months.  Till  the  French  revolution  he 
acted  with  the  opposition;  but  in  1794  he 
joined  Mr.  I'itt,  ;uul  was  appointed  secre- 
tary at  war,  which  office  he  held  till  1801, 
when  he  vigorously  opposed  the  peace.  On 
the  death  of  Mr.  Pitt,  Mr.  Windham  be- 
came secretary  of  state  for  the  war  depart- 
ment, but  went  out  of  place  again  the  fol- 
lowing year.  His  death,  which  happened 
June  4,  18 10,  was  occasioned  by  a  contu- 
sion of  the  hip  in  a  fall,  while  exerting 
himself  to  save  the  library  of  Mr.  North 
during  a  fire  in  Conduit-street.  His  speech- 
es in  parliament  have  been  published,  with 
his  life  prefixed,  in  3  vols.  8vo. —  W.  B. 

Winder,  William  H.  general  in  the  army 
of  the  United  States,  was  born  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Somerset,  Maryland,  in  the  year  1775. 
He  was  educated  for  the  bar,  and  about  the 
year  1798  established  himself  in  the  profes- 
sion at  Baltimore,  where  he  pursued  it  with 
great  success.  On  the  declaration  of  war 
with  Great  Britain  in  1812,  he  received  a 
colonel's  commission,  and  was  afterwards 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
and  served  during  the  war  with  reputation. 
He  commanded  the  troops  at  the  battle  of 
Bladensburg.  On  the  return  of  peace  he 
resumed  his  profession,  and  continued  in  it 
till  his  death  in  April,  1824.  He  was  gene- 
rous, benevolent,  and  public  spirited. 

iCJ^  L. 
W^iNDER,  Levin,  governor  of  Maryland, 
was  elected  to  succeed  Mr.  Bowie  m  1812, 
and  was  at  the  head  of  the  administration 
during  the  war  which  ended  in  1815.  He 
entered  the  army  of  the  revolution  as  a 
soldier,  and  served  until  the  close  of  the 
war.  He  was  speaker  of  the  house  of  de- 
legates before  his  election  as  governor,  and 
in  1816  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  senate 
of  Maryland.  He  was  also  a  general  of  the 
state  militia.  He  died  July  1st,  1819,  aged 
63.  [Er  L. 

Wing,  Vincent,  author  of  the  Celestial 
Harmony  of  the  Visible  World,  1667,  fol. 
— of  an  Ephemeris  for  30  years — of  Com- 
putatio  Catholica — and  of  Astronomia  Bri- 
tannica,  a  work  of  merit,  was  well  skilled 
in  astrology,  and  died  20th  Sept.  »661.  A 
sheet  almanac  is  still  published  under  his 
name.  An  account  of  his  life  was  publieh- 
ed  by  Gadbury. 

WiNGATE,  Edmund,  author  of  the  Use 
of  the  Rule  of  Proportion,  or  Gunter's 
Scale — of  Natural  and  Artificial  Arithme- 
tic, 8vo.  often  reprinted — of  Ludus  Mathe- 
maticus — of  the  Exact  Surveyor — of  Ta- 
bles of  Logarithms,  and  other  mathematical 
works,  was  a  native  of  Bedfordshire,  edu- 
cated at  Queen's  college,  Oxford,  and  at 
Gray's  Inn,  London.  He  was  for  some 
time  employed  in  the  royal  household,  as 
English  teacher  to  the  first  Charles's  queen ; 
hut  he  forgot  the  favours  of  his  sovereigft 

815 


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duiing-  the  civil  wars,  and  taking  the  cove- 
nant, he  became  the  friend  of  Cromwell, 
and  served  in  his  parliament.  He  died 
1656,  aged  63. 

WiNGFiELD,  Edmund  Maria,  first  presi- 
dent of  the  colony  of  Virginia  under  the 
patent  granted  to  Bartholomew  Gosnold 
and  others,  April  10th,  1606.  On  the  re- 
turn of  captain  Newport  to  England  in 
June,  1607,  the  colony  consisted  of  one 
hundred  and  four  persons.  The  hardships 
they  endured  created  discontent  and  jea- 
lousy, which  were  heightened  by  the  impru- 
dence and  selfishness  of  Wingfield,  who 
was  in  consequence  deposed,  and  John 
Radcliffe  elected  president.  Wingfield  af- 
terwards conspired  %vith  other  malcontents 
to  run  away  with  the  vessel  belonging  to 
the  company,  but  the  design  was  discovered 
and  defeated  by  captain  Smith,  who  in 
1608  sent  him  home  to  England.     QU"  L. 

WiNSCHOMB,  John,  better  known  by  the 
name  of  Jack  of  Newbury,  was  the  most 
opulent,  and  the  largest  clothier  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII.  He  built  part  of 
Newbury  church,  and  was  so  loyal,  that  he 
armed,  at  his  own  expense,  100  men,  whom 
he  led  in  person  against  the  Scots  at  the 
battle  of  Floddenfield,  under  the  earl  of 
Surrey.  He  kept  in  his  house  100  looms, 
and  his  memory  has  been  so  affectionately 
respected  by  his  fellow-townsmen,  that  an 
inn  at  Newbury  still  bears  his  name. 

WiNSEMius,  Peter,  a  native  of  Leeward, 
who,  after  travelling  over  Germany,  Swe- 
den, and  Fi'ance,  became  historiographer 
to  the  states  of  Holland,  and  professor  of 
history  and  eloquence  at  Franeker,  where 
he  died,  1644,  aged  59.  He  wrote  the 
History  of  Friesland,  in  Flemish,  fol. — 
Vita  Mauritii  Principis  Auriaci,  &c.  His 
brother  Menelaus  was  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  Franeker,  and  died  there,  15th  May, 
1639.  He  wrote  Compendium  Anatomise, 
4tc. 

WiNSLOW,  James  Benignus,  an  eminent 
Danish  anatomist,  born  at  Odinsey,  Den- 
mark, 2d  April,  1669.  He  was  the  grand 
nephew  of  the  celebrated  Steno.  He  went 
to  Paris,  where  he  studied  under  du  Ver- 
ney,  and  was  converted  to  the  catholic 
faith  by  Bossuet.  He  became  physician  of 
the  faculty  of  Paris,  demonstrator  in  the 
royal  gardens,  and  member  of  the  Paris 
academy  of  sciences.  He  wrote  a  tract  on 
the  Uncertainty  of  the  Signs  of  Death,  2 
vols.  12mo. — Anatomy  with  improvements, 
4to. — on  the  Diseases  of  the  Bones,  and 
other  anatomical  works.  He  died  3d  April, 
1760,  aged  91. 

WiNSLOAv,  Edward,  governor  of  Ply- 
mouth colony,  Massachusetts,  was  born  in 
1594  in  Worcestershire.  He  came  to  Ame- 
rica with  the  first  colonists  in  1620,  and 
was  one  of  the  most  active  and  useful  of 
their  number.  He  repeatedly  visited  the 
S16 


neighbouring  Indians,  and  obtained  foo^:* 
for  the  colonists,  when  suffering  from  fa- 
mine, and  went  several  times  as  an  agent 
to  England,  and  proposed  there  the  forma- 
tion of  the  society  for  propagating  the  gos- 
pel among  the  Indians.  During  one  of  his 
visits  there  he  was  imprisoned  several 
months  by  Laud,  for  speaking  in  a  religious 
meeting  in  Plymouth,  and  being  married  by 
a  magistrate.  Iii  1633  he  was  elected  go- 
vernor, and  again  in  1636  and  1644.  In  1643 
he  was  appointed  a  commissioner  of  the 
united  colonies,  and  in  1655  a  commission- 
er to  superintend  the  expedition  against 
the  Spaniards  in  the  West  Indies,  and  died 
near  Jamaica  on  the  8th  of  May  of  that 
year.  He  was  a  great  and  good  man.  He 
was  the  first  man  married  in  New-Eng- 
land, and  married  Mrs.  White,  the  mother 
of  the  first  English  child  born  there. 

ICJ^L. 

WiNSLOw,  Josiah,  governor  of  Plymouth, 
Massachusetts,  and  son  of  the  preceding, 
after  having  been  a  magistrate  for  several 
years  was  elected  governor  in  1673,  and 
held  the  office  till  1680.  He  was  greatly 
respected,  like  his  father,  for  his  excellent 
sense  and  great  worth.  He  was  a  brave 
and  skilful  military  officer,  as  well  as  an 
able  magistrate.  In  1656  he,  at  the  head 
of  a  small  number,  captured  Alexander,  the 
eldest  son  of  Massasoit,  and  defeated  his 
plots  against  the  colony  ;  and  in  1675  com- 
manded a  party  which  defeated  the  Indians 
under  Philip  with  great  slaughter.  He 
died  at  Marshfield,  December  18th,  1680, 
in  his  fifty-second  year.  He  was  the  first 
governor  born  in  New-England.      IQ^  L. 

WiNSLow,  John,  major-general,  and  a 
grandson  of  the  preceding,  served  as  a  cap- 
tain in  the  expedition  against  Cuba  in  1740, 
and  afterwards  rose  to  the  rank  of  major- 
general  in  the  British  service.  He  com- 
manded several  expeditions  to  Kennebeck, 
Nova  Scotia,  and  Crown  Point,  in  the 
French  war,  and  distinguished  himself  by 
ability  and  courage.  In  1762  he  was  ap- 
pointed chief  judge  of  the  court  of  common 
pleas  for  Plymouth  county.  He  died  at 
Hingham  in  April,  1774,  in  his  seventy-se" 
cond  year.  iCj^  L. 

WiNSTANLEY,  William,  author  of  the 
Lives  of  the  Poets — of  Select  Lives  of  Eng- 
land's Worthies — of  Historical  Rarities — 
of  the  Loyal  Martyrology — and  some  sin- 
gle lives,  &c.  all  in  8vo.  was  originally  a 
barber.  His  style  is  incorrect  and  vulgar, 
yet  his  compositions  are  valuable  for  no- 
ticing some  facts  which  other  writers  have 
passed  over  in  silence.  He  lived  in  the 
reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James  II. 

Winston,  Thomas,  an  English  physi- 
cian, who  studied  at  Clare-hall,  Cambridge, 
and  afterwards  travelled  over  the  continent. 
He  passed  some  time  in  the  academies  of 
Basil,  and  also  of  Padua,  where  he  took  hi? 


\VI^ 


Wli\ 


jiiedicai  degrees.  On  his  return  to  Eng- 
land he  took  his  degree  of  M.D.  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  settled  in  London  1607,  and 
became  fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians, 
and  professor  of  physic  at  Ciresham  col- 
lege. During  the  civil  wars  he  retired  to 
France,  and  after  an  absence  of  ten  years 
came  back,  and  died  in  London  24th  Oct. 
1655,  aged  80.  After  his  death  his  anato- 
mical lectures  appeared,  8vo.  1659,  and 
1664. 

Winter,  George  Simon,  a  German  wri- 
ter in  the  17th  century.  He  paid  great  at- 
tention to  the  veterinary  art,  and  published 
Tractatio  Nova  de  Re  Equariii,  in  Latin, 
French,  and  German,  1672,  fol. — Eques 
Peritus  et  Hippiator  Expertus. 

WiNTHROP,  John,  first  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, was  born  at  Groton,  in  Suflblk, 
England,  June  12th,  1587.  He  arrived 
with  the  first  colonists  of  Massachusetts  at 
Salem,  June  12th,  1630,  having  a  commis- 
sion as  their  governor.  They  soon  after 
removed  to  Boston.  He  was  re-elected  to 
the  office  of  governor  annually,  with  the 
exception  of  6  or  7  years,  till  his  death,  in 
1649,  and  rendered  the  most  important 
services  to  the  colony  by  his  judicious  ad- 
ministration, his  prudent  examples  as  a  pri- 
vate man,  and  his  wealth,  which  was  very 
large,  and  liberally  devoted  to  the  good  of 
the  public.  He  was  eminent  for  upright- 
ness, prudence,  piety,  and  public  spirit.  He 
kept  a  minute  journal  of  the  events  of  the 
colony  down  to  1644,  which  has  been  pub- 
lished, and  is  of  great  use  to  the  historian. 
It  seems  from  his  picture  that  he  wore  a 
long  beard.  ICJ^  L. 

WiNTHROP,  John,  F.R.S.  governor  of 
Connecticut,  and  son  of  the  preceding,  was 
born  in  England  in  1605,  and  educated  at 
Cambridge.  He  possessed  a  noble  genius, 
and  his  education,  improved  after  he  left 
the  university  by  extensive  travel  and  inter- 
course with  the  most  distinguished  scholars, 
was  of  the  first  order.  He  came  to  Massa- 
chusetts in  1633,  and  settling  at  Ipswich 
became  a  magistrate  of  the  colony.  He 
went  to  England  in  1635,  but  returned  in 
the  autumn  of  that  year  with  authority  to 
establish  a  colony  at  Saybrook,  Connecti- 
cut, and  immediately  despatched  persons  to 
erect  a  fort  there.  In  1651  he  became  a 
magistrate  of  that  colony,  and  afterwards 
deputy-governor.  In  1657  he  was  chosen 
governor,  and  with  the  exception  of  the 
next  year,  from  that  time  till  his  death. 
In  1662  he  was  sent  an  agent  to  the  court 
of  Charles  II.  and  obtained  a  charter  for 
the  colony.  He  died  while  on  a  visit  at 
Boston,  April  5th,  1676,  in  the  seventy-first 
year  of  his  age.  He  was  distinguished  for 
bis  knowledge  of  natural  philosophy,  and 
was  intimately  familiar  with  Boyle,  Wil- 
kins,  and  other  learned  men  of  his  time. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Royal 

Vol.  II.  103 


Ssociciy  of  London,  its  corrospoudeut  in 
America,  and  sent  to  it  many  .specimena  of 
the  productions  of  the  country.  Hu  was 
equally  emintnt  us  a  gentleman,  j.  Chris- 
tian, and  a  n\agistrato.  iCJ^  L. 

WiNTHROH,  Fitz  John,  F.R.S.  governor 
of  Connecticut,  was  the  son  of  tiic  prece- 
ding, and  born  at  Ipswich  in  1633.  He  be- 
came a  magistrate  of  Connecticut  in  1689, 
and  the  following  year  was  tippointed  ma- 
jor-general of  the  land  army  designed  to 
act  against  Canada ;  and  conducted  with 
great  prudence  in  the  expedition.  He  was 
sent  as  agent  of  the  colony  to  Great  Britain 
in  1694,  and  discharged  the  duties  of  the 
appointment  so  much  to  the  satisfaction  of 
the  colony,  that  the  legislature  made  him  a 
bequest  of  500  pounds.  He  was  distin- 
guished, like  his  father,  for  his  knowledge 
of  philosophy,  his  skill  in  politics,  and  his 
piety  ;  and  was  honoured  by  the  learned  in 
England  by  being  elected  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Society.  He  was  chosen  to  the  of- 
fice of  chief  magistrate  in  1698,  and  held  it 
till  his  death,  which  took  place  at  Boston, 
November  27th,  1707.  ICJ^  L. 

WiNTHROP,  John,  F.R.S.  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding governor  Winthrop,  graduated  at 
Hai'vard  college  in  1700,  and  was  for  some 
time  a  magistrate  of  Connecticut,  but  at 
length  went  to  England  to  obtain  a  reversal 
of  some  decisions  in  the  courts  of  the  colo- 
ny respecting  the  property  of  his  ancestors ; 
and  continued  to  reside  there.  He  made 
such  representations  of  the  laws  of  the  co- 
lony respecting  inheritances,  at  the  British 
court,  that  they  were  repealed,  and  great 
alarm  excited  in  the  colony  for  a  time.  He 
was  conspicuous,  like  his  father  and  grand- 
father, for  the  superiority  of  his  genius, 
and  his  accurate  knowledge  of  natural  phi- 
losophy, particularly  chymistry.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Society,  contributed 
largely  to  its  repository,  and  was  honoured 
by  the  dedication  to  him  of  the  40th  vo 
lume  of  its  transactions.     He  died  in  1747, 

(rj-  L. 

WiNTHROP,  John,  LL.D.  F  R.S.  HoIIis 

professor  of  mathematics  and  natural  philo- 
sophy in  Harvard  college,  Massachusetts, 
was  a  native  of  that  state,  and  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1732.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  professorship  in  1738,  an3 
discharged  the  duties  of  the  station  with 
great  ability  and  popularity  for  more  than 
forty  years.  In  1761  he  went  to  New- 
foundland, and  observed  a  transit  of  Venus, 
another  at  Cambridge  in  1769,  an  account 
of  which  he  gave  to  the  public.  His  obser- 
vations on  the  transit  of  Mercury  in  1740, 
were  inserted  in  the  transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  that  society,  and  received  a  diploma 
of  LL.D.  from  Edinburgh.  He  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  council  in  1733,  and  dis- 
tinaiuished  himself  bv  defending  the  right* 

817 


WIN  WIS 

oi'  tlife  colony.      He  was  again  chosen  a  nours  of  the    baronetage.     He  published 

councillor  after  the  British  authority  ceased  Mead's  Medical  Precepts  improved,  8vo. 

in  Massachusetts.     He  was  endowed  with  and  died  in  London,  1794,  aged  84. 

talents  of  a  very  superior  order,  and  pro-  ^Vin  wood,  Sir  Ralph,  a  native  of  Aynho, 

foundly  versed  not  only  in  his  profession,  Northamptonshii'e,  educated  at  St.  John's 

but  in  the  classics,  in  general  literature,  in  college,  Oxford,  from  which  he  removed  in 

biblical   criticism,  controversial    theology,  15S2  as  pi'obationer  fellow  to  Magdalen, 

and  politics.     He  was  also  eminently  pious.  He  was  proctor  of  the  the  university,  1592, 

He  died  the  3d  of  May,  1779,  in  his  sixty-  and  afterwards  travelled  over  Europe,  and 

fifth  year.                                      iCj^  L.  in   1599  went  as  secretary  in  sir  H.  Ne- 

WiNTHROP,  James,  LL.D.   son  of  the  vil!e's  embassy  to  France.     He  was  in  1602 

preceding,  was  born  at  Cambridge,  Massa-  sent  envoy  to  Holland,  and  in  1607  received 

chusetts,  April  8th,  17o2,  and  graduated  at  the  honour  of  knighthood.    He  again  repre- 

Hanard  in  1769,  with  a  high  reputation  sented  his  sovereign  in  Holland  twice,  and 

for  talents  and  acquirements.     He  was  in  in  1614  was  appointed  secretary  of  state. 

1771  appointed  librarian  of  that  institution.  He  was  well  versed  in  political  affairs,  and 

and  retained  the  office  twenty  years.     He  especially  in  matters  of  trade  and  war.    He 

devoted  a  great  part  of  his  life  to  literary  died  1617,  aged  52.     His  Memorials  of  Af- 

pursuits,  and  became  distinguished  for  the  fairs  of  State  under  EUzabeth  and  James  I. 

extent  of  his  knowledge,  particularly  of  an-  &c.  were  published  in  3  vols.  fol.  1715,  by 

cient    and    modern    languages,  the    exact  Edmund  Sawyer. 

sciences,  and  biblical  and  polite  learning.  Wirlet,  William,  Rouge  croix  pur- 
He  was  a  member  of  the  principal  literary  suivant,  was  a  native  of  Leicestershire, 
societies  of  Massachusetts,  and  contributed  and  became  known  for  his  great  skill  in  the 
to  their  publications  and  other  periodical  knowledge  of  heraldry.  He  died  at  the 
works  many  valuable  papers.  He  held  for  Heralds'  college,  Feb.  1618,  and  was  buried 
many  years  several  res^pectable  civil  offices,  in  St.  Benet's  church,  Paul's  wharf.  He 
and  was  distinguished  in  public  and  private  published  1592,  the  True  Use  of  Armoury- 
life  by  uprightness,  liberality,  and  public  showed  by  History,  and  plainly  proved  by 
spirit.  At  his  death,  which  took  place  Example,  4to.  He  made  some  valuable 
Sept.  26, 1821,  he  left  bis  library  as  a  be-  collections  of  ancient  records,  &c.  pre- 
quest  to  the  college  at  Meadville,  Pennsyl-  served  in  the  Herald's  college, 
rania.                                          Idr*  L.  Wirsungus,  John  George,  a  native  of 

WiNTLE,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine,  was  Bavaria,  Professor  of  Anatomy  at  Padua, 

born  at  Gloucester  in  1737.     He  was  edu-  where,  in  1642,  he  discovered  and  explain- 

oated  at  Pembroke  college,  Oxford,  where  ed  the  pancreatic  duct.     He  was  meanly 

he  obtained  a  fellowship,  and  took  the  de-  assassinated  by  some  rivals,  who  were  jea- 

^ree  of  bachelor  in  divinity.     Archbishop  lous  of  his  professional  celebrity. 

Seeker  made  him   his  chaplain,  and  gave  Wischart,  William,  D.D.  a  native   of 

him  the  rectory  of   Wittrisham  in   Kent,  Dalkeith.  He  was  educated  at  Utrecht,  and 

with  which  he  held  the  living  of  St.  Peter,  on  his  return  to  Scotland  was  arrested  as  if 

Wallingford,  but  relinquished  both  on  being  concerned  in  the  rye-house  plot.     At  the 

presented  to  the  rectory  of  Brightwell  in  revolution    he    returned    from     Holland, 

Berkshire,  where  he  died  in   1814.      His  where  he  had  taken   refuge,  and  became 

works  are,  1.  An  improved  version  of  Da-  one  of  the  ministers  of  Leith,  and  in  1716 

niel,  with  notes.     2.  A  dissertation  on  the  was    appointed    principal    of    Edinburgh 

vision  in  Zachariah.     3.  Sermons  at  the  university,  and  one  of  the  city   ministers. 

Bampton  Lectui-e.      4.    Christian  Ethics,  His  Theologia,  consisting  of  120  sermons, 

or   Discourses  on  the  Beatitudes.      5.  A  is  a  valuable  system  of  Calvinistical  divin- 

letter  to  bishop  Hurd,  occasioned  by  his  ity.    He  died  at  Edinburgh,  1727,  aged  70. 

strictures  on  archbishop  Seeker  and  bishop  W^ischeart,   George,  D.D.  a  native  of 

Lowth. — W.  B.  Yester  in  East  Lothian,  educated  at  Edin- 

Win  TOWN,  or  Wtntown,  Andrew,  ca-  burgh  university,  where   he  took  his  de- 

non  of  St.  Andrews,  and  prior  of  St.  Ser-  grees.     On  the  breaking   out  of  the  civil 

finsh  in  Loch  Leven,  was  author  of  a  Chro-  wars,  he  followed  the  fortunes  of  the  illus- 

nicle  of  Scotland,  undertaken  at  the  request  trious  Montrose,  to  whom  he   was  chap- 

of  one  of  the  ancestors  of  the  earl  of  We-  lain,  and  on  his  defeat  by  Lesley  in  1645, 

myss.     The  work  has  lately  been  edited  ;  he  was  among  the  prisoners.     He  with  dif- 

it  is  written  in  rhyme,  but  though  curious,  ficulty  escaped  the  death  which  his  unhap- 

rontains  much  tradition  and  fable  mixed  py  fellow-pi-isoners  suffered,  and  after  some 

with  truth.     He  died  about  1400.  years  of  confinement  he  withdrew  to  the 

WiNTRiNGHAM,  Sir  Clifton,  a  native  of  continent,  and  at  the  restoration  returned, 

York,  educated  at  Cambridge.     He  became  and  became  bishop  of  Edinburgh.    In  this 

physician  to  the  late  duke  of  York,  and  set-  high  situation   he  showed  great   benevo- 

cled  in  London,  where  he  acquired  celebrity  lence  of  heart  and  forgiveness  of  injuries, 

in  his  profession,  and  was  raised  to  the  ho-  and  with  all  his  power  assisted  some  of 
818 


WIS 


VVIJ 


his  most  virulent  persecutors,  and  procured 
their  pardon  from  government.  This  en- 
lightened prelate  wrote  an  Account  of  the 
Wars  in  Scotland,  and  the  history  of  his 
early  patron,  the  marquis  of  Montrose, 
8vo.  and  died  at  Edinburgh,  1669,  aged 
GO. 

WiscHER,  Cornelius,  a  Dutch  engraver, 
in  the  17th  century.  His  works  from  the 
most  famous  Flemish  painters  are  much  ad- 
mired. His  brother  John,  and  his  rela- 
tions Lambert  and  Nicholas,  were  also  emi- 
nent artists. 

Wise,  Francis,  an  English  divine,  born 
3d  Oct.  1695,  and  educated  at  New  college 
school.  He  was  admitted  to  Trinity  col- 
lege, Oxford,  1711,  and  became  fellow  of 
the  society,  and  assistant  to  Dr.  Hud:ion 
in  the  Bodleian  library.  He  obtained  El- 
lesfield  vicarage,  Oxfordshire,  from  his  pu- 
pil, lord  Guildford,  and  the  rectory  of  Ro- 
therfield  Grays  from  his  college.  He  was 
also  keeper  of  the  archives  of  the  univer- 
sity, and  RadclifTe  librarian,  and  died  at 
Ellesfield,  6th  Oct.  1767,  aged  62,  univer- 
sally beloved.  He  published  Annales  Al- 
fredi  Magni,  8vo. — Letter  to  Dr.  Mead 
on  some  Antiquities  in  Berkshire — 
on  the  White  Horse,  JBerks — the  Red 
Horse,  W^arwickshire,  &c. — Catalogus 
Numorum  Antiq.  in  Bodleian.  &c. — Inqui- 
ries on  the  first  Inhabitants,  Languages, 
&c.  of  Europe,  4to. — on  the  Chronology 
of  Fabulous  Ages,  4to.  &c. 

W^issiNG,  William,  a  portrait  painter, 
born  at  Amsterdam,  1656,  and  brought  up 
under  Dodaens  at  the  Hague.  He  visited 
England,  where  he  obtained  celebrity  as 
the  friend  and  happy  imitator  of  sir  Peter 
Lely.  He  painted  Charles  II.  and  all  the 
royal  family,  and  in  his  reputation  was  the 
rival  of  Kneller.  He  died  at  Burleigh- 
house,  Northamptonshire,  10th  Sept.  1687, 
aged  only  31,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Mar- 
tin's church,  Stamford,  where  a  marble 
tablet  was  erected  to  his  memory  by  lord 
Exeter. 

WissowATius,  Andrew,  a  native  of 
Philliporia  in  Lithuania,  grandson  of  Faus- 
tus  Socinus.  After  spreading  the  tenets  of 
his  grandfather  in  Holland,  France,  and 
England,  he  returned  to  Poland,  where  he 
acquired  popularity  at  the  head  of  the  So- 
cinians,  till  by  religious  persecution,  he 
was  obliged  to  fly  for  safety  to  Amster- 
dam. He  assisted  in  the  Bibliotheque  de 
Freres  Polonois,  9  vols,  folio,  and  published 
besides,  Religio  Rationalis,  &c.  and  other 
works.      He   died  in  Holland,  1668. 

WiSTAR,  Caspar,  M.D.  professor  in  the 
university  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  in 
the  year  1760.  His  father  was  a  German 
of  the  the  society  of  Friends,  and  settled 
in  New-Jersey.  Dr.  W^istar  was  educated 
Ht  the  Friends'  grammar-school,   in  Phila- 


deiplua,  studied  medicine  with  Dr.  Red- 
man of  that  city,  and  attended  the  lectures 
at  the  university  of  Pennsylvania.  In 
17S3  he  went  to  Europe  to  complete  his 
education,  and  in  1786,  was  graduated  at 
Edinburgh,  with  high  reputation.  He  re- 
turned to  Philadolpliia  in  1787,  and  was 
immediately  appointed  professor  of  chy- 
mistry  and  physiology  in  the  college  in 
that  city.  He  also  commenced  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine,  and  was  chosen  one  of 
tlie  attending  physicians  to  the  dispensary 
and  hospital.  He  afterwards  became  ad- 
junct professor  to  Dr.  Shippc  n  in  the  de- 
partments of  anatomy  and  surgery,  and  on 
the  death  of  Dr.  Shippen  succeeded  to  his 
chair  ;  and  his  superior  talents,  his  tho- 
rough acquaintance  with  his  profession, 
and  his  popular  manners  raised  him  to 
the  highest  reputation.  It  was  mainly 
owing  to  him,  and  his  distinguished  coad- 
jutors, Drs.  Rush  and  Barton,  that  the  me- 
dical school  of  Philadelphia  rose  to  its 
high  standing.  He  was  in  1815  elected  ho- 
norary member  of  the  literary  and  philo- 
sophical society  of  New- York,  and  in  1816 
president  of  the  American  philosophical 
society.  His  acquisitions  in  the  various 
departments  of  natural  science  were  un- 
usually extensive  ;  he  held  a  correspon- 
dence with  several  of  the  most  eminent 
naturalists  in  Europe,  and  was  a  zealous 
promoter  of  every  species  of  useful  learn- 
ing. His  numerous  professional  avoca- 
tions permitted  him  but  seldom  to  appear 
as  an  author.  His  chief  work  is  a  System  of 
Anatomy,  in  two  volumes.  He  belonged 
to  the  society  of  Friends.  His  dispositions 
%vere  peculiarly  amiable,  his  manners  mild, 
his  method  of  lecturing  eminently  happy 
and  popular  ;  and  his  extensive  learning, 
his  public  spirit,  his  assiduous  attention  to 
his  professional  duties,  and  his  philanthro- 
py elevated  him  to  a  high  place  in  the 
respect  and  esteem  of  all.  He  died  Janu- 
ary 22d,  1818,  in  his  fifty-seventh  year. 

IC?'  L. 

WiTASSE,  Charles,  a  French  ecclesias- 
tic, born  at  Chauny,  11th  Nov.  1660.  He 
became  professor  of  theology  at  Paris,  hut 
incurred  the  displeasure  of  the  court  by 
refusing  to  receive  the  pope's  bull,  called 
Unigenitus.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy  at 
Paris,  10th  April,  1716,  aged  56.  He 
wrote  Letters  on  Easter — Examination  of 
Hardouin's  Councils — treatises  on  Theolo- 
gical Subjects,  &c. 

W^iTHERS,  George,  an  English  poet, 
born  11th  June,  1588.  His  satirical  verses 
on  the  court  and  government  exposed  him 
to  persecution,  and  for  his  "  Abuses  Wliipt 
and  Stript,"  he  was  sent  to  prison.  He 
took  up  arms  in  favour  of  the  parliament, 
and  when  taken  by  the  king's  troops,  was 
with  difliculty  saved  from  hanging  by  sir 
John  Denham.     He  was  afterwards  one  of 

Sl*> 


WIT 


WOL 


€ioiuivcii's  major-generals  appointed  to' 
overawe  and  oppress  the  country.  At  the 
restoration  he  was  stripped  of  his  fortune 
and  power,  and  was  for  some  time  impri- 
soned in  Newgate,  and  in  the  Tower. 
He  died  1667.  His  poetical  pieces  are 
very  numerous,  and  some  of  them  possess 
juerit. 

WiTHERSPOON,  John,  D.D.  LL.D.  pre- 
sident of  the  college  at  Princeton  New- 
Jersey,  was  born  in  Yester,  Scotland,  Fe- 
bruary 5th,  1722,  and  educated  at  Edin- 
burgh. He  was  settled  in  the  ministry, 
first  at  Beith,  and  afterwards  at  Paisley, 
and  became  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
of  the  Scottish  clergy,  for  talents  and  in- 
fluence. He  published  while  therfe  his 
"  Characteristics,"  and  became  the  leader 
of  the  orthodox  part  of  the  clergy.  He 
was  invited  to  remove  to  several  distin- 
g;uished  cities  in  Europe,  but  at  length  ac- 
cepted an  appointment  to  the  presidency 
of  the  college  at  Princeton,  New-Jersey, 
and  came  to  that  state  with  his  family  in 
176S.  The  war  of  the  revolution  disper- 
sed the  students,  and  left  him  at  leisure  to 
engage  in  civil  employments,  to  which  he 
ivas  almost  immediately  called.  He  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  constitution  of  New-Jersey, 
and  in  1776  was  appointed  a  member  of 
fongress,  and  retained  a  seat  in  that  body 
till  the  conclusion  of  peace.  His  name  is 
affixed  to  the  declaration  of  independence, 
and  the  articles  of  confederation.  After 
the  war  the  college  was  reopened,  and  he 
xeturned  to  his  duties  tbere.  During  the 
last  two  years  of  his  life  he  suffered  the 
loss  of  his  sight.  He  died  November  15th, 
1794,  in  the  seventy-third  year  of  his  age. 
He  possessed  a  mind  of  great  vigour  and 
activity,  of  uncommon  shrewdness  and 
humour,  his  learning  was  very  various  and 
extensive,  and  his  discernment  of  charac- 
ter singularly  keen.  His  preaching  was 
characterized  by  perspicuity  and  energy  ; 
he  was  an  able  politician,  and  a  zealous 
friend  of  liberty,  and  a  highly  amiable, 
amusive,  and  instructive  companion.  His 
works  have  been  published  in  4  vols.  8vo. 

ICF'  L. 

WiTSius,  Herman,  a  learned  divine, 
born  at  Enckhuysen,  in  North  Holland, 
1626.  He  so  distinguished  himself,  that 
lie  was  appointed  professor  of  divinity  at 
Franeker,  afterwards  at  Utrecht,  and  then 
at  Leyden,  where  he  died  1708.  He  pub- 
lished several  important  works,  which  dis- 
play great  learning,  judgment,  and  piety. 
The  best  known  of  these  are  ^gyptiaca  et 
Decaphylon,  4to. — the  Economy  and  the 
Covenants  between  God  and  Man,  a  valu- 
able work,  translated  into  English,  3  vols. 
8vo. — Historia  Hieroaolymitana — Miscel- 
lanea Saerorum— Maletem.  Leydens.  &c. 

Witt,  John  de.     Vid.  De  Witt. 
?>20 


Witt,  Emanuel  de,  a  native  of  Alkmaer. 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  pieces  in  which 
he  introduces  architecture,  are  particularly 
valuable.     He  died  1692,  aged  85. 

WiTTiCHius,  Christophei',  a  native  of 
Brieg  in  Silesia,  professor  of  mathematics 
at  Herborn,  afterwards  at  Duisburg,  and 
then  theological  professor  at  Nimeguen, 
and  lastly  at  Leyden,  where  he  died  1687,  • 
aged  62 — He  wrote  Theologia  Pacifica, 
4to. — Anti-Spinosa. — de  Deo  et  AttributiSj 
4to. — Consensus  Veritatis. 

WoDHULL,  Michael,  an  ingenious  wri- 
ter, xvas  born  at  Thenford  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, in  1740.  He  was  educated  at 
Winchester  school,  and  next  at  Brazen- 
nose  college,  Oxford,  which  he  left  with- 
out a  degree  to  settle  upon  his  paternal 
estate,  where  he  died  in  1816.  Mr.  Wod- 
hull  wrote  several  poems,  but  is  best  known 
by  his  translation  of  Euripides,  first  print- 
ed in  4  vols,  in  1782.— W.B. 

WoFFiNGTON,  Margaret,  an  English  ac- 
tress, born  at  Dublin,  1718.  She  first  ap- 
peared in  London  at  Covent-garden,  in 
1738,  in  sir  Harry  Wildair,  and  acquired 
great  celebrity,  though  she  failed  in  her 
attempts  to  rival  Mrs.  Pritchard  and  Mrs. 
Cibber.  She  afterwards  acted  Cordelia 
and  Ophelia  with  great  success  under  Gar- 
rick,  with  whom  she  continued  at  Drury- 
lane  till  she  made  a  new  engagement  with 
Rich.  She  was  afterwards  on  the  Dublin 
stage  with  Mr.  Sheridan,  and  died  in  Lon- 
don of  a  gradual  decay,  1760. 

WoiDE,  Dr.  a  native  of  Poland,  who 
found  friends  and  protection  in  England, 
by  his  learning  and  his  assiduities.  He  was 
minister  of  the  German  chapel  in  the  Sa- 
voy, and  of  the  Dutch  chapel  at  St.  James's, 
and  assistant  libi'arian  at  the  British  Mu- 
seum. He  published  the  Coptic  Lexicon 
of  la  Croze,  which  had  remained  in  manu- 
script since  1720,  and  edited  besides  the 
Alexandrian  MS.  of  the  New  Testament, 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  and  also 
Scholtz's  Egyptian  Grammar.  He  was  en- 
gaged in  the  compilation  of  an  Egyptian 
Lexicon,  but  died  before  its  completion, 
1790,  after  a  residence  of  25  years  in  Eng- 
land. 

WoLcoT,  John,  a  satirist,  was  born  at 
Dodbrook  in  Devonshire,  in  1738.  He 
was  educated  first  at  Kingsbridge,  in  his 
native  county,  and  next  at  Bodmin  in  Corn- 
wall, after  which  he  was  brought  up  under 
his  uncle,  an  apothecary  at  Fowey,  who 
left  him  the  principal  part  of  his  estate. 
In  1767,  he  obtained  a  doetor's  degree  in 
Scotland,  and  the  same  year  went  with  sir 
William  Trelawney  to  Jamaica,  but  on  the 
death  of  his  patron  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land and  settled  as  a  physician  in  Cornwall, 
where  he  became  .  the  instructer  of  Opie 
the  painter,  with  whom  he  visited  London 
m    1780.     He  now   quitted    physic,  an^i 


WOL 


WiJi. 


began,  under  the  name  of  Peter  Pindar, 
some  severe  attacks  on  the  royal  acade- 
micians, in  a  series  of  odes,  criticising 
their  annual  exhibitions.  After  this  he 
took  higher  aim,  and  published  a  satirical 
poem,  called  "  The  Lousiad  ;"  in  which  he 
ridiculed  the  king,  with  more  wit  than 
truth  or  manners.  Ader  this  he  brought 
out  a  number  of  ludicrous  pieces  which 
went  through  numerous  editions,  both  se- 
parately and  in  a  collected  state.  The  au- 
thor became  blind  some  years  before  his 
death,  which  happened  in  Somerstown, 
Jan.  14,  1619.— W.B. 

WoLcoTT,  Roger,  governor  of  Connec- 
ticut, was  born  at  Windsor,  January  4th, 
1679,  and  rose  to  distinction  without  the 
advantages  of  a  classical  or  even  a  com- 
mon school  education,  presenting  a  remark- 
able instance  of  the  triumph  of  talents 
over  all  obstacles  to  conspicuity  and  use- 
fulness. He  was  bred  a  mechanic.  His 
first  pirblic  employment  was  in  1711,  when 
he  served  as  commissary  to  the  troops  of 
Connecticut  in  the  expedition  against 
Canada.  In  1745  he  held  the  office  of  ma- 
jor general  at  the  capture  of  Louisburg. 
He  successively  held  a  seat  in  the  assem- 
bly and  council,  was  appointed  judge  of 
the  county  court,  deputy  governor,  chief 
judge  of  the  superior  court,  and  at  length 
in  1751  chief  magistrate,  to  which  station 
he  was  elected  the  three  succeeding  years. 
He  acquired  a  respectable  share  of  know- 
ledge, and  was  highly  affable  and  amusive 
in  conversation.  He  had  some  poetical 
talent,  and  wrote  several  pieces,  the  chief 
of  which  is  preserved  in  the  historical 
collections  of  Massachusetts.  He  was 
eminently  pious.  He  died  in  May,  1767, 
in  his  eighty-ninth  year.  i CT^  L. 

WoLcoTT,  Erastus,  a  judge  of  the  su- 
perior court  of  Connecticut,  was  a  son  of 
the  preceding,  and  born  about  1723.  He 
was  not  liberally  educated,  but  well  furnish- 
ed with  useful  knowledge.  He  command- 
ed a  regiment  at  the  investment  of  Boston 
in  1776,  and  the  next  year  served  as  briga- 
dier general  in  the  expedition  to  Peekskill. 
He  served  for  some  time  as  judge  of  the 
superior  court,  and  was  repeatedly  a 
member  of  congress.  He  died  in  1793 
in  the  seventy-first  year  of  his  age.  He 
was  upright,  patriotic,  and  religious. 

WoLcoTT,  Oliver,  LL.D.  governor  of 
Connecticut,  was  also  a  son  of  governor 
Roger  Wolcott,  and  born  about  the  year 
1727.  He  was  educated  at  Yale  college, 
and  graduated  in  1747.  He  served  as  a 
captain  in  the  French  war,  and  afterwards 
studied  medicine,  but  was  prevented  from 
practising  by  being  appointed  sheriff  of 
Litchfield  county,  which  office  he  held  for 
fourteen  years.  He  was  elected  to  a  seat 
<n  the  illustrious   congress  of  1776,  and 


signed  the  declaration  of  independence  , 
and  U»e  articles  of  confederation  in  1778. 
He  held  a  seat  in  that  body  till  1785,  and 
distinguished  himself  during  the  struggle 
of  the  colonies  by  his  great  firmness  and 
zeal  in  the  cause  of  liberty.  He  was  elect- 
ed deputy  governor  in  1785,  and  annually 
after  till  1796,  when  he  was  advanced  to 
the  cbair  of  the  chief  magistrate,  but  died 
on  the  1st  of  December,  1797,  in  his  se- 
venty-second year.  He  was  an  accom- 
plished scholar  and  gentleman,  and  his  life 
was  adorned  with  uprightness,  patriotism. 


and  piety. 


ICPL. 


Wolfe,  James,  a  celebrated  English 
general,  born  at  Westerham,  Kent,  Jan. 
1726,  son  of  lieutenant-general  Edward 
Wolfe.  He  early  embraced  the  military 
profession,  and  distinguished  himself  at 
the  battle  of  la  Feldt,  and  was  present  af- 
terwards at  every  engagement  during  the 
war,  and  every  where  gathered  fresh  lau- 
rels by  his  valour,  coolness,  and  judgment. 
At  the  peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  instead 
of  resigning  himself  to  indolence  and  plea- 
sure, he  devoted  himself  more  assiduously 
to  military  labours,  and  when  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  Kingsley's  regiment  he  intro- 
duced such  order  and  discipline  in  the 
corps,  that  the  gallant  conduct  of  the  sol- 
diers in  the  plains  of  Minden  is  proverbial 
to  this  day.  These  great  talents  did  not 
long  remain  in  obscurity  ;  when  Mr.  Pitt 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  affairs,  the  ge- 
nius of  Wolfe  was  called  forth  to  execute 
his  gigantic  plans.  Though  the  meditated 
attack  on  Rochefort  was  abandoned,  the  fall 
of  Louisburgh  displayed  to  the  admiration 
of  the  nation,  the  abilities  of  their  favour- 
ite general,  who  was  immediately  after 
selected,  1759,  for  the  command  of  the 
expedition  against  Quebec.  In  this  bold 
enterprise,  the  many  difficulties  from  situa- 
tion and  from  superior  numbers,  were 
quickly  surmounted  by  perseverance  and 
by  military  stratagem,  and  the  English 
troops,  permitted  to  face  their  enemy, 
triumphed  over  all  opposition  ;  but  in  the 
moment  of  victory,  the  conqueror  re- 
ceived a  ball  through  his  wrist  ;  yet,  disre- 
garding the  wound,  he  animated  his  men 
to  the  battle.  A  second  ball,  a  few  minutes 
after,  shot  him  through  the  body,  and  ren- 
dered it  necessary  to  carry  him  off  to  the 
rear  of  the  troops.  In  the  last  agonies  his 
attention  was  roused  by  the  cry  of  "  they 
run  !"  and  eagerly  inquiring  who  ran,  he 
no  sooner  heard  the  reply,  "  the  defeated 
French,"  than  he  exclaimed,  "  then  I 
thank  God,  and  I  die  contented,"  and  in- 
stantly expired,  13th  Sept.  1759.  His  re- 
mains were  brought  to  England,  and  bu- 
ried with  becoming  pomp  in  Westminster 
abbey,  w^here  a  splendid  monument  was 
erected  by  the  nation  to  his  honour.  His 
glorious  death  forms  the  subject  of  a  beau- 

821 


VVOL 


VVOL 


tiful  painting  by  West,  which  has  been  en- 
graved in  a  masterly  manner  by  Woollet. 
To  the  great  abilities  of  the  general,  to  stea- 
diness,stength,  and  activity  of  mind,  Wolfe 
united  the  milder  virtues  of  life,  sincerity 
and  candour,  a  quick  sense  of  honour,  of 
justice,  and  public  liberty.  While  he  bore 
the  meed  of  superiority  in  constitutional 
courage,  in  penetration,  in  cool  judgment, 
and  in  unshaken  presence  of  mind,  he 
was  equally  admired  and  respected  for  be- 
neficence and  charity,  and  the  estimation 
of  the  great  was  accompanied  by  the  love 
of  the  soldiery  and  the  gratitude  of  the 
poor. 

Wolff,  Christian,  a  celebrated  writer, 
born  at  Breslau,  24th  Jan.  1679.  From 
his  native  town  he  went  in  1699  to  Jena 
university,  where  he  made  a  most  extraor- 
dinary progress,  and  in  1702  he  repaired 
to  Leipsic,  where  the  following  year  he 
opened  his  lectures  by  a  famous  disserta- 
tion, called  Philosophia  Practica  Univer- 
salis Methodo  Mathematica  Conscripta. 
His  publications  and  the  number  of  his 
pupils  increased  his  reputation,  and  he  was 
liberally  invited  by  the  universities  of  Gies- 
sen  and  of  Halle  to  accept  the  professorial 
chair  of  mathematics.  He  accordingly 
went  to  Halle  1707,  and  to  his  academical 
honours  was  soon  after  added  the  title  of 
counsellor  to  the  king  of  Prussia.  These 
flattering  prospects  were,  however,  soon 
obscured  ;  in  his  Latin  oration  on  the 
morality  of  the  Chinese,  in  1721,  bespoke 
with  such  applause  of  their  philosophy  and 
of  their  virtues,  that  the  university  was 
offended,  and  not  only  his  tenets  were  re- 
probated, but  he  was  by  the  representation 
of  the  body  of  divines,  ordered  on  pain 
of  the  severest  punishment  to  leave  the 
country  in  24  hours.  From  this  ungrate- 
ful society  he  retired  to  Cassel,  and  became 
professor  of  mathematics  and  philosophy 
at  Marpurg,  and  counsellor  to  the  land- 
grave. The  favourable  opinion  of  the 
learned  and  the  great  continued  to  atone 
for  the  persecution  of  the  Halle  university, 
he  was  declared  honorary  professor  of 
the  Petersburg  academy  of  sciences,  and 
admitted  member  of  that  of  Paris,  and  ho- 
noured with  the  title  of  counsellor  of  re- 
gency by  the  king  of  Sweden.  The  pre- 
judices of  his  enemies  at  last  passed  away, 
and  in  1741  with  some  reluctance  he  obey- 
ed the  commands  of  the  king  of  Prussia, 
and  assumed  the  office  of  privy  counsellor, 
of  vice-chancellor,  and  of  professor  of  the 
law  of  nature  and  of  nations  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Halle.  He  afterwards  was  raised 
on  the  death  of  Ludwig  to  the  dignity  of 
chancellor  of  the  university,  and  created  a 
baron  of  the  Roman  empire.  This  great 
man,  whose  whole  life  was  devoted  to  ad- 
vance the  interests  of  science  and  of  vir- 
tue, died  at  Halle,  of  the  gout  in  his  sto- 
822 


macb,  9th  April,  1754,  aged  76.  His  works 
in  Latin  and  German  are  more  than  60  in 
number,  the  best  known  of  which  are,  a 
Course  of  Mathematics,  2  vols.  4to. — Phi- 
losophia Rationalis,  sive  Logica,  4to. — A 
System  of  Metaphysics,  4to. — Jus  Na- 
turae, 8  vols.  4to. — Jus  Gentium,  4to. — 
Horae  Subsecivae  Magdeburg — Dictionary 
on  the  Mathematics — Specimen  Physicae 
ad  Theologium  Natural.  Applicatae,  8vo. 
&c.  Though  precise  and  correct  as  a  ma- 
thematician, his  style  as  writer  is  rough 
and  unpolished,  his  diction  is  barbarous, 
and  his  phrases  inelegant.  His  German 
works  are  said  to  be  superior  in  execution 
to  his  Latin. 

Wolff,  Jerome,  a  native  of  the  Grisons, 
who  studied  at  Tubingen,  and  became,  by 
application,  librarian  and  principal  of  the 
college  of  Augsburg,  where  he  died  of  the 
stone  1581,  aged  64.  He  wrote  transla- 
tions of  Demosthenes  and  Isocrates — de 
Vero  et  Licito  Astrologiae  Usu — de  Expe- 
dita  Utriusque  Linguae,  &c. 

WoLLASTON,  William,  an  able  divine, 
born  of  an  ancient  family  at  Coton  Clan- 
ford,  Staffordshire,  26th  March,  1659.  He 
was  of  Sidney  college,  Cambridge,  where 
he  took  his  master's  degree,  but  not  being 
able  to  obtain  a  fellowship  he  became  in 
1682  assistant  to  the  master  of  Birming- 
ham school,  and  was  four  years  after  ap- 
pointed under-master,  but  the  death  of  a 
rich  relation  in  1688  left  him  in  possession 
of  an  ample  estate,  and  at  liberty  to  quit 
his  laborious  employment.  From  Birming- 
ham he  came  to  reside  in  London,  where 
he  soon  after  married.  In  his  retirement, 
which  he  loved  above  the  tumults  of  public 
life,  and  which  he  refused  to  quit  for  high 
preferment  in  the  church,  he  zealously  de- 
voted himself  to  literature,  and  in  his  opi- 
nions and  conduct  showed  the  liberal-mind- 
ed man.  The  best  known  of  his  writings 
is  his  Religion  of  Nature  Delineated,  a  po- 
pular work,  of  which  more  than  10,000  co- 
pies were  sold  in  a  few  years.  In  his  old 
age  he  had  the  misfortune  to  break  his  arm, 
and  this  increasing  the  disorders  of  a  weak 
constitution,  hastened  his  death,  which 
happened  29th  Oct.  1724,  at  his  house  in 
Charter-house  square.  He  was  buried  at 
Great  Finborough,  where  he  had  an  estate, 
near  his  wife,  who  died  in  1720,  and  who 
brought  him  11  children,  of  whom  only  se- 
ven survived  him.  His  Religion  of  Nature 
exposed  him  to  the  censures  of  some  di- 
vines, because  he  makes  no  mention  of  re- 
vealed religion,  and  attempts  to  explain  the 
truth  of  religion  on  mathematical  princi- 
ples, and  on  the  obligations  of  truth,  reason, 
and  virtue.  Lord  Bolingbroke,  in  call- 
ing the  work  a  strange  theism, as  dogmatical 
and  absurd  as  artificial  theology,  does  not 
deny  the  author  to  be  a  man  of  parts  and 
of  learning,  a  philosopher  and  a  geometri-- 


>VOL 


WOL 


cian.  The  work  must  be,  however,  con- 
sidered as  a  composition  of  great  merit, 
and  one  of  the  best  written  in  the  English 
language.  It  has  appeared  in  4to.  and  in 
8vo. 

WoLLEBius,  John,  a  divine  of  Basil,  au- 
thor of  Compendium  Theologiae,  a  work  of 
merit,  translated  into  various  languages. 
He  died  1629. 

WoLMAR,  Melchior,  a  native  of  Rotweil 
in  Switzerland,  known  as  the  instructer  of 
Calvin  and  of  Beza  in  the  Greek  language. 
He  was  patronised  by  Ulric  duke  of  VVir- 
temburg,  and  became  professor  of  law  at 
Tubingen.  He  died  of  an  apoplexy  at 
Eisenach  1561,  aged  64.  He  wrote  Com- 
mentaries on  the  two  first  Books  of  the 
Iliad. 

WoLSELEY,  Robert,  son  of  Sir  Charles 
W.  of  Staffordshire,  who  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  parliament  against  the  king, 
and  was  one  of  Cromwell's  lords,  was  in 
favour  with  king  William,  and  was  his  en- 
voy to  Brussels,  1693.  He  wrote  a  curious 
preface  to  Rochester's  Valentinian  ~a  trans- 
lation of  Virgil's  jEneas  meeting  Dido,  &c. 

WoLSEY,  Thomas,  a  celebrated  liavourite 
at  the  court  of  Henry  VIII.     He  was  born 
at  Ipswich  in  Suffolk,  1471,  not  the  son  of 
a  butcher  as   generally  reported,   but  de- 
scended from  a  poor  but  respectable  family, 
and  he  entered  so  early  at  Oxford  that  he 
was  bachelor  of  arts  at  the  age  of  14,  and 
consequently  called  the  boy  bachelor.     He 
became   fellow  of  Magdalen    college,  and 
when  master  of  arts  he  exchanged  the  care 
of  Magdalen  school  for  the  tuition  of  the 
sons  of  Thomas  Grey,  marquis  of  Dorset. 
By  the  favour  of  his  patron  he  obtained  the 
rectory  of  Lymington  in  Somersetshire,  but 
here  he  behaved  with  such  irregularity  that 
he  was  set  in  the  stocks  for  being  drunk  of 
a  Sunday,  by  sir  Amias  Paulet,  a  punish- 
ment which  was  severely  visited  on  the  up- 
right magistrate,  by  a  long  imprisonment  of 
six   years,  when  the  offending  clergyman 
was  raised  to  the  height  of  power.     After 
the  death  of  Dorset  he  recommended  him- 
self to  the  notice  of  Dean,  aixhbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, and  at  last  became  chaplain  to  the 
king,  to  whom  he  rendered  himself  so  agree- 
able, that  he  was  intrusted  with  the  nego- 
tiation of  his  intended  marriage  with  Mar- 
garet dutchess  of  Savoy.    He  used  such  de- 
spatch in  this  business  that  he  was  rewarded 
with  the   deanery  of  Lincoln,  and   on  the 
accession   of  Henry  VIII.   he  maintained 
his  influence  at  court,   and   saw  new  ho- 
nours soon  heaped  upon  him.  He  was  made 
rector  of  Torrington,  canon  of  Windsor, 
registrar  of  the  garter,  and  prebendary  and 
dean  of  York.    In  the  expedition  to  France 
1513,  he   attended  the  king   to   direct  the 
supplies   and  the  provisions   for  the  wants 
of  the  army,  and  on  the  taking  of  Tournay 
he  was  appointed  by  the  conqueror  bishop 


of  that  city.     In  1514  he  was  advanced  to 
the  sec  of  Lincoln,  and  eigiit  months  after 
removed   to  York,  the  next   year  he   was 
made   cardinal   of  St.    Cicily,   and    a  few 
months  after  lord  chancellor  of  Knglaud. 
To  these  high  favours  were  added  the  con- 
fidence of  the  king,  and   consequently   the 
disposal  of  all  places  of  trust,  of  honour, 
and   power  jn  the  kingdom.      Thus  placed 
at  the  head  of  affairs,  he  governed  the  na- 
tion at  his  pleasure,  and  that  he  might  con- 
firm more  strongly  his  ascendency  over  thu 
king,   he  withdrew   his  attention  from  all 
public  affairs,  and  by  the  most  artful  policy 
he  fanned  his  pleasures,  and  administered 
most  liberally   to  the  gratification   of  his 
most  licentious  desires.    Absolute  at  home, 
where  his  expenses  exceeded  the  revenues 
of  the  crown,  he  was  courted  and  flattered 
by  foreign  princes,  and  according  to  his  ca- 
price, or  the  demands  of  his  avarice,   the 
support  of  England  was  promised  to  favour 
the  ambitious  views  either  of  France,  or  of 
Germany,  or  of  the  pope.     His  disappoint- 
ment in  his  application  for  the  popedom  af- 
ter the  death  of  Leo.  X.  in   which  he  was 
deceived  by  the  emperor,  was  soon  after 
followed  by  the  displeasure  of  his  capri- 
cious master,  who  in  the  matter  of  his  di- 
vorce expected  from  his  favourite  an  obse- 
quious and  submissive  assistant.     The  car- 
dinal, equally  afraid  of  the  pope  and  of  the 
king,  wished  to  stand  neuter,  but   Henry, 
indignant  at  his  conduct,  stripped  him   of 
his  honours  1529,  and  caused  him  to  be  im- 
peached in  parliament  by  a  cnarge  of  44 
articles.     Though  the  treasonable  charges 
were  repelled  in  the  house  of  commons  by 
the  influence  and  exertions   of  his  friend 
Cromwell,  he  was  desired  to  retire  to  York, 
where  he  was  soon   after  arrested  by  the 
earl  of  Northumberland,  on  a  fresh  charge 
of  high  treason.     Wolsey,  struck  with  the 
greatness  of  his  disgrace,  fell  sick,  and  as 
he  proceeded  by  slow  journeys  to  London  he 
stopped  at  Leicester,  where  he  is  said   to 
have   taken  poison  to  put  an  end   to   his 
wretched  existence.    He  expired  29th  Nov. 
1530,  and  a  few  hours  before  his  dealh  he 
exclaimed  in  accents  of  agony  :  "  Had  I 
served  my  God  with  the  same  zeal  that  I 
have  served  the  king,  he  would  not  have  for- 
saken me  in  my  old  age."  His  remains  were 
buried  in  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary  de  Pratis, 
at  Leicester.     The  history  of  Wolsey  ex- 
hibits in  the  most  striking  degree  the  vicis- 
situdes  of  fortune  and    the  inconstancy  of 
human  affairs.     His  private  character  was 
so  depraved,  that  he  deserved  little  of  the 
favours  of  his  master,  but  with  a  capricious 
tyrant  the  most  profligate  and  vicious  are 
generally  the   most  useful  and  convenient 
ministers.     It  has  been  truly  observed,  that 
few  ever  fell  from  so  high   a  station  with 
less  crimes  objected  against  them.     It  must 
indeed  be  acknowledged  that  he  was  a  man 

823 


woo 


woo 


oi'  great  abilities,  well  acquainted  with  the 
learning  of  the  times,  sagacious  as  a  politi- 
cian, and  well  versed  in  the  intrigues  of 
courts.  Notwithstanding,  however,  his 
vices  and  his  ambition,  his  schemes  for  the 
promotion  of  literature  in  the  nation  were 
noble  and  well  imagined.  He  not  only 
founded  seven  lectures  in  the  university 
where  he  had  been  educated,,  but  Christ- 
church  owes  its  greatness  to  his  munifi- 
cence and  liberality.  He  also  founded  a 
school  at  Ipswich.  Besides  the  honours 
already  enumerated,  he  possessed  the  com- 
mission of  pope's  legate,  a  latere,  he  was 
abbot  of  St.  Alban's,  bishop  of  Winchester 
and  Durham,  and  he  held  in  farm  the  dio- 
cesses  of  Bath,  Worcester,  and  Hereford, 
and  had  in  his  retinue  800  servants,  among 
whom  were  ten  lords,  15  knights,  and  40 
esquires. 

WoLTERS,  Henrietta,  a  lady  of  Amster- 
dam, eminent  as  a  miniature  painter.  She 
died  1741,  aged  49. 

WoLzoGEN,  Lewis  de,  a  native  of  Amers- 
ford,  who  studied  at  Paris  and  Geneva,  and 
became  a  zealous  partizan  of  the  Socinians. 
He  settled  at  Amsterdam  as  professor  of 
ecclesiastical  history,  and  died  there  13th 
Nov.  1690,  aged  58.  He  wrote  Orator 
Sacer,  sive  de  Ratione  Concionandi,  8vo. 
— Dissertatio  Critico-Theologica,  &c. 

WoMACK,  Lawrence,  D.D.  author  of  the 
examination  of  Tilenus  before  the  Friers, 
12mo.  against  the  puritans — the  Calvinistic 
Cabinet  Disclosed,  12mo. — the  Result  of 
False  Principles,  or  Error  convinced  by  its 
own  Evidence,  and  other  tracts  against  the 
Calvinists,  was  a  divine  of  Cambridge,  who 
became  archdeacon  of  Suffolk,  1660,  and 
was  made  bishop  of  St.  David's  1683.  He 
died  16S5. 

Wood,  Anthony,  an  able  antiquary,  born 
at  Oxford,  l7th  Dec.  1632.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  New  college  school,  and  at  Thame 
school,  and  in  1647  entered  at  Merton  col- 
lege. He  took  his  master's  degree  in  1655, 
and  earnestly  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  the  antiquities  of  the  colleges  and 
churches  of  Oxford.  His  labours  were  so 
highly  esteemed  that  after  they  were  pre- 
pared for  the  press  in  English,  Dr.  Fell  dean 
of  Christ  church  procured  them,  and  em- 
ployed Peers,  one  of  the  students  of  his  col- 
lege, to  translate  the  work  into  Latin.  The 
work  thus  left  to  the  mercy  of  an  obstinate 
and  perverse  translator,  and  of  a  capricious 
editor,  appeared  in  1674,  in  2  vols.  fol.  un- 
der the  title  of  Historia  et  Antiquitates 
Universitatis  Oxoniensis,  but  much  altered 
and  disfigured  by  several  errors.  He  pub- 
lished another  work  in  1691,  of  which  a 
second  edition  under  the  care  of  bishop 
Tanner  appeared  in  1721,  under  the  title  of 
Athenae  Oxoniensis,  containing  an  account 
of  the  great  men  who  flourished  in  the  uni- 
versity from  1500  to  1695,  to  which  were 
824 


added  the  Fasti,  in  two  vols.  fol.  Thougb 
Wood  in  these  works  claimed  the  merit  ot 
being  free  from  prejudice  and  party,  he  yet 
reflected  with  such  asperity*  on  the  cha- 
racter of  lord  Clarendon,  the  chancellor  of 
the  university,  that  he  was  indicted  for  de- 
famation in  the  court  of  the  university,  and 
his  expulsion,  for  greater  notoriety,  was  in- 
serted in  the  Gazette  1693.  Though  an  in- 
defatigable collector,  and  a  diligent  anti- 
quary. Wood  deserves  to  be  censured  for 
his  narrowness  of  mind  and  his  violent 
prejudices,  totally  unworthy  the  dignity  of 
the  Historian.  He  died  at  Oxford  29th 
Nov.  1695,  of  a  retention  of  urine.  His 
papers  and  books  were  deposited  agreea- 
bly to  his  will  in  the  Ashmolean  musaeum. 
Wood  vindicated  his  work  in  an  8vo.  vo- 
lume, against  the  attacks  of  bishop  Burnet. 
Wood,  Robert,  an  English  writer.  He 
travelled  with  his  friends  Bouverie  and 
Dawkins  into  the  East,  and  visited  the 
plains  of  Troas,  and  the  remains  of  Balbec 
and  Palmyra.  He  became  under  secretary 
of  state  in  1764,  under  lord  Granville,  and 
in  the  midst  of  his  political  engagements 
prepared  the  account  of  his  observations 
for  the  press,  which  he  published  under 
the  title  of  Essay  on  the  Original  Genius 
of  Homer,  a  work  of  great  merit.  He 
died  1771. 

Wood,  Isaac,  a  painter  in  oil,  and  in 
black  lead  on  vellum,  was  patronised  by 
Wriotesley,  duke  of  Bedford.  He  was  in 
his  conversation  very  facetious,  and  parti- 
cularly happy  in  his  application  of  the  lu- 
dicrous passages  of  Hudibras.  He  died 
24th  Feb.  1752,  aged  63. 

Wood,  James,  professor  of  divinity,  and 
provost  of  St.  Salvador's  college,  St.  An- 
drews, was  author  of  a  book  against  the 
independents,  and  died  1664. 

Wood,  James,  governor  of  Virginia,  in 
1798  and  1799,  had  been  previously  lieute- 
nant-governor. He  sustained  a  high  repu- 
tation as  a  general  officer  in  the  revolution- 
ary army.  Although  opposed  to  the  pre- 
vailing political  opinions  of  Virginia,  during 
the  administration  of  president  Adams,  he 
enjoyed  a  share  of  the  confidence  of  the 
people  as  to  be  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
government.  Colonel  Munroe  succeeded 
him  in  1800.     He  died  in  June,  1813. 

rCP  L. 
Woodall,  John,  an  English  surgeon, 
who  went,  in  1539,  with  the  troops  sent  by 
Elizabeth  to  assist  Henry  IV.  After  tra- 
velling over  Europe  he  settled  in  London, 
and  became  member  of  the  corporation  of 
surgeons,  and  practised  as  a  physician. 
He  was  also  surgeon  to  St.  Bartholomew's 
hospital,  and  surgeon  general  to  the  East 
India  company.  He  wrote  Surgeon's  Mate, 
1617,  and  a  supplement  to  it  called  Viati- 
cum. He  died  1638,  aged  69. 
Woodcock,  Robert,  was  so  attached  to 


vvun 


woo 


music  that,  to  in(Uilc;c  his  favourite  pur- 
suits, he  quitted  a  lucrative  place  which  he 
bald  under  government,  lie  was  eminent 
as  a  composer,  and  as  a  player  on  the  haut- 
boy. Several  of  his  compositions  have 
been  published.  He  died  lOtli  April,  1728, 
aged  36.  He  also  txcelled  as  a  painter  of 
sea  pieces. 

Woodford,  Samuel,  an  English  divine, 
born  in  the  parish  of  All-Hallows  on  the 
Wall,  London,  15th  April,  1636.  He  was 
of  Wadham  college,  Oxford,  and  after  ta- 
king his  first  degree  in  arts,  he  entered  at 
the  Inner  Temple.  At  the  restoration  he 
ivas  ordained  by  bishop  Morley,  and  ob- 
tained the  rectory  of  Hartley-Maudet, 
Hants,  to  which  were  afterwards  added  a 
prebend  of  Chichester,  and  in  1680,  a  pre- 
bend of  Winchester.  He  was  member  of 
the  Royal  society,  and  was,  in  1677,  crea- 
ted D.D.  by  archbishop  Sancroft,  and  he 
died  1700.  He  wrote  poems  of  considera- 
ble merit — Paraphrase  on  the  Psalms,  five 
books — Paraphrase  on  the  Canticles — The 
Legend  of  Love,  three  cantos — to  the  Muse, 
a  pindaric  ode — Paraphrase  of  some  of  the 
Hymns  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament — 
occasional  compositions  in  English  rhymes, 
&c. 

WooDHEAD,  Abraham,  a  native  of  Mal- 
tham,  Yorkshire,  bred  up  at  University 
college,  Oxford,  where  he  obtained  a  fel- 
lowship. The  restoration  replaced  him  in 
his  fellowship,  which  he  had  lost  by  the 
civil  war  ;  but  his  conversion  to  the  Roman 
catholic  faith  proved  injurious  to  his  future 
advancement  in  the  church.  He  lived  in 
retirement  at  Hoxton,  and  was  considered 
the  best  wi'iter  of  his  time  in  favour  of  the 
tenets  which  he  had  adopted.  He  wrote 
the  Guide  to  Controversy,  &c.  The  best 
part  of  his  numerous  pamphlets  are  anony- 
mous :  they  were  ably  answered  by  Dr. 
Stillingfleet.     He  died  1678. 

WooDHOUSE,  James,  professor  of  Cliy- 
mistry  in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  eminent  for  his  knowledge  of  that 
branch  of  science,  and  published  a  number 
of  pieces  on  chvmical  subjects  of  value. 
He  died  June  4th,  1809,  aged  38.    IZZP'  L. 

WooDviLLE,  Elizabeth,  widow  of  sir 
John  Grey,  who  lost  his  life  in  the  battle  of 
Bernard's  Heath,  captivated  the  heart  of 
Edward  IV.  when  she  appeared  before  him 
to  solicit  the  restitution  of  her  husband's 
property.  In  consequence  of  this  inter- 
view the  frail  monarch  married  her,  and 
from  this  union  was  born  the  princess  Eli- 
zabeth, whose  marriage  with  Henry  VII. 
cemented  a  reconciliation  between  the  vio- 
lent partisans  of  the  houses  of  Yoi*k  and 
Lancaster.  The  conduct  of  Edward,  and 
his  partiality  for  his  concubines,  were  not 
calculated  to  ensure  domestic  happiness  to 
Elizabeth,  yet,  after  his  death,  she  ventured 
to  take  for  her  third  husband,  lord  Stanley. 

Vol.  it..  104 


She  died  in  a  monastery,  w  here  her  tsou-iit- 
law,  Henry  V  il.  had  confined  her. 

WooDvii.i.K,  William,  ;i  ii!i(i\c  of  Cum 
berland,    who   sliirlicd    mctlicine  at   Edin- 
burgh, where   be  took    his  ilcgree  of  M.I). 
in  177;).     Uc  went  to   settle  at   Denbigh, 
and  in  1782  removed  to  London,  where  he 
became  physician  to  the  Midillcsex  dispen- 
sary, and  soon  after,  to  the  small-pox  hos- 
pital.    He  wrote  a  dissertation   I)c  Irrita- 
bilitate,  medical  botany,  4to.  du  useful  work, 
and  some  tracts  on  the  small-pox   and  the 
cow-pox.    He  was  an  able  practitioner,  and 
died   at  the  small-pox  hospital,    Pancrae, 
26th  April,  1805,  aged  58. 

Woodward,  John,  a  natural  philoso- 
pher, born  in  Derbyshire,  1st  May,  1665. 
He  was  well  educated  at  a  private  school, 
and  then  bound  apprentice  to  a  linen-dra- 
per in  London  ;  but  literature  and  philoso- 
phy had  more  charms  for  him  than  the  bu- 
siness of  the  counter.  His  studies  were 
assisted  by  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Barwick, 
and  on  the  vacancy  of  the  medical  profess-  . 
orship  at  Gresham  college,  1692,  he  was 
honourably  elected  to  the  chair.  In  1693 
he  was  chosen  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  two  years  after  he  was  honoured  by 
Dr.  Tenison,  the  primate,  with  the  degree 
of  M.D.  He  published,  in  1695,  his  Essay 
towards  a  Natural  History  of  the  Earth, 
&c.  with  an  account  of  the  Universal  De- 
luge, and  of  its  effects,  Bvo.  This  book, 
as  containing  some  curious  facts  and  bold 
conjectures,  had  many  admirers,  and  more 
enemies,  and  it  passed  in  1702,  to  a  second 
edition,  and  in  1723,  to  a  third  ;  but  it  was 
not  followed  by  a  larger  work,  as  the  author 
had  promised.  He  was  in  1702,  chosen 
fellow  of  the  college  of  physicians,  and  he 
published  some  intelligent  papers  in  the  phi- 
losophical transactions.  In  1718  he  pub- 
lished the  State  of  Physic,  and  of  Diseases, 
with  an  inquiry  into  the  causes  of  their  in- 
crease, &c.  and  of  the  small-pox,  which 
produced  a  bitter  controversy  with  Dr. 
Mead.  He  died  at  his  house,  Gresham 
college,  25th  April,  1728,  and  was  buried  in 
Westminster  abbey.  He  founded  a  pro- 
fessorship at  Cambridge,  with  a  salary  of 
1501.  for  a  lecture  to  elucidate  the  Natural 
History  of  the  Earth,  &c.  and  the  first  pro- 
fessor appointed  was  Dr.  Conyers  Middle- 
ton,  1731,  who  resigned  tAvo  years  after. 

Woodward,  Henry  a  comedian  of  emi- 
nence, born  in  London  1717,  and  educa- 
ted at  Merchant  Tailors'  school.  From  the 
business  of  a  tallow-chandler  he  became, 
under  the  care  of  Mr.  Rich,  a  popular  har- 
lequin on  the  London  stage.  VViih  the 
6000Z.  which  he  had  amassed  by  his  profes- 
sion, he  commenced  manager  of  Dublin 
theatre,  and  imprudently  lost  the  whole, 
and  returned  again  for  support  to  Convent 
garden.  He  died  17th  April  1777,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  fall,  as  he  was  jumping  on  fj 
table,   on  the  stage,  in  the  character  of 

S2'5 


woo 


WOK 


Scrub.  He  ivas  author  of  Marplot  in  Lis- 
bon, a  farce,  and  the  ISIan's  the  Master,  a 
comedy,  1775. 

Woodward,  Bezaleel,  professor  of  ma- 
thematics and  natural  philosophy  in  Dail- 
mouth  College,  was  a  native  of  Lebanon, 
Connecticut,  and  graduated  at  Yale  college 
in  1764.  He  was  an  instructer  in  Dart- 
mouth college  from  the  time  of  its  estab- 
lishment in  1769  until  his  death,  and  a  very 
useful  officer.  He  married  a  daughter  of 
the  first  president  Wheel ock,  and  died  at 
Hanover,  August  25th,  1804,  aged  59. 

icy  L. 

WooLLETT,  William,  a  native  of  Maid- 
stone, who  became  a  pupil  of  Timney,  and 
acquired  celebrity  by  his  engravings,  espe- 
cially that  of  the  death  of  general  Wolfe. 
He  was  engraver  to  the  king,  and  died  i  783, 
aged  48. 

WooLSTON,  Thomas,  an  English  divine, 
born  1669  at   Northampton,  where  his  fa- 
ther was  a  tradesman.     He  was  educated 
at  Sidney  college,  Cambridge,  where  he  ob- 
tained a  fellowship,  and  took  his  degree  of 
B.D.     He  published  in  1705,  the  Old  Apo- 
logy of  the  Truth  for  the  Christian  religion, 
against  the  Jews  and  Gentiles,  revived,  8vo. 
a  singular  work,   which  though   abounding 
in  new  opinions,  did  not,  however,  excite 
the  censures  of  the  learned  against   him. 
He  afterwards  published  a  Latin  disserta- 
tion on  the  authenticity  of  the  letter  said  to 
have  been  written  by   Pilate  to  Tiberius, 
describing  our  Saviour,  &c.  1720,   and  the 
next  year  two  letters  on  the  character,  &c. 
of  the    Quakers — and   in    defence  of  the 
Apostles,  and  primitive  Fathers,  &c.     His 
Four  Free  Gifts  to  the  Clergy  appeared  in 
1723  and  4,  and  soon  after  his  Moderator 
between    an    Infidel     and   Impostor,    &c. 
which  excited  a  persecution  against  him, 
which,  however,  was  stopped  by  the  inter- 
ference of  Mr.  Whiston.  His  six  discourses 
on  the  Miracles  of  Christ,  and  his  two  de- 
fences of  them,  dedicated  to  six  bishops,  ap- 
peared in  1727,  and  the  three  next  years, 
and  by  their  merriment,  and  humour,  their 
profaneness,  and  blasphemy,  excited  emo- 
tions of  mirth,  of  indignation,  and  of  hor- 
ror.    In  these  books   he  regards  the  mira- 
cles of  our  Saviour,  as  related  in  the  gos- 
pel not  as  real  events,  and  historical  facts, 
but  allegorical   fables,    and  while    he  at- 
tempts to  disprove  them,  he  treats  of  them 
in  the  most  ludicrous,  offensive,  and  inde- 
cent language.     Thus  at  war  with  the  good 
sense,  the  opinions,  and  the  religion  of  his 
country,  he  soon  felt  not  only  the  attacks  of 
literary  champions,  but  the  prosecution  of 
the  law.     He  was  tried  for  the  offence  at 
Guildhall,   before   lord  chief  justice  Raj^- 
mond,  and  sentenced   to  one  year's  impri- 
sonment, and  to  a  fine  of  100/.    As  he  was 
imabl^  to  pay  the  fine,  he  continued  to  the 
frnd  of  his  life  within  the  rules  of  the  kina's 

«2f; 


bench,  and  died  there  27th  Jan.  1733,  of  ah 
epidemic  disorder,  after  an  illness  of  four 
days,  while  Dr.  Clarke  was  engaged  in  so- 
liciting his  liberty.  In  the  agonies  of  death 
he  exclaimed  *' this  is  a  struggle  which  all 
men  must  go  through,  which  I  bear  not  only 
patiently,  but  with  willingness."  His  re- 
mains were  deposited  in  St.  George's 
churchyard,  Souihwark. 

VVoosTER,  David,  major  general  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was  born 
at  Stratford,  Connecticut,  in  1711,  and  gra- 
duated at  Yale  college  in  1738.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chief  command  of  the  troops 
of  Connecticut  at  the  commencement  of  the 
war  of  the  revolution,  and  afterwards  a 
brigadier  general  in  the  continental  service. 
He  soon  resigned  that  office,  and  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1776,  the  first  major  general  of 
the  militia  of  Connecticut,  and  while  op- 
posing the  British  detachment  sent  to  de- 
stroy the  public  stores  at  Danbury,  was 
mortally  wounded  at  Ridgfield,  April  27th, 
1777,  and  died  on  the  2d  of  May  follow- 
ing. ICJ^  L. 

WooTON,  John,  an  eminent  landscape 
painter,  was  particularly  distinguished  for 
his  paintings  of  dogs,  and  horses,  for  which 
he  regularly  received  40  guineas,  and  20 
when  less  than  life.  He  quitted  business 
in  1761,  and  his  collection  of  drawings  and 
prints  was  sold  by  public  auction.  He  died 
1765. 

Worcester,  Samuel,  D.D.  congrega- 
tional minister  of  Salem,  was  born  at  Hol- 
lis,  New- Hampshire,  and  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  college  in  1795.  Having  quali- 
fied himself  for  the  ministry,  he  was  or- 
dained pastor  of  the  church  at  Fitchburg, 
Sept.  27,  1797.  He  was  dismissed  in  1802, 
and  in  April,  1803,  was  installed  pastor  of 
the  Tabernacle  church  at  Salem,  Massachu- 
setts, where  he  continued  till  his  death. 
His  talents  and  learning  were  highly  re- 
spectable, he  was  eminently  amiable,  most 
exemplarily  pious,  and  distinguished  for  his 
practical  wisdom.  He  was  one  of  the 
earliest  and  most  zealous  promoters  of  the 
missions  from  New- England  for  commu- 
nicating the  gospel  to  the  heathen,  was  the 
secretary  to  the  board  of  commissioners 
for  foreign  missions,  for  that  purpose,  and 
devoted  most  of  his  attention  to  the  busi- 
ness of  the  society  from  the  time  of  its  or- 
ganization. In  1820  he  took  a  journey  to 
the  south,  for  the  joint  purpose  of  impro- 
ving his  health,  and  visiting  the  missionary 
stations  among  the  Aborigines,  and  died  at 
Brainerd,  in  the  country  of  the  Cherokees, 
January  7th,  1821.  His  chief  publica- 
tions were  "  Letters  on  the  Trinity,"  ad- 
dressed to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Channing,  and 
"Two  Discourses  on  the  Abrahamic  Cove- 
nant," connected  with  a  volume  of  letters 
addressed  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Baldwin  of  Bos- 
ton. fC?'  I'» 


WOR 


WOT 


WoBLiDGE,  Thomas,  an  engraver,  and 
portrait  painter,  who  publislicd  a  book  of 
J^ems  front  the  antique.  Some  of  his  etch- 
ings, from  llembraiult,  were  particularly 
admired.     He  died  ITGO. 

WoRMius,  Olaus,  a  native  of  Arhusen, 
in  Jutland,  who  studied  at  Lunenbur;2;, 
Emmeric,  and  Marpurg,  and  in  1(507  came 
to  Strasburg,  where  he  applied  himself  to 
physic.  He  visited  Italy,  and  on  account 
of  his  great  learning  was  honourably  re- 
ceived by  the  universities  of  Padua,  Sien- 
na, and  Montpellier,  and  after  travelling 
over  France,  Holland,  and  England,  he 
took  his  doctor's  degree  at  Basil,  and  at 
last  settled  at  Copenhagen,  where  he  ob- 
tained the  chair  of  professor  of  belles  lettres. 
In  1615,  he  was  advanced  to  the  chair  of 
Greek,  and  in  1624,  to  that  of  medicine, 
and  acquired  both  reputation  and  opulence, 
as  the  physician  of  the  court.  He  obtain- 
ed a  canonry  of  Lunden,  from  Christiern 
IV.  for  his  services,  and  died  1634,  aged 
66.  He  was  three  times  married,  and  the 
father  of  16  children.  He  wrote  Fasti 
Danici,  1626 — a  History  of  Norway,  4to. 
— Literatura  Danica  Antiquissima,  Vulgo 
Gothiea  Dicta,  et  de  Prisca  Danorum  Poesi, 
5to. — Monument,  Danic.  Libri  Sex.  fol. — 
Lexicon  Runicum,  and  appendix  ad  Monu- 
menta  Danica,  fol. — Series  Regum  Daniae, 
&:c. — Talshoi,  or  Monument.  Stroense  in 
Scania,  4to. 

WoRMitis,  William,  eldest  son  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Copenhagen,  and 
applied  himself  to  medical  pursuits.  He 
became  professor  of  medicine,  historiogra- 
pher to  the  king,  counsellor  of  state,  &c. 
and  died  1724,  aged  71.  He  wrote  Mu- 
saeum  Wormianum,  fol.  containing  an  ac- 
count of  the  curiosities  preserved  in  his 
father's  collection.  His  eldest  son  Olaus, 
was  professor  of  eloquence,  history,  and 
physic,  at  Copenhagen,  and  author  of  trea- 
tises de  Glossopetris — de  Viribus  Medica- 
mentorum  Specificis,  &c.  He  died  1708. 
Another  brother  was  bishop  of  Copenha- 
gen, and  author  of  some  theological  tx'acts. 
He  died    1737,  much  respected. 

WoRSDALE,  James,  a  painter,  the  pu- 
pil of  sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  whose  niece  he 
privately  married.  In  consequ6nce  of  this 
union  he  was  discarded  by  his  master,  but 
found  patrons  and  friends  in  the  public, 
and  gained  some  reputation  as  a  singer, 
and  as  a  facetious  mimic.  He  was  author 
of  songs,  of  five  dramatic  pieces,  in  one  of 
which  he  acted  a  part,  &c.  He  died  13th 
June,  1767,  and  was  buried  at  St.  Paul's, 
Covent-garden. 

WoRSLET,  sir  Richard,  a  native  of  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  who  succeeded  to  the  title 
on  the  death  of  his  father,  sir  Thomas, 
1768,  and  in  1775  married  a  olaughter  of 
^ir  John  Fleming,  bai't.  from  whom  he  was 
ilivorced  in  1782.     He  was  comptroller  of 


tiic  royal  household,  governor  of  the  isle  of 
Wight,  and  member  for  Newport.  In  the 
youn2;(:r  partof  his  life  he  tnuflled  Ihrougli 
Europe,  and  made  aline  collection  of  mar- 
bles, statues,  and  other  antiques,  engraved 
and  published  2  vols.  fol.  under  the  title  of 
Musaeum  Worsleianum.  He  puiilished  also 
a  History  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  1781,  4to. 
with  inditlerent  plates  by  Godfrey.  He 
died  of  an  apoplexy,  at  his  seat  of  Apple- 
durcombe,  8th  Aug.  I80o,  aged  54. 

WoRTHiNGTON,  John,  D.  D.  a  native  of 
Wales,  who  was  elected  to  the  headship  of 
Jesus  college,  Cambridge,  which  he  resign- 
ed after  the  restoration.  He  obtained  the 
cure  of  St.  Benet  Fink,  in  London,  and 
soon  after  the  fire  of  London  was  presented 
to  the  living  of  Ingoldsby,  near  Granthan), 
Lincolnshire,  and  to  a  prebend  of  Lincoln 
cathedral.  He  died  at  Hackney,  where  he 
had  resided  as  lecturer  to  the  church,  and 
was  buried  there,  at  the  latter  end  of  1671 . 
His  funeral  sermon  was  preached  by  Til- 
lotson.  He  published  a  Form  of  Sound 
Words,  or  a  Scripture  Catechism,  8vo. — 
the  Great  Duty  of  Self-Resignation,  8vo. — 
the  Doctrine  of  the  Resurrection  Consider- 
ed, Svo.  &c. 

W^ORTHiNGTON,  William,  D.  D.  a  native 
of  Merionethshire,  educated  at  Oswestry 
school,  and  Jesus  ct>llege,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  his  doctor's  degree,  1758.  He 
was  liberally  patronised  by  bishop  Hare, 
who  gave  him  a  living  in  Shropshire,  and 
afterwards  another  in  Denbighshire,  and  a 
stall  in  the  cathedral  of  St.  Asaph.  He  af- 
terwards obtained  a  stall  in  York  cathedral 
from  archbishop  Drummond.  Jle  died  at 
his  living  of  Llanrhayader,  in  Denbigh- 
shire, much  lamented,  6th  Oct.  1778,  aged 
75.  He  sent  to  the  press  various  publica- 
tions, the  best  known  of  which  are,  an  Es- 
say on  the  Scheme  and  Conduct,  &c.  of 
Man's  Redemption,  &c.  8vo. — Historical 
Sense  of  the  Mosaic  Account  of  the  Fall 
proved,  &c. — the  Evidences  of  Christianity, 
deduced  from  facts,  &c.  preached  at  Boyle's 
Lectures,  1766-8,  2  vols.  Svo. — the  Scrip- 
ture Theory  of  the  Earth,  &c.  Svo. — Ser- 
mons, &c. 

WoTTON,  sir  Henry,  an  eminent  writer, 
born  30th  March,  1568,  at  Bocton-hall, 
Kent,  of  respectable  parents.  From  Win- 
chester school  he  entered  at  New  college, 
Oxford,  and  soon  after  removed  to  Queen's 
college,  where  he  became  distinguished  for 
wit  and  learning.  After  leaving  Oxford, 
%vhere  it  is  imcertain  whether  he  took  his 
master's  degree,  he  went  to  France,  Gei'- 
many,  and  Italy,  and  there  increased  his 
knowledge  of  literature,  and  of  the  fine 
arts,  during  a  residence  of  nine  years.  Oj> 
his  return  to  England,  he  recommended 
himself,  by  his  abilities  and  politeness,  to 
Essex,  and  became  his  secretary  ;  but  an 
the  fall  of  t]»at  imbappy  favourite,  he  hs*? 


WOT 


WOU 


the  good  Ibrtune  to  escape  to  the  continent. 
At  Florence  he  ingratiated  himself  with  the 
grand  duke,  and  was  confidentially  com- 
missioned to  go  to  Scotland  to  inform 
James  VI.  of  a  conspiracy  formed  against 
his  life.  Under  the  assumed  name  of  Oc- 
tavio  Baldi,  he  passed  to  Norway,  and  then 
to  Scotland,  where  he  was  received  with 
kindness,  and  treated  with  distinction  by 
the  king.  He  had  no  sooner  returned  to 
Florence  than  he  was  informed  of  the  death 
of  Elizabeth,  and  of  the  accession  of  Jamea 
to  the  English  throne,  and  he  therefore 
Tiastened  back  to  his  native  country,  and 
was  greeted  with  regard  and  confidence  by 
the  king.  He  was  knighted  and  sent  am- 
bassador to  Venice,  and  afterwards  to  the 
United  Provinces,  and  to  several  of  the 
German  courts,  where  he  represented  his 
sovereign  with  becoming  dignity,  and  truly 
Bi'itish  independence.  For  his  services  to 
the  state  he  was  rewarded  with  the  pro- 
vostship  of  Eton,  1623,  and  he  took  deacon's 
orders, as  he  regarded  his  ecclesiastical  situ- 
ation incompatible  with  the  character  of  a 
layman.  He  died  1639,  deservedly  respect- 
ed in  his  private  as  well  as  his  public  cha- 
racter. He  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  his 
college,  and,  as  an  enemy  to  controversy, 
he  caused  these  words  to  be  engraved  on 
liis  tomb  :  Hie  jacet  hujus  sententiae  primus 
auctor,  disputandi  pruritus  ecclesiae  scabies. 
Nomen  alias  quaere.  He  wrote  the  Ele- 
ments of  Architecture — Parallels  between 
Essex  and  Buckingham — Characters  of 
some  of  the  Kings  of  England — Essays  on 
Education — Poems,  printed  in  the  Reliquae 
Wottoniae,  which  appeared  after  his  death, 
8vo.  After  he  was  settled  at  Eaton,  he 
Began  the  Life  of  Martin  Luther,  with  the 
Kistory  of  the  reformation,  but  abandoned 
it  at  the  request  of  Charles  L  to  devote 
himself  more  laboriously  to  the  History  of 
England,  which  he,  however,  never  com- 
pleted. 

WoTTON,  William,  an  able  divine,  born 
13th  Aug.  1666,  at  Wrentham,  Suffolk, 
where  his  father  was  rector.  He  was  en- 
dowed with  astonishing  powers  of  mind, 
and  when  four  years  and  three  months  old, 
he  could  read  with  the  greatest  ease  the 
Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin.  He  was  ad- 
mitted of  Catherine-hall,  Cambridge,  be- 
fore he  was  10  years  old,  and  there  he 
maintained  his  reputation  by  his  astonish- 
ing skill  in  the  Hebrew,  Chaldee,  Arabic, 
and  Syriac,  as  well  as  in  arts  and  sciences. 
He  took  his  first  degree  in  1679,  and  was 
soon  after  noticed  by  Lloyd,  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph,  who  patronised  him,  and  after- 
wards gave  him  the  sinecure  of  Llandrillo, 
in  Denbighshire.  He  had  before  obtained 
a  fellowship  at  St.  John's  college,  and  in 
1693  lord  Nottingham  gave  him  the  living 
of  Middlcton  Keynes,  in  Buckinghamshire. 
In  1694  he  published  Reflections  upon.  An- 
8^ 


cicnfc  and  Modern  Learning,  a  work  of  me^ 
rit,  and  as  he  had  been  abused  by  the  satiri- 
cal pen  of  Swift,  he  wrote  Observations  on 
the  Tale  of  a  Tub,  which  he  called  an  irre- 
ligious book,  and  a  most  profane  piece  o£ 
ribaldry.  In  1701  he  published  the  History 
of  Rome  from  the  death  of  Antoninus  Pius 
to  the  death  of  Severus  Alexander,  8vo, 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Burnet,  a  work 
of  great  merit.  In  1707  Tenison  confer- 
red on  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  and  he  wa.'i 
presented  by  Burnet  to  a  stall  in  Salisbury 
cathedral.  Though  in  possession  of  a  mo- 
derate income,  he  was  so  regardless  of 
economy,  that  pecuniary  difficulties  crowd- 
ed upon  him,  and  obliged  him  in  1714  to 
retire  to  South  Wales,  where  he  wrote  se- 
veral books.  He  died  13th  Feb.  1726, 
leaving  only  one  daughter,  the  wife  of  Mr. 
W.  Claike,  canon  residentiary  of  Chiches- 
ter. His  other  works  are,  Discourse  con- 
cerning the  Confusion  of  Tongues  at  Babel 
— Advice  to  a  Young  Student — Memoirs  of 
the  Cathedrals  of  St.  David's  and  Llandaff 
— some  sermons — five  political  anonymous 
pamphlets,  &c.  In  his  character  he  was  a 
most  extraordinai'y  man,  as  he  never  for- 
got any  thing  which  he  had  read,  and  what 
is  remarkable,  as  has  been  observed,  his 
learning  was  all  in  ready  cash,  which  he 
was  able  to  produce  at  sight,  and  with 
which  he  could  enliven  and  embellish  the 
most  uninteresting  subjects. 

WoTTON,  Edward,  a  native  of  Oxford, 
educated  at  Magdalen  school.  He  becamo 
demy  of  Magdalen  college,  and  then  re- 
moved to  Corpus  Cbristi,  of  which  he  was 
appointed  Greek  lecturer.  He  afterwards 
travelled  into  Italy,  and  took  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  at  Padua,  and  after  his  return  to 
England,  practised  with  great  success  at 
Oxford,  and  then  at  London,  where  he  was 
made  member  of  the  college  of  physicians, 
and  physician  to  Henry  VIII.  He  died 
oth  Oct.  1555,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Al- 
ban's  church,  London.  He  published  de 
Differentiis  Animalium  Libri  decem,  1552, 
a  work  of  merit,  and  he  was  the  first  who 
paid  particular  attention  to  natural  history. 
He  began,  but  did  not  finish,  a  History  of 
Insects. 

WouTERS,  Francis,  a  Dutch  painter.  His 
landscapes  with  naked  cupids  are  admired. 
He  was  the  pupil  of  Rubens,  and  lived  for 
some  time  in  England,  in  the  suite  of  the 
impeinal  ambassador.     He  died  1659. 

WouvERMANS,  Philip,  a  native  of  Haer- 
lem,  who  studied  painting  under  John 
Wynants,  and  without  visiting  the  schools 
of  Italy,  acquired  great  celebrity.  For 
high  finishing,  for  correctness,  and  for 
pleasing  composition,  he  was  excelled  by 
fev/ ;  but  his  merits  wei'e  viewed  without 
encouragement,  and  his  labours  were  un- 
accompanied with  the  honourable  rewards 
due  to  superior  talents.     He    lived  poor- 


WRA 


uui: 


aiiU  iiic  cares  of  a  numerous  luinily,  added 
to  the  small  recompense  which  he  received 
for  his  valuable  pieces,  contributed  to  in- 
crease the  miseries  of  life.  Displeased  with 
the  ingratitude  of  the  world,  he  refused  to 
bring  up  any  of  his  children  to  his  own  pro- 
fession, and  in  his  last  moments  he  de- 
stroyed a  box  full  of  designs,  &c.  He  died 
at  Hacrlem,  1688,  aged  68.  His  land- 
scapes were  particularly  happy,  and  diver- 
sified with  encampments,  with  huntings, 
halts,  &c.  As  he  chiefly  excelled  in  the 
painting  of  horses,  he  studied  those  sub- 
jects in  which  these  animals  could  be  in- 
troduced to  the  best  advantage.  Two  of 
his  brothers,  Peter  and  John,  were  also 
eminent  artists. 

WowER,  John,  a  native  of  Hamburgh, 
distinguished  as  a  politician,  and  as  a  lite- 
rary character.  He  died  at  Gottorp,  where 
he  was  governor,  1612,  aged  38.  He  wrote 
Polymathia,  4to. — Notes  on  Firmicus, 
Apuleius,  Sidonius,  &c. — Letters,  &c. 

Wragg,  William,  was  a  native  of  South 
Carolina,  and  a  descendant  of  one  of  the 
French  Huguenots  who  fled  from  France 
on  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes. 
He  was  born  in  1714,  and  was  sent  to  Eng- 
land for  his  education,  first  to  Westminster 
school,  and  afterwards  to  the  university  of 
Oxford.  He  studied  and  entered  on  the 
practice  of  the  law  in  England,  and  there 
also  formed  a  matrimonial  connexion.  Not 
long  afterwards  he  returned  to  his  native 
country,  and  was  for  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  years  in  succession,  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  provincial  house  of  assembly  of 
South  Carolina.  In  1753,  he  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  rank  of  one  of  the  king's 
eouncil  for  the  province,  and  in  1769,  the 
office  of  chief  justice  of  the  province  was 
offered  him,  but  he  declined  to  accept  it. 
When  the  revolution  commenced  he  felt 
constrained  by  his  official  oaths,  and  by  his 
views  of  the  best  interests  of  the  country 
to  oppose  the  declaration  and  prosecution 
of  independence.  This  turned  the  tide  of 
popular  feeling  so  completely  against  him, 
that  he  embarked  for  England,  and  in  the 
course  of  his  voyage  was  wrecked  and  lost 
in  a  violent  storm  on  the  coast  of  Holland, 
in  September,  1777.  A  monument  in  West- 
minster abbey  perpetuates  the  memory  of 
his  life,  and  of  the  melancholy  shipwreck 
in  which  he  met  his  death.  He  was  a  man 
of  fine  talents,  of  powerful  eloquence,  and 
of  great  probity  and  honour.        tCJ^  L. 

Wrangel,  Charles  Gustavus,  marshal 
and  constable  of  Sweden,  was  distin- 
guished for  his  valour.  He  burnt  the  Da- 
nish fleet  in  1644,  beat  the  Imperialists  at 
Augsburg,  1648,  and  defeated  the  Dutch 
fleet  in  the  passage  of  the  Sound,  1658.  He 
died  about  1676. 

Wray,  Daniel,  a  native  of  London,  edu- 
^ted  at  the  Charter-honse,  and  at  Queen's 


eullegc,  Cambridge,  and  distinguished  for 
his  learning,  his  taate,  and  his  acquaintance 
with  the  fine  arts.  He  was  member  of  the 
Royal  and  Anti(juarian  societies,  and  trus- 
tee of  the  British  museum,  &.c.  He  died 
2yth  Dec.  1783,  aged  82,  and  universally 
lamented.  He  contributed  to  the  Archa^'o- 
logia,  Notes  on  the  Walls  of  Ancient  Rome, 
and  Extracts  of  Letters  from  Rome  on  the 
discovery  of  a  statue  of  Venus,  &c. 

Wren,  Matthew,  an  English  prelate. 
He  was  of  Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge,  and 
afterwards  became  master  of  Peter-house, 
chaplain  to  Charles  I.  prebendarj  of  Win- 
chester and  Westminster,  dean  of  Wind- 
sor, and  in  1634,  was  made  bishop  of  Here- 
ford. He  was  afterwards  translated  ta 
Norwich,  and  in  1638  to  Ely.  During  the 
civil  wars  his  property  was  seized,  and  his 
pex-son  imprisoned  in  the  Tower,  where  he 
continued  18  years  without  being  brought 
to  trial.  At  the  restoration  he  was  re-in- 
stated in  his  bishopric,  and  died  at  Ely- 
house,  London,  1667,  aged  81.  He  was 
a  man  of  abilities,  and  wrote  some  contro- 
versial tracts  against  the  Socinians — Epis- 
tolae  Variae,  &c. — the  Abandoning  of  the 
Scots  Government — two  sermons,  &c. 

Wren,  Matthew,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  educated  at  Cambridge,  and  became 
member  of  parliament  for  St.  Machael,  in 
Cornwall,  and  was  secretary  to  James, 
duke  of  York.     He  died  June,  1672,  aged 


42. 


He  wrote  Considerations  on  Harring- 


ton's Oceana — Monarchy  Asserted,  &c. 
Lord  Clarendon  was  anxious  that  he  should 
undertake  a  confutation  of  Hobbes'  Levia- 
than, but  it  does  not  appear  that  he  enga- 
ged in  the  work. 

Wren,  Sir  Christopher,  a  celebrated 
English  ai'chitect  and  mathematician,  ne- 
phenv  to  bishop  Wren,  was  boni  at  Knoyle, 
Wilts,  20th  Oct.  1632.  At  the  age  of  14 
he  entered  as  gentleman  commoner  at  Wad- 
ham  college,  Oxford,  where  he  made  asto" 
nishing  progress  in  mathematics.  He  was, 
about  the  time  of  taking  his  master's  de- 
gree, elected  fellow  of  All-Souls,  and  in 
1657  he  was  chosen  professor  of  astronomy 
in  Gresham  college,  where  his  lectures  on 
the  difl^erent  phases  of  Saturn  were  attend- 
ed by  rumerous  audiences.  In  1661  he 
succeeded  Seth  Ward  as  Savilian  prof*  ssor 
at  Oxford,  and  in  consequence  resigned  the 
Gresham  professorship,  and  took  the  de- 
gree of  LL.D.  His  acquaintance  with  ar- 
chitecture was  so  great  that  he  was  sent 
for  by  Charles  II.  to  assist  sir  John  Den- 
ham,  the  surveyor-general,  and  in  1663  he 
was  chosen  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  to 
whose  memoirs  he  contributed  some  valua- 
ble papers  on  subjects  of  astronomy,  natu- 
ral philosophy,  and  other  sciences.  In 
1665  he  went  to  France,  and  visited  the 
most  curious  edifices,  and  the  most  remark- 
able inventions  in  mechanics  in  thecarital. 

S29 


WRI 


WPtI 


stiid  on  bis  return  home  he  was  appointed 
architect,  and  one  of  the  commissioners  for 
the  reparation  of  St.  Paul's  cathedral.  The 
dreadful  conflagration  of  the  city  which 
quickly  followed,  called  for  the  exertion  of 
the  powers  of  the  ingenious  architect,  but 
the  model  for  a  new  capital  which  he  made, 
though  approved  by  the  king  and  the  privy 
council,  was  not  adopted.  His  avocations 
were  now  so  numerous  as  an  architect,  and 
as  the  successor  of  sir  J.  Denham,  in  the 
office  of  surveyor-general  of  his  majesty's 
works,  that  he  resigned  his  Savilian  pro- 
fessorship in  1673,  and  the  following  year 
received  the  honour  of  knighthood.  By 
his  advice  Greenwich  was  selected  as  the 
best  place  for  the  erection  of  an  observato- 
ry, and  his  friend  Flamstead  was  appointed 
the  first  professor.  In  the  improving  and 
beautifying  London,  his  genius  was  parti- 
cularly displayed,  and  the  churches  which 
he  ei'ecte.d  are  lasting  monuments  of  the 
vast  powers  of  his  mind.  Besides  St.  Paul, 
the  noblest  edifice  which  he  raised,  he  built 
53  chui-ches  in  London,  among  which  St. 
Stephen  Walbrook  is  particularly  celebra- 
ted. The  monument  was  also  erected  by 
him,  and  likewise  the  custom-house,  Green- 
wich hospital,  Emanuel  college  chapel.  Tri- 
nity college  library,  Cambridge,  the  theatre 
.at  Oxford,  &c.  This  ingenious  man,  whose 
architectural  labours  deserve  and  receive 
so  much  admiration,  died  25th  Feb.  1723, 
aged  91,  and  he  was  buried  with  great 
solemnity  in  the  vault  of  his  favourite  ca- 
thedral, where,  on  the  side  of  a  pillar,  these 
fe'w  words  record  the  greatness  of  his  ge- 
nius, "  Lector,  si  monumentum  requiris, 
circumspice."  Sir  Christopher  sat  twice  in 
parliament,  for  Plympton  in  Devonshire, 
1685,  and  for  Mel  combe  Regis  in  1700. 
He  married  the  daughter  of  sir  Thomas 
Coghili  of  Blechington,  Oxon,  by  whom  he 
had  a  son,  and  after  her  death  he  took,  for 
liis  second  wife,  a  daughter  of  baron  Lif- 
ford,  of  Ireland,  by  whom  he  had  a  son  and 
a  daughter.  He  was  in  1680  elected  pre- 
sident of  the  Royal  Society,  and  in  1684 
made  comptroller  of  the  works  in  Windsor 
castle.  Though  he  never  published  any 
thing  himself,  several  of  his  works  have 
appeared  in  the  philosophical  transactions 
and  in  the  publications  of  Dr.  Wallis  and 
others.  His  son  of  the  same  name,  pub- 
lished, 1708,  a  learned  work,  called  Numis- 
matum  Antiquorum  Sylloge,  4to.  and  died 
1747,  aged  7-3. 

Wright,  Nathan,  a  learned  lawyer,  born 
at  Barwell,  Leicestershire.  He  was  made 
loi'd  keeper  of  the  great  seal  on  the  remo- 
val of  lord  Somers  ;  but  though  abused  by 
Burnet  as  a  strong  Tory,  devoted  to  party 
and  fond  of  money,  he  adds,  that  he  never 
was  charged  with  bribery  in  his  court.  He 
was  removed  in  1705,  and  passed  the  rest 
nf  life  in  peaceful  retirement  at  his  seat  at 
830 


CaJdeeot  hall,  Warwickshire,  where  he  died 
much  respected,  4th  Aug.  1721. 

Wright,  Samuel,  a  dissenting  minister, 
born  Jan.  30th,  1683,  at  Retford,  Notts, 
He  settled  in  London,  where  he  acquired 
some  reputation  as  an  eloquent  and  fluent 
preacher.  He  published  about  40  single 
sermons,  but  his  best  known  work  is  his 
Treatise  on  the  New  Birth,  or  the  being 
born  again,  without  which  it  is  impossible 
to  enter  the  kingdom  of  God.  He  died  3d 
April,  1746,  at  his  bouse,  Newington 
Green. 

Wright,  Edward,  a  mathematician  of 
Cambridge,  who  attended  the  earl  of  Cum- 
berland in  his  expedition  to  the  Azores  in 
1589.  He  wrote  the  Errors  of  Navigation 
corrected,  1599,  a  work  of  merit — Treatises 
on  the  Sphere — on  Dialling — Haven-find" 
ing  Art,  and  he  also  constructed  a  table  of 
Meridional  Parts,  and  tables  of  the  Sun's 
Declination.     He  died  about  1620. 

Wright,  Edward,  an  English  writer, 
who  attended  lord  Macclesfield  in  his  tra- 
vels in  1720-2,  of  which  he  wrote  an  account 
called  Observations,  &c.  2  vols.  4to.  an  in- 
teresting work,  though  written  in  inelegant 
language. 

Wright,  Abraham,  a  native  of  London, 
educated  at  Oxford,  where  he  was  public 
orator.  During  the  civil  wars  he  lived  as 
tutor  in  several  respectable  families,  and 
died  rector  of  Oakham  church,  1690.  He 
wrote  Deliciae  Deliciarum — Commentary 
on  the  Psalms — on  the  Pentateuch — ser- 
mons— a  collection  of  poems,  or  Parnassus 
Biceps,  &c. 

Wright,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Derby,  emi- 
nent as  a  painter.  He  was  the  pupil  of 
Hudson,  and  in  1773,  visited  Italy  to  im- 
prove himself.  Two  years  after  he  return- 
ed to  England  and  died  in  his  native  town, 
1797,  aged  63.  His  landscapes  and  histo- 
rical pieces  are  highly  valued, 

Wright,  Paul,  an  English  divine,  edu- 
cated at  Pembroke  hall,  Cambridge.  He 
obtained  Oakley  vicarage,  and  Burden  cha- 
pel, Essex,  and  Snoreham  rectory,  1739, 
on  the  presentation  of  the  governors  of 
Bridewell,  St.  Thomas,  and  the  other  city 
hospitals.  He  republished,  in  1774,  Hey- 
lyn's  Help  to  English  History,  8vo.  ;  but 
his  Chauncey's  History  of  St.  Alban's,  for 
which  he  had  printed  proposals,  and  re- 
ceived subscriptions,  never  appeared.  A 
Family  Bible  with  notes  was  published  un- 
der his  name.     He  died  1785. 

Wright,  sir  James,  govei'nor  of  Georgia, 
was  the  last  who  held  that  office  under  the 
royal  government.  He  had  been  agent  for 
South  Carolina  in  England,  and  in  1760 
was  appointed  chief  justice  of  that  pro- 
vince and  lieutenant-governor  of  Georgia. 
In  1764  he  was  appointed  governor,  and  in 
1772  created  a  baronet.  His  long  admini- 
stration was  distinguished  bv  wisdom  amV 


WYA 


WYC 


jinidcnce,  aiid  the  colony  flourished  under 
it  in  an  unprecedented  degree,  lie  was, 
however,  avaricious,  and  devoted  to  the 
ivishes  of  the  king.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution,  a  contest  for  the 
supreme  authority  was  kept  up  by  him  and 
the  popular  leaders,  until  January,  1776, 
when  he  was  taken  prisoner.  He  soon  af- 
ter found  means  to  escape  on  board  the 
Scarborough,  a  British  ship.  He  returned 
in  July,  1771),  and  resumed  the  govern- 
ment, but  it  was  for  a  short  time.  Inde- 
pendence was  established,  tiie  royal  au- 
thority ceased,  and  the  large  estates  ac- 
quired by  him  in  Georgia  were  confiscated. 

WuRMSER,  Dagobert  Sigismund,  count, 
field-marshal  in  the  service  of  Austria,  was 
a  native  of  Alsace.  After  being  live  years 
in  the  French  armies,  he  enlisted  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  emperor,  and  by  his  merit  and 
valour,  rose  to  the  highest  ranks.  He  was, 
in  1793,  commissioned  to  cover  the  siege 
of  Mentz,  and  he  soon  after  attacked  the 
Weissemburg  lines,  while  the  duke  of 
Brunswick  fell  on  the  left  of  the  French 
army,  and  prince  Waldeck  on  the  right. 
Victorious  in  his  attack,  he  pushed  his  con- 
quest into  Alsace,  and  took  Haguenau, 
Drusenheim,  &c.  These  advantages  were 
counterbalanced  by  the  fatal  battle  of 
Trischweiler,  in  which  he  was  defeated  j 
but  the  following  year  he  repaired  his  losses 
by  the  taking  of  Manheim.  In  1796  he 
hastened  to  the  relief  of  Mantua,  and  for 
two  successive  days  defeated  the  French  on 
the  borders  of  the  lake  of  Guarda.  The 
fortune  of  Bonaparte,  however,  prevailed 
against  him  at  Castiglione,  Montechiaro, 
and  Lodano,  and  afterwards  at  Roveredo, 
and  at  the  Brenta,  and  after  the  severest 
losses,  he  penetrated  through  the  enemy, 
and  threw  himself  into  Mantua.  After  the 
most  determined  resistance,  Mantua,  re- 
duced by  famine  and  by  sickness,  surren- 
dered, 2d  Feb.  1797,  to  the  conqueror  on 
the  most  honourable  terms.  The  aged 
commander  retired  to  Vienna,  where  he 
was  received  W'ith  the  honour  which  his 
services  and  his  years  deserved,  and  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  Hungary,  where  he 
died  Aug.  1797,  aged  above  80. 

Wyat,  sir  Thomas,  a  learned  courtier  in 
the  service  of  Henry  VIII.  He  was  born 
of  a  respectable  family  in  Kent,  and  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  college,  Cambridge, 
which  he  afterwards  quitted  for  Oxford. 
He  was  knighted  by  Henry,  and  his  abili- 
ties usefully  employed  in  various  embassies 
on  the  continent.  He  was  author  of  seve- 
ral poems,  printed  in  1565,  with  those  of 
his  friend  the  earl  of  Surrey.  He  was  the 
first  who  turned  into  English  metre,  Da- 
vid's Psalms.     He  died  1541,  aged  38. 

Wyatt,  Sir  Francis,  governor  of  Virgi- 
nia, succeeded  Yeardley  in  October.  1621. 


On   the  22d  of  March,  1C22,  the  Indiana 
commenced  the  execution  of  a  plot  to  ex- 
terminate the   English,  and  on   that   day 
three  hundred  and  forty-nine  persons *wcre 
destroyed  at  the  various  plaiiiations,  six  of 
whom     were     members     of    the    council. 
Jamestown  was  preserved,  in  consequence 
of  the  friendship  of  a  j  ouiig  Indian  who  com- 
municated the  design   to  his  master.     This 
sanguinary  event  was  followed  by  a  retalia- 
tory war,  which  was  carried  on  with  great  fe- 
rocity, and  which  created  a  deadly  hostility 
in  the  minds  of  the  savages   towards  the 
colonists.     On  the  death   of  his   father  he 
returned  to  Ireland   in   1025,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Yeardley.     Under  the   adminis- 
tration of  Wyatt,  the  first  courts   were  es- 
tablished, and  a  general  assembly  convened, 
by  which  the  first  laws  were  passed  which 
are  to  be  found  in  the  records  of  the  colo- 
ny.    In  1639  he  was  again  governor.     He 
succeeded  sir  John  Harvey,  and  continued 
in  office  until  the  arrival  of  sir  William 
Berkeley.  ICJ^  L. 

Wyatt,  James,  an  architect  was  born  at 
Burton  in  Statibrshire  about  1743.  He  went 
to  Rome,  and  there  studied  the  principles  ' 
of  architecture  and  painting  under  Viscen- 
tini.     On  his  return  to  England  he  was  em- 
ployed  to   build   the  Pantheon  in  Oxford- 
street,   w^hioh   fixed     his    reputation,    and 
when  sir  William   Chambers  died  he   was 
appointed  surveyor-general  to  the  Board  of 
Works.     He  also  became  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  sat  as   president   of 
that  institution  for  some  time.     He  died  in 
consequence  of  the   overturning  of  a  car- 
riage, Sept.  5,  1813. — Jf .  B. 

Wycherley,  William,  an  eminent  comic 
writer,  born  at  Cleve,  in  Shropshire,  1640, 
hx  the  age  of  15  he  went  to  France,  where 
he  embraced  the  Roman  catholic  tenets, 
and  on  his  return  home,  in  1660,  he  re- 
sided at  Oxford,  though  he  was  not  admitted 
member  of  the  university.  He  afterward 
returned  to  the  protestant  faith,  and  en-r 
tered  at  the  Middle  Temple,  but  soon  pre- 
ferred the  labours  of  literature  to  the  dry 
studies  of  the  law.  In  the  course  of  10 
years  he  produced  four  comedies  ;  Love 
in  a  Wood — the  Gentleman  Dancing  Mas- 
ter— Plain  Dealer — and  Country  Wife, 
printed  together  in  1712,  and  the  populari- 
ty of  these  pieces  recommended  him  to 
the  notice  of  the  great,  the  w  itty  and  the 
fair.  He  was  noticed  not  only  by  Viltiers, 
duke  of  Buckingham,  and  by  the  dutchess 
of  Cleveland,  who  admitted  him  to  the  last 
degree  of  intimacy,  but  by  Charles  II.  who 
visited  him  when  ill,  at  his  private  apart- 
ments, and  enabled  him  to  remove  to  the 
south  of  France  for  the  recovery  of  his 
health.  On  his  return  Wycherly  was  of- 
fered by  the  king,  the  place  of  governor  to 
his  son,  with  an  ample  salary  ;  but  his 
marriase  with   the  widowed  countess    of 

831 


WYK 


WIL 


Drogheda,  soon   after  offended  his  royal 
patron,   and    involved  him  in  difficulties. 
Though   the  countess,  who  was  jealously 
fond  Of  him  to  a  ridiculous  degree,  bestow- 
ed on    him  all  her  property,  yet   at  her 
death,   which   happened  soon    after,    his 
right  to  the  succession  was  disputed,  and 
in  consequence  of  law-suits,  he  was  thrown 
into    prison    by  his    unfeeling    creditors. 
Here  he  languished  for  seven  long  years, 
till  James  II.  going  to  see  the  Plain,  Dealer, 
was  so  pleased  with  the  play,   that  he  of- 
fered to  pay  the   debts  of  the  unfortunate 
author,  and  settled  an  annuity  of  2001.  on 
him.     Wycherley,    however,    from    false 
delicacy,  was  ashamed  to  give  an    account 
of  his  debts,  and  thus  still   continued   in- 
volved in  distress.     Though  averse  to  the 
troubles  of  a   married   life,  he   wished,  as 
one  of  his  biographers  has  informed  us,  to 
die  married,  and  with  this  singular  passion, 
in  his  old  age,  he  took  for  his  second   wife 
a  young  lady  worth  1500/.  and  died  eleven 
days  after,  1st  Jan.  1715.     He  was  buried 
in  a  vault  of  Covent-garden  church.     Be- 
sides his  comedies  he  wrote  some    poems, 
a  folio  volume  of  which  appeared    1704, 
and  his  posthumous   works,  in   prose   and 
verse,  were  published  in  1723,  by  L.  Theo- 
bald, Svo. 

Wycke,  Thomas,  a  native  of  Haerlem, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  His  sea-ports,  and 
his  marine  views  which  he  drew  in  Italy, 
were  highly  admired.  He  died  1686,  aged 
70.  His  son  John  was  an  able  artist.  He 
resided  for  some  years  in  London,  where 
he  assisted  sir  Godfrey  Kneller.  His 
paintings  of  battles,  and  especially  of 
horses,  displayed  superior  excellence.  He 
died  in  London  1702,  aged  62. 

Wykeham,  William  of,  a  celebrated 
prelate,  born  at  Wykeham  in  Hampshire, 
1324.  Though  his  parents  were  respecta- 
ble, yet  they  were  poor  ;  but  domestic  dif- 
ficulties were  forgotten  in  the  liberal  pa- 
tronage of  Nicolas  Uvedale,  lord  of  the 
manor  of  Wykeham,  and  governor  of  Win- 
chester, who  provided  for  his  education  and 
made  him  his  secretary.  By  degrees  he 
rose  in  the  estimation  of  his  friend,  and 
was  recommended  to  the  notice  of  Edward 
HI.,  who  appointed  him  surveyor  of  his 
works  in  the  castle  and  park  of  Windsor. 
By  his  advice  this  commanding  situation 
was  adorned  with  new  buildings,  and  the 
present  magnificent  structure  erected  ;  but 
the  inscription  of  "  this  made  Wykeham," 
placed  on  the  palace,  threatened  ruin  to  the 
favourite.  While,  however,  his  enemies 
interpreted  the  ambiguous  sentence  to  his 
discredit  by  reading  it  backward,  Wykeham 
assured  his  master,  that,  instead  of  arroga- 
ting to  himself  the  glory  of  the  edifice,  he 
wished  posterity  to  know  that  the  favour 
of  the  king,  and  the  care  of  the  building, 
liad  raised  him  from  a  low  situation  to  an 
332 


exalted  fortune.    Thus  reconciled  to  Ed- 
ward, he   rose  in   consequence,  and  when 
in  orders  he  obtained  the  rectory  of  Pul^ 
ham,  Norfolk,  and  after  other  preferments, 
he  was  advanced,  in   1366,  to  the   see  of 
Winchester.     He  was  besides,  chief  war- 
den and  surveyor  of  the  king's  castles,  war- 
den of  the  forests,  keeper  of  the  privy  seal, 
and  afterwards   secretary  to  the  king.     In 
1367  he  was  appointed  chancellor  of  Eng- 
land, and  continued  in  the  high  office  till 
1371,  when  he  was  deprived  of  it  by  the 
representation  of  the  parliament,  who  in- 
veighed against  the  too  extensive  power  of 
the  ecclesiastics.     Though    much   engaged 
in  affairs  of  state,  he  paid  particular  atten- 
tion to  the  business  of  his  diocess  ;  abuses 
were  redressed,  improvements  in  the  regu- 
lation and  discipline  of  the  church  intro- 
duced, and  the  houses  and  palaces  belong- 
ing to  the  see  repaired.  With  the  most  muni- 
ficent intentions  also  for  the  encouragement 
of  learning  and  piety,  the  bishop  determined 
to  appropriate  the  large  possessions  which 
he  had  acquired  by   the  favour  of  his   so- 
vereign, in  the  endowment  of  two  colleges. 
In    1373  a  school  was  established  at  Win- 
chester ;  but  his  noble  designs  were   inter- 
rupted by  the  jealousy  or  persecution  of  the 
duke  of  Lancaster,  who  accused  him  be- 
fore the   king  as  guilty  of  various  misde- 
meanors, till  the  attachment  of  the  people, 
and  the  interference  of  the  clergy,  restored 
him  to  the  favour  of  the  monarch,  and   to 
the  possession  of  his  see.     Under  the  weak 
reign  of  Richard  II.  he  laboured  assiduous- 
ly to  effect  his   noble   purpose,  and   under 
the  king's  patent.  New  college,  Oxford,  was 
begun    in   1380,   and    finished    1386,   and 
Winchester  begun  the  following  year,  and 
completed  in  1393.     The   virtuous    prelate 
enjoyed  the  gratification  of  seeing,  before 
hisdeath,his  two  noble  foundations  flourish, 
and  his  example  was  followed    soon   after 
by  his  scholar  Chicheley,  who  founded  All- 
Souls,  and  by  Henry  VI.,  who,  on  the  same 
plan,  founded  the  colleges  of  Eton,  and  of 
King,  Cambridge.  Wykeham  died  at  South 
Waltham,  17th  Sept.  1404,  and  was  buried 
in  his  own  oratory  in  Winchester   cathe- 
dral.    Little  is  known  of  the   private  cha- 
racter of  this  great  founder ;  but  if  he  had 
any  failings,    they  were  obscured   in  that 
spirit  of  beneficence  and  of  charity  which, 
in  his  two  noble    establishments,    has  so 
largely  contributed  to  the  advancement  of 
literature,   and   of  happiness   through  the 
nation.     His    life    has    been  written    by 
Lowth,  who  thus  has  paid  a  becoming  tri- 
bute of  praise  and  gratitude  to  the  memory 
of  the  illustrious  prelate,  by  whose  munifi- 
cence  his   education  had  been   formed  at 
Winchester  and  at  Oxford. 

Wyllys,  George,  descended  from  Ri- 
chard Wyllys,  of  Knapton  in  Warwickshire, 
England,  who  lived  in  the  reign  of  Henry 


WYL 


wv^ 


IV.,  migrated  in  1G38  from  that  country  to 
America,  and  established  his  residence  at 
Hartford,  Connecticut.  At  the  first  elec- 
tion under  the  constitution  adopted  by  all 
the  free  planters  of  the  colony,  on  the  l4th 
of  January,  1639,  he  was  chosen  one  of  the 
six  persons  called  magistrates,  who,  with 
the  governor,  were  to  exercise  the  principal 
functions  of  government,  legislative,  judi- 
cial, and  executive.  In  1641  he  was  cho- 
sen deputy  governor,  and  in  1G42,  govern- 
or, of  the  colony.  He  died  in  March  1644. 
He  was  distinguished  for  the  fervour  of  his 
piety,  the  purity  of  his  life,  and  the  simpli- 
city of  his  manners  ;  his  love  of  civil  and  re- 
ligious liberty,  and  his  exactness  in  the  dis- 
charge of  social  and  public  duties.  (Li  L. 

Wyllts,  Samuel,  son  of  the  preceding, 
born  in  England  in  1632,  was  educated  at 
Harvard  college,  where  he  graduated  in 
1653.  In  1654  he  was  elected  one  of  the 
magistrates  under  the  constitution.  In  this 
office  and  the  corresponding  one  of  assist- 
ant, under  the  charter  of  Charles  11.  he 
■was  continued,  by  annual  elections,  for 
about  thirty  years.  Eminent  in  piety,  pru- 
dence, and  wisdom,  he  died  May  30th, 
1709.  It  was  during  his  life,  that  the  char- 
ter was  concealed  in  the  body  of  a  large 
oak-tree,  then  hollow,  on  his  estate  in  front 
of  his  house,  to  secure  it  from  Sir  Edmund 
Andross.  This  tree  has  since  been  called 
the  charter  oak ;  and  after  adding  nearly  a 
century  and  a  half  to  its  age,  it  remains,  in 
1824,  undecayed,  and  with  even  renovated 
vigour.  iCT'  L. 

Wyllts,  Hezekiah,  son  of  the  preceding, 
being  bred  a  merchant  in  Boston,  established 
himself  in  mercantile  business  in  Hartford, 
which,  however,  he  soon  relinquished  for 
public  employment.  In  1712  he  was  elect- 
ed secretary  of  the  colony,  and  continued  in 
that  office  until  his  death  in  1734.  fCJ^  L. 
Wyllts,  George,  son  of  the  preceding, 
born  October  6th,  1710,  educated  at  Yale 
college,  where  he  graduated  in  1729,  was 
appointed  by  the  general  assembly,  to  per- 
form the  functions  of  secretary  during  the 
illness  of  his  father,  in  the  years  1730, 1731, 
1732,  1733,  and  1734;  and  in  1735,  was 
elected  secretary  by  the  people.  In  this  of- 
fice he  was  continued  by  annual  popular 
elections  until  his  death,  on  the  24th  of 
April  1796.  Rarely  has  there  been  in  any 
age,  a  more  remarkable  instance  of  a  sound 
mind  united  to  a  sound  body.  During  a 
period  extending  through  more  than  two 
entire  generations  of  men,  he  attended 
every  session  of  the  legislature,  and  per- 
formed his  official  duties.  Discernment 
and  wisdom  were  the  characteristics  of  his 
4nind.  But  his  whole  chai-acter,  rather 
than  any  particular  traits,  caused  him  to  be 
luiiversally  esteemed  as  a  great  and  good 
man.  dlT  L. 

W^YLLTS,  Samuel,  sou  of  the  preceding, 
Vol.  II.  lOo 


was  boni  January  15th,  1739,  and  educated 
at  Yale  college,  where  he  graduated  in  1758. 
In  1775  the  legislature  of  Connecticut  ap- 
pointed him  lieutenant  colonel  of  genera! 
Spencer's  regiment ;  and  in  January,  1776, 
congress  appointed  him  colonel  of  a  regi- 
ment in  the  Connecticut  line,  on  the  con- 
tinental establishment,  in  which  capacity 
he  served  with  reputation,  through  the 
war  of  the  revolution.  After  the  peace, 
he  was  employed,  by  his  native;  town,  in 
several  civil  offices,  and  as  a  representative 
in  the  general  assembly.  He  was  also  ap- 
pointed brigadier,  and  afterwards  major 
general,  in  the  militia  of  the  state.  In  May. 
1796,  he  succeeded  his  father  as  secretary 
of  the  state,  and  continued  in  that  office  un- 
til the  year  1809,  when  he  was  induced,  by 
a  paralytic  affisction,  to  resign  it.  He  dicil 
June  9th,  1823.  He,  with  his  father,  and 
grandfather,  held  the  office  of  secretary 
ninety-ci2,ht  successive  years  ;  a  fact  pro- 
bably without  a  parallel  in  the  history  of 
republics.  iCJ^  L. 

Wtnant2,  John,  a  native  of  Haerlem, 
eminent  as  a  painter.  He  was  the  master 
ofWouvermans  and  Vander  Velde,  and  in 
the  use  of  his  pencil  he  acquired  celebrity 
and  independence.  His  landscapes  were 
much  admired.     He  died  1670,  aged  70. 

Wtndham,    sir   William,    an    eminent 
statesman,  born  about  1687.     From  Eton 
school  he  went  to  Christ-church,  and  after- 
wards travelled  over  the  continent  for  im- 
provement and  information.     On  his  return 
he  was  chosen  member  of  parliament  foi 
Somersetshire,  and  continued  to  represent 
that  county   till  his  death.     His   abilities 
were    so    highly  respectable,   that   in  the 
change  of  ministry  in  1710,  he  was  appoint- 
ed master  of  the  queen's  hounds,  and  after- 
wards made  secretary  of  state,  and  in  1713 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer.  Under  George 
I.  he  was  removed  from  his  offices,  and 
soon  after  appeared  in  the  ranks  of  opposi- 
tion, and  ably  vindicated  the  conduct  of  the 
duke  of  Ormond,  and  of  lords  Oxford  and 
Straffisrd.     On  the  breaking  out  of  the  re- 
bellion, in  1715,  he  fell  under  the  suspicion 
of  government,  but  though  he  escaped  from- 
his  pursuers,  he  at  last  surrendered  himself, 
and  was  sent  a  prisoner  to  the  tower.     As 
he  never  was  brought  to  trial,  it  is  natural 
to  infer,  that  no  guilt  could  attach  to  his 
conduct,  and  that  the  violence  of  the  times, 
and  not  a  participation   in  disloyal   acts, 
produced  his  temporary  disgi'ace.     He  died 
at  Wells,  after  a  few  days'  illness, 17th  June, 
1740.  Pope  has  well  painted  the  great  pow- 
ers of  his  eloquence  in  these  lines  : 
Wyndham,  just  to  freedom  and  the  throne. 
The  master  of  our  passioyis,  and  his  own. 

Wtndham,  Henry  Penruddock,  an  in- 
genious gentleman,  was  born  in  Wiltshire 
in  1736,  and  educated  at  Wadham  college, 
Oxford,  Tthere  he  took  the  degree  of  masfef 


WVT 


WYV 


trt'arts  ill  1759.  He  became  knight  of  the 
shire  for  his  native  county  ;  and  was  a  mem- 
!)er  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  societies. 
He  died  at  Salisbury  in  1819.  His  publica- 
tions are — 1.  A  tour  through  Monmouth- 
shire and  Wales,  4to.  2.  The  Diary  of 
George  Bubb  Doddington,  baron  of  Mel- 
Gombe  Regis,  8vo.  3.  Wiltshire,  extracted 
liom  the  Domesday  Book,  4to.  4.  A  pic- 
ture of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  8vo.—W.  B. 

Wythe,  George,  chancellor  of  Virginia, 
was  born  in  the  county  of  Elizabeth  city, 
in  1726.  His  mother  possessed  uncommon 
strength  of  mind  and  knowledge,  and  taught 
him  the  Latin  language.  His  education  in 
other  respects  was  defective.  At  the  age 
of  thirty  he  abandoned  a  course  of  dissipa- 
tion to  which  he  had  addicted  himself,  and 
devoted  his  attention  to  the  acquisition  of 
knowledge.  After  accomplishing  himself 
in  the  languages  and  sciences,  he  studied 
law,  and  commenced  its  practice.  At  the 
opening  of  the  revolution,  he,  with  Pendle- 
ton, Henry,  Mason,  and  the  Lees,  espoused 
the  cause  of  liberty,  and  was  one  of  the 
ablest  of  the  distinguished  men  who  were 
the  leaders  in  Virginia  during  that  struggle. 
lie  was  for  some  time  speaker  of  the  house 
of  burgesses,  and  in  1775  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  congress,  and  signed  the  declaration 
of  independence.  In  1776  he  vv^as  appoint- 
ed one  of  the  committee  to  revise  the  laws 
of  Virginia,  and  had  a  principal  share  in 
preparing  the  code  which  with  some  altera- 


tions was  adopted  in  1779.  He  was  sooij 
after  appointed  one  of  the  three  judges  of 
the  high  court  of  chancery,  and  afterwards 
sole  chancellor,  in  which  station  he  con- 
tinued till  his  death.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  of  Virginia  which  considered 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and 
exerted  his  influence  to  obtain  its  adoption  ; 
and  he  was  twice  one  of  the  electors  of  presi- 
dent and  vice-pi-esident  of  the  United  States. 
He  died  in  1806,  on  the  Sthof  June  ;  it  was 
supposed  by  poison.  Chancellor  Wythe 
was  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  the  great 
statesmen  and  jurists  among  his  cotempo- 
raries.  His  mind  was  uncommonly  vigo- 
rous and  rapid  in  its  perceptions,  his  knov/- 
ledge  of  law  profound,  his  uprightness  and 
impartiality  pre-eminent,  and  his  patriotism 
ardent.  He  was  unambitious  of  wealth, 
plain  and  frugal  in  his  method  of  life,  and 
condescending  and  amiable  in  his  manners* 

Wttman,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Gorcum, 
eminent  as  a  painter  of  landscapes,  animals, 
and  conversations.  He  died  1639,  aged  49. 

W^TViL,  Robert,  a  bishop  of  Salisbury, 
who  is  known  in  history  for  defending  his 
right  to  Salisbury  castle,  by  producing  a 
champion  to  fight  in  single  combat  against 
the  champion  of  his  opponent  William  Mon- 
tacute,  earl  of  Salisbury.  The  king  inter- 
fered, and  the  dispute  was  at  last  amicably 
settled.  The  bishop  presided  over  his  see 
46  years,  and  died  1375. 


XAN 

.^ACCA,  an  Indian  philosopher,  born  at 
vSica.  He  was  the  legislator  of  the  Japanese, 
and  flourished,  it  is  said,  a  thousand  years 
before  the  Christian  era.  His  memory  is 
regarded  with  particular  honour  in  China, 
where  he  is  placed  in  the  number  of  the  gods. 

Xacca,  Erasmus,  a  Sicilian  of  the  17th 
oentury,  who  wrote  an  account,  in  Italian, 
of  the  eruption  of  Mount  Etna  in  1669 — be- 
sides a  didactic  poem,  in  Latin,  on  Fevers — 
Brevis  Expositio  in  Psalmos  et  Cantica 
Cantic— Tasso's  Jerusalem  translated  into 
Latin  verse. 

Xantippe,  wife  of  Socrates,  was  remark- 
able for  her  moroseness  and  violence  of 
temper.  It  is  said  that  the  philosopher  w  as 
acquainted  with  her  character  before  he 
married  her,  and  that  he  took  her  for  his 
wife  more  severely  to  exercise  his  patience. 

Xantippus,  a  Lacedaemonian,  sent  to 
the  assistance  of  the  Carthaginians  against 
Regulus  and  the  Romans.  Though  he  de- 
feated the  enemy,  he  was  ordered  to  be 
thrown  into  the  sea  on  his  return  home  by 
the  cruel  ingratitude  of  the  Cartha2;inian«!-. 
«S4 


XEN 

Xaupi,  Joseph,  a  native  of  Perpignan, 
author  of  a.  Funeral  Oration  on  Louis  XIV. 
— Historical  Researches  on  the  Citizens  of 
Perpignan — two  Dissertations,  &c.  He  was 
an  ecclesiastic,  and  died  at  Paris  universally 
respected,  7th  Dec.  177S,  aged  90. 

Xavier,  Jerome,  a  Jesuit,  who  was  mis- 
sionary in  the  East  Indies,  and  died  at  Goa 
1617.  He  wrote  History  of  Jesus  Christ, 
and  of  Peter,  in  Portuguese,  &c. 

Xenocrates,  a  philosopher  of  Chalce- 
don,  the  disciple  of  Plato.  He  was  so  il- 
lustrious for  wisdom  and  integrity,  that  the 
judges  dispensed  with  his  oath  in  a  court  of 
justice.     He  died  B.  C.  314. 

Xexophanes,  a  Greek  philosopher  in  the 
age  of  Socrates.  He  was  of  opinion  that 
the  moon  was  an  inhabited  globe,  &c. 

Xenopiion,  a  celebrated  Greek  historian, 
born  at  Athens.  He  was  the  pupil  and  the 
friend  of  Socrates,  and  he  distinguished 
himself  in  war  as  the  follower  of  Cyrus,  and 
the  active  guide  of  the  Greeks  in  their  re- 
turn from  the  battle  of  Cunaxa.  His  His- 
tory of  Cyrus  the  Great,  and  of  the  expedi- 


XI M 


\rv 


lioii  of  tbe  younger  Cyrus,  and  other  works, 
are  well  known,  lie  died  at  Corinth,  B.  C. 
360. 

Xenophon,  a  writer  of  Ephesua  in  the 
beginning  of  the  4th  century.  Me  is  autlior 
of  the  Loves  of  Ahrocomas  and  Anthia,  a 
romance  of  some  merit. 

Xerxes,  king  of  Persia,  son  of  Darius 
Hystaspes,  is  celebrated  for  his  expedition 
against  Greece.  Though  accompanied  by 
about  five  million  of  souls,  he  was  defeated 
by  the  valour  of  the  Greeks,  and  the  battles 
of  Thermopylae  and  Salamis  convinced  him 
that  the  conquest  of  the  country  was  im- 
possible. He  retired  in  disgrace  to  Persia, 
and  was  slain  by  Artabanus,  B.  C.  465. 
His  weeping  at  the  sight  of  his  numerous 
armies,  because  not  one  man  of  them  would 
survive  a  100  years,  is  mentioned  by  histo- 
rians as  a  proof  of  the  goodness  and  bene- 
volence of  his  heart. 

XiMENES,  Roderick,  a  native  of  Navarre, 
archbishop  of  Toledo.  He  laid  claim  to  the 
primacy  in  preference  to  the  see  of  Com- 
postella,  at  the  council  of  Lyons,  1247,  be- 
fore Innocent  IX.  and  bis  rights  were  con- 
firmed. He  wrote  a  Spanish  history  of  lit- 
tle merit. 

XiMENEs,  Francis,  a  celebrated  ecclesi- 
astic, born  at  ToiTclaguna  in  Old  Castile, 
1437.  He  was  educated  at  Alcala  and  at 
Salamanca,  and  afterwards  went  to  Rome, 
where  he  could  obtain  no  patronage.  He 
became  grand  vicar  to  Gonzales  de  Mendo- 
2a,  bishop  of  Siquenza,  and  afterwards  his 
wisdom,  his  learning,  and  his  knowledge  of 
oriental  literature,  and  of  theology,  pro- 
cured him  friends,  and  recommended  him  to 
the  notice  of  queen  Isabella,  who  named 
him  archbishop  of  Toledo,  1495.  Thus 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  Spanish  church,  he 
bent  his  thoughts  to  the  reformation  of  his 
clergy,  and  to  the  more  pure  and  impartial 
administration  of  temporal  and  ecclesiasti- 
cal aflfairs  through  his  diocess.  He  was 
raised  to  the  purple  by  Julius  II.  1507,  and 
he  was  intrusted  by  Ferdinand  with  the  af- 
fairs of  the  government,  as  prime  minister. 
Not  satisfied  with  the  power  which  he  ex- 
ercised over  the  state,  he  was  ambitious  of 
military  glory,  and  at  his  own  expense  he 
prepared  an  expedition  against  Oran  in  Af- 
rica, which  he  took  from  the  Moors  after 
displaying  great  marks  of  bravery  and  he- 
roic presence  of  mind.  Ferdinand,  who 
was  afraid  of  his  power,  appointed  him,  on 
his  death-bed,  regent  of  the  kingdom,  du- 
ring the  minority  of  Charles  V.  and  Ximenes 
exercised  this  authority  not  only  with  wis- 
dom but  with  severity,  and  thus  raised  the 
complaints  of  the  nobles  against  his  admi- 
nistration. He  despised,  however,  their  cla- 
mours, satisfied  in  the  good  opinion  of  his 
sovereign,  and  in  the  support  of  the  people 
to  whom  he  granted  great  and  important 
privileges.     While  tj^ns  labouring  for  the 


glory  of  his  country,  tliis  virtuous  minister 
was  poisoned  in  e:iting  tioul,  ;inil  died  two 
months  after,  Sth  Nov.  iril7,  aged  81.  He 
was  buried  in  the  r(»ll('j;(' of  St.  Ildefonse  at 
Alcala,  of  uhiih  he  was  the  munificent 
founder,  and  these  remarkable  lines  are  en- 
graved on  his  toiul) : 

Condidcram  munis  Franciscus  grande  Ly- 
cicumy 
Condor  in  exi^iio  nunc  ego  sarcophago. 

Prcctcxtam  junxi  sacco,  galeumque  gcdero, 
Frater,  dux^  prccsul^  cardincusque  paler. 

Q,uin  virtide  niea  junctum  est  diademu 
cucxdioj 
Cum  mild  regnanti  pandt  Ilesper. 
In  his  character  Ximenes  was  noble  and  pa- 
triotic, the  friend  of  virtue  and  of  merit, 
the  protector  of  innocence,  and  the  active 
and  generous  promoter  of  industry.  He 
was  himself  learned,  and  by  his  munifi- 
cence he  caused  the  famous  Complutensian 
Polyglott  Bible  to  be  published  in  his  newly 
erected  university  of  Alcala.  This  national 
work,  which  was  begun  in  1514,  was  com- 
pleted in  1517,  in  6  vols.  fol.  and  in  four 
languages.  The  work  is  now  very  scarce. 
He  also  caused  to  be  published  the  Missal, 
and  the  Breviary  Mosarabe,  under  the  care 
of  Ortiz.  An  account  of  his  life  has  been 
published  by  Alvaro  Gomez  in  Spanish, 
and  by  Flephier  in  French. 

Ximenes,  Joseph  Albert,  a  Spanish  ec- 
clesiastic, prior  general  of  the  Carmelites. 
He  died  1774,  aged.  55.  He  published  the 
two  last  volumes  of  the  Bulls  of  his  order. 

Xylan DER,  William,  a  native  of  Augs- 
burg, who  though  born  of  poor  parents, 
rose  to  distinction  by  his  abilities.  He 
was  educated  in  the  university  of  Augsburg, 
and  afterwards  at  Tubingen  and  Basil,  by 
the  friendship  of  Relinger,  a  senator  of 
Augsburg,  and  in  1558  he  was  invited  to 
fill  a  Greek  professpr's  chair  at  Heidelberg. 
He  was  in  1566  appointed  secretary  to  the 
assembly  of  divines,  who  held  a  conference 
on  the  eucharist,  and  he  a  second  time 
filled  the  same  honourable  office  in  15S1. 
His  great  application  hastened  his  death, 
which  happened  Feb.  1576,  in  his  43d  year. 
He  was  the  translator  of  Dion  Cassius,  of 
Marcus  Antoninus,  of  Plutarch,  and  of 
Strabo,  into  Latin,  but  as  he  wrote  for 
biead,  the  execution  of  these  laborious 
works  is  occasionally  careless  and  faulty. 

Xyphilin,  John,  called  of  Trebizond, 
from  the  place  of  his  birth,  was  made  pa- 
triarch of  Constantinople  1064,  and  died 
1075.  He  wrote  a  sermon  preserved  in  the 
Bibliotheque  of  the  fathers.  His  nephew 
of  the  same  name  wrote  an  abridgment  of 
the  history  of  Dion  Cassius  in  Greek  1592, 
folio,  which  begins  at  the  32d  book,  and  is 
written  with  little  elegance.  The  work 
containing  the  history  of  the  emperors  to 
the  time  of  Alexander,  son  of  Mammea,  is 
generally  printed  with  Dion  Cassius, 

835 


Y£A 


YOU 


\  ALDEN,  Thomas,  an  English  poet,  born 
at  Exeter  1671.  He  was  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen college  school,  and  after  being  com- 
moner of  Magdalen  hall,  he  obtained  a 
scholarship  at  Magdalen  college,  where  he 
had  for  his  fellow-students  Addison  and 
Sacheverell.  He  published  an  Ode  on  the 
taking  of  Namur,  and  a  poem  on  the  death 
of  the  duke  of  Gloucester,  and  in  1710,  ob- 
tained a  fellowship  in  his  college  and  the 
following  year  was  presented  to  a  small 
living  in  Warwickshire.  In  1706,  he  was 
received  into  the  duke  of  Beaufort's  family, 
and  the  next  year  he  took  his  degree  of 
D.D.  and  resigned  his  fellowship.  He  af- 
terwards obtained  the  contiguous  livings  of 
Chalton,  and  Cleanville,  in  Hertfordshire, 
and  the  sinecures  of  Deans,  Hains,  and 
Pendles,  in  Devonshire,  and  lived  in  peace- 
ful retirement  till  the  nation  was  alarmed 
by  the  pretended  plot  of  bishop  Atterbury. 
As  Dr.  Yalden  had  been  intimate  with  Kel- 
ly, the  prelate's  secretary,  he  was  regarded 
as  an  accomplice,  and  arrested,  but  as  no 
tTirect  charge  could  be  made  against  him, 
except  a  treasonable  explanation  of  the 
words  "thorough  paced  doctrines"  disco- 
vered in  his  pocket-book,  he  was  set  at 
liberty.  He  died  16th  July,  1736.  He 
wrote  besides.  Hymn  to  Light— Hymn  to 
Darkness,  his  best  poem,  &c.  His  works, 
'?ays  his  biographer,  deserve  perusal,  though 
they  are  not  always  polished.  His  faults 
are  rather  omissions  of  idleness,  than  the 
negligence  of  enthusiasm. 

Yale,  Elihu,  the  principal  benefactor  of 
Yale  college,  was  born  in  New-Haven, 
Connecticut,  in  1648.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land while  young,  and  about  the  year  1678 
to  the  East-Indies,  where  he  acquired  a 
large  fortune,  both  by  his  industry,  and  by 
marriage  to  an  Indian  lady  of  wealth,  and 
became  governor  of  fort  St.  George.  On 
his  return  to  England  he  was  chosen  go- 
vernor of  the  East-India  company.  He 
presented  donations  to  the  college  then  re- 
cently established  in  New-Haven,  in  1714, 
1718,  and  1721,  amounting  in  all  to  about 
400  pounds  sterling  ;  in  commemoration 
of  which,  the  college  bears  his  name.  He 
died  in  Wales,  July  8th,  1721.       WZr  L. 

Yart,  Anthony,  an  ecclesiastic,  born  at 
Rouen,  1709.  He  is  author  of  the  Idea  of 
English  poetry,  in  8  vols.  l2mo.  1756,  a 
work  of  merit,  which  has  made  known  to 
the  French  nation,  the  labours  of  several 
English  poets.  He  wrote  besides  some 
poems,  and  was  happy  in  his  epigrams. 

Yeamans,  Sir  John,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  was  the  son  of  an  alderman  of 
Bristol,  who  was  executed  for  attempting 
to  deliver  the  city  to  the  king's  forces  du- 
ring the  civil  war ;  and  was  created  a  ba- 
yonet from  respect  to  his  father's  lovaltv. 
8.36 


Sir  Johu  was  himself  a  cavalier,  but  his 
poverty  induced  him  to  seek  his  fortune  in 
Barbadoes.  In  1665  he  joined  a  company 
of  emigrants  from  that  island  who  pur- 
chased and  formed  a  settlement  on  a  tract 
of  land  in  Carolina,  named  Clarendon 
county.  He  was  elected  governor  of  the 
colony,  and  on  the  death  of  governor  Sayle 
of  Carteret  county,  he  claimed  the  same 
office  there  as  vice-palatine,  under  the  con- 
stitution of  1669.  The  council  resisted 
his  claims,  and  appointed  Joseph  West. 
In  August,  1671,  Yeamans  received  from 
the  proprietors  the  appointment  of  gover- 
nor of  the  southern  county.  From  this 
time  there  were  but  two  governments  in 
Carolina.  Sir  John  had  ruled  a  small 
colony  with  prudence  and  moderation,  but 
became  violent,  unjust,  and  tyrannical, 
when  he  governed  people  by  whom  he  had 
not  been  chosen,  and  was  removed  from 
office,  but  continued  to  reside  in  the  colony 
until  his  death.  He  first  introduced  slaves 
into  Carolina  from  Barbadoes,  previous  to 
which,  there  were  no  labourers  in  the  colony 
but  Europeans.  iCIj^  L. 

Yeardly,  Sir  George,  was  left  at  the 
head  of  the  administration  of  Virginia,  on 
the  return  of  Sir  Thomas  Dale  to  England 
in  1616.  He  indulged  the  people  in  the 
cultivation  of  tobacco,  in  preference  to 
corn,  which  he  compelled  the  natives  to 
furnish  by  way  of  tribute.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Argal  in  1617,  who,  having  in- 
curred the  displeasure  of  the  people  and 
the  proprietors,  was  superseded,  and  Yeard- 
ly appointed  governor-general  in  1619.  In 
that  year  the  first  general  assembly  met  in 
Virginia :  many  important  improvements 
were  made  during  his  administration,  and 
the  power,  population,  and  respectability  of 
the  colony  much  increased.  He  was  pru- 
dent, humane,  and  faithful ;  and  under 
many  embarrassments  conducted  so  as  to 
secure  the  favour  of  his  employers,  and  the 
esteem  of  the  people.  His  commission 
expired  in  Nov.  1621,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Wyatt ;  but  still  continued  to 
reside  in  the  country,  and  was  afterwards 
a  member  of  the  council.  When  Wyatt 
returned  to  England  in  1625,  the  adminis- 
tration again  devolved  on  Yeardly.  He 
died  the  following  year,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Sir  John  Harvey.  Id?'  L. 

YoRKE,  Philip.     Vid.  Hardwicke. 

Young,  Patrick,  a  Scotchman,  educated 
at  St.  Andrew's,  and  incorporated  to  the  de- 
gree of  M.A.  at  Oxford,  1605.  He  was 
well  skilled  in  Greek  literature,  and  was 
employed  as  librarian  to  the  king,  at  St. 
James's  palace.  He  published  St.  Cle- 
ment's Epistle  to  the  Romans,  in  Greek  and 
Latin,  1637,  and  he  also  undertook,  but  did 
not  finish,  the  printing  of  the  Septuagint 


YOU 


VOL 


iioin  the  Alexandrian  MS.  presented  to  the 
first  Charles,  by  Cyril  Lucar.  He  died 
1652. 

Young,  Robert,  a  native  of  Edinburgh, 
who  succeeded  the  well-known  Andrew 
Hart,  in  the  business  of  printer.  When 
the  troubles  broke  out  in  Scotland,  he  was 
banished  for  the  violence  of  his  conduct, 
and  his  printing-presses  destroyed.  He 
afterwards  returned  to  Scotland,  but  was 
again  banished  for  publishing  some  papers 
in  favour  of  the  parliament,  and  died  abroad 
1655,  aged  62. 

Young,  Edward,  an   English  poet,  born 
June  1681,  at  Upham  near  Winchester,  the 
residence  of  his  father  of  the  same  name, 
who  was  chaplain  to  William  and  Mary, 
and  dean  of  Sarum,   and  who  died   1705, 
aged  62,   author  of  two  vols,  of  sermons. 
He  was  educated  at  Winchester  school,  and 
in  1703,  though  superannuated,  removed  to 
New  college,   Oxford,  which  he   left  five 
years  after  on   being  chosen  fellow  of  All 
Souls.     He  took  his  degree  of  LL.D.  1719. 
He  first  appeared  before  the  public  1712,  as 
author  of  an  epistle  to  lord  Lansdowne,  in 
consequence  of  the  unpopular  creation  of 
10  peers,  in  one   day  by  Queen  Anne,  and 
the  next  year  he  prefixed  a  recommendatory 
copy  of  verses   to   the    Cato   of  Addison. 
Though  distinguished   in  literary  fame,  he 
was  prevailed  upon  by  the   duke  of  Whar- 
ton,  bis   father's  friend,    to  abandon   the 
prospect  of  two  livings,  from  his  college, 
worth  GOOl.  a  year,  and  to  engage  in  the  tu- 
mult of  a  contested  election,  as  a  candidate 
at  Cirencester,  an  event  of  which  he  was 
afterwards  ashamed  to  the  latest  period  of 
life.     He  took  orders  1727,  and  soon  after 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  king,  and  he 
paid  such  respect  to  the    decorum  of  his 
new  profession,  that  he  withdrew  from  the 
stage,   his   tragedy  cf  the    Two   Brothers, 
which  was  already  in  reliearsal.     He  after- 
wards was  presented  b^  his  college,  to  the 
living  of  Welwyn,  Herts,  and  in  1739,  he 
married   lady  Elizabeth  Lee,   daughter  of 
the  earl  of  Litchfield,  and  widow  of  colonel 
Lee,  whom  he  had  the  misfortune  to  lose 
on  the  following  year.     To  relieve  himself 
from   the     heavy   melancholy    which   this 
event  brought  upon  him,  he  began  his  Night 
Thoughts,  but  though  in  this  work  he  seem- 
ed to  bid  adieu  to  the  world,  he  afterwards 
engaged   in  politics,  by  the  publication   of 
Reflections  on  the  Public  Situation  of  the 
Kingdom,  and  at  the  age  of  80  he  solicited 
further  patronage  from  archbishop  Seeker, 
and  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  closet  to  the 
princess  dowager.     He   died  April,  1765. 
Besides  his  great  work  the  Night  Thoughts, 
he  published  a  poem  on  the  Last  Day — Bu- 
siris,  and  the  Revenge,  tragedies — the  Cen- 
taur not  fabulous,  a  moral  satire — Estimate 
of  Human  Life,  a  sermon — Conjectures  on 
Original  Composition — the  Love  of  Fame, 


the  universal  passion — some  papers  in  the 
Spectator,  &c.  As  a  poet.  Young  is  highly 
respectable,  his  Night  Thoughts  abound 
with  many  sublime  passages,  and  they  are 
written  in  a  strain  of  true  genuine  morality, 
though  occasionally  obsctu'e.  As  a  clergy- 
man he  was  particularly  exemplary,  full 
of  benevolence,  goodness,  and  piety.  He 
was  buried  by  the  side  of  his  wife  in  his 
church,  where  a  beautiful  monument  has 
been  erected  to  his  memory.  His  son  sur- 
vived him. 

Young,  sir  William,  baronet,  was  born 
at  Charlton-house,  near  Canterbury,  Nov. 
30,  1750.     His  father,  sir  William  Young, 
who  had  Ijeen  governor  of  St.  Vincent's, 
died  in   1788  ;  and  his  mother    was   the 
daughter  of  Dr.  Brook  Taylor.     He   was 
educated  at  Eton,  from  whence  he  removed 
to  Clare-hall,  Cambridge  ;  but  after  a  short 
stay  there,  he  went  to  University  college, 
Oxford,  under  the  tuition  of  Dr.  now  Sir 
William  Scott.     Having  studied  there  three 
years,   he   went   on   his    travels    through 
France,  Italy,  and  Sicily.     Of  part  of  this 
tour,  he  printed  an  account  for  the  gratifica- 
tion of  his  friends,  but  it  was  never  pub- 
lished.    In  1774,  he  returned  to  England ; 
and  during  the  Aa^.erican  war  served  ut  the 
militia.     In  1783,  he  was  returned  to  par- 
liament  for  St.  Mawes  ;  and  in  1786,  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  t  e  Royal  Society. 
He  succeeded  his  father  in  1783;  and  in 
1807  was  appointed  governor  of  Tobago, 
where  he  died  in  1815.     Sir  William  pub- 
lished— 1.  The  Spirit  of  Athens,  8vo.;  this 
he    afterwards  enlai'ged  and  reprinted,  un- 
der the  title  of  the  "  History  of  Athens," 
4to.     2.  A   tract  on   the  Poor  Laws.     3. 
The  Rights  of  Englishmen.     4.  A  Letter  to 
Mr.  Pitt,   on   the  Poor  and  Workhouses. 
5.  The    West-India  Commonplace-Book, 
4to.       6.   Contemplatio   Philosophica ;     a 
posthumous  pi^ce  of  Dr.  Brook  Taylor's, 
with    a  memoir  of  the  author.     He   was 
twice  married,  and  left  issue,  four  sons  and 
two  daughters. —  W.  B. 

Young,  Arthur,  an  agriculturist,  was  the 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  born  in  1741. 
He  served  his  apprenticeship  to  a  wine- 
merchant  ;  but  on  entering  into  the  pos- 
session of  his  paternal  estate,  he  became  a 
farmer  ;  and  impoverished  himself  by  ex- 
periments. After  this  he  setup  as  a  teach- 
er of  others  ;  and  in  1770  published  a  vo- 
lume called  "  The  Farmer's  Calendar  ;" 
which  was  followed  by  a  periodical  work, 
entitled  "  The  Annals  of  Agriculture,"  in 
which  he  had  the  honour  of  having  his  late 
majesty  for  a  correspondent.  Mr.  I'oung 
also  made  excursions  through  the  British 
islands  and  on  the  continent,  to  collect  in- 
formation on  subjects  of  rural  economy. 
At  length  a  board  of  agriculture  was  esta- 
blished, of  which  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary, with  a  salary  of  six  hundred  a  year  : 


YUI 


YVO 


but  what  other  benefits  this  institution  may 
have  produced,  the  world  has  yet  to  iearn. 
Mr.  Young  became  blind  some  years  before 
his  death,  which  happened  Feb.  20th,  1820. 
His  works  are  numerous,  and  his  Travels 
amusing. —  W.  B. 

Yriarte,  Don  John  d',  a  native  of  Tene- 
riffe,  who  studied  at  Paris  and  Rouen,  and 
afterwards  became  librarian  to  the  king  of 
Spain,  at  Madrid.  He  was  also,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  extensive  learning,  made 
member  of  the  royal  Spanish  academy,  and 
interpreter  to  the  Spanish  secretary  of 
state.  He  was  author  of  a  Greek  Palaeo- 
graphia,  4to. — Miscellaneous  Works  in 
Spanish,  2  vols.  4to. — a  catalogue  of  Greek 
MSS.  in  the  Spanish  king's  library — Cata- 


logue of  Arabic  MSS.  in  the  Eseurial,  2  vols.^ 
fol.  &c.  He  died  1771,  aged  69,  much  and 
deservedly  regretted. 

YsE,  Alexander  de,  protestant  professor 
of  theology,  at  Die,  in  Dauphine,  in  the 
age  of  Lewis  XIV.  was  deprived  of  his 
ecclesiastical  honours  on  suspicion  of  fa- 
vouring the  Romish  church,  and  died  in 
retirement  in  Piedmont.  He  wrote  some 
theological  works. 

YvoN,  Peter,  a  native  of  Montauban,  in 
Languedoc,  known  as  the  follower  of  Laba- 
die.  He  accompanied  this  enthusiast  of 
Holland,  and  Middleburg,  and  acquired 
some  celebrity,  as  a  preacher  among  the 
Labadists,  and  as  a  writer,  on  mystical  sub- 
jects. 


ZAC 


Z 


lABARELLA,  Francis,  better  known  by 
the  name  of  cardinal  de  Florence,  was  a 
native  of  Padua.  He  studied  the  law  at 
Bologna,  and  then  became  professor  in  that 
science  at  Padua,  and  when  the  city  was 
besieged  by  the  Venetians  in  1406,  he  was 
deputed  as  ambassador  to  implore  the  as- 
sistance of  France.  Unable  to  succeed  in 
his  application,  he  retired  to  Florence,  and 
afterwards  was  invited  to  Rome  by  pope 
'  John  XXni.  who  not  only  appointed  him 
archbishop  of  Florence,  but  raised  him  to 
the  rank  of  cardinal,  an  J  sent  him  in  1413 
as  his  ambassador  to  the  emperor  Sigis- 
mund,  at  the  council  of  Constance.  He 
died  there  26th  Sept.  1417,  aged  78,  and  in 
respect  to  his  learning  and  virtues,  his  fune- 
ral was  attended  by  the  emperor  and  all 
the  members  of  the  council.  He  was  au- 
thor of  Commentaries  on  the  Decretals, 
&c.  6  vols,  folio — harangues — letters — Ac- 
ta in  Conciliis,  &c. 

Zabarella,  Bartholomew,  nephew  of 
the  preceding,  was  professor  of  law  at  Pa- 
dua, and  afterwards  became  archbishop  of 
Florence.  He  died  1442,  aged  46,  respect- 
ed for  his  learning  and  piety. 

Zabarella,  James,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Padua  1553,  and  died  there 
1589.  He  was  well  acquainted  with  the 
philosophy  of  Aristotle,  and  became  philo- 
sophical professor  at  Padua,  where  he  pub- 
lished Commentaries  on  Aristotle's  works, 
folio.  He  wrote  besides,  a  treatise  de  In- 
ventione  JEterni  Motoris,  4to.  &c. 

Zacagni,  Lawrence  Alexander,  a  native 
of  Rome,  who  devoted  himself  laboriously 
to  literature.  He  was  employed  in  the 
care  of  the  Vatican,  and  published  Collec- 
tanea Monumentorum  Veterum  Ecclesias 
Graecse  et  Latins,  1698.  He  died  about 
1720. 


ZAL 

Zachias,  Paul,  a  native  of  Rome,  who 
studied  medicine,  belles  lettres,  music,  and 
painting,  and  was  patronised  by  pope  Inno- 
cent X.  to  whom  he  was  physician.  He 
published  Quaestiones  Medico-Legales,  3 
vols,  folio,  1726,  Lyons — and  some  Italian 
tracts.     He  died  1659,  aged  75. 

Zatch  Leeven,  Herman,  a  native  of 
Rotterdam,  who  died  at  Utrecht,  1685,  aged 
77.  He  was  eminent  as  a  painter,  and  his 
landscapes,  in  which  he  introduces  distant 
objects  to  great  advantage,  are  much  ad- 
mired. 

Zacutus  or  Lusitanus,  a  Jewish  phy- 
sician, born  at  Lisbon.  He  studied  at  Sala- 
manca and  Coimbra,  and  took  his  medical 
degrees  at  Morvedre,  and  practised  at  Lis- 
bon, which  he  quitted  1624,  inconsequence 
of  the  edict  of  Philip  IV.  against  the  Jews. 
He  retired  to  Holland,  and  died  at  Amster- 
dam, 1641,  aged  66.  His  medical  works  in 
Latin,  were  printed  at  Lyons,  2  vols,  folio, 
1649.  His  grandfather  was  a  native  of  Sa- 
lamanca, who  became  famous  in  Portugal 
for  his  great  knowledge  of  chronology  and 
history,  on  which  he  wrote  Juchasin,  a  work 
of  Jewish  chronology  from  the  creation  to 
the  1500th  year  of  the  vulgar  era. 

Zaleucus,  a  legislator  of  Locris  in  Italy, 
B.C.  500.  He  was  so  strict  in  the  execu- 
tion of  the  laws,  that  when  his  son  was 
guilty  of  adultery,  a  crime  which  was  pu- 
nished by  the  loss  of  both  eyes,  he  caused 
one  of  his  own  eyes,  and  one  of  his  offend- 
ing son's,  to  be  put  out. 

Zaluski,  Andrew  Chrysostom,  a  native 
of  Poland,  who,  after  visiting  the  Low 
Countries,  France,  and  Italy,  took  orders, 
and  became  bishop  of  Warmia,  and  grand 
chancellor  of  Poland.  He  was  for  some 
time  ambassador  in  Spain  and  Portugal, 
and  died  1711,  aged  61.     He  was  author 


ZAN 


/.All 


of  some  Latin  letters,  which  'ai'c  valuable 
for  the  information  which  they  contain 
concerning  Poland,  and  the  rest  of  Europe. 

Zamoski,  John,  son  of  Stanislaus  Castc- 
lan,  of  Chelmc,  a  town  of  Red  Russia,  stu- 
died at  Paris  and  Padua,  lie  made  such 
progress  in  literature,  that  he  was  elected 
vector  of  Padua,  and  lie  afterwards  return- 
ed to  Poland,  Avhere  he  rose  to  honourahle 
oftices,  and  was  employed  as  ambassador 
to  France.  On  the  election  of  Stephen 
Battori  to  the  Polish  throne,  he  married  the 
new  monarch's  niece,  and  became  chancel- 
lorof  the  kingdom, and  general  of  the  Polish 
armies.  In  these  high  offices  Zamoski  be- 
haved with  judgment  and  valour ;  he  re- 
pressed the  attacks  of  Basilides,  czar  of 
Muscovy,  and  delivered  from  his  yoke  the 
provinces  of  Polesia,  Velesia,  and  Livo- 
nia. On  the  death  of  Battori,  1586,  his 
services  strongly  recommended  him  to  the 
Polish  nobles,  but  he  refused  the  crown, 
and  placed  it  on  the  head  of  Sigismund  of 
Sweden.  This  illustrious  chief,  who  de- 
served the  appellation  of  defender  of  his 
country,  and  of  protector  of  science,  died 
1605.  He  was  a  munificent  patron  of  let- 
ters, and  in  the  town  which  he  built  and 
which  bears  his  name,  he  founded  a  uni- 
versity. He  wrote  while  at  Padua,  two 
treatises  on  the  Roman  Senate — and  on 
the  Perfect  Senator. 

Zampini,  Matthew,  a  native  of  Reca- 
nati,  who  came  to  France  with  Catharine 
de  Medicis,  and  there  supported  by  his 
"writings  the  cause  of  the  league.  He  wrote 
deOrigine  et  Atavis  H.  Capeti,&c.  1581, &.c. 

Zanchius,  Basil,  an  ecclesiastic  of  Ber- 
gamo, who  died  at  Rome,  where  he  was 
employed  in  the  service  of  the  Vatican 
1560.  He  wrote  Latin  poems — Poetical 
Dictionary,  &c. 

Zanchius,  Jerome,  a  native  of  Alzano, 
■who  entered  in  the  congregation  of  the  La- 
teran  canons.  He  embraced  the  tenets  of 
the  protestants  by  the  conversation  of  Peter 
the  Martyr,  who  was  of  the  same  establish- 
ment, and  afraid  of  persecution,  be  retired, 
1553,  to  Strasburg,  where  he  taught  divini- 
ty and  the  philosophy  of  Aristotle.  He 
quitted  Strasburg  in  1563,  for  Chiavene, 
and  in  1568  removed  to  Heidelberg,  where 
he  was  appointedprofessor  of  theology,  and 
where  he  died  19th  Nov.  1590.  He  was 
author  of  Commentaries  on  St.  Paul's  Epis- 
tles, and  other  works,  published  together  at 
Geneva,  in  8  vols,  folio,  1613.  In  his  cha- 
racter he  was  a  man  of  moderation,  learn- 
ed, benevolent,  and  pious. 

Zannichelli,  John  Jerome,  a  native 
of  Modena,  who  became  distinguished  as  a 
physician.  He  died  11th  Jan.  1729,  at  the 
age  of  67,  at  Venice,  where  he  had  settled, 
and  practised  with  great  celebrity.  He 
wrote  Catalogus  Plantarum  Terrestrium, 
Marinarum,  &c.  17ll--Promptuarium  Re- 


mediorum  Chymicorum,  8vo. — do  Myrio- 
philloPelagico — Lithographia  duorumMon- 
tium  V  eronensium,  kc. — de  Rusco  ejusquc 
Praiparationc,  8vo.— Opuscula  Botanica, 
4to.— History  of  Plants  ;iear  Venice,  folio. 
His  labours  in  botanical  researches  were 
improved  by  his  son  John  James,  who  also 
was  a  man  of  erudition. 

Zannoni,  James,  a  physician  of  Bo- 
logna, who  acquired  great  celebrity  as  a 
botanist.  He  added  several  curious  plants 
to  the  catalogue  of  botany,  and  published 
Historia  Botanica,  fol.  1675 — Raiiorum 
Stirpmm  Historia,  folio.  He  died  about 
1682. 

Zanotti,  John  Peter,  a  native  of  Paris, 
known  as  an  eminent  painter.  He  studied 
at  Bologna,  where  his  picture  of  St.  Tho- 
mas is -much  admired.  He  wrote  the  life 
of  his  master  Pasinelli. 

Zanotti,  Francis  Maria  Garazzoni,  a 
native  of  Bologna,  educated  among  the  Je- 
suits. After  studying  the  law  for  some 
time,  he  applied  himself  to  mathematics 
under  Beccari,  and  became  mathematical 
professor  at  Bologna,  and  secretary  to  the 
senate.  He  introduced  the  study  of  the 
Newtonian  philosophy  in  the  university  in- 
stead of  the  system  of  Des  Cartes,  and  ac- 
quired such  respectability  as  a  professor, 
that  he  was  in  1766  made  president  of  the 
institution,  of  which  he  had  been  for  some 
years  librarian.  Besides  two  catalogues 
of  the  library  of  the  institute,  he  published 
some  poetical  and  philosophical  works, 
and  died  1777,  aged  85. 

Zanzalus,  James,  an  obscure  monk  of 
the  sixth  century,  became  founder  of  the 
sect  of  the  Jacobites,  who  consider  the  per- 
fection of  the  Gospel  to  be  the  strict  ob- 
servance of  fasts.  They  circumcise  chil- 
dren, and  acknowledge  one  nature  and 
person  only,  in  our  Saviour,  and  reject  the 
union  of  the  divine  and  human  nature  in 
his  body. 

Zapolski,  John  de,  Vaivode  of  Tran- 
sylvania, was  in  consequence  of  his  valour 
and  services,  elected  king  of  Hungary 
1526,  after  the  death  of  Lewis  II.  He  was 
opposed  by  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  and  sup- 
ported by  Solyman  II.  and  at  last  he  di- 
vided the  kingdom  with  his  rival  1536,  and 
died  four  years  after. 

Zappi,  John  Baptist  Felix,  a  native  of 
Imola,  who  cultivated  the  profession  of  the 
law  with  success  at  Rome.  He  became 
acquainted  with  Carlo  Maratti,  whose 
daughter  he  married,  and  from  his  fond- 
ness for  literature  he  became  one  of  those 
who  established  the  academy  degli  Arcadi 
at  Rome.  He  died  at  Rome  1719,  aged 
52.  Some  of  his  verses  have  been  pub- 
lished. 

Zarate,  Augustin  de,  a  Spaniard  sent 
to  Peru,  1543,  as  treasurer-general  of  the 
Indies.     He  aftenvards  was  employed  in 

839 


ZEN 


Zlt 


the  Low  Countries,  and  in  the  Mint.  ,  He 
published  History  of  the  Discovery  and 
Conquest  of  Peru,  a  work  of  merit,  best 
edited  at  Antwerp,  8vo.  1555,  and  trans- 
lated into  French^  2  vols.  8vo.  1700,  Paris, 
and  Amsterdam. 

Zarlino,  Joseph,  of  Chioggia,  in  the 
Venetian  territory,  wrote  with  great  skill 
and  judgment  on  music.  His  works  have 
appeared  in  4  vols.  fol.  1589,  and  1602,  at 
Venice,  where  he  died,  1599. 

Zazius,  Hulric,  a  native  of  Constance, 
known    for    his  abilities  as    professor    of 
law.     He  died  at  Friburg,  1539,  aged  74. 
He  wrote  Epitome  in  Usus  Feudales — In- 
tellectus  Legum  Singulares,  &c. 

Zechariah,  one  of  the  minor  prophets, 
was  son  of  Barachias,  the  son  of  Addo,  and 
prophesied  in  tae  reign  of  Darius  Hys- 
taspes.  He  encouraged  his  countrymen  in 
the  rebuilding  of  the  temple,  and  he  speaks 
in  such  plain  terms  of  the  Messiah,  that  his 
language  appears  more  the  language  of  a 
historian,  than  of  a  prophet. 

Zegedin,  Stephen,  a  native  of  Zegedin, 
in  Lower  Hungary,  was  one  of  the  first  dis- 
ciples of  Luther.  He  was  taken  prisoner 
by  the  Turks,  who  treated  him  with  great 
inhumanity,  and  on  his  liberation  he 
became  minister  of  Buda.  He  died  at 
Keven  1572,  aged  67.  He  wrote  Specu- 
lum Romanorum  Pontific.  Historicum, 
8vo. — Tabulae  Analyticae  in  Prophetas,  &c. 
fol. — Assertio  de  Trinitate,  8vo. 
.  Zeiller,  Martin,  a  native  of  Styria, 
who  became  inspector  of  the  schools  in 
Gerrr^any,  and  died  at  Ulm,  1661,  aged  73. 
He  was  author  of  Itinerary  of  Germany — 
Topography  of  Bavaria — of  Suabia  —  of 
Alsace,  &.c, 

Zell,  Ulric,  a  native  of  Hanau,  emi- 
nent as  a  printer  at  Cologne.  His  treatise 
of  St.  Augustin  de  Vita  Christ,  et  de  Sin- 
gularit.  Christ,  appeared  1477. 

Zelotti,  John  Baptist,  a  painter  of 
Verona,  the  pupil  of  Titian.  He  distin- 
guished hmiself  by  the  beauty  of  his  co- 
louring, the  accuracy  of  his  figures,  and  the 
elegant  simplicity  of  his  designs.  He  died 
1592,  aged  60. 

Zeno,  the  founder  of  the  stoic  philo- 
sophy, was  a  native  of  Citium,  in  Cyprus. 
His  school  was  one  of  the  porticoes  of 
Athens,  whence  the  name  of  his  sect.  He 
defended  suicide,  and  the  principle  of  fatal 
necessity.     He  died  B.C.  264. 

Zeno,  the  Isaurian,  emperor  of  the 
East,  married  Ariadne,  the  daughter  of 
Leo  I.,  and  died  491,  detested  for  his  cru- 
elty, avarice,  and  debauchery. 

Zeno,  Apostolo,  a  native  of  Venice,  of 
illustrious  birth.  He  early  applied  himself 
to  literary  pursuits,  and  in  1696  established 
the  academy  of  Animosi,  in  his  native 
country,  and  in  1710,  began  to  publish  that 
"""Till-known  work  called  the  Giornale  de 
840 


Literati,  which  he  continued  in  thirty  vol«. 
to  1719.  He  afterwards  went  to  reside  at 
Vienna,  at  the  invitation  of  the  emperor 
Charles  VL  to  whom  he  was  appointed 
poet  and  historiographer.  After  a  resi- 
dence of  10  years,  during  which  he  wrote 
several  plays,  for  the  entertainment  of  the 
imperial  family,  he  quitted  Vienna  to  return 
to  Venice,  and  was  succeeded  in  his  ap- 
pointments by  Metastasio.  This  learned 
man,  who  was  respected  not  only  by  his 
own  countrymen,  but  by  the  literati  of  the 
age,  died  at  Venice  11th  Nov.  1750,  aged 
81.  His  works  have  been  printed  in  10 
vols.  8vo.  in  Italian,  1744,  and  contain  63 
poems,  either  tragedies,  comedies,  or  pas- 
toral. He  wrote  besides  some  tracts  on 
antiquarian  subjects — Dissertations  on 
Vossius,  3  vols.  8vo. — Letters — Disserta- 
tion on  Italian  Historians,  2  vols.  4to.  &c. 
Though  a  popular  poet  among  the  Italians, 
his  pieces  exhibit  much  confusion  of  plot, 
and  unnecessary  episodes,  but  his  inven- 
tion is  striking,  his  delineations  strong,  and 
his  dialogues  spirited  and  interesting.  He 
is  compared  by  the  French  to  Corneille, 
and  his  successor,  Metastasio,  to  Racine. 

Zenobia,  queen  of  Palmyra,  wife  of 
Odenatus,  was  honoured  by  the  Romans 
with  the  imperial  title  of  Augusta.  She  de- 
rives not  a  little  glory  from  her  patronage 
of  Longinus  the  celebrated  critic.  She 
was  attacked  by  Aurelian  the  Roman  em- 
peror, who  was  jealous  of  her  power,  and 
she  fell  into  the  hands  of  her  conqueror, 
and  died  in  privacy  near  Rome. 

Zefhaniah,  one  of  the  twelve  minor 
prophets  in  the  reign  of  king  Josiah,  624 
B.C.  He  foretold  the  destruction  of  Ni- 
neveh, and  exhorted  his  countrymen  to  re- 
pentance. 

ZERnBBABEL,  soH  of  Salathicl,  was 
permitted  by  Cyrus,  whose  good  opinion  he 
had  obtained,  to  rebuild  the  temple  of  Je- 
rusalem. He  adorned  the  new  edifice  with 
the  vessels  which  had  been  plundered  from 
the  former  temple  and  carried  to  Babylon, 
and  the  dedication  took  place  515  B.C. 

Zeuxis,  a  celebrated  painter  of  He- 
raclea.  His  best  piece  was  said  to  be  a 
picture  of  Helen.  His  dispute  about  pre- 
eminence with  Parrhasius  is  well  known. 
He  flourished  about  350  B.C. 

ZiANi,  Sebastian,  doge  of  Venice,  is  ce- 
lebrated for  his  munificent  labours,  in  em- 
bellishing his  native  city  with  the  most 
splendid  edifices,  and  adorning  them  with 
the  best  productions  of  arts.  He  flou- 
rished at  the  end  of  the  12th  century. 

ZiEGLER,  James,  professor  of  theology 
and  mathematics  at  Vienna,  was  born  at 
Lindau  in  Swabia,  and  died  1549.  He  was 
author  of  Notes  on  some  Passages  of  Scrip- 
ture, fol. — Description  of  the  Holy  Laml, 
fol.1536 — de  ConstructioneSolidge,Spherae, 
4to.  a  Commentary  onPliny's  secondBook. 


ZIM 


/IN 


ZiRGLER,  Caspar,  a  native  of  Lcipsic, 
professor  of  law  at  Wittembcrg,  where  be 
died  1690,  aged  09.  He  wrote  dc  Milite 
Episcopo — de  Diiicoiiis,  &c. — dc  Clero — de 
Episcopis — Critical  Notes  on  Grotius  de 
Belli  et  Pacis  Jure,  &.c. 

ZiEGLER,  Bernard,  a  native  of  Misnia, 
professor  of  theology  at  Leipsic.  He  uas 
mueh  esteemed  by  Luther  and  Melancthon, 
whose  doctrines  he  ahly  supported.  He 
died  1556,  aged  60.  He  wrote  some  theo- 
logical works  now  little  read. 

ZiETTEN,   John  Joachim  Van,  a  native 
of  Worstrau,   in  the  circle  of  Rupin,   dis- 
tinguished as  an  officer  in  the  Prussian  ser- 
vice.       He  lost  his  first  commission    for 
challenging  his  superior  officer,  but  his  me- 
rits recommended  him  to  the  king,  and  as 
captain  of  Hussars  he  rendered  his  com- 
pany the  best  disciplined  in  the  army.     In 
the  campaign  of  1745,  his  valour  was  par- 
ticularly   displayed,  and  though  disgraced 
for  a  while  by  the  intrigues  of  general  Von 
AV'interfeldt,  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieute- 
nant-general, and  commanded  the  admira- 
tion of  the  king,  and  of  the  Prussian  army, 
at  the  siege  of  Prague,  the  battle   of  Lig- 
nitz,   and  the  storming  of   Torgau.      He 
died  in  retirement,   universally  regretted, 
1786,  aged  87.      He  was  of  small   stature, 
but  the  powers  of  the  mind,  and  the  good- 
rtess  of  the  heart,  atoned  for  the  deficien- 
cies of  nature. 

ZiMMERMANN,  Matthias,  a  native  of  Epe- 
ries,  who  became  protestant  minister  at 
Meissen,  and  died  1689,  aged  64.  He 
published  a  Dissertation  on  a  Passage  in 
Tertullian — Florilegium  Philologico-Histo- 
ricum,  4to. — Amoenitates  Historiaj  Ecclesi- 
astics', 4to. 

ZiMMERMANN,  John  Gcorgc,  an  eminent 
physician,  born  at  Brug  in  the  canton  of 
Berne,  8th  Dec.  1728.  He  studied  medi- 
cine at  Gottingen  under  Haller,  in  Holland 
under  Gaubius,  and  at  Paris  under  Senac, 
and  acquired  distinction  by  his  profession, 
and  more  by  his  writings.  He  was  noticed 
by  the  king  of  Prussia,  and  appointed,  by 
the  regency  of  Hanover,  physician  to  the 
king  of  England.  In  the  latter  part  of  life 
he  gave  way  to  melancholy,  and  his  infirmi- 
ties were  increased  by  the  insanity  of  his 
son,  and  the  death  of  a  beloved  daughter 
who  expired  in  his  arms.  He  died  7th  Oct. 
1795,  aged  66.  He  wrote  a  poem  on  the 
Destruction  of  Lisbon  by  the  Earthquake, 
1755 — and  Physiological  Dissertation  on  Ir- 
ritability— an  Essay  on  Solitude,  1756, 
translated  into  French  and  English — an  Es- 
say on  National  Pride,  1758.  His  life  was 
"ivritten  by  his  friend  Tissot. 

ZiMMERMANN,  Ebcrhard  Augustus  Wil- 
liam Von,  a  learned  German,  was  born  in 
1743  at  Uelzen,  where  his  father  was  super- 
intendent. He  received  his  education  first 
at  Gottingen,  and  next  at  Leyden  ;  after 


^  OL.  IT. 


106 


which  he  became  professor  of  natural  philo- 
sophy in  the  Caroline  college  at  Brunswick. 
His  first  work  was  a  treatise  on  the  analysis 
of  Curves,  and  in  1777  he  pul)li.shcd  "  Spe- 
cimen Zoologiae,"  the  outline  of  his  "  Geo- 
graphical History  of  Man  and  Quadrupeds," 
3  vols.     He    visited   Englan<l  three  times, 
and  printed   here  in    1787   his    *'  Political 
Survey  of  the   present  State  of  Europe." 
The   French  revolution  made  a  strong  im- 
pression  upon   the  mind  of  Zimmermann, 
and  he  warned  his  countrymen  of  the  evils 
which  they  would  suffer  from  it.     For  this 
he  was  ennobled  by  the  emperor  Leopold. 
After  this  he  published  several  geographical 
works,  but  one  of  his  best  was  a   "  General 
Survey  of  France  and  of  the  United  States 
of  America,"  2   vols.     In    1806    Zimmer- 
mann left   Brunswick,  and  went  to  Ham- 
burgh, but  afterwards  he  returned  to  the 
former  city,  and  died  there  July  4,  1815. — 
IV.  B. 

ZiNEK,  Christian  Frederic,  a  native  of 
Dresden,  who  Studied  painting  in  England 
under  Boil,  1706.  He  chiefly  excelled  in 
enamel  painting,  and  his  portraits  of  the 
royal  family  of  England  possessed  great 
merit.     He  died  1767,  aged  83. 

ZiNGHA,  queen  of  Angola,  was  sister  to 
Gola  Bendi  the  king  of  the  country,  who 
sacrificed  all  his  family  to  his  fears  or  cruel- 
ty. Zingha  escaping  from  the  persecution 
of  her  brother,  ascended  the  throne  at  his 
death,  but  was  soon  after  dispossessed  by 
the  Portuguese.  She  afterwards  retired 
among  a  savage  nation  in  the  interior  of  Af- 
rica, where  she  obtained  the  sovereignty, 
and  in  her  old  age  expressed  a  wish  to  be 
converted  to  Christianity.  She  died  Dec. 
1664,  aged  82. 

ZiNZENDORF,  Nicholas  Lewis,  count,  of 
an  ancient  family  originally   from  Austria, 
was  son  of  the  chamberlain  of  the  king  of 
Poland.     He  is  celebrated  as  the  founder  of 
the  sect  called  Hernhaters,  or  Moravians, 
which  first  began  at  Bai'telsdorf  in  Upper 
Lusatia,  1722.     The  place  where  these  vi- 
sionaries, who  called   themselves  the  bre- 
thren,met  together,was  a  forest, which  soon 
grew  into  a   large  village,  and  received  the 
name  of  Hernhuth,  and  their  doctrines  were 
rapidly  spread  through  Bohemia  and  Mora- 
via.    Some  of  them  came  to  England,  and 
by  the  patronage  of  general  Oglethorpe  and 
others,  they  obtained  an  act  of  parliament 
for  the  protection  of  their  sect.     Their  go- 
vernment is  patriarchal ;  they  consider  the 
purest  precepts   of  the  gospel  as  the  best 
guides  of  their  conduct ;  their  morals  are 
irreproachable  ;  and  in  their  mutual  support 
of  each  other,  display  the  noblest  virtues  of 
the  Christian  doctrine.     The  have,  how- 
ever, been  accused  by  some,  according  to 
Cevenna,  of  impure  conduct,  and  they  are 
charged  with  the  gross  crime  of  having  a 
community  of  wives-     Zinzendorf  died  9^ 


ZOE 


ZOR 


Hernhutli,  1660,  aged  60,  and  was  succeed- 
ed in  the  government  of  the  sect  by  count 
de  Dohna.  His  life  has  been  written  in 
German  by  Augustus  Spangenberg,  8  vols. 
Svo.  1777,  and  is  full  of  curious  and  inte- 
resting particulars. 

ZiNZERLiNG,  Justus,  a  learned  antiqua- 
rian of  Holland  in  the  l7th  century.  He 
published  Criticorum  Juvenilium  Promulsio 
— Jodici  Sinceri  Itinerarium  Galliae  cum 
Appendice  de  Burdegala,  a  curious  and  in- 
teresting work,  &c. 

ZiSKA  or  ZiscA,  John  de  Troeznou,  a 
native  of  Bohemia.  He  early  embraced  the 
military  profession  and  lost  one  of  his  eyes 
in  a  battle,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was 
called  Ziska.  He  placed  himself  at  the  head 
of  the  Hussites  who  wished  to  avenge  the 
death  of  their  leader  John  Huss  ;  and  on 
the  decease  of  Wenceslaus  king  of  Bohemia 
in  1414,  he  opposed  the  claims  of  the  em- 
peror Sigismund  to  the  throne.  Though  he 
lost  his  other  eye  by  an  arrow  at  the  siege 
of  Rabi,  he  continued  the  war,  and  he  de- 
feated his  enemies  at  the  battle  of  Aussig  on 
the  Elbe,  and  became  master  of  Bohemia, 
which  he  laid  ■waste  with  fire  and  sv/ord. 
Alarmed  by  the  astonishing  success  of  this 
vigorous  leader,  Sigismund  sent  ambassa- 
dors to  him  to  offer  him  the  government  of 
Bohemia  on  the  most  honourable  condi- 
tions ;  but  during  the  negotiations,  he  fell 
a  victim  to  the  plague,  which  began  to  ra- 
vage the  country.  This  happened  in  1424, 
and  an  honourable  epitaph,  describing  his 
virtues  and  services,  was  placed  on  Ms 
tomb,  which,  however,  was  disgracefully 
erased  by  the  soldiers  of  Ferdinand  II.  1619. 
The  report  that  he  ordered  his  skin  to  be 
tanned,  and  to  be  used  as  a  drum  to  animate 
his  soldiers,  is  false. 

ZiziM,  or  Zem,  son  of  Mahomet  II.  and 
brother  of  Bajazet,  was  made  governor  of 
Lycaonia.  On  the  death  of  his  father,  he 
disputed  the  throne  of  the  Ottomans  with 
his  brother  Bajazet,  but  being  defeated,  he 
fled  to  Egypt,  and  afterwards  passed 
through  Cilicia  and  Rhodes  to  France, 
where  he  claimed  the  protection  of  Charles 
VIII.  He  was  afterwards  delivered  into 
the  hands  of  the  pope  by  the  French  king  ; 
but  though  demanded  on  the  most  flatter- 
ing conditions  by  Bajazet,  who  wished  to 
put  him  to  death,  he  was  kept  a  prisoner  at 
Rome,  where  he  died  1497,  as  it  is  said  by 
poison. 

ZoE,  fourth  wife  of  the  emperor  Leo  VI. 
was  mother  of  Constantine  Porphyrogeni- 
tus,  during  whose  minority,  912,  she  go- 
verned with  great  wisdom  and  firmness. 
She  crushed  the  rebellion  of  Constantine 
Ducas,  and  after  making  peace  with  the  Sa- 
racens, she  obliged  the  Bulgarians  to  return 
to  their  country.  Though  thus  entitled  to 
the  gratitude  of  her  son,  and  the  admiration 
of  the  people,  she  "was  overpowered  by  the 
5^42 


intrigues  of  the  courtiers,  and  retired  to  a 
private  station,  and  died  in  exile. 

ZoE,  daughter  of  Constantine  XI.  was 
born  978.     She  married  Argyrus,  who  as- 
cended the  throne   after  her   father  ;  but 
disgusted,   from    the   most  licentious   mo- 
tives, with  her  husband,  she  caused  him  to 
be  strangled,  and  placed  on  the  throne  Mi- 
chael the  Paphlagonian,  a  goldsmith,  whom 
she  married.     She  was  afterwards  confined 
in  a  monastery,  and  after  Michael's  death, 
she  took  for  her  third  husband,  in  her  64th 
year,     Constantino    Monomachus.       This 
cruel  and   debauched  princess  died  eight 
years  after,    1050. — Another,   daughter  of 
Stylian,    married    the   emperor  Leo,    sur- 
named  the  Philosopher,  and  died  21  months 
after,  893. 

ZoiLus,  a  rhetorician  of  Amphipolis  in 
Thrace,  who  criticised  so  severely  the 
poems  of  Homer,  that  he  was  called  Ho- 
meromastix,  and  his  name  is  reproachfully 
applied  to  all  illiberal  critics.  He  flourished 
B.C.  270. 

ZoLLiKOPER,  George  Joachim,  a  native 
of  Switzerland,  educated  at  Bremen  and 
Utrecht.  He  settled  in  the  Pays  de  Vaud, 
and  afterwards  went  to  Monstein  in  the 
Grisons,  and  then  to  Isenberg,  andtoLeip- 
sic,  where  he  was  distinguished  as  an  able 
divine  among  the  protestants.  He  died 
1758,  aged  28,  author  of  a  book  of  devo- 
tions— two  volumes  of  sermons,  translated 
into  English,  &c. 

ZoNARAS,  John,  a  Greek  historian.  He 
held  offices  of  distinction  at  the  court  of 
Constantinople  ;  but  at  last,  tired  with  the 
world,  he  assumed  the  habit  of  a  monk,  and 
died  in  a  monastery  in  the  beginning  of  the 
12th  century.  He  wrote  Annals  from  the 
Creation  of  the  World  to  the  year  1118,  a 
work  of  little  merit,as  the  compilation  of  an 
ignorant  and  credulous  monk.  He  closely 
copies  Dio  Cassius,  though  in  the  affairs  of 
his  own  times,  he  mentions  facts  nowhere 
else  to  be  found.  He  wrote  also  Commen- 
taries on  the  Apostolic  Canons. 

ZoNEA,  Victor,  an  Italian  mathematician 
in  the  17th  century.  His  inventions  and 
improvements  in  mechanics  were  many  and 
valuable,  and  of  them  he  published  an  ac- 
count called  Novo  Teatro  di  Machine  ed 
Edificii,  Padua,  1621,  folio. 

Zoppo,  Mark,  a  native  of  Bologna,  the 
disciple  and  imitator  of  Andrew  Mantagne, 
in  historical  and  portrait  painting.  He  died 
1517,  aged  66. 

ZoPYRUs,  a  Persian  noble,  one  of  the 
seven  who  destroyed  the  usurper  Smerdis. 
To  obtain  possession  of  Babylon  for  Darius 
he  mangled  his  body,  and  thus  gained  the 
confidence  of  the  Babylonians,  after  which 
he  betrayed  the  town  to  his  countrymen. 
Zoroaster,  an  ancient  philosopher,  the 
founder  or  the  reformer  of  the  religion  of 
the  Magi.     Some  call  him  king  of  the  Bac- 


-zou 


ZUl 


Irians,  and  others  place  hiin  in  the  age  of 
Abraham.  As  the  head  of  a  religious  sect 
among  the  Persians,  he  taught  his  folloAvers 
the  practice  of  benevolence,  as  he  declared 
that  nothing  could  be  more  acceptable  to 
heaven  than  mutual  affection  and  the  dis- 
play of  philanthropy.  The  book  which  con- 
tains his  religious  tenets,  and  which  is  di- 
vided into  100  articles,  has  been  made 
known  to  Europeans  by  the  researches  of 
M.  Anquetil,  who  has  published  a  transla- 
tion of  it  in  2  vols.  4to. 

ZosiMUs,  St.  a  Greek,  who  became  pope 
after  Innocent  I.  417,  and  died  the  follow- 
ing year.  Sixteen  of  his  letters  are  pre- 
served. 

ZosiMUS,  author  of  a  Greek  history  of 
the  Roman  emperors  to  his  own  times, 
flourished  in  the  fifth  century.  Of  his 
works,  only  the  five  first  books,  and  part  of 
the  sixth,  are  extant ;  best  edited  at  Ox- 
ford, 1679,  Svo.  and  by  Cellarius,  1696. 
His  work  is  written  with  elegance,  but  not 
always  with  fidelity,  and  he  is  very  severe 
against  the  Christians. 

ZoucH,  Richard,  a  native  of  Ansley, 
Wiltshire,  educated  at  Winchester  school, 
and  New  college,  Oxford.  He  studied  the 
law,  and  afterwards  became  an  advocate  in 
Doctors'  Commons,  chancellor  of  Oxford 
diocess,  principal  of  Alban  hall,  and  judge 
of  the  admiralty  court.  He  wrote  Cases 
and  Questions  resolved  in  the  Civil  Law, 
Svo.  1652 — Vindication  of  the  Jurisdiction 
of  the  Admiralty  of  England  against  sir 
Edward  Coke,  a  work  of  merit,  and  other 
tracts  on  jurisprudence,  and  died  1660. 

ZoucH,  Thomas,  a  learned  divine,  was 
born  in  1737,  at  Sandal,  near  Wakefield,  in 
Yorkshire,  and  educated  at  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  where  he  was  chosen  fellow  in 
1763.  In  1770  he  was  presented  to  the 
rectory  of  Wycliffe,  in  his  native  county  ; 
in  1793  instituted  to  that  of  Scrayingham, 
and  in  1805  collated  to  a  prebend  in  the 
cathedral  of  Durham,  on  which  occasion 
he  took  his  doctor's  degree.  In  1808  he 
was  offered  the  bishopric  of  Carlisle,  which 
he  declined  on  account  of  his  age.  He 
died  in  1816.  His  works  are,  1.  The 
Crucifixion,  a  Seaton  prize  poem.  2. 
An  Inquiry  into  the  prophetic  character  of 
the  Romans,  as  described  by  Daniel.  3. 
The  good  Schoolmaster,  exemplified  in 
the  character  of  the  Rev.  John  Clarke.  4. 
Memoir  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  4to.  5.  Me- 
moir of  John  Sudbury,  dean  of  Durham, 
4to.  6.  An  edition  of  Izaac  Walton's 
"Love  and  Truth."  7.  Another  of  that 
writer's  Lives  of  Donne,  Wotton,  Hooker, 
Herbert,  and  Sanderson.  Dr.  Zouch  also 
left  a  manuscript  memoir  of  sir  George 
■\\Tieler,  which  is  now  in  the  press. — W.B. 
ZousT,  Gerard,  a  German,  particularly 
distinguished  as  a  portrait  painter.  He 
lived  for  some  years  in  London,  where  Ri- 


ley was  his  pupil,  and  died  1081.      He  wa  - 
happy  in  his  male  figures,  but  he  was  too 
faithful  a  copier  of  nature,  nays   (i ranger.  ' 
to  be  much  in  vogue  among  the  ladies.     1  Ij- 
highest  price  was  3/.  a  head. 

ZuBLY,  John  Joachim,  D.I),  was  a  native 
of  Switzerland.       He   came    to    America, 
and  took  charge  of  the  presbyterian  church 
in  Savannah,  Georgia,  abouttheyear  1760. 
He  not  only  preached  in  that  dntrch  in  the 
English  language,  but  also  in   one   neigh- 
bouring congregation   in  German,  and   in 
another  in  French.     He  was  a  member  of 
the  provincial  congress  of  Georgia  in  177r>, 
but  as  he  took   the  side  of  opposition  to 
American   independence,  he   incurred  the 
frowns  of  a  majority  of  his  fellow-citizens, 
and  became,  for  the  remainder  of  his  life, 
less  happy  and  less  useful.     He  was  a  man 
of  strong  mind,  of  great  learning,  and  of 
eminent   piety.      His   evangelical    labours 
were  zealous,  disinterested,  unwearied,  and 
at  one  period  extensively  useful.     The  few 
and   small  publications  which  he  made,  do 
honour  to  his  memory.     He  died  in  Savan- 
nah   in   1781,  at  an   advanced  age.     The. 
degree  of  doctor  of  divinity  was  conferred 
upon  him  by  the  college  at  Princeton,  in  the 
year  1774.  ICJ^  L. 

ZuccHERO,  Taddeo,  a  painter,  born  1520 
at  San-Aguolo-Invado,  in  the  dutchy  of 
Uxbino.  He  was  noticed  by  cardinal  Far- 
nese,who  granted  him  a  pension,  but  his  in- 
dependence produced  dissipated  habits,  and 
hastened  his  end.  He  died  1566.  His 
pieces  are  much  admired,  though  his  figures 
exhibit  little  variety  in  the  features,  and  de- 
serve censure  for  the  stiffness  observable 
in  the  hands  and  feet. 

ZuccHERO,  Frederic,  brother  to  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  in  the  dutchy  of  Urbino, 
and  died   at  Ancona  1609,  aged  63.     He 
studied  under  his  brother,  and  afterward.s 
settled  at  Rome,  where  he  was  patronised 
by  pope  Gregory  XIII.     In  consequence  of 
a  dispute  with  some  of  the   officers  of  the 
pope's  household,  he  drew  a  picture  of  ca- 
lumny, in  which  he  represented  the  features 
of  his  enemies  with  ass's  ears,  and  in  such 
a   correct  manner  that  they  could   not  be 
mistaken,  and  this  so  highly  offended  the 
sovereign  pontiff'  that  he  was  obliged  to  fly 
from   Rome.     After  visiting  France,  Hol- 
land, England,  and   Spain,  he  returned  to 
Italy,  and  was  honoured  with   the  title  of 
knight  by  the  Venetian  republic,  and  after- 
wards invited  to  Rome,  and  placed  at  the 
head  of  an  academy  of  painting,  with  the 
title  of  prince.      His  pieces  are  much  ad- 
mired, though   there  appears  a  stiffness  in 
his   figures,  and  though  his  draperies  are 
not  executed  with  taste  and  judgment.   He 
w^as  also  eminent  as  a  good  architect  and 
sculptor. 

ZuiNGLius,  Ulricas,  a  zealous  reformer- 
born  at  Wildehr»usen  in  Switzerland  14S7 

843 


ZUi 


ZWI 


He  studied  the  learned  languages  at  Basil 
and  Berne,  and  applied  himself  to  philoso- 
phy at  Vienna,  and  took  his  degree  of  D.D. 
at  Basil  1505.     For  ten  years  he  acquired 
popularity  as  public  preacher,  at  Claris,  and 
in  1516  he  was  invited  to  Zurich  to  under- 
take the  office  of  minister.     The   tenets 
of  Luther,  which  were  now  propagated  in 
Germany,  encouraged  the   Swiss  preacher 
to  oppose  the  sale  of  indulgencies,  and  to 
regard  them  as  impositions   from  the  court 
of  Rome   upon  the   superstitious  credulity 
of  the  people.     Undaunted  in  the  publica- 
tion of  his  opinions,   he   continued  to  in- 
crease the  number  of  his  adherents,  and  in 
1523   he    assembled   the   senate    and  the 
clergy   of   Zurich,    and   presented   before 
them  in  67  propositions  the  minute  arti- 
cles of  his  faith.     Though  opposed  by  the 
bishop  of  Constance,    his  doctrines  were 
adopted  by  the  full  senate,  and  he  was  ex- 
horted to  preach  the  word  of  God,  whilst 
all  pastors  were  forbidden  to  teach    any 
thing  but   what   could  be   proved   by  the 
Gospel.     Another  synod  still  more  power- 
fully favoured  the  cause  of  Zuinglius  and 
ef  truth,  images   and  reliques   were    re- 
moved  from  churches,   processions   were 
forbidden,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  out- 
ward worship  and  ceremonies  of  the  church 
of  Rome  was  abolished.     While,  however, 
successful  in  the  establishment  of  bis  doc- 
trines in  the   canton    of  Zurich,  Zuinglius 
met   with  violent  opposition  in  the  other 
members   of  the  Swiss   confederacy,  and 
after  the   fruitless   conferences   of  Baden 
between  CEcolampadius  on  the  part  of  Zu- 
yieh,  and  of  Eckius  on  the  part  of  the  ca- 
tholics, both  sides   had  recourse   to  arms. 
In  one  of  the  first  encounters  the  great 
champion   of  the  reformation   was   slain, 
11th   Oct.   1531.     As   a  leader   Zuinglius 
displayed  great  firmness,  deep  learning,  and 
astonishing   presence   of  mind.      Though 
he  opposed  the  doctrines  of  the  Romish 
church,  he  greatly  differed  from  the  Ger- 
man reformer,  and  each  unhappily  paid  lit- 
tle respect  to  the  opinions   of  the  other. 
His  followers  continued  to  increase,   and 
in  bearing  his  name  they  maintained  doc- 
trines on  original  sin,  and  on  grace,  which 
were   rejected  by  the  other  seceders  from 
the    jurisdiction  of  Rome.     According  to 
Zuinglius,  salvation  was  extended  not  only 
to  infants,  who  died  before  baptism,  but  to 
heathens   of   a  virtuous   and    moral  life. 
Some   alterations  were   afterwards  intro- 
duced by  Calvin,  by  Beza,  and  others,  but 
whilst  the  proselytes  to  these  new  opinions 
acquired  the  name  of  Calvinists  in  France, 
and  in  other  parts  of  Europe,  the  Zuing- 
lians  who  firmly  adhered  to   the  tenets  of 
their  founder  assumed   the  appellation  of 
Saeramentarians.     The  works   of  Zuing- 
lius, as  a  controversialist  were  respectable, 
844 


chiefly  written  in  German,  and  were  com- 
prehended in  4  vols.  fol. 

ZuMBo,  Gaston  John,  a  sculptor,  born 
at  Syracuse  1656.  He  resided  for  some  ^ 
time  at  Rome,  and  then  at  Florence,  where 
he  was  much  noticed  by  the  grand  duke  of 
Tuscany.  He  afterwards  went  to  Genoa, 
and  then  passed  to  Paris,  where  he  died 
1701.  The  best  of  his  pieces  are  a  nativity, 
and  a  descent  from  the  cross. 

Zur-Lacben,  Beat  de,  a  native   of  Va- 
lais,  known  as  an  able  negotiator,  from  the 
canton  of  Zug,  at  the  court  of  Lewis  XHL 
He  was  highly  honoui'ed  for  his  services  by 
his  countrymen^  and   called  the  father  of 
his  country,  and  the  pillar  of  religion.     He 
died  1663,  aged  66.     He  wrote  an  account 
of  his  negotiations.     His  eldest  son  of  the 
same  name,  was   engaged  in  the  military 
affairs    of   his  country,  and  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Vilmergen,  against 
the  Bernese.     He  died  at  Zug  1690,  aged 
74.     A   nephew   of  the   preceding,  of  the 
same  name,    displayed   his   knowledge  of 
war  at  the  head  of  the  French  armies,  and 
contributed   much   to   the  victory  of  Ner- 
winde.     He  died  at  Ulm,  21st  Sept.  1704, 
aged  48,  in  consequence  of  seven  wounds, 
which  he   had  received  at   the  battle   of 
Hochstet. 

ZusTRUs,  Lambert,  a  painter  of  merit, 
the  pupil  of  Schwarts,  and  df  Titian.  The 
best  of  his  pieces  is  the  rape  of  Proser- 
pine preserved  at  Paris. 

ZwiCKER,  Daniel,  a  Socinian,  who  at- 
tempted to  reconcile  the  discordant  sects 
among  the  protestants  by  the  publication 
of  his  Irenicon  Irenicorum,  a  work  which 
created  him  many  enemies.  He  defended 
himself  in  two  subsequent  publications, 
and  died  about  the  17th  century. 

ZwiNGER,  Theodore,  a  learned  physi- 
cian, born  at  Bichoffstzel  in  the  Turgau. 
He  became  professor  of  moral  philosophy 
and  medicine,  and  died  1588,  aged  54.  He 
wrote  the  Theatre  of  Human  Life,  a  pon- 
derous work  published  in  8  vols.  fol.  Ly- 
ons 1656,  and  afterwards  improved  and 
enlarged  by  his  son  James,  who  died  1610. 

ZwiNGER,  Theodore,  son  of  James,  and 
grandson  of  Theodore,  studied  medicine 
which  he  afterwards  abandoned  for  di- 
vinity. During  the  plague  which  raged  at 
Basil  in  1629,  he  displayed  great  humanity, 
both  as  a  pastor  and  as  a  physician.  He 
was  author  of  several  controversial  tracts, 
and  died  1651,  aged  54.  His  son  John 
became  professor  of  Greek,  and  public  li- 
brarian at  Basil,  and  distinguished  himself 
by  his  learning.     He  died  1696. 

ZwiNGER,  Theodore,  son  of  John  just 
mentioned,  was  professor  of  eloquence  and 
medicine  at  Basil,  where  he  died  1724.  He 
published  Theatrum  Botanicum,  in  Ger- 
man, foL — Fasciculus  Dissertationum,  4to. 


ZVP 


ZYP 


• — Tri^a  Disscrtationum — a  Latin  and  (tci*- 
maii  Dictionary — souic  nicdicai  works,  &c. 
His  brother  John  Rodol))hus  was  proft'ssor 
of  divinity  at  Basil,  and  died  there  1708, 
aged  48.  He  wrote  sermons — tracts — and 
the  Hope  of  Israel,  in  German. 

Zti.ius,  Otho,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  Utrecht. 
He  wrote  the  Lives  of  Saints — Camera- 
cum  Obsidione  Liberatum,  a  poem,  &c. 
and  died  at  Malines  15th  Aug.  1656,  aged 
88. 

Ztp.«us,  or  Vandev  Ztpe,  Francis,  a 
native  of  Malines.  His  great  knowledge 
of  jurisprudence  was  admired,  and  reward- 
ed by  le  Mire,  bishop  of  Antwerp,  who  ap- 
pointed him  his  secretary,  and  gave  him 
the  place  of  a  canon,  and  of  an  archdea- 

VOL.  U.  lOfi 


con  of  las  cliuroli.  He  is  author  of  some 
works  of  merit  on  the  law,  espeeiolly  Ana- 
lytica  Enarratio  Juris  Pontitirii  Novi — Con- 
sultationes  Canonica; — Notitia;  Juris  Bel- 
gici — Dc  Jurisdietione  EcelesiasticA,  et 
Civili,  &.C.  collected  together  in  2  vols.  fol. 
This  learned  man,  equally  respectable  in 
private  life,  died  at  \iitwerp  1650,  aged 
71.  His  brother  Henry  wac  an  ecclesias- 
tic, and  became  abbot  of  St.  Andrew  near 
Bruges.  He  died  1659,  aged  85.  He  was 
author  of  several  works,  the  best  known 
of  which  is  Sanctus  Gregorius  Magnus, 
&.C.  1611,  8vo.  in  which,  with  more  learn- 
ing than  wisdom,  he  proves  that  Gregory, 
who  was  a  Roman  pontiff,  was  of  the  order 
of  the  Benedictines. 

843 


ADDENDA. 


The  following  Original  Articles  were  communicated  too  lalefor  insertion  in  their  proper 

places  in  the  body  of  the  ivork. 


BUG 

Bradbury,  Theophilus,  judge  of  the  su- 
perior court  of  Massachusetts,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college  in  1757.  He  de- 
voted hirasielf  to  the  profession  of  the  law, 
and  after  enjoying  a  course  of  successful 
practice,  was  appointed  to  a  seat  on  the 
bench  of  the  superior  court,  and  discharged 
the  duties  of  the  station  with  intelligence 
and  fidelity.  His  death  took  place,  Sept. 
6,  1S03,  in  his  64th  year. 

Braxton,  Carter,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  from  Virginia. 

Brown,  John,  born  in  Providence, 
Rhode  Island,  in  1736,  and  a  wealthy  and 
enterprising  merchant  of  that  town  ;  was 
a  leader  of  the  party  which,  in  1772,  de- 
stroyed the  British  sloop  of  war  Gasper,  in 
Narraganset  bay.  He  was  the  first  in 
Rhode  Island  who  traded  with  the  East 
Indies  and  China  ;  a  member  of  congress  ; 
a  great  projector  of  works  of  public  utility, 
and  a  munificent  patron  of  literature.  He 
laid  the  corner  stone  of  the  spacious  and 
oldest  edifice,  of  the  institution  now  called 
Brown  university,  in  honour  of  his  nephew 
the  Hon.  Nicholas  Brown.  He  died  in 
1803. 

Brown,  .Joseph,  born  at  Providence, 
Rhode- Island,  December  3d,  1733,  and  a 
merchant  and  manufacturer,  was  distin- 
guished for  his  genius  for  mechanics,  and 
the  extent  of  his  mathematical  and  philoso- 
phical acquirements.  He  was  for  some 
time  professor  of  natural  philosophy  in 
Brown  university,  and  uas  a  member  of 
the  American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences. 
He  died  Dec.  3,  17S5,  aged  52. 

Bdckminstkr,  Joseph  Stevens,  was  born 
in  Poitsmcuth,  N.  H.  May  26,  1784.  His 
male  ancestors,  both  by  his  father's  and 
moiher's  side,  for  several  generations,  were 
clergymen,  and  several  of  them  of  consider- 
aVde  eminence.     He  entered  as  a  student 


BUC 

of  Harvard  in  1797,  nearly  a  year  in  ad- 
vance, and  was  graduated  in  August,  1800  ; 
and  his  oration  delivered  on  that  occasion, 
"  on  the  literary  character  of  different  na- 
tions," produced  a  deep  impression.  After 
leaving  college  he  spent  four  years  in  the 
study  of  theology.  He  first  preached  in 
the  church  in  Brattle-street,  Boston,  Oct. 
1S04,  and  was  ordained  over  that  ciiurch  in 
January,  1805.  During  a  great  portion  of 
his  life  he  was  subject  to  attacks  of  epilep- 
sy, which  in  an  instant  prostrated  his  pow- 
ers. With  the  view  of  improving  his  con- 
stitution, he  went  to  Europe  in  the  spring 
of  1806.  He  returned  in  the  autumn  of 
1807,  and  resumed  the  exercise  of  his  pro- 
fession. In  l8ll  he  was  appointed  the  first 
lecturer  on  biblical  criticism  on  the  Dexter 
foundation  at  Cambridge  university,  and 
immediately  began  a  course  of  laborious 
and  extensive  preparation  for  the  delivery 
of  lectures,  but  was  soon  interrupted  by  a 
violent  attack  of  his  old  disease,  which 
caused  an  instant  and  irrecoverable  wreck 
of  his  intellect.  After  lingering  a  few  days 
he  died,  June  9tb,  1812,  having  just  com- 
pleted his  28th  year.  '^No  man  of  his  age 
and  sphere  of  life  was  ever  more  ardently 
beloved,  or  more  highly  estimated,  both  by 
his  friends,  and  by  that  portion  of  the  pub- 
lic which  came  within  his  scope  of  action. 
His  high  x-epu:.ation  as  a  pr;^acher  was  sud- 
denly acquired,  but  was  sustained,  extend- 
ed, and  increased,  to  the  close  of  his  life. 
His  love  of  sacred  literature  was  ardent, 
and  he  did  much  to  excite  attention  to  bi- 
blical criticism.  His  sermons  were  search- 
ing and  practical :  they  contained  the  es- 
sence of  learning  without  its  ostentation. 
Their  most  interesting  attribute  was  the 
"philo.sophica!  imagination"  with  which  he 
beoutifulh  and  jiowerfuUy  enforced  his 
views  and  illustrated  his  arguments.  Se- 
veral of  his  occasional  orations  and  dis- 
cour"^cs  have  been  published.     He  also  con- 

847 


BYK 


CHA 


'  tributedmauy  articles  to  the  periodical  works 
of  the  day.  He  will,  however,  be  best 
known  by  the  volume  of  posthumous  ser- 
mons pubiishecl  by  some  of  hii  friends 
shortly  alter  his  death,  to  tvhich  an  inte- 
restiiig  memoir  of  his  life,  drawn  up  by  his 
friend,  the  late  Rev.  Samuel  Thacher,  was 
prcitixed. 

Bull,  Henry,  of  Newport;R.I.  one  of  the 
original  purchasers  of  the  island  of  A  quid- 
neck,  nov.  Rhode-Ibiand,  was  born  in  South 
Wales  in  the  year  1609.  He  came  to  Mas- 
sachusetts colony,  and  resided  there  a  short 
time  ;  but  in  consequence  of  the  unhappy 
differences  in  ecclesiastical  matters,  joined 
himself  with  seventeen  others,  who  pur- 
chased and  settled  at  Newport  in  1638. 
He  was  governor  of  the  new  colony  in  1685, 
and  again  in  the  memorable  jear  1689, 
when  sir  Edmund  Audros,  governor  of  all 
Neiv-England  for  James  the  second,  was 
imprisoned  in  Boston.  The  freemen  of  the 
colony  then  resolving  to  restore  the  former 
system  of  government,  the  governor  elect, 
with  a  number  of  the  inferior  magistrates, 
refused  to  serve.  Mr.  Bull  died  in  1693, 
at  the  age  of  84. 

BuRRiLL,  James,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
istatesman,  was  born  at  Providence,  Rhode 
Island,   April   25,   1772,    and   educated  at 
Brown  university,  where  he  graduated  in 
178S,  with  a  high  reputation  for  genius  and 
acquirements.    He  studied  law  in  the  offices 
of  T.  Foster,  and  judge  Howell,  and  was 
admitted    to  practice  in   September,  1791, 
and  his  superior  talents  soon  placed  him  in 
the  first  rank  at  the  bar.     He  was,  in  1797, 
appointed   attorney-general   of    the    state, 
and  continued  to  hold  the  office  for  lifteen 
years,   discharging  its  duties  vv'ith  uncom- 
iiion  ability  and  popularity.     The  decline  of 
his  health  led  him,  in  May,  1813,  to  retire 
from  the  bar.     He  was  immediately  elect- 
ed to  a  seat  in  the  state  legislature,  and  the 
following  year  was  chosen  speaker  of  the 
liouse  of  representatives.     In  May,  1816, 
he  was  appointed  c'ief  justice  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  state,  and  in  February, 
1817,  elected  to  a  seat  in  the  senate  of  the 
United  States,  for  which  the  dignity  of  his 
character,  the  force  of  his  eloquence,  and 
his  superior  knowledge  of  politics  and  law 
rnost  happily  fitted  him.     He   immediately 
became  conspicuous  in  that  body,  and  took 
a  di^itinguished  part  in  the  most  important 
of  its  transactions  during  the  three  follow- 
ing  years,  when   he   was  suddenly   called 
from  life.  December  25,  1820,  while  at  the 
seat  of  government.     He  was  eminent  for 
the  extent  of  his  miscellaneous  as  well  as 
professional  knowledge,  the  strength  of  his 
argumentative  powers,  and  the  soundness  of 
his  judgment,  and  was  ciiaracterized  in  his 
public  and  private  life  by  uprightness,  ur- 
banity, and  be'icvolence. 

Btrox,  George  Gordon,   the  most  emi- 
845 


nent  poet  of  the  age,  was  born  in  1788. 
He  was  the  grandson  of  the  Hon.  John  By- 
ron,   well    known  as  a  navai  commander 
under  lord   Anson,  and  succeeded  to  the 
title  and  estates  of  William,  the  fifth  lord 
Byron,  in  1798.     He  was  that  year  sent  to 
Harrov/  school,  and  at  the  age  of  16  be- 
came a  student  at  Trinity  college,  Cam- 
bridge.    About  four  years  after  he  com- 
menced his  travels  in  Portugal,  Spain,  and 
Greece,  and  on  his  return,  aiter  an  absence 
of  nearly  three  years,  published  tht'  two 
first  cantos  of  "  Childe   Harold,"  and  not 
long  after  the  "  Giaour,"  "  Bride  of  Aby- 
dos,"  and   "  Corsair."     He   left   England 
again  in  !8l6,  and  travelling  through  Swit- 
zerland to  Italy,  resided  several   years  at 
Venice,  Rome,  and  Genoa,  and  there  com- 
pleted his  "  Childe  Harold,"  and  composed 
several  other  poems.     In  1823,  he  proceed- 
ed to  Greece  to  take  part  in  the  struggles  of 
that  country  for  freedom,  and  after  having 
rendered  the  most  important  services  by 
his  wealth  and  counsels,  and  acquired  a  dis- 
tinguished reputation  and  influence  among 
t  le  Greeks,  died  suddenly  at  Missoioughi, 
April  19th,  1824.    His  last  and  largest  work 
is  Don   Juan.     His   works  have  recently 
been  republished  in  this  country  in  8  vols. 
Chase,   Samuel,    one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  American  independence, 
was   bred  a  lawyer,  and   was  one   of  the 
most   eminent  at  the  bar  in  Maryland  for 
several  years  previous  to  the  commence- 
ment of  tbe  revolutionary  war.     At  the  be- 
ginning of  that  struggle,  he  took  a  bold  and 
active  part  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  and  was 
appointed  one  of  the  committee  of  corres- 
pondence, and  elected  to  a  seat  in  congress 
in  1774,  and  was  long  a  distinguished  mem- 
ber of  that  body.     In  1776,  he  was  appoint- 
ed with  Franklin  and  Carroll  to  form  a  plan 
of  union  between  the  colonies  and  Canada. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  bold  and  vigorous 
advocates  for  the  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence, and  is  said  to  have  been  the  means 
of  inducing  the  Maryland  delegation,  con- 
trary to  their  instructions,  to  unite  in  the 
measure.     In  1782,  he  resigned  his  seat  in 
congress.     In   1788,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  of  Maryland  which  ratified 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States.     la 
1791,  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the 
general  court  of  Maryland,  and  afterwards 
associate  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United    States.     Warmly   attached  to  the 
principles  and  measures  of  the  administra- 
tions of  Washington  and  Adams,  he  incur- 
red, in  the  discharge  of  his  official  duties, 
the  violent  resentment  of  the  opposition  ; 
and  after  the  change  in  the  administration,, 
and  the  displacement  of  his  political  friends, 
was  impeached  of  high  crimes  and  misde- 
meanors.     The  measure    was  principally 
instigated  by  John  Randolph,  one  of  the 
managers  on  the  part  of  government.     The 


FIT 


HUV\ 


trial,  which  was  long;,  and  ooii'iuctoil  with 
great  ability,  ami  wliicii  cxcittti  Uic  lii!:5host 
interest  in  the  pulilic  mind,  i(rinin;\icd  in 
the  cumplete  vindication  of  Mr.  Chase. 
An  account  of  it,  in  2  vols,  was  published 
in  1«UG.     He  died  June  17,  ISll. 

Coke,  Thonm.s^  LL.D.  a  distinguished 
mini-ster  ol'  the  Methodist  church,  was  born 
at  Brecon,  in  South  Wales,  Seplembi-r  9, 
1747,  and  educated  at  Oxford.  He  tooii 
orders,  aiid  obtained  the  curacy  of  Pcther- 
ton,  in  Somersetshire  ;  but  in  1777,  joined 
Mr.  Wesley,  antl  was  appointed  to  labour 
in  London.  In  17S0,  he  began  to  visit  the 
societies  m  diHerent  parts  of  the  kingdom, 
and  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  itine- 
rating. In  17:54,  he  was  appointed  by  Mr. 
Wesley  superintendent  of  the  Methodist 
churches  in  the  United  States,  to  which  he 
immediately  repaired.  He  afterwards  re- 
peatedly vicjited  them  and  the  West  Indies, 
and  contributed  greatly  to  the  progress  of 
the  society.  He  embarked  in  1814  for  In- 
dia, for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  mis- 
sion at  Ceylon,  but  died  on  the  3d  of  May, 
before  the  termination  of  the  voyage.  He 
published  a  Commentary  on  the  Scriptures 
— a  History  of  the  West  Indies — and  seve- 
ral smaiier  w  orks.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  zeal  and  disinterestedness,  and  the 
extent  and  successfuiness  of  his  labours. 

Gushing,  John,  D.D.  son  of  the  Rev. 
Job  Gushing,  was  born  in  Shrewsbury, 
Massachusetts,  Aug.  22,  1744,  and  gradua- 
ted at  Harvard  university  in  17G4.  He  was 
ordamed  to  the  pastoral  care  of  the  church 
in  Ashburnhani,  Massachusetts,  Nov.  2, 
1768 ;  received  a  diplotna  as  doctor  of  di- 
vinity from  Harvard  university  in  1822 ; 
and  died  April  27,  1823,  in  the  79th  year  of 
his  age,  and  the  5yth  year  of  his  ministry. 
He  was  remarkable  for  purity  of  mind  and 
soundness  and  discrimination  of  judgment, 
and  his  attainments  were  extensive,  parti- 
cularly in  geography,  biography,  chronolo- 
gy, and  history,  both  sacred  and  profane. 
As  a  pastor,  he  was  zealous  and  indefatiga- 
ble in  promoting  l)ie  welfare  of  his  flock, 
and  the  reverence  and  affection  of  his  peo- 
ple increased  with  his  years.  In  his  reli- 
gious tenets  he  was  Calvinistic,  and  was 
singularly  liberal  towards  all  other  sects  of 
Christians.  Endowed  by  nature  with  a  re- 
tentive memory,  and  having  conversed 
much  with  men,  as  well  as  with  books,  he 
had  acquired  a  vast  store  of  general  infor- 
mation, which,  combined  with  great  frank- 
ness of  manners  and  a  communicative  dis- 
position, caused  his  society  to  be  courted 
and  valued  by  those  who  knew  him.  He 
wrote  about  sixteen  hundred  discourses,  of 
which  several  occasional  sermons  were 
published.  A  Discourse,  delivered  on  the 
completion  of  the  50th  year  of  his  minis- 
try, soon  passed  through  two  editions. 

Fttch,  Thomas,  w«s  chief  just  ic^  of  Ton- 


necticnt  from  1750  to  1754,  and  governov 
of  he  eolony  from  1754  to  l7Gt>.  He  wa« 
a  man  of  distinguished  talents,  a  profound 
lawyer,  and  a  sagacious  statesman  ;  and 
was  eminently  uselul  in  his  public,  and  es- 
timable in  his  privut*-  life.  He  died  at  Nor- 
walk,  July  Iblh,  17/4,  aged  75. 

GiiAHAM,  Mrs.  Isabella,  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  John  Marshall,  of  the  >hire  of  La- 
nark, Scotland,  and  born  .July  2l»lh,  1742. 
She  received  an  excellent  education,  and 
early  became  pious.  In  1765,  she  married 
Dr.  John  Griiham,  and  accompanied  him 
with  his  regiment,  first  to  Fort  Niagara, 
and  afterwards  to  Antigua,  where  be  died 
in  1774.  She  returned  to  Scotland,  but  in 
1789,  came  to  New-York  and  estabiiahed  a 
school  for  the  instruction  of  young  ladies, 
which  she  continued  for  many  years  with 
success.  She  distinguished  herseli  during 
the  last  years  of  her  life  by  her  charity  to 
the  poor,  and  her  laudable  exertions  and 
example  contributed  greatly  to  their  in- 
struction and  the  relief  of  their  ivants,  by 
encouraging  the  formation  of  charitable  so- 
cieties, and  the  establishment  of  benevo- 
lent institutions.  The  most  important  of 
them  was  the  Widows'  Society — the  Or- 
phan Asylum  Society — and  the  Society  foF 
the  Proniotion  of  Industry.  Her  death 
took  place  July  27th,  1S14, 

Harrison,  Benjamin,  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaration  of  American  Indepen- 
dence, was  from  Virginia. 

Kawley,  Joseph,  a  distinguished  states- 
man and  patriot,  was  born  at  Northamp- 
ton, Massaehusetts,  in  1724,  and  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1742.  He  devoted  him- 
self to  the  practice  of  law,  and  soon  rose  to 
eminence  in  the  profession.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  contest  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  colonies,  he  engaged  with 
great  zeal  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  and  be- 
came by  his  distinguished  talents,  superior 
knowledge  of  the  principles  of  government, 
bold  and  manly  eloquence,  and  eminent  ex- 
cellence of  character,  one  of  the  ablest  and 
most  successful  advocates  and  pronioters 
of  the  struggle  which  terminated  in  inde- 
pendence. He  rendered  his  eh, ef  services 
in  the  state  legislature,  of  which  he  w  as  the 
most  distinguished  member  from  his  first 
election,  in  1764,  till  1776,  when  the  de- 
cline of  his  health  induced  him  to  retire 
from  public  cmployraenis.  His  death  took 
place,  March  lOth,  17S8,  in  his  64th  year. 

Heywood,  Thomas,  junior,  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  declaration  of  American  In- 
dependence, was  from  South  Carolina. 

Howell,  David,  judge  of  the  United 
States  district  court,  was  a  native  of  New- 
Jersey,  and  educated  at  Princeton.  He  re- 
moved in  early  life  to  Rhode-Island,  and 
was  appointed  professor  of  mathematics 
and  philosophy,  and  afterward  of  law,  ia 
Brown  iiniversitv.  Providence.     He  there 

S49 


JUN 


PAH 


established  himself  in  the  pvaclice  of  the 
law,  and  rose  to  eminence  in  the  profession. 
He  was  for  some  time  attorney-general  of 
the  state  and  judge  of  the  supreme  court. 
His  distinguished  talents  and  patriotism 
procured  his  election  to  a  seat  in  the  old 
contniental  congress,  and  after  the  reorga- 
nization of  the  general  government  he  was 
appointed  a  commissioner  for  settling  the 
eastern  boundary  of  the  United  States, 
and  subsequently  district  attorney,  and  in 
1812  district  judge  for  Hiiode-island,  in 
which  station  he  continued  till  his  death, 
July  29,  1824,  in  his  7Sth  year.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  wit,  learning,  and  eloquence. 

Jarvis,  Abraham,  D.D,  bishop  of  the 
Episcopal  church  in  Connecticut,  was  born 
in  Norwalk,  in  that  state,  May  5th,  1739, 
and  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1761.  In 
1764  he  visited  England,  and  was  ordained 
by  the  bishop  of  Carlisle.  On  his  return, 
he  was  settled  as  rector  of  the  church  at 
Middletown,  Connecticut,  and  continued 
there,  greatly  respected  by  his  people,  till 
1799.  He  was  appointed  the  successor  of 
bishop  Seabury  in  June,  1797,  and  conse- 
crated on  the  iSth  of  October,  in  that  year. 
He  resigned  the  rectorship  of  the  chui-ch  at 
Middletown  in  1799,  and  removed  fust  to 
Cheshire,  and  in  1803  to  New-Haven, 
where  he  continued  to  reside  till  his  death, 
May  3,  1813,  in  his  74th  year.  He  pos- 
sessed a  vigorous  mind,  and  a  correct  taste, 
and  was  distinguished  for  courteousness, 
affability,  integrity,  and  devotedness  to  the 
interests  of  the  church.  He  published  a 
Sermon  on  the  Death  of  Bishop  Seabury — 
a  Charge  to  the  Clergy — and  a  Sermon  on 
the  Witness  of  the  Spirit. 

Jones,  David,  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
of  New- York,  was  a  native  of  Oysterbay, 
Long-Island,  and  born  in  September,  ltj99. 
He  enjoyed  an  excellent  private  education, 
and  studied  law,  though  he  never  devoted 
himself  to  the  profiession.  He  was  chosen 
a  member  of  the  colonial  assemby  in  1737, 
and  continued  to  occupy  a  seat  in  it  until 
1758.  He  was  thirteen  years  of  the  period 
speaker  of  that  body,  and  discharged  the 
duties  of  his  station  with  distinguished  in- 
telligence and  fidelity  to  the  liberties  of  the 
people.  In  1758  he  was  appointed  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court,  and  through  the  long 
period  during  which  he  held  the  office,  ren- 
dered himself  the  object  of  universal  confi- 
dence and  respect  by  his  capacity,  upright- 
ness, and  zealous  defence  of  the  rights  of 
the  people  against  the  encroachments  of  the 
king.  He  resigned  the  station  in  1773,  and 
died  October  lith,  t775. 

Jones,  William,  governor  of  Rhode- 
Island,  was  born  in  Newport  in  that  state  in 
1754.  He  was  during  the  revolutionary 
war  a  captain  of  marines,  and  was  taken  a 
prisoner  at  the  siege  of  Charleston,  South 
♦^-arolina.     He  was  several  year?  speaker 

sr>a 


of  the  house  of  representatives  of  Rhode- 
Island,  and  was  in  iSlO  elected  governor, 
and  held  the  office  till  1817.  His  death 
took  place  at  Providence  in  1822. 

Lewis,  Francis,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  American  Independence, 
was  from  New- York. 

Livingston,  John,  D.D.  professor  of 
theology  in  the  reformed  Dutch  church, 
was  born  at  Poughkeepsie,  New-Y^ork,  in 
1746,  and  educated  at  Yale  college,  where 
he  was  graduated  m  1762.  He  studied 
theology  at  the  ursiversity  of  Utrecht,  Hol- 
land, from  which  he  received  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Theology  in  1770,  and  soon  after 
returned,  and  became  pastor  of  the  reform- 
ed Dutch  church  in  the  city  of  New-York. 
In  the  following  year,  at  his  suggestion, 
the  colonial  church  separated  from  the 
parent  church  in  Holland,  became  inde- 
pendent, and  laid  the  foundation  for  a  the- 
ological professorship,  which  he  was,  in 
1784,  appointed  to  fill.  He  continued  to 
discharge  the  duties  of  those  offices  with 
success  and  reputation,  till  1810,  when  on 
the  removal  of  the  theological  school  to 
Queen's  college,  New-Brunswick,  New- 
Jersey,  he  was  appointed  to  take  charge  of 
that  institution,  and  remained  there  until 
his  death,  which  took  place  January  29th, 
1825,  in  the  SOth  year  of  his  age.  He  was 
eminent  for  piety,  learning,  and  usefulness, 
and  enjoyed  in  a  distinguished  degree  the 
affection  of  his  people,  the  confidence  and 
respect  of  his  associat'  s  in  the  ministry, 
and  the  veneration  of  his  pupils. 

Lynch,  Thoinas,  jun-  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaration  of  American  independ- 
ence, was  born  in  Prince-George's  parish, 
South  Carolina,  August  5th,  1749,  and  was 
educated  at  Cambridge,  England.  He  af- 
terwards ent-^red  at  the  Temple,  but  before 
completing  his  course,  returned  in  1772  to 
America.  On  the  raising  of  the  first  troops 
in  South  Carolina,  m  l77n,  be  received  the 
commission  of  a  captain,  but  in  consequence 
of  the  illness  of  his  father,  toward  the  close 
of  that  year,  was  elected  to  fill  his  seat  in 
congress,  for  which  he  was  eminently  quali- 
fied, by  his  superior  intellect,  extensive 
knowledge,  and  persuasive  eloquence.  The 
decline  of  his  health  obliged  him  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1776  to  retire  from  public  employ- 
ment. After  lingering  till  near  the  close  of 
1779,  he  embarked  for  St.  Eustatia,  with 
the  intention  of  visiting  Europe  ;  and  by 
some  unknown  accident,  perished  with  all 
the  ship's  company  at  sea. 

Nelson,  Thomas,  jun.  one  of  the  signers 
of  the  declaration  of  American  Independ- 
ence, was  from  Virginia. 

Parson's,  Moses,  congregational  minis- 
ter of  B>  field,  Massachus'-tts,  was  boru 
June  20,  1716,  and  educated  at  Harvard 
college,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1736. 
He  was  ordained  in  1744,  and  after  a  use- 


bUU 


\AA 


ful  ministry  of  40  years,  died,  December 
14,  I7b4.  He  was  ilistinguishcd  lor  talents, 
leaniini;;,  and  piety,  us  a  preacher,  and  for 
dignity  of  manners,  atiability,  wit,  benevo- 
lence, and  every  social  virtue  in  private 
life,  lie  was  tiie  father  ol  Theophiius  I'ar- 
sons,  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts.  His 
only  publication  was  an  Election  Sermon, 
in  1772. 

Jf  ENN,  John,  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
declaration  ol  American  independence,  was 
from  North  Carolina. 

UoDNEY,  Caesar,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  Anierican  Independence, 
ivas  irom  fenusyivania. 

KoGERSjVViiliam,  D.IJ.  professor  of  Eng- 
lish and  oratory  in  the  university  ot  Penn- 
sylvania, was  born  at  Newport,  Khode-ls- 
lanu,  Juiy  22,  1751,  and  v.as  graduated  at 
Brown  univeisity  m  1769.  He  received 
his  license  to  preach  in  1771,  and  in  May 
of  tiie  following  year  was  ordained  pastor 
of  the  tirst  Baptist  church  in  Philadelphia, 
■wucie  he  continued  till  the  commencement 
of  tue  revolutionary  war  in  1775,  when  he 
ivas  appointed  chaplain  of  the  Pennsylvania 
forces,  and  not  long  afterwards  of  a  brigade 
of  the  continental  army,  and  remained  in 
the  service  till  1781.  In  1 769  he  was  elect- 
ed professor  o^-  >hglish  and  oratory  in  the 
college  of  PhilaSleipQia,  and  afterwards  was 
appointed  to  the  same  office  in  tue  univer- 
sity o;  Pennsylvania,  and  held  it  till  I8l2, 
when  he  lesigned.  His  death  took  place, 
April  7,  162-4,  in  his  74th  year.  He  held  a 
highly  respectable  rank  in  talents  and  learn- 
ing, and  was  greatly  esteemed  for  his  ability 
and  faituiulness  as  a  preacher,  and  his  ex- 
cellence as  a  mnn. 

RoMEiN,  Hev.  John  B.  D.D.  was  the 
only  son  ol  the  Rev.  Thedoricus  Romeyn, 
D.L).  of  Schenectady.  He  was  born  in  the 
year  1778,  graduated  at  Columbia  college 
in  New-\ork,  at  the  age  of  IS,  studied 
theology  under  the  guidance  of  his  father, 
and  afterwards  ol  the  late  Dr.  Livingston  ; 
and  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by 
the  classis  of  Albany,  in  179S.  The  next 
year  he  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor 
of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  at  Rhine- 
beck,  where  he  remained  until  the  year 
1803,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  Pres- 
byterian church  in  the  city  of  Schenectady, 
as  successor  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Clarkson.  The 
next  year  he  removed  to  the  first  Presbyte- 
rian church  in  Albany,  and  succeeded  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Nott;  where  he  continued  about 
four  years,  and  in  1808  was  removed  to  the 
Presbyterian  church  in  Cedar-street,  New- 
York,  of  v^hich  be  was  the  first  pastor,  and 
remained  in  that  station  till  his  death, which 
took  place  the  22d  Feb.  1825.  A  collec- 
tion of  his  sermons  in  2  vols.  8vo.  was  pub- 
lished la  1816. 

ScHAiCKj  Gonzen  Van,  a  brigadier  ge- 


neral in  the  American  army,  who  in  1779 
distinguished  hims(;il  b)  deairoying  the 
Ononaaga  Indian  aetllciuents.  He  died  at 
Albany  iii  1769,  aged  53. 

Scott,  i  nomas,  ^.D.  woAbornat  Bray- 
toft,  Lintoiii.>,iure,  Icb.  4,  1740.  lie  was 
sent,  at  the  age  of  10,  to  the  school  at 
Scorton,  wheie  Ue  leaiueU  ilie  liuii^uages. 
In  17/2  Ue  outuineu  oiumaiion,  anu  entered 
on  a  curacy  at  btoke  and  Weston  tnder- 
wood.  In  I7bi  he  succeedeu  iVii.  Newton 
at  Olney,  but  in  178a  became  chaplain  to 
the  Lock  Hospiial,  Lonuoji,  and  continued 
there  tul  his  appointment,  ui  1603,  to  the 
rectorj  oi  Astun  iaaiiuioru,  liucks.  His 
deulh  look  place  Apiii  2zd,  Ibliil,  in  his 
76th  year.  He  was  distinguished  lor  piety 
and  useiulness.  He  is  chiehy  known  by 
his  Commentary  on  the  Bible,  which  has 
had  a  most  extensive  circulation.  His  other 
works  aie  6  vols,  on  theological  subjects. 

Sewall,  Joacph,  U.D.  a  congregational 
minister,  was  tiie  son  oi  Samuel  Stvvall, 
chief  justice  of  Massachusetts,  and  born 
August  26,  lt>88.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1707,  and  in  1713,  was 
ordained  colleague  pastor  ol  the  old  6outh 
church,  Boston,  wnere  he  laboured  with 
great  accepiauce  and  success  till  his  death, 
June  alst,  1  /  69,  in  his  81st  ^>  ear.  He  held 
a  respectable  rank  in  talents  and  learning, 
and  was  eminent  for  piety  and  I'aithlumes.s 
in  tue  diseuaige  of  uis  othcial  duties.  He 
was  in  i724  elected  president  oi  Harvard 
college,  out  declined  the  appointment.  He 
published  a  large  number  ot  Sermons. 

THACHER,Pcter,D.D.  congiegatiunal  mi- 
nister in  Boston,  was  born  at  Milton,  Mas- 
sacnusetts,  March  21,  1752,  and  graduated 
at  Harvard  college,  in  1769.  He  was  set- 
tled at  Maiden  in  1770,  and  early  became 
distinguished  for  his  intelligence,  piety, 
and  eloquence.  He  was  in  17  SO  a  meuiber 
of  the  convention  which  Iramed  the  consti- 
tution of  Massachusetts.  He  was  in  1735 
installed  pastor  of  the  Brattle-street  church 
in  Boston,  and  continued  in  that  station 
till  his  death,  December  16,  lo02.  He 
published  a  great  number  of  Sermons. 

Van  Ness,  William  W.  lor  many  years 
a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  state 
of  New-Vork,  was  born  of  Dutch  parents 
at  Claverack,  in  that  state,  in  the  year  1 775. 
He  married  eaily,  and  came  to  the  bar  at 
the  age  of  21,  and  settled  in  his  native 
town.  He  continued  to  practise  the  law 
there  and  in  the  adjoining  city  of  Hudson, 
with  continually  increasing  reputation  and 
success,  until  he  was  appointed  to  a  seat  on 
the  bench  ol  the  supreme  court  in  1807 
and  at  the  age  of  32.  He  was  distinguish- 
ed for  his  grpat  sagacity  and  quick  percep- 
tion of  sound  legal  principles.  He  had  a 
persuasive  and  argumentative  style  of  elo- 
quence, and  no  judge  ever  surpassed,  and 

851 


WHE 


YAT 


rarely  equalled  bim,  in  his  talents  for  the 
<iespatch  of  business  at  JNisi  Prius,  and  in 
his  ascendency  over  the  understanding  and 
control  of  the  feelings  of  the  jury,  by  the 
simplicity  and  urbanity  of  his  manners,  the 
clearness  of  his  perception,  and  the  just- 
ness and  integrity  of  his  conduct.  The 
period  in  which  he  presided  on  the  bench 
was  remarkable  for  great  political  excite- 
ment, and  being  warm  and  zealous  in  what 
he  deemed  the  true  interest  and  policy  of 
his  country,  he  rendered  himself  peculiarly 
obnoxious  to  the  jealousy  anU  hatred  of  his 
political  opponents,  who  felt  the  force  of 
his  character  and  weight  of  his  counsels. 
In  1820,  the  house  of  assembly  of  New- 
York,  in  consequence  of  incessant  and  vi- 
rulent newspaper  attacks  on  his  character, 
instituted  a  laborious  and  piercing  investi- 
gation into  his  official  conduct,  which  ter- 
minated in  his  complete  vindication.  He 
continued  on  the  bench  until  his  resignation 
on  the  1st  May,  1822,  when  he  resumed 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  the  city  of 
New-York.  He,  however,  soon  after  lost 
his  health,  and  in  January,  1823,  made  a 
hopeless  experiment  of  a  sea  voyage,  and 
died  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  on  the 
28th  February  following,  deeply  regretted 
by  his  numerous  friends,  and  the  profes- 
sion, of  which  he  was  one  of  the  brightest 
ornaments. 

Whelplet,  Samuel,  minister  and  au- 
thor, was  born  in  Berkshire  county,  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1766.  A  considerable  portion 
of  his  life  after  he  had  completed  his  edu- 
cation, was  passed  in  New- Jersey,  chiefly 
at  Momstown,  where  he  had  charge  of  an 
academy,  and  employed  himself  in  teaching. 
About  the  year  1812  he  returned  to  the  city 
of  New- York  where  he  continued  till  his 
death,  July  15,  1817.  He  possessed 
an  original  and  highly  gifted  mind,  and  dis- 
played uncommon  powers  as  a  writer.  He 
was  author  of  the  essays  entitled  the  Trian- 
gle, published  in  New- York  in  1816,  in  de- 
fence of  the  doctrines  of  the  New-England 
churches.  Also  of  "  Letters  on  Capital 
Punishment,  and  War,"  addressed  to  gover- 
nor Strong,  and  published  in  New- York  in 
1816.  Of  his  other  works,  the  principal 
trere,  a  "  Compend  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
852 


History,"  and  "  Lectures  on  Ancient  His- 
t  ory." 

WoRTHiNGTON,  John,  LL.D.  an  eminent 
iawyer,  who  received  his  education  at  Yale 
college,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1740. 
He  was  afterwards  a  tutor  in  that  institu- 
tion. He  was  a  member  of  the  legislature 
of  Massachusetts  in  1774,  and  opposed 
himself  to  the  measures  which  were  adopt- 
ed by  the  friends  of  liberty.  He  was  the 
same  year  appointed  one  of  the  mandamus 
counsellors,  but  declined  the  office.  His 
death  took  place  at  Springtield,  in  April, 
1800. 

Yates,  Robert,  chief  justice  of  New- 
York,  was  born  at  Schenectady,  January, 
1738.  He  received  a  classical  education, 
studied  law,  and  established  himself  in 
practice  in  Albany.  He  early  rose  to  emi- 
nence in  the  profession,  as  well  by  incor- 
ruptible integrity  as  superior  talents  and 
legal  knowledge.  During  the  revolution, 
he  was  one  of  the  most  prompt,  judicious, 
and  influential  friends  of  the  popular  cause 
in  the  state,  and  rendered  important  ser- 
vices in  a  variety  of  responsible  stations. 
He  was  chairman  of  the  committee  of 
military  operations  in  1776  and  1777  ;  was 
a  member  of  the  conven(?-s  a  in  the  latter 
year  which  formed  the  constitution  of 
New-York  ;  and  on  the  organization  of  the 
government  under  it,  was  appointed  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  the  moderation  and  impartiality 
with  which  he  discharged  the  duties  of  the 
station,  particularly  in  the  prosecutions 
against  loyalists.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  formed  the  federal  con- 
stitution, and  of  that  also  by  which  it  was 
ratified  in  his  native  state,  and  opposed  its 
adoption.  He  became  chief  justice  in 
1790,  and  held  the  office  till  1798.  He 
died  Sept.  9,  1801.  He  possessed  a  fine 
genius,  was  an  accomplished  scholar,  and 
thoroughly  versed  in  law.  He  was  inti- 
mately acquainted  with  the  history  of  the 
state,  conversed  in  Dutch  and  several  In- 
dian languages,  and  was  greatly  distin- 
guished and  beloved  for  his  amiable  tem- 
per, benevolence,  public  spirit,  uprightness, 
and  wisdom. 


FINIS. 


NAMES  OF  SL15SCUnu:KS. 


NEW-YORK. 

City  of  New- York. 

Rev.  Gardiner  Sprino:,  D.D. 
Riffht  Rev.  John  H.  Hobart, 
Bish.  Epis.  Ch.  New- York. 
Rev.  John  B.  Romeyn,  D.D. 
Rev.  George  W.  Doane. 
Rev.  R.  B.  E.  iM'Leod. 
Rev.  Pascal  N.  Strona:. 
Ansel  W.  Ives,  M.D." 
Erastus  Ellsworth. 
M.  R.  Nicholson. 
John  Anthon. 
David  Graham. 
Frederick  T.  Peet. 
John  R.  Hedley. 
Robert  VVardcIl. 
Thomas  Boyd,  M.D. 
E.  Metcalf, 
Wm.  Ovington. 
Jacob  Wyckoff. 
Charles  Ellet. 
Charles  Weeks. 
Partrick  Byrne. 
Rev.  J.  M.  Matthews,  D.D. 
David  Hosack,  M.D.  F.R.S. 

LL.D. 
George  Belden. 
C.  Barstow. 
John  W.  Francis,  M.D. 
Rev.  Archibald  Maclay,  D.D. 
Rev.  M.  L.  M.  Peixotto. 
Charles  G.  Haines,  Adjt.  Gen. 

State  N.  Y. 
Rev.  John  Power. 
Rev.  W.  W.  Pliilins. 
S.  D.  Beekman,  M.D. 
Theodore  Dwight. 
Samuel  R.  Marshall. 
William  Coleman. 
De  Forest  &  Son. 
Joel  Post. 
Rev.  E.  Washburn. 
Rev.  William  Ross. 
Rev.  N.  Bangs,  A.M. 
James  Harper. 
John  Harper. 
Rev.  P.  R.  M'Cartee. 
Divie  Bethime. 
Rev.  William  Patten. 
Rev.  Henry  Chase. 
H.  B.  Titus. 
J.  Delafield. 
Samuel  Flewelling. 
Charles  Anthon,  Prof.  Col.  Col. 
Rev.  F.  C.  Schaeffer. 
Charles  L.  Livingston. 
John  Hone,  Junr. 


H.  W.  Field. 
J.  Bennett. 
P.  B.  Penny. 
Thomas  Van  Yorks. 
Henry  Hone. 
Samuel  F.  Clarksou. 
Charles  James  Cook. 
John  Brooks,  Jimr. 
Henry  Laight. 
Frederick  De  Peyster. 
John  C.  NicoU. 
Henry  Bostwick. 
Rev.  Samuel  H.  Cox. 
W.  S.  Cardell. 
G.  Banker. 
John  Wheeley. 
John  Wells. 
George  W.  Strong. 
James  Boggs. 

F.  Roberts. 
Abraham  Mills. 
Joseph  Hoxie. 

John  Forrester  Foote. 
William  Forrest. 
John  E.  Tompkins. 
Capt.  Joseph  Bainbridge, 

U.  S. N. 
Albert  Picket. 
Jeremiah  Fowle. 
Hon.  Richard  Riker. 
Uriah  E.  Wheeler. 
H.  Desabay. 
Miles  R.  Burke. 
Joseph  C.  Hart. 

G.  M.  Richards. 
John  Walsh. 

L.  Binsse. 

E.  Smith. 

Joseph  Neilson. 

Rev.  Stephen  N.  Rowan,  D.D. 

Robert  F.  Mott. 

John  Borland. 

Valentine  Mott,  M.D. 

Elizabeth  Bennett. 

Mary  Okill. 

Robert  K.  Moulton. 

J.  Holt. 

Thomas  W.  Moore. 

J-  M.  Scott  M'Knight. 

J.  Martindale. 

Pliilip  Hone. 

N.  G.  Miles. 

John  Pintard. 

John  D.  Meyer. 

Rev.  Charles  G.  Somers. 

Marinus  Willett,  Junr. 

Cyrus  Perkins. 

Caroline  M.  Thayer. 

Ralph  Lockwood. 


M.  M'Lood. 

Stephen  Addingtou. 

Daniel  Lord,  Junr. 

George  W.  Chapman,  M.  D. 

Horace  Covell. 

Rev.  Hooper  Curaming,  D.D. 

Clarkson  Crolius. 

Rev.  P.  M.  Whelpley. 

Mary  F.  Keogh. 

J.  B.  Nan. 

Peter  Maverick. 

Richard  Varick. 

Lewis  Forman. 

D.  S.  Lownsbuiy. 
P.  Dykers,  M.D. 
Rev.  Spencer  H.  Cone. 

Rev.  Beujamiu  T.  Onderdonk. 

W.  L  Clasou. 

Rev.  William  M'Murray,  D.D. 

H.  G.  Uilbrd. 

Elijah  Benedict. 

Professor  John  Griscom. 

Orlando  Warren. 

Edward  P.  MaguirQ. 

Hannah  Goldsmith. 

E.  S.  Lockwood. 
James  B.  Quirk. 
Samuel  L.  Govcrneur. 
S.  F.  Bonfils. 
Francisco  Diago. 

C.  Vandytreath. 

Rev.  F.  VV.  Geissenliamer. 

D.  EspinWlle. 
William  Wagstaff. 
Rev.  Andrew  Stark. 
Stephen  Brown,  ISI.D, 
B.  M'Gowan. 

Rev.  Benjamin  Coles. 
Mariano  Velasquez. 
Elizabeth  Byron. 
Rev.  Wm.  Harris,  D.D.  Pres. 

Col.  College. 
Luke  Barker,  M.D. 
Peter  B.  Helme,  M.D. 
Jane  F.  M.  English. 
John  Flint. 
Doyle  &  Nagle. 
Tliomas  H.  Duffy,  M.D. 
Rev.  Nicholas  J.  Slarselus. 
Tliomas  H.  Buckmaster. 
Borden  Chase. 
William  R.  Thompson. 
Mary  Squires. 
Edward  James. 
William  S.  Scanlan. 
George  C.  Ferguson. 
Thomas  Brady. 
A.  D.  Wilson. 
L  P.  Van  Zandt. 


NAMES  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 


Thomas  Mason. 

James  CockerofI,  M.  D. 

E.  G.  Dimnel,  M.D. 
Rev,  William  Parkinson. 
Jane  Gardner. 
Rev.  Wm.  D.  Snodgrass. 
James  Renwnck,  Piof.  Col.Col. 
Noah  Wetmore, 
David  S.  Lyon. 
Charles  A.  Van  Zandt. 
Smith  Cutter. 
Hugh  W.  Taylor. 
Henry  K.  Bicker. 

F.  Granger. 
James  R.  Malthie. 
Allan  Melville. 
E.  Denison  Hmlbut. 
Samuel  Thompson. 
Edgar  Evertson. 
John  Steams,  M.D. 
James  S.  Schermerhorn. 
John  S.  M'Leod. 
Peter  Gasoner. 
Ithamar  Pillsbury. 
Cornelius  P.  Berrian. 
E.  Oram. 

H.  D.  &.  R.  Sedgwick. 
John  Stebbens. 
R.  K.  Ward. 

Sidney  E.  Morse. 

Albany. 
HisExcellencyDe  Witt  Clinton, 

Gov.  N.  Y. 
Hon.  Joseph  C.  Yates. 
W.  K.  Fuller. 
Rev.  John  Chester,  D.D. 
Alex.  M 'Naught on,  M.D. 
Salem  Dutcher,  Jun. 
S.De  Witt  Bloodgood. 
John  Tayler. 
Peter  Gansevoort. 
P.  S.  Van  Rensselaer. 
J.  V.  N.  Yates,  Treas.  St.  N.  Y 
Charles  D.  Townsend. 
Frederick  Matthews. 
i.ewis  C.  Beck,  M.D. 
W.  A.  Tweed  Dale. 
Gerard  Van  Schaick. 
Absalom  Townsend, 
Drs.  B.  P.  &  P.  P.  Staats, 
James  Himter, 

Henry  J.  Liim, 

Jonathan  Eights,  M.D. 

James  Dexter, 

James  Stevenson. 

N.  P.  Winne. 

R.  V.  De  Witt. 

John  F.  Bacon. 

E.  P.  Phelps. 

John  Keyes  Paige. 

Joseph  P.  Mott. 

J.  J.  King. 

John  Townsend. 

Henry  L.  Webb. 

Thonaas  Lee. 

John  Willard. 

James  P.  Powers. 

Richard  J.  BrinckerhofF. 

John  Mancius. 

W.  S.  Packer,  Jun. 

Rev.  James  Martin. 

E.  R.  Satterlee  &  Co. 

Rev.  Charles  Brenan. 


Trot. 
Rev.  Nathan  S.  S.  Beman, 
David  Buel,  Jun. 
Amatus  Bobbins,  M.D. 
J.  L.  Lane. 
W.  Whitaker. 
Daniel  Gardner. 
O.  L.  Holley. 
Elam  Buel. 
D.  J.  Vanderhyden. 
Aichibald  Bull.. 
Joseph  Russell. 
William  Hart. 
William  P.  Haskin. 
J.  Vail,  M.D. 
Th.  Clowes. 
D.  Southwick. 
A.  B.  Storms. 
John  G.  Vanderheyden. 
Mrs.  Enama  Willard. 
Alfred  Wotkyns,  M.D. 
Lansingburg. 
Rev.  Benjamin  Dorr. 
James  Reid. 
J.  B.  Comstock. 

Schenectady  with  Union 
College. 


Rev.  Eliphalet  Nott,  D.D.  Pre- 
sident. 
Rev.  Andrew  Yates,  D.D.  Prof. 

Logic,  and  Moral  Philos. 
Jolm  A.  Yates,  A.B.  tutor. 
Edward  B.  Gantt. 
Edward  Bayai-d. 
Marshal  L.  Farnsworth. 
Sidney  Smith. 
David  Reid. 
John  W.  Anderson. 
Aaron  A.  Marcelus. 
Edward  Sandford. 
Charles  Douchy. 
Benjamin  F.  Joslin. 
■  Tolliver  D.  Huff. 
Jos,  A.  Constant. 
George  M.  Lansing. 
Oliver  A.  Taylor. 
Philoraathean   Society,    per  G 
W.  Campbell,  H,  Tappen 
Jun.   and   M.  G.  Wheeler 
committee. 
Hemy  Mandeville. 
John  K.  Lusk. 
M.  G.Wheeler. 
Seth  Mosely. 
Franklin  Lusk. 
Jolm  V.  H,  Van  Reypen. 
Wm.  H.  CoiTielison. 
Ebenezer  Seymour, 
Joseph  Steele. 
Joseph  Gray. 
John  Van  Ingen, 
James  Van  Ingen, 
James  M'Geoch, 
Charles  L  Jenkins. 
Rev.  W.  Monteith, 
S,  W.  Jones. 
J.  Broderick. 
Alonzo  C.  Paige. 


Thomas  S.  Williams. 

Hemy  Seymour, 

J.  H,  Lathrop. 

R.  N.  Morrison. 

Rev.  Heru-y  Anthon. 

J.  &  C,  P.  Kirkland. 

A.  B.  Johnson. 

E.  Dorchester. 

C.  Stuart, 

A.  Kasson. 

J.  H.  Rathbone. 

Walter  King. 

Lansing  &  Ostrom. 

Rev.  Richard  Bulger. 

Samuel  Tuttle. 

Richard  Despard. 

J.  N.  Meacham,  M.D- 

George  Stafford, 

Rev.  George  Peck. 

James  H.  Hackett. 

Samuel  L.  Breese,  U,  S.  N. 

Thomas  Colling. 

Clinton,  with  Hamilton 
College. 

Rev.  H.  Davis,  D.D.  President. 

Isaac  Smith. 

George  W.  Clinton. 

Ariel  Works. 

William  Sherer. 

Roswell  Brooks. 

Isaac  Benedict, 

Ebenezer  D.  Maltbie. 

John  G.  Floyd. 

John  A,  Fleming. 

James  B,  Griswold, 

Luther  Saxton, 

George  Spalding, 

Phoenix  Society,  per  Joseph 
W.  Lee,  Peter  B.  Porter, 
James  B.  Griswold,  com- 
mittee. 

Isaac  Benedict. 

Miss  N.  Royce. 


Utica. 

Rev.  S.  C.  Aikin. 
Rev.  E.  F,  WiUey. 
Wm.  H,  Mavnard. 


West  Point, 

Rev.  Thomas  Picton. 
Charles  Davies. 
Horace  Webster. 
'  Col.  S.  Thayer. 

Poughkeepsie. 

Rev.  Rufus  Babcock,  Jun. 
Gen.  N.  P.  Tallmadge, 
James  Hooker. 
David  V.  N.  Radcliflf. 
Leonard  Maison. 
E.  Nye. 
Edwin  Holmes. 
Robert  B.  Southwick. 
Henry  Angevine. 

Hudson. 

Rev.  Howard  Malcom. 
Rev.  Richard  Carrique. 
Eleazar  Root, 
Hon.  Rufus  Reed. 
William  B.  Stebbins. 

CONNECTICUT. 

New-Haven. 

Ut.  Rev,  T,  C.  Browncll,  Bi^b 
Epis.  Church,  Conn. 


NAMES  OF  SUBSCRIDERS. 


Ilov.  J.  Morse,  D.D. 

Rov.  Renj.  M.  Hill. 

Rt'v.  Saiuurl  Luckcj. 

O.  C'(.los. 

Jolui  E.  I^ovcll. 

Richard  IMadoiu' Jones. 

Nathiiii  Siiiilli,  M.l).  C.S.M.S. 
Loml.  Prof,  of  the  Theory 
ami  Practier  ol"  Physic, 
Surgciy  and  Obstetrics. 

Eli  Ives,  M.D.  Prof.  Mat.  Me- 
dica  and  Botanv,  and  Lee- 
tui-er  on  the  l)iseases  of 
children. 

Aaron  N.  Skinner. 

Rev.  .Samuel  Merwin. 

Chai-Ics  D.  Shoemaker. 

Rev.  Claudius  Herrick. 

Rev.  John  M.  Garfield. 

Elizabeth  C.  Apthorp. 

Sarah  Hotchldss. 

E.  Fenwick,  and  E.  A.  Ruther- 

ford. 
Rev.  Aaron  Dutton. 
Ro^er  S.  Skinner. 

F.  Edey. 
W.  A.  Dimimett. 
Hon.  Geo.   Hoadly. 
Joshua  Leavitt. 
Wm.  P.  Skinner. 

Yale-College. 


\.  Pope. 
Win.   H.aforl. 
Wni.  Henry  Hrlshanc. 
Jo>e|ih  Wliitinj?. 
Handel  CJ.  Nott. 
Alfred  E.  Clark. 
Harnard  S.  Elliott, 
W.  \i.  Fleminf,'. 
Wni.  M.  Fulton. 
Thomas  Atkinson. 
Robert  Chisolra. 
Wni.   Robinson. 

F.  Sands. 

G.  S.  IM'Intosh. 
Edward  Brace. 
David  Mack. 
John  B.  Stajdes. 
James  M.  Barker. 
Charles  Walker. 
Samuel  H.  Fletcher. 
S.  A.  Maverick. 
Isaac  Du  Bose. 
Henry  A.  Raymond. 
James  T.  Dickinson. 
Chauncey  Wilcox. 
A.  J.  Perkins. 

J.  W.  Stanley. 
Charles  B.  Sherman. 
James  S.  Purcell. 
F.  J.  Judson. 
W"m.  P.  Lowndes. 
Alexander  T.  Hawldns. 
Henry  Z.  Hayuer. 
Andrew  Thompson. 
William  Smith. 
John  De  Forest. 
Sidney  S.  Franklin. 
Andi'ew  Knox. 


Rev.     Jeremiah   Day,    S.T.D 

LL.D.  Pres. 
B.  Silliman,   M.D.  Prof.    Chy 

mistry,  Pharmacy,  Minera 

lo»y,  and  Geology. 
Rev.    Chauncey  A.    Goodrich,  Bentley  Hasell, 

A.M.    Prof.    Rhetoric   and  S.  T.  Robinson 

Oratory. 
Sylvester  Hovey,  A.M.  tutor. 
John  H.  Lathrop,  A.M.  tutor. 
Rev.  W.  C,  Fowler,  tutor. 
Edward  Bull,  tutor. 
Library  of  Brothers  in   Unity, 

per  W.  W.  Holland. 
Library  of  the  Linonean   Soc. 

per     L.  Child. 
Noiinan  Pinney. 
Gurdon  Hayes. 
John  S.  Semple. 
B.  Livingston. 
James  Lewis. 
Bennet  F.  Northi'op. 
Richard  F.  Cleveland. 


John   P.    Cowles,    and 

Scovel. 
William  E.  Huger. 
Seabmy  Ford. 
Horace  Wilder. 
Eleazer  Holt. 
Josiah  Collins,  Jim. 
Geo.  S.  Pumpelly. 
David  Hayden,  Jim. 
Daniel  H.  Prosser. 
James  Berdan. 
Philip  A.  Verplank. 
Wm.  P.  Van  Rensselaer. 
Lewis  C.  Trezevant. 
George  Jones. 
G.  W.  Blayden. 
A.  Duncan. 
WTiitwell  J.  Hill. 
Le  Roy  Pope. 


David  J.  Gardiner. 
Wm.  M.  Riley. 
A.  D.  Parker. 
L.  S.  Waters. 
Charles  C.  P.  Gale. 
Edward  Laurens. 
Alexander  E.  Gadsdou. 
Ebenezer  Denison. 
Albert  S.  Wilkinson. 
Horatio  N.  Graves. 
Samuel  Howe. 
William  E.  Mead. 
Philip  Van  Rensselaer. 
Joseph  T.  Williams. 
Allen  M.  D.  Wolf. 
James  Stelle. 
Alden  Reuben  H.  Close. 
Daniel  T.  Coit. 
Rev.  John  Mitchell. 


New-London. 

Rev.  Abel  M'Ewen. 

Dalrymple,  Flsq. 
William  H.  .Iiidd. 
J.  (i.  Hruinard. 
Thomas  Parkin. 
Samuel  H.  P.  Lee. 
Timothy  S.  Pinnco, 
Anson   Smith, 
John  Praiidegee. 
Nathamci  OtLs. 

Norwich. 

Rev.  Alfred  Mitchell. 
Josejdi  Perkins. 
Francis  A.  Perkins. 
G.  L.  Perkins. 
Charles  Perkins. 
Jonathan  G.  W,  Trumbull. 
Salmon  Phelps. 

East- Windsor. 

Rev,  Thomas  Robbins. 
J.  Willard, 
W.  B.  Calhoim. 
Henry  Stems. 
Joseph  Bangs. 
George  Frost,  M.D. 
Eldad  Stebbins, 
James  W.  Crooks. 
Henry  Adams. 
J.  A.Cooley. 
John  Stone,  M.D. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 


Boston. 


His 


Eustis, 


Bishop 


Hartford. 

Thomas  Day,  Esc^.Sect'y. 

Rev.  Samuel  W'hittelsey. 

Charles  Sigourney. 

Pliineas  Talcott. 

Miss  Emily  Rockwell. 

Judah  Bliss,  M.D, 

O.  Pelton. 

Isaac  Toucey. 

John  M.  Niles. 

Mrs.  Eliza  L.  Sheldeu. 

David  Rus>ell. 

WilUam  W.  Ellswoilhv. 


Excellency     W. 

Gov.  State  Mass. 
Hon.  Josiah  Quincey,  mayor. 
Genl.  Wm.  H.  Sumner. 
J.  E.  Worcester,  A.M. 
Rev.  Wm.  Jenks. 
Rev.  B.  B.  W^isner. 
Rev.  John  S.  J.  Gardiner,D.D. 
Rev.  Daniel  Shaq). 
James  Bowdoiu. 
Rev.  Henry  W^are. 
Rev.  William  Taylor. 
Rev.  Charles  Lowell. 
Rev.    Elijah   Heddin 

Meth.  Epis.  Ch. 
Rev.  Paul  Dean. 
Rev.  John  Pierpout. 
Rev.  Samuel  Green. 
William  Ingalls,  M.D. 
Hon,  Daniel  Webster,  LL.D. 
Aaron  Dexter,  M.D. 
Hon.  W^m.  Prescott,  LL.D. 
Rev.  James  Sabine. 
David  ToAvnsend,  M.D. 
James  Jackson,  M.D. 
Ebenezer  C.  Preston, 
state.  John  G.  Coffin,  M.D. 
Nathan  Hale. 
George  Hayward,  M.D. 
Z.  B.  Adams,  M.D. 
Jacob  Gates,  M.D. 
Asa  Beeckman,  M.D. 
Samuel  Adams,  M.D. 
Hon.  Thomas  L.  W'inthi-op. 
Hon.  William  Gray. 
Hon.  Timothj-  FiUler. 
George  E.  Head. 
Nathaniel  R.  Cobb. 


NAMES  OP  SUBSCRIBERS. 


John  Randall,  M.D. 

J.  Temple  Winthrop. 

W.  Tudor,  Esq.  U.  S.  Consul 

for  Peru. 
John  Heard,  Jun. 
Augustus  W.  Roberts, 
John  P.  Bigelow. 
John  C.  Gore. 
Samuel  Cobb. 

Rev.  Samuel  F.  Jarvis,  D.D. 
Samuel  Hill. 
David  Sears. 
Gen.  H.  A.  S.  Dearborn. 
C.  R.  Codman. 
Hezekiah  Blanchard. 
N.  A.  Barrett. 
N.  T.  C  overly. 
Hon.  Nathl.  Bowditch,  LL.D. 
John  Benson. 
Daniel  Leverett,  Jmi. 
Calvin  Bailey. 
Thomas  C.  Amory. 
John  Sturgis. 
Benjamin  A.  Gould. 
Charles  Tufts. 
Hon.  J.  C.  Jones. 
Benjamin  B.  Whittemore. 
G.  Washington  Ladd. 
J.  A.  Lowell. 
Daniel  C.  Bacon. 
John  Tappan. 
Otis  Norcross. 
Adonis  Howard. 
Thomas  Lamb. 
Samuel  Maxwell. 
John  B.  Jones. 
J.  L.  Murray. 
Hon.  Heman  Lincoln. 
Joseph  Bluxome. 
Benjamin  Porter. 
Eben  Wright. 
Cynis  Chenery. 
W.  Cabot. 

E.  R.  Currier. 
Luther  Hill. 
John  H.  Pray. 
Moses  Pierce. 
James  Brewer. 
Hervey  Bates. 
Charles  Colhome. 
John  Aldersey. 
Barnabas  Binney. 
William  B.  White. 
Elisha  Simmons. 
Thomas  K.  Jones. 
Edward  Clark. 
Thomas  Gridley. 
Samuel  B.  Sumner. 
.John  Mellen. 
George  B.  Emerson. 
Edward  Blake. 

F.  S.  Durivage. 

G.  P.  Lyon. 
E.  M.  Keige. 
Miss  Farnham. 
IVIiss  Newman. 
Mrs.  Holmes. 
Gideon  F.  Thayer. 
Mrs.  N.  Nutting. 
Isaac  Y.  Berry. 
John  Dodd. 
James  Russel. 
Ebenezer  W.  Hayward. 
Jonathan  Porter. 
John  Pierce. 


Wm.  Savage. 
Charles  Hickling. 
Ebenezer  Parker. 
Hardy  Ropes. 
David  Low. 
Wm.  S.  Sampson. 
J.  F.  Bordman. 
N.  Appleton. 
Thomas  P.  Rich. 
Jabez  Fisher. 
Samuel  G.  Barnes. 
John  Stevens. 
Samuel  Dana. 
Josiah  Wheelwright. 
Chai-les  French. 
John  Wood,  Jun. 
Lincoln  Fearing. 
John  Hendrick. 
William  Sewall. 
Benjamin  C.  Ward. 
Elisha  Tower. 
George  Pierce. 
Joseph  Jenkins. 
Ebenr.  Thayer,  Jun. 
A.  Kendall,  Jun. 
Isaac  Osgood. 
Samuel  O.  Mead. 
Wm.  Fowle. 
W.  H.  Delano. 
James  W,  Stuart. 
Joseph  King. 
John  A.  Lamson. 
S.  A.  Bemis. 
Ward  Jackson. 
D.  S.  Townsend. 
Calvin  Washbm'n. 
Charles  C.  Nichols. 
George  W.  Bleecker. 
J.  F.  Bumstead. 
Charles  Jackson. 
Edward  Blake. 
Jeremiah  Fitch. 
Francis  F.  Ripley. 
John  C.Warren,  M.D. 

Cambridge,  with  Harvard 
University. 

Rev.  John  J.    Kirkland,   D.D. 

LL.D.  Prest.  Harv.  Uni. 
Levi  Hedge,  LL.D.  Prof.  Log. 

and  Metaphysics. 
Rev.    Edward   Everett,    A.M. 

P.D.  Eliot  Prof.  Grk.  Lit. 
Rev.     Andrew    Norton,    A.M. 

Dexter  Prof.  Sacred  Lit. 
Nath.  Wood,  A.B.  tutor  Math. 

Nat.  Philos. 
Rev.  A.   Holmes,  D.D.  LL.D. 
John  Porter,  A.M.  Assist.  Libn. 
J.  H.  Thayer. 
Thomas  Alston. 
Joseph  Napoleon  Bonaparte. 
J.  L.  Murray. 
Ezra  Gannett. 
Henry  S.  Tudor. 
Charles  Warren. 
Wendell  B.  Davies. 
Benjamin  Kent. 
D.  C.  Relf. 
Samuel  Barrett. 
Lat  Wisnall. 
H.  B.  Cenas. 
.James  B.  K.  Gabaniss. 
Joseph  Alston. 
Joseph  Osgood. 


Joseph  H.  Nicholson. 
Edmund  W.  Kenning. 
John  C.  Howard. 
Hiram  Manley. 
C.  Willing. 
Charles  F.  Adams. 
George  Sheafe. 
J.  M.  Gray. 

E.  Levy. 
John  H.  Lee. 
Francis  Jenks. 
Henry  Beale. 
Jolm  J.  Pringles. 
Frederick  J.  Dugan. 
Charles  B.  Abbot. 
Edward  Warren. 
Charles  H.  L.  Elwyn. 
William  P.  Perkins. 
Charles  C.  Paine. 
Thomas  F.  Patter. 
George  A.  Merredith, 
C.  C.  Felton. 
Charles  Inches. 

B.  V.  Crowninshield. 
G.  C.  Jouve. 
Edward  Barry. 
Robert  Rantout,  Jun. 
Alexander  C .  Dunbar. 
Abraham  G.  Randall. 
William  J.  Ward. 
Allen  W.  Dodge. 
William  Winthrop. 
William  J.  Whipple. 
John  Soley. 
Edward  C.  Marshall. 
Levi  Fairwell. 
Rev.  Thomas  B.  Gannett. 
Richard  G.  Cole. 
Charles  Everett. 
Marshall  Livermore. 
George  W.  Lord. 
James  P.  Chaplin,  M.D. 
Peter  Tufts,  Jun. 

Andover  with  Theological 
Seminary. 

Rev.  E.  Porter,  D.D.  Bartlet 
Prof.  Sacred  Rhetoric. 

Rev.  L.  Woods,  D.D.  Abbot 
Prof.  Christian  Theology. 

Rev.  J.  Murdoch,  D.D.  Brown 
Prof.  Sa.  Rhet.  &  Ec.  His. 

Abiel  Pierson,  M.D. 

G.  C.  Beckwith. 

J.  Clement,  A.M. 

B.  Woodbury,  Res.  Licentiate. 

C.  Isham. 

Leonard  Bacon,  Res.  Licen. 
Geo.  D.  Boardman,  Res.  Licen. 
Samuel  Farrar. 

F.  E.  Cannon. 
Aaron  Foster. 
Horace  Sessions. 
Nathaniel  Bouton. 
Samuel  Russell. 
Thomas  S.  W.  Mott. 
Joseph  Muenscher. 
Daniel  Crosby. 
Luther  G.  Bingham. 
Walter  Colton. 
Richard  C.  Hand. 
John  She  re  r. 
George  Cowles. 
Lyman  Whitnev. 


.NAMES  OF  bUBSCRIBLKb. 


/,  \\  .  VVhochvri^lii. 
Ihuiiil  Fitz. 
Ova  V.  Hoyt. 
ErastiLs  Maltby. 
Georjire  Howe. 
Cyrus  Stone. 
Wm.  W.  Hunt. 
Nathaniel  Cobb. 
O.  S.  Hinckley. 
•Tohn  INI.  Ellis. 
.Iqhii  Smith. 
.J.  S.  Adams. 
Homan  Hallock. 
W.  A.  Hallock. 
Elb.  Gerry  Howe. 
J.  Leavitt. 
Curtis  P.  Baker. 
Augustus  Pomeroy. 
Theodore  Hinsdale. 
Royal  Washburn. 
Samuel  Marsh. 
Josiah  Brewer. 
Nathaniel  Barker. 
Heman  Rood. 
Josiah  Tucker. 
John  Ingalls. 
CharlesBoyter. 
F.  A.  Strale. 
Robert  Shaw. 
Wm.  Torrey. 
Eber  Child. 
Roswell  Harriss. 
Minor  Pratt. 
Charles  Walker. 
James  F.  M'Ewen. 
Pindar  Field. 
Joseph  C.  Stiles. 
Addington  Davenport. 
A.  Stetson. 
John  A.  Carter. 
Seth  Sackett. 
Isaac  Rogers. 
.T.  O.  Payson. 
Charles  A.  Andrew. 
Duncan  N.  Hennen. 
D.  Edwin  Avery. 
Samuel  H.  Steams. 
Rev.  Thomas  M.  Smith. 
David  C.  Kimball. 

Worcester. 
Rev.  Jonathan  Going. 
Oliver  Fiske,  M.D. 
Samuel  Jennisou. 
Hon.  Nathaniel  Paine. 
Hon.  Levi  Lincoln,  LL.D. 
Col.  Reuben  Sikes. 
Samuel  Flagg. 
Miss  Nancy  Denny. 
Miss  E.  Burling. 
Major  Enoch  Flagg. 
Rev.  Benjamin  F.  S\irnsworth. 
Rev.  L.  Ives  Hoadly. 

ClIARLESTOWN. 

Rev.  Warren  Fay. 

Rev.  Bartholomew  Otherman. 

Rev.  Henry  Jackson. 

F.  A.  Buniham. 

Abram  R.  Thompson,  INI.D. 

Mrs.  Maria  Burrill. 

Mrs.  Mary  K.  Vose. 

Alvin  Edson. 

Benjamin  Adams. 

iMrs.  Anna  Edes, 

Edward  SaAvyer. 

John  Stevens,  M.D. 

Vol.  11. 


Cornelius  Walker. 
Joseph  Loring. 
Henry  Van  Voorhis. 

North  AM  I'TON. 

Rev.  Eliplialel  William-. 
Rev.  Mark  Tucker. 
Hon.  E.  H.  iMills. 
Daniel  Harwood. 

Amherst,  with  College. 
Rev.  Heman    Humphrey,  D.D. 

S.T.D.  Pres. 
Joseph  Estabrook,  A.M.  Prof. 

of  Latin  and  Greek. 
Zenas  Clapp,  A.B.,  Tut.  &  Li. 
S.  M.  Worcester,  A.B.  Tutor. 
Joseph  K.  Ware. 
Isaac  E.  Crary. 
S.  E.  Haslett. 
Calvin  W.  Babbit. 
Joel  Hamilton. 
Charles  G.Clark. 
.Joseph  Goff,  Jun. 

D.  Greene,  Prin.  of  Acad. 

E.  S.  Snell,  Assistant,    do. 

F.  W.  Graves. 
Daniel  Hawks. 
Ephraim  Simonds. 
E.  G.  Jones. 

M.  B.  Bradford. 
J.  Howard,  Jun. 
J.  A.  Nash. 
Jolm  Morrill. 
Timothy  J.  Gridley,  M.D. 
Milton  Kimball. 
Rev.  Daniel  A.  Clark, 
IVIiss  Sarah  S.  Strong. 
Charles  Porter. 
Lucius  Famam. 
T^.  A.  Amerman. 
Horatio  Flagg. 
Sylvester  Graham. 

Greenfield. 
Richard  E.  Newcomb. 
Charles  Baker. 

WiLLIAMSTOWN',  with    COL- 
LEGE. 

Rev.    E.    D.    Griffin,    S.T.D. 

Pres.  and  Prof.  Divinity. 
E.  C.  Benedict.,  A.B.  Tutor. 
J.  Woodbridge,  A.B.  Tutor. 
Lyndon  A.  Smith,  M.D. 
Nicholas  Mm-ray. 
John  Milton  Clark. 
William  Hei-vey. 
Eli  Adams. 
Barnabas  Phimiey. 
Asahel  Foote,  Jun. 
Leonard  W.  Willey. 
Luther  Lyman  Foote. 
Jonathan  Huntington. 
George  Brewster. 
Samuel  W.  Leonard. 
George  W.  Benjamin. 
Lawson  B.  Sibley. 
Lewis  E.  Root. 
Ansel  Bridgmau. 
Daniel  Freeman. 
Samuel  Wilcox. 
Samuel  A.  Bridaes. 
Edward  C.  Fuller. 
John  St.  Just  Bull. 
Jonathan  H.  Noble. 
Jolin  H.  Carpenter. 
Charles  George  Judd. 
108 


Natlianiei  Williams  Bosworlli. 

Hoi  lister  Baker  Gilbert 

.lames  K.   Kellogg. 

E|)hraini  ^'i.ske. 

Harvey  Kicc. 

Selli  Nlooar. 

Calel,  n.  Tracy. 

Alvan  \a,-.h. 

T.  and  J.  P.  WhitniHu. 

Newburyport,  and  Ii'swicu. 

Rev.  James  Mors.w. 
Roltcrt  Cross. 
Richard  Spoffonl,  M.D. 
Rev.  David  T.  Kimball. 
William  Oakes. 
Nathaniel  Lord,  Jun. 
George  W.  Heard. 

Salem. 

Rev.  John  Bra.ser. 

Rev.  James  Flint. 

Rev.  Lucius  BoUes,  D.D. 

Rev.  E.  Cornelius. 

Hon.  B.  W.   Crowninshicld. 

Hon.  Timothy  Pickering. 

Hon.  Willard  Peele. 

Hon.  Nathaniel  Silsbec, 

Hon.  Benjamin  Merrill. 

Benjamin  Wheatland. 

Stephen  C.  Phillips, 

-Joseph  Peabody. 

vStephen  White. 

Samuel  Jolmson,  M.D. 

John  Foster. 

Joseph  G.  Waters. 

Edward  A.  Holyoke,  M.D. 

Oliver  Hubbard,  M.D. 

John  Morland. 

Hon.  Samuel  Putnam. 

Joseph  H.  Prince. 

F.  A.  Parker,  M.D. 

Samuel  Endicott. 

Jolm  Moriarty. 

Joshua  Kinsman. 

James  B.  Upton. 

William  Procter. 

Oliver  Parsons. 

Benjamin  F.  Browne, 

S.  H.  Archer. 

Jolm  FoiTester, 

Benjamin  Peirce. 

Mrs.  Mary  Beckford. 

Jonathan  Webb. 

Benjamin  Dodge. 

F.  H.  Stoiy. 

Ferdinand  Andrews. 

.Joseph  Howard. 

Robert  Brent  Drane 

William  Sutton. 

Miles  Ward. 

Samuel  Burrill. 

.John  S.  Dike. 

Stephen  Webb. 

James  Devereux. 

Stephen  Fogg. 

Samuel  Colby. 

Theodore  Dehon  Parker. 

Ebenezer  Dodge. 

.John  Winn,  Jun. 

Nathan  Robinson. 

Edward  Hodges, 


.Joseph  Ropes. 
Miss  Hannah  Hodge?, 
l-'rancis  Choate. 
Charles  de  Haro. 
J.  Crowninsliicld. 


NAMES  OF  SUBSCRIBERS. 


Tier.  Richard  31.  Hodg-es, 

Beverly. 
Oliver  Obcar. 
Joshua  Fisher,  M.D. 

Danvers, 
James  Brown. 
Riifus  Choate. 
Oliver  C.  Felton. 
Elijah  W.  Upton. 

Marblehead. 
R.  Merriam,  M.D. 
Hon.  John  Prince. 
Robert  Hooper. 

Medford. 
Rev.  Andre%v  BigeloAv. 
John  Angier. 

A.  Bartlett. 
Rev.  Aaron  Warner. 
Miss  Mary  Clay. 

NEW- JERSEY. 

New-Brunswick,  with 

Queen's  College. 

Rev.  J.  H.  Livington,  D.D.Prof. 

Did.  &  Pol.  Div. 
Gnstavus  Abeel. 
S.  H.  Meeker. 
Isaac  P.  Labagh. 
Rev.  Daniel  Dodge. 
Jefferson  Wynkoop. 
Jacob  C.  Sears. 

E.  Slingerland. 
James  B.  Hardenbergh. 
John  Neilson. 
Charles  Carson. 

John  Garretson,  Jun. 
Ira  Condit  Boice. 
Christian.  Z.  Paulison, 

B,  Van  Kenren. 
Hon.  John  Bra}^. 
Rev.  G.  S.  Webb. 
Augustus  R.  Taylor,  M.D. 
William  P.  Deare. 
George  Wood. 

L.  D.  Hardenbergh. 
Henry  Heeomance. 
Jonathan  Z.  Morris. 
Mrs.  Mary  Griffith. 

D.  W.  Disborough. 

F.  R.  Smith,  M.D. 
James  F.  Randolph. 
Benjamin  B.  Westfall. 
Abraham  Messier. 
W.  Crookshank. 
John  G.  Tarbell. 

E.  MoUeson. 
Nicholas  Booraem,  Jun. 
Jacob  T.  B.  Beekman. 
Peter  Dayton. 

A.  S.  Clark. 
Simeon  Ayres. 
Asa  Bennet, 
R.  M.  Boggs. 
Ezekiel  Kinnaii. 
Miles  C.  Smith. 
.John  Pool. 
R.  Hardenbnrgh. 
'I"h.  Eastburn. 
J.  N.  Simpson. 

Nassau-Hall,  at  Princeton. 
Rev.  J.  Carnahan,  S.T.D.  Prcs. 
John  Maclean,  A.M. Prof. Math. 
Rev.  Luther  Halsey,  A.M.  Tut. 
oi  Nat.  Piiil."and  Chvmi-J. 


Samuel  K.  Talmage,  A.M.  Tut. 

David  Crawford. 

Cyrus  M'Cormick. 

Eben.  Zane. 

.Tames  I.  W.  DaA'ies. 

John  Beime. 

Robert  B.  Boiling. 

Gibbes  Elliott. 

.Tohn  Pearson. 

James  C.  Harris. 

Henry  Clow. 

Charles  Harris,  jun. 

Joseph  S.  M'Neil. 

John  Davis,  Jun. 

Henry  R.  Mundy. 

A.  Robertson  Rodgers. 

Richard  E.  Dai'rah. 

Jacob  D.  Mitchell. 

William  Duval. 

Daniel  M.  Witherspoon. 

Thomas  M.  Wads  worth, 

Thomas  Duckett. 

C.  Campbell. 

Joseph  Kent. 

James  B.  Taylor. 

Samuel  Abernethy. 

William  Arrott. 

George  W.  Boiling. 

Theo.  Sem.  &  Princeton. 


Rev.  A.  Alexander,  D.D.  Prof. 

Did.  &  Pol.  Theology. 
Rev.  Samuel  Miller,  D.D.  Prof. 

Eccles.  Hist.  &  Ch.  Govt. 
Rev.  Charles  Hodge,  A.M.Prof. 

of  Orient  ana  Bibl.  Lit. 
Thomas  L.  Janeway. 
Hervey  Hayes. 
J.  Wolf. 
C.  S.  Arms. 
James  Nourse. 
Henry  Morris. 
Thomas  W.  Irwin. 
John  Van  Cleve,  M.D. 
James  S.  Greene. 
Rev.  George  S.  Woodhull. 
Robert  Baird. 
J.  Campbell. 
James  Tisdale, 
Samuel  Bayard. 
Samuel  Bumstead. 
Hiram  Chamberlin. 
Edward  D.  Smith. 
Nicholas  A.  Wilson 
Samuel  P.  Pressly. 
J.  Le  Roy  Davies. 
Samuel  L.  Watson. 
Alexander  Aikman. 
J.  W.  Ward. 
James  R.  Boyd. 
John  W.  Nevin. 
A.  Lathrop. 
Samuel  Taylor. 
A.  H.  Codwise. 
Alexander  Logan. 
William  King. 
Thomas  E.  VennilyQ. 
Jonathan  Dickerson. 
Lewis  Bond. 
James  Weatherby. 
Charles  Thompson. 
Orcn  Hyde. 
P.  Bogart. 
Miss  M.  Hanna. 

Trenton. 
Rev.  William  G.  Armstrono-. 


Rev.  J.  D.  Fyler. 
Philip  Dickinson. 
Charles  Ewing. 
John  M'Kelway,  M.D. 
Rev.  Symmes  C.  Henry. 

Elizabethtown. 

His  Excellency  Isaac  H.  Wil- 
liamson, Gov.  N.  J. 
Rev.  John  C.  Rudd. 
Rev.  David  Magie. 
Hon.  Jonathan  Dayton. 
William  Halsted,  Jun. 
Charles  Davis,  M.D. 
F.  C.  F.  Randolph. 
A.  R.  HiUyer,  M.D. 
Elijah  Kellogg. 
David  Meeker. 
Thomas  Salter. 
Smith  Sc  udder. 

Newark. 

Rev.  Philip  C.  Hay. 

William  Halsey. 

William  W.  Miller. 

E.  E.  Boudinot. 

Hon.  William  Pennington. 

J.  G.  Goble,  M.D. 

Stephen  Dod. 

Oliver  B.  Baldwin,  M.D. 

NEW-HAMPSHIRE. 

Hanover,  with  Dartmouth 

College. 

Rev.  Bennet  Tyler,  D.D.  Pres. 

Ebenezer  Adams,  A.M.  Prof. 
Math,  and  Nat.  Phil. 

William  Chamberlain,  A.INL 
Prof,  of  Lat.  and  Gr.  Lan-r 
guages  and  Literature. 

Ebenezer  C.  Tracy,  A.M.  Tut. 

James  Freeman  Dana,  M.D. 
Prof.  Chym.  &  Phar.  and 
Lect.  on  Legal  Medicine. 

T.  Farrar,  Treas.  and  Librn. 

Heruy  Shedd. 

Charles  G.  Greene. 

Oliver  Everett,  M.D. 

J.  C.  Alvord. 

Daniel  Blaisdell. 

Benjamin  G.  Baldwin. 

Lyman  L.  Rix. 

E.  P.  Alden. 

C.  M.  Emerson. 

Salmon  F.  Dutton. 

Alfred  Greenleaf. 

Thomas  Bellows. 

Edwin  Jenison. 

Albert  R.  Ober. 

William  Boyden. 

George  Punchard, 

Elisha  Tenney. 

Abel  Patten. 

Albert  Smith. 

Samuel  A.  Chandler. 

Stephen  Stark. 

Timothy  Farrar. 

Leonard  Worcester,  Jun. 

Mills  Olcott. 

Francis  Cogswell. 

William  G.  Woodward. 

Ansel  R.  Clark. 

George  Paine. 

Jolm  W.  Roimdey. 

Allen  Gannett. 

Jeremiah  Russell. 

H.  G.  Cillev. 


NAMES  OF  SURSCninKR.S. 


Portsmouth. 

Kev.  J.  W.  Putnam, 
.loseph  W.  While. 
John  Thompson. 
Saniuol  Cusumau. 
James  H.  Pierrepont,  IM.D. 
William  Goddaid,  M.D. 
James  Smith,  .Itin. 
Andrew  Hallihiirton. 
Horace  H.  Moist. 
Edwin  H.  Steeveuii. 
Isaac  Waldron. 
Joshua  Hubbard. 

EXKTER. 

Rev.  Isaac  Hurd. 

B.  Abbot,  LL.O.  Phil.  Acad. 

do. 

do. 


W.  1..  [larrin^ton. 
J.  K.  Ilaniiijiton. 
Samuel  Saii^bur). 
John  iMiuley,  M.D. 
.lohn  Peek. 
Mis^  Sarah  I\I.  Dyar. 
William  Arthur. 

MlUULEHURY,  with  CoLLEGE. 

Rev.     Joshua     Bates,     S.T.D. 
Pres. 


\  aujjiian. 


MighiU  ii.  iilood. 
('hurley  (iilmun. 
William  T.  Ilillianl. 
William  .M. 
Peter  (Jrant. 
(Jeor^ce  Merrick. 
Alfred  .Martin. 
Klx-ne/.i  r  Cleaveland. 
Joseph  H.  Dorr,  Jun. 
Richard  Woodhull. 
John  Owe-n. 


Rosea  Hildreth,  A.M. 
Gideon  L.  Soulc,  A.M. 
S.  M.  Keuner. 
Benjamin  M.  Saul. 
Thomas  J.  Hellen. 
Rev.  William  F.  Rowland. 
Hon.  J.  T.  Oilman. 
John  Sidlivan. 
Joseph  Tilton,  Jun. 

VERMONT. 

Windsor. 

Rev.  George  Leonard. 
William  A.  Dunham. 
Erastus  Torrey,  M.D. 
William  G.  Hunter. 

Norwich,  with  Milt.  Acad. 

Capt.  A.  Partridee. 

Rev.  James  W.  Woodward. 

Peyre  Ferry. 

V.*B.  Horton. 

CadetsLibr.  by  V.  B.  Ilorton. 

William  Parker. 

O.  P.  Jenisou. 

L.  J.  Gourdin. 

S.  B.  Leach. 

T.  P.  Broughton. 

John  G.  Palmer. 

F.  B.  Marion. 

T>.  P.  Jolmston. 

J.  Murdock. 

James  H.  Tyng. 

F.  A.  Porchcr. 

Isaac  N.  Partridge. 

.Tames  S.  Wallace. 

Thomas  Emerson,  Esq. 

Burlington,  with  College. 

His    Excellency     C.    P.     Van 

Ness,  LL.D.  Gov.  Vt. 
Rev.  Willard  Preston,  Pres. 
Seneca  Austin. 
Charles  Adams, 
W'illiam  A.  Griswold. 
W^illiam  Paddock,  M.D. 
A.  W.  Hyde. 
A.  Thompson. 
R.  INIoody,  M.D. 
Truman  Powell,  M.D. 
Ebenezer  Withinirton. 
Nathan  R.  Smith,  M.D. 
Alexander  Willcy. 
James  F.  Robinson. 
James  L.  Sa^vy'e^. 
Alexander  Catlin. 
William  W.  Wells. 
Byrem  Lawrence. 
George  H.  Parker. 
Rodney  T>.  Hill. 


Rev.    J<dm  Hough,  A.M.  Prof.  d.  il.  Foster. 

Divinity, 
layman  Guernsej-. 
Philip  Battell. 
Luther  Shaw. 
George  D.  Gordon. 
Henry  J.  Martin. 
Edwards  Marsh. 
Colesworth  P.  Bronson. 
Joseph  Thacher. 
Oscar  H.  Chipraan. 
J.  Lucius  M.  Purdv. 
Edmund  Chamberlain. 
Thomas  Sawyer. 
Thomas  J.  Conant. 
C.  W.  Fitch. 
Bradford  L.  Wales. 
Azel  Hayward. 
Royal  W.  Peake. 
Solomon  Foot. 
Jeremiah  Bailey. 
Charles  Cleveland. 
Pliny  Wright. 
Peter  Starr. 
Stephen  S.  Sheldon. 
James  B.  Wilcox. 
Anson  Rood. 
Asahel  C.  Washburn. 
Amzi  Jones,  Jun. 
Frederic  W.  Hopkins. 
Aaron  T.  Hopkins. 
Eleazar  C.  Winter. 
Henry  B.  Northup. 
Samuel  W.  Cozzens. 
Samuel  C.  Wead. 
Ira  Stewart. 
Charles  H.  West. 


Lil>r. 


P21isha  Bacon 
C.  E.  Stow,  Coll 
S.  S.  Boyd. 
W  illiam  Hatch. 
Samuel  P.  Ben:ion. 
John  Hodgeton. 

Portland. 

IILs  Excellency  Albion  R.  Par- 

ris.  Gov.  of  Maine. 
Rev.  I.  Nichols,  D.D. 
Rev.  E.  Payson,  D.D. 
Rev.  T.  B.  Ripley. 
Hon.  Mark  Harris. 
Elias  Thomas,  Esq.   St.  Trea-. 
William  Willis. 
Hon.  Samuel  Fessenden. 
Hon.  Prentiss  Mellen. 
Joseph  Adams. 
Samuel  Cummin^s,  M. 
Rev.  Joshua  Taylor. 
Rev.  Phineas  Crandal. 
B.  Cushman. 
Hon.  John  Anderson. 
Miss  Penelope  Martin. 
David  Griffith. 
Nathaniel  P.  S.  Prentice. 
Hon.  Stephen  Longfellow. 
Thomas  Amory  Deblois. 
James  D.  Hopkins, 
Luther  Fitch. 
Jason  H.  Shaw. 
William  C.  Bradley. 
Rev.  Russell  Streetei-. 


.D. 


Horatio  Southgate. 
Elliot  G.  Vau^han. 
Hemry  Titcomb. 
Mrs.  ■' 


Walter  Follett. 

Eliza  Page.  Mrs.  'Mary  Preble 

Philomathesian    Library,     per  William  Swan. 
S.  S.  Sheldon,  &  S.  Foot.    Jamcs^J.  Bojjd. 

Vergennes. 


Nathan  Hoskins. 
Philip  C.  Tucker. . 

Castleton. 

Henry  Howe. 

W.  Anderson,  31. D. 

MAINE. 


Miss  Eliza  Mayo. 
Miss  Alma  Cross. 
Edwaid  Racklefl". 
Luther  Richai'ds. 


"Waterville,  with  College. 

Rev.  J.  Chaplin,  D.D.  Pres. 
Rev.    Stephen     Chajtin,    D.D. 

Prof.  Theo. 
Rev.  Avery  Briggs,  A.M.  Prof, 
of  Languages,   &   Lect.  in 
Nat.  Phil.  &  Chyra. 
Ephraim  Trijjp,  A.B.   Tutor  & 
Libi-arian. 

Lect.  on  Chym.  &  Materia  Addison  Parker,  A.B.  Tutor. 
Medica  ;uid  iMetai>hvsics.      Moses  Appleton,  M.D. 
Alpheus  S.  Packard,  A.M. Prof.  Hon.  Timothy  Boutello. 

of  Lanjuajjes  &  Class.  Lit.  M.  P.  Norton. 
William  Smyth,  A.B.  Tutor  in  Rev.  Sylvanus  Cobb. 
Math,  and  Nat.  Philosophy.  R.  A.  L.  Codman. 


Brunswick,  with  Bowdoin 
College. 

Parker  Cleaveland,  31. D.  Prof, 
of  Math.  &  Nat.  Phil,  and 


Athenrean    Society, 

Hale. 
Rev.  Asa  Mead. 
J.  P.  Moody. 
Franklin  Gasre. 


per  Wm.  Benjamm  Hobart. 

Orlando  H.  Partridge. 
Elisha  Snow. 
Willard  Glover. 
Eliiah  P.  Lnvejoy. 


NAMES  GF  SUBSCRIBERS. 


Ku  Zeta  G  amma  Society,  per  Samuel  Watson 


Elijah  Foster, 
Joel  P.  Hayford. 
Social  Society,  perH 

and  Timothy  P.  Ropes. 
Francis  G.  Macomber. 
Oren  Tracy. 

Hallowell. 

Rev.  Daniel  Chessman. 
Hon.  Thomas  Bond. 
George  W.  Bachelder. 
Benjamin  Davenport. 
Sullivan  Kendall. 
Rufus  K.  Page. 
S.  K.  Gilman. 

Gardiner. 

R.  H.  Gardiner. 

George  Evans. 

B.  Hale,  A.M.  &  Prin.  of  Acad. 

Ebenezer  F.  Deane,  A.B.  Tut. 

in  Mathematics. 
David  Neal,  M.D. 
Silas  Holman,  M.D. 
Edward  Swan. 
Erastus  Walcott. 
Eliakim  A.  Holman. 

Augusta. 

Rev.  Benjamin  Tappan. 
Edmund  T.  Bridge. 
Williams  Emmons. 
Pitt  Dillingham. 

Bath. 

Rev.  John  V/.  EUingwood. 

Rev.  Silas  Stearns. 

Hon.  William  King. 

Hon.  INIark  Langdon  Hill. 

Zina  Hyde. 

Hon.  Benjamin  Ames. 

ThoriiRS  D.  Robinson. 

J.  F.  Wingate. 

J.  B.  Swanton,  Jun. 

David  Stinson. 

P.  H.  Green. 

Saco. 

John  Fairfield. 

Rev.  Jonathan  Cogswell . 

Samuel  Hartlej-. 

R.  H.  Green. 

tJeorge  Thacher. 

Kennebunk. 

Hon,  Charles  Cutts, 
Samuel  Emerson,  M.D. 

RHODE-ISLAND. 

Providence,  with  Brown 

University. 

His  Excellency  James  Feimer, 

Gov.  R.  I. 
Rev.AsaMesser,  S.T.D.  LL.D. 

President. 
Rev.  Calvin  Park,  S.T.D.  Prof. 

Mor.  Phil,  and  Metaphys. 
Rev.  Isaac  Kimball. 
Usher     Parsons,     M.D.     Prof. 


Charles  G.  P.  Hastings. 
Nathan  Willis,  Jun. 
B.  Dodge  Jared  D.  Richmond. 
George  W.  Patten. 
E.  W.  Hervey. 
Phineas  Savery. 
Eleazer  C.  Hutchinson. 
William  Bonough. 
William  Wintluop  Andrews. 
George  W.  Greene. 
James  B.  Prince. 
Benjamin  C.  Wade. 
Henry  Williams. 
Walter  W.  Dalton. 
Benjamin  R.  Dean. 
Jolm  Daggett. 
Hon.  Nicholas  Brown. 
Thomas  P.  Ives. 
S.  G.  Arnold. 
Rev.  Nathan  B.  Crocker. 
Samuel  F.  Man. 
Rev.  Henry  Edes. 
Rev.  David  Pickering. 
Rev.  Elam  C.  Clarke. 
Thomas  M    Barrows,  M.D. 
Hon.  John  Pitman. 
Sullivan  Dorr. 
Miss  Sarah  B.  Mason. 
William  Blodget. 
W.  R.'  Greene. 
Nathaniel  Searle,  LL.D. 
Leonard  H.  Arnold. 
William  E.  Richmond. 
George  Curtis. 
William  H.  Taylor. 
Charles  Dyer,  Jun. 
John  M.  Noyes. 
Peter  Pratt. 
J.  Mauran,  M.D. 
Thomas  F.  Carpenter. 
Thomas  B.  Fenner. 
William  Church. 
J.  B.  Wood. 
C.  L.  Bowler. 
Hugh  H.  Brown. 
.Tohn  H.  Greene. 
Z.  Jjathrop. 
20  copies  for  Absentees. 

North-Providence. 

Rev.  George  Taft. 
Dwight  Ingraham. 
Barney  Merry. 
Pardon  Sayles. 

Bristol. 


Gcorse  D'Wolf. 

Hon.  John  D'Wolf,  Sen. 

Mark  A.  D'Wolf. 

Wm.  H.  D'Wolf. 

Rev.  Henry  Wight,  D.D. 

Byron  Dim  an. 

Hon.  L.  Driu-y. 

Golden  Dearth. 

Miss  M.  T.  Border. 

Geortre  Co2f2:eshall. 

Newport. 


Anat.  &  Sm'g. 
John  D'Wolf,  A.M.  Prof.  Chy.  Henry  Bull. 
Henry  S.  Fearing,  A.B.  Tutor.  Hon.  Charles  Collins. 


Silas  A.  Crane,  A.B.  Tutor. 
George  W.  Kcely,  A.B. 
Horatio  Pratt. 
J.  B.  Jenckes. 
John  B.  Herreshoff. 


Hon.  Wm.  Hunter. 
^Vm.  C.  Robinson. 
Thomas  Breese,  U.  S. 
Rev.  Wm.  Gammell. 
Be  v.  .John  Wilder,  .Jun 


N. 


David  King,  M.D. 

Rev.  Samuel  Austin,  D.i^ 

MARYLAND. 

Baltimore. 

Samuel  K.  Jennings,  M.D. 
Thomas  E.  Bond,  M.D. 
Maxwell  M'Dowell,  M.D- 
Rev.  W.  E.  Wyatt,  D-D. 
Charles  Edward  Smith,  M.D. 
R.  S.  Stewart,  M.D. 
Elisha  Debutts,  M.D. 

Annapolis. 

R.  Jones,  Lieut.  Col.  U.  S.  A. 
W.  B.  Davidson,  Lieut.  U.S.A. 
Somerville  Pinckney. 
Joseph  L.  Nicholson. 
R.  C.  Mayender. 
William  Wilson. 
Rev.    W.  Rafferty,  D.D.  Pres. 
St.  John's  College. 

B.  Harwood. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA, 

^Vashington. 

Hon.  John  Quincy  Adams, 
Sect'y.  of  State  of  U.  S. 

Jacob  Brown,  Maj.  Gen.U.S.A. 

Geo.  Graham,  L.  Off.  Commr. 

Charles  J.  Nom-se,  Adjt.  Gen. 
U.  S.  A. 

John  M'Lean,  Post  Mas.  Gen, 

William  Lee,  3d  Auditor. 

Stephen  Pleasanton,  5th  Audit. 

W.  Wade,  Capt.  U.  S.  A. 

Truman  Cross,  Major  U.  S.  A. 

C.  Hay,  Chief  elk.  Navy  Dept. 
Richard  Cutts,  2d  Comptroller. 
Joseph  Noiu-se,  Regis,  of  Trea. 
Thomas  G.  Bringgold. 

Rev.  William  Hawley. 

Joseph  Gales,  Jun, 

J.  Jennings,  Rep.  from  Indiana. 

Rev.  M.  H.  Lance,  Georg.S.  C. 

Rev.  J.  H.  Rice,  D.D.  Hamp- 
den, Sid.  Coll.  Va. 

Joseph  W.  Faber,  Chstn.  S.  C. 

Charles  W.  Dundas,  Me. 

Samuel  P.  I^oud,  Mass. 

Rev.E.  Porter,  D.D.  Rox.Mass. 

Rev.  T.  M.  Harris,  D.D.  Dor- 
chester, Mass. 

Rev.  J.  Pierce,  D.D.  Br.  Mass. 

P.  G.  Robbins,  M.D.  Br.  Mass. 

Edward  B.  Emerson. Rox.Mass. 

T.  Ewel,  IM.D.  Prince  W^m.  Va. 

Hon.  David  Scott,  Wilk.  Pemi. 

Asa  C.  Whitney,  M.D.  Wilk. 
Penn. 

Elisha  Olney,  Smithlield,  R.  I. 

Rev.  Jacob  Ide,  Medway. 

N.  Brown,  Bufi'alo. 

W.  Hall,  Bellows  Falls,  Vt. 

Joseph  Hall,  Springfield,  Mass. 

Hennan  Gansevoort,  Northum. 

Rev.  E.  Galusha,  Whitesbo. 

Henry  F.  Haskell,  New.  N.C. 

-John  House,  Waterford,  N.  Y- 

Arthur  Tajipan,  N.  Y. 

Knowles  Taylor,  N.  Y. 

(;;hai-les  Mould,  3  copies,  N.  Y. 

Alex.  Anderson,  Wilm.  N.  C. 


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